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Eurovision Song Contest 1956
Eurovision Song contest 1956 - wikipedia Eurovision Song contest 1956 Jump to : navigation , search Eurovision Song Contest 1956 Dates Final 24 May 1956 Host Venue Teatro Kursaal Lugano , Switzerland Presenter ( s ) Lohengrin Filipello Conductor Fernando Paggi Directed by Franco Marazzi Executive supervisor Rolf Liebermann Host broadcaster Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana ( RTSI ) Interval act Les Joyeux Rossignols & Les Trois Ménestrels Participants Number of entries 14 ( 7 countries performed 2 songs each ) Debuting countries Belgium France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Switzerland Participation map ( hide ) Participating countries Vote Voting system Two - member juries from each country awarded two points to their favourite song . Winning song Switzerland `` Refrain '' Eurovision Song Contest 1957 → The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 was the first edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest , held at the Tealand Theatre in Lugano , Switzerland on Thursday 24 May . Organised by the European Broadcasting Union , the pan-European music competition was inspired by the Italian Sanremo Music Festival . Lohengrin Filipello hosted the first contest which lasted approximately 1 hour and 40 minutes . Seven countries participated , with each of them performing two songs . Two jury members from all participating countries cast their votes in secret , based on which song was their favourite . This first edition of the Eurovision Song Contest included several procedures that were not repeated in any subsequent edition : Two songs for each country , secret voting , double voting of one country on behalf of another , optional inclusion of the jury members ' own represented country in their voting , only `` Grand Prix '' title reception for the winner , and a single male presenter to host the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Format 2.1 Voting controversy 2.2 Lost tapes 3 Participating countries 3.1 Conductors 4 Results 5 International broadcasts 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Eurovision Song Contest During a meeting in Monaco in 1955 , members of the European Broadcasting Union discussed ideas to organise a pan-European music competition , taking inspiration from the Italian Sanremo Music Festival . From that meeting , the concept of the Eurovision Song Contest was born . A decision was reached to hold the first ever contest in the Swiss resort of Lugano the following year . Format ( edit ) The programme was hosted by Lohengrin Filipello , making it the only Eurovision Song Contest to have a solo male presenter and up until the 2017 edition with a male trio , the only edition without a female presenter . The programme lasted approximately one hour and 40 minutes . Although it was mainly a radio programme , there were cameras in the studio for the benefit of the few Europeans who possessed a television . Only solo artists were allowed to enter the contest , and their songs were not to exceed three and a half minutes in length , and were accompanied by a 24 - musician orchestra , which was led by Fernando Paggi , along with four guest conductors , which came from Belgium , France , Luxembourg and Italy . The interval act , whistling by the Joyeux Rossignols , had to be extended due to a delay in the voting procedure . It had been strongly recommended that each participating country have a preliminary national song contest . Voting controversy ( edit ) Further information : Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest Two jury members from each participating country travelled to Lugano to cast their vote on the songs , except for Luxembourg which was unable to send juries . The EBU conducted a secret voting and a system allowing the juries to also vote for the two songs representing their own country , as well as allowing the Swiss jury to vote on behalf of Luxembourg . Claims were raised that the Swiss entry won as a result of these procedures . This system was never repeated , as from the second edition of the contest onwards the voting is visible , excludes the jury 's own competing country from their voting and includes individual jury members for each country . Lost tapes ( edit ) While the contest was shown and recorded for television broadcasting in certain European countries ( as television sets were somewhat uncommon still at this time ) , no copies have survived , with the exception of Lys Assia 's repeat performance at the end of the contest . It is one of only two contests to not have survived completely , along with the 1964 contest ( of which the tapes were destroyed in a fire ) . Participating countries ( edit ) Further information : List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Seven countries participated in the first ever contest , each were represented with two songs . Two more countries , Austria , and Denmark were also expected to take part in the contest , but they missed the submission deadline and therefore could not take part . Although it was thought that the United Kingdom had also missed the participation deadline , it was later revealed by the EBU in January 2017 that it was a mythical fact created by fans of the contest . The EBU further went on to explain that the `` Festival of British Popular Song '' , a contest created by the BBC for the United Kingdom , was the inspiration that brought in changes to the contest format from 1957 . Conductors ( edit ) Each performance had a maestro who conducted the orchestra . The conductors listed conducted both performances for the indicated countries . Netherlands - Fernando Paggi Switzerland - Fernando Paggi Belgium - Léo Souris Germany -- Fernando Paggi France - Franck Pourcel Luxembourg - Jacques Lassry Italy - Gian Stellari Results ( edit ) Except for the winning song , the results have never been published . Simon Barclay 's book The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 includes a table with what appears to be the rankings , but the author does not give a source . Under the chart he writes that `` the votes awarded have never been disclosed . '' According to writer Jan Feddersen , `` Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück '' was probably voted No. 2 behind Lys Assia . Draw Country Artist Song Language Place 01 Netherlands Jetty Paerl `` De vogels van Holland '' Dutch 02 Switzerland Lys Assia `` Das alte Karussell '' German 03 Belgium Fud Leclerc `` Messieurs les noyés de la Seine '' French 04 Germany Walter Andreas Schwarz `` Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück '' German 05 France Mathé Altéry `` Le temps perdu '' French 06 Luxembourg Michèle Arnaud `` Ne crois pas '' French 07 Italy Franca Raimondi `` Aprite le finestre '' Italian 08 Netherlands Corry Brokken `` Voorgoed voorbij '' Dutch 09 Switzerland Lys Assia `` Refrain '' French 10 Belgium Mony Marc `` Le plus beau jour de ma vie '' French 11 Germany Freddy Quinn `` So geht das jede Nacht '' German 12 France Dany Dauberson `` Il est là '' French 13 Luxembourg Michèle Arnaud `` Les amants de minuit '' French 14 Italy Tonina Torrielli `` Amami se vuoi '' Italian International broadcasts ( edit ) The participating national broadcasters sent commentators to the contest , in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language . Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station that they represented are shown in the table below . Netherlands - Piet te Nuyl ( NTS ) Switzerland - Georges Hardy ( TSR ) Belgium - Janine Lambotte ( INR ) , Nand Baert ( NIR ) Germany - Wolf Mittler ( ARD ) France - Michèle Rebel ( RTF ) Luxembourg - Michèle Rebel ( Télé - Luxembourg ) Italy - Franco Marazzi ( Programma Nazionale ) Austria ( non-participating country ) -- Wolf Mittler ( ORF ) Denmark ( non-participating country ) -- Gunnar Hansen ( Statsradiofonien TV ) United Kingdom ( non-participating country ) -- Wilfred Thomas ( BBC Television Service ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Eurovision History -- Lugano 1956 '' . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Let 's hear it for the boys ! Meet the hosts of Eurovision 2017 '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jan Feddersen : Ein Lied kann eine Brücke sein. 1 . Auflage . Hoffmann und Campe Verlag , Hamburg 2002 , ISBN 3 - 455 - 09350 - 7 . S. 374 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Paul ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` Shining a light on the United Kingdom : 60 Years at Eurovision '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Contrary to popular fan myths , the UK did not intend to enter in 1956 as the BBC had previously created their own separate contest , the Festival Of British Popular Songs Jump up ^ http://www.andtheconductoris.eu ^ Jump up to : Barclay , Simon ( June 17 , 2010 ) . The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 . Silverthorn Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4457 - 8415 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 1956 '' . The Diggiloo Thrush . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision 1956 Cast and Crew Details '' . IMDb . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival '' . Eurovision Artists ( in Dutch ) . Jump up ^ `` Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1956 '' ( in French ) . Songcontest.free.fr. 23 March 2008 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Barclay , Simon ( June 17 , 2010 ) . The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 . Silverthorn Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4457 - 8415 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Official website Eurovision Song Contest History Host cities Languages Presenters Rules Voting Winners Winners discography Contests 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Countries Active Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Inactive Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Luxembourg Monaco Morocco Slovakia Turkey Former Lebanon Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia Relations Armenia -- Azerbaijan Russia -- Ukraine National selections Current Albania Armenia Belarus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Moldova Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Former Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Estonia Finland Greece Ellinikós Telikós Eurosong - A MAD Show Ireland The Late Late Show You 're a Star Israel Latvia Eirodziesma Dziesma Lithuania Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Serbia and Montenegro Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Video Contest OGAE Second Chance Contest Barbara Dex Award Television and concerts Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe Kvalifikacija za Millstreet Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Best of Eurovision Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits Portal ( hide ) Eurovision Song Contest 1956 Countries Final ( in order of appearance ) Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Germany France Luxembourg Italy Artists First performance Jetty Paerl Lys Assia Fud Leclerc Walter Andreas Schwarz Mathé Altéry Michèle Arnaud Franca Raimondi Second performance Corry Brokken Lys Assia Mony Marc Freddy Quinn Dany Dauberson Michèle Arnaud Tonina Torrielli Songs First performance `` De vogels van Holland '' `` Das alte Karussell '' `` Messieurs les noyés de la Seine '' `` Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück '' `` Le temps perdu '' `` Ne crois pas '' `` Aprite le finestre '' Second performance `` Voorgoed voorbij '' `` Refrain '' `` Le plus beau jour de ma vie '' `` So geht das jede Nacht '' `` Il est là '' `` Les amants de minuit '' `` Amami se vuoi '' ( Note : all countries performed twice ) Coordinates : 46 ° 00 ′ N 8 ° 57 ′ E  /  46.000 ° N 8.950 ° E  / 46.000 ; 8.950 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurovision_Song_Contest_1956&oldid=833278983 '' Categories : Eurovision Song Contest 1956 1956 in music 1956 in Switzerland 20th century in Lugano Eurovision Song Contest by year Events in Lugano First events May 1956 events Music in Lugano Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Use dmy dates from May 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malti Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 16 : 49 . 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where was the first eurovision song contest held
[ "The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 was the first edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest, held at the Tealand Theatre in Lugano, Switzerland on Thursday 24 May." ]
[ "Tealand Theatre in Lugano, Switzerland" ]
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List of highest scoring NFL games
List of highest scoring NFL games - wikipedia List of highest scoring NFL games This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search The highest score in a National Football League ( NFL ) game occurred on November 27 , 1966 , when the Washington Redskins and New York Giants combined for 113 points in a 72 -- 41 victory for the Redskins . Only four games in NFL history have eclipsed 100 total points , with the most recent being a 101 - point game in 2015 between the Giants and New Orleans Saints . The highest score in a playoff game occurred in the 2009 -- 10 NFL playoffs , a 96 - point game in which the Arizona Cardinals defeated the Green Bay Packers 51 -- 45 in overtime . The most points scored in a Super Bowl was 75 , in Super Bowl XXIX , which the San Francisco 49ers won 49 -- 26 over the San Diego Chargers . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 1.1 Regular season 1.2 Playoffs 1.3 Super Bowl 2 Game notes 2.1 Regular season 2.1. 1 113 points ( New York Giants vs. Washington Redskins , 1966 ) 2.1. 2 106 points ( Cincinnati Bengals vs. Cleveland Browns , 2004 ) 2.1. 3 101 points ( Oakland Raiders vs. Houston Oilers , 1963 ) 2.1. 4 101 points ( New York Giants vs. New Orleans Saints , 2015 ) 2.1. 5 99 points ( Seattle Seahawks vs. Kansas City Chiefs , 1983 ) 2.1. 6 99 points ( Denver Broncos vs. Dallas Cowboys , 2013 ) 2.1. 7 98 points ( Pittsburgh Steelers vs. San Diego Chargers , 1985 ) 2.1. 8 96 points ( Cincinnati Bengals vs. Cleveland Browns , 2007 ) 2.1. 9 96 points ( Miami Dolphins vs. New York Jets , 1986 ) 2.1. 10 95 points ( Washington Redskins vs. Green Bay Packers , 1983 ) 2.2 Playoffs 2.2. 1 96 points ( Green Bay Packers vs. Arizona Cardinals , 2009 playoffs ) 2.2. 2 95 points ( Detroit Lions vs. Philadelphia Eagles , 1995 playoffs ) 2.2. 3 89 points ( Indianapolis Colts vs. Kansas City Chiefs , 2013 playoffs ) 2.3 Super Bowl 2.3. 1 75 points ( Super Bowl XXIX : San Diego Chargers vs. San Francisco 49ers ) 3 Notes 4 References List ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Points scored Score Winning team Losing team Date Ref 113 72 -- 41 Washington Redskins New York Giants November 27 , 1966 106 58 -- 48 Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns November 28 , 2004 101 52 -- 49 Oakland Raiders Houston Oilers December 22 , 1963 101 52 -- 49 New Orleans Saints New York Giants November 1 , 2015 99 51 -- 48 ( OT ) Seattle Seahawks Kansas City Chiefs November 27 , 1983 99 51 -- 48 Denver Broncos Dallas Cowboys October 6 , 2013 98 54 -- 44 San Diego Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers December 8 , 1985 96 51 -- 45 Cleveland Browns Cincinnati Bengals September 16 , 2007 96 51 -- 45 ( OT ) New York Jets Miami Dolphins September 21 , 1986 95 48 -- 47 Green Bay Packers Washington Redskins October 17 , 1983 90 52 -- 38 New Orleans Saints Detroit Lions October 15 , 2017 89 48 -- 41 New Orleans Saints Arizona Cardinals December 18 , 2016 85 51 -- 34 Pittsburgh Steelers Indianapolis Colts October 26 , 2014 Playoffs ( edit ) Points scored Score Winning team Losing team Date Ref 96 51 -- 45 ( OT ) Arizona Cardinals Green Bay Packers January 10 , 2010 95 58 -- 37 Philadelphia Eagles Detroit Lions December 30 , 1995 89 45 -- 44 Indianapolis Colts Kansas City Chiefs January 4 , 2014 87 45 -- 42 Jacksonville Jaguars Pittsburgh Steelers January 14 , 2018 Super Bowl ( edit ) Points scored Score Winning team Losing team Date Ref 75 49 -- 26 San Francisco 49ers San Diego Chargers January 29 , 1995 74 41 -- 33 Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots February 4 , 2018 69 52 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys Buffalo Bills January 31 , 1993 69 48 -- 21 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Oakland Raiders January 26 , 2003 Game notes ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) 113 points ( New York Giants vs. Washington Redskins , 1966 ) ( edit ) The Washington Redskins and the New York Giants combined for a total of 113 points in one game on November 27 , 1966 , in Washington , D.C. . The Redskins outscored the Giants 72 -- 41 . There were a total of 16 touchdowns : 10 by the Redskins and 6 by the Giants , plus a field goal by Washington 's kicker Charlie Gogolak with only 7 seconds left . The game was played before the introduction of nets behind the goal post causing the loss of fourteen footballs to the stands . Thirteen of the footballs were lost due to extra points , and one was lost by Brig Owens who threw the ball into the crowd after he returned a fumble 69 yards for a touchdown . 106 points ( Cincinnati Bengals vs. Cleveland Browns , 2004 ) ( edit ) On November 28 , 2004 , Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Carson Palmer threw for 4 touchdowns and Rudi Johnson ran for 2 more along with a career - high 202 rushing yards as the Bengals survived 413 passing yards and 5 touchdowns by Kelly Holcomb to defeat the Cleveland Browns 58 -- 48 , in the second - highest scoring game in NFL history . Deltha O'Neal returned an interception 69 yards for a touchdown in the final 2 minutes to end the Browns ' comeback hopes and to cap the scoring . 101 points ( Oakland Raiders vs. Houston Oilers , 1963 ) ( edit ) Played on December 22 , 1963 , the game took place in the American Football League ( AFL ) , but it was absorbed into official NFL records after the NFL -- AFL merger . The Oakland Raiders defeated the Houston Oilers 52 -- 49 , combining for a total of 101 points . It was Oakland 's eighth win in a row . Oakland placekicker Mike Mercer kicked a field goal with 4 : 37 left in the fourth quarter , breaking the 49 -- 49 tie and giving Oakland the win . Raiders quarterback Tom Flores threw for 407 yards and 6 touchdowns . The Oilers quarterback and future Hall of Famer George Blanda passed for 342 yards and 5 touchdowns . Oakland 's wide receiver Art Powell caught 10 passes for a total of 247 yards and 4 touchdowns . Houston had their own offensive threat in Willard Dewveall who had seven catches adding up to a total amount of 137 yards and four touchdowns . 101 points ( New York Giants vs. New Orleans Saints , 2015 ) ( edit ) On November 1 , 2015 , the New York Giants and New Orleans Saints scored a combined 101 points . The Saints won 52 -- 49 . Notably , Saints quarterback Drew Brees tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes , and Giants quarterback Eli Manning threw six touchdown passes . The 13 touchdown passes between the two quarterbacks set an NFL record . The only field goal was scored on the final play of the game , when the Saints ' Kai Forbath successfully kicked a 50 - yard field goal to win the game , the longest kick of his career at the time . 99 points ( Seattle Seahawks vs. Kansas City Chiefs , 1983 ) ( edit ) On November 27 , 1983 , the Seattle Seahawks defeated the visiting Kansas City Chiefs 51 -- 48 in overtime . The 99 points scored is tied for fifth - highest scoring game in NFL history . Seahawks running back Curt Warner rushed for 207 yards on 32 carries . Chiefs receiver Carlos Carson had seven catches for 149 yards and one touchdown . The game ended when placekicker Norm Johnson converted a 42 - yard field goal with 1 : 46 left in overtime . 99 points ( Denver Broncos vs. Dallas Cowboys , 2013 ) ( edit ) On October 6 , 2013 , the Dallas Cowboys hosted the Denver Broncos for a game in which 99 total points were scored , tied for fifth - highest in NFL history . Near the end of the fourth quarter the game was tied , 48 - 48 . Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo ( who achieved more than 500 passing yards for the first time in franchise history ) threw a critical interception to Broncos linebacker Danny Trevathan at his own 24 - yard line with 2 minutes remaining in the game . Denver placekicker Matt Prater kicked a 28 - yard field goal as time expired to give the Broncos a 51 - 48 win . Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning completed 33 of 42 passes for 414 yards , throwing 4 touchdown passes and 1 interception in a winning effort . This performance prompted KCNC - TV to report , `` After 5 games and 5 big wins , the Broncos are on pace to become the first team in the history of the NFL to exceed 600 , maybe even 700 points , in a season . It is the most remarkable five - game stretch in the history of professional football . The numbers do n't lie . What Manning has done in his first five games -- his `` assault '' on the record books -- is simply unprecedented . '' 98 points ( Pittsburgh Steelers vs. San Diego Chargers , 1985 ) ( edit ) On December 8 , 1985 , the San Diego Chargers and Pittsburgh Steelers combined for 98 points in a 54 -- 44 Chargers victory . 96 points ( Cincinnati Bengals vs. Cleveland Browns , 2007 ) ( edit ) On September 16 , 2007 , Ohio intrastate rivals Cleveland and Cincinnati battled to combine for 96 points , with the Browns defeating the Bengals 51 -- 45 . 96 points ( Miami Dolphins vs. New York Jets , 1986 ) ( edit ) In a September 21 , 1986 , AFC East showdown at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , the New York Jets hosted the Miami Dolphins , combining for 96 points , with the Jets defeating the Dolphins in overtime , 51 -- 45 . The contest featured 1,066 yards of combined offense , 59 first downs and 93 total pass attempts . Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino had 448 yards through the air and a personal best six touchdown passes , while Jets signal - caller Ken O'Brien threw for 479 yards and 4 touchdown passes . The shootout came to an end when Jets wide receiver Wesley Walker caught a 43 - yard bomb touchdown from O'Brien in overtime , his fourth of the game . Walker finished with 6 catches for 179 yards . The Dolphins receiving corps was led by the `` Marks Brothers '' , Mark Duper and Mark Clayton , combining for 328 yards receiving and 3 touchdown receptions . 95 points ( Washington Redskins vs. Green Bay Packers , 1983 ) ( edit ) On October 17 , 1983 , the Redskins and Packers played on a Monday night with the Packers winning 48 -- 47 , a combined 95 - point total . Redskins kicker Mark Moseley missed a field goal in the final seconds , securing the win for the Packers . Playoffs ( edit ) 96 points ( Green Bay Packers vs. Arizona Cardinals , 2009 playoffs ) ( edit ) In the 2009 -- 10 playoffs , the Cardinals and Packers combined for 96 points in a 51 -- 45 overtime Arizona win . 95 points ( Detroit Lions vs. Philadelphia Eagles , 1995 playoffs ) ( edit ) In a December 30 , 1995 Wild Card playoff game , the Philadelphia Eagles and Detroit Lions combined for 95 points in what was the NFL 's highest scoring postseason game until the 2009 -- 10 playoffs . The Eagles dominated the game on seven Detroit turnovers , winning 58 -- 37 . The Eagles scored 31 points in the second quarter alone , and led 38 -- 7 at halftime . They extended their lead to 51 -- 7 with nine minutes left in the third quarter . After that , Detroit scored four touchdowns while the Eagles added another . 89 points ( Indianapolis Colts vs. Kansas City Chiefs , 2013 playoffs ) ( edit ) On January 4 , 2014 , the Colts and the Chiefs played in a Saturday evening 2014 NFL Wild Card playoff game . The teams combined for 89 points , with the Colts winning 45 - 44 . Following an early second half Chiefs touchdown , the Colts rallied back for a 28 - point comeback , the second largest comeback in NFL playoff history . Super Bowl ( edit ) 75 points ( Super Bowl XXIX : San Diego Chargers vs. San Francisco 49ers ) ( edit ) The highest - scoring Super Bowl was Super Bowl XXIX on January 29 , 1995 , in which the NFC champion San Francisco 49ers defeated the AFC champion San Diego Chargers 49 -- 26 for a combined 75 points . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Behind only `` The Comeback '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New York Giants at Washington Redskins -- November 27th , 1966 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns at Cincinnati Bengals -- November 28th , 2004 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Oilers at Oakland Raiders -- December 22nd , 1963 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants at New Orleans Saints -- November 1st , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs at Seattle Seahawks -- November 27th , 1983 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos at Dallas Cowboys -- October 6th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers at San Diego Chargers -- December 8th , 1985 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Bengals at Cleveland Browns -- September 16th , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins at New York Jets -- September 21st , 1986 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins at Green Bay Packers -- October 17th , 1983 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions at New Orleans Saints -- October 15th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Arizona Cardinals -- December 18th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts at Pittsburgh Steelers -- October 26th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card -- Green Bay Packers at Arizona Cardinals -- January 10th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card -- Detroit Lions at Philadelphia Eagles -- December 30th , 1995 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card -- Kansas City Chiefs at Indianapolis Colts -- January 4th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Division -- Jacksonville Jaguars at Pittsburgh Steelers -- January 14th , 2018 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX -- San Francisco 49ers vs. San Diego Chargers -- January 29th , 1995 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LII -- Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- February 4th , 2018 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII -- Dallas Cowboys vs. Buffalo Bills -- January 31st , 1993 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII -- Tampa Bay Buccaneers vs. Oakland Raiders -- January 26th , 2003 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Scoring NFL Game '' . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Numbers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Half of It '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Shootouts '' . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jeff ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Saints , Giants combine for 101 points : Where does it rank in NFL history ? '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Neil ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Drew Brees threw for 511 yards and 7 TDs . Best game ever by a QB ? Nope '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Or Bust : If NFL - Leading Broncos Do n't Win It All , Will Season Be ' Utter Failure ? ' '' . KCNC - TV . Archived from the original on 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/gametracker/recap/NFL_20140104_KC@IND/luck-rallies-colts-to-wildcard-win-over-chiefs Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Records : Team '' . NFL . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_scoring_NFL_games&oldid=825022682 '' Categories : National Football League lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 01 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
most points in a nfl game by one team
[ "The highest score in a National Football League (NFL) game occurred on November 27, 1966, when the Washington Redskins and New York Giants combined for 113 points in a 72–41 victory for the Redskins. Only four games in NFL history have eclipsed 100 total points, with the most recent being a 101-point game in 2015 between the Giants and New Orleans Saints. The highest score in a playoff game occurred in the 2009–10 NFL playoffs, a 96-point game in which the Arizona Cardinals defeated the Green Bay Packers 51–45 in overtime. The most points scored in a Super Bowl was 75, in Super Bowl XXIX, which the San Francisco 49ers won 49–26 over the San Diego Chargers." ]
[ "72" ]
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2018 NFL season
2018 NFL season - wikipedia 2018 NFL season 2018 National Football League season Regular season Duration September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) -- December 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 30 ) Playoffs Start date January 5 , 2019 Super Bowl LIII Date February 3 , 2019 Site Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia Pro Bowl Date January 27 , 2019 Site Camping World Stadium , Orlando , Florida ← 2017 NFL seasons The 2018 NFL season will be the 99th season of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The season is set to begin on September 6 , 2018 with the NFL Kickoff Game with the defending Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles hosting the Atlanta Falcons . The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII , the league 's championship game , on February 3 , 2019 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . Contents 1 Player movement 1.1 Free agency 1.2 Trades 1.3 Retirements 1.4 Draft 2 Officiating changes 3 Rule changes 4 2018 deaths 5 Preseason 6 Regular season 6.1 Saturday flexible scheduling 7 Postseason 8 Head coaching and front office personnel changes 8.1 Head coaches 8.1. 1 Off - season 8.2 Front office personnel 8.2. 1 Off - season 9 Stadiums 9.1 Carolina Panthers 9.2 Oakland Raiders 9.3 Naming rights agreements 9.3. 1 Denver Broncos 9.3. 2 Jacksonville Jaguars 10 Uniforms 10.1 Color Rush discontinuation 10.2 Uniform changes 10.3 Throwback uniforms 10.4 Patches 11 Media 11.1 Broadcast rights 11.1. 1 Television 11.1. 2 Digital 11.1. 3 Radio 11.2 Personnel changes 11.3 Start time changes 12 References Player movement ( edit ) The 2018 NFL League year and trading period began on March 14 . On March 9 , clubs were allowed to exercise options for 2018 on players who have option clauses in their contracts , submit qualifying offers to their pending restricted free agents , and submit a Minimum Salary Tender to retain exclusive negotiating rights to their players with expiring 2017 contracts and who have fewer than three accrued seasons of free agent credit . Teams were required to be under the salary cap using the `` Top - 51 '' definition ( in which the 51 highest paid - players on the team 's payroll must have a combined salary cap hit below the actual cap ) . On March 12 , clubs were allowed to contact and enter into contract negotiations with the agents of players who were set to become unrestricted free agents . Free agency ( edit ) Over 550 players were eligible for some form of free agency during the free agency period . Notable players to change teams include : Quarterbacks Sam Bradford ( Minnesota to Arizona ) , Teddy Bridgewater ( Minnesota to New York Jets ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington to Minnesota ) , Case Keenum ( Minnesota to Denver ) , and AJ McCarron ( Cincinnati to Buffalo ) . Running backs Isaiah Crowell ( Cleveland to New York Jets ) , Carlos Hyde ( San Francisco to Cleveland ) , Dion Lewis ( New England to Tennessee ) , and Jerick McKinnon ( Minnesota to San Francisco ) Wide receivers Danny Amendola ( New England to Miami ) , Allen Hurns ( Jacksonville to Dallas ) , Jordy Nelson ( Green Bay to Oakland ) , Allen Robinson ( Jacksonville to Chicago ) , and Sammy Watkins ( Los Angeles Rams to Kansas City ) . Tight ends Jimmy Graham ( Seattle to Green Bay ) , Austin Seferian - Jenkins ( New York Jets to Jacksonville ) , and Marcedes Lewis ( Jacksonville to Green Bay ) Offensive linemen Cameron Fleming ( New England to Dallas ) , Andrew Norwell ( Carolina to Jacksonville ) , Mike Pouncey ( Miami to Los Angeles Chargers ) , Justin Pugh ( New York Giants to Arizona ) , Weston Richburg ( New York Giants to San Francisco ) , Nate Solder ( New England to New York Giants ) , Josh Sitton ( Chicago to Miami ) , and Travis Swanson ( Detroit to New York Jets ) Defensive linemen Adrian Clayborn ( Atlanta to New England ) , Vinny Curry ( Philadelphia to Tampa Bay ) , Sheldon Richardson ( Seattle to Minnesota ) , Ndamukong Suh ( Miami to Los Angeles Rams ) , and Muhammad Wilkerson ( New York Jets to Green Bay ) Linebackers Demario Davis ( New York Yets to New Orleans ) , Trent Murphy ( Washington to Buffalo ) , Tahir Whitehead ( Detroit to Oakland ) and Avery Williamson ( Tennessee to New York Jets ) Defensive backs Malcolm Butler ( New England to Tennessee ) , Morgan Burnett ( Green Bay to Pittsburgh ) , T.J. Carrie ( Oakland to Cleveland ) , Ross Cockrell ( New York Giants to Carolina ) , E.J. Gaines ( Buffalo to Cleveland ) , Marcus Gilchrist ( Houston to Oakland ) , Trumaine Johnson ( Los Angeles Rams to New York Jets ) , Tyrann Mathieu ( Arizona to Houston ) , Rashaan Melvin ( Indianapolis to Oakland ) , Patrick Robinson ( Philadelphia to New Orleans ) , and Richard Sherman ( Seattle to San Francisco ) Kicker Sebastian Janikowski ( Oakland to Seattle ) Punter Marquette King ( Oakland to Denver ) Punter Jon Ryan ( Seattle to Buffalo ) Trades ( edit ) March 14 : Miami traded WR Jarvis Landry to Cleveland for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 123rd overall ) and a 2019 seventh round selection . March 14 : Buffalo traded QB Tyrod Taylor to Cleveland for a 2018 third round selection ( 65th overall ) . March 14 : Buffalo traded T Cordy Glenn , a 2018 first round selection ( 21st overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 158th overall ) to Cincinnati for a 2018 first round selection ( 12th overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 187th overall ) . March 14 : Green Bay traded CB Damarious Randall , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 114th overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 150th overall ) to Cleveland for QB DeShone Kizer , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 101st overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 138th overall ) March 14 : Cleveland traded DT Danny Shelton and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 159th overall ) to New England for a 2019 third round selection . March 14 : Kansas City traded QB Alex Smith to Washington in exchange for CB Kendall Fuller and a 2018 third round selection ( 78th overall ) . March 14 : Kansas City traded CB Marcus Peters and a 2018 sixth round draft selection ( 196th overall ) to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 124th overall ) and a 2019 second round selection . March 14 : Denver traded CB Aqib Talib to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 160th overall ) . March 14 : Denver traded QB Trevor Siemian and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 225th overall ) to Minnesota for a 2019 fifth round selection . March 14 : The Los Angeles Rams traded LB Alec Ogletree and a 2019 seventh round draft selection to the New York Giants in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 135th overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 176th overall ) . March 14 : The Los Angeles Rams traded DE Robert Quinn and a 2018 sixth round selection to Miami in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection and a 2018 sixth round selection . March 14 : Seattle traded DE Michael Bennett and a 2018 seventh round selection to Philadelphia for WR Marcus Johnson and a 2018 fifth round selection . March 14 : Philadelphia traded WR Torrey Smith to Carolina for CB Daryl Worley . March 15 : San Francisco traded C Daniel Kilgore and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 227th overall ) to Miami in exchange for a 2018 seventh round selection ( 223rd overall ) . March 15 : Cleveland traded CB Jason McCourty and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 219th overall ) to New England for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 205th overall ) . March 18 : Oakland traded WR Cordarrelle Patterson and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 210th overall ) to New England for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 159th overall ) . March 20 : Oakland traded FB Jamize Olawale and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 192nd overall ) to Dallas for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 173rd overall ) . March 22 : The New York Giants traded DE Jason Pierre - Paul and their 2018 fourth round selection ( 102nd overall ) to Tampa Bay in exchange for a 2018 third round selection ( 69th overall ) and a 2018 fourth round selection ( 108th overall ) . March 23 : Arizona traded T Jared Veldheer to Denver for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 182nd overall ) . March 28 : Cleveland traded QB Cody Kessler to Jacksonville for a conditional 2019 seventh round selection . March 29 : Washington traded S Su'a Cravens , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 113th overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 149th overall ) to Denver in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 109th overall ) , two 2018 fifth round selections ( 142nd and 163rd overall ) , and a conditional 2020 selection . April 3 : New England traded WR Brandin Cooks and a 2018 fourth round selection ( 136th overall ) to the Los Angeles Rams for a 2018 first round selection ( 23rd overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 198th overall ) . April 6 : Cleveland traded QB Kevin Hogan and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 205th overall ) to Washington in exchange for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 188th overall ) . April 26 : Pittsburgh traded WR Martavis Bryant to Oakland for a 2018 third round selection ( 79th overall ) . August 5 : Cleveland traded WR Corey Coleman to Buffalo for a 2020 seventh round selection . Retirements ( edit ) Kam Chancellor : The four - time Pro Bowler and two - time second team All - Pro safety retired July 1 due to a neck injury . He played his entire eight - year career with the Seattle Seahawks . Antonio Cromartie : The four - time Pro Bowler and one - time All - Pro cornerback , who shares the league record for most yards gained on a play ( 109 on a missed field goal return ) and led the league in interceptions in 2008 , announced his retirement after an 11 - year career . Cromartie played for the then - San Diego Chargers , New York Jets , Arizona Cardinals , and Indianapolis Colts over the course of his career , before spending the entire 2017 season as an unsigned free agent . Dwight Freeney : The 16 - year veteran defensive end , who spent most of his career with the Indianapolis Colts , retired April 19 . He appeared in seven Pro Bowls , was a four - time All - Pro and led the NFL in sacks during the 2004 season . James Harrison : The 15 - year NFL veteran linebacker , four - time All - Pro , and five - time Pro Bowler who spent the peak of his career with the Pittsburgh Steelers announced his retirement , at the age of 39 , on April 16 . Devin Hester : The four - time Pro Bowler and three - time All - Pro return specialist holds the NFL record for most all - time return touchdowns ( punt and kickoff combined ) and most all - time punt return touchdowns . He is widely regarded as one of the best return specialists in NFL history , and was the first person to return the opening kick of the Super Bowl back for a touchdown . Hester , who had spent 2017 out of football , played 11 seasons in the NFL , the majority of them with the Chicago Bears . Richie Incognito announced his retirement April 10 . The retirement was part of a string of erratic behavior and inconsistent statements on Incognito 's part , the only consistent thread being an ongoing contract dispute with his current team , the Buffalo Bills , who have listed him as retired on their roster . Incognito has appeared in four Pro Bowls over the course of a 12 - season career with the Bills , Miami Dolphins and then - St. Louis Rams , with most of his success coming in Buffalo . He was released from his contract on May 21 and is free to sign with any team . Nick Mangold : The seven - time Pro Bowler and three - time All - Pro retired after 11 seasons , all with the New York Jets . He had spent the 2017 season out of football after the Jets released him . Carson Palmer : The 38 year old quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals , who had previously played on the Cincinnati Bengals ( who drafted Palmer first overall in 2003 ) and Oakland Raiders , retired after the 2017 season . The 2002 Heisman Trophy winner appeared in three Pro Bowls , was a second team All - Pro in 2015 , and led the NFL in passing yards in 2005 . Darrelle Revis : The seven - time Pro Bowler and four - time All - Pro spent 11 seasons in the NFL , eight of them with the New York Jets . At his peak , he was one of the most dominant , well - paid , and awarded cornerbacks in the league ( only Deion Sanders has had more All - Pro nominations at the position ) ; his level of play had diminished rapidly by the time of his retirement . He announced his retirement July 18 . Joe Thomas : The ten - time Pro Bowler and seven - time All - Pro offensive tackle retired after an 11 - year career with the Cleveland Browns , a career in which he spent much of that time as the Browns ' franchise player in an era where the team otherwise performed poorly on the field . A deteriorating left knee contributed to Thomas 's retirement . Jason Witten : The eleven time Pro Bowler and two time First - team All - Pro Tight end played 15 seasons , all with the Dallas Cowboys . He ranks second all time among tight ends in career receptions and receiving yards . He will be working for ESPN as their Monday Night Football color commentator . Other retirements Rodney Adams Martellus Bennett Joe Berger * Emmett Cleary C.J. Fiedorowicz Matt Forte James Hanna David Harris Gabe Ikard Fred Jackson Vincent Jackson Thad Lewis Luke McCown Kellen Moore DeMarco Murray Paul Posluszny Connor Shaw Devon Still Zach Strief Aaron Williams Eric Wood Danny Woodhead Victor Cruz Cedric Thornton Eric Decker Draft ( edit ) Further information : 2018 NFL Draft The 2018 NFL Draft was held from April 26 to 28 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This was the first draft to take place in an NFL stadium , and the first to be held in Texas . The Cleveland Browns selected Baker Mayfield with the first overall pick . Officiating changes ( edit ) Four referees retired during the 2018 off - season , the most to do so since records on the statistics have been kept . Ed Hochuli : At the time of his retirement , Hochuli was the league 's longest - tenured referee , having served with the league for 28 seasons , 26 as a head referee . He will be succeeded by his son , Shawn Hochuli . Terry McAulay : McAulay spent 20 seasons as an official , 17 as a head referee , and officiated three Super Bowls . McAulay will work as a rules analyst for NBC 's Sunday Night Football . Shawn Smith , an umpire since 2015 , was promoted to replace McAulay . Gene Steratore : Steratore spent 15 seasons as an official and was the referee of Super Bowl LII . Staratore was involved in the controversial ruling known as the Calvin Johnson rule , as well as the infamous use of an index card during a game between the Oakland Raiders and Dallas Cowboys . He was one of two officials who also covered NCAA Division I basketball games . Steratore accepted an offer from CBS to fill its rules analyst position , which had been vacant since 2015 . Umpire Clay Martin was promoted to referee to replace Steratore . Jeff Triplette : Triplette had spent 22 years as an official with the NFL , 19 as a head referee , and was pushed into retirement after experiencing confusion in several games late in the 2017 season . Alex Kemp will replace Triplette . Rule changes ( edit ) The following playing rule changes have been approved by the Competition Committee for the 2018 season : Make permanent the current rule that changes the spot of the ball after a touchback on a kickoff to the 25 - yard line . Prior to 2017 , the ball was placed at the 20 - yard line . Update the standards for a `` catch '' to have : Two feet down or any body part other than the hands Control of the ball Make a `` football move '' such as making a 3rd step , reaching / extending to the line to gain , tucking the ball away , warding off defensive players , or have the ability to perform such an act . The rule for receivers who were going to the ground during the catch process has been deleted . This is in response to several issues regarding the `` going to the ground '' rule , especially catches by Dallas Cowboys WR Dez Bryant in the 2014 NFL playoffs and one by Pittsburgh Steelers TE Jesse James in 2017 that were overturned due to this rule . Allow a designated member of the officiating department ( For 2018 , NFL Senior VP of Officiating Al Riveron ) to instruct game officials to disqualify any player who commits a flagrant non-football act on the field for a foul called on the field . This is in response to a situation where New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski intentionally inflicted a late hit on Buffalo Bills defensive back Tre'Davious White causing a concussion to White . Gronkowski was not ejected for the foul on the field , but did receive a one - game suspension after the NFL 's review of the play . Illegally batting a ball on a scrimmage down will incur a loss of down in addition to the previous 10 - yard penalty . In overtime , when a team is ahead by 3 points , a down will run to its conclusion and all applicable points will score , even if there is a loss of possession . Previously , the offense of the trailing team could not legally score if they lost and regained possession and reached the opponent 's end zone all on the same play . The rule remains that if there is a double change of possession on a play with one team in the lead , it is the last play of the game . If a team scores a touchdown on the final play of regulation which gives them the victory , no extra-point conversion try will be needed . The following are points of emphasis for the 2018 season : Sportsmanship ( particularly flagrant hits and non-football acts ) will be strictly enforced by penalties and ejections . Pass Interference ( both offensive and defensive ) will be more strictly enforced . Runners ( quarterbacks / running backs ) who `` give themselves up '' will be down at the point the first body part ( regardless if the slide is head first or feet first ) hits the ground , and they must give themselves up early . If a defender is committed to a tackle when the runner gives himself up then it 's a legal play . Late hits will be penalized 15 yards as they are currently . Defenders are responsible to avoid landing on the quarterback when going to the ground . Strictly enforcing the rule that initiating contact to the head / neck area of the long snapper on punts / PAT / Field Goals is a foul ( 15 yards ) . `` Gunners '' on punts who go out of bounds must make an effort to get back inbounds , or risk a five - yard penalty . Players will avoid contact with opponents when hearing the whistle for stopping forward progress or the play is over . Unnecessary or forcible actions against an opponent after the whistle will result in a 15 - yard penalty for unnecessary roughness . The following bylaws and resolutions were passed : Make permanent the liberalization of workout rules for draft prospects . For a one - year trial period , liberalize the rules for re-signing a player on waivers . Players on injured reserve can be traded . Players with injuries deemed major can be placed directly on injured reserve without clearing waivers . The 10 - day postseason waiver claiming period has been reduced to 1 day . Players can be activated from injured reserve after eight games instead of eight weeks . Teams have seven business days to complete an injury settlement instead of five . Players in certain reserve list categories can not be reinstated after a team 's week 13 game . This restriction was previously applied to the last 30 days of the regular season . Clarify roster procedures for players with military obligations . For a one - year trial period , teams may contact a player who has been publicly announced to be released before the NFL lists the transaction on a Player Personnel Notice . The following changes to the kickoff rules were approved at the NFL Spring Owners ' Meeting on May 23 , 2018 : Players are required to line up for the kickoff as follows : Five players on the kicking team must be on either side of the kicker Two players on each side must be lined up outside of the numbers and two additional players on each side must be lined up between the numbers and the hashmarks Players on the kicking team ( excluding the kicker ) may only line up within one yard of the kickoff spot ( currently this is limited to five yards ) The receiving team must have eight players in a fifteen - yard `` set - up zone '' ( from the restraining line ten yards from the kickoff spot , fifteen yards back ) No wedge blocks . Players would only be able to do a double - team block within the `` set - up zone '' . Blocking is prohibited inside the restraining zone ( 10 yards from the kickoff spot ) until the ball touches the ground or is touched in the field of play . Once a kickoff lands in the end zone , it would become an automatic touchback . Players will no longer have to `` kneel '' in the end zone to stop the play . Any player ( s ) being disqualified are subject to replay review . It is now a foul ( 15 yards ) for players to lower their helmet to initiate and make contact with an opposing player . The fouling player risks disqualification if : Player lowers his helmet to establish a linear body posture prior to initiating or making contact with the helmet Player delivering the blow had an unobstructed path to his opponent Contact was clearly avoidable ( player delivering the blow had other options ) In response to the recent National Anthem protests in the league the past two seasons , any player or staff member who is on the field during the performance of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' must stand for the duration of the performance . Such players and staff members are not required to be on the field at that time and may wait in the locker room as an alternative . The NFL will not directly fine offending players or staff members for defying the rule , instead fining the teams , who will in turn have power to fine the players or staff members at their own discretion . The National Football League Players Association filed a grievance with the league over the policy on July 11 . 2018 deaths ( edit ) The following people associated with the NFL ( or AFL ) have died in 2018 . Grady Alderman Tom Benson Billy Cannon Dwight Clark Bennie Cunningham Keith Fahnhorst Jim Garrett Chris Gedney Tom Heckert Jr . Wayne Huizenga David Humm Edwin Jackson Billy Kinard Chuck Knox Jeremy Nunley Gabriel Rivera Kona Schwenke Clyde Scott Tony Sparano Frank Varrichione Leon `` Big Van Vader '' White Preseason ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Training camps for the 2018 season will be held in late July through August . Teams start training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team 's first scheduled preseason game . The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game , that featured the Baltimore Ravens defeating the Chicago Bears 17 -- 16 , was played on August 2 ; and was televised nationally by NBC . The Ravens , who made their first Hall of Fame Game appearance , were represented in the 2018 Hall of Fame class by former linebacker Ray Lewis , while the Bears were represented by former linebacker Brian Urlacher . Regular season ( edit ) The 2018 regular season 's 256 games will be played over a 17 - week schedule that will begin on September 6 . Each of the league 's 32 teams plays a 16 - game schedule , with one bye week for each team . The slate also features games on Monday Nights . There are games played on Thursdays , including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 6 and games on Thanksgiving Day . The regular season will conclude with a full slate of 16 games on December 30 , all of which will be intra-division matchups , as it has been since 2010 . Scheduling formula Under the NFL 's current scheduling formula , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice . In addition a team plays against all four teams in one other division from each conference . The final two games on a team 's schedule are against the two teams in the team 's own conference in the divisions the team was not set to play which finished the previous season in the same rank in their division ( e.g. the team which finished first in its division the previous season would play each other team in its conference that also finished first in its respective division ) . The preset division pairings for 2018 will be as follows . Intra-conference AFC East vs AFC South AFC West vs AFC North NFC East vs NFC South NFC West vs NFC North Inter-conference AFC East vs NFC North AFC North vs NFC South AFC South vs NFC East AFC West vs NFC West The entire season schedule was released on April 19 , 2018 . Highlights of the 2018 season include : NFL Kickoff Game : The 2018 season will begin with the Kickoff Game on September 6 at 8 : 20 p.m. EDT . The game will feature the Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles hosting the Atlanta Falcons and will be televised on NBC . NFL International Series : NFL London Games : Three games will be played in London in 2018 . All games this year will be played at Wembley Stadium . The first game will feature the Oakland Raiders , who will host the Seattle Seahawks on October 14 at 1 : 00 p.m. EDT ( 6 : 00 p.m. BST ) on Fox . This game was originally scheduled to be played at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium , but was relocated to Wembley when it was determined that Tottenham would not be finished in time . The following week , the Los Angeles Chargers host the Tennessee Titans , on October 21 at 9 : 30 a.m. EDT ( 2 : 30 p.m. BST ) on CBS . Finally , the Jacksonville Jaguars will host the defending Super Bowl Champion Philadelphia Eagles on October 28 at 9 : 30 a.m. EDT ( 1 : 30 p.m. GMT ) on NFLN . This will be the first time the London games will be played on three consecutive weeks , a move the league has taken to try to streamline their London operations . NFL Mexico Game : The NFL will play one game at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City in 2018 , in accordance with an agreement the league announced in November 2017 to play one game at that venue each year through 2021 . The game will feature the Los Angeles Rams hosting the Kansas City Chiefs . The game will be held on Monday , November 19 , and will be televised on ESPN . Thanksgiving Day : As has been the case since 2006 , three games will be played on November 22 . The 12 : 30 p.m. EST game will feature Detroit Lions hosting the Chicago Bears on CBS . The 4 : 30 p.m. EST game will feature the Dallas Cowboys hosting the Washington Redskins on Fox . A third game , Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints starting at 8 : 30 p.m. EST , will be aired on NBC . Christmas games : Christmas Day , December 25 , falls on a Tuesday in 2018 . Instead of moving the Monday Night game from Christmas Eve , the game will be played at its normal time , marking only the second Monday Night game played on Christmas Eve . As is usually the case when a night game is played on Christmas Eve , both teams ( the Denver Broncos and Oakland Raiders ) are in the western United States , and thus the game will take place in the late afternoon local time . Saturday flexible scheduling ( edit ) When the entire season schedule was released on April 19 , 2018 , the league announced flexible scheduling for Saturday games in weeks 15 and 16 . The final kickoff times for these games will be announced no later than week 8 : In week 15 , either the Texans -- Jets or the Browns -- Broncos game will kick off at 4 : 30 p.m. EST , while the other will start at 8 : 20 p.m. EST . In week 16 , two of the following four games will be moved to Saturday , December 22 on the NFL Network , with start times of 4 : 30 p.m. and 8 : 20 p.m. EST , while the other two will remain on Sunday : Ravens -- Chargers , Jaguars -- Dolphins , Giants -- Colts , and Redskins -- Titans . This is the first time that games will be rescheduled to a different day ( excluding games rescheduled due to severe weather ) . Postseason ( edit ) Main article : 2018 -- 19 NFL playoffs The 2018 playoffs will begin on the weekend of January 5 -- 6 , 2019 with the Wild Card Playoff round the four winners of these playoff games will visit the top two seeds in each conference of the Divisional round games the weekend of January 12 - 13 . The winners of those games will advance to the Conference championship games on January 20 . The 2019 Pro Bowl will be held at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida on January 27 and will be broadcast on ESPN and ABC . Super Bowl LIII will be held on February 3 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , on CBS . Head coaching and front office personnel changes ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Off - season ( edit ) Team 2017 head coach 2018 replacement Reason for leaving Notes Arizona Cardinals Bruce Arians Steve Wilks Retired Arians retired from coaching following the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 8 -- 8 (. 500 ) and a cumulative record of 49 -- 30 -- 1 (. 619 ) with two playoff appearances . Wilks was hired on January 22 , after serving as a defensive coach for the Chicago Bears , San Diego Chargers , and Carolina Panthers since 2006 . Wilks 's only previous head coaching experience was at Savannah State in 1999 . Chicago Bears John Fox Matt Nagy Fired Fox was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 5 -- 11 (. 313 ) and a cumulative record of 14 -- 34 (. 292 ) with no playoff appearances . Nagy spent the past five seasons as an offensive assistant with the Kansas City Chiefs , the last two as offensive coordinator ; the Bears hired Nagy on January 8 and this will be his first NFL head coaching job . Detroit Lions Jim Caldwell Matt Patricia Caldwell was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 9 -- 7 (. 563 ) and a cumulative record of 36 -- 28 (. 563 ) with two playoff appearances , but having never won a playoff game as head coach of the Lions . Patricia was hired on February 5 , the day after losing Super Bowl LII as the New England Patriots defensive coordinator . He had spent his entire NFL career with the Patriots , starting in 2004 as an offensive assistant before working his way up to defensive coordinator in 2012 , winning 3 Super Bowls . This will be his first head coaching job . Indianapolis Colts Chuck Pagano Frank Reich Pagano was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 4 -- 12 (. 250 ) , his first losing season as Colts ' head coach , and a cumulative record of 53 -- 43 (. 552 ) with three playoff appearances . The Colts signed Philadelphia Eagles offensive coordinator Frank Reich , who was previously a Colts ' assistant from 2008 -- 2011 . This will be Reich 's first head coaching job . New York Giants Ben McAdoo Pat Shurmur McAdoo became the Giants ' head coach in 2016 , leading the Giants to a 13 -- 15 (. 464 ) record over parts of two seasons with one playoff appearance . After accruing a 2 -- 10 (. 167 ) record and benching starter Eli Manning during the season , he was fired on December 4 , 2017 , and replaced in the interim by defensive coordinator Steve Spagnuolo . Shurmur was announced as the Giants ' new head coach on January 22 . He had previously served as the head coach of the Cleveland Browns from 2011 to 2012 , compiling a record of 9 -- 23 (. 281 ) , and an offensive coach for the Philadelphia Eagles and Minnesota Vikings since 2013 . Oakland Raiders Jack Del Rio Jon Gruden Del Rio was fired after the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 6 -- 10 (. 375 ) and a cumulative record of 25 -- 23 (. 521 ) with one playoff appearance . Gruden , who previously coached the Raiders from 1998 to 2001 and won a Super Bowl with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at the end of the 2002 season , confirmed on - air on January 6 , that he would be returning to the team as coach . He had spent the previous nine seasons as an on - air analyst for Monday Night Football . Tennessee Titans Mike Mularkey Mike Vrabel Mutual decision Mularkey and the Titans agreed to part ways after they `` could n't come to an agreement over the future , '' two days after the Titans ' playoff loss to the Patriots . Mularkey had a cumulative record of 20 -- 21 (. 488 ) with one playoff appearance in parts of three seasons with the Titans and guided Tennessee to back - to - back 9 -- 7 (. 563 ) records in his two years as the team 's full - time head coach . Vrabel spent the past three seasons as a defensive assistant with the Houston Texans , the last as defensive coordinator ; the Titans hired Vrabel on January 20 and this will be his first NFL head coaching job . Front office personnel ( edit ) Off - season ( edit ) Team Position 2017 office holder 2017 interim 2018 replacement Reason for leaving Notes Cleveland Browns VP / GM Sashi Brown John Dorsey Fired Brown was fired on December 7 , 2017 . He had been the team 's attorney since 2013 and de facto general manager since 2016 . Dorsey was named the new general manager hours later . Green Bay Packers GM Ted Thompson Brian Gutekunst Reassigned Thompson , who had been the team 's general manager since 2005 , became the team 's senior advisor to football operations . Brian Gutekunst , who had been the team 's director of player personnel since 2016 , was promoted to become the team 's new general manager on January 7 . Houston Texans GM Rick Smith Brian Gaine Medical leave Smith announced that he would take a leave of absence to care for his wife , who is battling breast cancer . He will remain Executive Vice President of Football Operations . Former Buffalo Bills ' vice president of player personnel , Brian Gaine , was named the new general manager on January 13 , 2018 . Previously , Gaine was Texans ' director of pro personnel and then director of player personnel from 2014 to 2016 . New York Giants GM Jerry Reese Kevin Abrams Dave Gettleman Fired Having been in the organization since 1994 , Reese was the Giants ' general manager since 2007 , leading them to two Super Bowl championships and several years of success . He was fired on December 4 along with head coach Ben McAdoo . He was replaced in the interim by assistant general manager Kevin Abrams . Dave Gettleman , previously general manager of the Carolina Panthers and a 14 - year veteran of the Giants ' front office ( from 1999 to 2012 ) , was hired on December 28 , 2017 . Buffalo Bills President Russ Brandon Kim Pegula Resigned Brandon resigned his position on May 1 , 2018 . A newspaper report claimed that Brandon was the subject of an internal investigation regarding his personal conduct and workplace behavior , which neither the Bills nor Brandon mentioned in separate statements regarding his departure ; Brandon stated he is seeking other opportunities after spending 20 years with the Bills franchise . He was immediately succeeded by co-owner Kim Pegula . Stadiums ( edit ) Two teams , the Carolina Panthers and Oakland Raiders , are entering the final year of their lease agreements with their current stadium . Carolina Panthers ( edit ) On December 17 , 2017 , Jerry Richardson , the Panthers ' founding owner , announced he was putting the team up for sale . Richardson had previously indicated the team would be put up for sale after his death , but Richardson was accused of paying hush money to cover up questionable conduct , including racial slurs and sexually suggestive requests of employees , hastening Richardson 's decision . The Panthers ' lease on Bank of America Stadium expires after the 2018 season , which would allow any incoming owner to relocate the team out of Charlotte , North Carolina , to another market if they so desired , only being liable for the remaining debt from stadium renovation . At an estimated $35 million , the debt payment would be a small expense compared to the relocation fee the NFL charged for the two teams that relocated in 2016 and 2017 . The two most likely candidates to buy the team as of May 2018 were David Tepper , a hedge fund manager with a higher net worth and a minority stake in the Pittsburgh Steelers but fewer ties to Charlotte ; and Ben Navarro , a financial services CEO based in Charlotte who had the backing of Richardson 's only living son . Tepper was announced as the new owner on May 16 , with the announcement coming in time for the league to vote on his bid at the owners meeting on May 19 . The sale closed on July 9 with Richardson - era chief operating officer Tina Becker ( who ran the franchise after Richardson stepped away from operations ) resigning . Tepper immediately stated the franchise would retain the Carolina Panthers name for the time being , but that a new stadium would likely be necessary ; he stated that he hoped to build said stadium in Charlotte but would not guarantee the team remains there , claiming he did not know enough about the situation to guarantee the team stays in the Charlotte area . Oakland Raiders ( edit ) Main article : Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas The Raiders , prior to the 2017 season , committed to relocating to Las Vegas , Nevada , once a new stadium is constructed for them in 2020 . In 2016 , the Raiders signed a three - year extension with the Oakland Coliseum . The Raiders could choose to stay in the Oakland Coliseum for 2019 with another year - to - year extension or move to Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas , which is undersized but ( because of the Los Angeles Chargers ' use of the even smaller StubHub Center ) would not be the smallest stadium in the NFL . Management at the Oakland Coliseum has indicated they are unwilling to extend their agreement with the Raiders after 2018 , which could force the team to move to Sam Boyd Stadium in 2019 . In order to secure another season in Oakland , California , Coliseum management indicated in September 2017 that the Raiders would need to offer major concessions to compensate for the financial losses the Coliseum incurs by hosting Raiders games . Naming rights agreements ( edit ) Denver Broncos ( edit ) On June 20 , the Denver Broncos ' home stadium was renamed Broncos Stadium at Mile High . The sporting goods chain Sports Authority had held naming rights to the stadium 's field ( as `` Sports Authority Field at Mile High '' ) but had gone out of business in 2016 . The previous signage referring to Sports Authority was removed in March . The Broncos hope to resell the naming rights to the stadium to another corporate sponsor in the near future . Jacksonville Jaguars ( edit ) On February 16 , EverBank Field , the home field of the Jacksonville Jaguars , was renamed TIAA Bank Field , after TIAA 's 2017 acquisition of EverBank . The naming rights agreement was for 10 years and $43 million . Uniforms ( edit ) Color Rush discontinuation ( edit ) The Color Rush program has been discontinued , and teams will no longer be required to wear the special uniforms for Thursday Night Football . Initial plans , which were finalized at the league 's owners meeting in May , are for teams to have the option to continue using the existing Nike designs for the program as standard third jerseys . Uniform changes ( edit ) Chicago Bears : The Bears brought back their orange alternate jerseys that the team wore from 2005 -- 2009 and 2011 . The team announced that the orange uniforms will be worn twice in 2018 , and the team will use the navy blue `` Monsters of the Midway '' throwbacks for one undetermined game . Jacksonville Jaguars : On April 19 , the Jaguars simplified their uniforms to resemble their original teal jerseys used in their early years . Gold was also eliminated from their previous jerseys . Los Angeles Rams : On July 27 , the Rams announced that due to overwhelming fan demand the NFL relaxed their alternate uniform policy and has permitted them to use their royal blue and yellow throwbacks as their color jerseys for the next two seasons until they present entirely new ones in 2020 . When using their white jerseys , the team will still have to use their current set carried over from St. Louis albeit from slight modifications they made to them in 2017 . Miami Dolphins : On April 19 , the Dolphins altered their jerseys to more take after their classic aqua - and - orange look . Tennessee Titans : On April 4 , the Titans introduced new uniforms . Most prominent among the changes is the helmet , which is changing from the white color the team had used since the 1970s ( as the Houston Oilers ) to navy blue . The color patterns are also simplified , with a new number typeface inspired both by Greek lettering and the shape of the state of Tennessee . Throwback uniforms ( edit ) Pittsburgh Steelers : On May 30 , the Steelers unveiled a throwback uniform , that was worn in the late 1970s . Team owner Art Rooney II announced that the team will wear the uniforms for one game . San Francisco 49ers : On May 23 , 49ers unveiled a new all - white throwback uniform , that was worn in 1994 , the year the team won its most recent Super Bowl . The team announced that they will be worn for two games . Patches ( edit ) Green Bay Packers : On April 9 , the Packers unveiled a patch to commemorate their 100th season . Indianapolis Colts : On April 10 , the Colts unveiled a patch to commemorate their 35th season in Indianapolis . New Orleans Saints : On August 9 , the Saints unveiled a patch to commemorate the passing of Tom Benson . Media ( edit ) Broadcast rights ( edit ) Television ( edit ) This will be the fifth year under the current broadcast contracts with ESPN , CBS , Fox , and NBC . This includes `` cross-flexing '' ( switching ) Sunday afternoon games between CBS and Fox before or during the season ( regardless of the conference of the visiting team ) . NBC will continue to air Sunday Night Football , the annual Kickoff game , and the primetime Thanksgiving game . ESPN will continue to air Monday Night Football and the Pro Bowl . CBS will broadcast Super Bowl LIII . On January 31 , the NFL announced that Fox had acquired the broadcast television rights to the Thursday Night Football package under a five - year deal ( aligned with the remainder of the NFL 's current broadcast contracts ) . Fox will air 11 games , along with the 2018 NFL Draft ( the first time the event has aired on over-the - air television ) , in simulcast with NFL Network , with the remaining games in the package airing exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy its carriage contracts . CBS and NBC had made bids to renew their previous contracts ( CBS had held the rights since 2014 , joined by NBC since 2016 ) , but were reluctant to pay a higher rights fee due to the league 's ratings downturn . Digital ( edit ) The NFL agreed to an extension of its digital rights agreement with Verizon Communications under a 5 - year , $2.5 billion deal . Unlike the previous deal , it no longer includes exclusivity for streaming in - market and nationally - televised NFL games on mobile devices with screens 7 inches ( 18 cm ) or less in size ( such as smartphones ) , in order to account for changes in viewing habits , but still includes enhanced access to highlights and other digital content for Verizon - owned properties . In addition , Verizon announced that it would no longer make these streams exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers , and would leverage its portfolio of media brands ( such as Yahoo ! , which it acquired in 2017 ) to distribute them to a larger audience . All of the NFL 's current television partners have added mobile streaming rights ( which were previously reserved to Verizon ) to their existing contracts for the 2018 season . On April 26 , 2018 , the NFL announced that it had reached a two - year extension of its agreement with Amazon for shared digital rights to the Thursday Night Football games simulcast with Fox , with a 15 % increase in rights fees . To fulfill a request that the streams be available freely , the games will also be made available on Twitch , an Amazon - owned streaming service that was originally designed for video game streaming . Radio ( edit ) Both of the NFL 's national radio contracts , Westwood One for English language and Entravision for Spanish language , expired after the 2017 season . Westwood One 's parent company Cumulus Media filed for bankruptcy in November 2017 and began terminating national broadcast contracts and sports agreements in January 2018 , putting any contract extensions on hold . The company emerged from bankruptcy on June 4 , 2018 . With the release of the 2018 schedule , NFL.com listed ESPN Deportes Radio ( which had shared NFL rights with Entravision in 2017 and had carried Super Bowl LII ) as the league 's national Spanish - language broadcaster . The national English - language broadcaster was still identified as Westwood One , which Westwood One has also confirmed ; no press release has been issued in regard to a contract extension with that network , and it is unknown when the current arrangement was signed or when it will end . Personnel changes ( edit ) All four broadcast partners will employ rules analysts for the 2018 season , citing changes in the league 's rules that have become too complicated for its broadcast teams to handle . ESPN will introduce a fully new broadcast team for Monday Night Football . Joe Tessitore will replace Sean McDonough as lead play - by - play man ; McDonough will remain with ESPN as a college football announcer . With previous color analyst Jon Gruden returning to coaching , Monday Night Football will return to its traditional three - person booth , with Jason Witten and Booger McFarland joining the broadcast team as analysts , while Lisa Salters , the sideline reporter , carries over from the previous broadcast team . Jeff Triplette will replace Gerald Austin as rules analyst . Fox initially had planned to hire a new broadcast team for its Thursday Night Football , making an overture to Peyton Manning to serve as color commentator . Since Manning declined the offer , the network announced that it will be placing its existing lead broadcast team of Joe Buck and Troy Aikman on the package ( with an alternate play - by - play announcer during October and Buck 's duties for the Major League Baseball postseason ) , reducing the number of games the duo will call on Sundays . A version of Fox NFL Sunday will serve as the lead - in to Thursday Night Football , albeit without Curt Menefee or Jimmy Johnson ; the show will instead be hosted by panelist Michael Strahan from New York City , displacing Rich Eisen , the studio host for Thursday night pregame since the package 's inception in 2006 . Strahan will be joined by fellow Fox colleagues Terry Bradshaw and Howie Long . In addition , NBC will introduce a whole new studio team for its pre-game show . Liam McHugh , who worked Super Bowl LII for NBC , in Place of Bob Costas , will become the new `` on - site '' host , while Mike Tirico , will become the new host of the studio portion of FNIA . Tirico will replace Dan Patrick , who departed from FNIA after Super Bowl LII . Start time changes ( edit ) The start times for Thursday , Sunday , and Monday Night Football broadcasts will be moved up 5 to 15 minutes . Thursday and Sunday Night games will now kick off at 8 : 20 p.m. ET , while Monday Night games will now kick off at 8 : 15 p.m. ET . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 NFL Free Agent Tracker '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000926444/article/seabass-in-seattle-seahawks-sign-sebastian-janikowski ^ Jump up to : Pokorny , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Recap of all the Browns ' trades : Acquiring QB Tyrod Taylor , WR Jarvis Landry , and CB Damarious Randall '' . DawgsByNature.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chris ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Trades land Bills bevy of draft assets '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Pokorny , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Browns trading DT Danny Shelton to the Patriots '' . DawgsByNature.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Trade QB Alex Smith to Washington '' . Kansas City Chiefs Public Relations . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Denver Broncos acquire safety Su'a Cravens from Washington Redskins '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Myles . `` Rams Acquire WR Brandin Cooks '' . therams.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ McManamon , Pat ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` Browns complete QB overhaul , trade Kevin Hogan to Redskins '' . ESPN . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers trade WR Martavis Bryant to Raiders for third - round pick '' . 27 April 2018 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Paskal , Eddie . `` Raiders Trade Third - Round Pick For Wide Receiver Martavis Bryant '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Browns trade Corey Coleman to Bills for draft pick '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Antonio Cromartie announces his retirement in IG post '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Dwight Freeney Calling It A Career ; Will Retire As A Colt '' . Colts.com . Jump up ^ `` James Harrison on Instagram : `` I 've missed way too much for way too long ... and I 'm done . Many thanks to my family , coaches , the fans , and everyone who played a role in my ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester sets return TD mark '' . ESPN.com. 2014 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Devin Hester passes Deion Sanders for return TD mark '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Sam ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) . `` For Devin Hester , it 's been a career of many happy returns '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Return - man Devin Hester retires after 11 seasons '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Cimini , Nick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Nick Mangold Announces Retirement '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Cardinals QB Carson Palmer retires after 15 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carson Palmer Retirement Letter '' . AZCardinals.com . January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/24130233/former-pro-bowl-cornerback-darrelle-revis-announces-retirement Jump up ^ McManamon , Pat ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Joe Thomas walking away , heading to the Hall of Fame '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Inside Kirk Cousins ' Fast Free Agency : Parental Jerseys , Silent Auctions and a Match Made in Minnesota '' . Monday Morning Quarterback . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Archer , Todd . `` Cowboys TE Jason Witten retires , joins Monday Night Football as analyst '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy . `` Martellus Bennett retiring from NFL after 10 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Joe Berger announces retirement after 13 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Matt Forte announces retirement after 10 NFL seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Former Jets LB David Harris retiring after 11 seasons '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Gabe Ikard on Twitter '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Jackson working on one - day contract to retire with Bills '' . WKBW - TV . April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Vincent Jackson ' very happily retired ' from NFL '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chip Kelly adds to his UCLA staff with four hires '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` QB Luke McCown announces retirement '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` By Adding Kellen Moore , Cowboys Eager To Keep Continuity Around Dak '' . Dallas Cowboys . 2018 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Jaguars LB Paul Posluszny announces retirement '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Asberry , Derrek . `` Former Gamecock QB Connor Shawjoins Furman coaching staff '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Devon Still Announces Retirement from NFL at Age 28 '' . BleacherReport.com . December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Aaron ( January 31 , 2018 ) . To Buffalo . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eric Wood 's statement on his career - ending injury . The Buffalo News . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Woodhead announces retirement after 10 years '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Cruz retires from NFL , joining ESPN as analyst '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Niners ' Cedric Thornton retires ; team signs Chris Jones '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2018/08/26/eric-decker-retires/ Jump up ^ `` Dallas , AT&T Stadium chosen as site of 2018 NFL draft '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seifert , Kevin ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` Should NFL worry about referee turnover ? Here 's why there 's concern '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL referees Ed Hochuli , Jeff Triplette retiring '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Terry McAulay retires , Shawn Smith promoted to referee '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Terry McAulay retires ; third official to step away from NFL this offseason '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` NFL announces Clay Martin 's promotion to referee '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Owners approve new catch rule by 32 - 0 vote '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Austro , Ben ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Required extra-point attempts in walk - off situations '' . Quirky Research . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Rules Changes and Points of Emphasis '' . NFL Operations . March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pokorny , Chris ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` List of NFL Bylaw / Resolution Changes for the 2018 Season '' . Dawgs By Nature . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` NFL kickoffs will be undergoing these major rule changes for 2018 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens to play Bears in 2018 Hall of Fame Game '' . nfl.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Who will Eagles face to kickoff 2018 NFL season ? '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Urgent Stadium Update '' . Tottenham Hotspur . Tottenham Hotspur . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin . `` NFL reduces London slate to 3 games in 2018 ; to be played in consecutive weeks '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` NFL announces three enticing London 2018 matchups '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Around the NFL staff . `` NFL announces times , dates for 2018 London games '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Announces the 2018 Regular Season Schedule '' . NFL Football Operations . April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Bruce Arians retires after five seasons with Cardinals '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Arizona Cardinals hire Steve Wilks as head coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Chicago Bears fire coach John Fox after 5 - 11 season '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Matt Nagy named head coach of Chicago Bears '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michael . `` Lions fire head coach Jim Caldwell after 4 seasons '' . espn.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michaelo . `` Lions officially name Matt Patricia as head coach '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts fire Chuck Pagano after 4 - 12 year '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin . `` Indianapolis Colts hire Frank Reich to be next coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raanan , Jordan . `` Giants fire coach Ben McAdoo , GM Jerry Reese in midst of lost season '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raanan , Jordan . `` Pat Shurmur named as head coach of Giants '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick . `` Oakland Raiders fire head coach Jack Del Rio '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders hire Jon Gruden as head coach '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Titans , Mike Mularkey mutually agree to part ways '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick . `` Tennessee Titans name Mike Vrabel new head coach '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Browns fire VP Sashi Brown after 1 - 27 record in 2 years '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Cleveland Browns name John Dorsey general manager '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` Ted Thompson named advisor to Packers football ops '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris . `` Packers hiring Brian Gutekunst as general manager '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Texans GM Rick Smith taking leave of absence '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Texans give Bill O'Brien extension , hire GM Brian Gaine '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` New York Giants fire general manager Jerry Reese '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Giants name Dave Gettleman their general manager '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rodak , Mike . `` Russ Brandon , president of Bills and Sabres , resigns '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Richardson will put Carolina Panthers up for sale '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Richardson selling Panthers franchise amid misconduct allegations '' . SB Nation . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Source : Richardson mandates Panthers be sold after death . WBTV , 2013 - 01 - 16 Jump up ^ Wertheim , L. Jon ; Bernstein , Viv . `` Sources : Jerry Richardson , Panthers Have Made Multiple Confidential Payouts for Workplace Misconduct , Including Sexual Harassment and Use of a Racial Slur '' . Sports Illustrated . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Portillo , Ely ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Carolina Panthers rule out more public cash for stadium '' . Charlotte Observer . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Weaver ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Moving Panthers from Charlotte would be costly for next owner '' . USA Todayfirst = Tim . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rothacker , Rick ; Peralta , Katherine ; Person , Joseph ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Hedge fund manager emerging as likely buyer of the Carolina Panthers '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Carolina Panthers finalize terms to sell franchise to David Tepper '' . NFL.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newton , David ( 9 July 2018 ) . `` Sale of Panthers to David Tepper finalized '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders sign 1 - year lease , will stay in Oakland in 2016 : 3 things to know '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Coliseum director sounds like he wants Raiders out immediately '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders could remain at Oakland stadium in 2019 after all '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2017 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Denver Broncos ' stadium temporarily renamed ' Broncos Stadium at Mile High ' '' . KMGH - TV . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Alexander ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Crews remove ' Sports Authority ' signs from inside stadium '' . KUSA . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Authority Field Signage Removed From Inside Mile High Stadium '' . KCNC - TV . CBS Television Stations. 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Heilman , Phillip ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` New name for Jaguars ' stadium : TIAA Bank Field '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL ditching Color Rush uniforms for Thursday Night Football '' . MSN.com. April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Is NFL 's Color Rush era in danger of fading away ? '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Bears unveil orange Nike jerseys '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars unveil new old - school look '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rams Excited for Changes to Uniforms '' . therams.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins unveil updated , simpler uniforms '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Titans hope new uniforms further build identity '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers unveil new understated throwback jerseys after retiring the bumblebee look '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers reveal throwback jerseys from 1994 Super Bowl season , will wear them twice in 2018 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ryman , Richard ( 9 April 2018 ) . `` Packers celebrate 100 seasons with festivals , concerts , documentary and more '' . Green Bay Press Gazette . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colts to wear commemorative patch in 2018 marking 35th season in Indianapolis '' . Colts Wire. 2018 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Saints unveil Tom Benson jersey patch for 2018 season '' . nola.com. 2018 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Draper , Kevin ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Fox to Broadcast N.F.L. Draft for First Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox gets Thursday Night Football through ' 22 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' will move to Fox next season '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ourand , John ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` NFL RFP Suggests League Is Open To Changing `` TNF '' Package `` . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Is Trying to Win the Rights to Thursday NFL Games '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon , NFL agree to new 5 - year deal worth nearly $2.5 billion '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon 's exclusivity for live games on mobile expected to end '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Dade ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Will Stream ' Sunday Night Football ' To Mobile Phones Starting In 2018 '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) . `` CBS , NFL Extend Streaming Deal , Add Mobile Rights '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` NFL games are coming to Twitch '' . Polygon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension '' . Dial Global Sports . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Entravision inks three - year radio deal with the NFL '' . L.A. Biz . American City Business Journals . September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulus Strikes Restructuring Deal -- Using Chapter 11 Process '' . Insideradio.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Larry ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Don Imus to end legendary radio career '' . Jump up ^ `` Cumulus Seeks To Cancel WLUP / WKQX LMA Purchase ; And Chicago PBP Deals '' from Radio Insight ( January 19 , 2018 ) Jump up ^ https://radioink.com/2018/06/04/cumulus-officially-out-of-bankruptcy/ Jump up ^ `` ESPN at Super Bowl LII - ESPN MediaZone U.S. '' espnmediazone.com . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ http://westwoodonesports.com/?league-archive=2018-19-nfl Jump up ^ `` Sean McDonough out as Monday Night Football voice '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Tessitore to replace Sean McDonough as ' Monday Night Football ' play - by - play man '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Ex Jason Witten To Be Joined By Booger On ESPN ' Monday Night Football ' '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cameron Filipe ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Triplette to join ESPN broadcast booth as rules analyst '' . Football Zebras . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox 's ' Thursday Night Football ' plan is nearly complete '' . 10 May 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( 18 April 2018 ) . `` Fox is bringing a Sunday morning feel to its ' Thursday Night Football ' pregame show '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . 2018 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LIII National Football League seasons Early era ( 1920 -- 1969 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Modern era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NFL_season&oldid=856815060 '' Categories : 2018 National Football League season National Football League seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 18 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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when does nfl football season start for 2018
[ "The 2018 NFL season will be the 99th season of the National Football League (NFL). The season is set to begin on September 6, 2018 with the NFL Kickoff Game with the defending Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles hosting the Atlanta Falcons. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII, the league's championship game, on February 3, 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia.\n" ]
[ "September 6, 2018" ]
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American Idol (season 5)
American Idol ( season 5 ) - wikipedia American Idol ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search `` AI5 '' redirects here . For the 1968 Institutional Act Number 5 , in Brazil , see AI - 5 . American Idol Season 5 Broadcast from January 17 -- May 24 , 2006 Judges Paula Abdul Simon Cowell Randy Jackson Host ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Broadcaster Fox Broadcasting Company Finals venue Kodak Theatre Winner Taylor Hicks Hicks performs for troops aboard the USS Ronald Reagan , docked at Coronado , California in December 2006 Origin Birmingham , Alabama , U.S. Song `` Do I Make You Proud '' Genre ( s ) Soul , blues , blues rock Runner - up Katharine McPhee Chronology ◀ 2006 ▶ The fifth season of reality television singing competition American Idol began on January 17 , 2006 , and concluded on May 24 , 2006 . Randy Jackson , Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell returned to judge , and Ryan Seacrest returned to host . It is the most successful season to date ratings-wise , and resulted in 18 contestants ( including all of the top 10 and a few semifinalists ) getting record deals -- nine of them with major labels . It was the first season with a male winner ( Taylor Hicks ) and a female runner - up ( Katharine McPhee ) , which happened again in seasons 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 and 15 . It was also the first season of the series to be aired in high definition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regional auditions 2 Hollywood week 3 Semifinals 3.1 Female semifinalists 3.2 Male semifinalists 3.3 Top 24 3.4 Top 20 3.5 Top 16 4 Top 12 finalists 5 Finals 5.1 Top 12 -- Stevie Wonder 5.2 Top 11 -- 1950s 5.3 Top 10 -- 2000s 5.4 Top 9 -- Country 5.5 Top 8 -- Queen 5.6 Top 7 -- Great American Songbook 5.7 Top 6 -- Love Songs 5.8 Top 5 -- Year of Birth / Current Billboard Top 10 5.9 Top 4 -- Elvis Presley 5.10 Top 3 -- Clive Davis 's choice / Judges ' choice / Contestants ' choice 5.11 Top 2 -- Previous Song / Another Previous Song / Winning Song 5.12 Performers on results shows 5.13 Elimination song 5.14 The finale 6 Elimination chart 7 DialIdol 8 Controversies 9 Other Idol contestants 10 US Nielsen ratings 11 Post Idol 12 Major releases 12.1 Compilations 12.2 Albums 13 Minor & independent releases 14 Nominations 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Regional auditions ( edit ) Auditions were held in seven cities in the summer and fall of 2005 . An audition was originally planned for Memphis , Tennessee but that was canceled due to the Hurricane Katrina relief effort that was taking place in the city , and replaced by Las Vegas , Nevada and Greensboro , North Carolina . Episode Air Date Audition City Date First Audition Venue Callback Date Callback Venue Golden Tickets January 17 , 2006 Chicago , Illinois September 16 , 2005 Soldier Field September 20 , 2005 W Hotel 34 January 18 , 2006 Denver , Colorado September 11 , 2005 Invesco Field at Mile High Colorado Convention Center 37 January 24 , 2006 Greensboro , North Carolina October 3 , 2005 Greensboro Coliseum October 6 , 2005 Marriott Downtown 33 January 25 , 2006 San Francisco , California August 18 , 2005 Cow Palace Parc 55 Hotel 18 January 31 , 2006 Las Vegas , Nevada October 10 -- 11 , 2005 Las Vegas Convention Center October 12 -- 13 , 2005 Renaissance Las Vegas 11 February 1 , 2006 Austin , Texas August 25 -- 26 , 2005 Frank Erwin Center September 28 , 2005 Parc 55 Hotel , San Francisco 12 February 7 , 2006 Boston , Massachusetts August 31 , 2005 Gillette Stadium October 27 , 2005 Seaport Hotel and World Trade Center 28 Total Tickets to Hollywood 175 ^ a Later stages of the Austin auditions were held in San Francisco due to Hurricane Katrina which caused large number of evacuees to be relocated in Texas . The show however made no mention of the venue switch and presented the Austin audition as having taken place entirely in Austin . Unlike season four , no guest judges were involved during the auditions . The season used the same rules as season four . One notable auditioner this season was Paula Goodspeed , a fervent fan of Paula Abdul , who auditioned in Austin . In 2008 , Goodspeed made headlines when she committed suicide outside Abdul 's home . Abdul later claimed that she had objected beforehand to Goodspeed being at the audition because she knew Goodspeed and had been frightened by her past behavior , but the producers overrode her objection . The producers Ken Warwick and Nigel Lythgoe however denied being aware of her fears or that they would put her in danger . In Las Vegas , an auditioner Tora Woloshin gained a golden ticket to Hollywood but was disqualified just before she was due to go to Hollywood for unspecified reasons . She later appeared on the first season of X-Factor . Hollywood week ( edit ) The Hollywood semi-final rounds were held at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles , California consisting of 175 contestants . The first round of semi-finals consisted of solo a cappella performance with each contestant choosing one song out of twelve that were given to each contestant two weeks in advance . Those who did not impress the judges were sent home the following day . After the singles round , the contestants were separated into four groups , with three groups going through ( with 44 contestants chosen ) . In the Pasadena Civic Center , each were individually taken via elevator walking the infamous `` mile '' to the judges station where the verdict if they would be chosen or not was announced . Twenty were cut and the final twenty - four ( 12 men and 12 woman ) were selected . Semifinals ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The live show portion of the semifinals began on February 21 , 2006 , with the names announced on February 15 , 2006 . There were three live shows each week for the three weeks of the semifinals . There were no format changes from season four which featured 12 male singers and 12 female singers with two of each being eliminated each week . The semifinalists were announced February 15 , 2006 . The following are semifinalists who did not reach the finals . Female semifinalists ( edit ) Ayla Brown Ayla Brown ( born July 28 , 1988 ) is from Wrentham , Massachusetts . She originally auditioned in Boston , singing `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' . Kinnik Sky ( born May 13 , 1977 ) is from Duluth , Georgia . She auditioned in Greensboro . She was grouped with Nicole Turk , Celeste Scalone and Tyra Schwartz during the group rounds . Heather Cox ( born November 16 , 1983 ) is from Jonesville , North Carolina . She auditioned in Denver . Grouped with Halicia Thompson and Kellie Pickler during Hollywood group performances . Brenna Gethers ( born October 7 , 1980 ) is from Mount Vernon , New York . She auditioned in Boston , and was known for her `` catty '' attitude . She became the lead singer for Bomb Squad , a funk - rock band that won an American Music Award for Best New Music in 2003 . Stephanie `` Stevie '' Scott ( born May 22 , 1986 ) is from Fair Oaks , California . She auditioned in Denver . She sang `` Emotions '' with Hannah Freeman and Paris Bennett during their group performance in Hollywood . She was eliminated on February 23 , 2006 along with Becky O'Donohue , Bobby Bennett , and Patrick Hall . She made a cameo appearance on the Top 6 performance show of American Idol on April 25 , 2006 . In 2014 , she became the lead singer of Indie Pop band Machineheart , best known for their debut single , `` Circles . '' Rebecca `` Becky '' O'Donohue ( born July 13 , 1980 ) is from Dobbs Ferry , New York . Her original audition was in Boston with her twin sister ( who did not sing due to recent throat surgery ) . Simon Cowell praised her looks , but said no to her voice . She was let through to Hollywood by Randy Jackson and Paula Abdul . Male semifinalists ( edit ) Gedeon McKinney ( born October 1 , 1988 ) is from Memphis , Tennessee . He intended to audition in Memphis , but the auditions there were canceled due to the city 's role in relief efforts for Hurricane Katrina . He raised funds to travel to the Chicago auditions by putting on a benefit concert . His elimination was a surprise to many , including Simon Cowell , who had criticized him previously . McKinney 's father , Tony McKinney , also a performing artist , died in December 2005 before the show aired . William `` Will '' Makar ( born March 2 , 1989 , in The Woodlands , Texas ) attended high school at The Woodlands College Park High School . In high school , Will starred in several musical productions , including The Woodlands College Park High School Musical in January 2006 , the performance of which began the day after the airing of the his American Idol audition and was covered by local media . He has also performed for Presidents Clinton and Bush and with singer Celine Dion as part of the Houston Children 's Chorus . He has performed the National Anthem at many sporting events and was also a member of the band Last Born . During the Hollywood rounds , he performed Fly Me to the Moon with David Radford and Kevin Covais . Will was signed to Double Deal Brand Records , which also signed fellow Top 16 semifinalist Ayla Brown , and released his debut single titled `` I Wo n't Make It Out '' on iTunes on April 27 , 2007 . José `` Sway '' Penala ( born January 23 , 1978 ) is from South San Francisco , California , where he also had his audition for the show . He was the only Asian - American who made it to the semifinals that season . He has performed with such groups as DnH and 6th Day . When he competed , on stage , Penala often wore a Fedora hat and coat and military dog tags . He developed friendships with Elliott Yamin , Taylor Hicks , and Chris Daughtry during the season . Elliott was also his Hollywood Week group mate and later his roommate . David Radford ( born March 22 , 1988 , in Crystal Lake , Illinois ) was a high school senior at Crystal Lake Central High School . In addition to singing , David plays the trumpet . He originally auditioned in Chicago . Patrick Hall ( born September 24 , 1977 ) is from Gravette , Arkansas , and was seen for the first time in Hollywood , California . During the Hollywood rounds , Simon Cowell called him ' very likeable ' , and compared him to Clay Aiken . He received many positive comments during these rounds . To separate himself from the Clay Aiken comparison , however , he chose to perform `` Come to My Window '' in the first week of the Top 24 . He was eliminated that week . Bobby Bennett , Jr. ( born June 4 , 1986 ) is from Denver , Colorado , where his audition was held . He is most known for his rousing rendition of the song `` Copacabana '' and was named the `` showman '' of the semifinalists . He also made an appearance in the March 21 episode on which Barry Manilow performed . Top 24 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Mandisa `` Never '' ( Heart ) Safe Kellie Pickler `` How Far '' ( Martina McBride ) Safe Becky O'Donohue `` Because the Night '' ( Patti Smith ) Eliminated Ayla Brown `` Reflection '' ( Christina Aguilera ) Safe 5 Paris Bennett `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' ( Cissy Houston ) Safe 6 Stevie Scott `` To Where You Are '' ( Josh Groban ) Eliminated 7 Brenna Gethers `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe 8 Heather Cox `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( Diana Ross ) Safe 9 Melissa McGhee `` When the Lights Go Down '' ( Faith Hill ) Safe 10 Lisa Tucker `` I Am Changing '' ( Jennifer Holiday ) Safe 11 Kinnik Sky `` Get Here '' ( Oleta Adams ) Safe 12 Katharine McPhee `` Since I Fell for You '' ( Ella Johnson ) Safe Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Patrick Hall `` Come to My Window '' ( Melissa Etheridge ) Eliminated David Radford `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( Queen ) Safe Bucky Covington `` Simple Man '' ( Lynyrd Skynyrd ) Safe Will Makar `` I Want You Back '' ( The Jackson 5 ) Safe 5 Sway Penala `` Reasons '' ( Earth Wind & Fire ) Safe 6 Chris Daughtry `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Bon Jovi ) Safe 7 Kevin Covais `` One Last Cry '' ( Brian McKnight ) Safe 8 Gedeon McKinney `` Shout '' ( The Isley Brothers ) Safe 9 Elliott Yamin `` If You Really Love Me '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe 10 Bobby Bennet `` Copacabana '' ( Barry Manilow ) Eliminated 11 Ace Young `` Father Figure '' ( George Michael ) Safe 12 Taylor Hicks `` Levon '' ( Elton John ) Safe Top 20 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Katharine McPhee `` All in Love Is Fair '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe Kinnik Sky `` Here for the Party '' ( Gretchen Wilson ) Bottom 3 Lisa Tucker `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' ( The Miracles ) Safe Melissa McGhee `` Why Have n't I Heard from You '' ( Reba McEntire ) Safe 5 Heather Cox `` Hero '' ( Mariah Carey ) Eliminated 6 Brenna Gethers `` Last Dance '' ( Donna Summer ) Eliminated 7 Paris Bennett `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' ( Roger Whittaker ) Safe 8 Ayla Brown `` I Want You to Need Me '' ( Celine Dion ) Safe 9 Kellie Pickler `` Something to Talk About '' ( Bonnie Raitt ) Safe 10 Mandisa `` Cry '' ( Angie Aparo ) Safe Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Taylor Hicks `` Easy '' ( The Commodores ) Safe Elliot Yamin `` Moody 's Mood for Love '' ( James Moody ) Safe Ace Young `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Daniel Bedingfield ) Safe Gedeon McKinney `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' ( Sam Cooke ) Safe 5 Kevin Covais `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( The Miracles ) Bottom 3 6 Sway Penala `` Overjoyed '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Eliminated 7 Will Makar `` Lady '' ( Kenny Rogers ) Safe 8 Bucky Covington `` The Thunder Rolls '' ( Garth Brooks ) Safe 9 David Radford `` The Way You Look Tonight '' ( Fred Astaire ) Eliminated 10 Chris Daughtry `` Hemorrhage ( In My Hands ) '' ( Fuel ) Safe Top 16 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Paris Bennett `` Conga '' ( Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine ) Safe Lisa Tucker `` Here 's Where I Stand '' ( Tiffany Taylor ) Safe Melissa McGhee `` What About Love '' ( Heart ) Safe Kinnik Sky `` If I Ai n't Got You '' ( Alicia Keys ) Eliminated 5 Katharine McPhee `` Think '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Safe 6 Ayla Brown `` Unwritten '' ( Natasha Bedingfield ) Eliminated 7 Mandisa `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( Chaka Khan ) Safe 8 Kellie Pickler `` I 'm the Only One '' ( Melissa Etheridge ) Safe Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Gedeon McKinney `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' ( Percy Sledge ) Eliminated Chris Daughtry `` Broken '' ( Seether ) Safe Kevin Covais `` Vincent '' ( Don McLean ) Safe Bucky Covington `` Wave on Wave '' ( Pat Green ) Safe 5 Will Makar `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved By You ) '' ( Marvin Gaye ) Eliminated 6 Taylor Hicks `` Takin ' It to the Streets '' ( The Doobie Brothers ) Safe 7 Elliott Yamin `` Heaven '' ( Bryan Adams ) Safe 8 Ace Young `` Butterflies '' ( Michael Jackson ) Safe Top 12 finalists ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Taylor Hicks Taylor Hicks is from Birmingham , Alabama . He is gray - haired and performed `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' by Sam Cooke at his original audition in Las Vegas . At the first audition , the judges were surprised by his appearance . He performed Bill Withers ' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' in the Hollywood round . He is one of the eight winners in American Idol history to never be in the bottom three . He won the competition on May 24 . At 29 years 229 days at the time of the finale , he is the oldest winner in American Idol history . Katharine McPhee Katharine McPhee is from Los Angeles , California . Her mother is a vocal coach . She auditioned in San Francisco with Billie Holiday 's `` God Bless the Child '' , and Randy Jackson said her audition was the best he 'd heard yet that season . In the Hollywood round she performed Dionne Warwick 's `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' , and `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' for the group round , `` My Funny Valentine '' for the last solo . At the end of the first semifinal round , Simon Cowell said that he had heard four very good singers that evening and that McPhee was the best among them . McPhee was the runner - up on American Idol as announced on the May 24 finale . Elliott Yamin Elliott Yamin was born in Los Angeles , California , and grew up in Richmond , Virginia . He started singing at the age of five and did not have any formal training . He auditioned for American Idol in Boston . In the Hollywood week , he performed Rascal Flatts ' Bless the Broken Road for the first solo , The Shoop Shoop Song for the group round . After his first semifinal performance , Simon Cowell said that he was potentially the best male vocalist in American Idol history , reprising his praise on Top 6 week after Yamin 's `` A Song for You '' , calling it a vocal masterclass ; also , in the second round of the semifinals , Randy Jackson gave Yamin a standing ovation after his rendition of `` Moody 's Mood for Love '' . Yamin finished in third place in one of the closest outcomes in Idol history where less than 1 % separated the votes of all top three contestants . Chris Daughtry Chris Daughtry is a former car service worker from McLeansville , North Carolina . During the audition round , he was profiled as a `` Rocker Dad . '' He originally auditioned in Denver with Joe Cocker 's The Letter ( originally by The Box Tops ) . During the Hollywood week , he performed Samantha Sang 's Emotion in the group round . He was eliminated at Top 4 in a surprise result . Paris Bennett , from Fayetteville , Georgia , is the granddaughter of Grammy Award winner Ann Nesby . Her mother and grandmother are a part of the Grammy - winning group , Sounds of Blackness . She sang `` Cowboy Take Me Away '' by The Dixie Chicks at her original audition in Greensboro . In the Hollywood rounds , she performed LeAnn Rimes 's Ca n't Fight the Moonlight for her solo , and Samantha Sang 's Emotion for the group round . Kellie Pickler Kellie Pickler is from Albemarle , North Carolina . She was profiled as a roller - skating waitress . Her mother left when she was two and her father has had numerous legal problems ; he is now free . Pickler lived with her grandfather and originally auditioned in Greensboro . She was never in the bottom three until she was eliminated . Ace Young Ace Young ( who goes by his middle name ) is from Denver where he auditioned . At that time , Randy Jackson called him one of the best he 'd seen so far this season . In the Hollywood week , he performed Shai 's If I Ever Fall in Love for the solo , and with Daughtry in the group round Samantha Sang 's Emotion . After he sang `` Father Figure '' in the semifinals , Simon Cowell said that Young had the ' X-Factor ' ( a reference to another RTL talent show , in the UK ) . Young had been singing since age nine and had voice lessons . Bucky Covington Bucky Covington is from Rockingham , North Carolina . He auditioned in Greensboro . He has an identical twin brother named Rocky . Mandisa Mandisa is from Antioch , Tennessee . She had a successful original audition in Chicago , Illinois , where she performed Alicia Keys 's Fallin ' . Afterwards Simon Cowell made jokes about her size , but he later apologized after being confronted by Miss Hundley . In the Hollywood week , She performed Freda Payne 's Band of Gold in the group round . Like Pickler , she was never in the bottom 3 until her elimination . Lisa Tucker Lisa Tucker was 16 years old at the time of the show , and was the youngest finalist of this season . She is from Anaheim , California , and she auditioned in Denver with Whitney Houston 's One Moment in Time . Simon Cowell called her the `` best 16 - year - old '' ever to audition on the show at the time of her original Denver audition . She was also a runner - up on Star Search but lost to Tiffany Evans . Kevin Covais Kevin Covais was 16 years old at the time of the show , and is from Levittown , New York . For his audition in Boston , he sang `` You Raise Me Up '' . In the Hollywood round he performed Shai 's If I Ever Fall in Love in the solo . Viewers gave him the nickname `` Chicken Little '' . Melissa McGhee Melissa McGhee is from Tampa , Florida . She auditioned in Denver , Colorado . She sang `` Ca n't Fight the Moonlight '' by LeAnn Rimes for her audition . She had not sung on camera until her first week in the top 24 . Finals ( edit ) Top 12 -- Stevie Wonder ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Ace Young `` Do I Do '' Bottom 3 Kellie Pickler `` Blame It on the Sun '' Safe Elliott Yamin `` Knocks Me Off My Feet '' Safe Mandisa `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' Safe 5 Bucky Covington `` Superstition '' Safe 6 Melissa McGhee `` Lately '' Eliminated 7 Lisa Tucker `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' Bottom 2 8 Kevin Covais `` Part - Time Lover '' Safe 9 Katharine McPhee `` Until You Come Back to Me '' Safe 10 Taylor Hicks `` Living for the City '' Safe 11 Paris Bennett `` All I Do '' Safe 12 Chris Daughtry `` Higher Ground '' Safe Top 11 -- 1950s ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Mandisa `` I Do n't Hurt Anymore '' ( Hank Snow ) Safe Bucky Covington `` Oh , Boy ! '' ( Buddy Holly ) Bottom 2 Paris Bennett `` Fever '' ( Little Willie John ) Safe Chris Daughtry `` I Walk the Line '' ( Johnny Cash ) Safe 5 Katharine McPhee `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' ( Sy Oliver ) Safe 6 Taylor Hicks `` Not Fade Away '' ( The Crickets featuring Buddy Holly ) Safe 7 Lisa Tucker `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love ? '' Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers Bottom 3 8 Kevin Covais `` When I Fall in Love '' ( Doris Day ) Eliminated 9 Elliott Yamin `` Teach Me Tonight '' ( The DeCastro Sisters ) Safe 10 Kellie Pickler `` Walkin ' After Midnight '' ( Patsy Cline ) Safe 11 Ace Young `` In the Still of the Night '' ( The Five Satins ) Safe Top 10 -- 2000s ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Lisa Tucker `` Because of You '' ( Kelly Clarkson ) Eliminated Kellie Pickler `` Suds in the Bucket '' ( Sara Evans ) Safe Ace Young `` Drops of Jupiter ( Tell Me ) '' ( Train ) Bottom 3 Taylor Hicks `` Trouble '' ( Ray LaMontagne ) Safe 5 Mandisa `` Shackles ( Praise You ) '' ( Mary Mary ) Safe 6 Chris Daughtry `` What If '' ( Creed ) Safe 7 Katharine McPhee `` The Voice Within '' ( Christina Aguilera ) Bottom 2 8 Bucky Covington `` Real Good Man '' ( Tim McGraw ) Safe 9 Paris Bennett `` Work It Out '' ( Beyoncé ) Safe 10 Elliott Yamin `` I Do n't Want to Be '' ( Gavin DeGraw ) Safe Top 9 -- Country ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Taylor Hicks `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' ( John Denver ) Safe Mandisa `` Any Man of Mine '' ( Shania Twain ) Eliminated Elliott Yamin `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' ( Garth Brooks ) Bottom 2 Paris Bennett `` How Do I Live '' ( LeAnn Rimes ) Bottom 3 5 Ace Young `` Tonight I Wanna Cry '' ( Keith Urban ) Safe 6 Kellie Pickler `` Fancy '' ( Bobbie Gentry ) Safe 7 Chris Daughtry `` Making Memories of Us '' ( Keith Urban ) Safe 8 Katharine McPhee `` Bringing Out the Elvis in Me '' ( Faith Hill ) Safe 9 Bucky Covington `` Best I Ever Had ( Grey Sky Morning ) '' ( Vertical Horizon ) Safe Top 8 -- Queen ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Bucky Covington `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' Eliminated Ace Young `` We Will Rock You '' Bottom 3 Kellie Pickler `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Safe Chris Daughtry `` Innuendo '' Safe 5 Katharine McPhee `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' Safe 6 Elliott Yamin `` Somebody To Love '' Bottom 3 7 Taylor Hicks `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' Safe 8 Paris Bennett `` The Show Must Go On '' Safe Top 7 -- Great American Songbook ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Chris Daughtry `` What a Wonderful World '' ( Louis Armstrong ) Bottom 2 Paris Bennett `` These Foolish Things '' ( Billie Holiday ) Bottom 3 Taylor Hicks `` You Send Me '' ( Sam Cooke ) Safe Elliott Yamin `` It Had To Be You '' ( Sam Lanin and his Orchestra ) Safe 5 Kellie Pickler `` Bewitched , Bothered , and Bewildered '' ( Vivienne Segal ) Safe 6 Ace Young `` That 's All '' ( Nat King Cole ) Eliminated 7 Katharine McPhee `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' ( Gertrude Lawrence ) Safe Top 6 -- Love Songs ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Katharine McPhee `` I Have Nothing '' ( Whitney Houston ) Top 2 Elliott Yamin `` A Song for You '' ( Leon Russell ) Safe Kellie Pickler `` Unchained Melody '' ( Todd Duncan ) Eliminated Paris Bennett `` The Way We Were '' ( Barbra Streisand ) Bottom 2 5 Taylor Hicks `` Just Once '' ( James Ingram ) Safe 6 Chris Daughtry `` Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ? '' ( Bryan Adams ) Top 2 Top 5 -- Year of Birth / Current Billboard Top 10 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Elliott Yamin `` On Broadway '' ( The Crystals ) Bottom 2 Paris Bennett `` Kiss '' ( Prince and The Revolution ) Eliminated Chris Daughtry `` Renegade '' ( Styx ) Safe Katharine McPhee `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' ( Phil Collins ) Safe 5 Taylor Hicks `` Play That Funky Music '' ( Wild Cherry ) Safe 6 Elliott Yamin `` Home '' ( Michael Bublé ) Bottom 2 7 Paris Bennett `` Be Without You '' ( Mary J. Blige ) Eliminated 8 Chris Daughtry `` I Dare You '' ( Shinedown ) Safe 9 Katharine McPhee `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' ( KT Tunstall ) Safe 10 Taylor Hicks `` Something '' ( The Beatles ) Safe Top 4 -- Elvis Presley ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Result Taylor Hicks `` Jailhouse Rock '' Safe Chris Daughtry `` Suspicious Minds '' Eliminated Elliott Yamin `` If I Can Dream '' Safe Katharine McPhee `` Hound Dog '' / `` All Shook Up '' Bottom 2 5 Taylor Hicks `` In the Ghetto '' Safe 6 Chris Daughtry `` A Little Less Conversation '' Eliminated 7 Elliott Yamin `` Trouble '' Safe 8 Katharine McPhee `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Bottom 2 Top 3 -- Clive Davis 's choice / Judges ' choice / Contestants ' choice ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Elliott Yamin `` Open Arms '' ( Journey ) Eliminated Katharine McPhee `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( R. Kelly ) Safe Taylor Hicks `` Dancing in the Dark '' ( Bruce Springsteen ) Safe Elliott Yamin `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( Bobby Caldwell ) Eliminated 5 Katharine McPhee `` Over the Rainbow '' ( Judy Garland ) Safe 6 Taylor Hicks `` You Are So Beautiful '' ( Billy Preston and Bruce Fisher ) Safe 7 Elliott Yamin `` I Believe to My Soul '' ( Ray Charles ) Eliminated 8 Katharine McPhee `` I Ai n't Got Nothin ' But the Blues '' ( Duke Ellington ) Safe 9 Taylor Hicks `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ( Val Rosing and The Ray Noble Orchestra ) Safe Note 1 : Paula Abdul chose this song Note 2 : Simon Cowell chose this song Note 3 : Randy Jackson chose this song Top 2 -- Previous Song / Another Previous Song / Winning Song ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Katharine McPhee `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' ( KT Tunstall ) Runner - Up Taylor Hicks `` Living for the City '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Winner Katharine McPhee `` Over The Rainbow '' ( Judy Garland ) Runner - Up Taylor Hicks `` Levon '' ( Elton John ) Winner 5 Katharine McPhee `` My Destiny '' ( Katharine McPhee ) Runner - Up 6 Taylor Hicks `` Do I Make You Proud '' ( Taylor Hicks ) Winner Performers on results shows ( edit ) March 15 -- Stevie Wonder March 22 -- Barry Manilow March 29 -- Shakira and Wyclef Jean -- `` Hips Do n't Lie '' April 5 -- Kenny Rogers April 12 -- Final 8 sing a medley of Queen April 19 -- Rod Stewart April 26 -- Andrea Bocelli and David Foster May 3 -- Top 5 perform `` Together We Are One '' ( originally written and sung by Australian singer Delta Goodrem for the 2006 Commonwealth Games ) May 10 -- Top 4 perform a medley of Elvis songs May 17 -- Each contestant of the Top 3 performs the song they will be singing on the American Idol Season 5 : Encores CD Elimination song ( edit ) A new feature this year , the show now uses a special song to make a tribute to an eliminated contestant 's journey on the show , as opposed to before when various different melodic music compositions were played . This year , the song used for an eliminated contestant 's flashback tribute was `` Bad Day '' by Daniel Powter . The finale ( edit ) On the finale , Carrie Underwood sang `` Do n't Forget to Remember Me '' solo along with the song `` Through the Rain '' with the 12 finalists . Also , the finalists performed two medleys : one medley was for the female finalists and the other for the male finalists . Several special guests performed with one of the top five Idols : Al Jarreau ( Paris Bennett ) , Live ( Chris Daughtry ) , Meat Loaf ( Katharine McPhee ) , Mary J. Blige ( Elliott Yamin ) and Toni Braxton ( Taylor Hicks ) . Clay Aiken performed with lookalike auditioner Michael Sandecki , who resembled Aiken c. his 2005 audition . Also , Prince performed without an Idol . Towards the end of the program , the finalists performed `` That 's What Friends Are For '' with Dionne Warwick as well as other songs in the Burt Bacharach canon , with Burt Bacharach playing the piano . Several auditioners from the first round returned to accept `` Golden Idol '' awards , and to sing . A parody of Brokeback Mountain ( though there was no mention of homosexuality ) called `` Brokenote Mountain , '' featuring a group of three failed auditioners ( Layne Johnson , Michael Evans , and Matthew Buckstein ) was replayed from the Hollywood round . The trio `` The Brokenote Cowboys '' then performed the Waylon Jennings & Willie Nelson song `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to be Cowboys '' . In a pre-taped segment , finalist Kellie Pickler ate lunch with Wolfgang Puck at his brasserie as a way of making fun of Kellie 's admitted lack of culinary savvy . Finally , just before the results were announced , Hicks and McPhee performed `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . The chairman of TeleScope Inc. , the company which manages the American Idol results , came at the end of the show with the result card . 578 million votes were cast for the season with 63.5 million votes in the finale , and Taylor Hicks was named the winner , the second American Idol winner from the city of Birmingham , Alabama ( the first being Ruben Studdard ) , and the fourth finalist with close ties to the city . Elimination chart ( edit ) Note : Bottom 2 indicates that the contestant was ' saved ' last . This may or may not indicate his or her actual vote rank . Legend Female Male Top 24 Top 12 Winner Safe Top 2 Safe First Safe Last Eliminated Stage : Semifinals Finals Week : 2 / 23 3 / 2 3 / 9 3 / 15 3 / 22 3 / 29 4 / 5 4 / 12 4 / 19 4 / 26 5 / 3 5 / 10 5 / 17 5 / 24 Place Contestant Result Taylor Hicks Winner Katharine McPhee Bottom 2 Top 2 Bottom 2 Runner - Up Elliott Yamin Bottom 2 Bottom 3 Bottom 2 Elim Chris Daughtry Bottom 2 Top 2 Elim 5 Paris Bennett Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Bottom 2 Elim 6 Kellie Pickler Elim 7 Ace Young Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Elim 8 Bucky Covington Bottom 2 Elim 9 Mandisa Elim 10 Lisa Tucker Bottom 2 Bottom 3 Elim 11 Kevin Covais Bottom 3 Elim 12 Melissa McGhee Elim 13 -- 16 Gedeon McKinney Elim Ayla Brown Will Makar Kinnik Sky Bottom 3 17 -- 20 José `` Sway '' Penala Elim David Radford Heather Cox Brenna Gethers 21 -- 24 Patrick Hall Elim Stevie Scott Bobby Bennett Becky O'Donohue Dialidol ( edit ) Main article : DialIdol DialIdol is both the name of a computer program for Microsoft Windows and its associated website that began tracking contestants during season four and sprang to prominence at the start of season five . The program allows users to automatically vote for the American Idol contestants of their choice using their PC 's phone modem . The program then reports back to the main website , which keeps track of the results based on the percentage of calls for each contestant that result in a busy signal . Based on the data received , the website then predicts which contestants may be eliminated or may be in danger of being eliminated . As of May 25 , 2006 , its predictions for season five were 87 % accurate . This was the first season in which the free US public service website , Zabasearch.com , started to openly present voting results ( starting with the top 12 and onward ) that it claims are from Cingular and American Idol . It has experienced controversy over the fact that its results change throughout the day until ( and often through ) the results show . Controversies ( edit ) Main article : American Idol controversy In January 2006 , twins Derrell and Terrell Brittenum were charged with forgery and theft after allegedly using a false identity to purchase a car . This occurred after the `` Hollywood '' portion of the show was filmed , and the twins were subsequently disqualified . Simon Cowell said that he did not like `` last year 's winner '' as much as Kellie Pickler . He has since said that it was a heat of the moment thing , as Carrie Underwood had performed on the show the week before and was not very fond of the performance . In January 2006 , the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) expressed concern about the show 's portrayal of some contestants : `` The real offense here was in the producer 's decision to add insult to injury by turning a contestant 's gender expression into the butt of a joke . '' Damon Romine , Entertainment Media Director , on January 20 . In January 2006 The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance , NAAFA accused the show of being discriminatory towards its plus sized contestants . In February 2006 , it was discovered that José `` Sway '' Penala was reportedly signed to E-Real Record with his band 6th Day , at the time of his audition . Two rumors about finalist Katharine McPhee circulated during early March and throughout the season . The first was that she was quitting the show and would not show up for the March 7th airing . The second was sparked by the loose fitting blouses she had been wearing , leading viewers to suspect she was pregnant . Katharine denied both rumors when interviewed by host Ryan Seacrest on the March 7th show . During the March 28 show while Mandisa Hundley was singing , her name and phone number came up , but changed for a few seconds and showed Taylor Hicks ' name and phone number . At the end of the show the numbers were right . Mandisa Hundley was voted out after country week , whereby her rendition of `` Any Man of Mine '' was not well received as a good song choice . The reason behind her elimination was speculated to be what she said before she began to sing her rendition of `` Shackles ( Praise You ) '' by Mary Mary : `` This song goes out to everybody that wants to be free . Your addiction , lifestyle and situation may be big , but God is bigger . '' Many viewers believed that the `` lifestyle '' stated was regarding the homosexual lifestyle , which she denied , clarifying that the lifestyle she was referring to was her lifestyle of addiction to food . Mandisa is a former employee of the Southern Baptist Convention , having joined the Convention in 2000 as a telephone sales representative for their LifeWay book division , and later in their women 's enrichment events area , and later Beth Moore 's Living Proof Live events . ( Moore 's books are published by LifeWay . ) On the April 25 show , the theme of which was Greatest Love Songs and featured guest coaches Andrea Bocelli and David Foster , executive producer Nigel Lythgoe forced contestant Taylor Hicks to change his song a day before air time ( and the same day as the dress rehearsal ) . Hicks ' chosen song was `` Try a Little Tenderness , '' but Lythgoe , in a radio interview , claimed the song was more appropriate for a Blues Brothers week and was not a song that Andrea Bocelli would sing . Hicks changed his song at the last minute to `` Just Once '' ( James Ingram ) and appeared very uncomfortable on stage . Hicks fans were distressed , feeling that a ) Hicks ' original choice of song was very appropriate to the theme ; b ) The producers changed the song at the last minute even though they must have known Hicks ' choice the previous week as they must obtain clearance for all songs ; c ) Lythgoe 's statement that it was not a song Andrea Bocelli would sing was dubious , as other song choices that were approved were songs sung by Bryan Adams ( `` Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman , '' sung by Chris Daughtry ) and Donny Hathaway ( `` A Song for You , '' sung by Elliott Yamin ) . During the East Coast transmission of the May 2 show , Paris Bennett was bleeped while singing Mary J. Blige 's `` Be Without You '' at the exact point where an obscenity appears in the lyrics . However , Fox confirmed that the song was not bleeped when it was broadcast on the West Coast . Forum posters on the West Coast said Bennett sang the radio edit of the song which excludes the obscenity , leaving viewers nationwide wondering why Bennett was precensored during the earlier live transmission . Paris was eliminated in the results show the day after . Following Chris Daughtry 's elimination , many Idol fans claimed calls they dialed to Daughtry 's line during the first few minutes of voting were misdirected . According to them , the first of his two numbers was answered by a recording of Katharine McPhee ( who was also in the bottom two that night ) giving thanks for their vote rather than Daughtry . Others reported similar behavior dialing other lines , such as dialing Elliott Yamin 's line and hearing a recording of Daughtry giving thanks for their vote . On Top 5 night ( May 3 ) , Elliott Yamin performed first , with Taylor Hicks going out last . Next week ( May 10 , Top 4 night ) , Katharine McPhee went out last . Yamin was expected to go out last on Top 3 night ( May 17 ) , but he was again the first one to sing , losing what is called the `` pimp spot '' , while Hicks was the last one to perform that night . Yamin 's fans were distressed stating it was Yamin 's right to go out last , while Hicks should have been first , and that the show producers ' arranged it to have Yamin eliminated next night ( May 18 ) , which actually happened . Other Idol contestants ( edit ) Gina Glocksen , who originally auditioned in Chicago , but she was cut at the last day of Hollywood Week . Glocksen returned in the sixth season and finished in ninth place . Carly Smithson - auditioned in Las Vegas and got cut during the Hollywood rounds . Smithson returned in the seventh season and finished in sixth place . US nielsen ratings ( edit ) American Idol was the top - rated show for the 2005 -- 06 TV season and occupied the top two positions . The number of viewers for its Tuesday episodes averaged 31.17 million and for the Wednesday episodes 30.16 million . It is still the most - watched of all seasons with an overall average number of viewers of 30.6 million per episode . Click on `` show '' below to see the rating details . ( hide ) Episode list Show Episode Air date Week rank Rating / Share 18 -- 49 rating / Share Viewers ( millions ) `` Chicago Auditions '' January 17 , 2006 19.3 / 28 15.3 / 34 35.53 `` Denver Auditions '' January 18 , 2006 17.8 / 27 13.0 / 33 31.65 `` Greensboro Auditions '' January 24 , 2006 19.6 / 29 15.1 / 35 34.96 `` San Francisco Auditions '' January 25 , 2006 18.2 / 28 13.0 / 33 32.44 5 `` Las Vegas Auditions '' January 31 , 2006 5 17.4 / 27 12.4 / 31 30.18 6 `` Austin Auditions '' February 1 , 2006 6 16.9 / 25 12.5 / 32 30.40 7 `` Boston Auditions '' February 7 , 2006 17.6 / 26 12.9 / 32 31.15 8 `` Hollywood Round 1 '' February 8 , 2006 16.3 / 24 11.4 / 29 28.74 9 `` Hollywood Round 2 '' February 14 , 2006 16.5 / 25 11.4 / 29 26.96 10 `` Hollywood : Top 24 Revealed '' February 15 , 2006 15.5 / 24 11.9 / 30 28.78 11 `` Top 12 Women Perform '' February 21 , 2006 16.9 / 24 13.0 / 30 30.16 12 `` Top 12 Men Perform '' February 22 , 2006 18.2 / 27 13.5 / 33 31.69 13 `` Top 24 Results '' February 23 , 2006 7 13.3 / 20 9.9 / 24 23.38 14 `` Top 10 Women Perform '' February 28 , 2006 17.0 / 25 12.4 / 31 30.09 15 `` Top 10 Men Perform March 1 , 2006 16.6 / 26 12.2 / 31 29.64 16 `` Top 20 Results March 2 , 2006 5 15.2 / 23 10.9 / 27 26.32 17 `` Top 8 Women Men Perform '' March 7 , 2006 16.7 / 25 11.8 / 31 28.56 18 `` Top 8 Men Perform '' March 8 , 2006 17.2 / 27 12.4 / 32 30.38 19 `` Top 12 Revealed '' March 9 , 2006 15.4 / 24 10.8 / 28 26.63 20 `` Top 12 Perform '' March 14 , 2006 18.5 / 27 13.7 / 33 32.77 21 `` Top 12 Results '' March 15 , 2006 16.3 / 25 11.5 / 27 28.09 22 `` Top 11 Perform '' March 21 , 2006 19.2 / 28 13.6 / 33 33.36 23 `` Top 11 Results '' March 22 , 2006 15.9 / 24 11.4 / 27 27.68 24 `` Top 10 Perform '' March 28 , 2006 18.0 / 27 13.0 / 33 31.71 25 `` Top 10 Results '' March 29 , 2006 15.9 / 24 11.3 / 27 27.66 26 `` Top 9 Perform '' April 4 , 2006 16.6 / 23 11.6 / 32 28.83 27 `` Top 9 Results '' April 5 , 2006 15.7 / 23 10.8 / 26 26.23 28 `` Top 8 Perform '' April 11 , 2006 14.2 / 22 12.0 / 33 29.65 29 `` Top 8 Results '' April 12 , 2006 12.0 / 19 9.2 / 24 22.64 30 `` Top 7 Perform '' April 18 , 2006 16.6 / 26 11.4 / 32 28.44 31 `` Top 7 Results '' April 19 , 2006 16.5 / 25 11.3 / 30 27.63 32 Top 6 Perform '' April 25 , 2006 16.7 / 26 11.5 / 30 28.67 33 `` Top 6 Results '' April 26 , 2006 16.6 / 25 11.6 / 28 28.27 34 `` Top 5 Perform '' May 2 , 2006 16.6 / 26 11.4 / 31 28.58 35 `` Top 5 Results '' May 3 , 2006 16.9 / 25 11.7 / 28 29.26 36 `` Top 4 Perform '' May 9 , 2006 16.8 / 26 11.6 / 31 28.85 37 `` Top 4 Results '' May 10 , 2006 16.1 / 24 11.2 / 27 27.88 38 `` Top 3 Perform '' May 16 , 2006 16.6 / 26 11.0 / 30 28.33 39 `` Top 3 Results '' May 17 , 2006 16.6 / 26 10.7 / 25 27.67 40 `` Top 2 Perform '' May 23 , 2006 18.2 / 29 12.3 / 34 31.78 41 Season 5 Finale '' May 24 , 2006 20.5 / 32 14.2 / 35 36.38 Post Idol ( edit ) This is the first season that a majority of finalists have major label recording contracts after Idol . Of them -- Taylor Hicks , Katharine McPhee , Elliott Yamin , Chris Daughtry , and Kellie Pickler are distributed by Sony BMG Music Entertainment ; Bucky Covington by Universal Music Group ; Ace Young and Mandisa by EMI . One other contestant that did not even make the top 24 ( Brooke Barrettsmith ) was also picked up by Sony BMG , and Universal also picked up Brianna Taylor who also did not make the top 24 . Two finalists have a deal with an independent labels -- Paris Bennett and Lisa Tucker . The remaining two finalists are unsigned -- Kevin Covais , and Melissa McGhee . ( Covais , however , has begun an acting career and McGhee has taken part in charity events for Idol Gives Back ) Also , six semi-finalists have deals and albums with independent labels -- Ayla Brown , Gedeon McKinney , Heather Cox , Patrick Hall , Will Makar , Stevie Scott and David Radford . In addition , at least one contestant who was cut before the semifinals , Bobby Bullard , has also been signed and recorded with a small label . Taylor Hicks first post-Idol single , `` Do I Make You Proud '' , would debut at number one and be certified gold . Hicks ' album , Taylor Hicks , has sold 703,000 copies . He later parted with Arista Records . His follow - up album , `` The Distance , '' was released March 10 , 2009 on his own record label Modern Whomp Records . The fifth - season contestant with the most commercial success is fourth - place finisher Chris Daughtry , now lead singer of the band Daughtry . Their eponymous debut album has sold over 5 million copies to date -- surpassing former winners Studdard and Fantasia 's respective two - album totals -- and produced two top - ten singles . The album , which spent two weeks at number one in the US , is also the fastest - selling debut rock album in Soundscan history . As of November 2008 : Runner - up Katharine McPhee 's debut album has sold 374,000 copies ; she has two Top 40 Billboard hits . Also notable : sixth - place finisher Kellie Pickler , whose Small Town Girl reached number one on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and was certified gold . To date it has sold over 815,000 copies . Third - place finisher Elliott Yamin 's eponymous debut album was certified gold and produced a platinum - selling single . Eighth - place finisher Bucky Covington 's self - titled debut album has sold over 400,000 copies and generated a top 20 and two top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart . Ninth - place finisher Mandisa 's True Beauty album earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop / Contemporary Gospel Album in 2007 . Season five is the season from the first ten seasons of American Idol with the most number of finalists who have made it onto the Billboard charts . Major Releases ( edit ) Compilations ( edit ) The compilation album for this season was performed by the top twelve finalists . Information Digital Downloads American Idol Season 5 : Encores Released : May 23 , 2006 Label : RCA Records Chart Positions : -- 3 ( US ) RIAA Certification : -- Gold U.S. sales : -- 381,075 Alphabetical order by song title `` Father Figure '' ( 108 US ) `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' ( 52 US Pop ) `` Moody 's Mood for Love '' ( 73 US Pop , 76 US Digital ) `` Takin ' It to the Streets '' ( 69 US , 42 US Digital ) `` Think '' ( 121 US , 90 US Pop ) `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( 43 US , 11 US Digital , 37 US Pop ) Albums ( edit ) Artist Information Chris Daughtry Daughtry Released : November 21 , 2006 Label : RCA Records Chart Positions : 1 ( US ) , 1 ( Rock ) , 1 ( Digital ) , 1 ( Comprehensive ) , 1 ( Internet ) RIAA Certification : 4x Platinum U.S. sales : 4,813,000 Kellie Pickler Small Town Girl Released : October 31 , 2006 Label : BNA Records Chart Positions : 1 ( US Top Country ) , 9 ( Billboard 200 ) , 12 ( Canada Top Country Albums ) RIAA Certification : Gold U.S. sales : 854,000 Taylor Hicks Taylor Hicks Released : December 12 , 2006 Label : Arista Records Chart Positions : 2 ( US Billboard 200 ) , 43 ( Canada ) RIAA Certification : Platinum U.S. sales : 704,000 Elliott Yamin Elliott Yamin Released : March 20 , 2007 Label : Hickory Records Sony RED Distribution Chart Positions : 3 ( Billboard 200 ) , 1 ( Top Independent Albums ) , 11 ( Top R&B albums ) RIAA Certification : Gold U.S. sales : 527,000 Bucky Covington Bucky Covington Released : April 17 , 2007 Label : Lyric Street Records Hollywood Records Chart Positions : 4 ( Billboard 200 ) , 1 ( US Top Country ) RIAA Certification : Uncertified U.S. sales : 405,000 Katharine McPhee Katharine McPhee Released : January 30 , 2007 Label : RCA Records Chart Positions : 2 ( US Billboard 200 ) , 23 ( Canada ) RIAA Certification : Uncertified U.S. sales : 381,000 Mandisa True Beauty Released : July 31 , 2007 Label : Sparrow Records Chart Positions : 43 ( Billboard 200 ) , 1 ( Hot Christian Albums ) RIAA Certification : Uncertified U.S. sales : 219,000 Mandisa It 's Christmas Released : October 14 , 2008 Label : Sparrow Records Chart Positions : 64 ( Billboard Hot 200 ) 1 ( Billboard Top Christmas Albums ) 5 ( Billboard Top Christian Albums ) RIAA Certification : not certified U.S. sales : 26,000 Mandisa Freedom Released : March 24 , 2009 Label : Sparrow Records Chart Positions : 83 ( US Billboard 200 ) , 4 ( US Billboard Top Christian Albums ) RIAA Certification : Uncertified U.S. sales : 132,000 Elliott Yamin Fight for Love Released : May 5 , 2009 Label : Hickory Records Chart Positions : 26 ( US Billboard 200 ) , 4 ( US Billboard Independent Albums ) RIAA Certification : Uncertified U.S. sales : 49,000 Chris Daughtry Leave This Town Released : July 14 , 2009 Label : RCA Records Chart Positions : 1 ( US Billboard 200 ) , 1 ( Rock ) RIAA Certification : Platinum U.S. sales : 1,307,000 Chris Daughtry Break the Spell Released : November 21 , 2011 Label : RCA Records Chart Positions : 8 ( US Billboard 200 ) , 2 ( Rock ) RIAA Certification : Gold U.S. sales : 520,000 Chris Daughtry ' Baptized Released : November 18 , 2014 Label : RCA Records Chart Positions : 6 ( US Billboard 200 ) , 2 ( Rock ) RIAA Certifications : Gold U.S. sales : 532,000 Minor & independent releases ( edit ) Artist Information Bobby `` Bluu Suede '' Bullard The Bluu Suede Project Released : 2007 Label : Stres Entertainment Inc . Ayla Brown Forward ( LP ) Released : October 17 , 2006 Label : Double Deal Brand Records U.S. sales : 3,200 Paris Bennett Princess P ( LP ) Released : May 8 , 2007 Label : 306 Entertainment U.S. sales : 22,000 Ace Young `` Scattered '' ( digital download ) Released : October 20 , 2006 Label : Freeman Records U.S. sales : -- Elliott Yamin `` This Christmas '' ( digital download ) Released : December 6 , 2006 Label : Pulse Recording and Three Ring Projects Chart Positions : 167 ( Hot Digital Songs ) U.S. sales : -- 87,000 Katharine McPhee `` I Lost You '' / `` Dangerous '' ( Wal - Mart ) Released : December 19 , 2006 Label : RCA Records U.S. sales : -- Patrick Hall One for the Ages ( LP ) Released : February 2007 Label : Ni - Fi Records U.S. sales : -- Josh Royse Memories Released : 2009 Label : Independent David Radford Swing on By ( LP ) Released : 2007 Label : independent Stevie Scott Stevie Scott ( EP ) Released : July 29 , 2008 Label : Heat Rocc Entertainment U.S. sales : -- Brianna Taylor Brianna Taylor ( EP ) Released : June 3 , 2008 Label : Chamberlain Records U.S. sales : 60,000 Stephanie White Knee Deep InSanity ( CD Baby ) Released : October 12 , 2007 Label : independent U.S. sales : -- 1,000 + as of April 2008 Notes : lead singer of her band , Stephanie White and the New Jersey Philth Harmonic Ace Young Ace Young Released : July 15 , 2008 Label : Pazzo Music U.S. sales : 10,000 Nominations ( edit ) In 2006 , American Idol also became the most nominated unscripted show ever , and has several nominations in the 2006 Emmy Awards for season five : Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Outstanding Art Direction for a Variety , Music Program or Special -- Episode # 519 Outstanding Directing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program -- Bruce Gowers Outstanding Picture Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Large team entries -- Primarily Multi-Camera Productions ) -- `` Audition City : Greensboro '' Outstanding Lighting Direction -- `` American Classics Songbook with Rod Stewart '' Outstanding Lighting Direction -- `` Finale '' Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or Special or Animation -- `` American Classics Songbook with Rod Stewart '' Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video for a Series -- Episode # 530 See also ( edit ) American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2006 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fox announces ' American Idol 5 ' audition dates and locations '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ These auditions included many who returned to later seasons , such as Melissa Sgambelluri . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol 5 ' auditions in Memphis canceled due to relief efforts '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol 5 ' adds audition sites in Las Vegas and Las Vegas '' . Reality TV World . 2005 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ September 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 21 ) . `` Chicago ' Idol ' '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Columnist John Katsilometes : One hotel GM 's Vegas renaissance - thanks to ' Idol ' - Las Vegas Sun News '' . Lasvegassun.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Idol in Austin ? Not quite '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ mtv ( 2006 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Think You Know Everything About ' American Idol ' ? Part 3 '' . MTV . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Paula Goodspeed Myspace ! '' . News.lalate.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Obsessive Fan of Paula Abdul Commits Suicide - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com. 2008 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dagostino , Mark . `` Paula Abdul Lashes Out at Idol Producers - Paula Abdul '' . People.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Vary ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` ' Idol ' : Producer responds to Paula 's claims , previews new season EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Lythgoe Responds To Paula Abdul 's ' Idol ' Allegations '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Wetpaint , Inc '' . Wetpaint.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Idol 's Almost Famous - THE LITTLE DIVA '' . People.com. 2007 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` machineheart '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Webb , Matt ( 2006 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Who 's Who on American Idol ? - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Telescope Inc '' . Telescope.tv . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Measuring the busy signal '' . DialIdol.com. 2007 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol ' Twins Booted for Alleged ID Theft '' . Fox News . 2006 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD 's Resources for Press '' . GLAAD . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved March 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Art Toalston . `` Mandisa , off ' Idol , ' says fans ' prayers will have ' full force ' '' . Bpnews.net . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2006 . Retrieved October 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Some callers claim ' Idol ' votes were misdirected - today > entertainment - Reality TV - TODAY.com '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Forums - Elliott 's votes going to Chris on DI '' . Dialidol.com. 2007 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Disney ABC Press '' . Abcmedianet.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 5 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 7 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 8 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 9 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 10 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 11 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 12 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 13 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 14 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 15 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 16 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 17 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 18 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 19 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FOX . `` Tampa Bay news , weather forecast , radar , and sports from WTVT - TV - FOX 13 News FOX 13 Tampa Bay '' . Myfoxtampabay.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : Past Idols volunteer for ' Idol Gives Back ' -- Zap2It '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Deep in the bowels of J Records '' . Gray Charles : The Official Taylor Hicks Weblog. 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ IrishJrsyGirl ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Daughtry News + Blog The Official Daughtry Site '' . Daughtryofficial.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' and Billboard : James Durbin , Haley Reinhart Become 55th and 56th Finalists on Charts Billboard '' . Billboard.biz. 2002 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved October 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PhilthHarmonic on PureVolume '' . Purevolume.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Stephanie White & The Philth Harmonic Listen and Stream Free Music , Albums , New Releases , Photos , Videos '' . Myspace.com . 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External links ( edit ) Official American Idol Contestants Website American Idol ( Season 5 ) on IMDb American Idol ( Season 5 ) at TV.com American Idol season 5 Finalists Taylor Hicks Katharine McPhee Elliott Yamin Chris Daughtry Paris Bennett Kellie Pickler Ace Young Bucky Covington Mandisa Lisa Tucker Kevin Covais Melissa McGhee Other sources Tour `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` My Destiny '' American Idol Season 5 : Encores American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( series ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Idol_(season_5)&oldid=815096632 '' Categories : 2006 in American television American Idol seasons 2006 American television seasons 2006 in American music Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 19 : 16 . 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who won chris daughtry's american idol season
[ "\n\nStage:\nSemifinals\nFinals\n\n\nWeek:\n2/23\n3/2\n3/9\n3/15\n3/22\n3/29\n4/5\n4/12\n4/19\n4/26\n5/3\n5/10\n5/17\n5/24\n\n\nPlace\nContestant\nResult\n\n\n1\nTaylor Hicks\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWinner\n\n\n2\nKatharine McPhee\n\n\n\n\n\nBottom 2\n\n\n\nTop 2\n\nBottom 2\n\nRunner-Up\n\n\n3\nElliott Yamin\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBottom 2\nBottom 3\n\n\nBottom 2\n\nElim\n\n\n\n4\nChris Daughtry\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBottom 2\nTop 2\n\nElim\n\n\n\n5\nParis Bennett\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBottom 3\n\nBottom 3\nBottom 2\nElim\n\n\n\n6\nKellie Pickler\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElim\n\n\n\n7\nAce Young\n\n\n\nBottom 3\n\nBottom 3\n\nBottom 3\nElim\n\n\n\n8\nBucky Covington\n\n\n\n\nBottom 2\n\n\nElim\n\n\n\n9\nMandisa\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElim\n\n\n\n10\nLisa Tucker\n\n\n\nBottom 2\nBottom 3\nElim\n\n\n\n11\nKevin Covais\n\nBottom 3\n\n\nElim\n\n\n\n12\nMelissa McGhee\n\n\n\nElim\n\n\n\n13–16\nGedeon McKinney\n\n\nElim\n\n\n\nAyla Brown\n\n\n\n\n\nWill Makar\n\n\n\n\n\nKinnik Sky\n\nBottom 3\n\n\n\n17–20\nJosé \"Sway\" Penala\n\nElim\n\n\n\nDavid Radford\n\n\n\n\nHeather Cox\n\n\n\n\nBrenna Gethers\n\n\n\n\n21–24\nPatrick Hall\nElim\n\n\n\nStevie Scott\n\n\n\nBobby Bennett\n\n\n\nBecky O'Donohue\n\n\n" ]
[ "Taylor Hicks" ]
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Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics - wikipedia Macroeconomics Jump to : navigation , search Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand . Index Outline History Types Classification History of economics Economic history ( academic study ) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Social Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Business and economics portal Macroeconomics ( from the Greek prefix makro - meaning `` large '' and economics ) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance , structure , behavior , and decision - making of an economy as a whole . This includes national , regional , and global economies . Macroeconomics and microeconomics , a pair of terms coined by Ragnar Frisch , are the two most general fields in economics . In contrast to macroeconomics , microeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions and the interactions among these individuals and firms in narrowly - defined markets . Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP , unemployment rates , national income , price indices , and the interrelations among the different sectors of the economy to better understand how the whole economy functions . Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income , output , consumption , unemployment , inflation , savings , investment , international trade and international finance . While macroeconomics is a broad field of study , there are two areas of research that are emblematic of the discipline : the attempt to understand the causes and consequences of short - run fluctuations in national income ( the business cycle ) , and the attempt to understand the determinants of long - run economic growth ( increases in national income ) . Macroeconomic models and their forecasts are used by governments to assist in the development and evaluation of economic policy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basic macroeconomic concepts 1.1 Output and income 1.2 Unemployment 1.3 Inflation and deflation 2 Macroeconomic models 2.1 Aggregate demand -- aggregate supply 2.2 IS -- LM 2.3 Growth models 3 Macroeconomic policy 3.1 Monetary policy 3.2 Fiscal policy 3.3 Comparison 4 Development 4.1 Origins 4.2 Austrian School 4.3 Keynes and his followers 4.4 Monetarism 4.5 New classical 4.6 New Keynesian response 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Basic macroeconomic concepts ( edit ) Macroeconomics encompasses a variety of concepts and variables , but there are three central topics for macroeconomic research . Macroeconomic theories usually relate the phenomena of output , unemployment , and inflation . Outside of macroeconomic theory , these topics are also important to all economic agents including workers , consumers , and producers . Circulation in macroeconomics . Output and income ( edit ) National output is the total amount of everything a country produces in a given period of time . Everything that is produced and sold generates an equal amount of income . Therefore , output and income are usually considered equivalent and the two terms are often used interchangeably . Output can be measured as total income , or it can be viewed from the production side and measured as the total value of final goods and services or the sum of all value added in the economy . Macroeconomic output is usually measured by gross domestic product ( GDP ) or one of the other national accounts . Economists are interested in long - run increases in output study economic growth . Advances in technology , accumulation of machinery and other capital , and better education and human capital all these factors lead to increased economic output over time . However , output does not always increase consistently . Business cycles can cause short - term drops in output called recessions . Economists look for macroeconomic policies that prevent economies from slipping into recessions and that lead to faster long - term growth . Unemployment ( edit ) Main article : Unemployment A chart using US data showing the relationship between economic growth and unemployment expressed by Okun 's law . The relationship demonstrates cyclical unemployment . Economic growth leads to a lower unemployment rate . The amount of unemployment in an economy is measured by the unemployment rate , i.e. the percentage of workers without jobs in the labor force . The unemployment rate in the labor force only includes workers actively looking for jobs . People who are retired , pursuing education , or discouraged from seeking work by a lack of job prospects are excluded . Unemployment can be generally broken down into several types that are related to different causes . Classical unemployment theory suggests that unemployment occurs when wages are too high for employers to be willing to hire more workers . Other more modern economic theories suggest that increased wages actually decrease unemployment by creating more consumer demand . According to these more recent theories , unemployment results from reduced demand for the goods and services produced through labor and suggest that only in markets where profit margins are very low , and in which the market will not bear a price increase of product or service , will higher wages result in unemployment . Consistent with classical unemployment theory , frictional unemployment occurs when appropriate job vacancies exist for a worker , but the length of time needed to search for and find the job leads to a period of unemployment . Structural unemployment covers a variety of possible causes of unemployment including a mismatch between workers ' skills and the skills required for open jobs . Large amounts of structural unemployment can occur when an economy is transitioning industries and workers find their previous set of skills are no longer in demand . Structural unemployment is similar to frictional unemployment as both reflect the problem of matching workers with job vacancies , but structural unemployment also covers the time needed to acquire new skills in addition to the short term search process . While some types of unemployment may occur regardless of the condition of the economy , cyclical unemployment occurs when growth stagnates . Okun 's law represents the empirical relationship between unemployment and economic growth . The original version of Okun 's law states that a 3 % increase in output would lead to a 1 % decrease in unemployment . Inflation and deflation ( edit ) The ten - year moving averages of changes in price level and growth in money supply ( using the measure of M2 , the supply of hard currency and money held in most types of bank accounts ) in the US from 1875 to 2011 . Over the long run , the two series show a close relationship . A general price increase across the entire economy is called inflation . When prices decrease , there is deflation . Economists measure these changes in prices with price indexes . Inflation can occur when an economy becomes overheated and grows too quickly . Similarly , a declining economy can lead to deflation . Central bankers , who manage a country 's money supply , try to avoid changes in price level by using monetary policy . Raising interest rates or reducing the supply of money in an economy will reduce inflation . Inflation can lead to increased uncertainty and other negative consequences . Deflation can lower economic output . Central bankers try to stabilize prices to protect economies from the negative consequences of price changes . Changes in price level may be the result of several factors . The quantity theory of money holds that changes in price level are directly related to changes in the money supply . Most economists believe that this relationship explains long - run changes in the price level . Short - run fluctuations may also be related to monetary factors , but changes in aggregate demand and aggregate supply can also influence price level . For example , a decrease in demand due to a recession can lead to lower price levels and deflation . A negative supply shock , such as an oil crisis , lowers aggregate supply and can cause inflation . Macroeconomic models ( edit ) Aggregate demand -- aggregate supply ( edit ) A traditional AS -- AD diagram showing a shift in AD and the AS curve becoming inelastic beyond potential output . The AD - AS model has become the standard textbook model for explaining the macroeconomy . This model shows the price level and level of real output given the equilibrium in aggregate demand and aggregate supply . The aggregate demand curve 's downward slope means that more output is demanded at lower price levels . The downward slope is the result of three effects : the Pigou or real balance effect , which states that as real prices fall , real wealth increases , resulting in higher consumer demand of goods ; the Keynes or interest rate effect , which states that as prices fall , the demand for money decreases , causing interest rates to decline and borrowing for investment and consumption to increase ; and the net export effect , which states that as prices rise , domestic goods become comparatively more expensive to foreign consumers , leading to a decline in exports . In the conventional Keynesian use of the AS - AD model , the aggregate supply curve is horizontal at low levels of output and becomes inelastic near the point of potential output , which corresponds with full employment . Since the economy can not produce beyond the potential output , any AD expansion will lead to higher price levels instead of higher output . The AD -- AS diagram can model a variety of macroeconomic phenomena , including inflation . Changes in the non-price level factors or determinants cause changes in aggregate demand and shifts of the entire aggregate demand ( AD ) curve . When demand for goods exceeds supply there is an inflationary gap where demand - pull inflation occurs and the AD curve shifts upward to a higher price level . When the economy faces higher costs , cost - push inflation occurs and the AS curve shifts upward to higher price levels . The AS -- AD diagram is also widely used as a pedagogical tool to model the effects of various macroeconomic policies . Is -- LM ( edit ) In this example of an IS / LM chart , the IS curve moves to the right , causing higher interest rates ( i ) and expansion in the `` real '' economy ( real GDP , or Y ) . The IS -- LM model represents all the combinations of interest rates and output that ensure the equilibrium in the goods and money markets . The goods market is represented by the equilibrium in investment and saving ( IS ) , and the money market is represented by the equilibrium between the money supply and liquidity preference . The IS curve consists of the points where investment , given the interest rate , is equal to savings , given output . The IS curve is downward sloping because output and interest rate have an inverse relationship in the goods market : as output increases , more money is saved , which means interest rates must be lower to spur enough investment to match savings . The LM curve is upward sloping because interest rate and output have a positive relationship in the money market : as output increases , the demand for money increases , resulting in a rise in interest rate . The IS / LM model is often used to demonstrate the effects of monetary and fiscal policy . Textbooks frequently use the IS / LM model , but it does not feature the complexities of most modern macroeconomic models . Nevertheless , these models still feature similar relationships to those in IS / LM . Growth models ( edit ) The neoclassical growth model of Robert Solow has become a common textbook model for explaining economic growth in the long - run . The model begins with a production function where national output is the product of two inputs : capital and labor . The Solow model assumes that labor and capital are used at constant rates without the fluctuations in unemployment and capital utilization commonly seen in business cycles . An increase in output , or economic growth , can only occur because of an increase in the capital stock , a larger population , or technological advancements that lead to higher productivity ( total factor productivity ) . An increase in the savings rate leads to a temporary increase as the economy creates more capital , which adds to output . However , eventually the depreciation rate will limit the expansion of capital : savings will be used up replacing depreciated capital , and no savings will remain to pay for an additional expansion in capital . Solow 's model suggests that economic growth in terms of output per capita depends solely on technological advances that enhance productivity . In the 1980s and 1990s endogenous growth theory arose to challenge neoclassical growth theory . This group of models explains economic growth through other factors , such as increasing returns to scale for capital and learning - by - doing , that are endogenously determined instead of the exogenous technological improvement used to explain growth in Solow 's model . Macroeconomic policy ( edit ) Macroeconomic policy is usually implemented through two sets of tools : fiscal and monetary policy . Both forms of policy are used to stabilize the economy , which can mean boosting the economy to the level of GDP consistent with full employment . Macroeconomic policy focuses on limiting the effects of the business cycle to achieve the economic goals of price stability , full employment , and growth . Monetary policy ( edit ) Further information : Monetary policy Central banks implement monetary policy by controlling the money supply through several mechanisms . Typically , central banks take action by issuing money to buy bonds ( or other assets ) , which boosts the supply of money and lowers interest rates , or , in the case of contractionary monetary policy , banks sell bonds and take money out of circulation . Usually policy is not implemented by directly targeting the supply of money . Central banks continuously shift the money supply to maintain a targeted fixed interest rate . Some of them allow the interest rate to fluctuate and focus on targeting inflation rates instead . Central banks generally try to achieve high output without letting loose monetary policy that create large amounts of inflation . Conventional monetary policy can be ineffective in situations such as a liquidity trap . When interest rates and inflation are near zero , the central bank can not loosen monetary policy through conventional means . An example of intervention strategy under different conditions Central banks can use unconventional monetary policy such as quantitative easing to help increase output . Instead of buying government bonds , central banks can implement quantitative easing by buying not only government bonds , but also other assets such as corporate bonds , stocks , and other securities . This allows lower interest rates for a broader class of assets beyond government bonds . In another example of unconventional monetary policy , the United States Federal Reserve recently made an attempt at such a policy with Operation Twist . Unable to lower current interest rates , the Federal Reserve lowered long - term interest rates by buying long - term bonds and selling short - term bonds to create a flat yield curve . Fiscal policy ( edit ) Further information : Fiscal policy Fiscal policy is the use of government 's revenue and expenditure as instruments to influence the economy . Examples of such tools are expenditure , taxes , debt . For example , if the economy is producing less than potential output , government spending can be used to employ idle resources and boost output . Government spending does not have to make up for the entire output gap . There is a multiplier effect that boosts the impact of government spending . For instance , when the government pays for a bridge , the project not only adds the value of the bridge to output , but also allows the bridge workers to increase their consumption and investment , which helps to close the output gap . The effects of fiscal policy can be limited by crowding out . When the government takes on spending projects , it limits the amount of resources available for the private sector to use . Crowding out occurs when government spending simply replaces private sector output instead of adding additional output to the economy . Crowding out also occurs when government spending raises interest rates , which limits investment . Defenders of fiscal stimulus argue that crowding out is not a concern when the economy is depressed , plenty of resources are left idle , and interest rates are low . Fiscal policy can be implemented through automatic stabilizers . Automatic stabilizers do not suffer from the policy lags of discretionary fiscal policy . Automatic stabilizers use conventional fiscal mechanisms but take effect as soon as the economy takes a downturn : spending on unemployment benefits automatically increases when unemployment rises and , in a progressive income tax system , the effective tax rate automatically falls when incomes decline . Comparison ( edit ) Economists usually favor monetary over fiscal policy because it has two major advantages . First , monetary policy is generally implemented by independent central banks instead of the political institutions that control fiscal policy . Independent central banks are less likely to make decisions based on political motives . Second , monetary policy suffers shorter inside lags and outside lags than fiscal policy . Central banks can quickly make and implement decisions while discretionary fiscal policy may take time to pass and even longer to carry out . Development ( edit ) Main article : History of macroeconomic thought Origins ( edit ) Macroeconomics descended from the once divided fields of business cycle theory and monetary theory . The quantity theory of money was particularly influential prior to World War II . It took many forms , including the version based on the work of Irving Fisher : M ⋅ V = P ⋅ Q ( \ displaystyle M \ cdot V = P \ cdot Q ) In the typical view of the quantity theory , money velocity ( V ) and the quantity of goods produced ( Q ) would be constant , so any increase in money supply ( M ) would lead to a direct increase in price level ( P ) . The quantity theory of money was a central part of the classical theory of the economy that prevailed in the early twentieth century . Austrian school ( edit ) Ludwig Von Mises 's work Theory of Money and Credit , published in 1912 , was one of the first books from the Austrian School to deal with macroeconomic topics . Keynes and his followers ( edit ) Macroeconomics , at least in its modern form , began with the publication of John Maynard Keynes 's General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . When the Great Depression struck , classical economists had difficulty explaining how goods could go unsold and workers could be left unemployed . In classical theory , prices and wages would drop until the market cleared , and all goods and labor were sold . Keynes offered a new theory of economics that explained why markets might not clear , which would evolve ( later in the 20th century ) into a group of macroeconomic schools of thought known as Keynesian economics -- also called Keynesianism or Keynesian theory . In Keynes 's theory , the quantity theory broke down because people and businesses tend to hold on to their cash in tough economic times -- a phenomenon he described in terms of liquidity preferences . Keynes also explained how the multiplier effect would magnify a small decrease in consumption or investment and cause declines throughout the economy . Keynes also noted the role uncertainty and animal spirits can play in the economy . The generation following Keynes combined the macroeconomics of the General Theory with neoclassical microeconomics to create the neoclassical synthesis . By the 1950s , most economists had accepted the synthesis view of the macroeconomy . Economists like Paul Samuelson , Franco Modigliani , James Tobin , and Robert Solow developed formal Keynesian models and contributed formal theories of consumption , investment , and money demand that fleshed out the Keynesian framework . Monetarism ( edit ) Milton Friedman updated the quantity theory of money to include a role for money demand . He argued that the role of money in the economy was sufficient to explain the Great Depression , and that aggregate demand oriented explanations were not necessary . Friedman also argued that monetary policy was more effective than fiscal policy ; however , Friedman doubted the government 's ability to `` fine - tune '' the economy with monetary policy . He generally favored a policy of steady growth in money supply instead of frequent intervention . Friedman also challenged the Phillips curve relationship between inflation and unemployment . Friedman and Edmund Phelps ( who was not a monetarist ) proposed an `` augmented '' version of the Phillips curve that excluded the possibility of a stable , long - run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment . When the oil shocks of the 1970s created a high unemployment and high inflation , Friedman and Phelps were vindicated . Monetarism was particularly influential in the early 1980s . Monetarism fell out of favor when central banks found it difficult to target money supply instead of interest rates as monetarists recommended . Monetarism also became politically unpopular when the central banks created recessions in order to slow inflation . New classical ( edit ) New classical macroeconomics further challenged the Keynesian school . A central development in new classical thought came when Robert Lucas introduced rational expectations to macroeconomics . Prior to Lucas , economists had generally used adaptive expectations where agents were assumed to look at the recent past to make expectations about the future . Under rational expectations , agents are assumed to be more sophisticated . A consumer will not simply assume a 2 % inflation rate just because that has been the average the past few years ; she will look at current monetary policy and economic conditions to make an informed forecast . When new classical economists introduced rational expectations into their models , they showed that monetary policy could only have a limited impact . Lucas also made an influential critique of Keynesian empirical models . He argued that forecasting models based on empirical relationships would keep producing the same predictions even as the underlying model generating the data changed . He advocated models based on fundamental economic theory that would , in principle , be structurally accurate as economies changed . Following Lucas 's critique , new classical economists , led by Edward C. Prescott and Finn E. Kydland , created real business cycle ( RBC ) models of the macroeconomy . RBC models were created by combining fundamental equations from neo-classical microeconomics . In order to generate macroeconomic fluctuations , RBC models explained recessions and unemployment with changes in technology instead of changes in the markets for goods or money . Critics of RBC models argue that money clearly plays an important role in the economy , and the idea that technological regress can explain recent recessions is implausible . However , technological shocks are only the more prominent of a myriad of possible shocks to the system that can be modeled . Despite questions about the theory behind RBC models , they have clearly been influential in economic methodology . New Keynesian response ( edit ) New Keynesian economists responded to the new classical school by adopting rational expectations and focusing on developing micro-founded models that are immune to the Lucas critique . Stanley Fischer and John B. Taylor produced early work in this area by showing that monetary policy could be effective even in models with rational expectations when contracts locked in wages for workers . Other new Keynesian economists , including Olivier Blanchard , Julio Rotemberg , Greg Mankiw , David Romer , and Michael Woodford , expanded on this work and demonstrated other cases where inflexible prices and wages led to monetary and fiscal policy having real effects . Like classical models , new classical models had assumed that prices would be able to adjust perfectly and monetary policy would only lead to price changes . New Keynesian models investigated sources of sticky prices and wages due to imperfect competition , which would not adjust , allowing monetary policy to impact quantities instead of prices . By the late 1990s economists had reached a rough consensus . The nominal rigidity of new Keynesian theory was combined with rational expectations and the RBC methodology to produce dynamic stochastic general equilibrium ( DSGE ) models . The fusion of elements from different schools of thought has been dubbed the new neoclassical synthesis . These models are now used by many central banks and are a core part of contemporary macroeconomics . New Keynesian economics , which developed partly in response to new classical economics , strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand management . See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium Economic development Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) , Economics : Principles in Action , Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall , p. 57 , ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 Jump up ^ Blaug , Mark ( 1985 ) , Economic theory in retrospect , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 31644 - 8 Jump up ^ Blanchard ( 2011 ) , 32 . Jump up ^ Blanchard ( 2011 ) , 22 . Jump up ^ Dwivedi , 443 . Jump up ^ Freeman ( 2008 ) . http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000311 . Jump up ^ Dwivedi , 444 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Dwivedi , 445 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Neely , Christopher J. `` Okun 's Law : Output and Unemployment . Economic Synopses . Number 4 . 2010 . http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/es/10/ES1004.pdf . Jump up ^ Mankiw 2014 , p. 634 . ^ Jump up to : Healey 2002 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Healey 2002 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Healey 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Colander 1995 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Durlauf & Hester 2008 . Jump up ^ Peston 2002 , pp. 386 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : Peston 2002 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Peston 2002 , pp. 387 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Solow 2002 , pp. 518 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Solow 2002 , p. 519 . Jump up ^ Blaug 2002 , pp. 202 -- 03 . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , 495 . Jump up ^ `` AP Macroeconomics Review '' . ^ Jump up to : Dimand ( 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blanchard ( 2011 ) , 580 . Jump up ^ Snowdon , Brian ; Vane , Howard R. ( 2005 ) . Modern Macroeconomics -- Its origins , development and current state . Edward Elgar . ISBN 1 84542 208 2 . Jump up ^ Blanchard ( 2011 ) , 581 . Jump up ^ Blanchard ( 2011 ) , 582 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Blanchard ( 2011 ) , 587 . Jump up ^ The role of imperfect competition in new Keynesian economics , Chapter 4 of Surfing Economics by Huw Dixon Jump up ^ Blanchard ( 2011 ) , 590 . References ( edit ) Library resources about Macroeconomics Resources in your library Blanchard , Olivier ( 2000 ) . Macroeconomics . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 013306 - X . Blanchard , Olivier ( 2011 ) . Macroeconomics Updated ( 5th ed . ) . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 215986 - 9 . Blaug , Mark ( 1986 ) , Great Economists before Keynes , Brighton : Wheatsheaf . Blaug , Mark ( 2002 ) . `` Endogenous growth theory '' . In Snowdon , Brian ; Vane , Howard . An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics . Northampton , Massachusetts : Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 180 - 9 . Boettke , Peter ( 2001 ) . Calculation and Coordination : Essays on Socialism and Transitional Political Economy . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 77109 - 9 . Bouman , John : Principles of Macroeconomics -- free fully comprehensive Principles of Microeconomics and Macroeconomics texts . Columbia , Maryland , 2011 Dimand , Robert W. ( 2008 ) . Durlauf , Steven N. ; Blume , Lawrence E. , eds . `` Macroeconomics , origins and history of '' . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . Palgrave Macmillan . doi : 10.1057 / 9780230226203.1009 . Durlauf , Steven N. ; Hester , Donald D. ( 2008 ) . `` IS -- LM '' . In Durlauf , Steven N. ; Blume , Lawrence E. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . doi : 10.1057 / 9780230226203.0855 . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Dwivedi , D.N. ( 2001 ) . Macroeconomics : theory and policy . New Delhi : Tata McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 058841 - 7 . Friedman , Milton ( 1953 ) . Essays in Positive Economics . London : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 26403 - 3 . Haberler , Gottfried ( 1937 ) . Prosperity and depression . League of Nations . Leijonhufvud , Axel The Wicksell Connection : Variation on a Theme . UCLA . November , 1979 . Healey , Nigel M. ( 2002 ) . `` AD - AS model '' . In Snowdon , Brian ; Vane , Howard . An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics . Northampton , Massachusetts : Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 11 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 180 - 9 . Heijdra , Ben J. ; van der Ploeg , Frederick ( 2002 ) . Foundations of Modern Macroeconomics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 877617 - 9 . Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2014 ) . Principles of Economics . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 15604 - 3 . Mises , Ludwig Von ( 1912 ) . Theory of Money and Credit . Yale University Press . Mayer , Thomas ( 2002 ) . `` Monetary policy : role of '' . In Snowdon , Brian ; Vane , Howard R. An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics . Northampton , Massachusetts : Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 495 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 180 - 9 . Mishkin , Frederic S. ( 2004 ) . The Economics of Money , Banking , and Financial Markets . Boston : Addison - Wesley . p. 517 . Peston , Maurice ( 2002 ) . `` IS - LM model : closed economy '' . In Snowdon , Brian ; Vane , Howard R. An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics . Edward Elgar . Reed , Jacob ( 2016 ) . AP Economics Review , Macroeconomics . Solow , Robert ( 2002 ) . `` Neoclassical growth model '' . In Snowdon , Brian ; Vane , Howard . An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics . Northampton , Massachusetts : Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 180 - 9 . Snowdon , Brian , and Howard R. Vane , ed. ( 2002 ) . An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics , Description & scroll to Contents - preview links . Snowdon , Brian ; Vane , Howard R. ( 2005 ) . Modern Macroeconomics : Its Origins , Development And Current State . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84376 - 394 - X . Gärtner , Manfred ( 2006 ) . Macroeconomics . Pearson Education Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 273 - 70460 - 7 . Warsh , David ( 2006 ) . Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations . Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05996 - 0 . Levi , Maurice ( 2014 ) . The Macroeconomic Environment of Business ( Core Concepts and Curious Connections ) . New Jersey : World Scientific Publishing . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4304 - 34 - 4 . 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N. Gregory Mankiw Edmund Phelps Edward C. Prescott Joan Robinson Paul Samuelson Thomas J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who gave concept of micro and macro economics
[ "Macroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning \"large\" and economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole. This includes national, regional, and global economies.[1] Macroeconomics and microeconomics, a pair of terms coined by Ragnar Frisch, are the two most general fields in economics.[2] In contrast to macroeconomics, microeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions and the interactions among these individuals and firms in narrowly-defined markets." ]
[ "Ragnar Frisch" ]
6085072953469192863
La Reina del Sur (TV series)
La Reina del Sur ( tv series ) - wikipedia La Reina del Sur ( tv series ) ( Redirected from La Reina del Sur ( telenovela ) ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2011 television series . For other uses , see La Reina del Sur ( disambiguation ) . La Reina del Sur Genre Telenovela Created by Roberto Stopello Based on La Reina del Sur ( es ) by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Written by Juan Marcos Blanco Valentina Párraga Story by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Directed by Mauricio Cruz Walter Doehner Creative director ( s ) Gabriela Monroy Starring Kate del Castillo Humberto Zurita Rafael Amaya Iván Sánchez Cristina Urgel Alberto Jiménez Miguel de Miguel Gabriel Porras Salvador Zerboni Nacho Fresneda Mónica Estarreado Alejandro Calva Cuca Escribano Dagoberto Gama Christian Tappán Eduardo Velasco Alfonso Vallejo Pablo Castañón Miguel Ángel Blanco Lorena Santos Sara Maldonado Carmen Navarro Santiago Meléndez Juan José Arjona Narrated by Kate del Castillo Theme music composer Bello Jaime Teodoro Opening theme `` La Reina del Sur '' performed by Los Cuates de Sinaloa Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) Spanish No. of seasons No. of episodes 63 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Patricio Wills Producer ( s ) Ángel Ossorio Cinematography Alejandro García W . Editor ( s ) Perla Martínez Alba Merchan Hamann Hader Antivar Duque Camera setup Multi-camera Production company ( s ) Antena 3 Televisión Telemundo Studios RTI Producciones Release Original network Telemundo Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereophonic sound First shown in United States Original release February 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Queen of the South External links Website La Reina del Sur ( lit . The Queen of the South ) is a Spanish - language telenovela produced by the American television network Telemundo , in conjunction with the Antena 3 network and RTI Producciones . Based on a novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte , the drama depicts the rise of Teresa Mendoza ( Kate del Castillo ) , a young woman from Mexico who becomes the most powerful drug trafficker in southern Spain . La Reina del Sur was nominated for Novela of the Year , Favorite Lead Actress , and Best Bad Luck Video . With a $10 million budget it is the second most expensive telenovela ever produced by Telemundo , the first being El Señor de los Cielos . An English language remake , Queen of the South , premiered in June 2016 on USA Network , starring Alice Braga . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 1.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Remake 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) The series is the television adaptation of the literary work of the same name of Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte . It is the chronicle of the rise to power of a Mexican woman within the world of international drug trafficking . Teresa Mendoza begins her adventure as a humble young woman in love with a pilot employed by the Mexican cartels . When they execute her boyfriend , Teresa flees , desperate to avoid the same fate . Her escape takes her to the south of Spain where she tries to start a new life . However , she is once again immersed in the world of narcotics trafficking , and for a second time , she suffers the death of a beloved man . After several blows , Teresa decides to take the reins of her destiny and becomes the head of her own organization . Through strategic alliances and a strong sense for business , Teresa `` La Mexicana '' begins to control an intercontinental drug distribution business . However , her great success is accompanied by a high personal price , and Teresa 's happiness and heart are tested . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) On May 11 , 2017 Telemundo confirmed that the series would be renewed to a second season . On Monday , May 15 , 2017 , Telemundo in its programming for the 2017 -- 18 a preview of the series . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of La Reina del Sur episodes Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 63 28 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) 30 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) TBA 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Kate del Castillo as Teresa Mendoza Humberto Zurita as Epifanio Vargas Rafael Amaya as Raimundo Dávila Parra / El Güero Iván Sánchez as Santiago López Fisterra / El Gallego Cristina Urgel as Patricia O'Farrell Alberto Jiménez as Oleg Yasikov Miguel de Miguel as Teo Aljarafe Gabriel Porras as Roberto Gato Márquez / El Gato Fierros Salvador Zerboni as Ramiro Vargas / El Ratas Nacho Fresneda as Dris Larbi Mónica Estarreado as Fátima Mansur Alejandro Calva as César Güemes / Batman Cuca Escribano as Sheila Dagoberto Gama as Potequim Gálvez / El Pote Christian Tappan as Willy Rangel Eduardo Velasco as Coronel Abdelkader Chaib Alfonso Vallejo as Manolo Céspedes Pablo Castañón as Lalo Veiga Miguel Ángel Blanco as Siso Pernas Lorena Santos as Soraya Sara Maldonado as Verónica Cortés / Guadalupe Romero Carmen Navarro as Marcela / La Conejo Santiago Meléndez as Saturnino `` Nino '' Juárez Juan José Arjona as Pablo Flores Recurring ( edit ) Karim El - Kerem as Mohamed Mansur Klaus as Eddie Álvarez Lincoln Palomeque as Faustino Sánchez Godoy Nerea Garmendia as Eugenia Montijo Juan Pablo Raba as Jaime Gutiérrez Solana Ezequiel Montalt as Jaime `` Jimmy '' Arenas Rodolfo Valdés as El Chino Parra Remake ( edit ) Main article : Queen of the South ( TV series ) An English language remake , Queen of the South , premiered in June 2016 on USA Network , starring Alice Braga . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Mon -- Fri 10pm / 9c 63 February 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) 2.4 May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) 4.2 TBD Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominated Result 2011 People in Spanish Awards Best Telenovela Roberto Stopello Won Best Actress Kate del Castillo Won Best Supporting Actor Humberto Zurita Nominated Rafael Amaya Nominated Best Villain Salvador Zerboni Nominated Newcomer of the Year Cristina Urgel Won Iván Sánchez Nominated Sweethearts Kate del Castillo & Iván Sánchez Nominated 2012 TVyNovelas Awards Colombia Best Series Roberto Stopello Nominated Favorite Production Roberto Stopello Nominated Best Villain Of Series Humberto Zurita Nominated 1st Your World Awards Novela of the Year Roberto Stopello Nominated Favorite Lead Actress Kate del Castillo Nominated Best Bad Luck Video Amor que mata Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TELEMUNDO PRESENTS THE FIRST EDITION OF `` PREMIOS TU MUNDO '' ( YOUR WORLD AWARDS ) CELEBRATING THE BEST IN POP CULTURE THURSDAY , AUGUST 30 FROM 8PM - 11PM / ET Jump up ^ Premios tu mundo 2012 : Categorías y Nominados Jump up ^ Lista de ganadores de la primera edición de los premios Tu Mundo Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` How the Telenovela Is Beating the Networks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : N'Duka , Amanda ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Queen Of The South EP & Cast Talk Female Empowerment And The Importance of Keeping It Real '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` La Reina Del Sur Adaptation Picked Up By USA Network As Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Telemundo Upfront 2017 : 13 Telenovelas & Series You Must Watch Next Season '' . latintimes.com . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Primer avance de la segunda temporada de La reina del sur '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference teleprograma was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Telemundo 's Epic Original Production La Reina Del Sur Delivers Highest Premiere Ratings In Network History '' . Tvbythenumbers . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sellers , John . `` ' La Reina del Sur ' Finale Does Muy , Muy Bien for Telemundo '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) La Reina del Sur on IMDb Telemundo telenovelas and series Former 1980s debuts Angélica , mi vida ( 1988 ) El magnate ( 1989 ) 1990s debuts Cadena braga ( 1991 ) Marielena ( 1992 ) Tres destinos ( 1993 ) Guadalupe ( 1993 ) El peñón del amaranto ( 1993 ) Señora tentación ( 1994 ) Aguamarina ( 1997 ) Me muero por ti ( 1999 ) 2000s debuts Cara o cruz ( 2001 ) Amantes del desierto ( 2001 ) Adrián está de visita ( 2001 ) Daniela ( 2002 ) Vale todo ( 2002 ) La venganza ( 2002 ) Sofía dame tiempo ( 2003 ) Ladrón de corazones ( 2003 ) Amor descarado ( 2003 ) Ángel de la guarda , mi dulce compañía ( 2003 ) Pasión de gavilanes ( 2003 ) El alma herida ( 2003 ) Prisionera ( 2004 ) Gitanas ( 2004 ) Te voy a enseñar a querer ( 2004 ) Anita no te rajes ( 2004 ) La mujer en el espejo ( 2004 ) La ley del silencio ( 2005 ) Los plateados ( 2005 ) Amarte así , Frijolito ( 2005 ) El cuerpo del deseo ( 2005 ) La Tormenta ( 2005 ) Corazón Partido ( 2005 ) Tierra de pasiones ( 2006 ) Dueña y señora ( 2006 ) Amores de mercado ( 2006 ) La viuda de Blanco ( 2006 ) Marina ( 2006 ) El Zorro , la espada y la rosa ( 2007 ) Dame chocolate ( 2007 ) Sin vergüenza ( 2007 ) Madre Luna ( 2007 ) Pecados ajenos ( 2007 ) Victoria ( 2007 ) La traición ( 2008 ) Sin senos no hay paraíso ( 2008 ) El juramento ( 2008 ) Doña Bárbara ( 2008 ) El rostro de Analía ( 2008 ) Más sabe el diablo ( 2009 ) Victorinos ( 2009 ) Niños ricos , pobres padres ( 2009 ) Bella calamidades ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts Perro amor ( 2010 ) El clon ( 2010 ) ¿ Dónde está Elisa ? ( 2010 ) El fantasma de Elena ( 2010 ) La Diosa Coronada ( 2010 ) Alguien te mira ( 2010 ) Aurora ( 2010 ) Ojo por ojo ( 2010 ) Los herederos del Monte ( 2011 ) Mi corazón insiste en Lola Volcán ( 2011 ) La casa de al lado ( 2011 ) Amar de nuevo ( 2011 ) Flor Salvaje ( 2011 ) Una Maid en Manhattan ( 2011 ) Relaciones peligrosas ( 2012 ) Corazón valiente ( 2012 ) Rosa diamante ( 2012 ) El rostro de la venganza ( 2012 ) La Patrona ( 2013 ) Pasión prohibida ( 2013 ) Dama y obrero ( 2013 ) Marido en alquiler ( 2013 ) Santa Diabla ( 2013 ) La impostora ( 2014 ) En otra piel ( 2014 ) Camelia la Texana ( 2014 ) Reina de corazones ( 2014 ) Los miserables ( 2014 ) Villa Paraíso ( 2014 ) Tierra de reyes ( 2014 ) Dueños del paraíso ( 2015 ) Bajo el mismo cielo ( 2015 ) Celia ( 2015 ) ¿ Quién es quién ? ( 2015 ) La querida del Centauro ( 2016 - 17 ) Eva la trailera ( 2016 ) Silvana sin lana ( 2016 ) La Fan ( 2017 ) Guerra de ídolos ( 2017 ) Mariposa de Barrio ( 2017 ) Sangre de mi tierra ( 2017 ) José José , el príncipe de la canción ( 2018 ) Current La Reina del Sur ( since 2011 ) El Señor de los Cielos ( since 2013 ) Señora Acero ( since 2014 ) Sin senos sí hay paraíso ( since 2016 ) La Doña ( since 2016 ) El Chema ( since 2016 ) Milagros de Navidad ( since 2017 ) Al otro lado del muro ( since 2018 ) Enemigo íntimo ( since 2018 ) Mi familia perfecta ( since 2018 ) Luis Miguel ( since 2018 ) Upcoming El secreto de Selena El Recluso El Ganador Prisionero número uno Betty en Nueva York Category RTI Producciones telenovelas and series En cuerpo ajeno ( 1992 ) Clase aparte ( 1994 - 1996 ) María Bonita ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1997 ) Amantes del desierto ( 2001 ) Adrián está de visita ( 2001 ) La vengaza ( 2002 ) Sofía dame tiempo ( 2003 ) Ángel de la guarda , mi dulce compañía ( 2003 ) Pasión de Gavilanes ( 2003 ) Te voy a enseñar a querer ( 2004 ) La mujer en el espejo ( 2004 ) La Tormenta ( 2004 - 2006 ) Amores de mercado ( 2006 ) El Zorro , la espada y la rosa ( 2007 ) Sin vergüenza ( 2007 ) Madre Luna ( 2007 ) Victoria ( 2007 ) La traición ( 2008 ) Sin senos no hay paraíso ( 2008 - 2009 ) Doña Bárbara ( 2008 - 2009 ) Victorinos ( 2009 ) Niños Ricos , Pobres Padres ( 2009 ) Bella calamidades ( 2009 ) El clon ( 2010 ) La Diosa Coronada ( 2010 ) Ojo por ojo ( 2010 ) Los herederos del Monte ( 2011 ) La Reina del Sur ( 2011 ) Flor Salvaje ( 2011 ) ¿ Quién Eres Tú ? ( 2012 ) Las Bandidas ( 2013 ) Tres Caínes ( 2013 ) La Madame ( 2013 ) La virgen de la calle ( 2014 ) La viuda negra ( 2014 - 2016 ) ¿ Quién mató a Patricia Soler ? ( 2014 ) El Chivo ( 2014 ) La esquina del diablo ( 2015 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Reina_del_Sur_(TV_series)&oldid=842385298 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2011 telenovelas 2011 American television series debuts 2011 Spanish television series debuts American television series based on telenovelas Spanish - language American telenovelas RTI Producciones telenovelas Telemundo telenovelas Films about Mexican drug cartels Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with broken reference names Interlanguage link template link number Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Hrvatski ქართული Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 03 : 20 . About Wikipedia
when does la reina del sur 2 come out
[ "On May 11, 2017 Telemundo confirmed that the series would be renewed to a second season.[7] On Monday, May 15, 2017, Telemundo in its programming for the 2017–18 a preview of the series.[8]" ]
[ "the 2017–18 a preview of the series" ]
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History of United States prison systems
History of United States prison systems - wikipedia History of United States prison systems Jump to : navigation , search Eastern State Penitentiary , constructed in the 1820s during the first major wave of penitentiary building in the United States . Imprisonment as a form of criminal punishment only became widespread in the United States just before the American Revolution , though penal incarceration efforts had been ongoing in England since as early as the 1500s , and prisons in the form of dungeons and various detention facilities had existed since long before then . Prison building efforts in the United States came in three major waves . The first began during the Jacksonian Era and led to widespread use of imprisonment and rehabilitative labor as the primary penalty for most crimes in nearly all states by the time of the American world war one . The second began after the Civil War and gained momentum during the Progressive Era , bringing a number of new mechanisms -- such as parole , probation , and indeterminate sentencing -- into the mainstream of American penal practice . Finally , since the early 1970s , the United States has engaged in a historically unprecedented expansion of its imprisonment systems at both the federal and state level . Since 1973 , the number of incarcerated persons in the United States has increased five-fold , and in a given year 7,000,000 people were under the supervision or control of correctional services in the United States . These periods of prison construction and reform produced major changes in the structure of prison systems and their missions , the responsibilities of federal and state agencies for administering and supervising them , as well as the legal and political status of prisoners themselves . Contents ( hide ) 1 Intellectual origins of United States prisons 1.1 The English workhouse 1.2 English philanthropist penology 1.3 Rationalist penology 2 Historical development of United States prison systems 2.1 Early settlement , convict transportation , and the prisoner trade 2.2 Colonial criminal punishments , jails , and workhouses 2.3 Post-Revolutionary Penal Reform and the Beginnings of United States Prison Systems 2.4 Jacksonian and Antebellum era 2.4. 1 New origins of deviancy and an institutional response 2.4. 2 The Pennsylvania system 2.4. 3 New York , the Auburn system , and the future of the penitentiary 2.4. 4 The South 2.4. 4.1 Antebellum Southern republicanism and political opposition to penitentiary building 2.4. 4.2 Prison construction 2.4. 4.3 Urban crime in the antebellum South 2.4. 4.4 Rural crime in the antebellum South 2.5 Reconstruction era 2.5. 1 Northern developments 2.5. 1.1 Brutality , immigration , eugenics , and `` prisons as laboratories '' 2.5. 1.2 Failure of Jacksonian reform and renewed efforts 2.5. 2 Southern developments 2.5. 2.1 Changing demographics of crime and punishment in the Reconstruction - era South 2.5. 2.2 Institutional power struggles over the Southern justice apparatus 2.5. 2.3 Beginning of the convict lease system 2.6 Progressive era 2.6. 1 Southern developments 2.6. 1.1 Gradual demise of the convict lease 2.7 Civil rights era 2.7. 1 The prisoners ' rights movement 2.7. 2 The `` law and order '' movement 2.8 Modern developments 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Intellectual origins of United States prisons ( edit ) Incarceration as a form of criminal punishment is `` a comparatively recent episode in Anglo - American jurisprudence , '' according to historian Adam J. Hirsch . Before the nineteenth century , sentences of penal confinement were rare in the criminal courts of British North America . But penal incarceration had been utilized in England as early as the reign of the Tudors , if not before . When post-revolutionary prisons emerged in United States , they were , in Hirsch 's words , not a `` fundamental departure '' from the former American colonies ' intellectual past . Early American prisons systems like Massachusetts ' Castle Island Penitentiary , built in 1780 , essentially imitated the model of the 1500s English workhouse . The English workhouse ( edit ) See also : Workhouse `` The workroom at St James 's workhouse '' , from The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) The English workhouse , an intellectual forerunner of early United States penitentiaries , was first developed as a `` cure '' for the idleness of the poor . Over time English officials and reformers came to see the workhouse as a more general system for rehabilitating criminals of all kinds . Common wisdom in the England of the 1500s attributed property crime to idleness . `` Idleness '' had been a status crime since Parliament enacted the Statute of Laborers in the mid-fourteenth century . By 1530 , English subjects convicted of leading a `` Rogishe or Vagabonds Trade or Lyfe '' were subject to whipping and mutilation , and recidivists could face the death penalty . In 1557 , many in England perceived that vagrancy was on the rise . That same year , the City of London reopened the Bridewell as a warehouse for vagrants arrested within the city limits . By order of any two of the Bridewell 's governors , a person could be committed to the prison for a term of custody ranging from several weeks to several years . In the decades that followed , `` houses of correction '' or `` workhouses '' like the Bridewell became a fixture of towns across England -- a change made permanent when Parliament began requiring every county in the realm to build a workhouse in 1576 . The workhouse was not just a custodial institution . At least some of its proponents hoped that the experience of incarceration would rehabilitate workhouse residents through hard labor . Supporters expressed the belief that forced abstinence from `` idleness '' would make vagrants into productive citizens . Other supporters argued that the threat of the workhouse would deter vagrancy , and that inmate labor could provide a means of support for the workhouse itself . Governance of these institutions was controlled by written regulations promulgated by local authorities , and local justices of the peace monitored compliance . Although `` vagrants '' were the first inhabitants of the workhouse -- not felons or other criminals -- expansion of its use to criminals was discussed . Sir Thomas More described in Utopia ( 1516 ) how an ideal government should punish citizens with slavery , not death , and expressly recommended use of penal enslavement in England . Thomas Starkey , chaplain to Henry VIII , suggested that convicted felons `` be put in some commyn work ... so by theyr life yet the commyn welth schold take some profit . '' Edward Hext , justice of the peace in Somersetshire in the 1500s , recommended that criminals be put to labor in the workhouse after receiving the traditional punishments of the day . Former workhouse in Nantwich , dating from 1780 During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , several programs experimented with sentencing various petty criminals to the workhouse . Many petty criminals were sentenced to the workhouse by way of the vagrancy laws even before these efforts . A commission appointed by King James I in 1622 to reprieve felons condemned to death with banishment to the American colonies was also given authority to sentence offenders `` to toyle in some such heavie and painful manuall workes and labors here at home and be kept in chains in the house of correction or other places , '' until the King or his ministers decided otherwise . Within three years , a growing body of laws authorized incarceration in the workhouse for specifically enumerated petty crimes . Throughout the 1700s , even as England 's `` Bloody Code '' took shape , incarceration at hard labor was held out as an acceptable punishment for criminals of various kinds -- e.g. , those who received a suspended death sentence via the benefit of clergy or a pardon , those who were not transported to the colonies , or those convicted of petty larceny . In 1779 -- at a time when the American Revolution had made convict transportation to North America impracticable -- the English Parliament passed the Penitentiary Act , mandating the construction of two London prisons with internal regulations modeled on the Dutch workhouse -- i.e. , prisoners would labor more or less constantly during the day , with their diet , clothing , and communication strictly controlled . Although the Penitentiary Act promised to make penal incarceration the focal point of English criminal law , a series of the penitentiaries it prescribed were never constructed . Despite the ultimate failure of the Penitentiary Act , however , the legislation marked the culmination of a series of legislative efforts that `` disclose ( ) the ... antiquity , continuity , and durability '' of rehabilitative incarceration ideology in Anglo - American criminal law , according to historian Adam J. Hirsch . The first United States penitentiaries involved elements of the early English workhouses -- hard labor by day and strict supervision of inmates . English philanthropist penology ( edit ) John Howard , English philanthropist penal reformer . A second group that supported penal incarceration in England included clergymen and `` lay pietists '' of various religious denominations who made efforts during the 1700s to reduce the severity of the English criminal justice system . Initially , reformers like John Howard focused on the harsh conditions of pre-trial detention in English jails . But many philanthropists did not limit their efforts to jail administration and inmate hygiene ; they were also interested in the spiritual health of inmates and curbing the common practice of mixing all prisoners together at random . Their ideas about inmate classification and solitary confinement match another undercurrent of penal innovation in the United States that persisted into the Progressive Era . Beginning with Samuel Denne 's Letter to Lord Ladbroke ( 1771 ) and Jonas Hanway 's Solitude in Imprisonment ( 1776 ) , philanthropic literature on English penal reform began to concentrate on the post-conviction rehabilitation of criminals in the prison setting . Although they did not speak with a single voice , the philanthropist penologists tended to view crime as an outbreak of the criminal 's estrangement from God . Hanway , for example , believed that the challenge of rehabilitating the criminal law lay in restoring his faith in , and fear of the Christian God , in order to `` qualify ( him ) for happiness in both worlds . '' Philanthropist penal reformer Jonas Hanway , author of Solitude in Imprisonment ( 1776 ) , circa 1785 . Many eighteenth - century English philanthropists proposed solitary confinement as a way to rehabilitate inmates morally . Since at least 1740 , philanthropic thinkers touted the use of penal solitude for two primary purposes : ( 1 ) to isolate prison inmates from the moral contagion of other prisoners , and ( 2 ) to jump - start their spiritual recovery . The philanthropists found solitude far superior to hard labor , which only reached the convict 's worldly self , failing to get at the underlying spiritual causes of crime . In their conception of prison as a `` penitentiary , '' or place of repentance for sin , the English philanthropists departed from Continental models and gave birth to a largely novel idea -- according to social historians Michael Meranze and Michael Ignatieff -- which in turn found its way into penal practice in the United States . A major political obstacle to implementing the philanthropists ' solitary program in England was financial : Building individual cells for each prisoner cost more than the congregate housing arrangements typical of eighteenth - century English jails . But by the 1790s , local solitary confinement facilities for convicted criminals appeared in Gloucestershire and several other English counties . The philanthropists ' focus on isolation and moral contamination became the foundation for early penitentiaries in the United States . Philadelphians of the period eagerly followed the reports of philanthropist reformer John Howard And the archetypical penitentiaries that emerged in the 1820s United States -- e.g. , Auburn and Eastern State penitentiaries -- both implemented a solitary regime aimed at morally rehabilitating prisoners . The concept of inmate classification -- or dividing prisoners according to their behavior , age , etc. -- remains in use in United States prisons to this day . Rationalist penology ( edit ) Cesare Beccaria , Italian rationalist penal reformer and author of On Crimes and Punishments ( 1764 ) . A third group involved in English penal reform were the `` rationalists '' or `` utlitarians '' . According to historian Adam J. Hirsch , eighteenth - century rationalist criminology `` rejected scripture in favor of human logic and reason as the only valid guide to constructing social institutions . Eighteenth - century rational philosophers like Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham developed a `` novel theory of crime '' -- specifically , that what made an action subject to criminal punishment was the harm it caused to other members of society . For the rationalists , sins that did not result in social harm were outside the purview of civil courts . With John Locke 's `` sensational psychology '' as a guide , which maintained that environment alone defined human behavior , many rationalists sought the roots of a criminal 's behavior in his or her past environment . Rationalists differed as to what environmental factors gave rise to criminality . Some rationalists , including Cesare Beccaria , blamed criminality on the uncertainty criminal punishment , whereas earlier criminologists had linked criminal deterrence to the severity of punishment . In essence , Beccaria believed that where arrest , conviction , and sentencing for crime were `` rapid and infallible , '' punishments for crime could remain moderate . Beccaria did not take issue with the substance of contemporary penal codes -- e.g. , whipping and the pillory ; rather , he took issue with their form and implementation . Jeremy Bentham , English rationalist penal reformer and designer of the Panopticon . Other rationalists , like Jeremy Bentham , believed that deterrence alone could not end criminality and looked instead to the social environment as the ultimate source of crime . Bentham 's conception of criminality led him to concur with philanthropist reformers on the need for rehabilitation of offenders . But , unlike the philanthropists , Bentham and like - minded rationalists believed the true goal of rehabilitation was to show convicts the logical `` inexpedience '' of crime , not their estrangement from religion . For these rationalists , society was the source of and the solution to crime . Ultimately , hard labor became the preferred rationalist therapy . Bentham eventually adopted this approach , and his well - known 1791 design for the Panopticon prison called for inmates to labor in solitary cells for the course of their imprisonment . Another rationalist , William Eden , collaborated with John Howard and Justice William Blackstone in drafting the Penitentiary Act of 1779 , which called for a penal regime of hard labor . According to social and legal historian Adam J. Hirsch , the rationalists had only a secondary impact on United States penal practices . But their ideas -- whether consciously adopted by United States prison reformers or not -- resonate in various United States penal initiatives to the present day . Historical development of United States prison systems ( edit ) Although convicts played a significant role in British settlement of North America , according to legal historian Adam J. Hirsch `` ( t ) he wholesale incarceration of criminals is in truth a comparatively recent episode in the history of Anglo - American jurisprudence . '' Imprisonment facilities were present from the earliest English settlement of North America , but the fundamental purpose of these facilities changed in the early years of United States legal history as a result of a geographically widespread `` penitentiary '' movement . The form and function of prison systems in the United States has continued to change as a result of political and scientific developments , as well as notable reform movements during the Jacksonian Era , Reconstruction Era , Progressive Era , and the 1970s . But the status of penal incarceration as the primary mechanism for criminal punishment has remained the same since its first emergence in the wake of the American Revolution . Early settlement , convict transportation , and the prisoner trade ( edit ) See also : Penal transportation Richard Hakluyt , promoter of large - scale English settlement in the Jamestown Colony by convicts , as depicted in stained glass in the west window of the south transept of Bristol Cathedral . Prisoners and prisons appeared in North America simultaneous to the arrival of European settlers . Among the ninety or so men who sailed with the explorer known as Christopher Columbus were a young black man abducted from the Canary Islands and at least four convicts . By 1570 , Spanish soldiers in St. Augustine , Florida , had built the first substantial prison in North America . As other European nations began to compete with Spain for land and wealth in the New World , they too turned to convicts to fill out the crews on their ships . According to social historian Marie Gottschalk , convicts were `` indispensable '' to English settlement efforts in what is now the United States . In the late sixteenth century , Richard Hakluyt called for the large - scale conscription of criminals to settle the New World for England . But official action on Haklyut 's proposal lagged until 1606 , when the English crown escalated its colonization efforts . Sir John Popham 's colonial venture in present - day Maine was stocked , a contemporary critic complained , `` out of all the gaols ( jails ) of England . '' The Virginia Company , the corporate entity responsible for settling Jamestown , authorized its colonists to seize Native American children wherever they could `` for conversion ... to the knowledge and worship of the true God and their redeemer , Christ Jesus . '' The colonists themselves lived , in effect , as prisoners of the Company 's governor and his agents . Men caught trying to escape were tortured to death ; seamstresses who erred in their sewing were subject to whipping . One Richard Barnes , accused of uttering `` base and detracting words '' against the governor , was ordered to be `` disarmed and have his arms broken and his tongue bored through with an awl '' before being banished from the settlement entirely . When control of the Virginia Company passed to Sir Edwin Sandys in 1618 , efforts to bring large numbers of settlers to the New World against their will gained traction alongside less coercive measures like indentured servitude . Vagrancy statutes began to provide for penal transportation to the American colonies as an alternative to capital punishment in this period , during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I . At the same time , the legal definition of `` vagrancy '' was greatly expanded . Under Queen Elizabeth I , English vagrancy laws began increasingly to provide for penal transportation as a substitute for capital sentences . Soon , a royal commissions endorsed the notion that any felon -- except those convicted of murder , witchcraft , burglary , or rape -- could legally be transported to Virginia or the West Indies to work as a plantation servant . Sandys also proposed sending maids to Jamestown as `` breeders , '' whose costs of passage could be paid for by the planters who took them on as `` wives . '' Soon , over sixty such women had made the passage to Virginia , and more followed . King James I 's royal administration also sent `` vagrant '' children to the New World as servants . a letter in the Virginia Company 's records suggests that as many as 1,500 children were sent to Virginia between 1619 and 1617 . By 1619 , African prisoners were brought to Jamestown and sold as slaves as well , marking England 's entry into the Atlantic slave trade . The infusion of kidnapped children , maids , convicts , and Africans to Virginia during the early part of the seventeenth century inaugurated a pattern that would continue for nearly two centuries . By 1650 , the majority of British emigrants to colonial North America went as `` prisoners '' of one sort or another -- whether as indentured servants , convict laborers , or slaves . The prisoner trade became the `` moving force '' of English colonial policy after the Restoration -- i.e. , from the summer of 1660 onward -- according to By 1680 , the Reverend Morgan Godwyn estimated that almost 10,000 persons were spirited away to the Americas annually by the English crown . Parliament accelerated the prisoner trade in the eighteenth century . Under England 's Bloody Code , a large portion of the realm 's convicted criminal population faced the death penalty . But pardons were common . During the eighteenth century , the majority of those sentenced to die in English courts were pardoned -- often in exchange for voluntary transport to the colonies . In 1717 , Parliament empowered the English courts to directly sentence offenders to transportation , and by 1769 transportation was the leading punishment for serious crime in Great Britain . Over two - thirds of those sentenced during sessions of the Old Bailey in 1769 were transported . The list of `` serious crimes '' warranting transportation continued to expand throughout the eighteenth century , as it had during the seventeenth . Historian A. Roger Ekirch estimates that as many as one - quarter of all British emigrants to colonial America during the 1700s were convicts . In the 1720s , James Oglethorpe settled the colony of Georgia almost entirely with convict settlers . The typical transported convict during the 1700s was brought to the North American colonies on board a `` prison ship . '' Upon arrival , the convict 's keepers would bathe and clothe him or her ( and , in extreme cases , provide a fresh wig ) in preparation for a convict auction . Newspapers advertised the arrival of a convict cargo in advance , and buyers would come at an appointed hour to purchase convicts off the auction block . The Old Newgate Prison in London was one of many detention centers that facilitated the convict trade between England and its American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries . Prisons played an essential role in the convict trade . Some ancient prisons , like the Fleet and Newgate , still remained in use during the high period of the American prisoner trade in the eighteenth century . But more typically an old house , medieval dungeon space , or private structure would act as a holding pen for those bound for American plantations or the Royal Navy ( under impressment ) . Operating clandestine prisons in major port cities for detainees whose transportation to the New World was not strictly legal , became a lucrative trade on both sides of the Atlantic in this period . Unlike contemporary prisons , those associated with the convict trade served a custodial , not a punitive function . Many colonists in British North America resented convict transportation . As early as 1683 , Pennsylvania 's colonial legislature attempted to bar felons from being introduced within its borders . Benjamin Franklin called convict transportation `` an insult and contempt , the cruellest , that ever one people offered to another . '' Franklin suggested that the colonies send some of North America 's rattlesnakes to England , to be set loose in its finest parks , in revenge . But transportation of convicts to England 's North American colonies continued until the American Revolution , and many officials in England saw it as a humane necessity in light of the harshness of the penal code and contemporary conditions in English jails . Dr. Samuel Johnson , upon hearing that British authorities might bow to continuing agitation in the American colonies against transportation , reportedly told James Boswell : `` Why they are a race of convicts , and ought to be thankful for anything we allow them short of hanging ! '' When the American Revolution ended the prisoner trade to North America , the abrupt halt threw Britain 's penal system into disarray , as prisons and jails quickly filled with the many convicts who previously would have moved on to the colonies . Conditions steadily worsened . It was during this crisis period in the English criminal justice system that penal reformer John Howard began his work . Howard 's comprehensive study of British penal practice , The State of the Prisons in England and Wales , was first published in 1777 -- one year after the start of the Revolution . Colonial criminal punishments , jails , and workhouses ( edit ) The `` Old Gaol ( Jail ) '' in Barnstable , Massachusetts , built in 1690 and operated until 1820 , is today the oldest wooden jail in the United States of America . The jail was built in 1690 by order of Plimouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony Courts . Used as a jail from 1690 -- 1820 ; at one time moved and attached to the Constable 's home . The ' Old Gaol ' was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 . Although jails were an early fixture of colonial North American communities , they generally did not serve as places of incarceration as a form of criminal punishment . Instead , the main role of the colonial American jail was as a non-punitive detention facility for pre-trial and pre-sentence criminal defendants , as well as imprisoned debtors . The most common penal sanctions of the day were fines , whipping , and community - oriented punishments like the stocks . Jails were among the earliest public structures built in colonial British North America . The 1629 colonial charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , for example , granted the shareholders behind the venture the right to establish laws for their settlement `` not contrarie to the lawes of our realm in England '' and to administer `` lawfull correction '' to violators , and Massachusetts established a house of correction for punishing criminals by 1635 . Colonial Pennsylvania built two houses of correction starting in 1682 , and Connecticut established one in 1727 . By the eighteenth century , every county in the North American colonies had a jail . A whipping post or pillory , with stocks atop it , at the New Castle County Jail , Delaware , in 1897 . Colonial American jails were not the `` ordinary mechanism of correction '' for criminal offenders , according to social historian David Rothman . Criminal incarceration as a penal sanction was `` plainly a second choice , '' either a supplement to or a substitute for traditional criminal punishments of the day , in the words of historian Adam J. Hirsch . Eighteenth - century criminal codes provided for a far wider range of criminal punishments than contemporary state and federal criminal laws in the United States . Fines , whippings , the stocks , the pillory , the public cage , banishment , capital punishment at the gallows , penal servitude in private homes -- all of these punishments came before imprisonment in British colonial America . The most common sentence of the colonial era was a fine or a whipping , but the stocks were another common punishment -- so much so that most colonies , like Virginia in 1662 , hastened to build these before either the courthouse or the jail . The theocratic communities of Puritan Massachusetts imposed faith - based punishments like the admonition -- a formal censure , apology , and pronouncement of criminal sentence ( generally reduced or suspended ) , performed in front of the church - going community . Sentences to the colonial American workhouse -- when they were actually imposed on defendants -- rarely exceeded three months , and sometimes spanned just a single day . Colonial jails served a variety of public functions other than penal imprisonment . Civil imprisonment for debt was one of these , but colonial jails also served as warehouses for prisoners - of - war and political prisoners ( especially during the American Revolution ) . They were also an integral part of the transportation and slavery systems -- not only as warehouses for convicts and slaves being put up for auction , but also as a means of disciplining both kinds of servants . Depiction of slaves -- another labor force brought to England 's American colonies in captivity -- processing tobacco in 17th - century Virginia . The colonial jail 's primary criminal law function was as a pre-trial and pre-sentence detention facility . Generally , only the poorest or most despised defendants found their way into the jails of colonial North America , since colonial judges rarely denied requests for bail . The only penal function of significance that colonial jails served was for contempt -- but this was a coercive technique designed to protect the power of the courts , not a penal sanction in its own right . The colonial jail differed from today 's United States prisons not only in its purpose , but in its structure . Many were no more than a cage or closet . Colonial jailers ran their institutions on a `` familial '' model and resided in an apartment attached to the jail , sometimes with a family of their own . The colonial jail 's design resembled an ordinary domestic residence , and inmates essentially rented their bed and paid the jailer for necessities . Before the close of the American Revolution , few statutes or regulations defined the colonial jailers ' duty of care or other responsibilities . Upkeep was often haphazard , and escapes quite common . Few official efforts were made to maintain inmates ' health or see to their other basic needs . Post-revolutionary penal reform and the beginnings of United States prison systems ( edit ) A map of Philadelphia in 1796 , at a time when a century of population growth and social change was beginning to transform crime and punishment in the city and elsewhere in the early United States . The first major prison reform movement in the United States came after the American Revolution , at the start of the nineteenth century . According to historians Adam J. Hirsch and David Rothman , the reform of this period was shaped less by intellectual movements in England than by a general clamor for action in a time of population growth and increasing social mobility , which prompted a critical reappraisal and revision of penal corrective techniques . To address these changes , post-colonial legislators and reformers began to stress the need for a system of hard labor to replace ineffectual corporal and traditional punishments . Ultimately , these early efforts yielded the United States ' first penitentiary systems . The onset of the eighteenth century brought major demographic and social change to colonial and , eventually post-colonial American life . The century was marked by rapid population growth throughout the colonies -- a result of lower mortality rates and increasing ( though small at first ) rates of immigration . In the aftermath of the Revolutionary War , this trend persisted . Between 1790 and 1830 , the population of the newly independent North American states greatly increased , and the number and density of urban centers did as well . The population of Massachusetts almost doubled in this period , while it tripled in Pennsylvania and increased five-fold in New York . In 1790 , no American city had more than fifty thousand residents ; however , by 1830 nearly 500,000 people lived in cities larger than that . The population of the former British colonies also became increasingly mobile during the eighteenth century , especially after the Revolution . Movement to urban centers , in and out of emerging territories , and up and down a more fluid social ladder throughout the century made it difficult for the localism and hierarchy that had structured American life in the seventeenth century to retain their former significance . The Revolution only accelerated patterns of dislocation and transience , leaving displaced families and former soldiers struggling to adapt to the strictures of a stunted post-war economy . The emergence of cities created a kind of community very different from the pre-revolutionary model . The crowded streets of emerging urban centers like Philadelphia seemed to contemporary observers to dangerously blur class , sex , and racial boundaries . William Bradford , like other commentators of the post-revolutionary period , believed that the harsh punishments of English criminal law had perpetuated crime in the North American colonies . Demographic change in the eighteenth century coincided with shifts in the configuration of crime . After 1700 , literary evidence from a variety of sources -- e.g. , ministers , newspapers , and judges -- suggest that property crime rates rose ( or , at least , were perceived to ) . Conviction rates appear to have risen during the last half of the eighteenth century , rapidly so in the 1770s and afterward and especially in urban areas . Contemporary accounts also suggest widespread transiency among former criminals . Communities began to think about their town as something less than the sum of all its inhabitants during this period , and the notion of a distinct criminal class began to materialize . In the Philadelphia of the 1780s , for example , city authorities worried about the proliferation of taverns on the outskirts of the city , `` sites of an alternative , interracial , lower - class culture '' that was , in the words of one observer , `` the very root of vice . '' In Boston , a higher urban crime rate led to the creation of a specialized , urban court in 1800 . The efficacy of traditional , community - based punishments waned during the eighteenth century . Penal servitude , a mainstay of British and colonial American criminal justice , became nearly extinct during the seventeenth century , at the same time that Northern states , beginning with Vermont in 1777 , began to abolish slavery . Fines and bonds for good behavior -- one of the most common criminal sentences of the colonial era -- were nearly impossible to enforce among the transient poor . As the former American colonists expanded their political loyalty beyond the parochial to their new state governments , promoting a broader sense of the public welfare , banishment ( or `` warning out '' ) also seemed inappropriate , since it merely passed criminals onto a neighboring community . Public shaming punishments like the pillory had always been inherently unstable methods of enforcing the public order , since they depended in large part on the participation of the accused and the public . As the eighteenth century matured , and a social distance between the criminal and the community became more manifest , mutual antipathy ( rather than community compassion and offender penitence ) became more common at public executions and other punishments . In urban centers like Philadelphia , growing class and racial tensions -- especially in the wake of the Revolution -- led crowds to actively sympathize with the accused at executions and other public punishments . Colonial governments began making efforts to reform their penal architecture and excise many traditional punishments even before the Revolution . Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Connecticut all inaugurated efforts to reconstitute their penal systems in the years leading up to the war to make incarceration at hard labor the sole punishment for most crimes . Although war interrupted these efforts , they were renewed afterward . A `` climate change '' in post-Revolutionary politics , in the words of historian Adam J. Hirsch , made colonial legislatures open to legal change of all sorts after the Revolution , as they retooled their constitutions and criminal codes to reflect their separation from England . The Anglophobic politics of the day bolstered efforts to do away with punishments inherited from English legal practice . An artist 's 1840 depiction of Massachusetts ' Charlestown State Prison , opened in 1805 to accommodate the state 's increasing prison population due to post-revolutionary penal reforms . Reformers in the United States also began to discuss the effect of criminal punishment itself on criminality in the post-revolutionary period , and at least some concluded that the barbarism of colonial - era punishments , inherited from English penal practice , did more harm than good . `` The mild voice of reason and humanity , '' wrote New York penal reformer Thomas Eddy in 1801 , `` reached not the thrones of princes or the halls of legislators . '' `` The mother country had stifled the colonists ' benevolent instincts , '' according to Eddy , `` compelling them to emulate the crude customs of the old world . The result was the predominance of archaic and punitive laws that only served to perpetuate crime . '' Attorney William Bradford made an argument similar to Eddy 's in a 1793 treatise . By the second decade of the nineteenth century every state except North Carolina , South Carolina , and Florida had amended its criminal code to provide for incarceration ( primarily at hard labor ) as the primary punishment for all but the most serious offenses . Provincial laws in Massachusetts began to prescribe short terms in the workhouse for deterrence throughout the eighteenth century and , by mid-century , the first statutes mandating long - term hard labor in the workhouse as a penal sanction appeared . In New York , a 1785 bill , restricted in effect to New York City , authorized municipal officials to substitute up to six months ' hard labor in the workhouse in all cases where prior law had mandated corporal punishment . In 1796 , an additional bill expanded this program to the entire state of New York . Pennsylvania established a hard labor law in 1786 . Hard - labor programs expanded to New Jersey in 1797 , to Virginia in 1796 , to Kentucky in 1798 , and to Vermont , New Hampshire , and Maryland in 1800 . This move toward imprisonment did not translate to an immediate break from traditional forms of punishment . Many new criminal provisions merely expanded the discretion of judges to choose from among various punishments , including imprisonment . The 1785 amendments to Massachusetts ' arson statute , for instance , expanded the available punishments for setting fire to a non-dwelling from whipping to hard labor , imprisonment in jail , the pillory , whipping , fining , or any or all of those punishments in combination . Massachusetts judges wielded this new - found discretion in various ways for twenty years , before fines , incarceration , or the death penalty became the sole available sanctions under the state 's penal code . Other states -- e.g. , New York , Pennsylvania , and Connecticut -- also lagged in their shift toward incarceration . Prison construction kept pace with post-revolutionary legal change . All states that revised their criminal codes to provide for incarceration also constructed new state prisons . But the focus of penal reformers in the post-revolutionary years remained largely external to the institutions they built , according to David Rothman . For reformers of the day , Rothman claims , the fact of imprisonment -- not the institution 's internal routine and its effect on the offender -- was of primary concern . Incarceration seemed more humane than traditional punishments like hanging and whipping , and it theoretically matched punishment more specifically to the crime . But it would take another period of reform , in the Jacksonian Era , for state prison initiatives to take the shape of actual justice institutions . Jacksonian and antebellum Era ( edit ) Present - day exterior shot of the gate at Eastern State Penitentiary , birthplace of the `` Pennsylvania ( or Separate ) System '' of prison governance . By 1800 , eleven of the then - sixteen United States -- i.e. , Pennsylvania , New York , New Jersey , Massachusetts , Kentucky , Vermont , Maryland , New Hampshire , Georgia , and Virginia -- had in place some form of penal incarceration . But the primary focus of contemporary criminology remained on the legal system , according to historian David Rothman , not the institutions in which convicts served their sentences . This changed during the Jacksonian Era , as contemporary notions of criminality continued to shift . Starting in the 1820s , a new institution , the `` penitentiary '' , gradually became the focal point of criminal justice in the United States . At the same time , other novel institutions -- the asylum and the almshouse -- redefined care for the mentally ill and the poor . For its proponents , the penitentiary was an ambitious program whose external appearance , internal arrangements , and daily routine would counteract the disorder and immorality thought to be breeding crime in American society . Although its adoption was haphazard at first , and marked by political strife -- especially in the South -- the penitentiary became an established institution in the United States by the end of the 1830s . New origins of deviancy and an institutional response ( edit ) Francis Wayland , a Baptist reformer of the antebellum period , advocated for the `` Auburn ( or Congregate ) System '' . Jacksonian - Era reformers and prison officials began seeking the origins of crime in the personal histories of criminals and traced the roots of crime to society itself . In the words of historian David Rothman , `` They were certain that children lacking discipline quickly fell victim to the influence of vice at loose in the community . '' Jacksonian reformers specifically tied rapid population growth and social mobility to the disorder and immorality of contemporary society . To combat society 's decay and the risks presented by it , Jacksonian penologists designed an institutional setting to remove `` deviants '' from the corruption of their families and communities . In this corruption - free environment , the deviant could learn the vital moral lessons he or she had previously ignored while sheltered from the temptations of vice . This solution ultimately took the shape of the penitentiary . In the 1820s , New York and Pennsylvania began new prison initiatives that inspired similar efforts in a number of other states . Post-revolutionary carceral regimes had conformed to the English workhouse tradition ; inmates labored together by day and shared congregate quarters at night . Antebellum reformer Dorothea Dix supported the `` Pennsylvania ( or Separate ) System '' . Beginning in 1790 , Pennsylvania became the first of the United States to institute solitary confinement for incarcerated convicts . After 1790 , those sentenced to hard labor in Pennsylvania were moved indoors to an inner block of solitary cells in Philadelphia 's Walnut Street Jail . New York began implementing solitary living quarters at New York City 's Newgate Prison in 1796 . From the efforts at the Walnut Street Jail and Newgate Prison , two competing systems of imprisonment emerged in the United States by the 1820s . The `` Auburn '' ( or `` Congregate System '' ) emerged from New York 's prison of the same name between 1819 and 1823 . And the `` Pennsylvania '' ( or `` Separate System '' ) emerged in that state between 1826 and 1829 . The only material difference between the two systems was whether inmates would ever leave their solitary cells -- under the Pennsylvania System , inmates almost never did , but under the Auburn System most inmates labored in congregate workshops by day and slept alone . To advocates of both systems , the promise of institutionalization depended upon isolating the prisoner from the moral contamination of society and establishing discipline in him ( or , in rarer cases , her ) . But the debate as to which system was superior continued into the mid-nineteenth century , pitting some of the period 's most prominent reformers against one another . Samuel Gridley Howe promoted the Pennsylvania System in opposition to Matthew Carey , an Auburn proponent ; Dorothea Dix took up the Pennsylvania System against Louis Dwight ; and Francis Lieber supported Pennsylvania against Francis Wayland . The Auburn system eventually prevailed , however , due largely to its lesser cost . The Pennsylvania system ( edit ) See also : Separate system Present - day photograph of a typical cell at the Eastern State Penitentiary , where the `` Pennsylvania ( or Separate ) System '' was first practiced , in restored condition . The Pennsylvania system , first implemented in the early 1830s at that state 's Eastern State Penitentiary outskirts of Philadelphia and Western State Penitentiary at Pittsburgh , was designed to maintain the complete separation of inmates at all times . Until 1904 , prisoners entered the institution with a black hood over their head , so they would never know who their fellow convicts were , before being led to the cell where they would serve the remainder of their sentence in near - constant solitude . The Cherry Hill complex entailed a massive expenditure of state funds ; its walls alone cost $200,000 , and its final price tag reached $750,000 , one of the largest state expenditures of its day . Like its competitor Auburn system , Eastern State 's regimen was premised on the inmate 's potential for individual rehabilitation . Solitude , not labor , was its hallmark ; labor was reserved only for those inmates who affirmatively earned the privilege . All contact with the outside world more or less ceased for Eastern State prisoners . Proponents boasted that a Pennsylvania inmate was `` perfectly secluded from the world ... hopelessly separated from ... family , and from all communication with and knowledge of them for the whole term of imprisonment . '' Samuel Gridley Howe , antebellum American reformer and advocate for the `` Pennsylvania ( or Separate ) System '' of prison governance . Through isolation and silence -- complete separation from the moral contaminants of the outside worlds -- Pennsylvania supporters surmised that inmates would begin a reformation . `` Each individual , '' a representative tract reads , `` will necessarily be made the instrument of his own punishment ; his conscience will be the avenger of society . '' Proponents insisted that the Pennsylvania system would involve only mild disciplinary measures , reasoning that isolated men would have neither the resources nor the occasion to violate rules or to escape . But from the outset Eastern State 's keepers used corporal punishments to enforce order . Officials used the `` iron gag , '' a bridle - like metal bit placed in the inmate 's mouth and chained around his neck and head ; the `` shower bath , '' repeated dumping of cold water onto a restrained convict ; or the `` mad chair , '' into which inmates were strapped in such a way so as to prevent their bodies from resting . Ultimately , only three prisons ever enacted the costly Pennsylvania program . But nearly all penal reformers of the antebellum period believed in Pennsylvania 's use of solitary confinement . The system remained largely intact at Eastern State Penitentiary into the early twentieth century . New York , the Auburn system , and the future of the penitentiary ( edit ) See also : Auburn system Elam Lynds , the first warden of the Auburn Penitentiary , is credited with creating the `` Auburn ( or Congregate ) System . '' The Auburn or `` Congregate '' System became the archetypical model penitentiary in the 1830s and 1840s , as its use expanded from New York 's Auburn Penitentiary into the Northeast , the Midwest , and the South . The Auburn system 's combination of congregate labor in prison workshops and solitary confinement by night became a near - universal ideal in United States prison systems , if not an actual reality . Under the Auburn system , prisoners slept alone at night and labored together in a congregate workshop during the day for the entirety of their fixed criminal sentence as set by a judge . Prisoners at Auburn were not to converse at any time , or even to exchange glances . Guards patrolled secret passageways behind the walls of the prison 's workshops in moccasins , so inmates could never be sure whether or not they were under surveillance . One official described Auburn 's discipline as `` tak ( ing ) measures for convincing the felon that he is no longer his own master ; no longer in a condition to practice deceptions in idleness ; that he must learn and practice diligently some useful trade , whereby , when he is let out of the prison to obtain an honest living . '' Inmates were permitted no intelligence of events on the outside . In the words of an early warden , Auburn inmates were `` to be literally buried from the world . '' The institution 's regime remained largely intact until after the Civil War . An 1855 engraving of New York 's Sing Sing Penitentiary , which also followed the `` Auburn ( or Congregate ) System . '' Auburn was the second state prison built in New York State . The first , Newgate , located in present - day Greenwich Village in New York City , contained no solitary cells beyond a few set aside for `` worst offenders . '' Its first keeper , Quaker Thomas Eddy , believed rehabilitation of the criminal was the primary end of punishment ( though Eddy also believed that his charges were `` wicked and depraved , capable of every atrocity , and ever plotting some means of violence and escape . '' ) Eddy was not inclined to rely on prisoners ' fear of his severity ; his `` chief disciplinary weapon '' was solitary confinement on limited rations , he forbade his guards from striking inmates , and permitted `` well - behaved '' inmates to have a supervised visit with family once every three months . Eddy made largely unsuccessful efforts to establish profitable prison labor programs , which he had hoped would cover incarceration costs and provide seed money for inmates ' re-entry into society in the form of the `` overstint '' -- i.e. , a small portion of the profits of an inmate 's labor while incarcerated , payable at his or her release . Discipline nevertheless remained hard to enforce , and major riots occurred in 1799 and 1800 -- the latter only subdued via military intervention . Conditions continued to worsen in the wake of the riots , especially during a crime wave that followed the War of 1812 . Present - day photograph of a cell in the older facility at Sing Sing Penitentiary . New York legislators set aside funds for construction of the Auburn prison to address the disappointments of Newgate and alleviate its persistent overcrowding . Almost from the outset , Auburn officials , with the consent of the legislature , eschewed the `` humane '' style envisioned by Thomas Eddy for Newgate . Floggings of up to thirty - nine lashes in duration as punishment for disciplinary infractions were permitted under an 1819 state law , which also authorized the use of the stocks and the irons . The practice of providing convicts with some of the proceeds of their labor at the time of release , the `` overstint , '' was discontinued . The severity of the new regime likely caused another series of riots in 1820 , after which the legislature formed a New York State Prison Guard for putting down future disturbances . Officials also began implementing a classification system at Auburn in the wake of the riots , dividing inmates into three groups : ( 1 ) the worst , who were placed on constant solitary lockdown ; ( 2 ) middling offenders , who were kept in solitary and worked in groups when well - behaved ; and ( 3 ) the `` least guilty and depraved , '' who were permitted to sleep in solitary and work in groups . Construction on a new solitary cell block for category ( 1 ) inmates ended in December 1821 , after which these `` hardened '' offenders moved into their new home . Within a little over a year , however , five of these men had died of consumption , another forty - one were seriously ill , and several had gone insane . After visiting the prison and seeing the residents of the new cell block , Governor Joseph C. Yates was so appalled by their condition that he pardoned several of them outright . When Joseph C. Yates visited solitary cells at the Auburn Penitentiary in the early 1820s , he pardoned several inmates on the spot to spare them further confinement at the prison . Scandal struck Auburn again when a female inmate became pregnant in solitary confinement and , later , died after repeated beatings and the onset of pneumonia . ( Because Auburn relied on female inmates for its washing and cleaning services , women remained part of the population but the first separate women 's institution in New York was not completed until 1893 . ) A jury convicted the keeper who beat the woman of assault and battery , and fined him $25 , but he remained on the job . A grand jury investigation into other aspects of the prison 's management followed but was hampered , among other obstacles , by the fact that convicts could not present evidence in court . Even so , the grand jury eventually concluded that Auburn 's keepers had been permitted to flog inmates without a higher official present , a violation of state law . But neither the warden nor any other officer was ever prosecuted , and the use and intensity of flogging only increased at Auburn , as well as the newer Sing Sing prison , in subsequent years . Despite its early scandals and regular political power struggles that left it with an unstable administrative structure , Auburn remained a model institution nationwide for decades to come . Massachusetts opened a new prison in 1826 modeled on the Auburn system , and within the first decade of Auburn 's existence , New Hampshire , Vermont , Maryland , Kentucky , Ohio , Tennessee , and the District of Columbia all constructed prisons patterned on its congregate system . By the eve of the American Civil War , Illinois , Indiana , Georgia , Missouri , Mississippi , Texas , and Arkansas , with varying success , had all inaugurated efforts to establish an Auburn - model prison in their jurisdictions . The widespread move to penitentiaries in the antebellum United States changed the geography of criminal punishment , as well as its central therapy . Offenders were now ferried across water or into walled compounds to centralized institutions of the criminal justice system hidden from public view . The penitentiary thus largely ended community involvement in the penal process -- beyond a limited role in the criminal trial itself -- though many prisons permitted visitors who paid a fee to view the inmates throughout the nineteenth century . The South ( edit ) On eve of American Civil War , crime did not pose a major concern in the Southern United States . Southerners in the main considered crime to be a Northern problem . A traditional extra-legal system of remedying slights , based in honor culture made personal violence the hallmark of Southern crime . Southern penitentiary systems brought only the most hardened criminals under centralized state control . Most criminals remained outside of formal state control structures -- especially outside of Southern cities . Antebellum Southern republicanism and political opposition to penitentiary building ( edit ) The historical record suggests that , in contrast to Northerners , Southernern states experienced a unique political anxiety about whether to construct prisons during the antebellum period . Disagreements over republican principles -- i.e. , the role of the state in social governance -- became the focus of a persistent debate about the necessity of southern penitentiaries in the decades between independence and the Civil War . To many Southerners , writes historian Edward L. Ayers , `` republicanism '' translated simply to freedom from the will of anyone else : Centralized power , even in the name of an activist republican government , promised more evil than good . Ayers concludes that this form of Southern republicanism owed its particular shape to slavery . The South 's slave economy perpetuated a rural , localized culture , he argues , in which men distrusted strangers ' claims to power . In this political milieu , the notion of surrendering individual liberties of any kind -- even those of criminals -- for some abstract conception of `` social improvement '' was abhorrent to many . But criminal incarceration appealed to others in the South . These Southerners believed that freedom would best grow under the protection of an enlightened state government that made the criminal law more effective by eradicating its more brutal practices and offering criminals the possibility of rehabilitation and restoration to society . Some also believed that penitentiaries would help to remove the contagion of depravity from republican society by segregating those who threatened the republican ideal ( the `` disturbing class '' ) . Notions of living up to the world 's ideas of `` progress '' also animated Southern penal reformers . When the Georgia legislature considered abolishing the state 's penitentiary after a devastating fire in 1829 , reformers there worried their state would become the first to renounce republican `` progress . '' A sizable portion of the Southern population -- if not the majority -- did not support the establishment of the penitentiary . Of the two times that voters in the region had an opportunity to express their opinion of the penitentiary system at the ballot box -- in Alabama and North Carolina -- the penitentiary lost overwhelmingly . Some viewed traditional public punishments as the most republican mechanism for criminal justice , due to their inherent transparency . Some worried that , since the quantity of suffering under penitentiary system would sure to far exceed that of the traditional system , Southern jurors would maintain their historic disposal toward acquittal . Evangelical Southern clergymen also opposed the penitentiary -- especially when its implementation accompanied statutory restriction of the death penalty , which they deemed a biblical requirement for certain crimes . Opposition to the penitentiary crossed party lines ; neither the Whigs nor the Democrats lent consistent support to the institution in the antebellum period . But consistent and enthusiastic support for the penitentiary did come , almost uniformly , from Southern governors . The motives of these governors are note entirely unclear , historian Edward L. Ayers concludes : Perhaps they hoped that the additional patronage positions offered by a penitentiary would augment the historically weak power of the Southern executive ; perhaps they were legitimately concerned with the problem of crime ; or perhaps both considerations played a role . Grand juries -- drawn from Southern `` elites '' -- also issued regular calls for penitentiaries in this period . Ultimately , the penitentiary 's supporters prevailed in the South , as in the North . Southern legislators enacted prison legislation in state after Southern state before the Civil War , often over public opposition . Their motives in doing so appear mixed . According to Edward L. Ayers , some Southern legislators appear to have believed they knew what was best for their people in any case . Since many Southern legislators came from the elite classes , Ayers also observes , they may also have had a personal `` class control '' motive for enacting penitentiary legislation , even while they could point to their participation in penitentiary efforts as evidence of their own benevolence . Historian Michael S. Hindus concludes that Southern hesitation about the penitentiary , at least in South Carolina , stemmed from the slave system , which made the creation of a white criminal underclass undesirable . Prison construction ( edit ) Southern states erected penitentiaries alongside their Northern counterparts in the early nineteenth century . Virginia ( 1796 ) , Maryland ( 1829 ) , Tennessee ( 1831 ) , Georgia ( 1832 ) , Louisiana and Missouri ( 1834 -- 1837 ) , and Mississippi and Alabama ( 1837 -- 1842 ) all erected penitentiary facilities during the antebellum period . Only the North Carolina , South Carolina and largely uninhabited Florida failed to build any penitentiary before the Civil War Virginia was the first state after Pennsylvania , in 1796 , to dramatically reduce the number of crimes punishable by death , and its legislators simultaneously called for the construction of a `` gaol and penitentiary house '' as the cornerstone of a new criminal justice regime . Designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe , the state 's first prison at Richmond resembled Jeremy Bentham 's Panopticon design ( as well as the not - yet - built Eastern State Penitentiary 's ) . All inmates served a mandatory period of solitary confinement after initial entry . Unfortunately for its inhabitants , the site at Richmond where Virginia 's first penitentiary was built bordered a stagnant pool , in which sewage collected . The prison 's cells had no heating system and water oozed from its walls , leading inmates ' extremities to freeze during the winter months . Prisoners could perform no work during the solitary portion of their sentence , which they served completely isolated in near - total darkness , and many went mad during this portion of their sentence . Those prisoners who survived the isolation period joined other inmates in the prison workshop to make goods for the state militia . The workshop never turned a profit . Escapes were common . But despite Virginia 's example , Kentucky , Maryland , and Georgia all constructed prisons before 1820 , and the trend continued in the South thereafter . Early Southern prisons were marked by escapes , violence , and arson . The personal reformation of inmates was left almost solely to underpaid prison chaplains . Bitter opposition from the public and rampant overcrowding both marked Southern penal systems during the antebellum period . But once established , southern penitentiaries took on lives of their own , with each state 's system experiencing a complex history of innovation and stagnation , efficient and inefficient wardens , relative prosperity and poverty , fires , escapes , and legislative attacks ; but they did follow a common trajectory . During the period in which slavery existed , few black Southerners in the lower South were imprisoned , and virtually none of those imprisoned were slaves . Most often , slaves accused of crimes -- especially less serious offenses -- were tried informally in extra-legal plantation `` courts , '' although it was not uncommon for slaves to come within the formal jurisdiction of the Southern courts . The majority of Southern inmates during the antebellum period were foreign - born whites . Nevertheless , in the upper South , free blacks made up a significant ( and disproportionate ) one - third of state prison populations . Governors and legislators in both the upper and lower South became concerned about racial mixing in their prison systems . Virginia experimented for a time with selling free blacks convicted of `` serious '' crimes into slavery until public opposition led to the measure 's repeal ( but only after forty such persons were sold ) . Very few women , black or white , were imprisoned in the antebellum South . But for those women who did come under the control of Southern prisons , conditions were often `` horrendous , '' according to Edward L. Ayers . Although they were not made to shave their heads like male convicts , female inmates in the antebellum South did not live in specialized facilities -- as was the case in many antebellum Northern prisons -- and sexual abuse was common . As in the North , the costs of imprisonment preoccupied Southern authorities , although it appears that Southerners devoted more concern to this problem than their Northern counterparts . Southern governors of the antebellum period tended to have little patience for prisons that did not turn a profit or , at least , break even . Southern prisons adopted many of the same money - making tactics as their Northern counterparts . Prisons earned money by charging fees to visitors . They also earned money by harnessing convict labor to produce simple goods that were in steady demand , like slave shoes , wagons , pails , and bricks . But this fomented unrest among workers and tradesmen in Southern towns and cities . Governor Andrew Johnson of Tennessee , a former tailor , waged political war on his state 's penitentiary and the industries it had introduced among its inmates . To avoid these conflicts , some states -- like Georgia and Mississippi -- experimented with prison industry for state - run enterprises . But in the end few penitentiaries , North or South , turned a profit during the antebellum period . Presaging Reconstruction - era developments , however , Virginia , Georgia , and Tennessee began considering the idea of leasing their convicts to private businesspersons by the 1850s . Prisoners in Missouri , Alabama , Texas , Kentucky , and Louisiana all leased their convicts during the antebellum period under a variety of arrangements -- some inside the prison itself ( as Northern prisons were also doing ) , and others outside of the state 's own facilities . Urban crime in the antebellum South ( edit ) Between 1800 and 1860 , the vast majority of the Southern population worked in agriculture . Whereas the proportion of the Northern population working on farms dropped in this period from 70 to 40 percent , 80 percent of Southerners were consistently engaged in farm - related work . Reflecting this , only one - tenth of Southerners lived in what the contemporary census criteria described as an urban area ( compared to nearly one - quarter of Northerners ) . Antebellum southern cities stood at juncture of the region 's slave economy and the international market economy , and economics appear to have played crucial role in shaping the face of crime in Southern cities . These urban centers tended to attract young and propertyless white males , not only from the Southern countryside , but also from the North and abroad . Urban immigration in the South reached a peak during the 1850s , when an economic boom in cotton produced `` flush times . '' Poor young men and others -- white and black -- settled on the peripheries of Southern cities like Savannah , Georgia . Here they came into contact with the wealthy and more stable elements of modern society , producing demographics similar to those in post-revolutionary Philadelphia and other Northern cities . The first modern Southern police forces emerged between 1845 and the Civil War in large part due to the class - based tensions that developed in Southern cities . Some Southern cities -- notably New Orleans and Charleston -- experimented with police forces even earlier in the eighteenth century as a means of controlling their large urban slave populations . But most Southern cities relied on volunteer night - watch forces prior to mid-century . The transition to uniformed police forces was not especially smooth : Major political opposition arose as a result of the perceived corruption , inefficiency , and threat to individual liberty posed by the new police . According to Edward L. Ayers , Southern police forces of the antebellum period tended to enforce uniformity by creating crime out of `` disorder '' and `` nuisance '' enforcement . The vast majority of theft prosecutions in the antebellum South arose in its cities . And property offenders made up a disproportionate share of the convict population . Although thieves and burglars constituted fewer than 20 percent of the criminals convicted in Southern courts , they made up about half the South 's prison population . During the period between independence and the Civil War , Southern inmates were disproportionately ethnic . Foreign - born persons made up less than 3 percent of the South 's free population . In fact , only one - eighth of all immigrants to the United States during the antebellum period settled in the South . Yet foreign immigrants represented anywhere from 8 to 37 percent of the prison population of the Southern states during this period . Crime in Southern cities generally mirrored that of Northern ones during the antebellum years . Both sections experienced a spike in imprisonment rates during a national market depression on the eve of the American Civil War . The North had experienced a similar depression during the 1830s and 1840s -- with a concurrent increase in imprisonment -- that the agrarian South did not . But urban crime in the South differed from that in the North in one key way -- its violence . A significantly higher percentage of violence characterized Southern criminal offenders of all class levels . Young white males made up the bulk of violent offenders in the urban South . Slavery in the urban South also played a role in the development of its penal institutions . Urban slave - owners often utilized jails to `` store '' their human property and to punish slaves for disciplinary infractions . Slaveholding in urban areas tended to be less rigid than in the rural South . Nearly 60 percent of slaves living in Savannah , Georgia , for example , did not reside with their master ; many were allowed to hire themselves out for wages ( though they had to share the proceeds with their owner ) . In this environment , where racial control was more difficult to enforce , Southern whites were constantly on guard against black criminality . Charleston , South Carolina , established a specialized workhouse for masters to send their slaves for punishment for a fee . In Savannah , Georgia , owners could send their slaves to the city jail to have punishment administered . Rural crime in the antebellum South ( edit ) Industrialization proceeded haphazardly across the South during the antebellum period , and large sections of the rural population participated in a subsistence economy like that of the colonial era . Patterns of crime in these regions reflected these economic realities ; violence , not thefts , took up most of the docket space in rural Southern courts . Unlike antebellum urban spaces , the ups and downs of the market economy had a lesser impact on crime in the South 's rural areas . Far fewer theft cases appear on criminal dockets in the rural antebellum South than in its cities ( though rural judges and juries , like their urban counterparts , dealt with property offenders more harshly than violent ones ) . Crime in rural area areas consisted almost solely of violent offenses . Most counties in the antebellum South -- as in the North -- maintained a jail for housing pre-trial and pre-sentence detainees . These varied in size and quality of construction considerably as a result of disparities in wealth between various counties . Unlike Southern cities , however , rural counties rarely used the jail as criminal punishment in the antebellum period , even as states across the Northeast and the Midwest shifted the focus of their criminal justice process to rehabilitative incarceration . Instead , fines were the mainstay of rural Southern justice . The non-use of imprisonment as a criminal punishment in the rural antebellum South reflected the haphazard administration of criminal justice in these regions . Under the general criminal procedure of the day , victims of theft or violence swore out complaints before their local justice of the peace , who in turn issued arrest warrants for the accused . The county sheriff would execute the warrant and bring the defendant before a magistrate judge , who would conduct a preliminary hearing , after which he could either dismiss the case or bind the accused over to the Superior Court for a grand jury hearing . ( Some cases , however , particularly those involving moral offenses like drinking and gambling , were initiated by the grand jury of its own accord . ) Criminal procedure in the antebellum rural South offered many avenues of escape to a criminal defendant , and only the poorest resided in the jail while awaiting trial or sentencing . Those defendants who did spend time in jail before trial had to wait for the prosecutor 's biannual visit to their county . Southern prosecutors generally did not live in the local area where they prosecuted cases and were generally ill - prepared . Disinterested jurors were also hard to come by , given the generally intimate nature of rural Southern communities . Relative leniency in sentencing for appears to have marked most judicial proceedings for violent offenses -- the most common . Historical evidence suggests that juries indicted a greater number of potential offenders than the judicial system could handle in the belief that many troublemakers -- especially the landless -- would leave the country altogether . Few immigrants or free blacks lived in the rural South in the pre-Civil War years , and slaves remained under the dominant control of a separate criminal justice system administered by planters throughout the period . Thus , most criminal defendants were Southern - born whites ( and all socio - economic classes were represented on criminal dockets ) . Blacks occasionally came within the purview of the conventional criminal justice apparatus from their dealings with whites in the `` gray market , '' among other offenses . But the danger to whites and blacks alike from illicit trading , the violence that often erupted at their meetings , and the tendency of whites to take advantage of their legally impotent black counterparties all made these occurrences relatively rare . Reconstruction Era ( edit ) The American Civil War and its aftermath witnessed renewed efforts to reform America 's system and rationale for imprisonment . Most state prisons remained unchanged since the wave of penitentiary building during the Jacksonian Era and , as a result , were in a state of physical and administrative deterioration . Auburn and Eastern State penitentiaries , the paradigmatic prisons of Jacksonian reform , were little different . New reformers confronted the problems of decaying antebellum prisons with a new penal regime that focused on the rehabilitation of the individual -- this time with an emphasis on using institutional inducements as a means of affecting behavioral change . At the same time , Reconstruction - era penology also focused on emerging `` scientific '' views of criminality related to race and heredity , as the post-war years witnessed the birth of a eugenics movement in the United States . Northern developments ( edit ) Brutality , immigration , eugenics , and `` prisons as laboratories '' ( edit ) Social historian David Rothman describes the story of post-reconstruction prison administration as one of decline from the ambitions Jacksonian period . Facing major overcrowding and understaffing issues , prison officials reverted to `` amazingly bizarre '' methods of controlling their charges , Rothman writes . Among the punishments that proliferated in this period were : The Pulley or Tying Up -- Convicts were suspended by the wrists , fastened over their head , for anywhere from a few minutes to an hour . At Sing Sing Prison , where this treatment was especially popular a New York investigator related , `` Men have been kept raised so long as to cause bleeding from the mouth , before the doctor would order the prisoner taken down . '' Wardens also used a variation on the pulley known as the `` hooks , '' which involved tying the inmates ' hands together and lashing them to the wall at chest height , forcing them to put most of their weight onto their toes . The Iron Cap or `` Cage '' -- The convict wore a case composed of small rods or bands of iron -- which weighed between 6 1⁄2 and 8 pounds -- around the neck , and an iron band across the next and shoulders held it in place . The Lash and Paddle -- This traditional penitentiary punishment continued into the post-war era with some refinement -- i.e. , weighted leather strips and aerated paddles were used instead of whips . The number of strokes was set to the offense and in some placed , like Massachusetts , limited by statute . Sing Sing convicts in the 1880s reportedly jumped from the upper galleries of the prison 's cell blocks in an effort to break their legs and escape a paddling . Solitary Confinement ( `` The Dungeon '' ) -- Reconstruction - era inmates were locked in dark solitary cells , furnished only with a bucket , and fed short rations for disciplinary infractions ( usually for a period of up to a week , but sometimes up to six or more ) . Straitjackets -- Wardens used these as much for discipline as for inmate safety . Brickbag -- Convicts who would not work were forced in some institutions to wear a heavy bag ( full of weighted objects ) . Water Crib -- Used at the Reconstruction - era prison in Kansas , this disciplinary instrument involved the inmate 's being placed in a coffin - like box about six - and - a-half feet long , thirty inches wide , and three - feet deep . The inmate would lie face down , his or her hands cuffed behind the back , while keepers slowly filled the crib with water to simulate drowning . Although wardens tended to believe these measures were necessary for control , contemporary observers generally found them `` unquestionably cruel and unusual , '' according to Rothman . Northern states continued to lease the labor of their convicts to private business interests in the post-war years . The Thirteenth Amendment , adopted in 1865 , expressly permitted slavery `` as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted . '' In Northern prisons , the state generally housed and fed inmate laborers , while contractors brought all necessary machinery to the prison facility and leased the inmates ' time . Abuses were common , according to investigative reporter Scott Christianson , as employers and guards tried to extract as much time and effort from prisoners as possible . At New Jersey 's prison at Trenton , after an inmate died while being `` stretched '' by the prison staff , a committee investigating discipline at the prison determined that officials had poured alcohol on epileptics and set them on fire to see if they were faking convulsions in order to skip work . At an Ohio penitentiary , unproductive convicts were made to sit naked in puddles of water and receive electric shocks from an induction coil . In New York , public investigations of practices in the state 's prisons became increasingly frequent during the 1840s , 1860s , and 1870s -- though with little actual effect on conditions . They revealed that a prisoner had been poisoned to death for not working in one institution ; another was found to have been kept chained to the floor for ten months in solitary confinement , until he eventually suffered a mental breakdown . By and large , Americans of the 1870s , 1880s , and 1890s did little to address the disciplinary and other abuses in United States penitentiaries of the time . One reason for this apathy , according to authors Scott Christianson and David Rothman , was the composition of contemporary prison populations . Following the Civil War , the volume of immigration to the United States increased alongside expanding nativist sentiment , which had been a fixture of national politics since long before the War . During the 1870s , as many as 3 million immigrants arrived on the shores of the United States . By the 1880s , the influx rose to 5.2 million , as immigrants fled persecution and unrest in eastern and southern Europe . This trend continued until immigration reached a zenith between 1904 and 1914 of 1 million persons per year . Already in the 1850s and 1860s , prisons ( along with asylums for the mentally ill ) were becoming the special preserve of the foreign - born and the poor . This trend accelerated as the nineteenth century drew to a close . In Illinois , for example , 60 percent of inmates in 1890 were foreign - born or second - generation immigrants -- Irish and German , mostly . Less than one - third of the Illinois inmates had completed grammar school , only 5 percent had a high school or college education , and the great majority held unskilled or semi-skilled jobs . In the 1890s California , 45 percent of prisoners were foreign - born -- predominantly of Chinese , Mexican , Irish , and German descent -- and the majority were laborers , waiters , cooks , or farmers . Throughout the post-war years , the rate of imprisonment for foreign - born Americans was twice that of native - born ones ; black Americans were incarcerated , North and South , at three times the rate of white Americans . The Civil War 's end also witnessed the emergence of pseudo-scientific theories concerning biological superiority and inherited social inferiority . Commentators grafted the Darwinian concept of `` survival of the fittest '' onto notions of social class . Charles Loring Brace , author of The Dangerous Classes of New York ( 1872 ) , warned his readers that attempts to cure poverty through charity would backfire by lessening the poor 's chance of survival . Richard L. Dugdale , civic - minded New York merchant , toured thirteen county jails during the 1870s as a voluntary inspector for the prestigious Prison Association of New York . Reflecting on his observations in later writings , Dugdale traced crime to hereditary criminality and promiscuity . These views on race and genetics , Christianson and Rothman conclude , affected the various official supervisory bodies established to monitor regulatory compliance in United States prisons . Although these monitoring boards ( established either by the state executive or legislature ) would ostensibly ferret out abuses in the prison system , in the end their apathy toward the incarcerated population rendered them largely ill - equipped for task of ensuring even humane care , Rothman argues . State and federal judges , for their part , refrained from monitoring prison conditions until the 1950s . Persistent beliefs in inherited criminality and social inferiority also stoked a growing eugenics movement during the Reconstruction Era , which sought to `` improve '' the human race through controlled breeding and eliminate `` poor '' or `` inferior '' tendencies . By the late 1890s , eugenics programs were enjoying a `` full - blown renaissance '' in American prisons and institutions for the mentally ill , with leading physicians , psychologists , and wardens as proponents . Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso published a highly influential tract in 1878 entitled L'uomo delinquente ( or , The Criminal Man ) , which theorized that a primitive criminal type existed who was identifiable by physical symptoms or `` stigmata . '' Phrenology also became a popular `` science '' among prison officials ; at the height of the study 's popularity , the influential Reconstruction Era matron of Sing Sing Prison , Elizabeth W. Farnham , was one of its adherents , and officials at Eastern State Penitentiary maintained phrenological data on all inmates during the post-war years . As the field of physical anthropology gained traction in the 1880s , prisons became laboratories for studying eugenics , psychology , human intelligence , medicine , drug treatment , genetics , and birth control . Support for these initiatives sprang from the influential prison reform organizations in the United States at the time -- e.g. , the Prison Reform Congress , the National Conference for Charities and Corrections , the National Prison Congress , the Prison Association of New York , and the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons . New methods of identifying criminal tendencies and classifying offenders by threat level emerged from prison - based research . In 1896 , for instance , New York began requiring all persons sentenced to a penal institution for thirty days or more to be measured and photographed for state records . Eugenics studies in the prison setting led to the development of the vasectomy as a replacement for total castration . Eugenics studies of the day aimed to prevent the extinction or genetic deterioration of mankind through restraints on reproduction , according to author Scott Christianson . In the mid-1890s , the Kansas `` Home for the Feeble - Minded '' began performing mass castrations on all of its residents . And Indiana became the first state to enact a compulsory sterilization act for certain mentally ill and criminal persons in 1907 . John D. Rockefeller Jr. , a eugenics devotee , became involved in social Darwinist experiments in New York . In the 1910s , Rockefeller created the Bureau for Social Hygiene , which conducted experiments on female prisoners , with the state 's consent and financial support , to determine the roots of their criminality and `` mental defectiveness . '' Failure of Jacksonian reform and renewed efforts ( edit ) A new group of prison reformers emerged in the Reconstruction Era that maintained some optimism about the institution and initiated efforts to make the prison a center for moral rehabilitation . Their efforts led to some change in contemporary prisons , but it would take another period of reform during the Progressive Era for any significant structural revisions to the prison systems of the United States . The primary failure of Reconstruction Era penitentiaries , according to historian David Rothman , was administrative . State governors typically appointed political patrons to prison posts , which were usually not full - time or salaried . In the 1870s , for example , the board of the Utica , New York , asylum was composed of two bankers , a grain merchant , two manufacturers , two lawyers , and two general businessman . Prison oversight boards like the Utica one , composed of local businessmen , tended to defer to prison officials in most matters and focus solely on financial oversight , Rothman writes , and therefore tended to perpetuate the status quo . Prison reform efforts of the Reconstruction Era came from a variety of sources . Fears about genetic contamination by the `` criminal class '' and its effect on the future of mankind led to numerous moral policing efforts aimed at curbing promiscuity , prostitution , and `` white slavery '' in this period . Meanwhile , campaigns to criminalize domestic violence , especially toward children , and related temperance movements led to renewed commitment to `` law and order '' in many communities from the 1870s onward . When legislators ignored demands for more protection for women and children , feminist activists lobbied for harsher punishments for male criminal offenders -- including the whipping post , castration , and longer prison terms . Another group of reformers continued to justify penitentiaries for negative reasons -- i.e. , for fear that a sustained and successful attack on the prison system and its failings might yield a return to the `` barbarism '' of colonial - era punishments . Nevertheless , a degree of optimism continued to dominate the thinking of reformers in the post-Civil War period , according to historian David Rothman . By October 1870 , notable Reconstruction Era prison reformers Enoch Wines , Franklin Sanborn , Theodore Dwight , and Zebulon Brockway -- among others -- convened with the National Congress of Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline in Cincinnati , Ohio . The resolutions that emerged from the conference , called the Declaration of Principles , became the chief planks of the penitentiary reform agenda in the United States for the next several decades . The essence of the National Congress ' agenda in the Declaration was a renewed commitment to the `` moral regeneration '' of offenders ( especially young ones ) through a new model of penitentiary . The National Congress ' Declaration of Principles characterized crime as `` a sort of moral disease . '' The Declaration stated that the `` great object ( of ) ... the treatment of criminals ... should be ( their ) moral regeneration ... the reformation of criminals , not the infliction of vindictive suffering . '' The Declaration took inspiration from the `` Irish mark system '' pioneered by penologist Sir Walter Crofton . The object of Crofton 's system was to teach prisoners how to lead an upright life through use of `` good - time '' credits ( for early release ) and other behavioral incentives . The Declaration 's primary goals were : ( 1 ) to cultivate prisoners ' sense of self - respect ; and ( 2 ) to place the prisoner 's destiny in his or her own hands . But the Declaration more broadly : Called for sanitary improvements and an end to the political appointment of prison administrators ; Welcomed the increased participation of women in prison management ; Advocated for a more progressive system of classifying prisoners based on individualized and continuous assessments of their character through a mark system ; Stressed the importance of educating inmates ; and Argued that prisoners ' wills must be won over via persuasion , not destroyed . The National Congress and those who responded to its agenda also hoped to implement a more open - ended sentencing code . They advocated for the replacement of the peremptory ( or mandatory ) sentences of the day , set by a judge after trial , with sentences of indeterminate length . True `` proof of reformation , '' the Congress Declaration provided , should replace the `` mere lapse of time '' in winning an inmate 's release from confinement . These suggestions anticipated the near - comprehensive adoption of indeterminate sentencing during the Progressive Era . In spite of its many `` progressive '' suggestions for penal reform , the National Congress showed little sensitivity to the plight of freed blacks and immigrants in the penal system , in the view of author Scott Christianson . Christianson notes that the National Congress ' membership generally subscribed to the prevailing contemporary notion that blacks and foreigners were disproportionately represented in the prison system due to their inherent depravity and social inferiority . The rise and decline of the Elmira Reformatory in New York during the latter part of the nineteenth century represents the most ambitious attempt in the Reconstruction Era to fulfill the goals set by the National Congress in the Declaration of Principles . Built in 1876 , the Elmira institution was designed to hold first - time felons , between the ages of sixteen and thirty , who were serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment set by their sentencing judge . Elmira inmates had to earn their way out of the institution through good behavior , as assessed through an elaborate grading system . The only limits on inmates ' terms of imprisonment were whatever upper threshold the legislature set for their offense . Elmira 's administration underscores the fundamental tension of contemporary penal reform , according to authors Scott Christianson and David Rothman . On the one hand , its purpose was to rehabilitate offenders ; on the other , its reform principles were tempered by a belief in the heretability of criminal behavior . Elmira 's first warden , National Congress member Zebulon Brockway , wrote in 1884 that at least one - half of his charges were `` incorrigible '' due to their genetics . Brockway further characterized modern criminals as `` to a considerable extent the product of our civilization and ... of emigration to our shore from the degenerated populations of crowded European marts . '' Brockway reserved the harshest disciplinary measures -- e.g. , frequent whippings and solitary confinement -- for those he deemed `` incorrigible '' ( primarily the mentally and physically disabled ) . Elmira was regarded by many contemporaries as a well - run , model institution in its early years . Nevertheless , by 1893 the reformatory was seriously overcrowded and Brockway 's ideas about genetic degeneracy , low - intelligence , and criminality came under fire as a result of his brutality toward the mentally and physically disabled . An 1894 executive investigation of Elmira 's disciplinary practices concluded that discipline in the institution was harsh , although it eventually cleared Brockway of charges that he practiced `` cruel , brutal , excessive , degrading and unusual punishment of inmates . '' But continuing stigma led the Brockway to resign from his post at Elmira by 1900 . Historian David Rothman characterizes Brockway 's departure from Elmira as marking the institution 's failure as a reformed penitentiary , since its methods were hardly different from those of other Jacksonian Era institutions that had survived into the post-war years . But Rothman also concludes that the Elmira experience suggested to contemporary reformers only that management was to blame , not their proposed system of incarceration generally . The Progressive Era of the early twentieth century thus witnessed renewed efforts to implement the penal agenda espoused by the National Congress and its adherents in 1870 -- albeit with some noteworthy structural additions . Southern developments ( edit ) The Civil War brought overwhelming change to Southern society and its criminal justice system . As freed slaves joined the Southern population , they came under the primary control of local governments for the first time . At the same time , the market economy began to affect individuals and regions in the South that were previously untouched . Widespread poverty at the end of the nineteenth century unraveled the South 's prior race - based social fabric . In Reconstruction - era cities like Savannah , Georgia , intricate codes of racial etiquette began to unravel almost immediately after the war with the onset of emancipation . The local police forces that had been available in the antebellum South , depleted during the war , could not enforce the racial order as they had before . Nor was the white population , stricken by poverty and resentment , as united in its racial policing as it was during the antebellum period . By the end of Reconstruction , a new configuration of crime and punishment had emerged in the South : a hybrid , racialized form of incarceration at hard labor , with convicts leased to private businesses , that endured well into the twentieth century . Changing demographics of crime and punishment in the Reconstruction - Era South ( edit ) The economic turmoil of the post-war South reconstituted race relations and the nature of crime in the region , as whites attempted to reassert their supremacy . Earlier , extra-legal efforts toward reestablishing white supremacy , like those of the Ku Klux Klan , gradually gave way to more certain and less volatile forms of race control , according to historian Edward L. Ayers . Racial animosity and hatred grew as the races became ever more separate , Ayers argues , and Southern legal institutions turned much of their attention to preserving the racial status quo for whites . Patterns of `` mono - racial law enforcement , '' as Ayers refers to it , were established in Southern states almost immediately after the American Civil War . Cities that had never had police forces moved quickly to establish them , and whites became far less critical of urban police forces in post-war politics , whereas in the antebellum period they had engendered major political debate . Savannah , Georgia 's post-war police force was made up of Confederate veterans , who patrolled the city in gray uniforms , armed with rifles , revolvers , and sabers . They were led by an ex-Confederate General , Richard H. Anderson . Ayers concludes that white policemen protecting white citizens became the model for law enforcement efforts across the South after the American Civil War . Depressed economic conditions impacted both white and black farmers in the post-war South , as cotton prices entered a worldwide decline and interest rates on personal debt rose with `` astonishing '' speed after the close of hostilities . Property crime convictions in the Southern countryside , rare in the antebellum years , rose precipitously throughout the 1870s ( though violent crime by white offenders continued to take up the majority of the rural courts ' business ) . Former slaves who migrated to Southern cities , where they often received the lowest - paying jobs , were generally affected more acutely by economic downturns than their rural counterparts . Five years after the Civil War , 90 percent of the black population of Savannah , Georgia , owned no property . Increases in black property crime prosecutions in Savannah correlate to major economic downturns of the post-war period . Whites made few attempts to disguise the injustice in their courts , according to historian Edward L. Ayers . Blacks were uniformly excluded from juries and denied any opportunity to participate in the criminal justice process aside from being defendants . Thefts by black offenders became a new focus of the Southern justice systems and began to supplant violent crimes by white offenders in court dockets . Whether they were from the city or the countryside , those accused of property crime stood the greatest chance of conviction in post-war southern courts . But black defendants were convicted in the highest numbers . During the last half of the nineteenth century , three out of every five white defendants accused of property crime in Southern courts were convicted , while four out of every five black defendants were . Conviction rates for whites , meanwhile , dropped substantially from antebellum levels throughout the last half of the nineteenth century . This system of justice led , in the opinion of W.E.B. Du Bois , to a system in which neither blacks nor whites respected the criminal justice system -- whites because they were so rarely held accountable , and blacks because their own accountability felt so disproportionate . Ultimately , thousands of black Southerners served long terms on chain gangs for petty theft and misdemeanors in the 1860s and 1870s , while thousands more went into the convict lease system . In criminal sentencing , blacks were disproportionately sentenced to incarceration -- whether to the chain gang , convict leasing operation , or penitentiary -- in relation to their white peers . Black incarceration peaked before and after radical Reconstruction , when Southern whites exercised virtually unchecked power and restored `` efficiency '' to the criminal courts . For example , 384 of North Carolina 's 455 prisoners in 1874 were black , and in 1878 the proportion had increased slightly to 846 of 952 . By 1871 , 609 of Virginia 's 828 convicts in -- including all but four of its sixty - seven female prisoners -- were black . But this phenomenon was not specific to the South : The proportion of black inmates in Northern prisons was virtually identical to that in Southern prisons throughout the second half of the nineteenth century . Rural courts met so rarely in the post-war years that prisoners often sat in jails for months while awaiting trial , at the government 's expense . Chain gangs emerged in the post-war years as an initial solution to this economic deficit . Urban and rural counties moved the locus of criminal punishment from municipalities and towns to the county and began to change the economics of punishment from a heavy expense to a source of public `` revenue '' -- at least in terms of infrastructure improvements . Even misdemeanors could be turned to economic advantage ; defendants were often sentenced to only a few on the chain gang , with an additional three to eight months tacked onto the sentence to cover `` costs . '' As the Southern economy foundered in the wake of the peculiar institution 's destruction , and property crime rose , state governments increasingly explored the economic potential of convict labor throughout the Reconstruction period and into the twentieth century . Institutional power struggles over the Southern justice apparatus ( edit ) `` The most far - reaching change in the history of crime and punishment in the nineteenth - century South , '' according to historian Edward L. Ayers , was `` the state 's assumption of control over blacks from their ex-masters ... '' The process by which this occurred was `` halting and tenuous , '' but the transition began the moment a master told his slaves they were free . '' In this landscape , Ayers writes , the Freedmen 's Bureau vied with Southern whites -- through official government apparatuses and informal organizations like the Ku Klux Klan -- over opposing notions of justice in the post-war South . Southern whites in the main tried to salvage as much of the antebellum order as possible in the wake of the American Civil War , waiting to see what changes might be forced upon them . The `` Black Codes '' enacted almost immediately after the war -- Mississippi and South Carolina passed theirs as early as 1865 -- were an initial effort in this direction . Although they did not use racial terms , the Codes defined and punished a new crime , `` vagrancy , '' broadly enough to guarantee that most newly free black Americans would remain in a de facto condition of servitude . The Codes vested considerable discretion in local judges and juries to carry out this mission : County courts could choose lengths and types of punishment previously unavailable . The available punishments for vagrancy , arson , rape , and burglary in particular -- thought by whites to be peculiarly black crimes -- widened considerably in the post-war years . Soon after hostilities officially ceased between the United States and the Confederate States of America , black `` vagrants '' in Nashville , Tennessee , and New Orleans , Louisiana , were being fined and sent to the city workhouse . In San Antonio , Texas , and Montgomery , Alabama , free blacks were arrested , imprisoned , and put to work on the streets to pay for their own upkeep . A Northern journalist who passed through Selma , Alabama , immediately after of the war , was told that no white man had ever been sentenced to the chain gang , but that blacks were now being condemned to it for such `` crimes '' as `` using abusive language towards a white man '' or selling farm produce within the town limits . At the same time that Reconstruction Era Southern governments enacted the `` Black Codes '' , they also began to change the nature of the state 's penal machinery to make it into an economic development tool . Social historian Marie Gottschalk characterizes the use of penal labor by Southern state governments during the post-war years as an `` important bridge between an agricultural economy based on slavery and the industrialization and agricultural modernization of the New South . '' Many prisons in the South were in a state of disrepair by the end of the American Civil War , and state budgets across the region were exhausted . Mississippi 's penitentiary , for instance , was devastated during the war , and its funds depleted . In 1867 the state 's military government began leasing convicts to rebuild wrecked railroad and levees within the state . By 1872 , it began leasing convicts to Nathan Bedford Forrest , a former Confederate general and slave trader , as well as the first Imperial Wizard of the then emerging Ku Klux Klan . Texas also experienced a major postwar depression , in the midst of which its legislators enacted tough new laws calling for forced inmate labor within prison walls and at other works of public utility outside of the state 's detention facilities . Soon Texas began leasing convicts to railroads , irrigation and navigation projects , and lead , copper , and iron mines . Virginia 's prison at Richmond collapsed in the wake of the City 's 1865 surrender , but occupying Union forces rounded up as many convicts as they could in order to return them to work . Alabama began leasing out its Wetumpka Prison to private businessmen soon after the Civil War . During the Reconstruction Era , the North Carolina legislature authorized state judges to sentence offenders to work on chain gangs on county roads , railroads , or other internal improvements for a maximum term of one year -- though escapees who were recaptured would have to serve double their original sentence . North Carolina had failed to erect a penitentiary in the antebellum period , and its legislators planned to build an Auburn - style penitentiary to replace the penal labor system . But graft and shady dealings soon rendered a new prison impracticable , and North Carolina convicts continued to be leased to railroad companies . Freed blacks became the primary workers in the South 's emerging penal labor system . Those accused of property crime -- white or black -- stood the greatest chance of conviction in post-war Southern courts . But black property offenders were convicted more often than white ones -- at a rate of eight convictions for every ten black defendants , compared to six of every ten white defendants . Overall , conviction rates for whites dropped substantially from antebellum levels during the Reconstruction Era and continued to decline throughout the last half of the nineteenth century . The Freedmen 's Bureau , charged with implementing congressional reconstruction throughout the former Confederate states , was the primary political body that opposed the increasing racial overtones of Southern criminal justice during the Reconstruction Era . The Bureau 's mission reflected a strong faith in impersonal legalism , according to historian Edward L. Ayers , and its agents were to act as guarantors of blacks ' legal equality . The Bureau maintained courts in the South from 1865 to 1868 to adjudicate minor civil and criminal cases involving freed slaves . Ultimately , Ayers concludes , the Bureau largely failed to protect freed slaves from crime and violence by whites , or from the injustices of the Southern legal system , although the Bureau did provide much needed services to freed slaves in the form of food , clothing , school support , and assistance in contracts . The Greensboro , North Carolina Herald more bluntly stated that the Freedmen 's Bureau was no match for the `` Organic Law of the Land '' in the South , white supremacy . In the rural South , the Freedmen 's Bureau was only as strong as its isolated agents , who were often unable to assert their will over that of the whites in their jurisdiction . Manpower issues and local white resentment led to early compromises under which southern civilians were allowed to serve as magistrates on the Freedmen 's Courts , although the move was opposed by many former slaves . In cities like Savannah , Georgia , the Freedmen 's Courts appeared even more disposed to enforcing the wishes of local whites , sentencing former slaves ( and veterans of the Union Army ) to chain gangs , corporal punishments , and public shaming . The Savannah Freedmen 's Courts even approved arrests for such `` offenses '' as `` shouting at a religious colored meeting , '' or speaking disrespectfully to a white man . The Bureau 's influence on post-war patterns of crime and punishment was temporary and limited . The United States Congress believed that only its unprecedented federal intrusion into state affairs through the Bureau could bring true republicanism to the South , according to Edward L. Ayers , but Southerners instinctively resented this as a grave violation of their own republican ideals . Southerners had always tended to circumscribe the sphere of written , institutionalized law , Ayers argues , and once they began to associate it with outside oppression from the federal government , they saw little reason to respect it at all . From this resentment , vigilante groups like the Ku Klux Klan arose in opposition to the Bureau and its mission -- though , in the words of Ayers , the Klan was a `` relatively brief episode in a long history of post-war group violence in the South , '' where extralegal retribution was and continued to be a tradition . For their part , former slaves in the Reconstruction - era South made efforts of their own to counteract white supremacist violence and injustice . In March 1866 , Abraham Winfield and ten other black men petitioned the head of the Georgia Freedmen 's Bureau for relief from the oppression of the Bureau 's Court in Savannah -- especially for Civil War veterans . In rural areas like Greene County , Georgia , blacks met vigilante violence from whites with violence of their own . But with the withdrawal of the Freedmen 's Bureau in 1868 and continuing political violence from whites , blacks ultimately lost this struggle , according to historian Edward L. Ayers . Southern courts were largely unable -- even they were willing -- to bring whites to justice for violence against black Southerners . By the early to mid-1870s , white political supremacy had been established anew across most of the South . In Southern cities , a different form of violence emerged in the post-war years . Race riots erupted in Southern cities almost immediately after the war and continued for years afterward . Edward L. Ayers concludes that antebellum legal restraints on blacks and widespread poverty were the primary cause of many of these clashes . Whites resented labor competition from blacks in the depressed post-war Southern economy , and police forces -- many composed of unreconstructed Southerners -- often resorted to violence . The ultimate goal for both blacks and whites was to obtain political power in the vacuum created by war and emancipation ; again , blacks ultimately lost this struggle during the Reconstruction period . Beginning of the convict lease system ( edit ) Convict leasing , practiced in the North from the earliest days of the penitentiary movement , was taken up by Southern states in earnest following the American Civil War . The use of convict labor remained popular nationwide throughout the post-war period . An 1885 national survey reported that 138 institutions employed over 53,000 inmates in industries , who produced goods valued at $28.8 million . Although this was a relatively small sum in comparison to the estimated $5.4 billion in goods produced by free labor in 1880 , prison labor was big business for those involved in particular industries . But convict leasing in the post-war South came to play a more central role in crime and punishment than in the North , and it continued to do so with the approbation of the South 's leading men until well into the twentieth century . For over a half - century following the Civil War , convict camps dotted the Southern landscape , and thousands of men and women -- most of them former slaves -- passed years of their lives within the system . Men with capital , from the North and the South , bought years of these convicts ' lives and put them to work in large mining and railroad operations , as well as smaller everyday businesses . On average , the death rate in Southern leasing arrangements exceeded that in Northern prisons three-fold . The convict lease , as practiced in the South , was not just a bald attempt by state governments to resurrect slavery , according to historians Edward L. Ayers and Marie Gottschalk . It reflected continuities in race relations , both argue , but it also reflected fundamental changes in the post-war Southern economy . For first time , millions of freed slaves came under the centralized control of state penal apparatuses ; at the same time , nascent industrial capitalism in the South faced a shortage of both capital and labor . Former slaves were the easiest Southern demographic to impress into service and adapt southern industries to these changes . Ultimately , however , the longest legacy of the system may be as symbol for white South 's injustice and inhumanity . In 1912 , Dr. E. Stagg of the National Commission on Prison Labor described the status of the Southern convict as `` the last surviving vestige of the slave system . '' A Northern writer in the 1920s referred to the Southern chain gang as the South 's new `` peculiar institution '' . Southern penitentiaries from the antebellum period by and large continued to fall into disrepair in the post-war years as they became mere outposts of the much larger convict labor system . One by one , Southern penitentiary systems had disintegrated during the American Civil War . Mississippi sent its prisoners to Alabama for safekeeping in the midst of a Northern invasion . Louisiana concentrated its prisoners into a single urban workhouse . Arkansas dispersed its convicts in 1863 when the Union Army breached its borders . Occupied Tennessee hired its prisoners out to the United States government , while Georgia freed its inmates as General William Tecumseh Sherman headed for Atlanta with his armies in 1864 . With the fall of Richmond , most of Virginia 's prisoners escaped . The convict lease system emerged haltingly from this chaos , Edward L. Ayers and Marie Gottschalk conclude , just as the penitentiary itself had in years past . The penitentiary had become a Southern institution at this point , Ayers points out , and its complete abolition would have required a major renovation of state criminal codes . Some states , like Georgia , tried to revive their penitentiary systems in the post-war years , but had to first deal with crumbling state infrastructure and a growing prison population . The three states that had not established prisons in the antebellum period -- i.e. , the Carolinas and Florida -- hastened to establish them during Reconstruction . But many Southern states -- including North Carolina , Mississippi , Virginia , and Georgia -- soon turned to the lease system as a temporary expedient , as rising costs and convict populations outstripped their meager resources . According to Edward L. Ayers , `` ( t ) he South ... more or less stumbled into the lease , seeking a way to avoid large expenditures while hoping a truly satisfactory plan would emerge . '' Social historian Marie Gottschalk characterizes these leasing arrangements as an `` important bridge between an agricultural economy based on slavery and the industrialization and agricultural modernization of the New South . '' This may help to explain why support for the convict lease was altogether widespread in Southern society , Ayers concludes . No single group -- black or white , Republican or Democrat -- consistently opposed the lease once it gained power . The labor that convict lessees performed varied as the Southern economy evolved after the American Civil War . Ex-plantation owners were early beneficiaries , but emerging industrial capitalism ventures -- e.g. , phosphate mines and turpentine plants in Florida , railroads in Mississippi ( and across the South ) -- soon came to demand convict labor . The South experienced an acute labor shortage in the post-war years , Edward L. Ayers explains , and no pool of displaced agricultural laborers was available to feed the needs of factory owners , as they had been in England and on the Continent . The lease system was useful for capitalists who wanted to make money quickly : Labor costs were fixed and low , and labor uncertainty was reduced to the vanishing point . Convicts could be and were driven to a point free laborers would not tolerate ( and could not drink or misbehave ) . Although labor unrest and economic depression continued to rile the North and its factories , the lease system insulated its beneficiaries in South from these external costs . In many cases , Edward L. Ayers writes , the businessmen who utilized the convict - lease system were the same politicians who administered it . The system became , Ayers argues , a sort of `` mutual aid society '' for the new breed of capitalists and politicians who controlled the white Democratic regimes of the New South . Thus , Ayers concludes , officials often had something to hide , and contemporary reports on leasing operations often skirted or ignored the appalling conditions and death rates that attended these projects . In Alabama , 40 percent of convict lessees died during their term of labor in 1870 -- death rates for 1868 and 1869 were 18 and 17 percent , respectively . Lessees on Mississippi 's convict labor projects died at nine times the rate of inmates in Northern prisons throughout the 1880s . One man who had served time in the Mississippi system claimed that reported death rates would have been far higher had the state not pardoned many broken convicts before they died , so that they could do so at home instead . Compared to contemporary non-leasing prison systems nationwide , which recouped only 32 percent of expenses on average , convict leasing systems earned average profits of 267 percent . Even in comparison to Northern factories , Edward L. Ayers writes , the lease system 's profitability was real and sustained in the post-war years and remained so into the twentieth century . Exposes on the lease system began appearing with increasing frequency in newspapers , state documents , Northern publications , and the publications of national prison associations during the post-war period -- just as they did for Northern prisons like those in New York . Mass grave sites containing the remains of convict lessees have been discovered in Southern states like Alabama , where the United States Steel Corporation purchased convict labor for its mining operations for several years at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries . The focus of Southern justice on racial control in the post-war years had a profound effect on the demographics of the lease systems ' populations . Before the Civil War , virtually all Southern prisoners were white , but under post-war leasing arrangements almost all ( approximately 90 percent ) were black . In the antebellum period , white immigrants made up a disproportionate share of the South 's prison population before all but disappearing from prison records in the post-war period . The reasons for this are likely two-fold , Edward L. Ayers suggests . First , white immigrants generally avoided the post-war South due to its generally poor economic climate and the major increase in labor competition posed by emancipated slaves . Second , the preoccupation of post-war Southern police forces with crime committed by blacks decreased their efforts among the white population , including immigrants . The source of convicts also changed in the post-war South . Before the American Civil War , rural counties sent few defendants to the state penitentiaries , but after the war rural courts became steady suppliers to their states ' leasing systems ( though cities remained the largest supplier of convict lessees during this period ) . Savannah , Georgia , for example , sent convicts to leasing operations at approximately three times the number that its population would suggest , a pattern amplified by the reality that 76 percent of all blacks convicted in its courts received a prison sentence . Most convicts were in their twenties or younger . The number of women in Southern prison systems , increased in the post-war years to about 7 percent , a ratio not incommensurate with other contemporary prisons in the United States , but a major increase for the South , which had previously boasted of the moral rectitude of its ( white ) female population . Virtually all such women were black . The officials who ran the South 's leasing operations tried to maintain strict racial separation in the convict camps , refusing to recognize social equality between the races even among felons . As one Southerner reported to the National Prison Congress in 1886 : Mixing the races in prison `` is akin to the torture anciently practised of tieing ( sic ) a murderer to the dead body of his victim limb to limb , from head to foot , until the decaying corpse brought death to the living . '' Whites who did end up in Southern prisons , according to Edward L. Ayers , were considered the lowest of their race . At least some legislators referred to white prisoners with the same racial epithets reserved for blacks at the time . The Southern lease system was something less than a `` total system . '' The vast majority of convict - lease camps were dispersed , with little in the way of walls or other securities measures -- although some Southern chain gangs were carted around in open - air cages to their work sites and kept in them at night . Order in the camps was generally tenuous at best , Edward L. Ayers argues . Escapes were frequent and the brutal punishments that characterized the camps -- chains , bloodhounds , guns , and corporal punishments -- were dealt with a palpable sense of desperation . ( At least some observers , however , questioned whether the high number of reported escapees was not a ploy to cover up foul play . ) Reflecting changing criminal dockets in the Southern courts , about half of prisoners in the lease system served sentences for property crime . Rehabilitation played no real role in the system . Whatever onus for reform there was fell on the shoulders of chaplains , Edward L. Ayers relates . As Warden J.H. Bankhead of the Alabama penitentiary observed in the 1870s : `` ( O ) ur system is a better training school for criminals than any of the dens of iniquity that exist in our large cities ... You may as well expect to instill decent habits into a hog as to reform a criminal whose habits and surroundings are as filthy as a pig 's . '' Some proponents of the lease claimed that the system would teach blacks to work , but many contemporary observers came to recognize -- as historian C. Vann Woodward later would -- that the system dealt a great blow to whatever moral authority white society had retained in its paternalistic approach to the `` race problem . '' Time in the penitentiary came to carry little stigma in the black community , as preachers and other community leaders spread word of its cruelty . Whites presented far from a united front in defense of the lease system during the Reconstruction Era . Reformers and government insiders began condemning the worst abuses of the system from early on . Newspapers began taking up the call by the 1880s , although they had defended it during the more politically charged years that immediately followed the Civil War . But the system also had its defenders -- at times even the reformers themselves , who chafed at Northern criticism even where they agreed with its substance . The `` scientific '' racial attitudes of the late nineteenth century also helped some supporters of the lease to assuage their misgivings . One commentator wrote that blacks died in such numbers on the convict lease farms because of the weakness of their inferior , `` uneducated '' blood . Economic , rather than moral , concerns underlay the more successful attacks on leasing . Labor launched effective opposition movements to the lease in the post-war period . Birmingham , Alabama , and its Anti-Convict League , formed in 1885 , were the center of this movement , according to Ayers . Coal miner revolts against the lease occurred twenty - two recorded times in the South between 1881 and 1900 . By 1895 , Tennessee caved in to the demands of its miners and abolished its lease system . These revolts notably crossed racial lines . In Alabama , for instance , white and black free miners marched side - by - side to protest the use of convict labor in local mining operations . In these confrontations , convict labor surely took on a somewhat exaggerated importance to free workers , argues Edward L. Ayers . Only 27,000 convicts were engaged in some form of labor arrangement in the 1890s South . But the emerging nature of Southern industry and labor groups -- which tended to be smaller and more concentrated -- made for a situation in which a small number of convicts could affect entire industries . Progressive Era ( edit ) Southern developments ( edit ) Gradual demise of the convict lease ( edit ) Just as the convict lease emerged gradually in the post-war South , it also made a gradual exit . Although Virginia , Texas , Tennessee , Kentucky , and Missouri utilized Northern - style manufacturing prisons in addition to their farms , as late as 1890 the majority of Southern convicts still passed their sentences in convict camps run by absentee businessmen . But the 1890s also marked the beginning of a gradual shift toward compromise over the lease system , in the form of state - run prison farms . States began to cull the women , children , and the sick from the old privately run camps during this period , to remove them from the `` contamination '' of bad criminals and provide a healthier setting and labor regime . Mississippi enacted a new state constitution in 1890 that called for the end of the lease by 1894 . Despite these changes , and continuing attacks from labor movements , Populists , and Greenbackers , only two Southern states besides Mississippi ended the system prior to the twentieth century . Most Southern states did bring their systems under tighter control and make increasing use of state penal farms by the twentieth century , however , resulting in improved conditions and a decline in death rates . Georgia abolished its system in 1908 , after an expose by Charles Edward Russell in Everybody 's Magazine revealed `` hideous '' conditions on lease projects . A former warden described how men in the Georgia camps were hung by their thumbs as punishment , to the point that their thumbs became so stretched and deformed , to the length of index fingers , that they resembled the `` paws of certain apes . '' Florida 's prison camps -- where even the sick were forced to work under threat of a beating or shooting -- remained in use until 1923 . Replacements for the lease system , such as chain gangs and state prison farms , were not so different from their predecessors . An example of the lingering influence of the lease system can be found in the Arkansas prison farms . By the mid-twentieth century , Arkansas ' male penal system still consisted of two large prison farms , which remained almost totally cut off from the outside world and continued to operate much as they had during the Reconstruction Era . Conditions in these camps were bad enough that , as late as the 1960s , an Oregon judge refused to return escapees from Arkansas , who had been apprehended in his jurisdiction . The judge declared that returning the prisoners to Arkansas would make his state complicit in what he described as `` institutes of terror , horror , and despicable evil , '' which he compared to Nazi concentration camps . In 1966 , around the time of the Oregon judge 's ruling , the ratio of staff to inmates at the Arkansas penal farms was one staff member for every sixty - five inmates . By contrast , the national average at the time was around one prison staff member for every seven inmates . The state was not the only entity profiting from the farm ; private operators controlled certain of its industries and maintained high profit margins . The physician who ran the farm 's for - profit blood bank , for instance , earned between $130,000 and $150,000 per year off of inmate donations that he sold to hospitals . Faced with this acute shortage of manpower , authorities at the penal farms relied upon armed inmates , known as `` trusties '' or `` riders , '' to guard the convicts while they worked Under the trusties ' control prisoners worked ten to fourteen hours per day ( depending on the time of year ) , six days per week . Arkansas was , at the time , the only state where prison officials could still whip convicts . Violent deaths were commonplace on the Arkansaw prison farms . An investigation begun by incumbent Governor Orval Faubus during a heated 1966 gubernatorial race revealed ongoing abuses -- e.g. , use of wire pliers on inmates ' genitals , stabbings , use of nut crackers to break inmates knuckles , trampling of inmates with horses , and charging inmates for hospital time after beatings . When the chairman of the Arkansas legislature 's prison committee was asked about the allegations , however , he replied , `` Arkansas has the best prison system in the United States . '' Only later , after a federal court intervened , did reforms begin at the Arkansas prison camps . Civil rights era ( edit ) The prisoners ' rights movement ( edit ) The `` law and order '' movement ( edit ) See also : United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines Modern developments ( edit ) Main article : Incarceration in the United States See also ( edit ) History of criminal justice in Colonial America References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gottschalk , 1 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , xi . Jump up ^ Hirsch , xi ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 13 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 31 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 14 ; McKelvey , 3 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 14 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 15 . ^ Jump up to : See Hirsch , 16 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 17 . Jump up ^ Hirsh , 17 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Meranze , 141 ; Hirsch , 19 . ^ Jump up to : Meranze , 141 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 18 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 19 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Hirsch , 19 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 19 Jump up ^ Meranze , 141 ; Ignatieff , 93 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 20 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 21 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 21 ; McKelvey , 1 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 22 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 23 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , xi -- xii . Jump up ^ Christianson , 3 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 6 . Jump up ^ Gottschalk , 43 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 7 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 9 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 10 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 11 . Jump up ^ See Christianson , 12 ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 13 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 15 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 24 . Jump up ^ Ekirch , 27 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 33 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 16 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 18 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 20 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 49 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Christianson , 50 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 50 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 51 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 75 ; see also Meranze , 141 ; Hirsch , 19 . Jump up ^ Meranze , 140 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 59 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 3 . Jump up ^ See Hirsch , 6 ; Christianson , 41 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 6 -- 7 ; Christianson , 60 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 46 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 8 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 48 ; Hirsch , 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ See Rothman , Discovery , 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 7 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 59 , 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 7 ; Rothman , Discovery , 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 61 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 61 ; Hirsch , 9 ; Rothman , Discovery , 53 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 53 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 56 ; Christianson , 61 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 9 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 9 ; Christianson , 62 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 9 ; Christianson , 63 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Discovery , 57 ; Hirsch , 32 , 114 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 39 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Discovery , 58 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 35 , 55 ; Rothman , Discovery , 58 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 55 . Jump up ^ Meranze , 106 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 36 . Jump up ^ Meranze , 99 -- 100 ( contemporary quotation at 100 ) . Jump up ^ Hindus , 14 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Hirsch , ch. 3 , 4 ; Rothman , Discovery , ch. 3 ; Meranze , ch. 3 ; Hindus , ch. 8 , 9 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 37 Jump up ^ Hirsch , 38 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 58 ; Meranze , 56 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 50 ; Meranze , 20 , 34 . Jump up ^ Meranze , 36 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 56 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 47 ; Rothman , Discovery , 60 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 49 . ^ Jump up to : Qtd. in Rothman , Discovery , 58 Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 58 ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Discovery , 61 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 40 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 42 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 61 ; Hirsch , 57 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 57 , 59 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 57 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 57 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , 59 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Discovery , 62 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 62 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 11 -- 12 ; Christianson , 100 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 62 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Discovery , 79 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , ch. 6 , 8 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 68 ; Meranze , 292 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 65 Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 66 Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 69 ; Lewis , 70 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Discovery , 71 ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Discovery , 79 ; Hirsch , 65 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 82 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Discovery , 81 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 66 ; Lewis , 70 , . Jump up ^ Christianson , 132 ; McKelvey , 13 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 133 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 132 . Jump up ^ McKelvey , 11 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 134 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Rothman , Discovery , 95 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 85 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Rothman , Discovery , 85 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Discovery , 86 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 136 . Jump up ^ McKelvey , 12 ; Hirsch , 66 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Discovery , 82 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 116 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Christianson , 115 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Discovery , 95 . Jump up ^ W. David Lewis , 30 . Jump up ^ W. David Lewis , 31 -- 32 ( quotation at 31 ) . ^ Jump up to : W. David Lewis , 32 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 99 . Jump up ^ W. David Lewis , 33 . Jump up ^ W. David Lewis , 43 . Jump up ^ W. David Lewis , 44 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 112 ; W. David Lewis , 46 . Jump up ^ W. David Lewis , 46 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 100 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 113 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 114 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 118 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 120 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 119 . Jump up ^ See Rothman , Discovery , 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ McKelvey , 11 Jump up ^ McKelvey , 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Hirsch , 44 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 45 ; Meranze , 173 -- 174 ; Rothman , Discovery , 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , 45 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 141 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 141 ; Hindus , 59 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 41 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 42 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 45 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 47 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 46 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 56 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 51 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 55 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 53 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Hindus , 242 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 34 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 35 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 38 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 39 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 59 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 61 . Jump up ^ Hindus , 137 ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 62 -- 63 Jump up ^ Ayers , 62 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 63 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 64 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 65 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 66 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 67 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 68 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , 40 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 76 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 79 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 78 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Meranze , 67 -- 68 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 83 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 87 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 90 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 75 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 53 -- 55 ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 91 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 99 ; Hindus , 59 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 102 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 103 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 105 . Jump up ^ Hindus , 146 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Hindus , 147 n. 47 . Jump up ^ McPherson , 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 109 , 111 ; Hindus , 59 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 109 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 109 , 111 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 115 Jump up ^ Ayers , 110 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 109 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 110 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 111 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 112 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 113 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 116 . Jump up ^ Hindus , 131 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 131 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 177 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 18 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Rothman , Conscience , 18 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Conscience , 19 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 184 ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Conscience , 20 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Conscience , 20 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 18 . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . amend . XIII . Jump up ^ Christianson , 183 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 184 . Jump up ^ Christianson 184 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Conscience , 23 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 189 ; McPherson , 130 -- 38 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 190 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 24 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 25 ; Christianson , 184 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 25 Jump up ^ Gottschalk , 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 191 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 191 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 192 ( citing several examples ) . Jump up ^ Christianson , 194 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 193 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 195 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 197 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Conscience , 25 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 26 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 27 . ^ Jump up to : Gottschalk , 118 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 29 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 31 ; Christianson , 177 Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 31 ; Christianson , 177 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 31 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Rothman , Conscience , 32 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Conscience , 32 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 178 . Jump up ^ See Rothman , Conscience , 44 , 68 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 179 ; Rothman , Conscience , 33 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 179 ; Rothman , Conscience , 33 Jump up ^ Rothman , Conscience , 33 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 179 ; Rothman , Conscience , 36 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 179 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Christianson , 180 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 181 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Conscience , 36 ; Christianson , 181 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Conscience , 36 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 142 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 149 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 142 ; see also Blackmon . Jump up ^ Ayers , 183 Jump up ^ Ayers , 183 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 175 -- 76 ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 173 Jump up ^ Ayers , 166 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 168 -- 69 ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 172 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 172 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 184 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 175 -- 76 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 176 ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 179 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Ayers , 183 Jump up ^ Ayers , 169 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 170 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 172 Jump up ^ Christianson , 173 Jump up ^ Ayers , 170 ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 177 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 178 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 182 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Ayers 150 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 150 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 151 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 171 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 172 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Christianson , 171 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 172 ; Gottschalk , 47 -- 52 ^ Jump up to : Gottschalk , 49 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 172 -- 73 Jump up ^ Christianson , 174 Jump up ^ Christianson , 174 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 173 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 176 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 152 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 155 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Ayers , 155 . Jump up ^ Ayers 154 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 154 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 164 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 156 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 157 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 158 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 160 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 161 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 161 -- 62 ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 183 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 187 Jump up ^ Christianson , 186 ; see also generally Blackmon . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 186 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 182 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 185 ; Gottschalk , 47 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 185 ; see also Gottschalk , 47 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 185 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 186 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 182 Jump up ^ Qtd. in Christianson , 182 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 188 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 188 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 189 ; Gottschalk , 47 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 190 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 191 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 192 -- 93 Jump up ^ Ayers , 192 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 193 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 193 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 195 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 196 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 201 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Ayers , 201 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 197 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , 3 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 197 -- 98 ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 198 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 199 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 200 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Ayers , 198 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 203 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 181 ; see also generally Blackmon . Jump up ^ Ayers , 201 ; Christianson , 182 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 207 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 208 -- 09 ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 211 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 218 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 219 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 220 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 214 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 216 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 215 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 213 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 221 . ^ Jump up to : Ayers , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 258 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 262 . Jump up ^ Ayers , 262 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 261 . ^ Jump up to : Christianson , 259 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in Christianson , 259 . Jump up ^ Christianson , 260 -- 64 . Bibliography ( edit ) Alexander , Michelle ( 2012 ) , The New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness , New York . Ayers , Edward L. ( 1984 ) , Vengeance and Justice : Crime and Punishment in the 19th - Century American South , New York . Blackmon , Douglas A. ( 2008 ) , Slavery by Another Name : The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II , New York . Bookspan , Shelley ( 1991 ) , A Germ of Goodness : The California State Prison System , 1851 -- 1944 , Lincoln . Christianson , Scott ( 1998 ) , With Liberty for Some : 500 Years of Imprisonment in America , Boston . Ekirch , A. Roger ( 1987 ) , Bound for America : The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies , 1718 -- 1775 , Oxford . Gottschalk , Marie ( 2006 ) , The Prison and the Gallows : The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America , Cambridge . Hindus , Michael Stephen ( 1980 ) , Prison and Plantation : Crime , Justice , and Authority in Massachusetts and South Carolina , 1767 -- 1878 , Chapel Hill . Hirsch , Adam J. ( 1992 ) , The Rise of the Penitentiary : Prisons and Punishment in Early America , New Haven . Ignatieff , Michael ( 1978 ) , A Just Measure of Pain : The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution , 1750 -- 1850 , New York . Lewis , O.F. ( 1922 ) , The Development of American Prisons and Prison Customs , 1776 -- 1845 , New York . Lewis , W. David ( 1965 ) , From Newgate to Dannemora : The Rise of the Penitentiary in New York , 1796 -- 1848 , Ithaca . Lynch , Mona ( 2010 ) , Sunbelt Justice : Arizona and the Transformation of American Punishment , Stanford . McKelvey , Blake ( 1936 ) , American Prisons : A Study in American Social History Prior to 1915 , Chicago . McLennan , Rebecca ( 2008 ) , The Crisis of Imprisonment : Protest , Politics , and the Making of the American Penal State , 1776 - 1941 , Cambridge . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) , Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era , New York . Meranze , Michael ( 1996 ) , Laboratories of Virtue : Punishment , Revolution , and Authority in Philadelphia , 1760 -- 1834 , Chapel Hill . Rothman , David J. ( 2002 ) , Conscience and Convenience : The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America , New York . Rothman , David J. ( 2011 ) , The Discovery of the Asylum : Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic , New Brunswick . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_United_States_prison_systems&oldid=810603687 '' Categories : History of the United States Prisons in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 08 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the group that most influenced the beginnings of the american prison experience was the
[ "The philanthropists' focus on isolation and moral contamination became the foundation for early penitentiaries in the United States. Philadelphians of the period eagerly followed the reports of philanthropist reformer John Howard[14] And the archetypical penitentiaries that emerged in the 1820s United States—e.g., Auburn and Eastern State penitentiaries—both implemented a solitary regime aimed at morally rehabilitating prisoners. The concept of inmate classification—or dividing prisoners according to their behavior, age, etc.—remains in use in United States prisons to this day." ]
[ "philanthropists" ]
-3011648386390963698
Anthony Joshua vs. Wladimir Klitschko
Anthony Joshua vs. Wladimir Klitschko - wikipedia Anthony Joshua vs. Wladimir Klitschko Anthony Joshua vs. Wladimir Klitschko Date 29 April 2017 Venue Wembley Stadium , London , England Title ( s ) on the line WBA ( Super ) , IBF and IBO heavyweight titles Tale of the tape Boxer Anthony Joshua Wladimir Klitschko Nickname `` AJ '' `` Dr. Steelhammer '' Hometown Watford , England Kiev , Ukraine Pre-fight record 18 -- 0 ( 18 KOs ) 64 -- 4 ( 53 KOs ) Height 6 ft 6 in 6 ft 6 in Weight 250 lbs 240 lbs Style Orthodox Orthodox Recognition IBF heavyweight champion ; The Ring rank No. 5 ; BoxRec rank No. 1 WBA rank No. 2 ; IBF rank No. 3 ; The Ring rank No. 1 Result Joshua defeated Klitschko by 11th round technical knockout Anthony Joshua vs. Wladimir Klitschko was a professional boxing match contested between Anthony Joshua and Wladimir Klitschko . The event took place on 29 April 2017 at Wembley Stadium in London , England , with Joshua 's IBF and the vacant WBA ( Super ) and IBO heavyweight titles on the line . Joshua won the match via technical knockout in the 11th round . Klitschko announced his retirement from boxing a few months after the fight . Contents 1 Background 2 Build - up 3 Fight details 4 Reception 5 Aftermath 6 Fight card 7 Broadcasting 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) It was announced in August 2016 that Joshua would be making a second defence of his IBF title at the Manchester Arena on 26 November . This would mark the first time since September 2014 that Joshua would be fighting in the city . Possible names put forward for the fight were top IBF contenders Kubrat Pulev , Bermane Stiverne , Hughie Fury and Joseph Parker . Former unified heavyweight champion Wladimir Klitschko became the frontrunner after his scheduled rematch with Tyson Fury was cancelled for a second time . Days after the Fury rematch was called off , Klitschko was approached by Eddie Hearn , who promotes IBF champion Anthony Joshua , to fight on 28 November date they had set for a second defence . Terms seemed to have been agreed for a $30 m fight showdown although an initial contract was yet to be signed . After Fury gave up his world titles , it was said that Klitschko wanted the WBA title up for grabs in the potential match up against Joshua and waiting for approval , which the WBA kept postponing . A reason as to why the WBA was delaying sanctioning the fight was due them having a legal settlement with Lucas Browne so he could fight for the vacant title next . Klitschko then turned his attention to fighting Browne instead on 10 December , a date his team had an arena set for in Germany . A deal could not be finalized for Joshua vs. Klitschko , due to the WBA delaying a decision to sanction the fight and Klitschko injuring himself , which put the fight off completely . Klitschko said he would be looking to fight Joshua in the first quarter of 2017 . Talks between the Klitschko camp and Hearn remained active with a fight set for the first part of 2017 . Bryant Jennings and David Price were the names being pushed forward to fight Joshua next , however it was announced Joshua would be fighting at the Manchester Arena defending his world title against former world title challenger Éric Molina ( 25 - 3 , 19 KOs ) , who was coming off a stoppage victory against Tomasz Adamek , although being behind on the official scorecards . On 2 November , the WBA finally agreed to sanction a fight for their super title as long as Joshua defeats Éric Molina in December 2016 . The fight was televised in the United States live on Showtime . After two one sided rounds , which saw Molina hardly throw anything , Joshua knocked Molina out in the third round . Immediately after Joshua had defeated Molina at the Manchester Arena , Klitschko was invited into the ring by Hearn . It was announced that Klitschko and Joshua would face each other for the IBF and WBA ( Super ) titles at Wembley Stadium , London , on 29 April 2017 . WBA president Gilberto J. Mendoza confirmed that the winner would have to face mandatory challenger Luis Ortiz next , with deadlines due to be set after the unification fight . It was then confirmed that the winner between Joshua and Klitschko had to face Kubrat Pulev next as the IBF 's mandatory challenger . Build - up ( edit ) In January 2017 , Eddie Hearn announced that more than 80,000 tickets had been sold , a new box office record , overtaking Carl Froch vs. George Groves II . He put a request in for 5,000 more tickets to be made available . London Mayor Sadiq Khan cleared the way for a crowd of 90,000 , equalling the British record of Len Harvey and Jock McAvoy set in 1939 and making it the biggest crowd for a heavyweight fight in 90 years . The fight build - up was noted for the humility of its two boxers , with its little trash talk described as being refreshing . Ahead of the fight , Joshua was regarded as the 6th best heavyweight in the world by The Ring magazine , while Klitschko was 2nd behind The Ring champion Tyson Fury . The website BoxRec had Joshua ranked number 1 in the heavyweight division . Klitschko was not ranked by BoxRec due to inactivity . Fight details ( edit ) In front of a post-war record crowd of 90,000 in attendance , Joshua won by TKO in the eleventh round . They fought a close and cautious first four rounds . In the fifth , Joshua came out and barraged Klitschko to the canvas . Klitschko rose up and dominated Joshua for the remainder of the round , battering him and scoring his own knockdown in round 6 . The next few rounds were again cautious , both men wary of each other , until a reinvigorated Joshua attacked Klitschko in round 11 , sending him to the canvas . Klitschko again rose but Joshua knocked him down for a second time in the round , then sent a barrage of punches while Klitschko was against the ropes that made the referee stop the fight . At the time of stoppage , Joshua was ahead on two judges ' scorecards 96 -- 93 and 95 -- 93 , and the third judge had Klitschko ahead 95 -- 93 . CompuBox stats showed that Joshua landed 107 of his 355 punches thrown ( 30 % ) , and Klitschko landed 94 of 256 ( 37 % ) . Joshua called out Tyson Fury in the post fight interview , `` Tyson Fury , where you at , baby ? Come on -- that 's what they want to see . I just want to fight everyone . I 'm really enjoying this right now . '' Reception ( edit ) Prior to the fight , Deutsche Welle called it `` the most anticipated boxing match in decades '' . After the bout , the fight was met with critical acclaim . Both fighters were praised for their performances , with many critics and fans believing that the fight lived up and exceeded expectations . The fight , according to The Economist , `` will be remembered as a spectacular one , perhaps even as a classic , for its dramatic swings in momentum and the ferocity of the punching '' and for waking heavyweight boxing `` from a prolonged slumber '' during the years of unrivalled Klitschko dominance . ESPN.com called it `` the biggest heavyweight fight since Lennox Lewis knocked out Mike Tyson '' . Associated Press called it `` the biggest heavyweight title fight in more than a decade '' . Aftermath ( edit ) In the press conference after the fight , Joshua said he would have no issues with having another fight with Klitschko , `` I do n't mind fighting him again , if he wants the rematch . Big respect to Wladimir for challenging the young lions of the division . It 's up to him , I do n't mind . As long as Rob thinks it 's good I 'm good to go . '' Eddie Hearn said Joshua 's next fight would likely take place at the end of the year , possibly at the Principality Stadium in Cardiff . On 3 August 2017 , Klitschko announced on his official website and social media channels that he was retiring from boxing . Fight card ( edit ) Weight class vs . Method Round Time Notes Heavyweight Anthony Joshua ( c ) def . Wladimir Klitschko TKO 11 2 : 25 Featherweight Scott Quigg def . Viorel Simion UD 12 -- Lightweight Luke Campbell def . Darleys Pérez TKO 9 / 12 1 : 28 Women 's lightweight Katie Taylor def . Nina Meinke TKO 7 / 10 0 : 57 Super featherweight Joe Cordina def . Sergej Vib TKO 1 / 4 1 : 59 ^ Note 1 For IBF , vacant WBA ( Super ) and vacant IBO heavyweight titles . ^ Note 2 For vacant WBA female Inter-Continental lightweight title . Broadcasting ( edit ) The domestic television rights to the fight were held by Sky Sports Box Office pay - per - view , while radio rights were held by BBC Radio 5 Live . In the United States , as rights to Joshua and Klitschko 's fights have historically been held by the two networks respectively , an arrangement was made for both Showtime and HBO to hold rights to this fight . In a contrast to Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao , which was broadcast via a PPV jointly produced by both networks , HBO and Showtime produced their own separate telecasts as part of their respective HBO World Championship Boxing and Showtime Championship Boxing brands , and Showtime beat HBO for exclusive rights to broadcast the fight live in the U.S. ( where it occurred in the afternoon hours in the Eastern Time Zone ) . Likewise , HBO broadcast the bout on tape delay later in the night . Joshua 's promoter Eddie Hearn stated that `` it takes a special fight to break down barriers and boundaries but also networks and executives who believe in working with the best interest of fight fans in mind '' , and thanked both networks `` for their perseverance and allowing America to see one hell of a fight at our national stadium . '' In the United Kingdom , the fight set a domestic PPV record , with 1.532 million buys , exceeding the Mayweather vs. Pacquiao fight . At a viewing price of £ 20 ( $26 ) , the Joshua -- Klitschko fight grossed approximately £ 31 million ( $40 million ) in pay - per - view revenue . In total , the fight generated an estimated £ 50 million ( $64 million ) in revenue from all sources , including live gate , pay - per - view , and overseas broadcasting . In the U.S. , the fight averaged 659,000 viewers on Showtime ; Nielsen reported that the fight peaked between rounds five and six with 687,000 viewers , beating a record for Showtime afternoon fight ratings previously set by Joshua . The delayed broadcast on HBO ( which fell during U.S. nighttime hours ) was seen by an average of 738,000 viewers and peaked at 890,000 . In a press release , German TV channel RTL announced the fight was watched by an average 10.43 million viewers . The whole card averaged 9.59 million viewers . This was higher than the 8.91 million that tuned in to watch Klitschko vs. Fury in 2015 . It did lower numbers than Klitschko 's win over Mariusz Wach in 2012 , which was watched by 11 million and Klitschko vs. Haye , which was seen by over 16 million . In Ukraine , the match averaged 4.4 million viewers , becoming the most watched sporting event of 2017 in the country . Country Broadcaster Albania SuperSport Argentina TyC Sports Austria RTL Australia Main Event Belgium VOOsport Bulgaria Sport+ HD Canada HBO Canada Croatia RTL Televizija Czech Republic Nova Sport 1 Denmark Viaplay Estonia Viasat Sport Baltic Finland Viaplay France SFR Sport Germany RTL Greece ANT1 ( broadcast delay ) Hungary Sport1 Indonesia Kompas TV Ireland Sky Box Office Italy Sky Sport Plus Fox Sports Japan WOWOW Live Latvia Viasat Sport Baltic Liechtenstein RTL Lithuania Viasat Sport Baltic Moldova Pro TV Netherlands RTL 7 New Zealand SKY Arena Norway Viaplay Philippines TV5 Poland Polsat Sport Romania Pro TV Sport.ro Russia Match TV Match ! Boets Serbia RTS Slovakia Dajto Slovenia RTL South Africa Soweto TV Spain Movistar+ Sweden Viaplay Switzerland RTL Tajikistan Varzish Sport Turkey Tivibu Spor Ukraine Inter United Arab Emirates OSN Sports United Kingdom Sky Box Office United States Showtime ( exclusive live rights ) HBO ( tape delayed ) Uzbekistan Uzreport TV Sub-Saharan Africa Kwesé Sports References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Coral Barry for ( 23 September 2016 ) . `` Hughie Fury has been approached by Eddie Hearn about fighting Anthony Joshua '' . Metro . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Joshua has announced the date and venue for his next fight , and people are already predicting victory '' . The Irish News . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parker Ready For Anthony Joshua on 11 / 26 - If Fight is Offered - Boxing News '' . www.boxingscene.com . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Joshua vs Wladimir Klitschko Fight in Play After Fury Withdrawal '' . Boxing News and Views. 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Joshua vs. Wladimir Klitschko Close to a Deal - Tha Boxing Voice '' . Tha Boxing Voice. 29 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Joshua vs Wladimir Klitschko date to be announced '' . The Independent . 16 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ WBN . `` WBA decision on Joshua v Klitschko ruled out until Monday '' . WBN - World Boxing News . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klitschko - Browne to clash for WBA crown ? Boxing News '' . Boxing News . 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ WBN . `` WBA decision on Joshua v Klitschko ruled out until Monday '' . WBN - World Boxing News . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wladimir Klitschko wants to fight Anthony Joshua in March or April '' . Sky Sports . 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wladimir Klitschko Out of December 10 Fight With Injury - Boxing News '' . www.boxingscene.com . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Joshua set for spring bout with Wladimir Klitschko '' . BT.com . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay , Phil D. `` WBA resolution : Joshua v Klitschko sanctioned ; Ortiz out ; Browne v Briggs ordered '' . WBN - World Boxing News . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Joshua - Eric Molina a done deal for Dec 10 ? - Boxing News '' . 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime to air Joshua bout Dec. 10 - The Ring '' . The Ring. 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Dirs , Ben ( 11 December 2016 ) . `` Anthony Joshua to fight Wladimir Klitschko after win over Eric Molina '' . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Ryan . `` Anthony Joshua vs Wladimir Klitschko signed for April 29th '' . Boxing News TV . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Joshua or Wladimir Klitschko will advance to meet Luis Ortiz , orders WBA '' . Sky Sports . 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Ortiz lined up to face winner of Anthony Joshua and Wladimir Klitschko fight '' . 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua - Klitschko winner to face world - title dilemma '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua vs. Klitschko - Over 80,000 Tickets Sold '' . Boxing Scene. 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JOSHUA 'S CLASH WITH KLITSCHKO SELLS OVER 80,000 TIX '' . 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Joshua v Wladimir Klitschko to match UK attendance record '' . 27 January 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Heavyweight boxing is waking from a prolonged slumber '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - The Ring '' . 11 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua Gets Off The Floor , Knocks Klitschko Out in Eleventh - Boxing News '' . www.boxingscene.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua rallies to stop Klitschko in 11th round '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Klitschko : The Best Man Won , It 's Really Sad That I Did n't Make It - Boxing News '' . www.boxingscene.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Joshua knocks out Wladimir Klitschko in heavyweight title fight -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 1 May 2017 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mcintosh , Jane ( 29 April 2017 ) . `` Joshua takes on Klitschko in 90,000 sell - out Wembley boxing title fight '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua rallies to stop Klitschko in 11th round '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Joshua KOs Klitschko in heavyweight dream bout '' . New York Post . 29 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua On Board For Klitschko Rematch , Principality Stadium Eyed - Boxing News '' . www.boxingscene.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Decision '' . KLITSCHKO . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` KMG '' . k-mg.de . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Reddy , Luke ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Anthony Joshua v Wladimir Klitschko : Step to greatness or will veteran Klitschko win ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HBO and Showtime will share April 29 Joshua - Klitschko heavyweight telecast '' . USA Today . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime to televise Joshua - Klitschko live in the US '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anthony Joshua vs Klitschko PPV Buys Are Mind Boggling '' . Boxing News and Views. 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly viewing summary ( Sky Box Office Events buys in week ending 30 April 2017 ) '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Chris ( 31 March 2018 ) . `` Anthony Joshua to receive stunning record purse for Joseph Parker fight '' . Daily Express . Jump up ^ http://www.boxingnewsonline.net/sky-sports-confirm-mayweather-mcgregor-breaks-uk-record-for-ppv-buys/ Sky Sports confirm Mayweather - McGregor breaks UK record for PPV buys Jump up ^ `` Here 's how much Anthony Joshua made for his stunning Wembley showpiece '' . Joe . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua - Klitschko Live Broadcast Drew 659K Viewers for Showtime '' . www.boxingscene.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` HBO 's Replay of Joshua - Klitschko Peaked at 890K Viewers - Boxing News '' . www.boxingscene.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua - Klitschko produce ratings for Showtime and HBO : MMAPayout.com : The Business of MMA '' . mmapayout.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : Joshua - Klitschko pulls in 659k in US , exceeds 10 million in Germany '' . Bloody Elbow. 2017 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Бой Кличко на `` Интере '' стал самым рейтинговым спортивным событием года . Что будет дальше ? `` . Inter. 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` KOMPAS TV on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Anthony Joshua professional record at BoxRec Wladimir Klitschko professional record at BoxRec Preceded by vs. Éric Molina Anthony Joshua 's bouts 29 April 2017 Succeeded by vs. Carlos Takam Preceded by vs. Tyson Fury Wladimir Klitschko 's bouts 29 April 2017 Succeeded by Retired Awards Previous : Francisco Vargas D12 Orlando Salido The Ring Fight of the Year 2017 Incumbent Wladimir Klitschko Fights Byrd vs. Klitschko Byrd vs. Klitschko II Klitschko vs. Ibragimov Klitschko vs. Rahman Klitschko vs. Chagaev Klitschko vs. Haye Klitschko vs. Jennings Klitschko vs. Fury Joshua vs. Klitschko Other Klitschko brothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Joshua_vs._Wladimir_Klitschko&oldid=859713346 '' Categories : World Boxing Association heavyweight championship matches International Boxing Federation heavyweight championship matches Boxing in England 2017 in boxing Sky Sports 2017 in British sport April 2017 sports events in the United Kingdom 2017 sports events in London Klitschko brothers International sports competitions hosted by London Events at Wembley Stadium Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский Slovenščina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2018 , at 20 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won the boxing between joshua and klitschko
[ "Anthony Joshua vs. Wladimir Klitschko was a professional boxing match contested between Anthony Joshua and Wladimir Klitschko. The event took place on 29 April 2017 at Wembley Stadium in London, England, with Joshua's IBF and the vacant WBA (Super) and IBO heavyweight titles on the line. Joshua won the match via technical knockout in the 11th round. Klitschko announced his retirement from boxing a few months after the fight.\n" ]
[ "Joshua" ]
-6903811658125774333
Easter Bunny
Easter Bunny - wikipedia Easter Bunny This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Magic links bot ( talk contribs ) at 13 : 47 , 7 June 2017 ( Replace magic links with templates per local RfC and MediaWiki RfC ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 13 : 47 , 7 June 2017 by Magic links bot ( talk contribs ) ( Replace magic links with templates per local RfC and MediaWiki RfC ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search A 1907 postcard featuring the Easter Bunny The Easter Bunny ( also called the Easter Rabbit or Easter Hare ) is a folkloric figure and symbol of Easter , depicted as a rabbit bringing Easter eggs . Originating among German Lutherans , the `` Easter Hare '' originally played the role of a judge , evaluating whether children were good or disobedient in behaviour at the start of the season of Eastertide . The Easter Bunny is sometimes depicted with clothes . In legend , the creature carries colored eggs in his basket , candy , and sometimes also toys to the homes of children , and as such shows similarities to Santa Claus or the Christkind , as they both bring gifts to children on the night before their respective holidays . The custom was first mentioned in Georg Franck von Franckenau 's De ovis paschalibus ( ' About Easter Eggs ' ) in 1682 , referring to a German tradition of an Easter Hare bringing Easter eggs for the children . Contents ( hide ) 1 Symbols 1.1 Rabbits and hares 1.2 Eggs 2 Association with Ēostre 2.1 Transformed bird 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Symbols Dreihasenfenster ( Window of Three Hares ) in Paderborn Cathedral in Paderborn , Germany Marshmallow bunnies and candy eggs in an Easter basket Rabbits and hares The hare was a popular motif in medieval church art . In ancient times , it was widely believed ( as by Pliny , Plutarch , Philostratus , and Aelian ) that the hare was a hermaphrodite . The idea that a hare could reproduce without loss of virginity led to an association with the Virgin Mary , with hares sometimes occurring in illuminated manuscripts and Northern European paintings of the Virgin and Christ Child . It may also have been associated with the Holy Trinity , as in the three hares motif . Eggs , like rabbits and hares , are fertility symbols of antiquity . Since birds lay eggs and rabbits and hares give birth to large litters in the early spring , these became symbols of the rising fertility of the earth at the Vernal Equinox . Rabbits and hares are both prolific breeders . Female hares can conceive a second litter of offspring while still pregnant with the first . This phenomenon is known as superfetation . Lagomorphs mature sexually at an early age and can give birth to several litters a year ( hence the saying , `` to breed like rabbits '' or `` to breed like bunnies '' ) . It is therefore not surprising that rabbits and hares should become fertility symbols , or that their springtime mating antics should enter into Easter folklore . Eggs Main articles : Easter egg and Egg decorating In addition , Orthodox churches have a custom of abstaining from eggs during the fast of Lent . The only way to keep them from being wasted was to boil or roast them , and begin eating them to break the fast . As a special dish , they would probably have been decorated as part of the celebrations . Later , German Protestants retained the custom of eating colored eggs for Easter , though they did not continue the tradition of fasting . Eggs boiled with some flowers change their color , bringing the spring into the homes , and some over time added the custom of decorating the eggs . Many Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Church to this day typically dye their Easter eggs red , the color of blood , in recognition of the blood of the sacrificed Christ ( and , of the renewal of life in springtime ) . Some also use the color green , in honor of the new foliage emerging after the long - dead time of winter . The Ukrainian art of decorating eggs for Easter , known as pysanky , dates to ancient , pre-Christian times . Similar variants of this form of artwork are seen amongst other eastern and central European cultures . The idea of an egg - giving hare went to the U.S. in the 18th century . Protestant German immigrants in the Pennsylvania Dutch area told their children about the `` Osterhase '' ( sometimes spelled `` Oschter Haws '' ) . Hase means `` hare '' , not rabbit , and in Northwest European folklore the `` Easter Bunny '' indeed is a hare . According to the legend , only good children received gifts of colored eggs in the nests that they made in their caps and bonnets before Easter . A bunny and eggs A chocolate Easter Bunny Chocolate Easter Bunny moulds from Alsace Musée du pain d'épices Association with Ēostre In his 1835 Deutsche Mythologie , Jacob Grimm states `` The Easter Hare is unintelligible to me , but probably the hare was the sacred animal of Ostara '' . This proposed association was repeated by other authors including Charles Isaac Elton and Charles J Billson . In 1961 Christina Hole wrote , `` The hare was the sacred beast of Eastre ( or Eostre ) , a Saxon goddess of Spring and of the dawn . '' The belief that Ēostre had a hare companion who became the Easter Bunny was popularized when it was presented as fact in the BBC documentary Shadow of the Hare ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore however states `` ... there is no shred of evidence '' that hares were sacred to Ēostre , noting that Bede does not associate her with any animal . Transformed bird Sarah Ben Breathnach in Mrs Sharp 's Traditions ( 1990 ) provides an origin story for the Easter Bunny : `` According to legend , Eostre 's favorite animal was a large handsome bird , which in a fit of anger she turned into a hare . '' Another version of this story , in which Ēostre transforms the bird into a hare in an act of mercy , was written by Jean - Andrew Dickmann and appeared in Cricket magazine . Both Breathnach and Dickmann present their respective ' transformed bird ' stories as if they were legend , though no earlier version of either has been attested . See also Easter Bilby Ēostre Mad as a March hare Osterfuchs ( Easter Fox ) ( in German ) Rabbits in the arts Rabbits in culture and literature The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs References Jump up ^ Cross , Gary ( 2004 ) . Wondrous Innocence and Modern American Children 's Culture . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195348133 . Jump up ^ Easter Bunny - What Does He Have To Do With Easter ? , occultcenter.com Jump up ^ Franck von Franckenau , Georg ( 1682 ) . Disputatione ordinaria disquirens de ovis paschalibus / von Oster - Eyern . Satyrae Medicae . XVIII . Heidelberg . p. 6 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chapman , Chris ( 2004 ) . `` What does the Symbol Mean ? '' . Three Hares Project . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Marta Powell Harley . `` Rosalind , the hare , and the hyena in Shakespeare 's As You Like It '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Jump up ^ `` Sir Thomas Browne ( 1646 ; 6th ed. , 1672 ) Pseudodoxia Epidemica III : xvii ( pp. 162 - 166 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Three Hares as representation of the Trinity '' . Threehares.blogspot.com. 2006 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Heller , Steven ( April 2014 ) . `` Seeing Rabbits '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 68 Issue 2 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Martinez - Gomez , Margarita ( September 2004 ) . `` Overlapping litters and reproductive performance in the domestic rabbit '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 82 Issue 4 ) . Physiology & Behavior . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lumpkin , Susan ; John Seidensticker ( 2011 ) . Rabbits : The Animal Answer Guide . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 9789 - 0 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Shrove Tuesday Pancakes ! by Bridget Haggerty - Irish Culture & Customs , World Cultures European , paragraph 5 line 2 refers to the Catholic custom of abstaining from eggs during Lent . Accessed 3 / 1 / 08 Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Lucie L. ( March 2005 ) . `` DYED IN Tradition '' . Academic Search Complete ( Issue 329 ) . Vegetarian Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ How To Dye Red Eggs with Onion Skins for Greek Easter by Nancy Gaifyllia from Your Guide to Greek Food on About.Com Accessed April 9 , 2008 Jump up ^ Hallett , Vicky ( March 31 , 2003 ) . `` Egg - cellent art '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 134 Issue 10 ) . U.S. News & World Report . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Gruß vom Osterhasen : Oschter Haws Song : GERMAN WORLD MAGAZINE '' . Germanworldonline.com. 2011 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Easter on the Net - The Easter Bunny '' . Holidays.net . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Easter Symbols from Lutheran Hour Ministries . Accessed 2 / 28 / 08 Jump up ^ Charles Isaac Elton ( 1890 ) , Origins of English History Jump up ^ Charles J Billson ( 1892 ) , Folk - Lore vol 3 issue 4 Jump up ^ Christina Hole ( 1961 ) Easter and its Customs Jump up ^ Attenborough , Sir David ( Presenter ) ( April 12 , 1993 ) . Wildlife on One Easter Special Shadow of the Hare ( Television ) . United Kingdom : BBC . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Simpson and Stephen Roud ( 2000 ) , A Dictionary of English Folklore Jump up ^ Sarah Ben Breathnach ( 1990 ) , Mrs Sharp 's Traditions : Reviving Victorian Family Celebrations of Comfort and Joy Jump up ^ Jean - Andrew Dickmann ( 2002 ) , The Coming of Eostre , Cricket magazine vol 29 issue 7 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter Bunny . Charles J. Billson . `` The Easter Hare '' . Folk - Lore . Vol. 3 , No. 4 ( December 1892 ) . On the Bunny Trail : In Search of the Easter Bunny , Stephen Winick , Folklife Today , March 22 , 2016 ( show ) Easter Main topics Controversies Date Easter Sunday Etymology Observances Traditions Christianity Apostles ' Fast Bright Week Burial of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Dormition of the Theotokos Easter Monday Easter Vigil Epitaphios Exsultet Good Friday Good Friday Prayer Good Friday prayer for the Jews Great Lent Holy Week Jesus Last Supper Lent Lumen Christi Maundy Thursday Myrrhbearers Paschal candle Paschal cycle Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal Tide Paschal trikirion Paschal troparion The Passion Pentecostarion Resurrection of Jesus Tenebrae Traditions Artos Burning of Judas Cascarón Clipping the church Croatian pisanica Crucession Easter basket Easter Bilby Easter bonnet Easter Bunny Easter egg Easter egg tree Easter postcard Easter Sepulchre Egg dance Egg decorating Egg decorating in Slavic culture Egg hunt Egg rolling Egg tapping Egg tossing Fasika Gorzkie żale Holy Fire Holy Week procession Lieldienas Osterbrunnen Pace Egg play Polish pisanka Pysanka Radonitsa Rouketopolemos Saitopolemos Scoppio del carro Sunrise service Święconka Traditional Easter games and customs Media Film Fiction Songs Related topics Computus Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table Easter controversy Easter Epic Ecclesiastical new moon Paschal Full Moon Pussy willow Reform of the date of Easter Related events Divine Mercy Sunday Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Easter Wednesday Easter Thursday Easter Friday Easter Saturday Eastertide Easter Triduum Easter Week Good Friday Holy Saturday Maundy Thursday Mid-Pentecost Octave of Easter Palm Sunday Pentecost Pre-Lenten Season Trinity Sunday Society Ēostre Maslenitsa Salzburg Easter Festival Authority control GND : 4172936 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Bunny&oldid=784289367 '' Categories : Advertising characters Christian folklore Easter traditions German folklore Holiday characters Fictional hares and rabbits Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Article Talk View source More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Asturianu Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Ślůnski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia
where did the bunny come from in easter
[ "The Easter Bunny (also called the Easter Rabbit or Easter Hare) is a folkloric figure and symbol of Easter, depicted as a rabbit bringing Easter eggs. Originating among German Lutherans, the \"Easter Hare\" originally played the role of a judge, evaluating whether children were good or disobedient in behaviour at the start of the season of Eastertide.[1] The Easter Bunny is sometimes depicted with clothes. In legend, the creature carries colored eggs in his basket, candy, and sometimes also toys to the homes of children, and as such shows similarities to Santa Claus or the Christkind, as they both bring gifts to children on the night before their respective holidays. The custom was first[2][unreliable source?] mentioned in Georg Franck von Franckenau's De ovis paschalibus[3] ('About Easter Eggs') in 1682, referring to a German tradition of an Easter Hare bringing Easter eggs for the children." ]
[ "German Lutherans" ]
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Samantha Taggart
Samantha Taggart - wikipedia Samantha Taggart Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Samantha Taggart Linda Cardellini as Sam Taggart First appearance October 30 , 2003 ( 10x05 , `` Out of Africa '' ) Last appearance April 2 , 2009 ( 15x22 , `` And In the End ... '' ) Portrayed by Linda Cardellini Duration 2003 -- 09 Information Nickname ( s ) Sam Gender Female Occupation ED Title Charge Nurse ( 2003 -- present ) Family Mary Taggart ( mother ) Kelly ( sister ) Gracie ( grandmother ) Tony Gates ( boyfriend ) Children Alex Taggart Samantha `` Sam '' Taggart is a fictional character on the NBC television drama ER . She is played by actress Linda Cardellini . Linda Cardellini 's addition into the main cast opening credits was in the 5th episode of season 10 . Precursor ( edit ) Sam is a nurse and single mother ; she has a son , Alex ( played first by Oliver Davis , later by Dominic Janes ) . Alex was born when she was fifteen ; she has had to raise him mostly on her own . She comes from a family of losers and alcoholics ; her anger towards Abby Lockhart in Season 14 when Abby tells the staff she had a relapse while working is explained when she tells Abby that she came from a long line of drunks who never tried to stop drinking . Life at County and career ( edit ) Viewers first meet Sam in the Season 10 episode `` Out of Africa , '' where she distinguishes herself by quickly and effectively giving an intravenous sedative to an unruly patient , even impressing the usually stubborn Dr. Romano . Sam shows herself to be an assertive , experienced , and talented nurse throughout the episode , though she loses her professionalism a bit when she discovers Dr. Luka Kovač 's unknowing part in her son Alex 's diabetic fit while he befriends the boy . She replaces Abby Lockhart who was head nurse , but decided to become a doctor instead . Her no nonsense attitude had gotten her in trouble early on . In the episode `` Death and Taxes '' , she hid Dr. Robert Romano 's mechanical hand after accusing the ER Chief of touching her inappropriately with the device . In addition , in the episode `` Impulse Control '' , she punches an assault victim 's abusive boyfriend in the face when he threatens her as she tries to call the police , but overcomes Dr. Kerry Weaver 's knee - jerk lack of support and helps the abuse victim follow through on pressing charges . Sam soon notices a bond between Alex and Luka . Though initially uncomfortable with Luka 's involvement with Alex , Sam eventually accepts it and becomes good friends with Luka . Later , a romantic relationship develops . Unexpectedly , Alex 's father , Steve ( played by Cole Hauser ) , returns and attempts to push Luka out of their lives . When she discovers Steve might stay permanently , Sam panics , packs up , and runs away . Before doing so , however , Luka runs to her , trying to get information from her as to why was she is doing this . Ignoring him and his slams on the car , fighting tears , she drives away . Sam has had a history of picking up and moving around the country to escape Steve . She worries that he will ruin her and Alex 's life and that they can not coexist with Steve . She does come back thanks to Luka who finds her at a motel and brings her back . They move in together . Throughout season 11 , Sam and Luka lived together , and Luka was a surrogate father for Alex , even going and meeting with a school official after Alex got caught with an issue of MAXIM magazine . At the end of season 11 , Alex runs away to find Steve ( now played by Garret Dillahunt ) , by hitchhiking after a confrontation with Sam . He is out to find Steve in Colorado , even though Sam has hidden the fact Steve is there because he is in jail on robbery charges . Luka and Sam are frantically searching for him in the opener of season 12 . Sam is desperately worried about Alex because of his diabetes , and his lack of insulin could have resulted in a coma or even death . Sam immediately gets in the car and drives non-stop to Colorado . Luka worries about Sam because they have been driving non-stop , and even hit a deer which completely destroys the windshield . Sam and Luka finally find an exhausted but stable Alex at a Canon City hospital , where he claims he 's okay and that he knows how to take care of himself . At this point , Sam realizes her relationship with Luka is not going to work ; her personal life is too hectic for him to deal with , the two of them have communication problems , and Luka 's special bond with Alex has been eclipsed by Alex 's knowledge that his father is in jail . Sam breaks up with Luka awkwardly near the beginning of Season 12 . Several episodes later , though , they appear to be friends again . She met and immediately befriended Dr. John Carter upon his return from Africa , happy to `` put a face to the name '' . Later in season 12 , a wealthy patient named Richard Elliot ( played by Armand Assante ) enters the ER . He suffers from a debilitating disease in where he needs an in - home nurse . He takes a liking to Sam and offers her a well - paid position as head nurse . He assures her that she would still be able to keep her job in the ER , and invites her and Alex to live in a section of his mansion for convenience . She denies at first , but upon discovering that Alex can not be in the tutoring program due to lack of funds , she visits Elliot 's home and asks if the offer still stands . In the 12th season finale , `` 21 Guns '' , Steve , an EMT Student named Mary and another prisoner named Rafe hatch an escape plot : Steve and Rafe injuring themselves and then escaping from the hospital . They stab Luka with a syringe as Sam looks on in horror . Because the syringe contained a paralyzing drug that would have led to his death , Sam steps in and treats him in spite of the prisoners ' threats , saying she is going to make sure he does n't die regardless of what they say ; Steve makes his partners back off long enough for Sam to intubate Luka . They proceed to start shooting throughout the hospital once police catch on , using Sam as a hostage . Jerry Markovic is hurt in the shooting . Steve drags Sam outside , towards the getaway van . She begs him , `` Think about Alex ! '' but as it turns out , he already had , and Alex is tied up inside the van . Sam immediately gets in the van after seeing Alex , and later , Steve tells her that God spoke to him , and told him he had to get his family back together . With Sam and Alex as hostages , the three attempt to make an escape to Canada . However , in the 13th season premiere , `` Bloodline , '' the escape hits a few obstacles ; Sam attempts to get help , and a police officer chases after the group , ending with the officer 's ( presumed ) death . As the three argue about the escape plan , Steve shoots and kills Rafe and Mary , leaving only Steve , Sam and Alex. Steve tells Sam that he would rather have himself , Sam and Alex dead than apart , and then proceeds to rape Sam . Some time after , Sam , lying next to a sleeping Steve , proceeds to make her getaway with Alex . As she is about to escape , however , she returns to the still sleeping Steve , grabs his gun and kills him . The next morning , she and Alex drive back to Chicago . Tired and panicked from her ordeal , she contacts Richard Elliot , who gets her an attorney , and instructs Sam to tell everyone she was raped by Steve and later killed him in self - defense . Despite an assistant District Attorney 's suspicions that Sam is lying , Elliot , through his close friendship with highly placed city officials , manages to get Steve 's death listed as a justifiable homicide , thus ending Sam 's legal troubles . In `` Somebody To Love '' , Alex tells Sam he saw her shoot Steve to death . In the remaining episodes of Season 13 , Alex results in telling his friend that his dad will die , relating to the trauma of his own dad 's death . He also steals a credit card from Archie Morris , and ( accidentally ) sets their apartment on fire by playing with alcohol . Sam reluctantly sends Alex to a school for at - risk youth , and reports to her ER colleagues that he is doing better every day . Professionally , Sam has started training as a nurse anesthetist . Sam 's relationship with Abby Lockhart goes through several phases in Season 14 ; she initially tries to comfort her when Abby 's two - year - old son Joe suffers a head injury , but later treats her with anger and disgust when she finds out Abby is an alcoholic who recently had a severe relapse after several years of sobriety . The two mend fences , however , and during her last shift at County in `` The Book of Abby '' , Abby fiercely defends Sam to the board ( who are investigating her ) saying to Sam , `` nurses have got ta stick together . '' At the end of `` The Chicago Way , '' it is implied that either Samantha or Dr. Greg Pratt entered a booby - trapped ambulance . The subsequent explosion resulted in a season - ending cliffhanger . The Season 15 opener , `` Life after Death '' , revealed that Dr. Greg Pratt was in the ambulance and later died from injuries sustained in the blast . Towards the end of Season 14 , Sam begins a relationship with Dr. Tony Gates . Their relationship progresses and they end up moving in together in Season 15 . After Alex was seriously injured in a car accident after Tony overruled Sam by allowing Alex to go out , their relationship deteriorates and Sam eventually decides to move out , thus ending the relationship , despite Tony 's multiple apologies . Things are frosty between them as Sam can not forgive Tony , however she admits to Chuny that she still loves him but forbids her from telling anyone . In `` A Long , Strange Trip '' , Sam was reunited with younger sister Kelly ( played by Shannon Woodward ) , now a successful fashion designer , for the first time since their mother kicked Sam out when she was a pregnant 15 - year - old . Kelly tells Sam how their mother is dying of emphysema , and after reminiscing about their childhood , Sam relents and agrees to allow Kelly to move their mother to a Chicago nursing home . Sam sees her mother for the first time in 15 years in the episode `` T Minus 6 '' , but Mary Taggart does not recognise her daughter . In the next episode , Sam is shown visiting her mother in the nursing home , where they argue about why Sam lost contact with her family , before Mary asks Sam about her son . In the Season 15 episode `` Old Times '' , Sam accompanies Neela to Seattle to pick up a heart for a transplant in Chicago . She briefly met Carol Hathaway and Dr. Doug Ross who revealed how they used to work at County . In the series finale `` And in the End , '' the staff celebrates her birthday and Alex delivers her present : a bright red vintage Ford Mustang convertible , which Tony Gates bought and fixed up with Alex 's help . When she and Tony witness a husband losing his wife ( and the description of his daughter about how he never lost his love for her despite her very negative and critical ways clearely resonates with Sam ) , they hold each other 's hands , hinting that they might rekindle their relationship . External links ( edit ) ER Characters Main John Carter Kerry Weaver Abby Lockhart Luka Kovač Mark Greene Peter Benton Elizabeth Corday Susan Lewis Greg Pratt Carol Hathaway Neela Rasgotra Samantha Taggart Jing - Mei Chen Archie Morris Doug Ross Jeanie Boulet Tony Gates Cleo Finch Dave Malucci Lucy Knight Anna Del Amico Catherine Banfield Supporting Doctors Nurses Non-medical staff Family members and friends Seasons 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Episodes `` Love 's Labor Lost '' `` On the Beach '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Strange Bedfellows '' `` No Place to Hide '' `` There Are No Angels Here '' `` The Gallant Hero and the Tragic Victor '' `` Twenty - One Guns '' `` And in the End ... '' Related Cast Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samantha_Taggart&oldid=826436556 '' Categories : ER ( TV series ) characters Fictional nurses Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2008 All articles lacking sources Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 02 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what episode of er does sam get kidnapped
[ "In the 12th season finale, \"21 Guns\", Steve, an EMT Student named Mary and another prisoner named Rafe hatch an escape plot: Steve and Rafe injuring themselves and then escaping from the hospital. They stab Luka with a syringe as Sam looks on in horror. Because the syringe contained a paralyzing drug that would have led to his death, Sam steps in and treats him in spite of the prisoners' threats, saying she is going to make sure he doesn't die regardless of what they say; Steve makes his partners back off long enough for Sam to intubate Luka. They proceed to start shooting throughout the hospital once police catch on, using Sam as a hostage. Jerry Markovic is hurt in the shooting. Steve drags Sam outside, towards the getaway van. She begs him, \"Think about Alex!\" but as it turns out, he already had, and Alex is tied up inside the van. Sam immediately gets in the van after seeing Alex, and later, Steve tells her that God spoke to him, and told him he had to get his family back together. With Sam and Alex as hostages, the three attempt to make an escape to Canada." ]
[ "\"21 Guns\"" ]
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Color photography
Color photography - Wikipedia Color photography `` Color film '' redirects here . For the motion picture equivalent , see Color motion picture film . See also : List of color film systems A circa 1850 `` Hillotype '' photograph of a colored engraving . Long believed to be a complete fraud , recent testing found that Levi Hill 's process did reproduce some color photographically , but also that many specimens had been `` sweetened '' by the addition of hand - applied colors . The first color photograph made by the three - color method suggested by James Clerk Maxwell in 1855 , taken in 1861 by Thomas Sutton . The subject is a colored ribbon , usually described as a tartan ribbon . An 1877 color photographic print on paper by Louis Ducos du Hauron , the foremost early French pioneer of color photography . The overlapping yellow , cyan and red subtractive color elements are apparent . A 1903 Sanger Shepherd process photograph of Col. Willoughby Verner by Sarah Angelina Acland , an English early pioneer color photographer . The Emir of Bukhara , Alim Khan , in a 1911 color photograph by Sergey Prokudin - Gorsky . At right is the triple color - filtered black - and - white glass plate negative , shown here as a positive . A 1912 color photograph of Sergey Prokudin - Gorsky , who documented the Russian Empire with a color camera from 1909 to 1915 . A 1914 color photograph of the Taj Mahal published in a 1921 issue of National Geographic magazine . A 1917 Autochrome color photograph of a French Army lookout at his observation post during World War I . Stanisławów city in Poland , Market Square , Autochrome , 1932 Color ( or colour ) photography is photography that uses media capable of reproducing colors . By contrast , black - and - white ( monochrome ) photography records only a single channel of luminance ( brightness ) and uses media capable only of showing shades of gray . In color photography , electronic sensors or light - sensitive chemicals record color information at the time of exposure . This is usually done by analyzing the spectrum of colors into three channels of information , one dominated by red , another by green and the third by blue , in imitation of the way the normal human eye senses color . The recorded information is then used to reproduce the original colors by mixing various proportions of red , green and blue light ( RGB color , used by video displays , digital projectors and some historical photographic processes ) , or by using dyes or pigments to remove various proportions of the red , green and blue which are present in white light ( CMY color , used for prints on paper and transparencies on film ) . Monochrome images which have been `` colorized '' by tinting selected areas by hand or mechanically or with the aid of a computer are `` colored photographs '' , not `` color photographs '' . Their colors are not dependent on the actual colors of the objects photographed and may be very inaccurate or completely arbitrary . The foundation of virtually all practical color processes , the three - color method was first suggested in an 1855 paper by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell , with the first color photograph produced by Thomas Sutton for a Maxwell lecture in 1861 . Color photography has been the dominant form of photography since the 1970s , with monochrome photography mostly relegated to niche markets such as art photography . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early experiments 1.2 An entirely different approach to color 1.3 Three - color processes 1.4 Additive color 1.5 Subtractive color 1.6 Color sensitization 1.7 Color cameras 1.8 Color photography leaves the laboratory 1.9 The Screen Plate era 1.10 Tripacks 1.11 Color film since the 1930s 1.12 Digital photography 2 Artists ' perspectives 2.1 Fans of color 2.2 Skeptics 3 Preservation issues 3.1 Factors 3.2 Storage 3.3 Recommended storage 4 Collection of rare color photography in Wikimedia Commons 5 Research 6 Patents 7 See also 7.1 People 7.2 Other topics 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links 10.1 General 10.2 Online collections 10.3 Supplies History ( edit ) Early experiments ( edit ) Colour photography was attempted beginning in the 1840s . Early experiments were directed at finding a `` chameleon substance '' which would assume the colour of the light falling on it . Some encouraging early results , typically obtained by projecting a solar spectrum directly onto the sensitive surface , seemed to promise eventual success , but the comparatively dim image formed in a camera required exposures lasting for hours or even days . The quality and range of the colour was sometimes severely limited mainly to primary colours , as in the chemically complicated `` Hillotype '' process invented by American daguerreotypist Levi Hill around 1850 . Other experimenters , such as Edmond Becquerel , achieved better results but could find no way to prevent the colours from quickly fading when the images were exposed to light for viewing . Over the following several decades , renewed experiments along these lines periodically raised hopes and then dashed them , yielding nothing of practical value . An entirely different approach to color ( edit ) Gabriel Lippmann is remembered as the inventor of a method for reproducing colors by photography , based on the interference phenomenon , which earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1908 . In 1886 Lippmann 's interest had turned to a method of fixing the colors of the solar spectrum on a photographic plate . On 2 February 1891 , he announced to the Academy of Sciences : `` I have succeeded in obtaining the image of the spectrum with its colors on a photographic plate whereby the image remains fixed and can remain in daylight without deterioration . '' By April 1892 , he was able to report that he had succeeded in producing color images of a stained glass window , a group of flags , a bowl of oranges topped by a red poppy and a multicolored parrot . He presented his theory of color photography using the interference method in two papers to the Academy , one in 1894 , the other in 1906 . Three - color processes ( edit ) The three - color method , which is the foundation of virtually all practical color processes whether chemical or electronic , was first suggested in an 1855 paper on color vision by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell . It is based on the Young - Helmholtz theory that the normal human eye sees color because its inner surface is covered with millions of intermingled cone cells of three types : in theory , one type is most sensitive to the end of the spectrum we call `` red '' , another is more sensitive to the middle or `` green '' region , and a third which is most strongly stimulated by `` blue '' . The named colors are somewhat arbitrary divisions imposed on the continuous spectrum of visible light , and the theory is not an entirely accurate description of cone sensitivity . But the simple description of these three colors coincides enough with the sensations experienced by the eye that when these three colors are used the three cones types are adequately and unequally stimulated to form the illusion of various intermediate wavelengths of light . In his studies of color vision , Maxwell showed , by using a rotating disk with which he could alter the proportions , that any visible hue or gray tone could be made by mixing only three pure colors of light -- red , green and blue -- in proportions that would stimulate the three types of cells to the same degrees under particular lighting conditions . To emphasize that each type of cell by itself did not actually see color but was simply more or less stimulated , he drew an analogy to black - and - white photography : if three colorless photographs of the same scene were taken through red , green and blue filters , and transparencies ( `` slides '' ) made from them were projected through the same filters and superimposed on a screen , the result would be an image reproducing not only red , green and blue , but all of the colors in the original scene . The first color photograph made according to Maxwell 's prescription , a set of three monochrome `` color separations '' , was taken by Thomas Sutton in 1861 for use in illustrating a lecture on color by Maxwell , where it was shown in color by the triple projection method . The test subject was a bow made of ribbon with stripes of various colors , apparently including red and green . During the lecture , which was about physics and physiology , not photography , Maxwell commented on the inadequacy of the results and the need for a photographic material more sensitive to red and green light . A century later , historians were mystified by the reproduction of any red at all , because the photographic process used by Sutton was for all practical purposes totally insensitive to red light and only marginally sensitive to green . In 1961 , researchers found that many red dyes also reflect ultraviolet light , coincidentally transmitted by Sutton 's red filter , and surmised that the three images were probably due to ultra-violet , blue - green and blue wavelengths , rather than to red , green and blue . Additive color ( edit ) Creating colors by mixing colored lights ( usually red , green and blue ) in various proportions is the additive method of color reproduction . LCD , LED , plasma and CRT ( picture tube ) color video displays all use this method . If one of these displays is examined with a sufficiently strong magnifier , it will be seen that each pixel is actually composed of red , green and blue sub-pixels which blend at normal viewing distances , reproducing a wide range of colors as well as white and shades of gray . This is also known as the RGB color model . Subtractive color ( edit ) The same three images taken through red , green and blue filters which are used for additive color synthesis may also be used to produce color prints and transparencies by the subtractive method , in which colors are subtracted from white light by dyes or pigments . In photography , the dye colors are normally cyan , a greenish - blue which absorbs red ; magenta , a purplish - pink which absorbs green ; and yellow , which absorbs blue . The red - filtered image is used to create a cyan dye image , the green - filtered image to create a magenta dye image , and the blue - filtered image to create a yellow dye image . When the three dye images are superimposed they form a complete color image . This is also known as the CMYK color model . The `` K '' is a black component normally added in ink - jet and other mechanical printing processes to compensate for the imperfections of the colored inks used , which ideally should absorb or transmit various parts of the spectrum but not reflect any color , and to improve image definition . At first it may seem that each image ought to be printed in the color of the filter used in making it , but by following any given color through the process the reason for printing in complementary colors should become apparent . A red object , for example , will be very pale in the red - filtered image but very dark in the other two images , so the result will be an area with just a trace of cyan , absorbing just a bit of red light , but a large amount of magenta and yellow , which together absorb most of the green and blue light , leaving mainly red light to be reflected back from the white paper in the case of a print , or transmitted through a clear support in the case of a transparency . Before the technical innovations of the years 1935 to 1942 , the only way to create a subtractive full - color print or transparency was by means of one of several labor - intensive and time - consuming procedures . Most commonly , three pigment images were first created separately by the so - called carbon process and then carefully combined in register . Sometimes , related processes were used to make three gelatin matrices which were dyed and assembled or used to transfer the three dye images into a single layer of gelatin coated on a final support . Chemical toning could be used to convert three black - and - white silver images into cyan , magenta and yellow images which were then assembled . In a few processes , the three images were created one on top of another by repeated coating or re-sensitizing , negative registration , exposure and development operations . A number of variations were devised and marketed during the first half of the 20th century , some of them short - lived , others , such as the Trichrome Carbro process , enduring for several decades . Because some of these processes allow very stable and light - fast coloring matter to be used , yielding images which can remain virtually unchanged for centuries , they are still not quite completely extinct . The production of photographic three - color prints on paper was pioneered by Louis Ducos du Hauron , whose comprehensive 1868 French patent also included the basic concepts of most of the color photographic processes which were subsequently developed . For making the three color - filtered negatives required , he was able to develop materials and methods which were not as completely blind to red and green light as those used by Thomas Sutton in 1861 , but they were still very insensitive to those colors . Exposure times were impractically long , the red or orange - filtered negative requiring hours of exposure in the camera . His earliest surviving color prints are `` sun prints '' of pressed flowers and leaves , each of the three negatives having been made without a camera by exposing the light - sensitive surface to direct sunlight passing first through a color filter and then through the vegetation . His first attempts were based on the red - yellow - blue colors then used for pigments , with no color reversal . Later he used the primary colors of light with color reversal . Color sensitization ( edit ) As long as photographic materials were usefully sensitive only to blue - green , blue , violet and ultraviolet , three - color photography could never be practical . In 1873 German chemist Hermann Wilhelm Vogel discovered that the addition of small amounts of certain aniline dyes to a photographic emulsion could add sensitivity to colors which the dyes absorbed . He identified dyes which variously sensitized for all the previously ineffective colors except true red , to which only a marginal trace of sensitivity could be added . In the following year , Edmond Becquerel discovered that chlorophyll was a good sensitizer for red . Although it would be many more years before these sensitizers ( and better ones developed later ) found much use beyond scientific applications such as spectrography , they were quickly and eagerly adopted by Louis Ducos du Hauron , Charles Cros and other color photography pioneers . Exposure times for the `` problem '' colors could now be reduced from hours to minutes . As ever - more - sensitive gelatin emulsions replaced the old wet and dry collodion processes , the minutes became seconds . New sensitizing dyes introduced early in the 20th century eventually made so - called `` instantaneous '' color exposures possible . Color cameras ( edit ) Making color separations by reloading the camera and changing the filter between exposures was inconvenient , added delays to the already long exposure times and could result in the camera being accidentally shifted out of position . To improve the actual picture - taking , a number of experimenters designed one or more special cameras for color photography . They were usually of two main types . The first type used a system of partially reflecting surfaces to divide the light coming through the lens into three parts , each part passing through a different color filter and forming a separate image , so that the three images could be photographed at the same time on three plates ( flexible film had not yet replaced glass plates as the support for the emulsion ) or different areas of one plate . Later known as `` one - shot '' cameras , refined versions continued to be used as late as the 1950s for special purposes such as commercial photography for publication , in which a set of color separations was ultimately required in order to prepare printing plates . The second type , known variously as a multiple back , repeating back or drop back camera , still exposed the images one at a time but used a sliding holder for the filters and plates which allowed each filter and the corresponding unexposed area of emulsion to be quickly shifted into place . German photochemistry professor Adolf Miethe designed a high - quality camera of this type which was commercially introduced by Bermpohl in 1903 . It was probably this Miethe - Bermpohl camera which was used by Miethe 's pupil Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin - Gorskii to make his now - celebrated color photographic surveys of Russia before the 1917 revolution . One sophisticated variant , patented by Frederic Eugene Ives in 1897 , was driven by clockwork and could be adjusted to automatically make each of the exposures for a different length of time according to the particular color sensitivities of the emulsion being used . Otherwise simple cameras with multiple color - filtered lenses were sometimes tried , but unless everything in the scene was at a great distance , or all in a plane at the same distance , the difference in the viewpoints of the lenses ( parallax ) made it impossible to completely `` register '' all parts of the resulting images at the same time . Color photography leaves the laboratory ( edit ) Prior to the late 1890s color photography was strictly the domain of a very few intrepid experimenters willing to build their own equipment , do their own color - sensitizing of photographic emulsions , make and test their own color filters and otherwise devote a large amount of time and effort to their pursuits . There were many opportunities for something to go wrong during the series of operations required and problem - free results were rare . Most photographers still regarded the whole idea of color photography as a pipe dream , something only madmen and swindlers would claim to have accomplished . In 1898 , however , it was possible to buy the required equipment and supplies ready - made . Two adequately red - sensitive photographic plates were already on the market , and two very different systems of color photography with which to use them , tantalizingly described in photographic magazines for several years past , were finally available to the public . The most extensive and expensive of the two was the `` Kromskop '' ( pronounced `` chrome - scope '' ) system developed by Frederic Eugene Ives . This was a straightforward additive system and its essential elements had been described by James Clerk Maxwell , Louis Ducos du Hauron and Charles Cros much earlier , but Ives invested years of careful work and ingenuity in refining the methods and materials to optimize color quality , in overcoming problems inherent in the optical systems involved , and in simplifying the apparatus to bring down the cost of producing it commercially . The color images , dubbed `` Kromograms '' , were in the form of sets of three black - and - white transparencies on glass , mounted onto special cloth - tape - hinged triple cardboard frames . To see a Kromogram in color it had to be inserted into a `` Kromskop '' ( generic name `` chromoscope '' or `` photochromoscope '' ) , a viewing device which used an arrangement of colored glass filters to illuminate each slide with the correct color of light and transparent reflectors to visually combine them into a single full - color image . The most popular model was stereoscopic . By looking through its pair of lenses , an image in full natural color and 3 - D was seen , a startling novelty in the late Victorian age . The results won near - universal praise for excellence and realism . At demonstrations , Ives sometimes placed a viewer displaying a still - life subject next to the actual objects photographed , inviting direct comparison . A Kromskop triple `` lantern '' could be used to project the three images , mounted in a special metal or wooden frame for this purpose , through filters as Maxwell had done in 1861 . Prepared Kromograms of still - life subjects , landscapes , famous buildings and works of art were sold and these were the Kromskop viewer 's usual fodder , but a `` multiple back '' camera attachment and a set of three specially adjusted color filters could be bought by `` Kromskopists '' wishing to make their own Kromograms . Kromskops and ready - made Kromograms were bought by educational institutions for their value in teaching about color and color vision , and by individuals who were in a position to pay a substantial sum for an intriguing optical toy . A few people did , indeed , make their own Kromograms . Unfortunately for Ives , this was not enough to sustain the businesses which had been set up to exploit the system and they soon failed , but the viewers , projectors , Kromograms and several varieties of Kromskop cameras and camera attachments continued to be available through the Scientific Shop in Chicago as late as 1907 . The screen plate era ( edit ) The simpler and somewhat more economical alternative was the Joly Screen process . This required no special camera or viewer , just a special color - compensating filter for the camera lens and a special holder for the photographic plates . The holder contained the heart of the system : a clear glass plate on which very fine lines of three colors had been ruled in a regular repeating pattern , completely covering its surface . The idea was that instead of taking three separate complete photographs through three colored filters , the filters could be in the form of a large number of very narrow strips ( the colored lines ) allowing the necessary color information to be recorded in a single compound image . After the negative was developed , a positive transparency was printed from it and a viewing screen with red , green and blue lines in the same pattern as the lines of the taking screen was applied and carefully aligned . The colors then appeared as if by magic . The transparency and screen were very like the layer of monochrome liquid crystal elements and overlay of hair - thin red , green and blue color filter stripes which create the color image in a typical LCD display . This was the invention of Irish scientist John Joly , although he , like so many other inventors , eventually discovered that his basic concept had been anticipated in Louis Ducos du Hauron 's long - since - expired 1868 patent . The Joly Screen process had some problems . First and foremost , although the colored lines were reasonably fine ( about 75 sets of three colored lines to the inch ) they were still disturbingly visible at normal viewing distances and nearly intolerable when enlarged by projection . This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each screen was individually ruled on a machine which used three pens to apply the transparent colored inks , resulting in irregularities , high reject rates and high cost . The glass used for photographic plates at the time was not perfectly flat , and lack of uniform good contact between the screen and the image gave rise to areas of degraded color . Poor contact also caused false colors to appear if the sandwich was viewed at an angle . Although much simpler than the Kromskop system , the Joly system was not inexpensive . The starter kit of plate holder , compensating filter , one taking screen and one viewing screen cost USD $30 ( the equivalent of at least USD $750 in 2010 dollars ) and additional viewing screens were USD $1 each ( the equivalent of at least USD $25 in 2010 dollars ) . This system , too , soon died of neglect , although in fact it pointed the way to the future . Surviving examples of the Joly process usually show extremely poor color now . The colors in the viewing screens have badly faded and shifted , making it impossible to judge their original appearance . In some specimens the viewing screen is also misaligned . Lippmann photography is a way of making a color photograph that relies on Bragg reflection planes in the emulsion to make the colors . It is similar to using the colors of soap bubbles to make an image . Gabriel Jonas Lippmann won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1908 for the creation of the first color photographic process using a single emulsion . The color fidelity is extremely high but the images can not be reproduced and viewing requires very specific lighting conditions . The development of the Autochrome process quickly rendered the Lippmann method redundant . The method is still utilized to make singular images that can not be copied for security purposes . The first commercially successful color process , the Lumière Autochrome , invented by the French Lumière brothers , reached the market in 1907 . Instead of colored strips , it was based on an irregular screen plate filter made of three colors of dyed grains of potato starch which were too small to be individually visible . The light - sensitive emulsion was coated directly onto the screen plate , eliminating problems due to imperfect contact between the screen and image . Reversal processing was used to convert the negative image which was initially produced into a positive image by removing the exposed silver metal , and re-exposing the remaining silver halide , so no printing or screen registration was required . The shortcomings of the Autochrome process were the expense ( one plate cost about as much as a dozen black - and - white plates of the same size ) , the relatively long exposure times which made hand - held `` snapshots '' and photographs of moving subjects impractical , and the density of the finished image due to the presence of the light - absorbing color screen . Viewed under optimum conditions and by daylight as intended , a well - made and well - preserved Autochrome can look startlingly fresh and vivid . Unfortunately , modern film and digital copies are usually made with a highly diffused light source , which causes loss of color saturation and other ill effects due to light scatter within the structure of the screen and emulsion , and by fluorescent or other artificial light which alters the color balance . The capabilities of the process should not be judged by the dull , washed - out , odd - colored reproductions commonly seen . Millions of Autochrome plates were manufactured and used during the quarter century before the plates were replaced by film - based versions in the 1930s . The very last film version , named Alticolor , brought the Autochrome process into the 1950s but was discontinued in 1955 . Many additive color screen products were available between the 1890s and the 1950s , but none , with the possible exception of Dufaycolor , introduced as film for still photography in 1935 , was as popular or successful as the Lumière Autochrome . The most recent use of the additive screen process for non-digital photography was in Polachrome , an `` instant '' 35mm slide film introduced in 1983 and discontinued about twenty years later . Tripacks ( edit ) Louis Ducos du Hauron had suggested using a sandwich of three differently color - recording emulsions on transparent supports which could be exposed together in an ordinary camera , then taken apart and used like any other set of three - color separations . The problem was that although two of the emulsions could be in contact face - to - face , the third would have to be separated by the thickness of one transparent support layer . Because all silver halide emulsions are inherently sensitive to blue , the blue - recording layer ought to be on top and have a blue - blocking yellow filter layer behind it . This blue - recording layer , used to make the yellow print which could most afford to be `` soft '' , would end up producing the sharpest image . The two layers behind it , one sensitized to red but not green and the other to green but not red , would suffer from scattering of the light as it passed through the topmost emulsion , and one or both would further suffer by being spaced away from it . Despite these limitations , some `` tripacks '' were commercially produced , such as the Hess - Ives `` Hiblock '' which sandwiched an emulsion on film between emulsions coated on glass plates . For a brief period in the early 1930s , the American Agfa - Ansco company produced Colorol , a roll - film tripack for snapshot cameras . The three emulsions were on unusually thin film bases . After exposure , the roll was sent to Agfa - Ansco for processing and the triple negatives were returned to the customer with a set of color prints . The images were not sharp and the color was not very good , but they were genuine `` natural color '' snapshots . `` Bipacks '' using only two emulsions face - to - face were the subject of some development . Although the range of colors which could be reproduced by only two components was limited , skin tones and most hair and eye colors could be rendered with surprising fidelity , making bipack processes a viable option for color portraiture . In commercial practice , however , the use of bipacks was almost entirely confined to two - color motion picture systems . If the three layers of emulsion in a tripack did not have to be taken apart in order to produce the cyan , magenta and yellow dye images from them , they could be coated directly on top of each other , eliminating the most serious problems . In fact , some chemical magic was under development which would make that possible . Color film since the 1930s ( edit ) In 1935 , American Eastman Kodak introduced the first modern `` integral tripack '' color film and called it Kodachrome , a name recycled from an earlier and completely different two - color process . Its development was led by the improbable team of Leopold Mannes and Leopold Godowsky , Jr. ( nicknamed `` Man '' and `` God '' ) , two highly regarded classical musicians who had started tinkering with color photographic processes and ended up working with the Kodak Research Laboratories . Kodachrome had three layers of emulsion coated on a single base , each layer recording one of the three additive primaries , red , green , and blue . In keeping with Kodak 's old `` you press the button , we do the rest '' slogan , the film was simply loaded into the camera , exposed in the ordinary way , then mailed to Kodak for processing . The complicated part , if the complexities of manufacturing the film are ignored , was the processing , which involved the controlled penetration of chemicals into the three layers of emulsion . Only a simplified description of the process is appropriate in a short history : as each layer was developed into a black - and - white silver image , a `` dye coupler '' added during that stage of development caused a cyan , magenta or yellow dye image to be created along with it . The silver images were chemically removed , leaving only the three layers of dye images in the finished film . Initially , Kodachrome was available only as 16mm film for home movies , but in 1936 it was also introduced as 8mm home movie film and short lengths of 35mm film for still photography . In 1938 , sheet film in various sizes for professional photographers was introduced , some changes were made to cure early problems with unstable colors , and a somewhat simplified processing method was instituted . In 1936 , the German Agfa followed with their own integral tripack film , Agfacolor Neu , which was generally similar to Kodachrome but had one important advantage : Agfa had found a way to incorporate the dye couplers into the emulsion layers during manufacture , allowing all three layers to be developed at the same time and greatly simplifying the processing . Most modern color films , excepting the now - discontinued Kodachrome , use the incorporated dye coupler technique , but since the 1970s nearly all have used a modification developed by Kodak rather than the original Agfa version . In 1941 , Kodak made it possible to order prints from Kodachrome slides . The print `` paper '' was actually a white plastic coated with a multilayer emulsion similar to that on the film . These were the first commercially available color prints created by the chromogenic dye coupler method . In the following year , Kodacolor film was introduced . Unlike Kodachrome , it was designed to be processed into a negative image which showed not only light and dark reversed but also complementary colors . The use of such a negative for making prints on paper simplified the processing of the prints , reducing their cost . The expense of color film as compared to black - and - white and the difficulty of using it with indoor lighting combined to delay its widespread adoption by amateurs . In 1950 , black - and - white snapshots were still the norm . By 1960 , color was much more common but still tended to be reserved for travel photos and special occasions . Color film and color prints still cost several times as much as black - and - white , and taking color snapshots in deep shade or indoors required the use of flashbulbs , an inconvenience and an additional expense . By 1970 , prices were coming down , film sensitivity had been improved , electronic flash units were replacing flashbulbs , and in most families color had become the norm for snapshot - taking . Black - and - white film continued to be used by some photographers who preferred it for aesthetic reasons or who wanted to take pictures by existing light in low - light conditions , which was still difficult to do with color film . They usually did their own developing and printing . By 1980 , black - and - white film in the formats used by typical snapshot cameras , as well as commercial developing and printing service for it , had nearly disappeared . Instant color film was introduced by Polaroid in 1963 . Like Polaroid 's contemporary instant black - and - white film , their first color product was a negative - positive peel - apart process which produced a unique print on paper . The negative could not be reused and was discarded . The blight created by carelessly discarded caustic - chemical - laden Polaroid negatives , which tended to accumulate most heavily at the prettiest , most snapshot - worthy locations , horrified Polaroid founder Edwin Land and prompted him to develop the later SX - 70 system , which produced no separate negative to discard . Some currently available color films are designed to produce positive transparencies for use in a slide projector or magnifying viewer , although paper prints can also be made from them . Transparencies are preferred by some professional photographers who use film because they can be judged without having to print them first . Transparencies are also capable of a wider dynamic range , and therefore of a greater degree of realism , than the more convenient medium of prints on paper . The early popularity of color `` slides '' among amateurs went into decline after the introduction of automated printing equipment started bringing print quality up and prices down . Other currently available films are designed to produce color negatives for use in creating enlarged positive prints on color photographic paper . Color negatives may also be digitally scanned and then printed by non-photographic means or viewed as positives electronically . Unlike reversal - film transparency processes , negative - positive processes are , within limits , forgiving of incorrect exposure and poor color lighting , because a considerable degree of correction is possible at the time of printing . Negative film is therefore more suitable for casual use by amateurs . Virtually all single - use cameras employ negative film . Photographic transparencies can be made from negatives by printing them on special `` positive film '' , but this has always been unusual outside of the motion picture industry and commercial service to do it for still images may no longer be available . Negative films and paper prints are by far the most common form of color film photography today . Digital photography ( edit ) After a transition period centered around 1995 -- 2005 , color film was relegated to a niche market by inexpensive multi-megapixel digital cameras which can shoot both in monochrome as well as color . Film continues to be the preference of some photographers because of its distinctive `` look '' and fondness of the format . Artists ' perspectives ( edit ) Photographers differed in opinion about color photography when it was first introduced . Some fully embraced it when it was available to the public in the late 1930s , while others remained skeptical of its relevance in the art of photography . Fans of color ( edit ) Ferenc Berko , a classic photographer who lived during the rise of color film , was one of the photographers who immediately recognized the potential of color film . He saw it as a new way to frame the world ; a way to experiment with the subjects he photographed and how he conveyed emotion in the photograph . John Hedgecoe , another photographer who lived during this time period , was another example of those who preferred color . He published a book entitled The Art of Color Photography , in which he explained the importance of understanding the `` special and often subtle relationships between different colors '' . He also described the psychological and emotional power that color can have on the viewer , since certain colors , he argues , can make people feel a certain way . Jan Groover , a postmodernist noted for her work during the 1970s used color extensively in her work . Skeptics ( edit ) Though color photography had its followers , black - and - white still remained the more popular and respected film when color first came out . Harold Baquet , for instance -- a relatively current photographer known best for documenting New Orleans civil rights -- was not keen on color . He preferred to take pictures mainly using black - and - white film . When asked about his reasoning for this preference during an interview , he replied `` The less is more thing . Sometimes the color distracts from the essential subject . Sometimes , just light , line and form is enough , and it allows you to explore the sculptural qualities of that third dimension , that illusional dimension of depth . And it 's fun '' . This aversion to color was due mainly to a fear of losing simplicity in his pictures . He worried that color gave the eye too much to take in . This worry was not uncommon . Photographer Ansel Adams , known best for his dramatic black - and - white landscapes , also felt that color could be distracting , and could therefore divert the artist 's attention away from creating a photograph to his full potential , according to some experts . Adams actually claimed that he could get `` a far greater sense of ' color ' through a well - planned and executed black - and - white image than ( he had ) ever achieved with color photography '' . Another expert source mentioned that Adams was a `` master of control '' . He wrote books about technique , developed the Zone System -- which helped determine the optimal exposure and development time for a given photograph -- and introduced the idea of `` previsualization '' , which involved the photographer imagining what he wanted his final print to look like before he even took the shot . These concepts and methods allowed for nearly total control of all the potential variables that factor into a final print . Because of this love for control , Adams disliked color because it lacked this element that he had mastered with black - and - white . While Adams initially was far from thrilled with color , he did experiment with it , unknown to many . A few examples of his color work are available in the online archive of the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona . His subjects that he shot in color ranged from portraits to landscape to architecture ; a similar scope to that of his black and white work . In fact , toward the end of his life , Adams admitted his regret of not being able to master the technique of color , according to an expert source . Though a wide range of film preference still exists among photographers today , color has , with time , gained a much larger following as well as a higher level of respect in the field of photography as a whole . Preservation issues ( edit ) Experimentation with creating photographs that mirrored the colors of real life began in the 1840s . Each process may require different methods of preservation . Color photographic materials are impermanent and are by nature unstable . Chromogenic color photographs , for example , are composed of yellow , magenta , and cyan organic dyes , which fade at different rates . Even when in dark storage and enclosed in the proper archival materials , deterioration is unavoidable . However , when given the proper preservation care , fading , color shifting , and discoloration can be delayed . Factors ( edit ) Numerous factors can deteriorate and even destroy photographs . Some examples include : High temperature and high relative humidity ( RH ) Air pollution and dirt Light exposure Biological threats such as fungi and insects Residual processing chemicals Base and emulsion deterioration Handling and usage Improper storage and enclosures Three signs of age that affect color photography are : Dark fading occurs regardless of the procedures taken to preserve a photograph and is unavoidable . It is instigated by temperature and RH . Cyan dyes will typically fade more quickly , which will make the image appear too red in color . Light fading occurs when materials are exposed to light , e.g. while on display . The intensity of the light source and ultraviolet ( UV ) rays will affect the rate of change and fade . Magenta dyes will typically fade the quickest . Highlight staining occurs with older color photographic papers , and is a yellowing of the border and highlight areas of a photograph . Storage ( edit ) In general , the colder the storage , the longer the `` life '' of color photographs . Frost - free refrigeration , more commonly known as cold storage ( below freezing ) is one of the most effective ways to bring a halt to developing damage to color photographic materials . Selecting this type of storage environment is costly and requires special training to remove and return items . Therefore , cool storage ( above freezing ) is more common and less costly , which requires that the temperature is consistently between 10 -- 15 ° C ( 50 -- 59 ° F ) with 30 -- 40 % relative humidity with special attention to dew point to eliminate concerns for condensation . General dark storage in light tight enclosures and storage boxes is always advised for individual items . When materials are exposed to light during handling , usage , or display , light sources should be UV - filtered and intensity kept at minimum . In storage areas , 200 -- 400 lux is recommended . Recommended storage ( edit ) The usage of enclosures is the easiest method of preserving photographic materials from being damaged through handling and light exposure . All protective materials should pass the Photographic Activity Test ( PAT ) as described both by the American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) in standard IT9. 2 -- 1988 , and the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) in standard 18916 : 2007 ( E ) , Photography -- Processed Photographic Materials -- Photographic Activity Test for Enclosure Materials . The PAT is an archival science test that determines what kind of enclosures will preserve , prevent , and / or prolong from further deterioration while in storage . The recommended use of archival enclosures includes each item having its own enclosure and that each enclosure is of the appropriate size . Archival enclosures may come in two different forms : paper or plastic . Choosing either option has its advantages and disadvantages . Paper enclosures should be non-acidic , lignin - free paper and may come in either buffered or non-buffered stock . An advantage of paper is that it is generally less costly than plastic enclosures . The opaque quality of paper protects photographs from light exposure , and the porous quality protects photographs from humidity and gaseous pollutants . However , for images to be viewed , they must be removed from the enclosure , putting the materials at risk for mishandling and / or vandalism . Archival quality plastic enclosures are made of uncoated polyester , polypropylene , or polyethylene . The transparent quality of plastic lends itself to easier access to the image because there is no extra step to remove the photograph . Plastic is also less resistant to tears in comparison to paper . Some disadvantages include being prone to static electricity and a risk of ferrotyping ( the act of moisture becoming trapped between the enclosure and item , causing the materials to stick to one another ) . After photographic materials are individually enclosed , housing or storage containers provide another protective barrier such as folders and boxes made from archival paperboard as addressed in ISO Standards 18916 : 2007 and 18902 . Sometimes these containers have to be custom - made in order to properly store odd sizes . In general , flat storage in boxes is recommended because it provides more stable support , particularly for materials that are in more fragile condition . Still , boxes and folders should never be over-filled with materials . Collection of rare color photography in Wikimedia Commons ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Color photography . Research ( edit ) Suspended nanoparticles in the glass prevent U.V light from causing chemical reactions that change image colors . For this reason stained glass is being used to capture true color images of Mars for the 2019 ESA Mars rover mission . Patents ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) U.S. Patent 2,059,884 -- Color photography See also ( edit ) People ( edit ) John Bulmer George Eastman William Eggleston Gabriel Lippmann Luis Marden Otto Pfenninger Stephen Shore Jules Gervais - Courtellemont Léon Gimpel Sergey Prokudin - Gorsky Luigi Ghirri Other topics ( edit ) Hand - coloring ( easily mistaken for early color photography ) Photographic processes Color motion picture film Color printing Color television Film colorization Potassium ferricyanide Timeline of historic inventions Photochrome The Shackleton Expedition , on which Paget color photography was used , among other types Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shepherd , Sanger . Provisional Catalogue of Apparatus and Materials for Natural Colour Photography : Sanger Shepherd Process . Archive.org . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Giles ( 2012 ) . Sarah Angelina Acland : First Lady of Colour Photography . Oxford : Bodleian Library , University of Oxford . ISBN 978 1 85124 372 3 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Distributed by The University of Chicago Press in the US . ^ Jump up to : `` 1861 : James Clerk Maxwell 's greatest year '' . King 's College London . 3 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Charles Mackintosh 's waterproof to Dolly the sheep : 43 innovations Scotland has given the world '' . The independent . 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ From Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901 -- 1921 , Elsevier Publishing Company , Amsterdam , 1967 . Jump up ^ Jacques Bintz , `` Gabriel Lippmann 1845 -- 1921 '' , in Gabriel Lippmann : Commémoration par la section des sciences naturelles , physiques et mathématiques de l'Institut grand - ducal de Luxembourg du 150e anniversaire du savant né au Luxembourg , lauréat du prix Nobel en 1908 ( Luxembourg : Section des sciences naturelles , physiques et mathématiques de l'Institut grand - ducal de Luxembourg en collaboration avec le Séminaire de mathématique et le Séminaire d'histoire des sciences et de la médecine du centre universitaire de Luxembourg , 1997 ) , Jean - Paul Pier & Jos . A. Massard : éditeurs , Luxembourg 1997 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , James Clerk ( 1855 ) . `` Experiments on colour , as perceived by the eye , with remarks on colour - blindness '' . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . XXI part II . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Science progress in the twentieth century : a quarterly journal of scientific work & thought , Volume 2 . John Murray . 1908 . p. 359 . ( Note : in apparent deference to the primaries named by Thomas Young , Maxwell calls the short - wavelength primary `` violet '' in the relevant paragraphs of his 1855 paper , though he actually used blue in his own experiments , which the paper also describes , and in his 1861 demonstration ) Jump up ^ `` The first colour photograph , 1861 '' . The Guardian . 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ R.W.G. Hunt ( 2004 ) . The Reproduction of Colour , 6th edition . Wiley . pp 9 -- 10 . R.M. Evans ( 1961a ) . `` Some Notes on Maxwell 's Colour Photograph . '' Journal of Photographic Science 9 . pp243 -- 246 R.M. Evans ( 1961b ) . `` Maxwell 's Color Photography '' . Scientific Photography 205 . pp 117 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Vogel , H : `` On the sensitiveness of bromide of silver to the so - called chemically inactive colours '' , Chemical News , December 26 , 1873 : 318 -- 319 , copying from The Photographic News , date and page not cited but apparently December 12 , 1873 ( the latter not known to be available online as of August 6 , 2010 ) , in turn translated from Vogel 's own publication Photographische Mittheilungen , December , 1873 10 ( 117 ) : 233 -- 237 . The capital letters used in this and other sources cited refer to the Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum , in keeping with contemporary practice . For convenience of reference : C is 656 nm , a slightly deeper red than the output of an average red laser pointer ; D is 589 nm , the orange - yellow light of a sodium vapor lamp ; E is 527 nm , green . Jump up ^ Vogel , H : `` Photo - spectroscopic researches '' , The Photographic News , March 20 , 1874 : 136 -- 137 , translated from Photographische Mittheilungen , February , 1874 10 ( 119 ) : 279 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Vogel , H : `` Rendering actinic non-actinic rays '' , The Photographic News , July 3 , 1874 : 320 -- 321 , a direct communication ( apparently in the original English ) to The Photographic News . Jump up ^ Meldola , R. `` Recent Researches In Photography '' . `` Popular Science '' , October 1874 , Pg. 717 -- 720 ISSN 0161 - 7370 Jump up ^ Becquerel , E : `` The action of rays of different refrangibility upon the iodide and bromide of silver : the influence of colouring matters '' , The Photographic News , October 23 , 1874 : 508 -- 509 , translated from Comptes Rendus ( 1874 ) 79 : 185 -- 190 ( the latter downloaded from the Bibliotheque Nationale Francaise on January 28 , 2006 but not directly linkable ) . Note one significant error in the Photographic News translation , page 509 : `` ... vigorous band between the rays C and D '' ( referring to Fraunhofer lines ) should be `` C and B '' per the original French text and in agreement with subsequent mentions in the translation . Jump up ^ Ives , F : Kromskop Color Photography , pages 33 -- 35 . The Photochromoscope Syndicate Limited , London , 1898 . Only a brief description of this automated camera is given but a line drawing of the mechanism and the patent reference are included . An Ives one - shot camera is described and illustrated on pages 30 -- 33 and a horizontally oriented multiple back attachment is illustrated on page 37 . Jump up ^ Abney , W : `` Orthochromatic photography '' , Journal of the Society of Arts , May 22 , 1896 44 : 587 -- 597 describes and illustrates ( with spectrum photographs and curves ) the characteristics of the Lumière Panchromatic and Cadett Spectrum plates as of 1896 . Note that during this period `` orthochromatic '' was not intended to mean `` red - blind '' , although most or all commercial products so labeled indeed were , which may explain the subsequent evolution in the meaning of the word . The wild roller - coaster curves necessitated laborious adjustment and testing of the color filters to obtain the three desired curves . In the cases of the red and green filters , that could mean quashing over ninety - nine percent of the overall sensitivity , requiring exposures measured in seconds under circumstances where one - fiftieth of a second would have sufficed for unfiltered monochrome use . Disproportionate blue sensitivity , requiring the use of a yellow filter for accurate monochrome rendition in daylight , was typical of commercial panchromatic emulsions far into the 20th Century . See also the previously referenced Ives , F : Kromskop Color Photography , price list ( following page 80 ) pages 1 -- 2 , and the subsequently referenced Joly , J : `` On a method ... '' , page 135 for mentions of the use of the Lumière Panchromatic in those systems . The alternative alluded to in Ives may be the Cadett Spectrum but could also be the Edwards Isochromatic , only slightly sensitive to red , which Ives is on record as having employed at an earlier date . The Cadett Lightning Spectrum plate , with an improved spectral response curve and greatly increased overall speed , was available by mid-1900 . Jump up ^ https://thebioscope.net/2008/01/12/colourful-stories-no-2-the-kromskop/ Jump up ^ Joly , J : `` On a method of photography in natural colors '' , Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society , October , 1896 6 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 138 includes details such as the actual reasons for the unusual colors employed in the taking screen and examples of the exposures required . The color illustrations have obviously had considerable hand - work done by the engravers and may have been entirely hand - colored using the original transparencies as a guide . As is evident from page 127 , publication was delayed by more than a year . The 1895 date is confirmed by the publication of a lengthy abstract in Nature , November 28 , 1895 53 ( 1361 ) : 91 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Honan , William ( March 26 , 2000 ) . `` Ferenc Berko , 84 , Pioneer In Use of Color Photography '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hedgecoe , John ( 1998 ) . The Art of Color Photography . Reed Consumer Books . ^ Jump up to : Tuley , Laura Camille ( December 2007 ) . `` An Interview with Harold Baquet '' ( PDF ) . New Orleans Review . 33 ( 2 ) : 108 -- 116 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Richard B. ( November 2009 ) . `` Ansel Adams in Color '' . Smithsonian . Jump up ^ `` Ansel Adams : Browse '' . Center for Creative Photography . University of Arizona . Jump up ^ ELLIE ZOLFAGHARIFARD ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` How medieval stained - glass is creating the ultimate SPACE camera : Nanoparticles used in church windows will help scientists see Mars ' true colours under extreme UV light '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 26 . References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coe , Brian , Colour Photography : the first hundred years 1840 -- 1940 , Ash & Grant , 1978 . Coote , Jack , The Illustrated History of Colour Photography , Fountain Press Ltd. , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 86343 - 380 - 4 Eastman Kodak Company . ( 1979 ) . Preservation of photographs . Kodak publication , no . F - 30 . ( Rochester , N.Y. ) : Eastman Kodak Co . Great Britain , & Paine , C. ( 1996 ) . Standards in the museum care of photographic collections 1996 . London : Museums & Galleries Commission . ISBN 0 - 948630 - 42 - 6 Keefe , L.E. , & Inch , D. ( 1990 ) . The life of a photograph : archival processing , matting , framing , storage . Boston : Focal Press . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80024 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 80024 - 0 Lavédrine , B. , Gandolfo , J. - P. , & Monod , S. ( 2003 ) . A guide to the preventive conservation of photograph collections . Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute . ISBN 0 - 89236 - 701 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89236 - 701 - 6 Photograph preservation and the research library . ( 1991 ) . Mountain View , Ca : The Research Libraries Group . ISBN 0 - 87985 - 212 - 7 Penichon , Sylvie ( 2013 ) . Twentieth - Century Color Photographs : Identification and Care . Los Angeles : Getty Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 156 - 5 Reilly , J.M. ( 1998 ) . Storage guide for color photographic materials . Albany , N.Y. : University of the State of New York ... ( et al . ) . Ritzenthaler , M.L. , Vogt - O'Connor , D. , & Ritzenthaler , M.L. ( 2006 ) . Photographs : archival care and management . Chicago : Society of American Archivists . ISBN 1 - 931666 - 17 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 931666 - 17 - 6 Sipley , Louis Walton , A Half Century of Color , Macmillan , 1951 Time - Life Books . ( 1982 ) . Caring for photographs : display , storage , restoration . Life library of photography . Alexandria , Va : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4420 - 8 Weinstein , R.A. , & Booth , L. ( 1977 ) . Collection , use , and care of historical photographs . Nashville : American Association for State and Local History . ISBN 0 - 910050 - 21 - X Wilhelm , H.G. , & Brower , C. ( 1993 ) . The permanence and care of color photographs : traditional and digital color prints , color negatives , slides , and motion pictures . Grinnell , Iowa , U.S.A. : Preservation Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 911515 - 00 - 3 Wythe , D. ( 2004 ) . Museum archives : an introduction . Chicago : Society of American Archivists . ISBN 1 - 931666 - 06 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 931666 - 06 - 0 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Color Photography . Color Film Information and Comparisons Chart General ( edit ) Internet Resources compiled by the Northeast Document Conservation Center `` Care and Handling and Storage of Photographs '' by Mark Roosa ( IFLA ) Conservation Register Image Permanence Institute Library of Congress -- Information Leaflet : Photographs National Archives and Records Administration -- Cold Storage Handling Guidelines National Park Service . Conserve - O - Gram ( select PDF versions on menu ) Henry Wilhelm Online collections ( edit ) Library of Congress Prokudin - Gorskii collection 100 of Prokudin - Gorsky 's photographs from 1909 to 1915 with captions in pdf format Online high - resolution selection of color photographs from 1905 to 1915 by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin - Gorskii Video ( 09 : 03 ) -- notable historical still images -- now colorized Supplies ( edit ) Library of Congress List of Photographic Preservation Supplies Photography Outline Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value Zebra patterning F - number Film format Large Medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Metering mode Orb ( optics ) Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Photographic processes Reciprocity Red - eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Aircraft Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine - art Fire Forensic Glamour High - speed Landscape Lomography Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Street Vernacular Underwater Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre - jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter HDRI High - speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Long - exposure Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabatier effect Slow motion Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit - scan Sun printing Tilt -- shift Miniature faking Time - lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Golden triangle ( composition ) Equipment Camera light - field field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Film base format holder stock Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hood hot shoe monolight Reflector snoot Softbox Lens Wide - angle lens Zoom lens Telephoto lens Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate History Timeline of photography technology Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Visual arts Digital photography Digital camera D - SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Digital versus film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three - CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Chromogenic print Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographic processing Bleach bypass C - 41 process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K - 14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Category Portal Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Category Portal Index of color - related articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_photography&oldid=865433324 '' Categories : Color photography Color Scottish inventions Photographs by topic Hidden categories : All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski עברית Latviešu Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Tagalog Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 22 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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when did they come out with color photos
[ "The foundation of virtually all practical color processes, the three-color method was first suggested in an 1855 paper by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, with the first color photograph produced by Thomas Sutton for a Maxwell lecture in 1861.[3][4] Color photography has been the dominant form of photography since the 1970s, with monochrome photography mostly relegated to niche markets such as art photography.\n" ]
[ "1861" ]
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The Bold and the Beautiful cast members
The Bold and the Beautiful Cast members - wikipedia The Bold and the Beautiful Cast members The Bold and the Beautiful is an American television soap opera , created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . It first aired on March 23 , 1987 . Currently , John McCook ( Eric Forrester ) and Katherine Kelly Lang ( Brooke Logan ) are the two longest - running cast members , having appeared on the show when it first aired . The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : the main cast and recurring , or who are upcoming , returning or departing from the series . Contents 1 Current cast members 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Former cast members 3 Deceased cast members 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current cast members Main cast Actor Character Duration Ref Kiara Barnes Zoe Buckingham 2018 -- Adain Bradley Alexander Avant 2018 -- Darin Brooks Wyatt Spencer 2013 -- Scott Clifton Liam Spencer 2010 -- Don Diamont Bill Spencer , Jr . 2009 -- Jennifer Gareis Donna Logan 2006 -- Courtney Hope Sally Spectra 2017 -- Thorsten Kaye Ridge Forrester 2013 -- Katherine Kelly Lang Brooke Logan 1987 -- John McCook Eric Forrester 1987 -- Alley Mills Pamela Douglas 2006 -- Karla Mosley Maya Avant 2013 -- Annika Noelle Hope Logan 2018 -- Ingo Rademacher Thorne Forrester 2017 -- Nia Sioux Emma Barber 2018 -- Rena Sofer Quinn Fuller 2013 -- Aaron D. Spears Justin Barber 2009 -- Heather Tom Katie Logan 2007 -- Jacqueline MacInnes Wood Steffy Forrester 2008 -- 13 , 2015 -- Recurring cast Actor Character Duration Ref Obba Babatundé Julius Avant 2015 -- Kimberlin Brown Sheila Carter 1992 -- 98 , 2002 -- 03 , 2017 -- Ian Buchanan Dr. James Warwick 1993 -- 99 , 2004 , 2007 -- 11 , 2017 -- Mick Cain C.J. Garrison 1997 -- 2004 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 -- Crystal Chappell Danielle Spencer 2012 -- Dick Christie Charlie Webber 2013 -- Othello Clark Othello 2011 -- Andrew Collins Jarrett Maxwell 2004 -- Reign Edwards Nicole Avant 2015 -- Finnegan George Will Spencer 2018 -- Courtney Grosbeck Coco Spectra 2017 -- Theodora Greece Alison Montgomery 2011 -- Jacqueline Hahn Dr. Caspary 2005 -- Jon Hensley Dr. Meade 2012 -- Anna Maria Horsford Vivienne Avant 2015 -- Dan Martin Lieutenant Baker 1997 -- Chris McKenna Dr. Hayden 2016 -- Zach Rance Zach 2014 -- Lawrence Saint - Victor Carter Walton 2013 -- Rodney Saulsberry Anthony Wallace 2010 -- Scott Turner Schofield Nick 2015 -- Tigerlily and Ginger Siler Rosie Forrester 2011 -- Taja V. Simpson Adele 2012 -- Hunter Tylo Taylor Hayes 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2005 -- 14 , 2018 -- Jeremy Ray Valdez Detective Sanchez 2018 -- Sandra Vergara Theresa Corazon 2013 -- Stephanie Wang Madison Lee 2007 -- Fred Willard John Forrester 2014 -- Jacob Young Rick Forrester 1997 -- 99 , 2011 -- Andres Zuno Rafael 2013 -- Former cast members Actor Character Duration Ref Zane Achor Will Spencer 2013 -- 18 Marla Adams Beth Logan 1991 Luigi Amodeo Lorenzo Barelli 2002 -- 03 Justin Baldoni Graham Darros Judith Baldwin Beth Logan Texas Battle Marcus Forrester 2008 -- 13 Kabir Bedi Prince Omar Rashid 1994 -- 95 , 2005 Brandon Beemer Owen Knight Casper Knight 2008 -- 12 2009 Drew Tyler Bell Thomas Forrester 2004 -- 10 Paulo Benedeti Antonio Dominguez 2001 -- 02 , 2012 -- 13 , 2017 Tracey E. Bregman Lauren Fenmore Baldwin 1992 -- 99 , 2002 , 2004 , 2007 Ashleigh Brewer Ivy Forrester 2014 -- 18 Peter Brown Blake Hayes 1991 -- 92 Sarah Joy Brown Agnes Jones 2009 -- 11 Agnes Bruckner Bridget Forrester 1997 -- 99 Sabrina Bryan Alisa Cordova 2002 Nancy Burnett Beth Logan 1987 -- 89 , 1994 , 1996 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 Sarah G. Buxton Morgan DeWitt 2000 -- 01 , 2005 Ashley Lyn Cafagna Kimberly Fairchild 1998 -- 2001 Brian Patrick Clarke Storm Logan ( # 2 ) 1990 -- 91 Robert Clary Pierre Jourdan 1988 -- 89 Darlene Conley Sally Spectra 1989 -- 2006 Felisha Cooper Sasha Thompson 2015 -- 17 Mace Coronel R.J. Forrester 2013 -- 14 Barbara Crampton Maggie Forrester 1995 -- 98 Patrika Darbo Shirley Spectra 2017 -- 18 Eileen Davidson Ashley Abbott 2007 -- 08 Tamara Davies Tricia Quick 2002 - 03 Michelle Davison Ruthanne Owens 1991 -- 93 , 1995 , 1997 William deVry Storm Logan 2006 -- 08 , 2012 Michael Dietz Mark Maclaine 2002 -- 05 Lesley - Anne Down Jackie Marone 2003 -- 12 Courtnee Draper Mary Warwick 2002 Patrick Duffy Stephen Logan 2006 -- 11 Bobbie Eakes Macy Alexander 1989 -- 2000 , 2001 , 2002 - 03 Andrea Evans Tawny Moore 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 Kayla Ewell Caitlin Ramirez 2004 -- 05 Jennifer Finnigan Bridget Forrester 2000 -- 03 Susan Flannery Stephanie Forrester 1987 -- 2012 Rome Flynn Zende Forrester Dominguez 2015 -- 17 Pierson Fodé Thomas Forrester 2015 -- 18 Adrienne Frantz Amber Moore April Knight 1997 -- 2005 , 2010 -- 12 2003 Brian Gaskill Oscar Marone 2003 -- 04 Bryan Genesse Rocco Carner 1987 -- 89 , 2009 Frank and Morgan Gingerich Jack Marone 2010 -- 11 Linsey Godfrey Caroline Spencer 2012 -- 18 Ricky Paull Goldin Jesse Graves 2013 Charles Grant Grant Chambers 1996 -- 98 Adam Gregory Thomas Forrester 2010 -- 13 , 2014 Dax Griffin Shane McGrath 2006 -- 07 Ken Hanes Mike Guthrie 1993 -- 98 , 2010 Winsor Harmon Thorne Forrester 1996 -- 2016 Emily Harrison Bridget Forrester Rick Hearst Whipple Jones 2002 , 2009 -- 11 Danube Hermosillo Darlita 2017 -- 18 Ben Hogestyn Harry Jackson 2006 Addison Hoover Phoebe Forrester 2005 -- 06 Alex Hoover Steffy Forrester 2005 -- 06 Jack Horan R.J. Forrester 2011 Mykel Shannon Jenkins Charlie Baker 2007 -- 09 , 2012 Joanna Johnson Caroline Spencer Forrester Karen Spencer 1987 -- 90 , 2001 1991 -- 94 , 2009 , 2011 -- 14 Ashley Jones Bridget Forrester 2004 -- 12 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 Sean Kanan Deacon Sharpe 2000 -- 05 , 2012 , 2014 -- 2017 Lesli Kay Felicia Forrester 2005 -- 11 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 Lauren Koslow Margo Maclaine Lynley 1987 -- 92 , 2002 Lorenzo Lamas Hector Ramirez 2004 -- 06 Teri Ann Linn Kristen Forrester 1987 -- 90 , 1992 -- 94 Kristolyn Lloyd Dayzee Leigh Forrester 2010 -- 13 Mario Lopez Dr. Christian Ramirez 2006 Kyle Lowder Rick Forrester 2007 -- 11 Constantine Maroulis Constantine Parros 2007 A Martinez Dr. Ramon Montgomery 2011 -- 12 Joseph Mascolo Massimo Marone 2001 -- 06 Kim Matula Hope Logan 2010 -- 14 , 2015 , 2016 MacKenzie Mauzy Phoebe Forrester 2006 -- 08 Todd McKee Jake Maclaine 1990 -- 92 , 2007 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2018 Daniel McVicar Clarke Garrison 1987 -- 92 , 1996 -- 2009 Tracy Melchior Kristen Forrester 2001 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2012 -- 13 Lilly Melgar Claudia Cortez 1996 - 97 Carrie Mitchum Donna Logan 1987 -- 91 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 2001 Ronn Moss Ridge Forrester 1987 -- 2012 Dylan Neal Dylan Shaw 1994 -- 97 Clayton Norcross Thorne Forrester 1987 -- 89 Ashlyn Pearce Alexandria Forrester 2013 -- 15 Sydney Penny Samantha Kelly 2003 -- 05 Robert Pine Stephen Logan 1988 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 Lindsay Price Michael Lai 1995 -- 97 Usher Raymond Raymond 1999 Robin Riker Beth Logan 2008 -- 10 Victor Rivers Ricardo Montemayor 2013 -- 14 Chris Robinson Jack Hamilton 1992 - 94 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 Gina Rodriguez Beverly 2011 -- 12 Jane A. Rogers Julie DeLorean 1990 -- 92 Antonio Sabàto Jr . Dante Damiano 2005 -- 06 Francisco San Martin Mateo 2017 Colleen Dion - Scotti Felicia Forrester 1990 -- 92 , 1997 , 2004 Mary Sheldon Donna Logan 1991 Nancy Sloan Katie Logan 1987 -- 89 , 1991 , 1994 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 Hillary B. Smith Dr. Stacy Barton 2012 Jim Storm Bill Spencer , Sr . 1987 -- 94 , 1997 , 2000 , 2003 , 2009 Michael Swan Adam Alexander 1998 -- 2000 , 2001 , 2002 -- 03 Marissa Tait Becky Moore 1999 - 2000 Justin Torkildsen Rick Forrester 1999 -- 2006 Jeff Trachta Thorne Forrester 1989 -- 96 Anthony Turpel R.J. Forrester 2016 -- 18 Sandra Vidal Sofia Alonso 2001 -- 03 Lark Voorhies Jasmine Malone 1995 -- 96 Jack Wagner Nick Marone 2003 -- 12 Maitland Ward Jessica Forrester 1994 -- 96 Chris Warren Jr . Jimmy Ramirez 2004 -- 05 Ethan Wayne Storm Logan 1987 -- 89 , 1994 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 Betty White Ann Douglas 2006 -- 07 , 2008 , 2009 Fred Willard John Forrester 2014 -- 15 Shanelle Workman Gabriela Moreno 2005 Alex Wyse Saul Feinberg 2017 -- 18 Deceased cast members Actor Character Date of Death Michael Fox Saul Feinberg June 1 , 1996 Philip O'Brien Minister / Rev. Marshall January 9 , 1999 Steve Allen Himself October 30 , 2000 Lesley Woods Grandma Helen Logan August 2 , 2003 Sandy Ward Det . Roy Banks March 6 , 2005 Frank Gorshin George May 17 , 2005 James Doohan Damon Warwick July 20 , 2005 Perry Stephens Steve Crown September 8 , 2005 Mark Roberts Dr. Adams / Dr. Reston January 5 , 2006 Michelle Davison Ruthanne Owens April 2 , 2006 Ric Mancini Vendor # 1 May 26 , 2006 Don Snell Clerk December 2 , 2006 Darlene Conley Sally Spectra January 14 , 2007 Luciano Giancarlo Waiter July 16 , 2007 Charlton Heston Himself April 5 , 2008 Patricia Place Nurse Busch September 20 , 2008 Richard Blackwell Himself October 19 , 2008 Douglas Barcellos Rico December 24 , 2008 Dick Gjonola Wayne Garfield October 25 , 2009 Christopher Cazenove Himself April 7 , 2010 Don Ross Charles Barnes January 15 , 2011 Jeff Conaway Mick Savage May 27 , 2011 Frank Marocco Musician March 3 , 2012 Kathryn Joosten Herself June 2 , 2012 Holly Lewis Gladys ' assistant June 22 , 2012 Phyllis Diller Gladys Pope August 20 , 2012 Michael Clarke Duncan Slash September 3 , 2012 Karen Kim Maya October 21 , 2012 Zheng Cao Herself February 21 , 2013 Jeanne Cooper Katherine Chancellor May 8 , 2013 Jerry Ayres Conway Weston , P.I. May 14 , 2013 Kirk Scott Frank Leonard November 16 , 2013 Tony Genaro Luis May 7 , 2014 Matthew Cowles Curtis Love May 22 , 2014 Bern Bennett Announcer May 29 , 2014 John Brandon Ben Maclaine August 25 , 2014 R.J. Adams David Johns Esq . January 26 , 2015 Jayne Meadows Herself April 26 , 2015 John Carter Richard Baker May 23 , 2015 Peter Brown Blake Hayes March 21 , 2016 Anthony Addabbo Tony `` Rush '' Carrera / Jonny Carrera October 18 , 2016 Joseph Mascolo Massimo Marone December 8 , 2016 Alan Thicke Rich Ginger December 13 , 2016 Erin Moran Kelly DeMartin April 22 , 2017 Bruce Gray Judge Morrissey December 13 , 2017 Joseph Campanella Jonathan Young May 16 , 2018 See also List of The Bold and the Beautiful characters References Jump up ^ `` The Bold and the Beautiful Cast and Details '' . Tvguide.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooke Logan Forrester Played by Katherine Kelly Lang on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eric Forrester Played by John McCook on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` B&B Casting News '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` B&B Hires A New Avant '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Emmy Winner Darin Brooks Joins The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liam ( William ) Spencer III Played by Scott Clifton on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Spencer , Jr . Played by Don Diamont on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Donna Logan Forrester Played by Jennifer Gareis on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` B&B Brings Back Jennifer Gareis '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Alert ! Spectra Gang Back At B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Shocks Fans With Spectra Surprise and We Have the Inside Scoop '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Courtney Hope Back To B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Thorsten Kaye Cast as the New Ridge on The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thorsten Kaye Is B&B 's New Ridge '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pamela Douglas Played by Alley Mills on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/view/cd/NAA/cdid/478205/pid/400154 Jump up ^ `` Who 's Coming '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 49 ) : 12 -- 13 . December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Casting Exclusive ! B&B Recasts Hope '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Annika Noelle 's B&B Air Date , First Look Photo Revealed As Hope Logan '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the cast of Ingo Rademacher in the role of Thorne Forrester : Eades , Chris ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` General Hospital Star Ingo Rademacher Cast as Thorne on The Bold & the Beautiful ! '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . SOD ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher Is B&B 's New Thorne '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Giddens , Jamey ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher is B&B 's New Throne '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Fairman , Michael ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher Is The Bold and the Beautiful 's New Thorne ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Logan , Michael ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Casts Ingo Rademacher as the New Thorne Forrester '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` B&B Announces Ingo Rademacher 's First Air Date '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Dance Moms star Nia Sioux joins The Bold and the Beautiful as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Rena Sofer Joins The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Barber Played by Aaron D. Spears on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ SOD ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive ! Aaron D. Spears Upped At B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Logan Spencer Played by Heather Tom on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Steffy Forrester Played by Jacqueline MacInnes Wood on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Jacqueline MacInnes Wood staying at B&B '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Jacqueline MacInnes Wood Returns to The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Two - time Emmy nominee Jacqueline MacInnes Wood is heading back to CBS 's The Bold and the Beautiful as that maddeningly complicated sexbomb Steffy Forrester -- and this time the actress is under contract . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Parents : Anna Maria Horsford and Obba Babatundé Join The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kimberlin Brown Returns to ' '' The Bold and the Beautiful as Supervillain Sheila Carter `` . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful : EP Bradley Bell Answers Our Burning Sheila Carter Questions '' . TV Insider . United States : TVGM Holdings LLC . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Ian Buchanan Back to B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` The Doctor Is In : Ian Buchanan Returns to The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Insider . United States : TVGM Holdings LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Spencer Played by Crystal Chappell on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ostrow , Joanne ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful does Aspen '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/content/pid/400037 Jump up ^ SOD ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` B&B CASTING EXCLUSIVE ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media , Inc . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 43 ( 21 ) : 12 . May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Soaps SheKnows ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` B&B Recasts Will Spencer : Zane Achor Out , Finnegan George In '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` B&B Adds Another Spectra '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Could Jon Hensley Fill Ronn Moss ' Speedo on Bold and Beautiful ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Zap2It . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Michael ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Chris McKenna Joins The Bold and the Beautiful '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Chris McKenna 's first B&B airdate and character details revealed '' . United States : Soapcentral . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( January 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Big Brother 's ' Zach Rance Returning to ' B&B ' in February '' . United States : Soapoperanetwork.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/view/cd/NAA/cdid/478207/pid/400154 Jump up ^ Daniels , Karu F. ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Transgender actor Scott Turner Schofield lands ' The Bold and the Beautiful ' role '' . Daily News . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting for the Weeks of July 21 -- August 11 '' . CBS Interactive . July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Spoiler Alert ! B&B Shocker : Hunter Tylo Is Back ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Meet Jeremy Ray Valdez , the New Cop on The Bold and the Beautiful ! ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Fred Willard Guest Stars on The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Forrester Played by Jacob Young on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Jacob Young Reveals He 's Off - Contract at The Bold and the Beautiful '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Simms , Richard M. ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` A Forrester Family Reunion ! '' . CBS Soaps In Depth. 17 ( 52 ) : pg. 12 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` B&B CASTING NEWS '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jackie ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neighbours star ' inspired ' by Margot Robbie '' . Herald Sun . Australia : The Herald and Weekly Times . News Corp Australia . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Going '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 10 ) : 12 -- 13 . March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Lori ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Patrika Darbo Talks B&B Exit , Days Storylines , Indie Soaps '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Recruits Drumline Star Rome Flynn '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` B&B 's Rome Flynn Out '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! MEET B&B 'S NEW THOMAS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Has Their New Thomas : Pierson Fodé Joins The Cast ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Pierson Fodé Back To B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.soapcentral.com/bb/ftrees/moore.php Jump up ^ `` Amber Moore Played by Adrienne Frantz on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Caroline Spencer Played by Linsey Godfrey on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Thorne Forrester Played by Winsor Harmon on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` B&B 's Winsor Harmon goes to recurring ! '' . On Air , On Soaps . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` B&B 's Shocking Recast ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Danube Hermosillo Exits B&B As Darlita '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive ! Ashley Jones Back to B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Sean Kanan Out at General Hospital , In at The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dayzee Leigh Played by Kristolyn Lloyd on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ SOD ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` B&B 's Lloyd Taking A Break '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Kim Matula Leaving The Bold and the Beautiful ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Matula Last Scene on The Bold and the Beautiful ! '' . Kim Matula 's Official Instagram . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hope Logan 's Final Day '' . Soaps She Knows . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Kim Matula 's Final Airdate Revealed As December 12th On The Bold and The Beautiful ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . United States . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ridge Forrester Played by Ronn Moss on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Moss 's Final Air Date Confirmed '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . August 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The New Aly ! '' . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 17 ( 45 ) : 11 . November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thorne 's New Daughter ! '' . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Forrester Cast On B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful LandsJane the Virgin Dreamboat Francisco San Martin '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` B&B Casting News '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Doohan '' . Imdb.it . May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Perry Stephens '' . Imdb.it . May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001063/ Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0226887/filmoseries#tt0092325 Jump up ^ `` Comedian Phyllis Diller Dies at 95 - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2013/06/former-bb-gh-and-dynasty-star-jerry-ayres-dies External links Official website The Bold and the Beautiful cast members on IMDb The Bold and The Beautiful at CBS.com The Bold and the Beautiful Current characters Maya Avant Pamela Douglas Eric Forrester Rick Forrester Ridge Forrester Steffy Forrester Thorne Forrester Quinn Fuller Brooke Logan Hope Logan Katie Logan Sally Spectra Bill Spencer Liam Spencer Wyatt Spencer Xander Avant Emma Barber Zoe Buckingham Recurring characters Alison Montgomery Justin Barber Julius Avant Vivienne Avant Shirley Spectra Sheila Carter Taylor Hayes R.J. Forrester Coco Spectra Antonio Dominguez Kristen Forrester Zende Dominguez Nicole Avant Felicia Forrester Bridget Forrester Thomas Forrester Caroline Spencer Ivy Forrester Deacon Sharpe Donna Logan Carter Walton Charlie Webber Notable previous characters Ashley Abbott Adam Alexander Macy Alexander Morgan DeWitt Deveney Dixon Dante Damiano Kimberly Fairchild Darla Einstein Lauren Fenmore Aly Forrester Jessica Forrester Marcus Forrester Maggie Forrester Phoebe Forrester Stephanie Forrester Clarke Garrison Agnes Jones Whipple Jones Oliver Jones Owen Knight Dayzee Leigh Beth Logan Stephen Logan Storm Logan Erica Lovejoy Margo Lynley Jake Maclaine Mark Maclaine Massimo Marone Jackie Marone Nick Marone Oscar Marone Amber Moore Sally Spectra Bill Spencer Caroline Spencer Karen Spencer Danielle Spencer C.J. Garrison Sasha Thompson James Warwick John Forrester Production crew Executive Producer Bradley Bell Head Writers Bradley Bell Michael Minnis Creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell Related articles Cast members Crew Characters Forrester Creations Jackie M Designs Spencer family Forrester family Logan family Marone family The Young and the Restless Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bold_and_the_Beautiful_cast_members&oldid=865123882 '' Categories : Lists of actors by soap opera television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 22 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays will on the bold and beautiful
[ "\n\n\nActor\n\nCharacter\n\nDuration\n\nRef\n\n\nObba Babatundé\n\nJulius Avant\n\n2015–\n\n[31]\n\n\nKimberlin Brown\n\nSheila Carter\n\n1992–98, 2002–03, 2017–\n\n[32][33]\n\n\nIan Buchanan\n\nDr. James Warwick\n\n1993–99, 2004, 2007–11, 2017–\n\n[34][35]\n\n\nMick Cain\n\nC.J. Garrison\n\n1997–2004, 2007, 2010, 2017–\n\n\n\n\nCrystal Chappell\n\nDanielle Spencer\n\n2012–\n\n[36]\n\n\nDick Christie\n\nCharlie Webber\n\n2013–\n\n\n\n\nOthello Clark\n\nOthello\n\n2011–\n\n[37]\n\n\nAndrew Collins\n\nJarrett Maxwell\n\n2004–\n\n[38]\n\n\nReign Edwards\n\nNicole Avant\n\n2015–\n\n[39][40]\n\n\nFinnegan George\n\nWill Spencer\n\n2018–\n\n[41]\n\n\nCourtney Grosbeck\n\nCoco Spectra\n\n2017–\n\n[42]\n\n\nTheodora Greece\n\nAlison Montgomery\n\n2011–\n\n\n\n\nJacqueline Hahn\n\nDr. Caspary\n\n2005–\n\n\n\n\nJon Hensley\n\nDr. Meade\n\n2012–\n\n[43]\n\n\nAnna Maria Horsford\n\nVivienne Avant\n\n2015–\n\n[31]\n\n\nDan Martin\n\nLieutenant Baker\n\n1997–\n\n[38]\n\n\nChris McKenna\n\nDr. Hayden\n\n2016–\n\n[44][45]\n\n\nZach Rance\n\nZach\n\n2014–\n\n[46]\n\n\nLawrence Saint-Victor\n\nCarter Walton\n\n2013–\n\n[47]\n\n\nRodney Saulsberry\n\nAnthony Wallace\n\n2010–\n\n[38]\n\n\nScott Turner Schofield\n\nNick\n\n2015–\n\n[48]\n\n\nTigerlily and Ginger Siler\n\nRosie Forrester\n\n2011–\n\n\n\n\nTaja V. Simpson\n\nAdele\n\n2012–\n\n[49]\n\n\nHunter Tylo\n\nTaylor Hayes\n\n1990–2002, 2004, 2005–14, 2018–\n\n[50]\n\n\nJeremy Ray Valdez\n\nDetective Sanchez\n\n2018–\n\n[51]\n\n\nSandra Vergara\n\nTheresa Corazon\n\n2013–\n\n\n\n\nStephanie Wang\n\nMadison Lee\n\n2007–\n\n\n\n\nFred Willard\n\nJohn Forrester\n\n2014–\n\n[52]\n\n\nJacob Young\n\nRick Forrester\n\n1997–99, 2011–\n\n[53][54]\n\n\nAndres Zuno\n\nRafael\n\n2013–\n\n\n" ]
[ "Finnegan George" ]
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Capital punishment in the United Kingdom
Capital punishment in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Capital punishment in the United Kingdom Capital punishment in the United Kingdom was used from ancient times until the second half of the 20th century . The last executions in the United Kingdom were by hanging , and took place in 1964 , prior to capital punishment being abolished for murder ( in 1965 in Great Britain and in 1973 in Northern Ireland ) . Although unused , the death penalty remained a legally defined punishment for certain offences such as treason until it was completely abolished in 1998 . In 2004 the 13th Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights became binding on the United Kingdom , prohibiting the restoration of the death penalty for as long as the UK is a party to the Convention . Contents 1 Background 2 Reform 3 Abolition 3.1 Last executions 3.2 Last death sentences 3.3 Final abolition 3.4 Crown dependencies 3.5 Overseas territories 4 Policy regarding foreign capital punishment 5 Public support for reintroduction of capital punishment 5.1 Parliamentary debates on reintroduction 6 Parties ' stance on the issue 7 Notable executions in the United Kingdom 7.1 Before 1707 7.2 Kingdom of Great Britain , 1707 -- 1801 7.3 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , 1801 -- 1922 7.4 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , 1922 -- 1964 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Background ( edit ) Sir Samuel Romilly , speaking to the House of Commons on capital punishment in 1810 , declared that `` ( there is ) no country on the face of the earth in which there ( have ) been so many different offences according to law to be punished with death as in England '' . Known as the `` Bloody Code '' , at its height the criminal law included some 220 crimes punishable by death , including `` being in the company of Gypsies for one month '' , `` strong evidence of malice in a child aged 7 -- 14 years of age '' and `` blacking the face or using a disguise whilst committing a crime '' . Many of these offences had been introduced to protect the property of the wealthy classes that emerged during the first half of the 18th century , a notable example being the Black Act of 1723 , which created 50 capital offences for various acts of theft and poaching . Crimes eligible for the death penalty included shoplifting and stealing sheep , cattle , and horses , and before abolition of the death penalty for theft in 1832 , `` English law was notorious for prescribing the death penalty for a vast range of offenses as slight as the theft of goods valued at twelve pence . '' Whilst executions for murder , burglary and robbery were common , the death sentences for minor offenders were often not carried out . A sentence of death could be commuted or respited ( permanently postponed ) for reasons such as benefit of clergy , official pardons , pregnancy of the offender or performance of military or naval duty . Between 1770 and 1830 , an estimated 35,000 death sentences were handed down in England and Wales , of which 7,000 executions were carried out . Reform ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1808 Romilly had the death penalty removed for pickpockets and lesser offenders , starting a process of reform that continued over the next 50 years . The death penalty was mandatory ( although it was frequently commuted by the government ) until the Judgement of Death Act 1823 gave judges the power to commute the death penalty except for treason and murder . The Punishment of Death , etc . Act 1832 reduced the number of capital crimes by two - thirds . In 1832 , the death penalty was abolished for theft , counterfeiting , and forgery except for the forgery of wills and certain powers of attorney . Gibbeting was abolished in 1832 and hanging in chains was abolished in 1834 . In 1837 , the death penalty for forging wills and powers of attorney was abolished . The death penalty for rape was abolished in 1841 . In 1861 , several acts of Parliament ( 24 & 25 Vict ; c. 94 to c. 100 ) further reduced the number of civilian capital crimes to five : murder , treason , espionage , arson in royal dockyards , and piracy with violence ; there were other offences under military law . The death penalty remained mandatory for treason and murder unless commuted by the monarch . The Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864 -- 66 concluded ( with dissenting Commissioners ) that there was not a case for abolition but recommended an end to public executions . This proposal was included in the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868 . From that date executions in Great Britain were carried out only in prisons . The punishment of beheading and quartering those executed for treason was abolished in 1870 . The last application of that punishment had been in 1820 and the last sentence to the punishment had been in 1839 . In 1908 , the Children Act 1908 banned the execution of juveniles under the age of 16 . In 1922 a new offence of Infanticide was introduced to replace the charge of murder for mothers killing their children in the first year of life . In 1930 a parliamentary Select Committee recommended that capital punishment be suspended for a trial period of five years , but no action was taken . From 1931 pregnant women could no longer be hanged ( following the birth of their child ) although in practice since the 18th century their sentences had always been commuted . In 1933 the minimum age for capital punishment was raised to 18 under the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 . The last known execution by the civilian courts of a person under 18 was that of Charles Dobel , 17 , hanged at Maidstone together with his accomplice William Gower , 18 , in January 1889 . Harold Wilkins , at 16 years old , was the last juvenile sentenced to the death penalty in the United Kingdom , in 1932 for a sexually related murder , but he was reprieved due to age . In 1938 the issue of the abolition of capital punishment was brought before parliament . A clause within the Criminal Justice Bill called for an experimental five - year suspension of the death penalty . When war broke out in 1939 the bill was postponed . It was revived after the war and to everyone 's surprise was adopted by a majority in the House of Commons ( 245 to 222 ) . In the House of Lords the abolition clause was defeated but the remainder of the bill was passed . Popular support for abolition was absent and the government decided that it would be inappropriate for it to assert its supremacy by invoking the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 over such an unpopular issue . Instead , then Home Secretary , James Chuter Ede , set up a new Royal Commission ( the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment , 1949 -- 1953 ) with instructions to determine `` whether the liability to suffer capital punishment should be limited or modified '' . The Commission 's report discussed a number of alternatives to execution by hanging ( including the electric chair , gas inhalation , lethal injection , shooting , and the guillotine ) , but rejected them . It had more difficulty with the principle of capital punishment . Popular opinion believed that the death penalty acted as a deterrent to criminals , but the statistics within the report were inconclusive . Whilst the report recommended abolition from an ethical standpoint , it made no mention of possible miscarriages of justice . The public had by then expressed great dissatisfaction with the verdict in the case of Timothy Evans , who was tried and hanged in 1950 for murdering his infant daughter . It later transpired in 1953 that John Christie had strangled at least six women in the same house ; he also confessed to killing Timothy 's wife . If the jury in Evans 's trial had known this , Evans may have been acquitted . There were other cases in the same period where doubts arose over convictions and subsequent hangings , such as the notorious case of Derek Bentley . The commission concluded that unless there was overwhelming public support in favour of abolition , the death penalty should be retained . Between 1900 and 1949 , 621 men and 11 women were executed in England and Wales . Ten German agents were executed during the First World War under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 , and 16 spies were executed during the Second World War under the Treachery Act 1940 . By 1957 a number of controversial cases highlighted the issue of capital punishment again . Campaigners for abolition were partially rewarded with the Homicide Act 1957 . The Act brought in a distinction between capital and non-capital murder . Only six categories of murder were now punishable by execution : in the course or furtherance of theft by shooting or causing an explosion while resisting arrest or during an escape of a police officer of a prison officer by a prisoner the second of two murders committed on different occasions ( if both done in Great Britain ) . The police and the government were of the opinion that the death penalty deterred offenders from carrying firearms and it was for this reason that such offences remained punishable by death . Abolition ( edit ) The only known photograph of the death sentence being pronounced in England and Wales , for the poisoner Frederick Seddon in 1912 In 1965 the Labour MP Sydney Silverman , who had committed himself to the cause of abolition for longer than 20 years , introduced a Private Member 's Bill to suspend the death penalty for murder . It was passed on a free vote in the House of Commons by 200 votes to 98 . The bill was subsequently passed by the House of Lords by 204 votes to 104 . Silverman was opposed in the General Election 1966 in the Nelson and Colne constituency by Patrick Downey , the uncle of Lesley Anne Downey , a victim in the Moors murders case , who stood on an explicitly pro-hanging platform . Downey polled over 5,000 votes , 13.7 % , then the largest vote for a genuinely independent candidate since 1945 . The Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 suspended the death penalty in Great Britain ( but not in Northern Ireland ) for murder for a period of five years , and substituted a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment ; it further provided that if , before the expiry of the five - year suspension , each House of Parliament passed a resolution to make the effect of the Act permanent , then it would become permanent . In 1969 the Home Secretary , James Callaghan , proposed a motion to make the Act permanent , which was carried in the Commons on 16 December 1969 , and a similar motion was carried in the Lords on 18 December . The death penalty for murder was abolished in Northern Ireland on 25 July 1973 under the Northern Ireland ( Emergency Provisions ) Act 1973 . Following the abolition of the death penalty for murder , the House of Commons held a vote during each subsequent parliament until 1997 to restore the death penalty . This motion was always defeated , but the death penalty remained for other crimes until the dates mentioned below : causing a fire or explosion in a naval dockyard , ship , magazine or warehouse ( until 1971 ) ; espionage ( until 1981 ) ; piracy with violence ( until 1998 ) ; treason ( until 1998 ) ; and certain purely military offences under the jurisdiction of the armed forces , such as mutiny ( until 1998 ) . Prior to its complete abolition in 1998 , it was available for six offences : serious misconduct in action ; assisting the enemy ; obstructing operations ; giving false air signals ; mutiny or incitement to mutiny ; and failure to suppress a mutiny with intent to assist the enemy . However , no executions were carried out in the United Kingdom for any of these offences after the abolition of the death penalty for murder . Nevertheless , there remained a working gallows at HMP Wandsworth , London , until 1994 , which was tested every six months until 1992 . This gallows is now housed in the Galleries of Justice in Nottingham . Last executions ( edit ) England and in the United Kingdom : on 13 August 1964 , Peter Anthony Allen , at Walton Prison in Liverpool , and Gwynne Owen Evans , at Strangeways Prison in Manchester , were executed for the murder of John Alan West on 7 April that year . Scotland : Henry John Burnett , 21 , on 15 August 1963 in Craiginches Prison , Aberdeen , for the murder of seaman Thomas Guyan . Northern Ireland : Robert McGladdery , 26 , on 20 December 1961 in Crumlin Road Gaol , Belfast , for the murder of Pearl Gamble . Wales : Vivian Teed , 24 , in Swansea on 6 May 1958 , for the murder of William Williams , sub-postmaster of Fforestfach Post Office . Last death sentences ( edit ) Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom : Liam Holden in 1973 in Northern Ireland , for the capital murder of a British soldier during the Troubles . Holden was removed from the death cell in May 1973 . In 2012 his conviction was quashed on appeal on the grounds that his confession was obtained by torture . England : David Chapman , who was sentenced to hang in November 1965 for the murder of a swimming pool nightwatchman in Scarborough . He was released from prison in 1979 and later died in a car accident . Scotland : Patrick McCarron in 1964 for shooting his wife . He committed suicide in prison in 1970 . Wales : Edgar Black , who was reprieved on 6 November 1963 . He had shot his wife 's lover in Cardiff . Final abolition ( edit ) The Criminal Damage Act 1971 abolished the offence of arson in royal dockyards . The Naval Discipline Act 1957 reduced the scope of capital espionage from `` all spies for the enemy '' to spies on naval ships or bases . Later , the Armed Forces Act 1981 abolished the death penalty for espionage . ( The Official Secrets Act 1911 had created another offence of espionage which carried a maximum sentence of fourteen years . ) Beheading was abolished as a method of execution for treason in 1973 . Hanging , however , remained available until 1998 when , under a House of Lords amendment to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , proposed by Lord Archer of Sandwell , the death penalty was abolished for treason and piracy with violence , replacing it with a discretionary maximum sentence of life imprisonment . These were the last civilian offences punishable by death . On 20 May 1998 the House of Commons voted to ratify the 6th Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibiting capital punishment except `` in time of war or imminent threat of war '' . The last remaining provisions for the death penalty under military jurisdiction ( including in wartime ) were removed when section 21 ( 5 ) of the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force on 9 November 1998 . On 10 October 2003 , effective from 1 February 2004 , the UK acceded to the 13th Protocol , which prohibits the death penalty in all circumstances . As a legacy from colonial times , several states in the West Indies still had the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the court of final appeal ; although the death penalty has been retained in these states , the Privy Council would sometimes delay or deny executions . Some of these states severed links with the British court system in 2001 by transferring the responsibilities of the Privy Council to the Caribbean Court of Justice , to speed up executions . Crown dependencies ( edit ) Further information : Capital punishment in the Isle of Man and Capital punishment in Jersey Although not part of the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man and the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey are British Crown dependencies . In the Channel Islands , the last death sentence was passed in 1984 ; the last execution in the Channel Islands was in Jersey on 9 October 1959 , when Francis Joseph Huchet was hanged for murder . The Human Rights ( Amendment ) ( Jersey ) Order 2006 amends the Human Rights ( Jersey ) Law 2000 to give effect to the 13th Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights providing for the total abolition of the death penalty . Both of these laws came into effect on 10 December 2006 . Capital punishment was abolished in Guernsey in 2003 , and the 13th Protocol was extended to Guernsey in April 2004 . Sark ( which is part of Guernsey but has its own laws ) formally retained it until January 2004 , when the Chief Pleas in a 14 -- 9 vote removed it from the statutes . The last execution on the Isle of Man took place in 1872 , when John Kewish was hanged for patricide . Capital punishment was not formally abolished by Tynwald ( the island 's parliament ) until 1993 . Five persons were sentenced to death ( for murder ) on the Isle of Man between 1973 and 1992 , although all sentences were commuted to life imprisonment . The last person to be sentenced to death in the UK or its dependencies was Anthony Teare , who was convicted at the Manx Court of General Gaol Delivery in Douglas for contract murder in 1992 ; he was subsequently retried and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1994 . In 2004 the 13th Protocol was adopted , with an effective date of 1 November 2006 . Overseas territories ( edit ) Like the Crown dependencies , the British overseas territories are constitutionally not part of the United Kingdom . However , the British government 's ultimate responsibility for good governance of the territories has led it over recent years to pursue a policy of revoking all statutory provision for the death penalty in those territories where it had up until recently been legal . The last executions in an overseas territory , and indeed the last on British soil , took place in Bermuda in 1977 , when two men , Larry Tacklyn and Erskine Burrows , were hanged for the 1973 murder of the territory 's then Governor Sir Richard Sharples . In 1991 , the British government extended an Order in Council to its Caribbean territories the effect of which was to abolish capital punishment for murder : Anguilla , the British Virgin Islands , the Cayman Islands , Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands . The British government was unable to extend the abolition via Order in Council to Bermuda , the UK 's most autonomous overseas territory with powers of almost total self - governance -- but warned that if voluntary abolition was not forthcoming it would be forced to consider the unprecedented step of `` whether to impose abolition by means of an Act of Parliament '' . As a result , the Bermudian government introduced its own domestic legislation in 1999 to rectify the problem . Further measures were subsequently adopted to revoke technicalities in British overseas territories ' domestic legislation as regards use of the death penalty for crimes of treason and piracy . In October 2002 the British government abolished the death penalty for treason and piracy in the Turks and Caicos Islands . Since then , the death penalty has been outlawed under all circumstances in all the UK 's overseas territories . Policy regarding foreign capital punishment ( edit ) In July 2018 , it was announced The UK government said it will not object to the United States seeking the death penalty for two suspected British members of ISIL . This was reported as a divergence from the UK Government 's long - standing policy to object to foreign executions . However , In response to an Emergency Question in the House of Commons on the 23rd July 2018 the Minister of State for Security and Economic Crime , The Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP , clarified that this case did not reflect a change in UK policy on assistance in US death penalty cases generally or the UK Government 's stance on the global abolition of the death penalty. The overseas security and justice assistance guidance states `` that there will be cases where , as an exception to the general policy and taking into account the specific circumstances , Ministers can lawfully decide that assistance should be provided in the absence of adequate assurances '' Public support for reintroduction of capital punishment ( edit ) Since the death penalty 's suspension in 1965 , there have been continued public and media calls for its reintroduction , particularly prompted by high - profile murder cases . At the same time , there have been a number of miscarriages of justice since 1965 where someone convicted of murder has later had their conviction quashed on appeal and been released from prison , strengthening the argument of those who oppose the death penalty 's reintroduction . These include the Birmingham Six ( cleared in 1991 of planting an IRA bomb which killed 21 people in 1974 ) , the Guildford Four ( cleared in 1989 of murdering five people in another 1974 IRA bombing ) , Stephen Downing ( a Derbyshire man who was freed in 2001 after serving 27 years for the murder of a woman in a churchyard ) and Barry George ( who was freed in 2007 when his conviction for the 1999 murder of TV presenter Jill Dando was quashed on appeal ) . Perhaps the first high - profile murder case which sparked widespread calls for a return of the death penalty was the Moors murders trial in 1966 , the year after the death penalty 's suspension , in which Ian Brady and Myra Hindley were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders of two children and a teenager in the Manchester area ( they later confessed to a further two murders ) . Later in 1966 , the murder of three policemen in West London also attracted widespread public support for the death penalty 's return . Other subsequent high - profile cases to have sparked widespread media and public calls for the death penalty 's return include `` Yorkshire Ripper '' Peter Sutcliffe , convicted in 1981 of murdering 13 women and attacking seven others in the north of England , Roy Whiting , who murdered a seven - year - old girl in West Sussex in 2000 , and Ian Huntley , a Cambridgeshire school caretaker who killed two 10 - year - old girls in 2002 . A November 2009 television survey showed that 70 % favoured reinstating the death penalty for at least one of the following crimes : armed robbery , rape , crimes related to paedophilia , terrorism , adult murder , child murder , child rape , treason , child abuse or kidnapping . However , respondents only favoured capital punishment for adult murder , the polling question asked by other organisations such as Gallup , by small majorities or pluralities : overall , 51 % favoured the death penalty for adult murder , while 56 % in Wales did , 55 % in Scotland , and only 49 % in England . In August 2011 , the Internet blogger Paul Staines -- who writes a political blog as Guido Fawkes and heads the Restore Justice Campaign -- launched an e-petition on the Downing Street website calling for the restoration of the death penalty for those convicted of the murder of children and police officers . The petition was one of several in support or opposition of capital punishment to be published by the government with the launch of its e-petitions website . Petitions attracting 100,000 signatures would prompt a parliamentary debate on a particular topic , but not necessarily lead to any Parliamentary Bills being put forward . When the petition closed on 4 February 2012 it had received 26,351 signatures in support of restoring capital punishment , but a counter-petition calling to retain the ban on capital punishment received 33,455 signatures during the same time period . Also in August 2011 , a representative survey conducted by Angus Reid Public Opinion showed that 65 % of Britons support reinstating the death penalty for murder in Great Britain , while 28 % oppose this course of action . Men and respondents aged over 35 are more likely to endorse the change . In March 2015 a survey by the NatCen British Social Attitudes Report showed that public support for the death penalty had dropped to 48 per cent . Parliamentary Debates on reintroduction ( edit ) After Royal Assent for the Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 , supporters in Parliament have made several attempts to reintroduce capital punishment . On 23 November 1966 , Duncan Sandys was refused leave to bring in a Bill to restore capital punishment for the murder of police or prison officers , by a vote of 170 to 292 . Motions to make the five - year suspension of capital punishment under the 1965 Act permanent were opposed , but agreed by 343 to 185 in the House of Commons ; in the House of Lords , an amendment to continue with a temporary suspension of capital punishment until 31 July 1973 was rejected by 174 to 220 . In April 1973 , the House of Commons voted against reintroduction . The deaths of civilians in several IRA bombings in 1974 prompted a renewed debate . On 11 December 1974 Brian Walden moved a motion declaring that `` the death penalty would neither deter terrorists nor increase the safety of the public '' ; Jill Knight moved an amendment calling instead for introduction of legislation providing for death to be the penalty for acts of terrorism causing death . Her amendment was rejected by 217 to 369 . A year later , Ivan Lawrence 's motion `` That this House demands capital punishment for terrorist offences causing death '' was rejected by 232 to 361 . After the Conservatives ' victory in the 1979 general election , Eldon Griffiths ( Parliamentary adviser to the Police Federation of England and Wales ) moved a motion `` that the sentence of capital punishment should again be available to the courts '' on 19 July 1979 . While the motion was not expected to pass , the margin of its defeat ( 243 to 362 ) was much wider than expected . Later in the same Parliament , the Criminal Justice Bill provided an opportunity on 11 May 1982 for several new clauses to be proposed which would have reinstated capital punishment . The first , which simply declared that `` A person convicted of murder shall be liable to capital punishment '' , was tabled by Edward Gardner , and rejected by 195 to 357 . It was followed by an alternative under which capital punishment would be available `` as the penalty for an act of terrorism involving the loss of human life '' ; this new clause was rejected by 176 to 332 . A further new clause proposing capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder by means of firearms or explosives '' was rejected by 176 to 343 . Then a new clause allowing for capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder of a police or prison officer '' was rejected by 208 to 332 . Finally a new clause allowing capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder in the course of robbery and burglary which involves the use of offensive weapons '' was rejected by 151 to 331 . The new Parliament in 1983 again prompted supporters of capital punishment to put their case . Sir Edward Gardner 's motion `` That this House favours the restoration of the death penalty for murder '' was debated on 13 July 1983 , with several amendments moved to restrict capital punishment to certain categories of murder . The amendments were voted on first : capital punishment for murder `` resulting from acts of terrorism '' was rejected by 245 to 361 , for murder `` of a police officer during the course of his duties '' by 263 to 344 , for murder `` of a prison officer during the course of his duties '' by 252 to 348 , for murder `` by shooting or causing an explosion '' by 204 to 374 , and for murder `` in the course or furtherance of theft '' by 194 to 369 . The main motion was then defeated by 223 to 368 . Towards the end of the Parliament , a new clause proposed to the Criminal Justice Bill proposed to return the death penalty for `` A person convicted by the unanimous verdict of a jury of the premeditated killing of another person or of knowingly and intentionally killing another person in a manner , or for a reason , or in circumstances which a reasonable person would consider to be evil '' was rejected by 230 to 342 on 1 April 1987 . The Criminal Justice Bill in 1988 provided a further opportunity for a debate ; the new clause proposed by Roger Gale allowed for the jury in a murder case to `` have the power , upon reaching a verdict of guilt of murder , to recommend ... death in the manner authorised by law '' . It was rejected by 218 to 341 . The aforementioned bills were rejected despite support from then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . On 17 December 1990 a new Criminal Justice Bill again saw amendments designed to reintroduce capital punishment . The first covered anyone over 18 `` convicted of the murder of a police officer acting in the execution of his duty '' and was rejected by 215 to 350 ; a general reintroduction of death as the penalty for murder ( with special provision for the Court of Appeal to decide whether to substitute a life sentence ) was then rejected by 182 to 367 . Capital punishment for `` murder committed by means of firearms , explosives or an offensive weapon , or for the murder of a police or prison officer '' was rejected by 186 to 349 . The most recent Parliamentary debate on a question proposing reintroduction of capital punishment came on 21 February 1994 when new clauses to the Criminal Justice and Public Order Bill were moved . The first , providing for death as the sentence for `` the murder of a police officer acting in the execution of his duty '' , was rejected by 186 to 383 ; A new clause providing for general reintroduction with power for the Court of Appeal to substitute life imprisonment was rejected by 159 to 403 . This would have been aimed at terrorists in the Northern Ireland conflict . In June 2013 a new bill for capital punishment in England and Wales was introduced . This Bill has been withdrawn and will not progress any further . Parties ' stance on the issue ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following parties support the reintroduction of capital punishment : National Front ( NF ) British National Party ( BNP ) British Democratic Party Britain First Notable executions in the United Kingdom ( edit ) Note : This list does not include the beheadings of nobility . Before 1707 ( edit ) 13 April 1546 : Alice Glaston , the youngest known girl legally executed in England , at age 11 for an unknown offence . 23 February 1629 : John Dean , the youngest known person legally executed in England , at age 8 or 9 for arson . 30 January 1649 : King Charles I , the only English or Scottish King to be executed , was found guilty of high treason by 59 commissioners and was beheaded . Kingdom of Great Britain , 1707 -- 1801 ( edit ) 16 November 1724 : Jack Sheppard , housebreaker , was hanged at Tyburn for burglary after four successful escape attempts from jail . His partner - in - crime , highwayman Joseph `` Blueskin '' Blake , was executed for the same burglary five days earlier . 24 May 1725 : Jonathan Wild , criminal overlord and fraudulent `` Thief Taker General '' , was hanged at Tyburn for receiving stolen goods and thus aiding criminals . 7 April 1739 : Dick Turpin , infamous highwayman , was hanged . 30 July 1746 : nine Catholic members of the Manchester Regiment , Jacobites , were hanged , drawn and quartered for treason at Kennington Common ( now Kennington Park ) . 9 April 1747 : Simon Fraser , 11th Lord Lovat , Jacobite leader and Scottish Clan chief , at Tower Hill , the last man to be publicly beheaded in Britain . 3 October 1750 : James MacLaine , ' The Gentleman Highwayman ' , was hanged at Tyburn , London 14 March 1757 : John Byng became the only British admiral executed , by firing squad by the Royal Navy . His crime was having failed to `` do his utmost '' at the Battle of Minorca during the Seven Years ' War . 5 May 1760 : Laurence Shirley , 4th Earl Ferrers was executed at Tyburn for the murder of a servant . He was the last peer to be hanged ( reputedly by a silken rope ) and is the only peer to have been hanged for murder . 18 March 1789 : Catherine Murphy , a counterfeiter , was the last woman in England to be burned at the stake ( though she was in fact strangled before the fire was lit , and thus not literally burned to death ) . The penalty of burning at the stake , which at the time applied to women and not to men , was abolished the next year . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , 1801 -- 1922 ( edit ) 13 November 1805 : Richard Harding was hanged for knowingly uttering playing cards with forged ace of spades . 18 May 1812 : John Bellingham was hanged for the murder of Prime Minister Spencer Perceval . 8 September 1820 : Andrew Hardie and John Baird were hanged and beheaded at Stirling after being tried for their part in the Radical War in Scotland . 11 August 1828 : William Corder was hanged at Bury St Edmunds for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn a year before . 9 August 1856 : Elizabeth Martha Brown was the last woman to be hanged in public in the English county of Dorset ; her hanging is notable in part because it influenced Thomas Hardy , an eyewitness , in his portrayal of the execution of the fictional heroine of Tess of the D'Urbervilles . 27 August 1861 : Martin Doyle was the last person to be hanged for attempted murder , at Chester . 29 April 1862 : Mary Timney 's hanging was the last public execution of a woman in Scotland . 14 November 1864 : Franz Muller was hanged for the murder of Thomas Briggs , the first murder committed on a British train . 2 April 1868 : Frances Kidder was the last woman to be hanged in public in Britain . 26 May 1868 : Fenian Michael Barrett was executed at Newgate Prison for mass murder . He had participated in the Clerkenwell explosion , which had killed 12 people . His execution was the last public hanging in the UK . 19 July 1899 : Mary Ansell was hanged at St Albans , for poisoning her sister . At 22 , she was the youngest woman to be hanged in the post-1868 ' modern era ' ( non-public , and by the ' long drop ' method ) . 23 November 1910 : Hawley Harvey Crippen was hanged in London 's Pentonville Prison for poisoning his wife . 8 September 1914 : Private Thomas Highgate was executed by firing squad , the first British soldier to be executed for desertion during World War I . 13 August 1915 : George Joseph Smith was hanged in Maidstone Prison for the pattern of serial killings known as the `` Brides in the Bath Murders '' . 3 August 1916 : Roger Casement was hanged at Pentonville for treason , he was convicted of conspiring with Germany , then at war with the United Kingdom , to incite insurrection in Ireland and to incite Irish soldiers serving in the British Army to mutiny . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , 1922 -- 1964 ( edit ) 9 January 1923 : Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters , in London 's Holloway and Pentonville Prisons respectively , for the murder of Thompson 's husband . The case was controversial because , although in letters Thompson had fantasised about the possible elimination of her husband , there was no firm evidence that she was in any way connected with the murder for which she was hanged . 3 January 1931 : Victor Betts for murder committed during the course of a robbery . The case had established that a person need not be present when a crime is committed to be regarded as an accessory after the fact . 31 July 1940 : Udham Singh , an Indian independence activist , at Pentonville Prison . He had assassinated the Indian administrator Sir Michael O'Dwyer . 15 August 1941 : Josef Jakobs , a German spy , was executed by firing squad , the last execution in the Tower of London . 19 December 1945 ; John Amery , a British fascist and Nazi collaborator , pleaded guilty of eight charges of treason . Hanged at Wandsworth Prison in London . 3 January 1946 : William Joyce , better known as `` Lord Haw - Haw '' , for treason in London 's Wandsworth Prison . He was an American citizen , but was convicted of treason because , as the holder of a British passport ( albeit fraudulently obtained ) , he was held to have owed allegiance to the British sovereign . Theodore Schurch , hanged for treachery the next day , was the last person to be executed for an offence other than murder ; he was executed at Pentonville . As a member of the armed forces he had been tried by court - martial . 27 February 1947 : Walter Rowland in Manchester for the murder of Olive Balchin despite maintaining his innocence . While he had been awaiting execution , another man confessed to the crime . A Home Office report dismissed the latter 's confession as a fake , but in 1951 he attacked another woman and was found guilty but insane . 12 January 1949 : Margaret Allen , aged 43 , for killing a 70 - year - old woman in the course of a robbery , the first woman to be hanged in Britain for 12 years . 10 August 1949 : John George Haigh , the `` acid - bath murderer '' , at Wandsworth . 9 March 1950 : Timothy Evans at Pentonville for the murder of his baby daughter Geraldine at 10 Rillington Place , North West London . He initially claimed to have killed his wife , but later withdrew the claim . A fellow inhabitant at the same address , John Christie , later found to be a sexual serial killer , gave key evidence against Evans . Christie was executed in 1953 for the murder of his own wife . Evans received a posthumous pardon in 1966 . In 2004 the Court of Appeal refused to consider overturning the conviction due to the costs and resources that would be involved . See John Christie ( murderer ) . 28 March 1950 : George Kelly at Liverpool for murder , but had his conviction quashed posthumously by the Court of Appeal in June 2003 . 25 April 1952 : Edward Devlin and Alfred Burns , for killing a woman during a robbery in Liverpool . They claimed that they had been doing a different burglary in Manchester , and others involved in the crime supported this . A Home Office report rejected this evidence . Huge crowds gathered outside Liverpool 's Walton Prison as they were executed . 3 September 1952 : Mahmood Hussein Mattan , a Somali seaman , in Cardiff for murder . The Court of Appeal quashed his conviction posthumously in 1998 after hearing that crucial evidence implicating another Somali was withheld at his trial . 28 January 1953 : Derek Bentley at Wandsworth Prison as an accomplice to the murder of a police officer by his 16 - year - old friend Christopher Craig . Craig , a minor , was not executed and instead served 10 years . Bentley was granted a partial posthumous pardon on 29 July 1993 , and the Court of Appeal fully overturned his conviction on 30 July 1998 . 15 July 1953 : John Christie at Pentonville for the murder of his wife Ethel . Christie was a serial killer and had murdered at least six other women ( see also entry on Timothy Evans above ) . 13 December 1954 : Styllou Christofi , aged 53 , penultimate woman executed in Britain . 13 July 1955 : Ruth Ellis , aged 28 , the last woman to be hanged in Britain . She was the 15th and youngest woman hanged in the 20th century . 6 May 1958 : Vivian Teed , 24 , in Swansea , the last person to be executed in Wales . 11 July 1958 : Peter Manuel , aged 31 , second to last person to be hanged in HM Prison Barlinnie and the third to last to be hanged in Scotland . 5 November 1959 : Guenther Podola , the last person to be hanged for the murder of a policeman . 10 November 1960 : Francis Forsyth , the last 18 - year - old to be executed in Britain . 22 December 1960 : Anthony Miller , 19 , in Glasgow 's Barlinnie Prison , the last teenager to be executed in Britain . 20 December 1961 : Robert McGladdery , 25 , in Crumlin Road Gaol in Belfast , the last person to be executed in Northern Ireland , for the murder of Pearl Gamble in Newry . 4 April 1962 : James Hanratty at Bedford after a controversial rape - murder trial . In 2002 Hanratty 's body was exhumed and the Court of Appeal upheld his conviction after Hanratty 's DNA was linked to crime scene samples . 15 August 1963 : Henry Burnett , aged 21 , at Craiginches Prison in Aberdeen for the murder of seaman Thomas Guyan , the last hanging in Scotland . 13 August 1964 : Peter Anthony Allen , at Walton Prison in Liverpool , and Gwynne Owen Evans , at Strangeways Prison in Manchester for the murder of John Alan West , the last people executed in Britain . See also ( edit ) Black cap Christopher Simcox Courts of the United Kingdom Execution by firing squad in the United Kingdom List of executioners Shot at Dawn Memorial Use of capital punishment by country Wrongful execution Capital punishment in Hong Kong Capital punishment in Singapore References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hoffman & Rowe 2010 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Commons . 9 February 1810 . col. 366 -- 374 . ^ Jump up to : Manta , Irina D. ( 2011 ) . `` The Puzzle of Criminal Sanctions for Intellectual Property Infringement '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Journal of Law & Technology . 24 ( 2 ) : 474 . Jump up ^ `` Punishments at the Old Bailey -- Late 17th Century to Early 19th Century '' . The Old Bailey Proceedings Online . 2003 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Gatrell , V.A.C. , The Hanging Tree , OUP , Oxford , 1994 Jump up ^ Coinage Offences Act 1832 and Forgery , Abolition of Punishment of Death Act 1832 Jump up ^ `` Hanging in the Balance : A History of the Abolition of Capital Punishment in Britain -- by Brian P Block and John Hostettler '' . watersidepress.co.uk . Jump up ^ Great Britain . Royal Commission on Capital Punishment ( 1864 -- 66 ) Royal Commission on Capital Punishment together with the minutes of evidence and appendix . London , 1866 . ( Parliamentary Papers . Session 1866 . vol. 21 ) Jump up ^ Forfeiture Act 1870 ( repealing part of section 1 of Treason Act 1814 ) . Jump up ^ Chase , Malcolm ( 2007 ) , Chartism : A New History , Manchester : Manchester University Press , ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6087 - 7 , pp. 137 - 140 Jump up ^ Abbott , Geoffrey ( 2005 ) ( 1994 ) , Execution , a Guide to the Ultimate Penalty , Chichester , West Sussex : Summersdale Publishers , ISBN 1 - 84024 - 433 - X , pp. 161 - 162 Jump up ^ Lorraine Radford ( 5 April 2012 ) . Rethinking Children , Violence and Safeguarding . A&C Black . pp. 19 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 558 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` TREACHERY BILL '' . millbanksystems.com . Jump up ^ `` Executions '' . millbanksystems.com . Jump up ^ Photography in and near law courts was criminalised by the Criminal Justice Act 1925 Jump up ^ `` Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 '' . UK Statute Law Database . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 : MPs vote to abolish hanging '' . `` On This Day '' . BBC . 2005 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Twitchell , Neville ( 2012 ) . The Politics of the Rope . Bury Saint Edmunds : Arena Books . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906791 - 98 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` MURDER ( ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY ) '' . Hansard , 16 December 1969 . Jump up ^ `` MURDER ( ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY ) ACT 1965 '' . Hansard , 18 December 1969 . Jump up ^ The Naval Discipline Act 1957 , section 93 ; previously the Naval Discipline Act ( 1866 ) , section 6 . Jump up ^ `` Statutelaw.gov.uk '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Notts treasures : Britain 's last working gallows '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Last executions in the UK '' . Stephen-stratford.com . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitalpunishmentuk.org '' . Capitalpunishmentuk.org . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executions in Northern Ireland '' . capitalpunishmentuk.org . Jump up ^ Ian Cobain ( 21 June 2012 ) . `` Army ' waterboarding victim ' who spent 17 years in jail is cleared of murder '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Naval Discipline Act 1957 , section 93 '' . statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Armed Forces Act 1981 ( c. 55 ) , section 17 -- Statute Law Database '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Treason Act 1814 section 2 , repealed in England by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1973 ( c. 39 ) , Sch. 1 Pt . V . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Act 1998 ( Amendment ) Order 2004 '' . opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Protocol '' . conventions.coe.int . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ( 15 February 2001 ) . `` Caribbean severs link to privy council '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/islands.html Archived 8 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights ( Amendment ) ( Jersey ) Order 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights ( Jersey ) Law 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Report by the Bailiwick of Guernsey Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ( page 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Sark abolishes death penalty '' . BBC News . 21 January 2004 . Jump up ^ UN Human Rights report para. 46 Jump up ^ `` firedrake.org/drpete/manx2.htm '' . Firedrake.org . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Act 2001 ( 13th Protocol ) Order 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 2001 ( APPOINTED DAY ) ( No. 2 ) ORDER 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taking Liberties : Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Caribbean Territories ( Abolition of Death Penalty for Murder ) Order 1991 '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership for Progress and Prosperity : Britain and the Overseas Territories , ( 1999 ) page 21 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty International : Bermuda shows the way forward '' . Amnesty International . 7 January 2000 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Death penalty abolished on all British territory -- Times Online , 23 October 2002 . ( Retrieved 5 June 2016 . ) Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-23/britain-will-not-block-death-penalty-for-is-suspects:-reports/10027240 Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/22/uk-drops-death-penalty-guantanamo-opposition-opens-door-execution/ Jump up ^ https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-07-23/debates/9822FAE5-EB5E-4D3E-8E79-D951F7D82219/ForeignFightersAndTheDeathPenalty Jump up ^ `` Death penalty ' proper punishment ' for some crimes -- MP '' . BBC News . 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Welch , Francis ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Our dedication to the death penalty '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Police Killer Could Be Freed '' . nnet-server.com . Jump up ^ Faith Eckersall . `` Faith Eckersall looks at the capital punishment debate '' . Bournemouth Echo . Jump up ^ `` Police ovation for mother of Sarah '' . thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Will & Testament : Who cares about Ian Huntley ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Survey for Channel 4 on attitudes towards the death penalty '' . Ipsos MORI. 28 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Cafe , Rebecca ( 4 August 2011 ) . `` Does the public want the death penalty brought back ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` E-petitions urge MPs to debate return of death penalty '' . BBC News . 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Restore Capital Punishment , epetitions.direct.gov.uk Jump up ^ Petition to retain the ban on Capital Punishment , epetitions.direct.gov.uk Jump up ^ Canseco , Mario ( 23 August 2011 ) . `` Most Britons Support Reinstating the Death Penalty for Murder '' ( PDF ) . ARPO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Support for death penalty below 50 % , Metro , 27 March 2015 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 736 cols 1409 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 793 cols 1148 -- 1297 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HL 5ser vol 306 cols 1264 -- 1321 . Jump up ^ `` Restoration of Capital Punishment Bill '' . Hansard 1803 -- 2005 . 11 April 1973 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 883 cols 518 -- 640 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 902 cols 663 -- 728 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 970 cols 2019 -- 2125 . Jump up ^ Hoggart , Simon ( 20 July 1979 ) . `` Death penalty rejected by 119 in Commons '' . The Guardian . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 608 -- 686 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 686 -- 690 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 691 -- 694 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 694 -- 698 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 698 -- 701 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 45 cols 882 -- 986 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 113 cols 1115 -- 1191 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 134 cols 743 -- 807 , 807 -- 818 . Jump up ^ `` TV Interview for Channel 4 A plus 4 ( Brighton Bomb ) '' . margaretthatcher.org . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 22 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 116 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 124 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 238 cols 24 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 238 cols 70 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Katie Engelhart ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Thatcher Wanted to Reinstate Death Penalty for Northern Irish ' Terrorists , ' Show Newly Released Files '' . Vice News . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Page not found '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Butler , Sir Thomas ( 1861 ) . The Cambrian Journal , 49 . London . p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Glaston '' . wordpress.com. 19 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Children & juvenile executions '' . www.capitalpunishmentuk.org . Jump up ^ Samantha Lyon ( 2013 ) . A Grim Almanac of Shropshire . The History Press . Jump up ^ deVire , David ( 2016 ) . Tail of the Tigress : Views on the Road to Gender Equality . Backdaw Publishing . p. 211 . ISBN 9780995457614 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ BUTLER , Sir Thomas ( 1861 ) . Extracts from the Register of Sir Thomas Butler , Vicar of Much Wenlock , in Shropshire ( 1538 - 1562 ) ... By the Rev. Charles Henry Hartshorne . Reprinted from the `` Cambrian Journal , '' etc . R. Mason . p. 11 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Matthew ( 1800 ) . Historia Placitorum Coronæ : The History of the Pleas of the Crown , by Sir Matthew Hale. 1 . London : Printed by E. Rider , for T. Payne , H.L. Gardner , W. Otridge , E. and R. Brooke and J. Rider ( and seven others in London ) . p. 24 . OCLC 645127647 . Jump up ^ Cust , Richard ( 2005 ) , Charles I : A Political Life , Harlow : Pearson Education , ISBN 0 - 582 - 07034 - 1 Jump up ^ Timothy Vance Kaufman - Osborn ( 2002 ) . From noose to needle : capital punishment and the late liberal state . Law , meaning , and violence . University of Michigan Press . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08890 - 4 . Jump up ^ James Holbert Wilson ( 1853 ) . Temple bar , the city Golgotha , by a member of the Inner Temple . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Rinaldi , Giancarlo ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` Mary Timney : the last woman publicly hanged in Scotland '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Patrick Wilson ( 1971 ) . Murderess : a study of the women executed in Britain since 1843 . Joseph . pp. 151 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Slapper , Gary ( 23 June 2008 ) . `` The cases that changed Britain : 1917 -- 1954 '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry Cecil , `` Trial of Walter Graham Rowland '' , David & Charles , 1975 , passim but in particular p. 19 . Jump up ^ Moles , Dr Robert N. ; Bibi Sangha . `` R v Mahmoud Hussein Mattan ( Hanged ) Court of Appeal 24 February 1998 '' . Networked Knowledge . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Block & Hostettler ( 1997 ) pp. 11 -- 17 Bibliography ( edit ) Hoffman , David ; Rowe , John ( 2010 ) , Human Rights in the UK : An Introduction to the Human Rights Act of 1998 ( 3 ed . ) , Pearson Longman , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 7403 - 8 Brian P. Block ; John Hostettler ( 1997 ) , Hanging in the balance : a history of the abolition of capital punishment in Britain , Waterside Press , ISBN 1 - 872870 - 47 - 3 Harry Potter ( 1993 ) , Hanging in Judgment : Religion and the Death Penalty in England from the Bloody Code to Abolition , London , SCM Press ISBN 0 - 334 - 02533 - 8 External links ( edit ) A comprehensive site about capital punishment in the UK ' Hanging With Frank ' ( video showing UK execution protocol at the old gallows in Barlinnie Prison ) Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Guatemala Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Stoning Crucifixion Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged , drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=854465013 '' Categories : Legal history of the United Kingdom Capital punishment in the United Kingdom English criminal law Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from October 2015 Use dmy dates from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Svenska ไทย Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the last person executed in the uk
[ "England and in the United Kingdom: on 13 August 1964, Peter Anthony Allen, at Walton Prison in Liverpool, and Gwynne Owen Evans, at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, were executed for the murder of John Alan West on 7 April that year.[24]\n" ]
[ "13 August 1964" ]
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Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X and Theory Y - wikipedia Theory X and Theory Y This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mnemonic device for the two theories : a person refusing to work ( `` X '' ) and a person cheering the opportunity to work ( `` Y '' ) Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human work motivation and management . They were created by Douglas McGregor while he was working at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1950s , and developed further in the 1960s . McGregor 's work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of Abraham Maslow , who created the hierarchy of needs . The two theories proposed by McGregor describe contrasting models of workforce motivation applied by managers in human resource management , organizational behavior , organizational communication and organizational development . Theory X explains the importance of heightened supervision , external rewards , and penalties , while Theory Y highlights the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to approach tasks without direct supervision . Management use of Theory X and Theory Y can affect employee motivation and productivity in different ways , and managers may choose to implement strategies from both theories into their practices . Contents ( hide ) 1 McGregor and Maslow 2 Theory X 3 Theory Y 4 Choosing a management style 5 See also 6 References 7 External links McGregor and Maslow ( edit ) McGregor 's Theory X and Theory Y and Maslow 's hierarchy of needs are both rooted in motivation theory . Maslow 's hierarchy of needs consist of physiological needs ( lowest level ) , safety needs , love needs , esteem needs , and self - actualization ( highest level ) . According to Maslow , a human is motivated by the level they have not yet reached , and self - actualization can not be met until each of the lower levels has been fulfilled . Assumptions of Theory Y , in relation to Maslow 's hierarchy put an emphasis on employee higher level needs , such as esteem needs and self - actualization . McGregor also believed that self - actualization was the highest level of reward for employees . He theorized that the motivation employees use to reach self - actualization allows them to reach their full potential . This led companies to focus on how their employees were motivated , managed , and led , creating a Theory Y management style which focuses on the drive for individual self -- fulfillment . The next two sections will define and discuss McGregor 's two theories ( 1 ) Theory X ( 2 ) Theory Y and give scenarios when each management style could be used . Theory X ( edit ) Theory X is based on assumptions regarding the typical worker . This management style assumes that the typical worker has little ambition , avoids responsibility , and is individual - goal oriented . In general , Theory X style managers believe their employees are less intelligent , lazier , and work solely for a sustainable income . Management believes employee 's work is based on their own self - interest . Managers who believe employees operate in this manner are more likely to use rewards or punishments as motivation . Due to these assumptions , Theory X concludes the typical workforce operates more efficiently under a hands - on approach to management . Theory X managers believe all actions should be traceable to the individual responsible . This allows the individual to receive either a direct reward or a reprimand , depending on the outcome 's positive or negative nature . This managerial style is more effective when used in a workforce that is not essentially motivated to perform . According to McGregor , there are two opposing approaches to implementing Theory X : the hard approach and the soft approach . The hard approach depends on close supervision , intimidation , and immediate punishment . This approach can potentially yield a hostile , minimally cooperative workforce that may cause resentment towards management . Managers are always looking for mistakes from employees , because they do not trust their work . Theory X is a `` we versus they '' approach , meaning it is the management versus the employees . The soft approach is characterized by leniency and less strict rules in hopes for creating high workplace morale and cooperative employees . Implementing a system that is too soft could result in an entitled , low - output workforce . McGregor believes both ends of the spectrum are too extreme for efficient real - world application . Instead , McGregor feels that an approach located in the middle would be the most effective implementation of Theory X . Because managers and supervisors are in almost complete control of the work , this produces a more systematic and uniform product or work flow . Theory X can benefit a work place that utilizes an assembly line or manual labor . Using this theory in these types of work conditions allows employees to specialize in particular work areas which in turn allows the company to mass - produce a higher quantity and quality of work . Theory Y ( edit ) Theory Y managers assume employees are internally motivated , enjoy their job , and work to better themselves without a direct reward in return . These managers view their employees as one of the most valuable assets to the company , driving the internal workings of the corporation . Employees additionally tend to take full responsibility for their work and do not need close supervision to create a quality product . It is important to note , however , that before an employee carries out their task , they must first obtain the manager 's approval . This ensures work stays efficient , productive , and in - line with company standards . Theory Y managers gravitate towards relating to the worker on a more personal level , as opposed to a more conductive and teaching - based relationship . As a result , Theory Y followers may have a better relationship with their boss , creating a healthier atmosphere in the workplace . In comparison to Theory X , Theory Y incorporates a pseudo-democratic environment to the workforce . This allows the employee to design , construct , and publish their work in a timely manner in co-ordinance to their workload and projects . Although Theory Y encompasses creativity and discussion , it does have limitations . While there is a more personal and individualistic feel , this leaves room for error in terms of consistency and uniformity . The workplace lacks unvarying rules and practices , which could potentially be detrimental to the quality standards of the product and strict guidelines of a given company . Choosing a management style ( edit ) For McGregor , Theory X and Theory Y are not opposite ends of the same continuum , but rather two different continua in themselves . In order to achieve the most efficient production , a combination of both theories may be appropriate . This approach is derived from Fred Fiedler 's research over various leadership styles known as the contingency theory . This theory states that managers evaluate the workplace and choose their leadership style based upon both internal and external conditions presented . Managers who choose the Theory X approach have an authoritarian style of management . An organization with this style of management is made up of several levels of supervisors and managers who actively intervene and micromanage the employees . On the contrary , managers who choose the Theory Y approach have a hands - off style of management . An organization with this style of management encourages participation and values individuals ' thoughts and goals . However , because there is no optimal way for a manager to choose between adopting either Theory X or Theory Y , it is likely that a manager will need to adopt both approaches depending on the evolving circumstances and levels of internal and external locus of control throughout the workplace . See also ( edit ) Scientific management References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Douglas M. McGregor '' . iwer.mit.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beyond Theory Y '' . Harvard Business Review . 1970 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Maslow , A.H. `` A theory of human motivation '' . Psychological Review . 50 ( 4 ) : 370 -- 396 . doi : 10.1037 / h0054346 . ^ Jump up to : Carson , Charles ( Spring 2018 ) . `` A historical view of Douglas McGregor 's Theory Y '' . Journal of Management Decision. 43 ( 3 ) : 450 -- 460 -- via EBSCOhost . ^ Jump up to : Hattangadi , Vidya ( December 2015 ) . `` Theory X & Theory Y '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Recent Research Aspects. 2 : 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Elizabeth ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Motivation and Leadership in Social Work Management : A Review of Theories and Related Studies '' . Administration in Social Work : 356 . ^ Jump up to : NetMBA.com . `` Theory X and Theory Y '' . www.netmba.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Employee Management : Are You X or Are You Y '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Contingency theory '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Theory X and Theory Y : Understanding People 's Motivations '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Avolio , Bruce J. `` Promoting more integrative strategies for leadership theory - building '' . American Psychologist. 62 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 33 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 62.1. 25 . External links ( edit ) A diagram representing Theory X and Theory Y , Alan Chapman , 2002 . Another diagram representing Theory X and Theory Y Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_X_and_Theory_Y&oldid=849590062 '' Categories : Organizational behavior Motivational theories Human resource management Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 01 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the theory x style of management focuses on
[ "Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human work motivation and management. They were created by Douglas McGregor while he was working at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s.[1] McGregor's work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of Abraham Maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. The two theories proposed by McGregor describe contrasting models of workforce motivation applied by managers in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development. Theory X explains the importance of heightened supervision, external rewards, and penalties, while Theory Y highlights the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to approach tasks without direct supervision. Management use of Theory X and Theory Y can affect employee motivation and productivity in different ways, and managers may choose to implement strategies from both theories into their practices.[2]\n" ]
[ "the importance of heightened supervision, external rewards, and penalties" ]
2231859274684773061
Deborah
Deborah - wikipedia Deborah Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Deborah ( disambiguation ) . Deborah Deborah as portrayed in Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum ( 1553 ) Residence Shelter in Mount Ephraim , which is between Ramah in Benjamin and Bethel Other names Debora , Débora , Dvora Occupation Prophet of God , Fourth Judge of Israel Predecessor Shamgar Successor Gideon Spouse ( s ) Lapidoth שופטים ‎ Judges in the Bible Italics indicate individuals not explicitly described as judges Book of Joshua Joshua Book of Judges Othniel Ehud Shamgar Deborah Gideon Abimelech Tola Jair Jephthah Ibzan Elon Abdon Samson First Book of Samuel Eli Samuel According to the Book of Judges chapters 4 and 5 , Deborah ( Hebrew : דְּבוֹרָה , Modern Dvora , Tiberian Dəḇôrā ; `` Bee '' ) was a prophet of Yahweh the God of the Israelites , the fourth Judge of pre-monarchic Israel and the only female judge mentioned in the Bible , and the wife of Lapidoth . Deborah told Barak that Yahweh commanded him to lead an attack against the forces of Jabin king of Canaan and his military commander Sisera ( Judges 4 : 6 - 7 ) ; the entire narrative is recounted in chapter 4 . Judges chapter 5 gives the same story in poetic form . This passage , often called The Song of Deborah , may date to as early as the 12th century BC and is perhaps the earliest sample of Hebrew poetry . She is considered a saint in the Catholic Church . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Bible 1.1 The Song of Deborah 2 Traditional chronology 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links In the Bible ( edit ) Deborah Beneath the Palm Tree ( c. 1896 - 1902 ) by James Tissot Grave near Kedesh attributed to Barak or Deborah In the Book of Judges , it is stated that Deborah was a prophet , a judge of Israel and the wife of Lapidoth . She rendered her judgments beneath a date palm tree between Ramah in Benjamin and Bethel in the land of Ephraim . The people of Israel had been oppressed by Jabin , the king of Canaan , whose capital was Hazor , for twenty years . Stirred by the wretched condition of Israel she sends a message to Barak , the son of Abinoam , at Kedesh of Naphtali , and tells him that the Lord God had commanded him to muster ten thousand troops of Naphtali and Zebulun and concentrate them upon Mount Tabor , the mountain at the northern angle of the great plain of Esdraelon . At the same time she states that the Lord God of Israel will draw Sisera to the River Kishon . Barak declines to go without the prophet . Deborah consents , but declares that the glory of the victory will therefore belong to a woman . As soon as the news of the rebellion reaches Sisera he collects nine hundred chariots of iron and a host of people . Then Deborah said , according to Judges 4 : 14 : `` Go ! This is the day the Lord has given Sisera into your hands . Has not the Lord gone ahead of you ? '' So Barak went down Mount Tabor , with ten thousand men following him . As Deborah prophesied , a battle is fought ( led by Barak ) , and Sisera is completely defeated . He himself escapes on foot , while his army is pursued as far as Harosheth of the Gentiles and destroyed . Sisera comes to the tent of Jael ; and he lies down to rest . He asks for a drink ; she gives him milk ; and while he is asleep she hammers a tent - pin through his temple . The Biblical account of Deborah ends with the statement that after the battle , there was peace in the land for 40 years . ( Judges 5 : 31 ) The Song of Deborah ( edit ) Deborah portrayed in Gustave Doré 's illustrations for La Grande Bible de Tours ( 1865 ) The Song of Deborah is found in Judges 5 : 2 -- 31 and is a victory hymn , sung by Deborah and Barak , about the defeat of Canaanite adversaries by some of the tribes of Israel . Biblical scholars have generally identified the Song as one of the oldest parts of the Bible , dating somewhere in the 12th century BC , based on its grammar and context . However , some scholars have recently argued that the song 's language and content indicate that it was written no earlier than the 7th century BC . The song itself differs slightly from the events described in Judges 4 . The song mentions six participating tribes ( Ephraim , Benjamin , Machir , Zebulun , Issachar , and Naphtali ) as opposed to the two tribes in Judges 4 : 6 ( Naphtali and Zebulun ) and does not mention the role of Jabin . Though it is not uncommon to read a victory hymn in the Hebrew Bible , the Song of Deborah stands out as unique in that it is a hymn that celebrates a military victory helped by two women : Deborah and Jael . Michael Coogan writes that Jael being a woman `` is a further sign that Yahweh ultimately is responsible for the victory : The mighty Canaanite general Sisera will be ' sold ' by the Lord ' into the hand of a woman ' ( Judges 4 : 9 ) . '' Traditional chronology ( edit ) Traditional Jewish chronology places Deborah 's 40 years of judging Israel ( Judges 5 : 31 ) from 1107 BC until her death in 1067 BC . The Dictionary of World Biography : The Ancient World claims that she might have lived in the period between 1200 BC to 1124 BC . Based on archaeological findings , different biblical scholars have argued that Deborah 's war with Sisera best fits the context of either the second half of the 12th century BC or the second half of the 11th century BC . Gallery ( edit ) Artistic depictions of Deborah Deborah and Barak in a miniature from the 13th - century Psalter of St. Louis Jael , Deborah , and Barak ( c. 1630 ) by Salomon de Bray A statue of Deborah ( 1792 ) in Aix - en - Provence , France Deborah depicted in a pendentive of a church dome in Tenancingo , Mexico Deborah Judging Israel , west - facing panel at the northwest corner of the Nebraska State Capitol See also ( edit ) Battle of Mount Tabor ( biblical ) The Deborah number References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coogan , Michael D. ( 2011 ) , The Old Testament , A Historical and Literary Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures , Oxford University Press , pp. 214 , 219 Jump up ^ http://catholicsaints.info/deborah-the-prophetess/ Jump up ^ Judges 4 : 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Deborah '' , Jewish Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Judges 4 : 5 ^ Jump up to : Coogan , Michael D. ( 2009 ) , A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in its Context , Oxford University Press , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Frolov , S. ( 2011 ) . `` How Old is the Song of Deborah ? '' . Journal for the Study of the Old Testament . 36 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 184 . doi : 10.1177 / 0309089211423720 . : ' To be sure , the consensus outlined here is by no means perfect ; several publications that appeared in the 1980s and 1990s diverge from it , sometimes in a major way . In particular , Alberto Soggin , Ulrike Schorn , and Barnabas Lindars see the Song , or at least the bulk thereof , as a product of the early monarchy ; Ulrike Bechmann and Manfred Görg place it in the late pre-exilic period ; Michael Waltisberg advocates early post-exilic provenance ( fifth to third centuries BCE ) ; and B. - J. Diebner shifts the composition 's date all the way to the turn of the eras . ' ( p. 165 ) ; ' With the text 's internal parameters and the external conditions of its existence considered in a systematic fashion , what we know as Judg . 5.2 -- 31a presents itself as an integral part of the Deuteronomistic oeuvre and should be dated , accordingly , between c. 700 and c. 450 BCE . ' ( p. 183 ) Jump up ^ Nelson , Richard ( 2006 ) . `` Judges . '' The Harper Collins Study Bible , Revised Edition . Eds . Attridge , Harold and Wayne Meeks . New York : HarperCollins , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Chabad.org - Jewish History : Deborah the Prophetess Jump up ^ Northen Magill , Frank and Christina J. Moose ( 2003 - 01 - 23 ) . Dictionary of World Biography : The Ancient World - Deborah . ISBN 9781579580407 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Albright , W.F. ( 1937 ) . `` Further Light on the History of Israel from Lachish and Megiddo '' . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research ( 68 ) : 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3218855 . JSTOR 3218855 . Jump up ^ Mayes , A.D.H. ( 1969 ) . `` The Historical Context of the Battle against Sisera '' . Vetus Testamentum. 19 ( 3 ) : 353 . doi : 10.2307 / 1516506 . JSTOR 1516506 . Further reading ( edit ) Bird , Phyllis ( 1974 ) . `` Images of Women in the Old Testament '' . In Rosemary Radford Ruether . Religion and Sexism : Images of Women in the Jewish and Christian Traditions . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 21692 - 9 . Brown , Cheryl Anne ( 1992 ) . No Longer be Silent : First Century Jewish Portraits of Biblical Women : Studies in Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities and Josephus 's Jewish Antiquities . Louisville , Ky. : Westminster J. Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 25294 - X . Deen , Edith ( 1955 ) . All the Women of the Bible . New York : Harper & Row . Lacks , Roslyn ( 1979 ) . Women and Judaism : Myth , History , and Struggle . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 02313 - 8 . Otwell , John H. ( 1977 ) . And Sarah Laughed : the Status of Woman in the Old Testament . Philadelphia : Westminster Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 24126 - 3 . Phipps , William E. ( 1992 ) . Assertive Biblical Women . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28498 - 9 . Schroeder , Joy A. ( 2014 ) . Deborah 's Daughters : Gender Politics and Biblical Interpretation . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 999104 - 4 . Williams , James G. ( 1982 ) . Women Recounted : Narrative Thinking and the God of Israel . Sheffield : Almond Press . ISBN 0 - 907459 - 18 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deborah . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Bible , King James , Judges # Chapter 4 Book of Judges article , Jewish Encyclopedia Debbora , Catholic Encyclopedia Biblical Hebrew Poetry - Reconstructing the Original Oral , Aural and Visual Experience Song of Deborah ( Judges 5 ) Reconstructed Preceded by Shamgar Judge of Israel Succeeded by Gideon Book of Judges Chapters 4 and 5 People Deborah Barak Jabin Sisera Jael Heber the Kenite Sisera 's mother Lapidoth Locations Mount Ephraim Harosheth Haggoyim Hazor Kedesh Zaanaim Kishon River Military campaigns Battle of Mount Tabor Prophets in the Hebrew Bible Pre-Patriarchal Abel Kenan Enoch Noah ( in rabbinic literature ) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Levi Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Israelite prophets in the Torah Moses ( in rabbinic literature ) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in the Former Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah ( in rabbinic literature ) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel ( in rabbinic literature ) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah ( in rabbinic literature ) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job ( in rabbinic literature ) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Oded Azariah Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted . VIAF : 50146997347218892405 GND : 1108794203 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deborah&oldid=809847712 '' Categories : Prophets of the Hebrew Bible 12th - century BC biblical rulers 12th - century BC female rulers 12th - century BCE Hebrew people Biblical women in ancient warfare Book of Judges Christian female saints from the Old Testament Judges of ancient Israel Women in the Hebrew Bible Women poets Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 20 : 59 . 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who is the woman judge listed in the old testament
[ "According to the Book of Judges chapters 4 and 5, Deborah (Hebrew: דְּבוֹרָה, Modern Dvora, Tiberian Dəḇôrā; \"Bee\") was a prophet of Yahweh the God of the Israelites, the fourth Judge of pre-monarchic Israel and the only female judge mentioned in the Bible, and the wife of Lapidoth. Deborah told Barak that Yahweh commanded him to lead an attack against the forces of Jabin king of Canaan and his military commander Sisera (Judges 4:6-7); the entire narrative is recounted in chapter 4." ]
[ "Deborah" ]
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What a Wonderful World
What a Wonderful World - wikipedia What a Wonderful World Jump to : navigation , search For the Sam Cooke song , see Wonderful World ( Sam Cooke song ) . For other uses , see Wonderful World ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` What a Wonderful World '' Single by Louis Armstrong from the album What a Wonderful World B - side `` Cabaret '' Released October 18 , 1967 Format 7 '' Recorded August 16 , 1967 Genre Traditional pop jazz Length 2 : 21 Label ABC 10982 , HMV Songwriter ( s ) Bob Thiele ( as George Douglas ) George David Weiss Producer ( s ) Bob Thiele Louis Armstrong singles chronology `` Mi va de cantare '' ( 1967 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 1967 ) `` Hello Brother '' ( 1968 ) `` Mi va de cantare '' ( 1967 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 1967 ) `` Hello Brother '' ( 1968 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' is a pop ballad written by Bob Thiele ( as `` George Douglas '' ) and George David Weiss . It was first recorded by Louis Armstrong and released in 1967 as a single , which topped the pop charts in the United Kingdom . Thiele and Weiss were both prominent in the music world ( Thiele as a producer and Weiss as a composer / performer ) . Armstrong 's recording was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999 . The publishing for this song is controlled by Memory Lane Music Group , Carlin Music Corp. and BMG Rights Management . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Charts and certifications 2.1 Peak positions 2.2 Certifications 3 Notable versions 4 Appearances in film and television 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Sources 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was initially offered to Tony Bennett , who turned it down . Thereafter , it was offered to Louis Armstrong . George Weiss recounts in the book Off the Record : Songwriters on Songwriting by Graham Nash that he wrote the song specifically for Louis Armstrong . Weiss was inspired by Armstrong 's ability to bring people of different races together . The song was not initially a hit in the United States , where it sold fewer than 1,000 copies because ABC Records head Larry Newton did not like the song and therefore did not promote it , but was a major success in the United Kingdom , reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart . In the United States , the song hit No. 116 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Chart . It was also the biggest - selling single of 1968 in the UK where it was among the last pop singles issued by HMV Records before becoming an exclusive classical music label . The song made Louis Armstrong the oldest male to top the UK Singles Chart . Armstrong 's record was broken in 2009 when a remake of `` Islands in the Stream '' recorded for Comic Relief -- which included the 68 - year - old Tom Jones -- reached number one in that chart . Tony Bennett did go on to record `` What A Wonderful World '' several times , as in 2003 with k.d. lang , paying homage to Bennett 's friend , Armstrong . ABC Records ' European distributor EMI forced ABC to issue a What a Wonderful World album in 1968 ( catalogue number ABCS - 650 ) . It did not chart in the United States , due to ABC not promoting it , but charted in the UK where it was issued by Stateside Records with catalogue number SSL 10247 and peaked on the British chart at No. 37 . The song gradually became something of a standard and reached a new level of popularity . In 1978 , Armstrong 's 1967 recording was featured in the closing scenes of the first series of BBC radio 's cult hit , The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , and was repeated for BBC 's 1981 TV adaptation of the series . In 1988 , Armstrong 's recording appeared in the film Good Morning , Vietnam ( despite the film being set in 1965 -- two years before it was recorded ) and was re-released as a single , hitting No. 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in February 1988 . The single charted at number one for the fortnight ending June 27 , 1988 on the Australian chart . It is also the closing song for the 1995 movie 12 Monkeys . In 2001 , rappers Ghostface Killah , Raekwon and The Alchemist released `` The Forest , '' a song that begins with three lines of lyric adapted from `` What a Wonderful World '' , altered to become `` an invitation to get high '' on marijuana . The rappers and their record company , Sony Music Entertainment , were sued by the owners of `` What a Wonderful World , '' Abilene Music . The suit was thrown out of court after Judge Gerard E. Lynch determined that the altered lyric was indisputably a parody , transforming the uplifting original message to a new one with a darker nature . By April 2014 , Louis Armstrong 's 1967 recording had sold 2,173,000 downloads in the United States after it was released digitally . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 / 68 ) Peak position Australia 29 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Denmark Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 Netherlands ( MediaMarkt ) 14 New Zealand 15 Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 U.K. Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 116 U.S. Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM Magazine ) 13 Ireland 30 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 Netherlands ( MediaMarkt ) New Zealand 8 Poland 22 U.S. ( Billboard ) 32 U.S. Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 U.S. ( Radio & Records ) 37 U.S. ( Cashbox ) 37 U.S. ( Rock on the Net - ARC Weekly Top 40 ) 28 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Italy ( FIMI ) Gold Notable versions ( edit ) 1967 : Louis Armstrong , million - selling original version 1989 : Roy Clark , on his album of the same name ( peaked at No. 73 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart ) 1992 : Nick Cave , single sung with Shane MacGowan ; in 2005 was also published on the album B - Sides & Rarities 1993 : Israel Kamakawiwo'ole , Hawaiian ukulele version ( medley with `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' ) on the album Facing Future ( sold over 2.5 million copies in the U.S. and Canada alone ) 1999 : Anne Murray , on her platinum release of the same name , which also spawned a book and video ( the album reached No. 1 on the US CCM chart , No. 4 on the US Country chart , and No. 38 on the top 200 ) 2002 : Joey Ramone 's posthumous version was used for the ending credits of Michael Moore 's film Bowling for Columbine . 2002 : Da Vinci 's Notebook ended their album Brontosaurus with an a cappella version . 2003 : Sarah Brightman 's Harem album 2004 : Céline Dion recorded the song for her album Miracle . 2004 : Rod Stewart recorded a version of the song with Stevie Wonder for Stewart 's album Stardust : The Great American Songbook , Volume III ( released in the United States as the lead single from the album and by early 2005 reached No. 13 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart ) . 2007 : Foxygen covered the song on their self - produced first album Jurrassic Exxplosion Phillipic . 2007 : Katie Melua , singing with Eva Cassidy 's version to raise money for the Red Cross ( reached No. 1 in the UK chart in December 2007 ) 2008 : Ministry , along with other cover songs on their album Cover Up 2009 : The Clarks ' version was recorded for their album Restless Days . This version was also featured on The Simpsons 's Season 27 premiere , Every Man 's Dream . It is also used after every Home win for the Pittsburgh Penguins at PPG Paints Arena . 2010 : Ziggy Marley 's version on The Disney Reggae Club 2012 : Pat Byrne reached No. 3 in the Irish Singles Chart after appearing on The Voice of Ireland . 2012 : Music charity Playing For Change recorded this song featuring Grandpa Elliott . 2015 : Tiago Iorc 's version was recorded to be used as the opening theme of the Brazilian telenovela Sete Vidas . 2013 : Renée Geyer on her album Swing ( 2013 ) 2016 : Tally Koren 's version was recorded to be used in her album A Love Song for You . Appearances in film and television ( edit ) This media section uses IMDb for verification . IMDb may not be a reliable source for film and television information and is generally only cited as an external link . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Please help by replacing IMDb with third - party reliable sources . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film ( edit ) Title Performer Year Source Arjun Reddy ( Telugu movie ) Background music 2017 Geostorm ( teaser trailer only ) Sharon Van Etten & Juggernaut Kid 2017 Range 15 Louis Armstrong 2016 Finding Dory Louis Armstrong 2016 Un gallo con muchos huevos Louis Armstrong 2015 Mein Salzburg Louis Armstrong 2015 Back to the Sea Louis Armstrong 2012 Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island ( slightly different version of the song ) Dwayne Johnson 2012 New Year 's Eve Louis Armstrong 2011 Head Over Heels Louis Armstrong Harold and Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay Louis Armstrong 2008 Madagascar Louis Armstrong 2005 Swing Girls Louis Armstrong Freaky Friday Joey Ramone 2003 Bowling for Columbine Louis Armstrong 2002 Meet Joe Black Louis Armstrong 1998 Madeline Louis Armstrong 1998 Wrestling with Alligators Louis Armstrong 1998 12 Monkeys Louis Armstrong 1995 The Kennedy Years ( JFK Remembered ) Louis Armstrong Ciao , Professore ! Louis Armstrong Good Morning , Vietnam Louis Armstrong Chicken Little ( teaser trailer only ) Louis Armstrong 2005 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( teaser trailer only ) Louis Armstrong 2005 Television ( edit ) Series Episode Performer Year Source The OA Champion Sharon Van Etten & Juggernaut Kid 2016 MythBusters The Reunion Special Louis Armstrong 2016 Childhood 's End # 1.1 Joseph William Morgan 2015 The Simpsons Every Man 's Dream The Clarks 2015 Strictly Come Dancing Week 9 Results Louis Armstrong 2014 Inspector George Gently The Lost Child Louis Armstrong 2012 The Mentalist Blinking Red Light Louis Armstrong 2011 An Idiot Abroad Karl Comes Home Louis Armstrong So You Think You Can Dance ( Canada ) Top 8 Perform Louis Armstrong 2009 The Simpsons The Good , the Sad and the Drugly Louis Armstrong 2009 20 to 1 Greatest Songs of All Time Louis Armstrong 2006 Life on Mars # 1.6 Louis Armstrong 2006 House , MD DNR Louis Armstrong 2005 Hinter Gittern Fahrte aufgenommen Louis Armstrong Racheengel Louis Armstrong 2001 Lust & Suhne Louis Armstrong 2001 Hahn im Korb Louis Armstrong 1999 Die Lugners # 1.9 Louis Armstrong 2003 # 1.3 Louis Armstrong 2003 Dawson 's Creek Hopeless Louis Armstrong 2001 Gilmore Girls Rory 's Birthday Parties Louis Armstrong 2000 The King of Queens Head First Louis Armstrong 1998 Cybill Cybill Discovers the Meaning of Life Louis Armstrong 1995 Vamp Louis Armstrong 1991 Florida Lady Lauf dem Leben nicht davon Louis Armstrong Twin Peaks # 2.7 Louis Armstrong 1990 The Green Man Louis Armstrong 1990 Moonlighting A Womb with a View Louis Armstrong The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy # 1.6 Louis Armstrong 1981 The Muppet Show Don Knotts ( # 2.1 ) Rowlf ( Jim Henson ) 1977 Sources ( edit ) Internet Movie Database Jim Henson 's Red Book References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` What A Wonderful World '' . The Pop History Dig . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance Channel : Video : : SPECTACLE : Season 1 - Episode 5 ( clip ) '' . SundanceChannel.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Black , Johnny ( 2006 ) . Singles : Six Decades of Hot Hits & Classic Cuts . Thunder Bay Press . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 1592236510 . Jump up ^ `` 45 Discography for HMV Records - UK - POP series 1001 - 1617 '' . Globaldogproductions.info . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ABC - Paramount Album Discography , Part 6 '' . Bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Samantha ( November 1 , 2003 ) . `` Court : Ghostface Rap Was ' Fair Use ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 115 ( 44 ) : 22 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Al ; Kohn , Bob ( 2010 ) . Kohn on music licensing ( 4 ed . ) . Aspen Publishers . pp. 1647 -- 1648 . ISBN 0735590907 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : `` Happy '' tops 4M `` . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian Charts '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danske Hitlister.dk '' . Danske Hitlister.dk . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` MediaMarkt Top 40 '' . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : S '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What A Wonderful World -- LOUIS ARMSTRONG '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 30 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 1 Jump up ^ `` Rock on the Net '' . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Songs From The Last Century '' . Nielsen Business Media . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Stewart - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Playing For Change '' . Jump up ^ `` Abertura de Sete Vidas traz pequenas cenas que remetem a nossa memória afetiva '' . Globo.com. 2015 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Armstrong '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 5 / 25 / 1977 -- ' Don Knotts ( MS ) ' '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . External links ( edit ) How political is What A Wonderful World ? - BBC News article about history and meaning of song Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Barrueco & Balles Music play What a Wonderful World Preceded by `` Congratulations '' by Cliff Richard UK number one single Louis Armstrong version 24 April 1968 ( for 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Young Girl '' by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap Preceded by `` Bleeding Love '' by Leona Lewis UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Katie Melua & Eva Cassidy version ) December 16 , 2007 - December 22 , 2007 Succeeded by `` When You Believe '' by Leon Jackson Louis Armstrong Biography Recordings Films , broadcasts , and literature Awards Civil Rights proponent Top Ten singles Muskrat Ramble ( 1926 ) Hotter than That West End Blues ( 1928 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1929 ) Chinatown , My Chinatown ( 1932 ) You Can Depend on Me All of Me Love , You Funny Thing Sweethearts on Parade Body and Soul ( 1932 ) Hobo , You Ca n't Ride This Train ( 1933 ) I 'm in the Mood for Love / You Are My Lucky Star ( 1935 ) Public Melody Number One ( 1937 ) When the Saints Go Marching In ( 1939 ) You Wo n't Be Satisfied ( Until You Break My Heart ) ( 1946 ) When We Are Dancing ( 1951 ) What a Wonderful World ( 1968 ) Albums Satchmo at Pasadena ( 1951 ) Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy ( 1955 ) Louis Armstrong at the Crescendo , Vol. 1 ( 1955 ) Louis and the Angels ( 1957 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Struttin ' ( 1996 ) Bing & Satchmo The Complete Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong on Verve The Great Summit Hot Fives & Sevens Louis and the Good Book Satchmo In Style With Ella Fitzgerald Armstrong - Fitzgerald history Ella and Louis ( 1956 ) Ella and Louis Again ( 1957 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1957 ) With Duke Ellington Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington : The Great Summit / Complete Sessions ( 1961 ) Other collaborations Louis Armstrong Meets Oscar Peterson ( 1957 ) The Real Ambassadors ( 1961 ) Songs Willie the Weeper West End Blues ( 1928 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' When the Saints Go Marching In Mack the Knife ( 1956 ) Autumn in New York On My Way ( 1959 ) Uncle Satchmo 's Lullaby ( 1959 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) What a Wonderful World ( 1967 ) We Have All the Time in the World ( 1969 ) Alexander 's Ragtime Band April in Paris Back Home Again in Indiana Basin Street Blues Big Butter and Egg Man Blue Turning Grey Over You Blueberry Hill C'est si bon Ca n't We Be Friends ? Cheek to Cheek Cold , Cold Heart Cool Yule Dippermouth Blues Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans ? Dream a Little Dream of Me East of the Sun ( and West of the Moon ) El Choclo Everybody Loves My Baby Frankie and Johnny Georgia on My Mind Get Together Gone Fishin ' The Gypsy in My Soul Heebie Jeebies Hello , Dolly ! Hey Lawdy Mama High Society Calypso I Get Ideas I Wonder I 've Got the World on a String It 's Been a Long , Long Time Jeepers Creepers A Kiss to Build a Dream On ( Up A ) Lazy River Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off Let 's Do It , Let 's Fall in Love Moon River Moonlight in Vermont Muggles Muskrat Ramble Nobody Knows the Trouble I 've Seen Now You Has Jazz On a Little Bamboo Bridge On My Way On the Sunny Side of the Street Pennies from Heaven Potato Head Blues Red Sails in the Sunset Rockin ' Chair Saint Louis Blues Shine Skokiaan Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child St. James Infirmary Blues Standing on the Corner ( Blue Yodel No. 9 ) Stardust Stars Fell on Alabama Takes Two to Tango That Lucky Old Sun That 's My Desire There Must Be Somebody Else They All Laughed Uncle Satchmo 's Lullaby La Vie en rose When It 's Sleepy Time Down South When You 're Smiling Willow Weep for Me Winter Wonderland Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah Compilation albums Louis Armstrong Hot Five and Hot Seven Sessions ( 1925 -- 28 ) Related Louis Armstrong House Louis Armstrong Stadium Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport Discography Jazz Portal Anne Murray Studio albums What About Me This Way Is My Way Honey , Wheat and Laughter Straight , Clean and Simple Talk It Over in the Morning Anne Murray / Glen Campbell Annie Danny 's Song Love Song Highly Prized Possession Keeping In Touch Together There 's a Hippo in My Tub Let 's Keep It That Way New Kind of Feeling I 'll Always Love You Somebody 's Waiting Where Do You Go When You Dream The Hottest Night of the Year A Little Good News Heart over Mind Something to Talk About Harmony As I Am You Will Yes I Do Croonin ' Anne Murray What a Wonderful World Country Croonin ' I 'll Be Seeing You Anne Murray Duets : Friends & Legends Christmas albums Christmas Wishes Anne Murray Christmas The Season Will Never Grow Old Best of the Season My Christmas Favorites What a Wonderful Christmas Anne Murray 's Christmas Album Icon : Christmas Compilations Snowbird Country A Country Collection Anne Murray 's Greatest Hits Country Hits Songs of the Heart Love Songs Greatest Hits Volume II From Springhill to the World The Very Best of Anne Murray 15 of the Best Her Greatest Hits and Finest Performances Now & Forever The Best ... So Far An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray Ultimate Collection All of Me 10 Great Songs : Inspirational Classics Icon No. 1 singles `` Snowbird '' `` Sing High , Sing Low '' `` A Stranger in My Place '' `` It Takes Time '' `` Talk It Over in the Morning '' `` I Say a Little Prayer / By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` Cotton Jenny '' `` Danny 's Song '' `` What About Me '' `` A Love Song '' `` He Thinks I Still Care '' `` Son of a Rotten Gambler '' `` You Wo n't See Me '' `` You Needed Me '' `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' `` Shadows in the Moonlight '' `` Broken Hearted Me '' `` Daydream Believer '' `` Lucky Me '' `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` Could I Have This Dance '' `` Blessed Are the Believers '' `` We Do n't Have to Hold Out '' `` It 's All I Can Do '' `` Another Sleepless Night '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Somebody 's Always Saying Goodbye '' `` A Little Good News '' `` Just Another Woman in Love '' `` Nobody Loves Me Like You Do '' ( with Dave Loggins ) `` Time Do n't Run Out on Me '' `` Now and Forever ( You and Me ) '' Other songs `` Thirsty Boots '' `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' `` Night Owl '' `` Robbie 's Song for Jesus '' `` Everything 's Been Changed '' `` Send a Little Love My Way '' `` Just One Look '' `` Day Tripper '' `` Uproar '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` The Call '' `` Golden Oldie '' `` Things '' `` Walk Right Back '' `` That 's Not the Way ( It 's S'posed to Be ) '' `` I Do n't Think I 'm Ready for You '' `` Who 's Leaving Who '' `` Are You Still in Love with Me '' `` Anyone Can Do the Heartbreak '' `` Perfect Strangers '' `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Feed This Fire '' `` Bluebird '' `` I Can See Arkansas '' `` Make Love to Me '' `` The Wayward Wind '' `` Born to Be with You '' `` Over You '' `` That 's What My Love Is For '' `` That 's the Way It Goes '' `` What a Wonderful World '' Related articles Discography Capitol Records `` Tears Are Not Enough '' Book : Anne Murray Katie Melua Studio albums Call Off the Search Piece by Piece Pictures The House Secret Symphony Ketevan In Winter Compilation albums The Katie Melua Collection Live albums Live at the O2 Arena Singles `` The Closest Thing to Crazy '' `` Call Off the Search '' `` Crawling up a Hill '' `` Nine Million Bicycles '' `` I Cried for You '' / `` Just Like Heaven '' `` Spider 's Web '' `` It 's Only Pain '' `` Shy Boy '' `` If You Were a Sailboat '' `` Mary Pickford '' `` If the Lights Go Out '' `` Toy Collection '' `` Two Bare Feet '' `` The Flood '' `` A Happy Place '' `` To Kill You with a Kiss '' `` Gold in them Hills '' `` The Bit That I Do n't Get '' `` Better Than a Dream '' `` Moonshine '' `` The Walls of the World '' `` Forgetting All My Troubles '' `` I Will Be There '' Other singles `` What a Wonderful World '' ( with Eva Cassidy ) Related Discography Dramatico CeCe Peniston Discography Awards Studio albums Finally Thought ' Ya Knew Good News in Hard Times I 'm Movin ' On Remix albums Finally / We Got a Love Thang : Remix Collection Remix Collection Compilations The Best Of Essential The Millennium Collection : The Best Of EPs CeCe Peniston Singles `` Finally '' `` We Got a Love Thang '' `` Keep On Walkin ' '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Inside That I Cried '' `` I 'm in the Mood '' `` I 'm Not Over You '' `` Keep Givin ' Me Your Love '' `` Hit by Love '' `` Movin ' On '' `` Before I Lay ( You Drive Me Crazy ) '' `` Somebody Else 's Guy '' `` I Like It '' `` Nobody Else '' `` He Loves Me 2 '' `` Lifetime to Love '' `` My Boo '' `` Reminiscin '' `` For My Baby '' `` Eternal Lover '' `` Deeper Love '' `` You Are the Universe '' `` I 'm Feelin ' U '' `` Above Horizons '' `` Nothing Can Stop Me '' Download `` Shame Shame Shame '' `` Still I '' `` In Love with a DJ '' `` Stoopid ! '' `` Celebrate '' `` You 've Never Seen '' `` All My Love '' `` Get to Steppin '' `` Let 's Go All Night '' `` Without You '' `` Love Do n't Take Over '' `` Sick '' Promotional singles `` Hitmix '' `` Searchin ' '' `` House Party '' `` I Know You Want Me '' `` I Ca n't Go for That '' Other songs `` How I Got Over '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Precious Memories '' `` Oh Happy Day '' `` Christmas Song '' `` What a Wonderful World '' `` Runnin ' Away '' Related Divas of Disco Book Israel Kamakawiwoʻole Studio albums Ka ' Ano'i ( 1990 ) Facing Future ( 1993 ) E Ala E ( 1995 ) N Dis Life ( 1996 ) Compilation albums Alone in IZ World ( 2001 ) Wonderful World ( 2009 ) Songs `` Over the Rainbow '' `` What a Wonderful World '' `` Kaleohano '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' Related Mākaha Sons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_a_Wonderful_World&oldid=827606853 '' Categories : Songs about happiness 1967 singles 1968 singles 2000 singles Songs written by George David Weiss Louis Armstrong songs Anne Murray songs Eva Cassidy songs Roy Clark songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Pop ballads 1960s ballads 1967 songs ABC Records singles His Master 's Voice singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles sourced by IMDb from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Чӑвашла Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Livvinkarjala 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 18 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did louis armstrong sing what a wonderful world
[ "\n\n\"What a Wonderful World\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Louis Armstrong\n\n\nfrom the album What a Wonderful World\n\n\nB-side\n\"Cabaret\"\n\n\nReleased\nOctober 18, 1967[citation needed]\n\n\nFormat\n7\"\n\n\nRecorded\nAugust 16, 1967\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nTraditional pop\njazz\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n2:21\n\n\nLabel\nABC 10982, HMV\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nBob Thiele (as George Douglas)\nGeorge David Weiss[1]\n\n\nProducer(s)\nBob Thiele[1]\n\n\nLouis Armstrong singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Mi va de cantare\"\n(1967)\n\"What a Wonderful World\"\n(1967)\n\"Hello Brother\"\n(1968)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Mi va de cantare\"\n(1967)\n\"What a Wonderful World\"\n(1967)\n\"Hello Brother\"\n(1968)\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "August 16, 1967" ]
8359815231987747944
First Geneva Convention
First Geneva Convention - wikipedia First Geneva Convention Jump to : navigation , search The first - ever Geneva Convention governing the sick and wounded members of armed forces was signed in Geneva in 1864 . The First Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field , held on 22 August 1864 , is the first of four treaties of the Geneva Conventions . It defines `` the basis on which rest the rules of international law for the protection of the victims of armed conflicts . '' After the first treaty was adopted in 1864 , it was significantly revised and replaced in 1906 , 1929 , and finally 1949 . It is inextricably linked to the International Committee of the Red Cross , which is both the instigator for the inception and enforcer of the articles in these conventions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Summary of provisions 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Henry Dunant The 1864 Geneva Convention was instituted at a critical period in European political and military history . Elsewhere , the American Civil War had been raging since 1861 ( starting with the Battle of Fort Sumter ) , and would ultimately claim between 750,000 -- 900,000 lives . Between the fall of the first Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and the rise of his nephew in the Italian campaign of 1859 , the powers had maintained peace in western Europe . Yet , with the 1853 -- 1856 conflict in the Crimea , war had returned to Europe , and while those troubles were `` in a distant and inaccessible region '' northern Italy was `` so accessible from all parts of western Europe that it instantly filled with curious observers ; '' while the bloodshed was not excessive the sight of it was unfamiliar and shocking . Despite its intent of ameliorating the ravages of war , the inception of the 1864 Geneva Convention inaugurated `` a renewal of military activity on a large scale , to which the people of western Europe ... had not been accustomed since the first Napoleon had been eliminated . '' The movement for an international set of laws governing the treatment and care for the wounded and prisoners of war began when relief activist Henri Dunant witnessed the Battle of Solferino in 1859 , fought between French - Piedmontese and Austrian armies in Northern Italy . The subsequent suffering of 40,000 wounded soldiers left on the field due to lack of facilities , personnel , and truces to give them medical aid moved Dunant into action . Upon return to Geneva , Dunant published his account Un Souvenir de Solferino and , through his membership in the Geneva Society for Public Welfare , he urged the calling together of an international conference and soon helped found the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863 . The signing of the first - ever Geneva Convention by some of the major European powers in 1864 . The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) , while recognising that it is `` primarily the duty and responsibility of a nation to safeguard the health and physical well - being of its own people '' , knew there would always , especially in times of war , be a `` need for voluntary agencies to supplement ... the official agencies charged with these responsibilities in every country . '' To ensure that its mission was widely accepted , it required a body of rules to govern its own activities and those of the involved belligerent parties . On 22 August 1864 , several European states congregated in Geneva , Switzerland , and signed the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field : Grand Duchy of Baden Kingdom of Belgium Kingdom of Denmark Second French Empire Grand Duchy of Hesse Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of the Netherlands Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves Kingdom of Prussia Switzerland Kingdom of Spain Kingdom of Württemberg United Kingdom of Norway and Sweden signed in December . It `` derived its obligatory force from the implied consent of the states which accepted and applied them in the conduct of their military operations . '' Despite its basic mandates , listed below , it was successful in effecting significant and rapid reforms . This first effort provided only for : the immunity from capture and destruction of all establishments for the treatment of wounded and sick soldiers , the impartial reception and treatment of all combatants , the protection of civilians providing aid to the wounded , and the recognition of the Red Cross symbol as a means of identifying persons and equipment covered by the agreement . Due to significant ambiguities in the articles with certain terms and concepts and even more so to the rapidly developing nature of war and military technology , the original articles had to be revised and expanded , largely at the Second Geneva Conference in 1906 and Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 which extended the articles to maritime warfare . The 1906 version was updated and replaced by the 1929 version when minor modifications were made to it . It was again updated and replaced by the 1949 version , better known as the Final Act of Geneva Conference , 1949 . However , as Jean S. Pictet , Director of the International Committee of the Red Cross , noted in 1951 , `` the law , however , always lags behind charity ; it is tardy in conforming with life 's realities and the needs of humankind '' , as such it is the duty of the Red Cross `` to assist in the widening the scope of law , on the assumption that ... law will retain its value '' , principally through the revision and expansion of these basic principles of the original Geneva Convention . Summary of provisions ( edit ) Parties to GC I -- IV and PI -- III Parties to GC I -- IV and PI -- II Parties to GC I -- IV and PI and III Parties to GC I -- IV and PI Parties to GC I -- IV and P III Parties to GC I -- IV and no P The original ten articles of the 1864 treaty have been expanded to the current 64 articles . This lengthy treaty protects soldiers that are hors de combat ( out of the battle due to sickness or injury ) , as well as medical and religious personnel , and civilians in the zone of battle . Among its principal provisions : Article 12 mandates that wounded and sick soldiers who are out of the battle should be humanely treated , and in particular should not be killed , injured , tortured , or subjected to biological experimentation . This article is the keystone of the treaty , and defines the principles from which most of the treaty is derived , including the obligation to respect medical units and establishments ( Chapter III ) , the personnel entrusted with the care of the wounded ( Chapter IV ) , buildings and material ( Chapter V ) , medical transports ( Chapter VI ) , and the protective sign ( Chapter VII ) . Article 15 mandates that wounded and sick soldiers should be collected , cared for , and protected , though they may also become prisoners of war . Article 16 mandates that parties to the conflict should record the identity of the dead and wounded , and transmit this information to the opposing party . Article 9 allows the International Red Cross `` or any other impartial humanitarian organization '' to provide protection and relief of wounded and sick soldiers , as well as medical and religious personnel . For a detailed discussion of each article of the treaty , see the original text and the commentary . There are currently 196 countries party to the 1949 Geneva Conventions , including this first treaty but also including the other three . See also ( edit ) Geneva Conventions International Committee of the Red Cross International humanitarian law List of parties to the Geneva Conventions Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pictet , Jean S. ( 1951 ) , `` The New Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims '' , The American Journal of International Law , 45 ( 3 ) : 462 -- 475 , doi : 10.2307 / 2194544 ^ Jump up to : Davis , George B. ( 1907 ) , `` The Geneva Convention of 1906 '' , The American Journal of International Law , 1 ( 2 ) : 400 + Jump up ^ Baxter , Richard ( 1977 ) , `` Human Rights in War '' , Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , 31 ( 2 ) : 5 Jump up ^ See Dunant , Henri ( 1862 ) , Un Souvenir de Solferino ( 1 ed . ) , Geneve : Jules Fick Jump up ^ Sperry , C.S. ( 1906 ) , `` The Revision of the Geneva Convention , 1906 '' , Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , 3 : 33 , doi : 10.2307 / 3038537 Jump up ^ Anderson , Chandler P. ( 1920 ) , `` The International Red Cross Organization '' , The American Journal of International Law , 14 ( 1 ) : 210 , doi : 10.2307 / 2187844 ^ Jump up to : `` Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field . Geneva , 22 August 1864 '' . Geneva , Switzerland : International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , s.v. `` Geneva Conventions '' , http://search.eb.com/ ( accessed 10 March 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , `` Geneva Conventions '' . Jump up ^ `` Final Act of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva , 12 August 1949 '' . Geneva , Switzerland : International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Pictet , Jean ( 1958 ) . Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 : Commentary . International Committee of the Red Cross . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Convention ( I ) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field . Geneva , 12 August 1949 '' . Geneva , Switzerland . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` States party to the main treaties '' . The American National Red Cross . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Chandler P. Anderson , `` International Red Cross Organization '' , The American Journal of International Law , 1920 Richard Baxter , `` Human Rights in War '' , Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , 1977 George B. Davis , `` The Geneva Convention '' , The American Journal of International Law , 1907 Jean S. Pictet , `` The New Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims '' , The American Journal of International Law , 1951 Francis Lieber , `` INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD '' , Lincoln General Orders , 24 April 1863 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : First Geneva Convention Facsimile of the original document 150 years of the 1864 Geneva Convention -- 150 years of humanitarian action ( hide ) Geneva Conventions First Geneva Convention Second Geneva Convention Third Geneva Convention Fourth Geneva Convention Protocol I Protocol II Protocol III List of parties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Geneva_Convention&oldid=841217237 '' Categories : Geneva Conventions Treaties concluded in 1949 Treaties entered into force in 1950 Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan Treaties of the People 's Socialist Republic of Albania Treaties of Algeria Treaties of Andorra Treaties of the People 's Republic of Angola Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda Treaties of Argentina Treaties of Armenia Treaties of Australia Treaties of Austria Treaties of Azerbaijan Treaties of the Bahamas Treaties of Bahrain Treaties of Bangladesh Treaties of Barbados Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Treaties of Belgium Treaties of Belize Treaties of the Republic of Dahomey Treaties of Bhutan Treaties of Bolivia Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina Treaties of Botswana Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic Treaties of Brunei Treaties of the People 's Republic of Bulgaria Treaties of Burkina Faso Treaties of Myanmar Treaties of Burundi Treaties of the Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1953 -- 70 ) Treaties of Cameroon Treaties of Canada Treaties of Cape Verde Treaties of the Central African Republic Treaties of Chad Treaties of Chile Treaties of the People 's Republic of China Treaties of Colombia Treaties of the Comoros Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 1964 -- 71 ) Treaties of the Republic of the Congo Treaties of the Cook Islands Treaties of Costa Rica Treaties of Ivory Coast Treaties of Croatia Treaties of Cuba Treaties of Cyprus Treaties of the Czech Republic Treaties of Czechoslovakia Treaties of Denmark Treaties of Djibouti Treaties of Dominica Treaties of the Dominican Republic Treaties of East Timor Treaties of Ecuador Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt Treaties of El Salvador Treaties of Equatorial Guinea Treaties of Eritrea Treaties of Estonia Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire Treaties of Fiji Treaties of Finland Treaties of the French Fourth Republic Treaties of Gabon Treaties of the Gambia Treaties of Georgia ( country ) Treaties of West Germany Treaties of East Germany Treaties of Ghana Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece Treaties of Grenada Treaties of Guatemala Treaties of Guinea Treaties of Guinea - Bissau Treaties of Guyana Treaties of Haiti Treaties of the Holy See Treaties of Honduras Treaties of the Hungarian People 's Republic Treaties of Iceland Treaties of the Dominion of India Treaties of Indonesia Treaties of the Pahlavi dynasty Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq Treaties of Ireland Treaties of Israel Treaties of Italy Treaties of Jamaica Treaties of Japan Treaties of Jordan Treaties of Kazakhstan Treaties of Kenya Treaties of Kiribati Treaties of North Korea Treaties of South Korea Treaties of Kuwait Treaties of Kyrgyzstan Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos Treaties of Latvia Treaties of Lebanon Treaties of Lesotho Treaties of Liberia Treaties of the Kingdom of Libya Treaties of Liechtenstein Treaties of Lithuania Treaties of Luxembourg Treaties of the Republic of Macedonia Treaties of Madagascar Treaties of Malawi Treaties of the Federation of Malaya Treaties of the Maldives Treaties of Mali Treaties of Malta Treaties of the Marshall Islands Treaties of Mauritania Treaties of Mauritius Treaties of Mexico Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia Treaties of Moldova Treaties of Monaco Treaties of the Mongolian People 's Republic Treaties of Montenegro Treaties of Morocco Treaties of the People 's Republic of Mozambique Treaties of Namibia Treaties of Nauru Treaties of Nepal Treaties of the Netherlands Treaties of New Zealand Treaties of Nicaragua Treaties of Niger Treaties of Nigeria Treaties of Norway Treaties of Oman Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan Treaties of Palau Treaties of Palestine Treaties of Panama Treaties of Papua New Guinea Treaties of Paraguay Treaties of Peru Treaties of the Philippines Treaties of the Polish People 's Republic Treaties of the Estado Novo ( Portugal ) Treaties of Qatar Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania Treaties of Rwanda Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis Treaties of Saint Lucia Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Treaties of Samoa Treaties of San Marino Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe Treaties of Saudi Arabia Treaties of Senegal Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro Treaties of Seychelles Treaties of Sierra Leone Treaties of Singapore Treaties of Slovakia Treaties of Slovenia Treaties of the Solomon Islands Treaties of the Somali Republic Treaties of the Union of South Africa Treaties of South Sudan Treaties of the Soviet Union Treaties of Francoist Spain Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan ( 1956 -- 69 ) Treaties of Suriname Treaties of Swaziland Treaties of Sweden Treaties of Switzerland Treaties of the Syrian Republic ( 1930 -- 58 ) Treaties of Tajikistan Treaties of Tanganyika Treaties of Thailand Treaties of Togo Treaties of Tonga Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago Treaties of Tunisia Treaties of Turkey Treaties of Turkmenistan Treaties of Tuvalu Treaties of Uganda Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Treaties of the United Arab Emirates Treaties of the United Kingdom Treaties of the United States Treaties of Uruguay Treaties of Uzbekistan Treaties of Vanuatu Treaties of Venezuela Treaties of North Vietnam Treaties of South Yemen Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic Treaties of Yugoslavia Treaties of Zambia Treaties of Zimbabwe Treaties of South Vietnam Treaties of the Sultanate of Zanzibar Treaties extended to Greenland Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands Treaties extended to Niue Treaties extended to Aruba Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles Treaties extended to the Territory of Papua and New Guinea Treaties extended to the Belgian Congo Treaties extended to Ruanda - Urundi Treaties extended to French Somaliland Treaties extended to Surinam ( Dutch colony ) Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau Treaties extended to the West Indies Federation Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas Treaties extended to Bahrain ( protectorate ) Treaties extended to Bermuda Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji Treaties extended to the Gambia Colony and Protectorate Treaties extended to Gibraltar Treaties extended to British Guiana Treaties extended to British Hong Kong Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Treaties extended to the Sheikhdom of Kuwait Treaties extended to Basutoland Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Malta Treaties extended to British Mauritius Treaties extended to the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria Treaties extended to Qatar ( protectorate ) Treaties extended to Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Treaties extended to the Colony of Sierra Leone Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Treaties extended to Tanganyika ( territory ) Treaties extended to the Kingdom of Tonga ( 1900 -- 70 ) Treaties extended to the Trucial States Treaties extended to West Berlin Hidden categories : EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Română Русский Simple English ไทย 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 17 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what was the purpose of the 1864 geneva convention
[ "The First Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, held on 22 August 1864, is the first of four treaties of the Geneva Conventions. It defines \"the basis on which rest the rules of international law for the protection of the victims of armed conflicts.\"[1] After the first treaty was adopted in 1864, it was significantly revised and replaced in 1906, 1929, and finally 1949. It is inextricably linked to the International Committee of the Red Cross, which is both the instigator for the inception and enforcer of the articles in these conventions." ]
[ "the basis on which rest the rules of international law for the protection of the victims of armed conflicts" ]
6561335994250476318
Lorraine Crosby
Lorraine Crosby - wikipedia Lorraine Crosby Lorraine Crosby Also known as Mrs. Loud ( 1960 - 11 - 27 ) 27 November 1960 ( age 57 ) Walker , Tyne and Wear , England Genres Rock and roll Occupation ( s ) Singer songwriter Instruments Vocals Associated acts Meat Loaf Patti Russo Bonnie Tyler Website lorrainecrosby.co.uk Lorraine Crosby ( born November 27 , 1960 ) , better known as `` Mrs. Loud '' , is an English singer and songwriter . Her most famous work , especially in the United States , is as the female vocalist in Meat Loaf 's 1993 hit single `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . Her debut album Mrs Loud was released in 2008 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Work with Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman 3 Solo work 4 Other work 5 Discography 5.1 Studio albums 5.2 Singles 5.3 Other recordings 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Crosby was born in Walker , Tyne and Wear . Her father died in a road accident when his car collided with a bus when she was two years old , leaving her mother to raise Lorraine , her two sisters , and one brother . She attended Walker Comprehensive . She sang in school and church choirs and played the violin in the orchestra , but did not start singing professionally until she was 20 . Work with Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman ( edit ) Inspired by Tina Turner , Crosby searched the noticeboard for bands wanting singers at the guitar shop Rock City in Newcastle . After joining several bands she set up a five - piece cabaret band which toured extensively , playing to British and American servicemen throughout the early 1980s . Back in Newcastle , she met Stuart Emerson , who was looking for a backing singer for his band . They began writing together , and also became a couple . In the early 1990s , Crosby sent songwriter and producer Jim Steinman some demos of songs she had written with Emerson . Steinman asked to meet them so they decided to move to New York . They then followed Steinman after he moved to Los Angeles . Steinman became their manager and secured them a contract with Meat Loaf 's recording label MCA . While visiting the label 's recording studios on Sunset Boulevard , Crosby was asked to provide guide vocals for Meat Loaf , who was recording the song `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . Cher , Melissa Etheridge and Bonnie Tyler were considered for the role . The song was a commercial success , becoming number one in 28 countries . However , as Crosby had recorded her part as guide vocals , she did not receive any royalties from the song , nor was she actually credited on the album ; the credit `` Mrs. Loud '' was used instead . Also , Crosby did not appear in the Michael Bay - directed music video , where model Dana Patrick mimed her vocals . Meat Loaf promoted the single with American vocalist Patti Russo performing the live female vocals of this song at his promotional appearances and concerts . Lorraine also sang additional and backing vocals on the songs `` Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back '' , `` Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are '' , and `` Everything Louder Than Everything Else '' from the album Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell . On these three selections , she was credited under her real name rather than the alias of Mrs. Loud . Solo work ( edit ) Crosby regularly performed at holiday camps and social clubs in England until April 2005 when she took a break from live work . In 2005 , she sang a duet with Bonnie Tyler for the track `` I 'll Stand by You '' from the album Wings . The song was written and composed by Stuart Emerson about Crosby 's and Tyler 's relationship . Also in 2005 , Crosby appeared as a contestant on ITV 's The X Factor . She performed `` You 've Got a Friend '' and progressed to the second round after impressing judges Louis Walsh and Sharon Osbourne but Simon Cowell expressed doubt saying she `` lacked star quality . '' Crosby returned to live performances in April 2007 . In November 2007 , she appeared on the BBC Three television show `` Most Annoying Pop Songs We Hate To Love '' discussing the Meat Loaf track `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' which featured at No. 76 . In November 2008 , Crosby appeared at Newcastle City Hall with special guest Bonnie Tyler to launch her self - produced album entitled `` Mrs Loud '' The concert was later repeated in March 2011 . In April 2009 she was also featured on The Justin Lee Collins Show and performed a duet with Justin , singing the Meat Loaf song `` Dead Ringer for Love '' . She also performed `` I 'd Do Anything for Love '' with Tim Healy for Sunday for Sammy in 2012 . Crosby performs in cabaret shows with her band along with her partner Stuart Emerson . Crosby appeared in the first round of BBC 's second series of The Voice on April 6 , 2013 . She failed to progress when she was rejected by all four coaches . Crosby and her band reached No. 4 on the Reverbnation rock charts on April 9 , 2013 . Other work ( edit ) In the mid-1990s , Crosby appeared as an extra in several television series episodes . Discography ( edit ) Crosby has provided backing vocals on Bonnie Tyler 's albums Free Spirit ( 1995 ) and Wings ( 2005 ) . Studio albums ( edit ) Mrs Loud ( 2008 ) Singles ( edit ) `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( with Meat Loaf ) ( 1993 ) Other recordings ( edit ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( with Bonnie Tyler ) ( 2005 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Biography - Lorraine Crosby '' . Lorraine Crosby . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chart Success for Meat Loaf , Official Charts Company , retrieved 7 April 2012 Jump up ^ video interview with her , Youtube , retrieved 3 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` I 'd Do Anything For Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . songfacts.com . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Credits in the booklet of the album Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell . Jump up ^ I 'll Stand By You , a video of Tyler and Crosby performing the song in 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Zone Forums > The X Factor > sat 27 / 08 Meat Loaf Lady '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 29 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Most Annoying Pop Songs We Hate To Love , BBC Three Jump up ^ Mrs Loud on Spotify Jump up ^ Sunday for Sammy 2012 , MWMDVD106 , Dir . Geoff Wonfor , Prod . Ray Laidlaw Jump up ^ Lorraine Crosby Band , the Lorraine Crosby Band Jump up ^ The Voice 2013 : Meat Loaf singer Lorraine Crosby & Emma Jade Garbutt in tomorrow 's Blind Auditions , Unreality TV , Lisa McGarry , 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 Jump up ^ Lorraine Crosby : ' I would do anything for fame , but I wo n't do The Voice again ' Archived 9 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Evening Chronicle '' , Gordon Barr , 6 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lorraine Crosby . Official website The Voice UK Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Leanne Mitchell Andrea Begley Jermain Jackman Stevie McCrorie Kevin Simm Mo Adeniran Ruti Olajugbagbe Other contestants Series 1 Bo Bruce Sean Conlon Kerry Ellis Jessica Hammond Becky Hill Tyler James Vince Kidd Max Milner Twinnie - Lee Moore Deniece Pearson Heshima Thompson Series 2 Jay Aston Alice Barlow Colin Chisholm Kirsty Crawford Lorraine Crosby Danny Foster Ant Henson Cleo Higgins Nate James Aret Kapetanovic Anthony Kavanagh Kym Mazelle Leah McFall Rob Reynolds Nick Tatham Mike Ward Series 3 Sally Barker Angie Brown Kelsey - Beth Crossley Si Genaro Leo Ihenacho Leanne Jones Series 4 Tim Arnold Esmée Denters Lucy O'Byrne Joe and Jake Glenn Hoddle Series 5 Jolan Lydia Lucy Mike Berry Bernie Clifton The Dublin City Rounders Series 6 Tanya Lacey Abi Phillips Jazmin Sawyers Series 7 Gayatri Nair Related articles The Voice ( franchise ) Louder on Two The Voice Kids Series 1 Series 2 Discography WorldCat Identities MusicBrainz : 469f5f38 - eb63 - 4d6f - a210 - 954f51bffba0 VIAF : 85818118 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorraine_Crosby&oldid=861736634 '' Categories : 1960 births Living people English female singers People from Newcastle upon Tyne ( district ) The Voice UK contestants Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 17 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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who is the girl that sang with meatloaf
[ "Lorraine Crosby (born November 27, 1960), better known as \"Mrs. Loud\", is an English singer and songwriter. Her most famous work, especially in the United States, is as the female vocalist in Meat Loaf's 1993 hit single \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\". Her debut album Mrs Loud was released in 2008.\n" ]
[ "Lorraine Crosby" ]
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2018 FIFA World Cup Final
2018 FIFA World Cup final - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup final 2018 FIFA World Cup Final The France team holds the World Cup trophy Event 2018 FIFA World Cup France Croatia Date 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) Venue Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Man of the Match Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Referee Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Attendance 78,011 Weather Partly cloudy 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) 51 % humidity ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 15 July 2018 to determine the winners of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . It was the final of the 21st FIFA World Cup , a quadrennial tournament contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA . The match was contested by France and Croatia , and held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Russia . Before 2018 , France 's only World Cup victory was in 1998 -- though they had also reached the final in 2006 -- while Croatia were playing in their first World Cup final . Both teams had defeated former World Cup champions on their way to the final : France defeated 1930 and 1950 winners Uruguay , Croatia defeated 1966 winners England and both teams defeated 1978 and 1986 winners Argentina . Croatia became the third Eastern European nation to reach the World Cup final , and the first since Czechoslovakia lost the final in 1962 to Brazil . France won the match 4 -- 2 , having taken a 2 -- 1 lead during the first half on an own goal and penalty awarded by the video assistant referee ( VAR ) , both firsts in a World Cup final . France also became the second team in the 32 - team World Cup to win all their knockout matches without any extra time or penalty shoot - out after Brazil in 2002 . As winners , France qualified for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup . Contents 1 Venue 2 Background 3 Route to the final 3.1 France 3.2 Croatia 4 Pre-match 4.1 Match ball 4.2 Officials 4.3 Closing ceremony 5 Match 5.1 Summary 5.2 Details 5.3 Statistics 6 Post-match 7 Viewership 7.1 Europe 7.2 Rest of the world 7.3 Advertising 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Venue ( edit ) Further information : Luzhniki Stadium The final was played at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , located in the Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug . An expanded version of the stadium was named as the provisional final venue in Russia 's World Cup bid , which was selected by FIFA on 2 December 2010 . Luzhniki Stadium was confirmed as the final venue on 14 December 2012 , following a meeting of the now - erswthile FIFA Executive Committee held in Tokyo , Japan . The stadium also hosted six other matches , including the opening match on 14 June , three group stage matches , a round of 16 match , and the second semi-final match . The exterior of the Luzhniki Stadium at night with Moscow State University in the background . The Luzhniki Stadium , previously known as the Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium until 1992 , originally opened in 1956 as part of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex to host the USSR Summer Spartakiade . The stadium has served as the national stadium of the country , hosting many matches for the Russia national team and its predecessor , the Soviet Union national team . In the past , the stadium has been used as the home ground at various times for CSKA Moscow , Torpedo Moscow , and Spartak Moscow . However , there are currently no clubs based at the stadium . The stadium has hosted numerous international sporting events . The stadium was the main venue for the 1980 Summer Olympics , hosting the opening and closing ceremonies , athletics , football ( four matches , including the gold medal match ) , and the Individual Jumping Grand Prix . The stadium hosted the 1999 UEFA Cup Final , as well as the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final . Other events staged include the Spartakiad , the final game of the 1957 Ice Hockey World Championships , the 1973 Summer Universiade , the Friendship Games in 1984 , the 1986 Goodwill Games , and the 1998 World Youth Games . In 2013 , the Rugby World Cup Sevens and World Athletics Championships were held at the ground in front of sparse crowds . The stadium has also served as a venue for many concerts , including Western artists after the fall of the Soviet Union , as well as political rallies . Rated as a category 4 stadium by UEFA , the Luzhniki Stadium is the largest in Russia and at the 2018 World Cup ; it usually has a maximum capacity of 81,006 , but was reduced to 78,011 for the World Cup . This also makes the stadium the largest in Eastern Europe , and among the largest in Europe . To prepare for the World Cup , the stadium was closed for extensive renovations in August 2013 . The spectator stands were moved closer to the pitch , which was converted from artificial turf to natural grass , after the removal of the athletic track . The historic facade of the stadium was preserved due to its architectural value , while the roof was upgraded using a new polycarbonate skin with exterior lighting . The Luzhniki did not host any matches at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup due to the ongoing project . The renovation project cost € 341 million , and the stadium officially reopened with an international friendly between Russia and Argentina on 11 November 2017 . Background ( edit ) After Uruguay and Brazil were eliminated in the quarter - finals , a European side was ensured to win the World Cup for a fourth consecutive tournament . The match was also the ninth all - European World Cup final , which most recently occurred in 2006 and 2010 . The match was the third World Cup final for France , first appearing in the 1998 final as hosts , winning 3 -- 0 against reigning champions Brazil . France also contested the 2006 final , where they lost to Italy in a penalty shoot - out following a 1 -- 1 draw . Only Germany ( eight ) and Italy ( six ) have reached more finals among European nations . Didier Deschamps became the fourth person to reach a World Cup final as both a player and as a manager , after Franz Beckenbauer , Rudi Völler , and Mário Zagallo . The match was the first World Cup final for Croatia in their fifth World Cup appearance . They are the 10th European country and 13th overall to reach a World Cup final , and the first new finalist since Spain in 2010 . With a population of 4.17 million , Croatia is the second least - populated country to play in a World Cup final , behind Uruguay ( victors in 1930 and 1950 ) . Croatia 's previous best performance was as World Cup debutants in 1998 , when they finished in third place , losing 2 -- 1 to hosts France in the semi-finals before beating the Netherlands 2 -- 1 in the third place play - off . The final was the sixth meeting between France and Croatia , with France undefeated in the previous fixtures with three wins and two draws . The two sides first met in the 1998 World Cup semi-final , with hosts France winning 2 -- 1 . Their only other competitive meeting was during the group stage of Euro 2004 , which finished as a 2 -- 2 draw . Their next , and most recent , meeting was in a March 2011 friendly match , which finished as a 0 -- 0 draw . Route to the final ( edit ) Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup France Round Croatia Opponents Result Group stage Opponents Result Australia 2 -- 1 Match 1 Nigeria 2 -- 0 Peru 1 -- 0 Match 2 Argentina 3 -- 0 Denmark 0 -- 0 Match 3 Iceland 2 -- 1 Group C winners Pos Team Pld Pts France 7 Denmark 5 Peru Australia Source : FIFA Final standings Group D winners Pos Team Pld Pts Croatia 9 Argentina Nigeria Iceland Source : FIFA Opponents Result Knockout stage Opponents Result Argentina 4 -- 3 Round of 16 Denmark 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Uruguay 2 -- 0 Quarter - finals Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 p ) Belgium 1 -- 0 Semi-finals England 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) France ( edit ) France entered the 2018 World Cup as one of the favourites to win the tournament , particularly for their strong squad featuring several youth talents . The team finished as runners - up to Portugal at Euro 2016 , which the country hosted . The team qualified for the World Cup proper after finishing first in their qualification group , ahead of Sweden and the Netherlands . At the World Cup , France were drawn into Group C alongside Australia , Denmark , and Peru . The team defeated Australia 2 -- 1 in its opening match in Kazan , with a penalty called by the video assistant referee and scored by Antoine Griezmann followed by an own goal deflected by Australian defender Aziz Behich . In its second match , France won 1 -- 0 over Peru on a goal scored by 19 - year - old Kylian Mbappé , who became France 's youngest goalscorer at a major tournament . The victory over Peru qualified France for the knockout stage , allowing manager Didier Deschamps to rest several starting players for the final group stage match against Denmark . The match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow finished in a scoreless draw marked by misplaced passes and goalkeeping mistakes . The team 's group stage performance was characterised as lacking cohesion and failing to use its star players effectively . Finishing as winners of Group C , France were matched in the round of 16 with Group D runners - up Argentina . France won 4 -- 3 on two goals scored by Mbappé , who also won a penalty in the opening minutes . Defender Benjamin Pavard also scored in the match , with his strike later voted as goal of the tournament . Mbappé 's performance drew comparisons to Brazilian stars Ronaldo and Pelé , who in 1958 was the most recent teenager to score twice in a World Cup match . In the quarter - finals , France defeated Uruguay 2 -- 0 on a goal and assist by Griezmann . The team advanced to a semi-final match against Belgium in St. Petersburg , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win for the French with a corner kick headed into the goal by defender Samuel Umtiti . The French team , particularly Mbappé , were criticised for timewasting and other unsportsmanlike conduct in the semi-finals after taking the lead in the second half . Croatia ( edit ) The 2017 -- 18 Croatia national squad , dubbed the `` Second Golden Generation '' , posing with Vladimir Putin and Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović after the final against France . Croatia entered the 2018 World Cup as dark horses , with their golden generation led by forward Mario Mandžukić and midfielders Marcelo Brozović , Mateo Kovačić , Luka Modrić , Ivan Perišić , and Ivan Rakitić . The team had been eliminated in the group stage at the 2014 tournament , but reached the round of 16 at Euro 2016 . In their qualification group , Croatia scored 15 goals and finished second to Iceland after appointing manager Zlatko Dalić amid a series of poor away results . However , Croatia managed to advance past Greece in the qualifying play - offs , winning the first leg 4 -- 1 and drawing 0 -- 0 in the second . Croatia were drawn into Group D with Argentina , Iceland , and Nigeria , considered a difficult draw due to Argentina 's talent and Nigeria 's historic performances . In their opening match , the team earned a 2 -- 0 victory over Nigeria , with an own goal by Oghenekaro Etebo caused by Mandžukić and a penalty scored by Modrić . Striker Nikola Kalinić refused to enter the match as a substitute , citing back pain as his reason for not playing , and was expelled from the team by Dalić , leaving Croatia with only 22 players for the remainder of the tournament . Croatia went on to upset Argentina with a 3 -- 0 win , thanks to an effective game plan that used the `` height and strength of their players to dominate the game in aerial duels '' , playing a `` pressing game , counter-attacking , and more direct play in possession '' to counter Lionel Messi , scoring all their goals in the second half . Croatia finished atop the group with a 2 -- 1 win over Iceland , resting several starting players in the final group match . In the round of 16 , Croatia played Denmark and earned a 1 -- 1 draw after the two teams exchanged goals in the opening five minutes and a missed penalty from Modrić in extra time . Croatia won the subsequent penalty shootout 3 -- 2 , with three saves by goalkeeper Danijel Subašić and two saves by Danish goalkeeper Kasper Schmeichel . The team advanced to a quarter - final fixture with hosts Russia , who had defeated Spain in the round of 16 , in Sochi . The Russians scored their first in the 31st minute , but Andrej Kramarić equalised for Croatia eight minutes later and kept the score at 1 -- 1 through the end of regular time . Croatia took a 2 -- 1 lead in extra time with a header by Domagoj Vida , but Russian defender Mário Fernandes equalised in stoppage time to trigger a penalty shootout . The shootout was won 4 -- 3 by Croatia after two misses by Russia and a shot by Modrić that rebounded off the post and into the goal . Croatia became the second team in World Cup to win two shootouts in a tournament , after Argentina in 1990 . After the match , a video of Vida saying `` Glory to Ukraine '' prompted controversy among Russians and a warning from FIFA 's disciplinary committee , which enforces a ban on political slogans . Croatia 's semi-final match against England at the Luzhniki began as they conceded a free kick goal by English defender Kieran Trippier in the fifth minute . Croatia resisted several attempts by England to score a second goal in the first half . Croatia managed an equalising goal of their own through a shot by Perišić in the 68th minute . The match was won 2 -- 1 by Croatia after a 109th - minute goal by Mandžukić . This made Croatia the first team to earn three come - from - behind victories in the FIFA World Cup , all three matches also going into extra time . Pre-match ( edit ) Match ball ( edit ) The official match ball for the final was the Telstar Mechta ( Russian : Мечта ; lit . dream or ambition ) , a red - coloured variant of the Adidas Telstar 18 introduced for the knockout stage . The Telstar family , a homage to the original 1970 Telstar , was designed similarly to 2014 's Brazuca , but with longer seams and additional panels . Officials ( edit ) Néstor Pitana officiated the final . Argentine referee Néstor Pitana was selected to lead the officiating team for the final , which was announced on 12 July 2018 by the FIFA Referees Committee . The final is Pitana 's fifth match as referee during the tournament , becoming only the second referee to officiate the opening match and the final . Pitana officiated an additional group stage match , along with two knockout stage matches in the round of 16 and quarter - finals . Pitana has been a FIFA referee since 2010 , and officiated four matches at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . His compatriots Hernán Maidana and Juan Pablo Belatti were chosen as assistant referees . Björn Kuipers of the Netherlands was chosen as the fourth official , with his fellow countryman Erwin Zeinstra as the reserve assistant . Italian Massimiliano Irrati was named the video assistant referee , presiding over the first use of the technology at a World Cup final . Argentine Mauro Vigliano was chosen as the assistant video assistant referee , while Carlos Astroza of Chile was appointed as the second assistant and Danny Makkelie of the Netherlands as the third assistant . Closing ceremony ( edit ) The tournament 's closing ceremony was held prior to the start of the match , featuring a performance of `` Live It Up '' , the official song of the tournament , by Will Smith , Nicky Jam , and Era Istrefi . Jam also performed `` X ( Equis ) '' , wearing a shirt honouring J Balvin . Opera singer Aida Garifullina sang the Russian folk song `` Kalinka '' , accompanied by a children 's choir and percussion section that featured a cameo by Brazilian star Ronaldinho . Match ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) Teams lined up prior to kick - off Croatia kicked off the final at 18 : 00 local time ( 15 : 00 UTC ) , with the ground temperature reported at 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) . The match was played through a minor thunderstorm , which produced several visible lightning strikes . An audience of 78,011 spectators at the Luzhniki Stadium watched the match , including ten heads of state , among them Russian president Vladimir Putin , French president Emmanuel Macron , and Croatian president Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović . The starting line - ups for both teams were identical to those fielded in the semi-finals . Antoine Griezmann , named the man of the match after scoring one goal and assisting another Croatia had the majority of possession and chances early in the first half , with the ball staying mostly in France 's half . An attack by French midfielder Antoine Griezmann was stopped by a challenge from Marcelo Brozović , which was called as a foul despite claims that Griezmann dived . In the incident , Griezmann began falling before Brozović made contact . Griezmann took the ensuing 30 - yard ( 27 m ) free kick , which was diverted by the head of Mario Mandžukić into the left corner of his own net to give France the lead in the 18th minute . It was the first own goal to be scored in a World Cup final and the 12th of the tournament , the most of any World Cup . Ten minutes later , Croatia equalised with a left - footed strike by Ivan Perišić to the right corner of the net , assisted by Domagoj Vida after a free kick by Luka Modrić on the right . In the 34th minute , a penalty was awarded against Croatia after Perišić 's handball in the box from a corner on the right was reviewed by the video assistant referee . Griezmann scored the penalty in the 38th minute with a low finish to the left , giving France a 2 -- 1 lead at half - time ; the first half 's three goals were the most of any World Cup final since 1974 . France led at half - time despite having only one shot on goal and with only 34 % of possession . A Croatian counter-attack was stopped early in the second half after several pitch invaders were chased onto the field by security officers ; Russian feminist rock band and protest group Pussy Riot claimed responsibility for the interruption . In the 59th minute , France extended their lead to 3 -- 1 with a left - foot strike to the left of the net from the edge of the penalty area by Paul Pogba after his initial shot had been blocked . Six minutes later , Kylian Mbappé scored France 's fourth goal , with a low right - foot shot from outside the box to the left of the net ; Mbappé became the first teenager to score in a World Cup final since Pelé in 1958 . Croatia scored their second goal in the 69th minute , as from a back - pass , France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris failed to dribble around Mandžukić , who poked the loose ball into the unguarded net with his right leg . Despite a late push by Croatia , the match finished as a 4 -- 2 victory for France and the highest - scoring World Cup final since 1966 . Details ( edit ) 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) France Croatia GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández 41 ' CM 6 Paul Pogba CM 13 N'Golo Kanté 27 ' 55 ' RW 10 Kylian Mbappé AM 7 Antoine Griezmann LW 14 Blaise Matuidi 73 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 81 ' Substitutions : MF 15 Steven Nzonzi 55 ' MF 12 Corentin Tolisso 73 ' FW 18 Nabil Fekir 81 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko 90 + 2 ' CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB 21 Domagoj Vida LB Ivan Strinić 81 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 11 Marcelo Brozović RW 18 Ante Rebić 71 ' AM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) LW Ivan Perišić CF 17 Mario Mandžukić Substitutions : FW 9 Andrej Kramarić 71 ' FW 20 Marko Pjaca 81 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić Man of the Match : Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Assistant referees : Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Fourth official : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Reserve assistant referee : Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Match rules 90 minutes 30 minutes of extra time if necessary Penalty shoot - out if scores still level Maximum of twelve named substitutes Maximum of three substitutions , with a fourth allowed in extra time Statistics ( edit ) First half Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 7 Shots on target Saves 0 0 Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 8 7 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 7 8 Shots on target 5 Saves Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 6 6 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 8 15 Shots on target 6 Saves Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks 6 Fouls committed 14 13 Offsides Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 Post-match ( edit ) Fan celebrations on the streets of Paris ( left ) and at the Arc de Triomphe ( right ) after the match . France became the sixth country to win the World Cup more than once and qualified for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup with their win . Didier Deschamps became the third person to have won the World Cup as both a player and manager , after Franz Beckenbauer and Mário Zagallo . The final was the highest scoring since 1966 , and the highest score in regular time since 1958 . The winner 's medals were presented on the pitch stage to the French team by presidents Putin , Macron , and Grabar - Kitarović amid a heavy rainstorm . FIFA president Gianni Infantino handed the trophy to French captain Hugo Lloris . As Lloris raised the trophy , a short version of the tournament 's official song `` Live It Up '' was played . Croatian captain Luka Modrić won the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . France 's Antoine Griezmann , the final 's man of the match , also won the Bronze Ball and the Silver Boot award with four goals and two assists . Kylian Mbappé won the Best Young Player award for the tournament . Large crowds , including 90,000 people at the Eiffel Tower fanzone and an estimated million on the Champs - Élysées , celebrated the victory in Paris . The celebrations were marred by instances of rioting that were broken up by police , as well as the deaths of at least two people during celebrations elsewhere in the country , one man died after diving into a shallow canal and another died after crashing his car into a tree , RATP , the operator of the Paris Métro system , temporarily renamed several stations in honour of the team and its World Cup victory . On 16 July , more than 550,000 fans welcomed the Croatian team home in the capital city of Zagreb , in the single largest public gathering in Croatia 's history , where a six - hour - long bus tour brought them from Zagreb Airport to Ban Jelačić Square . Viewership ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) In France , the final was televised on TF1 and BeIN Sports and drew an average of 26.1 million viewers , making it the most watched event ever in French television history . In England , the final had an average viewership of 10.5 million and a peak viewership of 13.8 million , split between free - to - air broadcasters BBC One and ITV , almost half that of the viewership of England -- Croatia semi-final . In Germany , the match drew a viewership of 21.3 million , which was around 76 % of the market share , on state - owned ZDF . In Spain , the match had a 57.3 % share , with 8.2 million viewers on Mediaset España Comunicación 's Telecinco . In Croatia , the match drew around 1.538 million viewers -- more than 38 % of the population -- on national broadcaster HTV2 for a 89.3 % market share . In Italy , it drew 11.7 million viewers on Canale 5 . In the Netherlands , the match had a viewership of 3.1 million on NPO1 . In the host nation of Russia , the final was the third-most watched match of the 2018 World Cup and accounted for around 50 % of the nation 's population . In total , the final drew more than 160 million viewers in 20 European territories , including Russia , the United Kingdom and Germany . Rest of the World ( edit ) In the United States of America , the match was broadcast on NBCUniversal - owned Telemundo and 21st Century Fox - owned Fox and Fox Sports , the match averaged 16.6 million viewers combined , with Telemundo reaching a total of 57 % of the country 's Latino population . In India , 70 million viewers streamed the match online , through Sony Picture Networks India 's ( SPN ) Sony Liv application , which was a record for a football match ; an additional 22.4 million viewers watched the match on Sony Ten 2 , Sony Ten 3 and Sony ESPN . In China , the match drew a combined of 56 million viewers on state - broadcasters CCTV - 1 and CCTV - 5 , the most - watched sporting event in China since 2008 Beijing Olympics ; an additional 24 million viewers streamed the match through Youku , a video - service and an Alibaba Group subsidiary . In Australia , the final was watched by an average of 2.2 million viewers -- with a peak of 3.4 million viewers -- on national public broadcaster SBS . Whereas , in Canada , the final was watched by an average of 3.9 million viewers , with a peak of 5.4 million viewers on CTV , TSN and RDS . Advertising ( edit ) In the United States , Fox received between US $ 399,000 and $750,000 for a 30 - second advertisement spot during the World Cup final ; whereas in France , TF1 got up to $300,000 for a 30 - second ad - spot . See also ( edit ) 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` France v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nestor Pitana to referee World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Match report -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Start list -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Jonathan ; White , Gregory L. ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Russia to Host 2018 World Cup ; Qatar Gets 2022 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Russia 2018 to start and finish at Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luzhniki Stadium : All you need to know '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Putin 's goal is to showcase Russia at 2018 World Cup '' . Reuters. 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moscow Fiscultura i Sport ( 1981 ) . Games of the XXII Olympiad : Official Report of the Organising Committee , Volume 2 ( Report ) . International Olympic Committee . pp. 46 -- 51 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 -- via Olympics World Library . ^ Jump up to : `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moscow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meat to Mötley Crüe : the theatre of English dreams '' . The Guardian . 19 May 2008 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Halpin , Tony ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Moscow proud of trouble free Champions League final '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Moscow 's 2018 World Cup final venue to be ready by December 2016 '' . RT . 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sport city : Luzhniki yesterday , today and tomorrow '' . Government of Moscow . 1 November 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Wildey , Alison ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` Athletes left staring into empty space at Luzhniki '' . Reuters . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bennetts , Marc ( 4 March 2018 ) . `` Russians forced to attend Putin 's star - studded election rally '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 2018 World Cup stadium venues : 12 grounds across 11 cities '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Press Association . 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tighe , Sam ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` Top 100 Stadiums in World Football '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki : About the stadium '' . RT.com . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium -- Russia World Cup Venue 2018 '' . ArchExplore. 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium for major renovation after World Champs '' . The Jamaica Observer . Agence France - Presse. 5 August 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Experts name Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow as 2017 world 's best football arena '' . TASS. 7 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium almost finished '' . Government of Moscow . 31 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian stadiums readying to host Confederations Cup '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium 's renovation completed '' . Dawn . Agence France - Presse. 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina beats Russia 1 -- 0 in friendly at renovated Luzhniki Stadium '' . EFE. 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Europe assured of extending World Cup winning streak to 4 '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magic moments in all - European Finals '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 5 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup 1930 -- 2018 '' . rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Steve ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Vive la France : Les Bleus advance to World Cup final '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Reineking , Jim ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Every FIFA World Cup champion : Brazil , Germany , Italy historically dominate tournament '' . USA Today . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hafez , Shamoon ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` France 1 Belgium 0 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Debayan ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` By the numbers -- Can Deschamps join Zagallo and Beckenbauer ? '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the day -- 12 July 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 July 2018 . p. 1 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Mitch ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic sends irrepressible Croatia into first World Cup final '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final 2018 : France v Croatia -- your guide to Sunday 's match '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Preview : France v Croatia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McAleavy , Emma L. ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 's 2018 World Cup Pursuit Inspired by the Past '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia at the 1998 World Cup -- a look back at their last semi-final run '' . The Irish Independent . Press Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ West , Jenna ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` France vs. Croatia History : All - Time Head - to - Head Results '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The last time France and Croatia met on the world stage '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Kit for the FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 July 2018 . p. 13 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Loaded , Deep France Enters World Cup as One of Favorites to Win it All '' . Sports Illustrated . 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sutcliffe , Steve ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` France 2 -- 1 Australia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Cristopher ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` 36 Years and No World Cup Goals : Peru Eliminated by France '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` France seal last - 16 spot as Kylian Mbappé earns victory over Peru '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Denmark advances at World Cup in drab 0 -- 0 draw with France '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Adam ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` France under Deschamps look a lot like England under Eriksson '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Kylian Mbappé doubles up in France 's rollercoaster victory over Argentina '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavard 's stunner voted Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` King Kylian ! Is France superstar Mbappe the heir to the Brazilian Ronaldo 's throne ? '' . Goal.com. 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mbappe on Pele comparison : ' flattering , but he 's in another category ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Agence France - Presse. 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Uruguay 0 -- 2 France '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Samuel Umtiti header puts France in World Cup final with win over Belgium '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` France Rides to World Cup Final on Defense 's Back '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Yokhin , Michael ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Croatia quartet of star midfielders provides hope of escaping group '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Janieck , Karel ( 27 May 2018 ) . `` World Cup Countdown : Talented Croatia arrives with unfulfilled potential '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 1 -- 3 Mexico '' . BBC Sport. 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Holiga , Aleksandar ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 's World Cup run divides nation where football is never just sport '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modric , Rakitic Key Croatia 's Star - Laden Squad in Difficult World Cup Group '' . Sports Illustrated . 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Jonathan ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia : The World Cup 's Russian Nesting Dolls '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Croatia secure World Cup 2018 place with victory over Greece '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia out to match success of 1998 World Cup generation '' . Reuters. 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bogage , Jacob ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia vs. Nigeria 2018 World Cup : Modric 's penalty kick seals 2 -- 0 Croatia victory '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ MacInnes , Paul ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia send reluctant substitute Nikola Kalinic home from World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Osmanbasic , Adin ( 23 June 2018 ) . `` How did Croatia beat Argentina 3 : 0 ? '' . Spielverlagerung . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Patrick ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia Crushes Iceland 's World Cup Dream '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia take Group D with 2 -- 1 win against Iceland '' . EFE. 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ; Eccleshare , Charlie ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia through to World Cup quarter - finals after dramatic penalty shoot - out victory over Denmark '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Subasic the hero as Croatia claim shootout win '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Martin ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Russia 's underdog World Cup run comes to an end with PK loss to Croatia '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia book World Cup semi-final with England after penalty shootout win '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Debayan ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` By the numbers : Back - to - back shootout wins for Croatia , record penalty saves for Subasic '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrosyan , Artur ( 8 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia defender Domagoj Vida warned by FIFA over pro-Ukraine comments '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ; Mather , Victor ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia Turns England 's World Cup Destiny Into Despair '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Martin ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia tops England in extra time to reach World Cup final '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Wright , Chris ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 match ball released -- yep , that 's right , another one '' . ESPN . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Football Reveals Official Match Ball for the Knockout Stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA.com ( Press release ) . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sabin , Dyani ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` How the new World Cup ball was designed to not influence the games '' . Popular Science . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitana : It 's an indescribable feeling '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 13 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gantman , Marcelo ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Los atributos que le vio la FIFA a Néstor Pitana para designarlo para la final del Mundial Rusia 2018 : `` la roca '' que marcó el estilo arbitral '' ( The attributes that saw FIFA designate Néstor Pitana for the 2018 World Cup Final : `` the rock '' that marked the refereeing style ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will Smith , Nicky Jam y Era Istrefi calientan la final '' ( Will Smith , Nicky Jam and Era Istrefi warm up the final ) . La Jornada ( in Spanish ) . Notimex. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood star Will Smith brings down curtain on Russia World Cup '' . Reuters. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ; Mather , Victor ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France vs. Croatia : World Cup Final Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goff , Steven ; Fortier , Sam ; Wilson , Scott ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France blazes past Croatia to win World Cup title for the second time '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final : France and Croatia name unchanged line - ups as Kylian Mbappe starts '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Glendenning , Barry ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 final : France v Croatia -- live ! '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ogden , Mark ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Mbappe powers France to World Cup glory , Croatia reeling after VAR controversy '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Potts , Michael . `` Antoine Griezmann : Did France star dive vs Croatia in World Cup final ? '' . The Daily Express . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Doré , Louis . `` Griezmann dive and Perisic penalty : Two big decisions go against Croatia in World Cup final '' . i . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Griezmann dive fools Pitana and leads to opening goal for France '' . Diario AS . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Daniel ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France seal second World Cup triumph with 4 -- 2 win over brave Croatia '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bull , JJ ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final 2018 , France vs Croatia : live score and latest updates '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` France lift second World Cup after winning classic final 4 -- 2 '' . Reuters. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pussy Riot claim responsibility for World Cup Final pitch invasion '' . Evening Standard . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match report : Half - time -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Prince - Wright , Joe ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France win World Cup after classic final '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soaked but smiling , Croatian president wins admirers at World Cup final '' . Reuters. 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Young , Joyful France Beats Croatia 4 -- 2 to Win 2nd World Cup '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piala Dunia 2018 - FINAL CLOSING CEREMONY '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Formidable France secure second title '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric wins World Cup Golden Ball ; Mbappe and Courtois also honoured '' . ESPN . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Felix , Bate ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Paris fanzone fills with 90,000 willing ' Les Bleus ' to World Cup victory '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Paris celebrates World Cup win as one million fans fill Champs - Élysées '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Henry ; Chandler - Wilde , Helen ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Two dead amid World Cup final victory celebrations in France '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Paris police arrest 102 people after World Cup celebrations turn violent '' . ESPN . 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : Paris renames stations for France heroes ' welcome '' . BBC Sport. 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ilic , Igor ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia takes to streets to toast soccer team 's historic run '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 26 , 1 millions de télespectateurs au total devant la finale de la Coupe du Monde '' . L'Équipe. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final Scores 22.3 M Peak In France As TF1 Secures Best Ratings Since 2016 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keslassy , Elsa ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Global Broadcasters Score Big With Live World Cup Final Ratings '' . Variety . Leo Barraclough , Stewart Clarke , John Hopewell , Vivarelli and Joseph Otterson . London , Madrid , Rome , Los Angeles : Michelle Sobrino - Stearns . ISSN 0042 - 2738 . OCLC 810134503 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Doherty , Christian ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Eurodata : World Cup Final reached 163 m viewers in Europe '' . Digital TV Europe . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Briel , Robert ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final attracted 163 m viewers in 20 territories '' . Broadband TV News . London . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` More Croats watched World Cup semi with England than historic first - ever final -- FIFA '' . RT International . 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Final third most popular match among Russian viewers '' . FourFourTwo Australia . Sputnik News . 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Briel , Robert ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final attracted 163m viewers in 20 territories '' . Broadband TV News . London . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Doherty , Christian ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Eurodata : World Cup Final reached 163m viewers in Europe '' . Digital TV Europe . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keslassy , Elsa ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Global Broadcasters Score Big With Live World Cup Final Ratings '' . Variety . Leo Barraclough , Stewart Clarke , John Hopewell , Vivarelli and Joseph Otterson . London , Madrid , Rome , Los Angeles : Michelle Sobrino - Stearns . ISSN 0042 - 2738 . OCLC 810134503 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Nicolaou , Anna ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final ratings flop for Fox '' . Financial Times . New York City . ISSN 0307 - 1766 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings : World Cup Final Drops 32 Percent From 2014 , Posts Fox Best '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . ISSN 0018 - 3660 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Christopher ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final delivers 17 million viewers across FOX and Telemundo combined '' . World Soccer Talk . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Basu , Rith ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup over but surfeit of sport to beat hangover '' . The Telegraph . Kolkata . OCLC 271717941 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Laghate , Gaurav ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Record 70 million viewers watched FIFA World Cup on SonyLIV '' . The Economic Times . Mumbai : The Times Group . OCLC 61311680 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhaskar , Rohith ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` SonyLiv 's stream of the FIFA world cup shows that soccer is gaining on cricket in popularity '' . PCMag India . ISSN 2373 - 2830 . OCLC 34196174 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tao , Li ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Online streamers score after a surge in Chinese viewers during the 2018 World Cup football tournament '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Yining , Ding ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Suning Sports raises US $600 m '' . SHINE . Shanghai Daily . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Josh ( 19 July 2018 ) . `` SBS scores big with World Cup coverage reaching 9.1 m viewers '' . Ad News . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup TV Ratings : SBS scores with 9.1 million viewers across 57 matches '' . Mediaweek . Mediaweek. 19 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 25.8 Million Canadians Make the FIFA WORLD CUP TM on CTV , TSN , and RDS a Resounding Success '' ( Press release ) . Toronto : TSN. 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Preliminary overnight data from Numeris confirms that an average audience of 3.9 million viewers watched the FIFA WORLD CUP TM Final on Sunday . Audiences peaked at 5.4 million viewers at 12 : 53 p.m. ET as France secured their second - ever FIFA WORLD CUP TM victory . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Sports Says Its World Cup Has Been an Ad Revenue Success , Even Without the U.S. Team '' . Adweek . ISSN 0199 - 2864 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Sarah ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Sports Says the World Cup Brought in Plenty of Ad Dollars -- Despite a Rocky Ratings Start '' . Fortune . ISSN 0015 - 8259 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lafayette , Jon ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Nears Sellout for World Cup Final Match '' . Broadcasting & Cable . ISSN 1068 - 6827 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 FIFA World Cup Final . Official website Official documents and match documents 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . France national football team matches FIFA World Cup Finals 1998 2006 2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals 2003 UEFA European Championship Finals 1984 2000 2016 Other matches Belgium 3 -- 3 France ( 1904 ) West Germany 3 -- 3 ( a.e.t. , 5 -- 4 pen . ) France ( 1982 ) Ireland 1 -- 2 ( agg . ) France ( 2009 ) France 2 -- 0 Germany ( 2015 ) Croatia national football team General Croatian Football Federation Statistics Results Hat - tricks Players 20 + caps World Cup Finals Summary 2018 FIFA World Cup Final European Finals Summary Notable matches SR Croatia 5 -- 2 Indonesia ( 1956 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 United States ( 1990 ) Other teams Men 's Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 17 Women 's Under - 19 Under - 17 Association football portal Russia portal Moscow portal 2010s portal France portal Croatia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Final&oldid=856945241 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup finals 2017 -- 18 in Russian football Sports competitions in Moscow Football in Moscow 2018 in Moscow France national football team matches Croatia national football team matches Croatia -- France relations France at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Pages with login required references or sources Use dmy dates from July 2018 EngvarB from July 2018 Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 15 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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who will be in the world cup 2018 final
[ "2018 FIFA World Cup Final\nThe France team holds the World Cup trophyEvent\n2018 FIFA World Cup\n\n\nFrance\nCroatia\n\n\n\n\n4\n2\n\nDate\n15 July 2018 (2018-07-15)Venue\nLuzhniki Stadium, MoscowMan of the Match\nAntoine Griezmann (France)[1]Referee\nNéstor Pitana (Argentina)[2]Attendance\n78,011[3]Weather\nPartly cloudy27 °C (81 °F)51% humidity[4]\n← 2014 2022 → ", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final\nThe France team holds the World Cup trophyEvent\n2018 FIFA World Cup\n\n\nFrance\nCroatia\n\n\n\n\n4\n2\n\nDate\n15 July 2018 (2018-07-15)Venue\nLuzhniki Stadium, MoscowMan of the Match\nAntoine Griezmann (France)[1]Referee\nNéstor Pitana (Argentina)[2]Attendance\n78,011[3]Weather\nPartly cloudy27 °C (81 °F)51% humidity[4]\n← 2014 2022 → " ]
[ "France", "Croatia" ]
-5090149098848836146
Mare's Leg
Mare 's Leg - wikipedia Mare 's Leg Mare 's Leg Rossi Ranch Hand Type cut - down lever - action rifle Place of origin United States Production history Designer Kenny `` Von Dutch '' Howard Designed 1958 Produced 1958 , 1993 No. built 3 ( 1958 ) , ~ 2 ( 1993 ) Specifications Length ~ 2 ft ( 61 cm ) Barrel length ~ 12 in ( 30 cm ) Cartridge 44 - 40 ( actual ) 45 - 70 ( fictional ) . 30 WCF ( fictional ; according to script dialogue in season one ) . 44 Magnum ( actual ) . 38 Special /. 357 Magnum ( actual ) . 22 Long Rifle ( actual ) Action Lever - action Feed system 6 - round Tubular magazine The Mare 's Leg ( aka Mare 's Laig ; both sometimes spelled without the apostrophe ) is the name given to a customized shortened rifle used by Steve McQueen 's character on the television series Wanted : Dead or Alive ( 1958 -- 1961 ) . McQueen 's character was named Josh Randall , and the gun has also been referred to as a Winchester Randall , or a Randall Special . `` Mare 's leg '' is now a generic term for a Winchester Model 1892 ( or modern derivative ) with a shortened barrel and stock . Contents 1 Prop gun 1.1 Other appearances 2 Manufactured replicas 2.1 Carbine 2.2 Pistol 2.3 Shotgun 3 Legal status 4 See also 5 References Prop gun ( edit ) The term `` mare 's leg '' was introduced in 1957 in the TV series Trackdown , where Steve McQueen first appeared as a bounty hunter . Steve McQueen and his `` mare 's leg '' went on to star in the CBS TV series Wanted Dead or Alive . Designed by Kenny `` Von Dutch '' Howard , an experienced artist and gunsmith , the original mare 's leg was made by cutting down a . 44 - 40 caliber Winchester Model 1892 rifle to a size that could be worn in a large leg holster and used with one hand . The barrel was cut to a length of nine inches , and much of the butt - stock was removed . The original mare 's leg did not have sights . McQueen was involved in the final design , suggesting the duck - bill hammer and enlarged lever loop , and initiating a redesign of the custom holster . The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms was not consulted before the program aired and producers had to pay taxes totalling $1100 . During filming three guns were made , each with an enlarged loop on the cocking lever . After filming started , the size of the levers was made smaller on all 3 guns . The second and third guns bore octagonal barrels instead of a round one . In a continuity oversight , a gun sometimes changed partway through a given scene . While the guns were chambered for the . 44 - 40 round , McQueen wore more impressive looking . 45 - 70 rounds in the loops of his gun belt . In season one a doctor , after removing a bullet fired from the Mare 's Leg from the back of a criminal , identified the removed bullet as a 30 - 30 round . As of the 1980s , one of the original guns was on display at the Fort Spaghetti Restaurant and Museum ( 999 Ball Road , Anaheim , California ) . Another is in the Autry National Center of the American West . There have been a number of toys based on the Mare 's Leg , from small cap guns to larger detailed toys complete with a holster . Other appearances ( edit ) In the 1987 film Wanted : Dead or Alive , a sequel to the series starring Rutger Hauer as Nick Randall , the grandson of Josh Randall , Nick keeps his grandfather 's Mare 's Leg in a display case in his office . This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) Similar shortened rifles have appeared in : Once Upon a Time in the West ( 1968 film ) used by Woody Strode in a cameo , when sent to kill Charles Bronson 's character `` Harmonica '' . My Name Is Nobody ( 1973 ) Used by a rustler 18 minutes into the film . Boss Nigger ( 1975 blaxploitation western ) used by the main character . The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr. ( 1993 -- 1994 television series ) featured Crystal Hawks , a bounty hunter played by Sheena Easton , who used a Mare 's Leg . Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis ( 1999 survival horror video game ) had main character Jill Valentine use this weapon as an unlockable item after defeating the Nemesis a certain amount of times . Here , it is treated as a shotgun , and is given the designation M - 37 . The Magnificent Seven ( 1998 -- 2000 television series ) featured Eric Close as Mare 's Leg wielding Vin Tanner , reminiscent of McQueen 's character Vin in the original film . Firefly ( 2002 television series ) and Serenity ( 2005 film ) starred Gina Torres as Zoe Alleyne Washburne , who used the same Mare 's Leg prop created for Brisco County , Jr . Umineko no Naku Koro ni ( 2007 - 2010 visual novel ) had appearances of this specific rifle in nearly all of the episodes . Fistful of Frags ( 2007 first person shooter video game ) as a low - tier starter weapon with high damage and low rate of fire . Zombieland ( 2009 film ) used by Woody Harrelson throughout the film . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 ( 2009 ) as the Model 1887 , a shotgun unlocked in multiplayer when the player reaches Level 67 . Archer ( TV series ) ( Season 5 , Episode 3 ) Archer uses this gun in this episode . Metal Gear Solid V : Ground Zeroes ( 2014 ) Antagonist Skull Face uses this weapon . Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain ( 2015 ) Antagonist Skull Face uses this weapon . Battlefield 4 ( 2013 ) A modernised . 44 Magnum Winchester Model 1892 , available via an expansion pack , is referred to by this name . State of Decay ( video game ) ( 2013 survival horror game ) The rifle is one of several accessible weapons used by the survivors . Warframe has the Grinlok rifle and the cut down version , known as the Marelok . In 2016 Pawan Kalyan a popular Indian film actor used mare 's leg rifle as a stylish weapon in his film Sardaar Gabbar Singh The Magnificent Seven ( 2016 ) remake Faraday grabs one out of a leg holster from one of Bogue 's dead henchmen Westworld ( 2017 ) Hector uses this weapon in season 1 and 2 Manufactured replicas ( edit ) A number of companies have marketed functional reproductions of the Mare 's Leg , making them the same way as the original , by cutting down Winchester rifles . These reproductions also have the same legal restrictions as the original : a rifle may not have a barrel length less than 16 inches ( 41 cm ) without obtaining a tax stamp from the ATF , in accordance with the National Firearms Act . Other companies have marketed reproductions originally made and sold as handguns . Because of the legal restrictions , non-functional prop - quality replicas have been produced by some of the same companies that make functional copies . Carbine ( edit ) Since before 2000 , Eagle Squadron Productions has produced and sold an authentic 1892 Winchester Mare 's Leg carbine . It uses a Winchester 1892 carbine in the correct caliber of . 44 - 40 , and is based on one of the original prop guns . They also produce replica gun belt and a non-firing replica carbine . Pistol ( edit ) 1892 Mares Leg Lever Action Pistol Type Lever action pistol Place of origin United States Production history Designer Jim Buchanan Designed 2005 Manufacturer J.B. Custom Produced 2005 -- No. built ~ 50 Specifications Length 24 in ( 61 cm ) Barrel length 12 in ( 30 cm ) Cartridge . 45 Colt , . 44 - 40 Winchester , . 38 - 40 Winchester , . 44 Magnum , or . 357 Magnum Action Lever - action Feed system 6 - round Tubular magazine In 2005 , J.B. Custom began marketing a `` 1892 Mares Leg Lever Action Pistol '' . This pistol is a fully functional copy of Randall 's weapon , available in a number of calibers . Since they are newly manufactured as pistols and sold subject to handgun regulations , rather than cut down rifles , they avoid legal difficulties . Like the original weapon , the J.B. Custom version has a 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) barrel , and an overall length of 24 inches ( 61 cm ) . The pistol was available in . 45 Colt , . 44 - 40 Winchester , and . 38 - 40 Winchester . Early promotional material specified a limited production run of 50 units based on the number of available 1892 actions that could be used legally . Later versions of the weapons use a slightly different action that while not exactly like the 1892 model , cycles more reliably , and is commercially available . This version is available in . 44 Magnum , and . 357 Magnum . In 2008 , Legacy Sports International introduced their version of the Mare 's Leg , made by Chiappa in Italy , imported for Legacy , and sold under the brand name `` Puma '' . This Puma 92 pistol is named the Bounty Hunter . It is available in several calibers including ; . 44 Magnum , . 45 Colt , and . 44 - 40 . With a 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) barrel , no shoulder stock , and a receiver that has never been built into a rifle , it is considered a pistol by the ATF . In 2010 Rossi Firearms began offering a Mare 's Leg under the name `` Ranch Hand '' . The Rossi version is chambered in . 45 Colt , . 44 Magnum /. 44 Special , and . 357 Magnum /. 38 Special . The Rossi Ranch Hand is manufactured by Taurus in Brazil . Henry Repeating Arms manufactures two versions of the Mare 's Leg . The rimfire model has a blued receiver and barrel and chambers . 22 Long Rifle , . 22 Long , and . 22 Short . The centerfire model has a brass receiver and blued barrel and is available in . 357 Mag , . 44 Mag , and . 45 Colt . Shotgun ( edit ) A full - length 30 in . barrel Winchester M1887 lever action shotgun ( top ) in comparison to its shortened 18 in . barrel `` Mare 's Leg '' variant ( bottom ) . The Italian firms , such as Chiappa Firearms , manufacture modern reproductions of the Winchester Model 1887 series shotguns . The shotguns appeared on the Australian and the European firearms markets in late 2008 . Chiappa 's replicas are offered with barrels ranging from 28 to 18.5 inches . They also offer a model with a rifled barrel and two models with pistol grips . The Model 1887 Mare 's Leg was prominently used by the title character in the film Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , portrayed by Arnold Schwarzenegger . One of the guns used in the film was modified with a pistol grip and an oversized loop on the trigger guard , allowing the character to fire and cycle the action with a one hand reverse spin . This in turn has popularised the gun 's portrayal in various pop culture , mostly in shooter video games , where they mimic the cycling and reloding actions from the movie . Legal status ( edit ) In the United States under the National Firearms Act , to make a short barreled rifle from a firearm originally made and sold as a rifle requires payment of $200 for a tax stamp , approval from the BATFE and federal registration . However , a `` lever action pistol '' made and sold subject to BATFE regulations is treated as a pistol by federal law . While most states allow the purchase of Mare 's Leg lever action pistols , New York State has banned this gun from being sold there . They are also not approved for sale in Massachusetts . It is hard to get in California since most stores believe it is not legal to sell there ( including Henry USA ) . See also ( edit ) Look up mare 's leg in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lachuk 's detailed Guns Quarterly article states that the gun is 19 inches long with a nine - inch barrel . ( Lachuk , John . `` The Gun That Brings ' Em Back ' Dead or Alive ' '' Guns Quarterly , Volume Five . © 1961 . ) John Taffin , Senior Field Editor for Guns , describes the gun as having a 12 - inch barrel , and being about two feet in overall length . Detailed replicas , available from multiple sources , have 12 - inch barrels and overall lengths of 22 -- 24 inches . Jump up ^ `` Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Records '' . Cancellation No. 92053336 . USPTO . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bounty Hunter Special '' . History . Eagle Squadron Productions . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Correspondence '' . American Rifleman ( 2 ) : 22 . February 2011 . Jump up ^ Adler , Dennis ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` Chiappa 1892 Von Dutch Mare 's Leg '' . Guns of the Old West . Jump up ^ Mueller , Jim ( 2001 ) . `` Blasters From The Past '' . American Cowboy . Active Interest Media , Inc. 7 ( 6 ) : 59 -- 62 . ISSN 1079 - 3690 . Jump up ^ Wilson , R.L. ( 1992 ) . `` Arming the Fictional West '' . The Peacemakers : Arms and Adventures in the American West . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 1892 - 2 . Jump up ^ Steve McQueen 's Carbine Archived 2015 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Autry National Center ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Michael K. ( 23 January 2014 ) . Hoo - Doo Cowboys and Bronze Buckaroos : Conceptions of the African American West . Univ . Press of Mississippi . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61703 - 928 - 7 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Brian Anse ( 28 May 2014 ) . Zombology : Zombies and the Decline of the West ( and Guns ) . Arktos . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907166 - 91 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bounty Hunter Special ( A Class 3 , Mare 's Leg reproduction ) Jump up ^ Bounty Hunter Special 2006 Eagle Squadron Productions ^ Jump up to : Taffin , John ( 2006 ) . Gun Digest Book of the . 44 . Gun Digest Books . p. 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 416 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ranch Hand product page at Rossi USA Jump up ^ Rackley , Paul ( 2010 ) . `` Rossi and Taurus Unite Legacies : When Taurus bought the rights to Rossi , their legacies united and opened the future for both '' . American Rifleman . NRA . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mare 's Leg Lever Action Pistol '' . Henry Repeating Arms . ^ Jump up to : Sadowski , Robert A. ( 27 October 2015 ) . Gun Trader 's Guide to Shotguns : A Comprehensive , Fully Illustrated Reference for Modern Shotguns with Current Market Values . Skyhorse Publishing . pp. 47 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 63450 - 965 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms . `` NFA Handbook , Chapter 4 : Taxes Imposed By The NFA '' ATF Online . ( June 21 , 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mare%27s_Leg&oldid=856812370 '' Categories : Lever - action rifles Pistols Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with trivia sections from July 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
what kind of gun did josh randall carry
[ "The Mare's Leg (aka Mare's Laig; both sometimes spelled without the apostrophe) is the name given to a customized shortened rifle used by Steve McQueen's character on the television series Wanted: Dead or Alive (1958–1961). McQueen's character was named Josh Randall, and the gun has also been referred to as a Winchester Randall, or a Randall Special. \"Mare's leg\" is now a generic term for a Winchester Model 1892 (or modern derivative) with a shortened barrel and stock.[2]\n" ]
[ "a Winchester Model 1892 (or modern derivative) with a shortened barrel and stock" ]
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Top Chef (season 15)
Top chef ( season 15 ) - wikipedia Top chef ( season 15 ) Top Chef ( season 15 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 14 Release Original network Bravo Original release December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) -- March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) Additional information Host ( s ) Padma Lakshmi Judges Tom Colicchio Gail Simmons Graham Elliot No. of contestants 19 Location ( s ) Colorado Winner Joseph Flamm Season chronology ← Previous Season 14 List of Top Chef episodes Top Chef : Colorado is the fifteenth season of the American reality television series Top Chef . Initial details about the season and its cast were revealed on October 12 , 2017 . The show was filmed in various cities across Colorado , including Denver , Boulder , Telluride , and Aspen . The season premiered on December 7 , 2017 , and concluded on March 8 , 2018 . Last Chance Kitchen premiered on November 30 , 2017 . In the season finale , Joseph Flamm was declared the Top Chef , defeating Adrienne Cheatham . Fatima Ali was voted Fan Favorite . Contents 1 Contestants 1.1 New contestants 1.2 Returning contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Episodes 4 Last Chance Kitchen 4.1 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) Top Chef : Colorado features a cast of 15 new contestants . In addition , four returning competitors from previous seasons competed in the Last Chance Kitchen for the opportunity to enter the main competition : Top Chef : San Francisco contestant Lee Anne Wong , Top Chef : Los Angeles runner - up and All - Stars contestant Marcel Vigneron , Top Chef : California contestant Kwame Onwuachi , and Top Chef : Las Vegas finalist and All - Stars contestant Jennifer Carroll . Following the sixth episode of Last Chance Kitchen , Wong was selected to join the main cast . New contestants ( edit ) Name Current Residence Fatima Ali New York , New York Tyler Anderson Simsbury , Connecticut Carrie Baird Denver , Colorado Adrienne Cheatham New York , New York Laura Cole Denali National Park , Alaska Joseph Flamm Chicago , Illinois Rogelio Garcia San Francisco , California Tanya Holland Oakland , California Bruce Kalman Los Angeles , California Brother Luck Colorado Springs , Colorado Melissa Perfit San Francisco , California Tu David Phu Oakland , California Joe Sasto III Los Angeles , California Christopher `` Chris '' Scott Brooklyn , New York Claudette Zepeda - Wilkins San Diego , California Returning contestants ( edit ) Name Current Residence Season ( s ) Jennifer Carroll Washington , D.C. Season 6 , 8 Kwame Onwuachi Washington , D.C. Season 13 Marcel Vigneron Los Angeles , California Season 2 , 8 Lee Anne Wong Honolulu , Hawaii Season 1 Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode # 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Quickfire Challenge Winner ( s ) Tu Joseph Brother Adrienne N / A Chris Carrie N / A Carrie Chris Carrie Joe Joseph N / A Contestant Elimination Challenge Results Joseph IN IN IN LOW IN IN HIGH WIN OUT HIGH IN WIN WINNER Adrienne LOW LOW LOW IN IN LOW IN HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH WIN LOW RUNNER - UP Joe IN IN WIN HIGH IN LOW WIN LOW LOW WIN WIN IN OUT Carrie LOW WIN IN IN HIGH IN IN HIGH WIN HIGH LOW OUT 5 Chris HIGH HIGH LOW WIN LOW IN LOW LOW WIN LOW OUT 6 Bruce IN IN LOW LOW WIN HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW OUT 7 Fatima HIGH HIGH HIGH IN IN IN IN LOW OUT 8 Claudette IN OUT IN HIGH LOW OUT 9 Tanya IN HIGH IN HIGH LOW WIN OUT 10 Brother IN IN LOW IN IN OUT 11 Lee Anne HIGH WD 12 Tu IN IN LOW IN OUT 13 Tyler WIN LOW HIGH OUT 14 Rogelio IN LOW OUT 15 Laura IN HIGH OUT 16 Melissa OUT ^ Note 1 : The chef ( s ) did not receive immunity for winning the Quickfire Challenge . ^ Note 2 : Laura lost the Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge and was eliminated . ^ Note 3 : Following Episode 6 of Last Chance Kitchen , Claudette rejoined the competition and Lee Anne was introduced as a regular competitor . ^ Note 4 : Due to severe altitude sickness , Lee Anne voluntarily withdrew from the competition . ^ Note 5 : Joseph lost the Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge and was eliminated . ^ Note 6 : Joseph won Last Chance Kitchen and returned to the competition . ( WINNER ) The chef won the season and was crowned `` Top Chef '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The chef was the runner - up for the season . ( WIN ) The chef won the Elimination Challenge . ( HIGH ) The chef was selected as one of the top entries in the Elimination Challenge , but did not win . ( IN ) The chef was not selected as one of the top or bottom entries in the Elimination Challenge and was safe . ( LOW ) The chef was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Elimination Challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The chef lost the Elimination Challenge and was out of the competition . ( WD ) The chef voluntarily withdrew from the competition . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Top Chef episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 218 `` It 'll Take More than Pot Luck '' December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) Quickfire Challenge : To introduce themselves to the judges and their fellow competitors , the chefs had to create a dish for a potluck . The contestants then voted for their most and least favorite dishes . The winner received immunity from elimination . WINNER : Tu ( Corn Salpicon ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were tasked with putting a modern spin on a meat and potatoes dish . The dishes were served to 200 Denver locals at a block party located in Larimer Square . WINNER : Tyler ( Sweet Potato Purée with Crispy Potatoes & Smoked Pork Gravy ) ELIMINATED : Melissa ( Yukon Potato Purée with Braised Pork Shoulder & Fennel Salad ) 219 `` Smile and Say Mise '' December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) Quickfire Challenge : Divided into two teams , the chefs competed in the series ' traditional mise en place relay race . The race consisted of three tasks : peel and brunoise shallots ; peel , destem , and slice mushrooms ; and butcher twenty pieces of beef tenderloin . The members of the winning team then competed against each other , cooking dishes using the three prepped ingredients . The winner received immunity from elimination , US $5,000 , and a year 's supply of Blue Apron dinners . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Troy Guard . WINNER : Joseph ( Shallot , Mushroom & Ginger - Marinated Tenderloin with Peppers ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs , remaining in the same teams from the Quickfire Challenge , were required to prepare a four - course meal which incorporated four different cheeses . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Alex Seidel . WINNER : Carrie ( Potato & Ricotta Dumpling with Butter Sauce & Hazelnut Relish ) ELIMINATED : Claudette ( Smoked Trout with Cacio Pecora , Trout Skin Chips & Zucchini ) 220 `` Keep on Truckin '' December 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge : The chefs deconstructed the Denver omelette . The winner received immunity from elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Lachlan Mackinnon - Patterson . WINNER : Brother ( Smoked Duck Egg with Red Pepper Gastrique , Cheddar & Ham Tempura & Pepper Salad ) Sudden Death Cook - Off : Laura , Rogelio , and Tanya , who made the judges ' least favorite dishes , competed against each other in a sudden death cook - off , where they had to make the perfect French omelette . The loser was immediately eliminated from the competition . ELIMINATED : Laura ( Mascarpone & Tarragon Omelette ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs , separated into teams of three , had to create a food truck concept with a cohesive three - item menu , which would be served to 150 college students . Each diner was provided a ticket to exchange at one food truck ; the team who received the most tickets was safe from elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef : New York winner Hosea Rosenberg . WINNER : Joe ( `` Sticky Licky '' Chicken Wings with Sake & Kale ) ELIMINATED : Rogelio ( `` Nibble On Your Ear '' Elote Salad with Queso Fresco & Pepitas ) 221 `` Little Tools , Big Challenge '' December 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs elevated items from a traditional kids ' menu ; they were also limited to using kids - sized kitchen equipment . The winner received immunity from elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Curtis Stone . WINNER : Adrienne ( Cauliflower Crust Pizza with Ricotta Spread , Tomato Compote & Fried Quail Egg ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs created dishes inspired by their heritage and backgrounds . The guest judge for the challenge was Food & Wine contributor Nilou Motamed . WINNER : Chris ( Lemonade - Fried Chicken with Collard Greens , Buttermilk Biscuits & Hot Sauce ) ELIMINATED : Tyler ( Spiced Tri-Tip with Swedish Potato Pancake , Swedish Meatballs & Pico de Gallo ) 222 5 `` This Is Not Glamping '' January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) Elimination Challenge : While camping outside near the mountains of Estes Park , the chefs had to create a meal using only camping equipment and ingredients native to Colorado . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Naomi Pomeroy . Prior to the challenge , Claudette and Lee Anne were selected by head judge Colicchio to join the main competition , following their wins in Episode 6 of Last Chance Kitchen . WINNER : Bruce ( Egg Yolk Cavatelli , Wild Boar Sugo , Roasted Ramps , Carrots & Fresh Ricotta ) ELIMINATED : Tu ( Rabbit Three Ways : Soy - Poached Hind Leg with Carrot Duxelles , Loin Medallions , Fried Foreleg with Szechuan Gastrique ) 223 6 `` Now That 's a Lot of Schnitzel '' January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs had to cook one of the most complicated dishes from their restaurants ' menus in only 30 minutes . The winner received immunity from elimination and had their recipe featured in a BuzzFeed Tasty video . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef : All - Stars winner Richard Blais . WINNER : Chris ( Pepper Pot Shrimp with Jerk Spice , Peppers & Onions ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were responsible for elevating traditional German cuisine . In addition , each contestant had to create their own original radler to pair with their dish . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Keegan Gerhard . WINNER : Tanya ( Peach & Ginger Radler with Pork Apple Croquettes in Cheddar Mustard Sauce ) ELIMINATED : Brother ( Chai Tea Radler with Summer Sausage Egg Roll , Bok Choy , Apple & Potato ) WITHDREW : Lee Anne 224 7 `` Olympic Dreams '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs made breakfast dishes featuring Nutella . The winner received immunity from elimination and US $5,000 . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef : Charleston winner Brooke Williamson . WINNER : Carrie ( Eggs Benedict with Nutella , Strawberry Habanero Jam & Hollandaise ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs participated in a team challenge inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In teams of three , the contestants competed head - to - head in three rounds showcasing speed , precision , and creativity . The dishes were served in the Top Chef kitchen , which was converted into an arena setting , to 70 diners , including Olympians Meryl Davis , Gus Kenworthy , and John Daly . In the speed round , the chefs had to feed 30 diners in 45 minutes . In the precision round , the chefs had to cook a protein to the perfect temperature and compose their dish using three knife cut techniques : chiffonade , bâtonnet , and brunoise . In the creativity round , the chefs had to produce the most creative dish possible using a mystery protein . The team with the lowest combined score after all three rounds faced elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was originally chef John Besh . However , following numerous sexual harassment allegations against him in late 2017 , Bravo made the decision to edit Besh out of the episode . WINNER : Joe ( Beef Short Rib Casoncelli with Carrots & Ramps ) ELIMINATED : Tanya ( North African Leg of Lamb with Chiffonade Collard Greens , Couscous , Shallot Brunoise , Glazed Carrot & Zucchini Bâtonnet ) 225 8 `` Restaurant Wars '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs competed in Top Chef 's traditional Restaurant Wars challenge . The contestants , split into two teams , were responsible for transforming an empty space into a fully functioning pop - up restaurant within 24 hours . As usual , the teams were required to cook three - course meals ; however , instead of two options , they had to create three options per course , resulting in nine total dishes . To help with the increased workload , each team was allowed to select one sous chef from the pool of previously eliminated chefs . The winning team received US $40,000 . The guest judges for the challenge were chefs Bruce Bromberg and Eric Bromberg . Conifer : Adrienne , Bruce , Carrie , Joseph First Course : Hiramasa Crudo , Diced Cucumber , Pickled Green Almond & Neonata Oil ( Joseph ) Local Kale Salad with Beets Three Ways : Raisined , Roasted & Pickled ( Carrie ) Braised Pork Meatball with Polenta , Amatriciana Sauce , Parmigiano Reggiano & House Giardiniera ( Bruce ) Second Course : Roasted Duck Breast , Corn Purée , Roasted Apricots & Duck Jus ( Joseph ) Red Pepper Orecchiette with Lamb Sausage , Fava Beans , Pea & Fava Shoots ( Bruce ) Colorado Sea Bass , Wheat Berries , Port Reduction , Chive Oil & Pickled Cauliflower ( Adrienne ) Third Course : Apple Upside - Down Cake , Apricot , Apple Butter Bourbon Glaze ( Bruce ) Lemon Curd , Sugar Cookie , Mint Gelée ( Carrie ) Caramelized White Chocolate Buttermilk Cake with Crème Fraîche Ice Cream ( Adrienne ) Common Place : Chris , Claudette , Fatima , Joe First Course : Top Round Tartare , Three Pepper Aoili & Sweet Potato Chips ( Fatima ) Shigoku Oysters with Spring Pea Foam & Kombucha Pickled Rhubarb ( Joe ) Chicken Purse with Charred Spring Onion in Chicken Broth ( Joe ) Second Course : Bone Marrow with Blue Prawns , Avocado Purée , Tomatillos , Chili Peppers & Peanuts ( Claudette ) Ricotta Dumplings with Mushrooms , Charred Broccoli & Broccoli Flowers ( Joe ) Braised Pork Shoulder & Cheek with Amaranth , Quinoa , Millet Grain Cake & Horseradish Cream ( Chris ) Third Course : Beet Donut , Chocolate Cream Ganache , Beet Fennel Chutney ( Chris ) Sundae , Financier , Berry Sauce , Smoked & Toasted Almonds ( Claudette ) Skyr with Miso Chickpeas , White Chocolate Caramelized Crumble & Pickled Cherries ( Claudette ) WINNER : Joseph ELIMINATED : Claudette 226 9 `` Bronco Brouhaha '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge : The chefs incorporated edible flowers into their dishes . Beginning with this challenge , immunity from elimination was no longer awarded to the winner . The guest judge for the challenge was chef David Kinch . WINNER : Carrie ( `` Fancy Toast '' : Lavender , Fig & Goat Cheese Toast with Candied Pecans ) Sudden Death Cook - Off : Chris , Joe , and Joseph , who made the judges ' least favorite dishes , competed against each other in a sudden death cook - off . Their dishes were required to substitute one ingredient with cauliflower . The loser was immediately eliminated from the competition . ELIMINATED : Joseph ( Purple Cauliflower Risotto with Caramelized Cauliflower Purée & Pickled Romanesco Broccoli ) Elimination Challenge : Working in teams of two , the chefs had to create one plate of food for a tailgate Super Bowl party at Sports Authority Field at Mile High . The winners each received a trip for two to Super Bowl LII . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Adam Perry Lang . WINNERS : Carrie and Chris ( Pork Green Chili Poutine with Stadium Fries ) ELIMINATED : Fatima ( `` Blue & Orange '' Nachos with Achiote Rubbed Chicken , Black Lentils , Cheese Sauce & Peach Habanero Salsa ) 227 10 `` Red Rum and Then Some '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs traveled to The Stanley Hotel , where they crafted desserts visualizing their worst nightmares . WINNER : Chris ( `` Pushed From 12,000 Feet '' : Chocolate Buttermilk Cake with Sour Cream , Black Salt & Marzipan ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were tasked with creating dishes that embodied their culinary journeys on Top Chef . The dishes were served at the Colorado Governor 's Mansion to a table of guests , including Governor of Colorado John Hickenlooper . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Frank Bonanno . WINNER : Joe ( Lamb Agnolotti with Beets , Hazelnuts & Cacio Pecora Cheese ) ELIMINATED : Bruce ( Roasted Duck with Toasted Barley & Corn , Topped with Salsify ) 228 11 `` Cooking High '' February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs served gastropub - inspired dishes featuring sarsaparilla . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Wylie Dufresne . WINNER : Carrie ( `` Top of the French Onion Soup '' with Sarsaparilla - Deglazed Onions & Beef Stock ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs had to create high concept dishes under high - altitude cooking conditions . The dishes were served at Alpino Vino , the highest elevation restaurant in North America , which sits at approximately 12,000 feet ( 3.7 km ) above sea level . Each chef was also required to include a baking element to their dish . The guest judges for the challenge were chefs Wylie Dufresne and Paul Liebrandt . WINNER : Joe ( Roasted Duck with Spring Peas , Cherry Jam & Kombucha Cherry Puffs ) ELIMINATED : Chris ( Crispy Black Pepper Quail with Corn Pudding , Butternut Squash , Maple & Bacon Cornbread ) 229 12 `` Nut Allergy '' February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) Quick Fire Challenge : The chefs had to create a dish with Rocky Mountain oysters prepared two ways . The guest judges for the challenge were Top Chef : Las Vegas winner Michael Voltaggio and his brother Bryan Voltaggio . The winner received an advantage in the following Elimination Challenge . WINNER : Joe ( Cornflake - Breaded Rocky Mountain Oysters , White Bean Purée & Brown Butter Braised Rocky Mountain Oysters ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were greeted by their family members at a surprise reunion . After enjoying a meal served by the contestants ' family , the chefs were instructed to take the dish cooked by their relative and elevate it to the next level . As the winner of the Quickfire Challenge , Joe received an extra 30 minutes of prep time . WINNER : Adrienne ( `` Mom 's Gumbo '' Butter - Poached King Crab Leg & Shrimp with Trinity , Fried Andouille Chips & Rice ) ELIMINATED : Carrie ( Beef Stroganoff Raviolo with Buffalo Sausage , Mushroom Duxelle , Herbed Crème Fraîche & Caramelized Onions ) 230 13 `` A Little Place Called Aspen '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) Quick Fire Challenge : The chefs had to go fly fishing , catch a trout , and cook a dish within the allotted time frame . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef Masters Season 4 winner Chris Cosentino . The winner received an advantage in the following Elimination Challenge . WINNER : Joseph ( Pan-Seared Trout , Black Garlic Beurre Blanc with Fennel , Mushrooms , Asparagus & Bread Crumbs ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs served vegetarian dishes to various chefs and food connoisseurs attending the Food & Wine Classic in Aspen , including Brooke Williamson , Danny Meyer , Bryan Voltaggio , Michael Voltaggio , Ludo Lefebvre , Scott Conant , and Tim Love . To help with the challenge , each contestant received the assistance of one of the three most recently eliminated competitors : Carrie , Chris , and Bruce . As the winner of the Quickfire Challenge , Joseph was able to select his own sous chef and assign his opponents ' . He selected Carrie for himself , Bruce for Adrienne , and Chris for Joe . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Daniel Boulud . WINNER : Joseph ( Grilled Baby Zucchini Topped with Hazelnut Zucchini Pesto , Mushroom Vinaigrette , Goat Cheese & Raw Asparagus Salad ) ELIMINATED : Joe ( Beet Carpaccio with Beet Yogurt , Green Bean Tomato Vinaigrette & Sourdough Bread ) 231 14 `` Finale '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) Elimination Challenge : The finalists had to create the best four - course progressive meal of their lives . Each finalist received help from two sous chefs , consisting of previously eliminated contestants . Adrienne was assisted by Chris and Carrie , while Joseph was assisted by Joe and Fatima . The guest judges for the challenge were Jonathan Waxman , Nancy Silverton , and Curtis Duffy . Adrienne : First Course : Spoon Bread , Sea Urchin , Buttermilk Dashi , Ham , Caviar & Wheat Tuile Second Course : Blackened Octopus with Squid Ink Grits & Fennel Chow - Chow Third Course : Cheerwine - Braised Short Rib , Black Eyed Peas with Ham Hock & Cheerwine Bone Marrow Bordelaise Fourth Course : Banana Pudding with Yuzu , Banana Spears & Vanilla Wafers Joseph : First Course : `` Tonno Vitellato '' - Raw Tuna with Veal Demi Aioli , Smoked Wagyu Powder & Capers Second Course : `` Tortellini En Brodo '' - Grano Arso Tortellini , Pig Head , Apple , Black Truffle & Braising Liquid Broth Third Course : `` Manzo Di Colorado '' - Roasted Beef Ribeye with Roasted Asparagus & Smoked Bone Marrow Sauce Fourth Course : `` Torta Della Nonna '' - Brown Sugar Cake , Whipped Ricotta , Blueberry Thyme Sauce & Chocolate Shards WINNER : Joseph RUNNER - UP : Adrienne Last Chance Kitchen ( edit ) Main article : Top Chef § Last Chance Kitchen Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Catch Me Up ... Quick ! '' November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) Challenge : The four returning Top Chef contestants had to create a dish that represented their current ventures as a chef . In addition , the contestants had to agree upon five ingredients which they would all have to incorporate into their dishes ; they chose cauliflower , lamb , serrano peppers , fennel , and olives . Only three contestants would move on to compete against the first eliminated chef from the main cast . Jennifer : Lamb Croquettes , Crème Fraîche with Gochujang & Lemon Zest Kwame : Moroccan Lamb Stew , Castelvetrano Olives , Cashews , Fennel Lee Anne : Cauliflower Soup , Ground Lamb & Flatbread Marcel : Vadouvan Lamb Rack , Olive , Pine Nuts , Fennel Fronds , Fennel Pollen & Roasted Cauliflower WINNER : Lee Anne ELIMINATED : Jennifer `` All of a Spudden '' December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) Challenge : The chefs had to create a dish featuring potatoes . Kwame : Potato Écrasé , Potato Crumble , Lemon , Smoked Paprika , Crispy Pancetta Lee Anne : Herb , Kale & Potato Purée , Crispy Potato Batonnet , Potato Ring , Seared Scallop & Andouille Sausage Marcel : French Fry Potato with Aji Amarillo Sauce Melissa : Pan-Seared Salmon , Confit Fingerling Potatoes , Yukon Gold Potato Chips , Chive Oil with Lemon WINNER : Marcel ELIMINATED : Melissa `` Miss Muffet 's Favorite '' December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) Challenge : Inspired by the Little Miss Muffet nursery rhyme , the chefs had to create a dish using cheese curds , whey , and dried zebra tarantulas . Claudette : Ha Sikil Pak , Fried Sweet Potato Skins & Tarantula Kwame : Grilled Flatbread with Whey Sauce & Cheese Curds , Crispy Tarantula Lee Anne : Crispy Tarantula over `` Grime Time '' of Fried Curds & Piquillo Pepper Compote , Whey Honey Vinaigrette Marcel : Fresh Mozzarella , Heirloom Tomato , Whey Emulsion , Prosciutto , Tarantula Gremolata WINNER : Claudette ELIMINATED : Marcel `` Two Wrongs '' December 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) Challenge : The chefs were shown seven baskets filled with unusual pairings of ingredients : vanilla beans and pickles , strawberries and garlic , liquorice and peanut butter , sour candy and gochujang , bonito flakes and chocolate , bananas and capers , and coffee and anchovy paste . Each contestant had to select one basket and create a cohesive dish using their ingredients , attempting to turn `` two wrongs into a right '' . Following the judging , two chefs were eliminated . Claudette ( Bonito Flakes & Chocolate ) : Seared Venison with Raspberry Mole Kwame ( Bananas & Capers ) : Nigerian Red Pepper Chicken Stew , Plantain Chips , Pickled Pepper & Crispy Capers Laura ( Strawberries & Garlic ) : Black Garlic Roasted Halibut with Strawberry , Heirloom Tomato & Garlic Salsa Lee Anne ( Vanilla & Pickles ) : Veracruz Chicken with Dried Chiles , Vanilla , Orange & Grapefruit Juice , Cucumber Salsa Rogelio ( Sour Candy & Gochujang ) : Sour Candy - Marinated Tuna , Fennel , Apple , Pepper & Red Onion Escabeche WINNER : Claudette ELIMINATED : Laura and Rogelio 5 `` All in Your Head '' December 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) Challenge ( Part 1 ) : In the first round of a two - part challenge , the chefs had to create dishes using animal heads . Claudette : Taco de Lengua - Pork Tongue Taco with Mushrooms , Cabbage Slaw , Salsa Verde Kwame : Traditional Thai Curry with Salmon , Garlic Chips & Flat Bread Lee Anne : Braised & Fried Halibut Cheek , Sautéed Vegetables , Lamb & Black Bean Sauce Tyler : Pork Cheek Braised in Brown Butter Currant Sauce , Sweet Potato Purée , Spaghetti Squash WINNER : Kwame ELIMINATED : Tyler 6 `` Cook with Your Guts '' December 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) Challenge ( Part 2 ) : In the second round of a two - part challenge , the chefs had to create dishes using the innards of various animals . The winners of the challenge earned spots in the main competition . Claudette : Picadillo Tetela with Chicken Livers & Cherries , Chintextle ( Oaxacan Mother Sauce ) Kwame : Chicken Heart Sofrito with Crispy Shallots , Confit Potatoes , Potato Tostones & Chicken Gremolata Lee Anne : Beef Liver Dumplings with Garlic , Shallots , Shoyu , Ginger & Chili Oil WINNERS : Claudette and Lee Anne ELIMINATED : Kwame 7 `` Make Like a Tree and Leaf '' January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Challenge : The chefs made dishes highlighting the flavors and textures of the unconventionally eaten parts of the tree , such as spruce tips , pine tips , curry leaves , and kaffir lime leaves . Brother : Pork Chop with Avocado Leaf Ash & Guajillo Chilis , Lime & Jalapeño Syrup , Charred Pineapple & Mango Tu : Chicken Curry , Curry Leaves , Bay Leaves & Kaffir Lime Leaves WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Tu 8 `` Speed Round '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) Challenge : The chefs were allowed to cook any dish , but were only given ten minutes to do so . Brother : Seared Trout , Chorizo Vinaigrette & Cauliflower Purée Tanya : Blackened Salmon with Romesco Sauce WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Tanya 9 `` Last Last Chance '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Challenge : The chefs had to create dishes using produce that has gone bad ; they were also restricted from using any proteins . Brother : Grilled Artichoke , Charred Eggplant Purée , Miso , Nutmeg , Morels , Confit of Tomatoes & Chive Claudette : Plantain Molotes , Heirloom Tomato Caldillo , Cabbage Avocado Slaw with Crema WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Claudette 10 `` Ultimate Top Chef Taco Bar '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) Challenge : The chefs put their own spin on tacos . Instead of creating the entire dish themselves , the chefs had to lay out the components for their tacos and allow Colicchio , as well as the other eliminated contestants , to build their own . In addition , at least one component had to incorporate Hidden Valley ranch seasoning . Brother : Borracho Beans , Roasted Tomato Salsa , Grilled Carne Asada , Cotija Corn , Pickled Poblanos , Ranch Chipotle Crema Fatima : Chana Masala , Poached Quail Eggs , Seven Spice New York Strip , Tamarind Chile Sauce , Ranch & Preserved Lemon Crème Fraîche , Avocado Coconut Crema Joseph : Ranch Tostadas , Ponzu & Cilantro Cod , Mirin Pickled Onions , Corn & Napa Kimchi , Ranch Yuzu Crema , Furikake Radishes , Gochujang Salsa WINNER : Joseph ELIMINATED : Fatima 11 `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) Challenge : Inspired by the fairy tale `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' , the chefs had to create a porridge dish . Brother : White Quinoa Porridge , Seared Seabass , Cranberry Apple Chutney Bruce : Farro & Barley Porridge , Seared Sea Scallop , Poached Egg , Pickled Mustard Green & Wild Mushroom Joseph : Seared Steak , Barley Porridge Milanese , Tomato Conserva , Parmigiano Reggiano WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Bruce 12 `` Finale '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) Challenge : The finalists were allowed to cook any dish . The dishes were served to Colicchio , guest judge Lachlan Mackinnon - Patterson , and the gallery of previously eliminated chefs , who then voted for their favorite dish . The chef who received the most votes was declared the winner of Last Chance Kitchen and rejoined the main competition . Brother : Stuffed Chicken Breast with Pecorino & Jalapeno , Roasted Chili Apple , Butternut Squash & Brussels Sprouts Hash , Lime Crema with Nitro Raspberries Joseph : Lamb Shoulder , Fava Bean Pesto , Charred Fava Pecorino , Shallot & Balsamic Glaze WINNER : Joseph ELIMINATED : Brother References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Calderone , Ana ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the First Trailer for Top Chef Colorado and Meet All the New Cheftestants '' . People . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld , Laura ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Top Chef Returns This December : Get Your First Look at the Epic New Season '' . Bravo . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Tracy ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Which Chicago native won ' Top Chef ' ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Komonibo , Ineye ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` The Votes Are In ! Find Out Which Cheftestant Is Your Top Chef Fan Favorite '' . Bravo . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld , Laura ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` What ? ! A Top Chef Alum Could Return to the Competition in Season 15 '' . Bravo . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' `` Evaluating '' John Besh Appearance After Sexual Harassment Allegations `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' cuts John Besh from episode after sexual harassment allegations '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Top Chef Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Winners Harold Dieterle Ilan Hall Hung Huynh Stephanie Izard Michael Voltaggio Richard Blais Paul Qui Kristen Kish Spin - offs Top Chef Junior Top Chef Masters 5 Top Chef : Just Desserts Life After Top Chef Top Chef Duels International versions Top Chef Suomi Top Chef Canada 5 6 Top Chef Middle East Related Contestants Episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_Chef_(season_15)&oldid=848408800 '' Categories : Top Chef 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 18 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won the last season of top chef
[ "Top Chef: Colorado is the fifteenth season of the American reality television series Top Chef. Initial details about the season and its cast were revealed on October 12, 2017.[1] The show was filmed in various cities across Colorado, including Denver, Boulder, Telluride, and Aspen.[2] The season premiered on December 7, 2017, and concluded on March 8, 2018.[2] Last Chance Kitchen premiered on November 30, 2017.[2] In the season finale, Joseph Flamm was declared the Top Chef, defeating Adrienne Cheatham.[3] Fatima Ali was voted Fan Favorite.[4]\n" ]
[ "Joseph Flamm" ]
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Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Tenth Amendment ( Amendment X ) to the United States Constitution , which is part of the Bill of Rights , was ratified on December 15 , 1791 . It expresses the principle of federalism and states ' rights , which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America , by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution . All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people . The amendment was proposed by Congress in 1789 during its first term following the Constitutional Convention and ratification of the Constitution . It was considered by many members as a prerequisite of such ratification particularly to satisfy demands of Anti-Federalists who opposed the creation of a stronger federal government . The drafters of this amendment had two purposes in mind : first , as a necessary rule of construction ; and second , as a reaffirmation of the nature of federalism . Contents 1 Text 2 Drafting and adoption 3 Judicial interpretation 3.1 Commandeering 3.2 Commerce Clause 3.3 Supremacy Clause 3.4 Federal funding 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Text ( edit ) The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . The Bill of Rights in the National Archives The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the Tenth Amendment Drafting and adoption ( edit ) The Tenth Amendment is similar to an earlier provision of the Articles of Confederation : Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States , in Congress assembled . After the Constitution was ratified , South Carolina Representative Thomas Tudor Tucker and Massachusetts Representative Elbridge Gerry separately proposed similar amendments limiting the federal government to powers `` expressly '' delegated , which would have denied implied powers . James Madison opposed the amendments , stating that `` it was impossible to confine a Government to the exercise of express powers ; there must necessarily be admitted powers by implication , unless the Constitution descended to recount every minutia . '' When a vote on this version of the amendment with `` expressly delegated '' was defeated , Connecticut Representative Roger Sherman drafted the Tenth Amendment in its ratified form , omitting `` expressly . '' Sherman 's language allowed for an expansive reading of the powers implied by the Necessary and Proper Clause . When he introduced the Tenth Amendment in Congress , James Madison explained that many states were eager to ratify this amendment , despite critics who deemed the amendment superfluous or unnecessary : I find , from looking into the amendments proposed by the State conventions , that several are particularly anxious that it should be declared in the Constitution , that the powers not therein delegated should be reserved to the several States . Perhaps words which may define this more precisely than the whole of the instrument now does , may be considered as superfluous . I admit they may be deemed unnecessary : but there can be no harm in making such a declaration , if gentlemen will allow that the fact is as stated . I am sure I understand it so , and do therefore propose it . The states ratified the Tenth Amendment , declining to signal that there are unenumerated powers in addition to unenumerated rights . The amendment rendered unambiguous what had previously been at most a mere suggestion or implication . The phrase `` ... , or to the people . '' was appended in handwriting by the clerk of the Senate as the Bill of Rights circulated between the two Houses of Congress . Judicial interpretation ( edit ) The Tenth Amendment , which makes explicit the idea that the federal government is limited to only the powers granted in the Constitution , has been declared to be a truism by the Supreme Court . In United States v. Sprague ( 1931 ) the Supreme Court asserted that the amendment `` added nothing to the ( Constitution ) as originally ratified . '' States and local governments have occasionally attempted to assert exemption from various federal regulations , especially in the areas of labor and environmental controls , using the Tenth Amendment as a basis for their claim . An often - repeated quote , from United States v. Darby Lumber Co. , reads as follows : The amendment states but a truism that all is retained which has not been surrendered . There is nothing in the history of its adoption to suggest that it was more than declaratory of the relationship between the national and state governments as it had been established by the Constitution before the amendment or that its purpose was other than to allay fears that the new national government might seek to exercise powers not granted , and that the states might not be able to exercise fully their reserved powers . In Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority ( 1985 ) , the Court overruled National League of Cities v. Usery ( 1976 ) . Under National League of Cities , the determination of whether there was state immunity from federal regulation turned on whether the state activity was `` traditional '' for or `` integral '' to the state government . The Court noted that this analysis was `` unsound in principle and unworkable in practice '' . The Court held that the framers believed that state sovereignty could be maintained by the political system established by the Constitution . Noting that the same Congress that extended the FLSA to cover government - run mass transit systems also provided substantial funding for those systems , the Court concluded that the structure created by the framers had indeed protected the states from overreaching by the federal government . In South Carolina v. Baker ( 1988 ) , the Court said in dicta that an exception to Garcia would be when a state lacked `` any right to participate '' in the federal political process or was left `` politically isolated and powerless '' by a federal law . Commandeering ( edit ) Since 1992 , the Supreme Court has declared laws unconstitutional for violating the Tenth Amendment when the federal government compelled the states to enforce federal statutes . In 1992 , in New York v. United States , the Supreme Court invalidated a portion of a federal law for violating the Tenth Amendment . The case challenged a portion of the Low - Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 . The act provided three incentives for states to comply with statutory obligations to provide for the disposal of low - level radioactive waste . The first two incentives were monetary . The third , which was challenged in the case , obliged states to take title to any waste within their borders that was not disposed of prior to January 1 , 1996 , and made each state liable for all damages directly related to the waste . The Court ruled that the imposition of that obligation on the states violated the Tenth Amendment . Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote that the federal government can encourage the states to adopt certain regulations through the spending power ( e.g. by attaching conditions to the receipt of federal funds , see South Dakota v. Dole , or through the commerce power ( by directly pre-empting state law ) . However , Congress can not directly compel states to enforce federal regulations . In 1997 , in Printz v. United States , the Court ruled that part of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act violated the Tenth Amendment . The act required state and local law enforcement officials to conduct background checks on people attempting to purchase handguns . Justice Antonin Scalia , writing for the majority , applied New York v. United States to show that the act violated the Tenth Amendment . Since the act `` forced participation of the State 's executive in the actual administration of a federal program '' , it was unconstitutional . In 2018 , in Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association , the Supreme Court ruled that the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992 , which prohibited states that banned sports betting when the law was enacted from legalizing it , violated the anti-commandeering doctrine and invalided the entire law . The Court ruled that the anti-commandeering doctrine applied to congressional attempts to prevent the states from taking a certain action as much as it applied in New York and Printz to Congress requiring states to enforce federal law . Commerce Clause ( edit ) In the 20th century , the Commerce Clause has become one of the most frequently - used sources of Congress 's power , and thus its interpretation is very important in determining the allowable scope of federal government . Complex economic challenges arising from the Great Depression triggered a reevaluation in both Congress and the Supreme Court of the use of Commerce Clause powers to maintain a strong national economy . In Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , in the context of World War II , the Court ruled that federal regulations of wheat production could constitutionally be applied to wheat grown for `` home consumption '' on a farm -- that is , wheat grown to be fed to farm animals or otherwise consumed on the farm . The rationale was that a farmer 's growing `` his own wheat '' can have a substantial cumulative effect on interstate commerce , because if all farmers were to exceed their production quotas , a significant amount of wheat would either not be sold on the market or would be bought from other producers . Hence , in the aggregate , if farmers were allowed to consume their own wheat , it would affect the interstate market in wheat . In United States v. Lopez ( 1995 ) , a federal law mandating a `` gun - free zone '' on and around public school campuses was struck down because , the Supreme Court ruled , there was no clause in the Constitution authorizing it . This was the first modern Supreme Court opinion to limit the government 's power under the Commerce Clause . The opinion did not mention the Tenth Amendment or the Court 's 1985 Garcia decision . Most recently , in Gonzales v. Raich ( 2005 ) , a California woman sued the Drug Enforcement Administration after her medical cannabis crop was seized and destroyed by federal agents . Medical cannabis was explicitly made legal under California state law by Proposition 215 , despite cannabis being prohibited at the federal level by the Controlled Substances Act . Even though the woman grew cannabis strictly for her own consumption and never sold any , the Supreme Court stated that growing one 's own cannabis affects the interstate market of cannabis . The theory was that the cannabis could enter the stream of interstate commerce , even if it clearly was n't grown for that purpose and that was unlikely ever to happen ( the same reasoning as in Wickard v. Filburn ) . It therefore ruled that this practice may be regulated by the federal government under the authority of the Commerce Clause . Supremacy Clause ( edit ) Cooper v. Aaron , a 1958 Supreme Court case that dealt with states ' rights and the Tenth Amendment , came about when conflicts arose in direct response to the ruling of another landmark case , Brown v. Board of Education . In 1954 , the Supreme Court unanimously decided on Brown v. Board of Education declaring racial segregation of children in public schools unconstitutional . Following Brown , the court ordered district courts and school boards to proceed with desegregation `` with all deliberate speed . '' In other words , the Court 's decision not only ruled segregation as an unconstitutional and illegal practice , but also prompted all public schools to open its doors to black students and provide access to facilities to white and black students equally . This ruling quickly spurred upsetting conflicts between those trying to enforce the ruling and those refusing to abide by it . Among those opposing the decision and all efforts of desegregation ordered by the Court was the Governor of Arkansas , Orval Faubus . In Little Rock , Arkansas , a group of nine black students known as the `` Little Rock Nine '' was to attend the previously all - white Central High School under the school board 's attempt to follow the order of Brown . However , the tension between the state legislature and the Governor versus the Supreme Court and the federal government became severe when Governor Faubus ordered the National Guard to prevent the nine black students from entering the high school and President Eisenhower responded by sending federal troops to escort them in . Because the Little Rock school board implementing the desegregation program fell under both the state and federal jurisdiction , it sought to alleviate itself from this distraught situation through legal means . Five months after the integration crisis happened , the school board filed suit in the United States District Court of the Eastern District of Arkansas requesting a two and a half year delay in implementing desegregation . Although the district court granted the relief , the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed the district court 's decision on August 18 , 1958 , and stayed its mandate pending appeal to the supreme Court . By this time , the incident had evolved into a national issue : it had become a debate on not only racism and segregation but also states ' rights and the Tenth Amendment . The Court , citing first , the Supremacy Clause of Article VI declaring the Constitution as the supreme law of the land and second , the Marbury v. Madison decision asserting the Court as the supreme interpreter of the Constitution as evidence of their superior authority , reaffirmed the decision of Brown and held that the states must abide by the Court 's decisions despite their disagreement with them . Expectedly , many states ' right advocates and state officials criticized the ruling as an attack on the Tenth Amendment that reserves the states ' right to resist the implementation of federal law or the Federal Constitution . Moreover , they claimed the Court 's decision on Cooper as being inconsistent with the constitutional vision of the Framers . Federal funding ( edit ) The federal system limits the ability of the federal government to use state governments as an instrument of the national government , as held in Printz v. United States . For this reason , Congress often seeks to exercise its powers by encouraging States to implement national programs consistent with national minimum standards ; a system known as cooperative federalism . One example of the exercise of this device was to condition allocation of federal funding where certain state laws do not conform to federal guidelines . For example , federal educational funds may not be accepted without implementation of special education programs in compliance with IDEA . Similarly , the nationwide state 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) speed limit , . 08 legal blood alcohol limit , and the nationwide state 21 - year drinking age were imposed through this method ; the states would lose highway funding if they refused to pass such laws ( though the national speed limit has since been repealed ) . In 2012 , in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius , the Court ruled that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( commonly referred to as the ACA or Obamacare ) unconstitutionally coerced the states to expand Medicaid . The Court classified the ACA 's language as coercive because it effectively forced States to join the federal program by conditioning the continued provision of Medicaid funds on states agreeing to materially alter Medicaid eligibility to include all individuals who fell below 133 % of the poverty line . See also ( edit ) State legislation in protest of federal law in the United States States ' rights Tenther movement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights : A Transcription '' . United States National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Charles . `` Essay on the Tenth Amendment : Reserved Powers of the States '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Justice Robert F. Utter ( 2010 - 07 - 18 ) . `` '' Freedom and Diversity in a Federal System : Perspectives on State Constitutions and the Washington Declaration of Rights '' by Justice Robert F. Utter `` . Digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office . `` Tenth Amendment -- Reserved Powers -- Contents '' ( PDF ) . GPO.gov . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation from Yale University '' . Yale Law School Avalon Project . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` House of Representatives , Amendments to the Constitution '' . University of Chicago . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2016 ) . The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government . New York City , NY : Simon and Schuster . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 1451691931 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett . `` Constitutional Myth # 7 : The 10th Amendment Protects ' States ' Rights ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights Documents : Document 11 : House of Representatives , Amendments to the Constitution '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago . June 8 ; July 21 ; August 13 , 18 - 19 , 1789 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson v. Matthews , 926 F. 2d 532 , 537 ( 6th Cir. 1991 ) : `` The ninth amendment was added to the Bill of Rights to ensure that the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius would not be used at a later time ... '' Jump up ^ Calabresi , Steven ; Prakash , Saikrishna ( 1994 ) . `` The President 's Power to Execute the Laws '' . Yale Law Journal . 104 . The message of the Tenth Amendment is that expressio unius est exclusio alterius applies to lists of governmental powers . Jump up ^ Rollins , Henry Lawrence . `` Henry Speaks On His Consciousness - Expanding Trip to the Library of Congress With Ian MacKaye '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Draft of Bill of Rights , September 9 , 1789 , U.S. National Archives and Records Administration , The Center for Legislative Archives , Senate Revisions to House - passed Amendments to the Constitution Jump up ^ United States v. Sprague , 282 U.S. 716 , 733 - 34 ( 1931 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Darby Lumber Co. , 312 U.S. 100 , 124 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority , 469 U.S. 528 ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ National League of Cities v. Usery , 426 U.S. 833 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ South Carolina v. Baker , 485 U.S. 505 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Federalism and Intergovernmental Tax Immunity Now Rest In Peace : South Carolina v. Baker '' . 1988 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ New York v. United States , 505 U.S. 144 ( 1992 ) . ^ Jump up to : South Dakota v. Dole , 483 U.S. 203 ( 1987 ) . ^ Jump up to : Printz v. United States , 521 U.S. 898 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association , 584 U.S. _ ( 2018 ) Jump up ^ `` Opinion analysis : Justices strike down federal sports gambling law ( Updated ) - SCOTUSblog '' . SCOTUSblog. 2018 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Richard A. ( 2014 ) . The Classical Liberal Constitution . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72489 - 1 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Richard A. ( 2014 ) . The Classical Liberal Constitution . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72489 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wickard v. Filburn , 317 U.S. 111 ( 1942 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Gonzales v. Raich , 545 U.S. 1 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ 358 U.S. 1 ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Brown v. Board of Education '' . A&E Networks . 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Little Rock Nine '' . History . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Daniel ( 1982 ) . `` The Supreme Court and the Rule of Law : Cooper v. Aaron Revisited '' . University of Illinois Law Review . 1982 : 387 -- 412 -- via HeinOnline . ^ Jump up to : Bhagwat , Ashutosh ( 2008 ) . `` Cooper v. Aaron and the Faces of Federalism '' . Saint Louis University Law Journal . 52 : 1087 -- 1113 -- via HeinOnline . Jump up ^ National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius , 567 U.S. 519 ( 2012 ) . External links ( edit ) CRS Annotated Constitution : Tenth Amendment , Cornell 's Annotated Constitution Tenth Amendment Center -- works to preserve and protect Tenth Amendment freedoms through information and education . Lindner , Doug . Exploring Constitutional Conflicts -- explores some of the issues and controversies that surround the US Constitution United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book GND : 4737121 - 3 LCCN : n97009335 VIAF : 181958530 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=852482974 '' Categories : 1791 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Federalism in the United States 1791 in American politics States ' rights Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 08 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
according to the tenth amendment any powers not delegated to the national government
[ "The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791.[1] It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution. All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people.\n" ]
[ "are reserved for the states or the people" ]
4137646455719770767
Cheng (surname)
Cheng ( surname ) - wikipedia Cheng ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Cheng 程 and 成 , the two most common Chinese surnames with pinyin romanisation `` Cheng '' Origin Region of origin China Other names Variant ( s ) Zheng , Ching Cheng ( / tʃ əŋ / ) can be a transcription of one of several Chinese surnames . Since the syllable Cheng represents different sounds in Hanyu pinyin and the Wade -- Giles systems of Chinese romanization , some ambiguity will exist as to which sound is represented by the letters `` Cheng '' if the romanisation and tone is not known . Also within each system of romanisation , each syllable can represent one of several different characters , as with any Chinese syllable . In the pinyin system of romanization ( usually used in China ) , the most common surnames romanized as Cheng are 程 and 成 . In names romanized in Wade -- Giles ( usually used in Taiwan ) , Cheng is most commonly a transcription of 鄭 / 郑 ( pinyin Zhèng ) . Further confusion arises because Wade -- Giles often appears without the required apostrophes ( which indicates aspiration ) , and thus some Wade -- Giles names which are properly romanized Ch'eng ( such as 程 pinyin Chéng ) will appear as Cheng . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable people surnamed 程 2 Notable people surnamed 成 3 Notable people surnamed 鄭 4 Others Notable people surnamed 程 ( edit ) Cheng Bing , official of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period Cheng Pu , general serving under the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty Cheng Yu , official serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty Cheng Hong , spouse of Chinese Premier Li Keqiang , an English professor at the Capital University of Economics and Business Cheng Qian , a Chinese military general in the late 1910s Brian Ching , an American - born Chinese football player Ch'eng Mao - yün , composer Ching Cheong ( Cheng Xiang ) , Chinese journalist with the Singapore newspaper The Straits Times , imprisoned in China for five years on charges of espionage François Cheng , French writer , poet and calligrapher Henry Thia , Singaporean actor and comedian Willard Cheng , ABS - CBN News and Current Affairs Malacañang correspondent Woeser ( Han name Cheng Wensa ( 程 文 萨 ) ) , Tibetan poet and essayist John S. Chen ( 程守宗 ) , CEO of Blackberry Chung Ling Soo , ( 程連蘇 ) stage name of the American magician William Ellsworth Robinson Notable people surnamed 成 ( edit ) Cheng Dechen , general of the Chu state in the Spring and Autumn period Notable people surnamed 鄭 ( edit ) See Zheng ( surname ) Others ( edit ) Ren - Chang Ching ( 1898 -- 1986 ) , botanist specialist of pteridophytes Surname list This page lists people with the surname Cheng . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheng_(surname)&oldid=840154393 '' Categories : Surnames Chinese - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 02 : 25 . About Wikipedia
where does the last name cheng come from
[ "Cheng (/tʃəŋ/) can be a transcription of one of several Chinese surnames. Since the syllable Cheng represents different sounds in Hanyu pinyin and the Wade–Giles systems of Chinese romanization, some ambiguity will exist as to which sound is represented by the letters \"Cheng\" if the romanisation and tone is not known. Also within each system of romanisation, each syllable can represent one of several different characters, as with any Chinese syllable." ]
[ "Chinese" ]
-382449679922242952
Pam Ferris
Pam Ferris - wikipedia Pam Ferris Jump to : navigation , search Pam Ferris Ferris in 2012 Pamela E. Ferris ( 1948 - 05 - 11 ) 11 May 1948 ( age 69 ) Hanover , Lower Saxony , Germany Occupation Actress Years active 1971 -- present Spouse ( s ) Roger Frost ( m . 1986 ) Parent ( s ) Fred Ferris Ann Perkins Pamela E. Ferris ( born 11 May 1948 ) is a British actress . She starred on television as Ma Larkin in The Darling Buds of May , and as Laura Thyme in Rosemary & Thyme , and has played parts in family films based on works by British authors , such as Miss Trunchbull in Matilda and as Aunt Marge in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , and most recently as Sister Evangelina in Call the Midwife . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Ferris was born in Hanover , Lower Saxony , Germany , to Welsh parents , while her father was serving in the Royal Air Force . Ferris spent her childhood in the Aberkenfig area , near Bridgend in Wales . Her father , Fred Ferris , was a policeman , and her mother , Ann Perkins , worked in her family 's bakery business . In 1986 , she married actor Roger Frost . She lives in Elham , Kent , South East England . She has no children . Career ( edit ) Ferris performed in her younger years at the Mercury Theatre in Auckland , and later with various regional companies in the UK . Ferris played motherly Ma Larkin in the ITV series The Darling Buds of May , which ran from 1991 to 1993 . She has also acted in a succession of television dramas , including Meantime , in which she played the Cockney mother of Phil Daniels and Tim Roth , Connie , Hardwicke House , Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit , Where the Heart Is and Paradise Heights . From 2003 to 2006 , she played the gardening sleuth , Laura Thyme , in Rosemary & Thyme . Her roles in costume dramas include parts in television adaptations of Middlemarch , The Tenant of Wildfell Hall , Our Mutual Friend , The Turn of the Screw , Pollyanna and Jane Eyre . In 1996 , Ferris portrayed the brutish , authoritarian school headmistress Agatha Trunchbull in Matilda . In 2004 , she played the callous Aunt Marge in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . In 2006 , Ferris took on the role of Miriam , a motherly activist in Children of Men . She has also acted in productions for BBC Radio 4 . Her career in the theatre has included parts in Royal Court Theatre and National Theatre productions . In 2007 she played Phoebe Rice in an acclaimed revival of John Osborne 's The Entertainer at London 's Old Vic Theatre . In 2007 Ferris took part in the BBC Wales programme Coming Home about her Welsh family history . In 2008 she played Mrs General in an all - star cast BBC adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel Little Dorrit . From 2009 to 2010 , she appeared in the final series of the BBC comedy Gavin & Stacey as Cath Smith . In 2010 she made a guest appearance in the sitcom Grandma 's House . From 2012 to 2016 Ferris played the part of Sister Evangelina in the series Call the Midwife . In June and July 2015 Ferris was the guest of Sarah Walker on BBC Radio 3 's Essential Classics . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Meantime Mavis Matilda Miss Trunchbull Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress 2001 The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby Mrs. Squeers 2002 Death to Smoochy Tommy Cotter Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Aunt Marge 2006 Children of Men Miriam 2009 Nativity ! Mrs. Bevans 2009 Telstar Mrs Violet Shenton 2009 Malice in Wonderland The Duchess 2012 The Raven Mrs. Bradley 2012 Nativity 2 : Danger in the Manger Mrs. Bevans 2013 Saving Santa Mrs. Claus 2016 Ethel & Ernest Mrs. Bennett / Aunty Betty ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1971 BBC Play of the Month Puck and Fairie Episode : `` A Midsummers Night Dream '' 1984 Dramarama Dorothy Episode : `` Dodger , Bonzo and the Rest '' 1985 The Bill Mrs. Draper Episode : `` Death of a Cracksmen '' 1985 Connie Nesta 13 episodes 1986 Ladies in Charge Charlie Episode : `` Double Act '' Hardwicke House Ms. Crabbe 2 episodes Lizzie 's Pictures Grace 3 episodes Dramarama Anne Bailey Episode : `` Peter '' Casualty Linda Episode : `` The Raid '' 1988 The Fear Brenda Episode : `` # 1.1 '' 1988 Valentine Park Mrs. Fox Episode : `` A Rose By Any Other Name '' 1988 South of the Border Brenda Episode : `` # 1.6 '' All Change Maggie Oldfield Episode : `` The Bosom of the Family '' 1990 Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit Mrs. Arkwright 3 episodes 1990 A Sense of Guilt Magdalen Parry 3 episodes 1991 -- 1993 The Darling Buds of May Florence `` Ma '' Larkin 20 episodes 1992 Mr Wakefield 's Crusade Mad Marion 2 episodes 1992 Cluedo Mrs. White 6 episodes 1992 Performance Mrs. Bryant Episode : `` Roots '' Comedy Playhouse Matron Episode : `` Once in a Lifetime '' 1994 Middlemarch Mrs. Dollop 3 episodes 1994 The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends Aunt Pettitoes ( voice ) Episode : `` The Tale of Pigling Bland '' 1994 The Rector 's Wife Eleanor Ramsay 2 episodes Wycliffe Pat Trethowan Episode : `` Last Judgment '' The Tenant of Wildfell Hall Mrs. Markham 2 episodes 1997 -- 2000 Where the Heart Is Peggy Snow 36 episodes 1998 Our Mutual Friend Mrs. Boffin 4 episodes 2001 Linda Green Norma Fitts Episode : `` Victim Support '' 2002 Paradise Heights Marion Eustace 6 episodes 2003 Clocking Off Pat Fletcher 6 episodes 2003 -- 2006 Rosemary & Thyme Laura Thyme 22 episodes Agatha Christie 's Marple Elspeth McGillicuddy Episode : `` 4 : 50 from Paddington '' 2006 Jane Eyre Grace Poole 4 episodes 2007 Lilies Alice Bird Episode : `` The Serpent '' 2008 Little Dorrit Mrs. Hortensia General 6 episodes 2009 Gavin & Stacey Catherina `` Cath '' Smith 2 episodes Grandma 's House Deborah Adler Episode : `` The Day Simon Announced He Was in Control of the Universe '' 2011 Midsomer Murders Liz Tomlin Episode : `` Echoes of the Dead '' 2011 Luther Baba 3 episodes 2012 -- 2016 Call the Midwife Sister Evangelina 36 episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ltd , company check . `` MS PAMELA FERRIS director information . Free director information . Director id 902329745 '' . Company Check . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South East Wales - BBC News '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Darling Buds of May ' star back in Kent high life '' . Itv.com . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mercury Theatre Records ( 1966 -- 1990 ) '' . Auckland City Government . Retrieved 27 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Monday - Sarah Walker with Pam Ferris , Essential Classics - BBC Radio 3 '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Pam Ferris on IMDb VIAF : 37121868 LCCN : no2001023340 ISNI : 0000 0000 0333 8614 GND : 142972665 SUDOC : 16824084X BNF : cb140669079 ( data ) BIBSYS : 1033971 BNE : XX5341947 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pam_Ferris&oldid=827613905 '' Categories : 1948 births Living people Welsh film actresses Welsh television actresses Welsh stage actresses Welsh voice actresses Welsh radio actresses Welsh emigrants to New Zealand Welsh expatriates in Germany People from Hanover People from Bridgend County Borough 20th - century Welsh actresses 21st - century Welsh actresses Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2012 EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 19 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays miss trunchbull in the film matilda
[ "Pamela E. Ferris (born 11 May 1948)[1][2] is a British actress. She starred on television as Ma Larkin in The Darling Buds of May, and as Laura Thyme in Rosemary & Thyme, and has played parts in family films based on works by British authors, such as Miss Trunchbull in Matilda and as Aunt Marge in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, and most recently as Sister Evangelina in Call the Midwife." ]
[ "Pamela E. Ferris" ]
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Dora the Explorer
Dora the Explorer - wikipedia Dora the Explorer Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Dora the Female Explorer . Dora the Explorer Genre Children 's adventure Created by Chris Gifford Valerie Walsh Valdes Eric Weiner Directed by George S. Chialtas Gary Conrad Henry Lenardin - Madden Sherie Pollack Arnie Wong Jyllian Gunther ( Voice ) Voices of Caitlin Sanchez Kathleen Herles Fátima Ptacek Harrison Chad Regan Mizrahi Marc Weiner Alexandria Suarez Theme music composer Joshua Sitron Billy Straus Opening theme Dora the Explorer Theme Ending theme various closing themes Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Spanish French No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 172 ( aired ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chris Gifford Producer ( s ) Valerie Walsh Valdes Editor ( s ) Gayle McIntyre Karyn Finley Powell David Wigforss Running time 22 minutes approx. , 45 minutes ( specials ) Production company ( s ) Stinky Hawk Productions Nick Jr . Productions ( Season 1 - 4 ) Nickelodeon Productions . ( Season 5 - 8 ) Nickelodeon Animation Studio Distributor Viacom Media Networks Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format 480i : SDTV ( 2000 -- 2012 ) 1080i : HDTV ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Original release August 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 14 ) -- June 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) Chronology Followed by Dora and Friends : Into the City ! Related shows Go , Diego , Go ! External links Website www.nickjr.com/dora-the-explorer/ Dora the Explorer is an American educational animated TV series created by Chris Gifford , Valerie Walsh , and Eric Weiner . Dora the Explorer became a regular series in 2000 . The show is carried on the Nickelodeon cable television network , including the associated Nick Jr. channel . It aired on CBS until September 2006 . A Spanish - dubbed version first aired as part of a Nick en español block on NBC Universal - owned Telemundo through September 2006 ; since April 2008 , this version of the program has been carried on Univision as part of the Planeta U block . The series is co-produced by Nickelodeon Productions and Nickelodeon Animation Studio . Dora the Explorer is one of the longest - running shows of Nick Jr . During the sixth season , the show became the Nick Jr. series with the most episodes , surpassing Blue 's Clues with 143 episodes , having 144 after it had completed broadcasting on television . It won a Peabody Award in 2003 `` for outstanding efforts in making learning a pleasurable experience for pre-schoolers . '' It ended on June 5 , 2014 after 8 seasons and 172 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voices 2.1 Guest voices 2.2 Guest stars 3 Episode list 4 Development 4.1 Dora 's Explorer Girls 5 Foreign adaptations 6 Stage adaptations 7 Dora the Explorer merchandise 7.1 Toys 7.2 Books 7.2. 1 Dora the Explorer series 7.2. 2 Ready To Read series -- Level 1 7.2. 3 A Lift - the - Flap Story 7.2. 4 Treasury books and collection books 7.2. 5 Sticker books 7.3 DVDs and videos 7.4 Video games 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot From left to right : Swiper ( in background ) , Dora , and Boots The series centers around Dora , a 7 ( Later 8 ) year old American girl of Indigenous Mexican heritage , with a love of embarking on quests related to an activity that she wants to partake of or a place that she wants to go to , accompanied by her talking purple backpack and anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots ( named for his beloved pair of red boots ) . Each episode is based around a series of cyclical events that occur along the way during Dora 's travels , along with obstacles that she and Boots are forced to overcome or puzzles that they have to solve ( with `` assistance '' from the viewing audience ) relating to riddles , the Spanish language , or counting . Common rituals may involve Dora 's encounters with Swiper , a bipedal , anthropomorphic masked thieving fox whose theft of the possessions of others must be prevented through fourth wall - breaking interaction with the viewer . To stop Swiper , Dora must say `` Swiper no swiping '' three times . However , on occasions where Swiper steals the belongings of other people , the viewer is presented with the challenge of helping Boots and Dora locate the stolen items . Another obstacle involves encounters with another one of the program 's antagonists ; the `` Grumpy Old Troll '' dwelling beneath a bridge that Dora and Boots must cross , who challenges them with a riddle before permitting them the past that needs to be solved with the viewer 's help . Known for the constant breaking of the fourth - wall depicted in every episode , the audience is usually presented to two primary landmarks that must be passed before Dora can reach her destination , normally being challenged with games or puzzles along the way . The episode always ends with Dora successfully reaching the locale , singing the `` We Did It ! '' song with Boots in triumph . On numerous occasions , television specials have been aired for the series in which the usual events of regular episodes are altered , threatened , or replaced . Usually said specials will present Dora with a bigger , more whimsical adventure than usual or with a magical task that must be fulfilled , or perhaps even offer a series of different adventures for Boots and Dora to travel through . They might be presented with an unusual , difficult task ( such as assisting Swiper in his attempts to be erased from Santa Claus 's Naughty List ) that normally is not featured in average episodes , or challenge Dora with a goal that must be achieved ( such as the emancipation of a trapped mermaid ) . Sometimes , the specials have involved the debut of new characters , such as the birth of Dora 's superpowered twin baby siblings and the introduction of the enchanted anthropomorphic stars that accompany Dora on many of her quests . Voices Dora Márquez ( aka Dora the Explorer ) : Kathleen Herles ( 2000 -- 2007 ) , Caitlin Sanchez ( 2008 -- 2011 ) , Fátima Ptacek ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Boots : Harrison Chad ( 2000 -- 2007 ) , Regan Mizrahi ( 2008 -- 2012 ) , Koda Gursoy ( 2012 - 2014 ) Backpack : Sasha Toro ( 2000 -- 2007 ) , Alexandria Suarez ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Swiper : Marc Weiner ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Map : Marc Weiner ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Isa the Iguana : Ashley Fleming ( 2000 -- 2007 ) , Lenique Vincent ( 2008 -- 2011 ) , Skai Jackson ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Tico the Squirrel : Jose Zelaya ( 2002 -- 2007 ) , Jean Carlos Celi ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Benny the Bull : Jake Burbage ( 2000 -- 2007 ) , Matt Gumley ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Big Red Chicken : Chris Gifford ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Explorer Stars : Christiana Anbri , Henry Gifford , Katie Gifford , Aisha Shickler , Muhammed Cunningham , Jose Zeleya Diego : Felipe and Andre Dieppa ( 2003 -- 2006 ) , Jake T. Austin ( 2005 -- 2010 ) , Brandon Zambrano ( 2011 -- 2012 ) , Jacob Medrano ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Elaine Del Valle - Val the Octopus , various Eileen Galindo - Mrs. Marquez Chris Gifford - Big Red Chicken , Grumpy Old Troll , various K.J. Sanchez Adam Sietz - Boots ' Daddy , various Leslie Valdes Marc Weiner Guest voices John Leguizamo Cheech Marin Ricardo Montalbán Esai Morales - Mr. Marquez Amy Principe Irwin Reese Chita Rivera ( Dora 's Fairytale Adventure , 2004 ) Antonia Rey Paul Rodriguez Frankie Grande Guest stars Johnny Weir , ( Dora 's Ice Skating Spectacular , 2013 ) Hilary Duff , ( Dora 's Ice Skating Spectacular , 2013 ) Jewel Kilcher ( Dora in Wonderland , 2014 ) Mel Brooks ( Dora in Wonderland , 2014 ) Alan Cumming ( Dora in Wonderland , 2014 ) Sara Ramirez ( Dora in Wonderland , 2014 ) Episode list Main article : List of Dora the Explorer episodes Development Dora is a Latina . According to a Nickelodeon spokesman , `` She was developed to be pan-Latina to represent the diversity of Latino cultures . '' Dora the Explorer as a tween , as seen after being revealed in 2009 . On March 8 , 2009 , Mattel and Nickelodeon announced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover , switching from a young age to a teenage attending middle school . Initially , it was announced that the new look would not be revealed until late 2009 , but after a short controversy , the tween Dora was unveiled on March 16 , 2009 . The change was criticized by one writer that did not support the feminization of Dora 's image . In 2012 , a CGI opening was created for new episodes of the series . Dora 's Explorer Girls In 2009 , Mattel and Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version of Dora , with four friends named Naiya , Kate , Emma , and Alana , who call themselves the Explorer Girls . The Explorer Girls were included in the Dora and Friends spin - off in 2014 . Foreign adaptations Dora the Explorer has been produced in various other languages worldwide . It facilitates the learning of important foreign language words or phrases ( mostly English , interspersed with a local language ( e.g. Norwegian , Russian , Hindi , or German ) , with occasional use of Spanish ( used in the Gaelic , Serbian , and Turkish versions ) ) through its simplicity and use of repetition . Arabic -- The Arabic language version is broadcast on the `` Nickelodeon on MBC3 '' block of MBC3 , and is presented in Arabic - English . Cantonese -- The Cantonese language version ( Chinese : 愛 探險 的 朵 拉 ; literally : `` Explore - loving Dora '' ) is sold in Hong Kong . It is presented in Cantonese - English . Danish -- The Danish language version is called `` Dora -- udforskeren '' and there are commands and expressions in English . It is broadcast on the national public children 's channel , DR Ramasjang , and also on Nick Jr. through various pay TV providers . Dutch -- The Dutch language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick . Jr , It is presented in Dutch - English . The voice actors are Lottie Hellingman as Dora and Dieter Jansen as Boots . French -- The French language version , Dora l'exploratrice , broadcasts on TF1 in France and Télé - Québec in Canada . It is presented in French - English , with Dora and Boots ( called Babouche ) speaking French and other protagonists speaking and answering in English . Filipino -- The Filipino language version broadcasts on ABS - CBN and has the same English title `` Dora , the Explorer '' . The characters speak Filipino and some English , Dora teaches English in this version . German -- The German language version broadcasts on the German branch of Nickelodeon . The bilingualism is German - English . Greek -- The Greek language version is called `` Ντόρα η μικρή εξερευνήτρια '' ( or Dora the Little Explorer ) . It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Star Channel . The bilingualism is Greek - English . Dora and Boots ( called Botas ) speak Greek and other protagonists speak and answer in English . Hebrew -- The Hebrew language version broadcasts on HOP channel . The bilingualism is Hebrew - English . The series is called מגלים עם דורה ( or Megalim Im Dora -- English : Discovering with Dora ) . Hindi -- In the Hindi language version , Dora and the other characters speak Hindi . It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick Jr . Dora teaches the viewers English words and numbers . Hungarian -- In the Hungarian language version , Dora and the other characters speak Hungarian with some English words or phrases . It broadcasts on Nickelodeon ( Hungary ) . The series is called Dóra a felfedező . Indonesian -- The Indonesian language version broadcasts on Global TV . The bilingualism is Indonesian - English . Irish -- The Irish language version broadcasts on the Irish station TG4 . The bilingualism is Irish - Spanish with Dora and Boots speaking in Irish and some other characters speaking Spanish as in the original American version . Italian -- The Italian language version broadcasts on Cartoonito and on Nickelodeon . The bilingualism is Italian - English . The series is called Dora l'esploratrice ( `` Dora the Explorer '' ) . Most characters speak Italian , but some characters and especially Dora 's parents and backpack speak English along with Italian . Japanese -- The Japanese language version broadcasts on Nick Japan . The bilingualism is Japanese - English , with Dora and Boots speaking Japanese and other protagonists speaking and answering in English . The version is called ドーラ と いっしょ に 大 冒険 ( Dōra to issho ni dai bōken / Adventures with Dora ) . Kannada -- The Kannada language version broadcasts on Chintu TV and is a very popular program on that network . Hindi is the second language in this version . Korean -- The Korean language version broadcasts on Nick Jr in Korea . The title is `` Hi Dora '' and is introduced by a real person whose name is Dami -- she introduces key English vocabulary for each episode . The episode is primarily in Korean with some English . Macedonian -- The Macedonian language version broadcasts on MRT 1 in Macedonia . The title is `` Дора истражува '' ( or Dora the Explorer ) . The bilingualism is Macedonian - English . Malay -- The Malay language version broadcasts on TV9 . The bilingualism is Malay - English . Dora speaks primarily in Malay , and the secondary language is English . The original English - Spanish version , however , is also available on Nickelodeon South East Asia via the Nick Jr. programming slot to subscribers of the ASTRO satellite TV service . Malayalam -- The Malayalam language version is called Dorayude Prayanam ( ഡോറയുടെ പ്രയാണം ) and broadcasts on a local kids programming channel Kochu TV , which is the Malayalam dubbed version of Chutti TV . Mandarin -- In the Mandarin Chinese language version Dora the characters speak mainly Mandarin with limited English . It broadcasts on Yo - yo TV in Taiwan ( Channel 25 ) . Maori -- The Māori language version is called `` Dora Mātātoa '' . Norwegian -- In the Norwegian language version , the bilingualism is Norwegian - English . Polish -- The Polish language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon in Poland . The bilingualism is Polish - English . The series is called Dora poznaje świat ( `` Dora explores the world '' ) . Portuguese -- In the Portuguese language versions , Dora a Exploradora broadcasts on RTP2 and Nickelodeon Portugal . On Nickelodeon Brazil , the show is called Dora a Aventureira , and Dora and Boots ( called Boots in the Portuguese version and Botas in the Brazilian version ) speak Portuguese , while the other protagonists speak and answer in English . Some Portuguese episodes are available on DVD . Persian -- The Persian language version broadcasts on Persian Toon . The bilingualism is Persian - English . Russian -- The Russian language version broadcasts on TNT and Nickelodeon . The bilingualism is Russian - English . The series is called Dasha - sledopyt ( `` Dasha the Pathfinder '' ) . Dasha is the children 's name of Daria ( Darya ) . Serbian -- The Serbian language version broadcasts on B92 . The bilingualism is Serbian - Spanish . The series is called Dora istražuje ( Dora is exploring ) . Spanish -- There are different Spanish language versions for Mexico , Latin America , and Spain . Dora la Exploradora broadcasts on Nickelodeon in Latin America ( and up to September 2006 on Telemundo in the USA ; from April 2008 on Univisión ) . Dora and Boots ( called Botas ) speak Spanish and the other protagonists speak and answer in English . Some Spanish episodes are available to US viewers on VHS , and some DVDs have a Spanish track ( including Dora 's Egg Hunt ) . This version is entirely the reverse of the original English version ; Tico and Señor Tucan ( called Mr. Toucan ) only speak English . Additionally , Univision has added on - screen captions of the Spanish words spoken in English . In Spain , Dora la exploradora is aired on TVE 1 , Clan TVE and Nickelodeon . It is another reverse of the original English version ( the characters speak mainly Spanish but there are commands and expressions in English ) . Swedish -- In the Swedish language version Dora - utforskaren the characters speak mainly Swedish but there are commands and expressions in English . It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and TV4 . Tamil -- In the Tamil language version Doravin Payanangal ( டோராவின் பயணங்கள் ) , the characters all speak Tamil , with some English interspersed . It broadcasts on a local kids programming channel Chutti TV . Thai -- In the Thai language version ด อ ร่า ดิ เอก ซ์ พล อ เรอ ร์ or ด อ ร่า สาว น้อย นัก ผจญ ภัย , the characters speak Thai ; however , Tico speaks English . It broadcasts on Gang Cartoon Channel , Nick Jr. , Thai PBS . Turkish -- In the Turkish language version Dora the characters speak mainly Turkish , Spanish , and English but there are commands and expressions in Turkish . It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and CNBC - e . As shown by the list above , the usual second language is English , but Spanish is used in the original American version in English ( broadcast also for Malay speakers ) , in the Gaelic ( Irish ) , Serbian , and the trilingual Turkish versions . Stage adaptations Two stage versions of Dora the Explorer toured North America , the first being `` City of Lost Toys '' , and the second being `` Dora 's Pirate Adventure '' . Produced by Nickelodeon and LiveNation , these productions featured live actors portraying the roles of Dora and her friends , including Boots , Diego , Isa , and the Fiesta Trio . Many of the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed to resemble the Dora characters . Each production featured a structure similar to an episode of the television series . City of Lost Toys featured Christina Bianco as Dora while Dora 's Pirate Adventure featured Danay Ferrer of the band Innosense in the role of Dora and Frankie Grande as Boots . Both productions featured a version of the popular Gloria Estefan song `` Get On Your Feet '' as the final number of the show . Both productions were conceived by Chris Gifford , creator of the television show , and directed by Gip Hoppe . There have been three Dora touring companies . The `` City of Lost Toys '' company and the `` Pirate Adventure '' company featured actors and crew that were members of Actor 's Equity and IATSE , respectively , the unions for professional actors and stagehands in the United States . The third company performs a reduced version of `` Pirate Adventure '' and does not employ union personnel . This production is currently touring North America , and scheduled to travel to the United Kingdom and France . Dora the Explorer merchandise There are many action figures and playsets available in many markets , along with DVDs , cosmetics , hygiene products , ride - ons , books , board games , plush dolls , apparel , handbags , play tents , play kitchens , and more . Licensees include Fisher - Price in the United States and Holland Publishing in the United Kingdom . Toys In 2004 Lego released four sets based on the TV series ' characters . These include 7330 Dora 's Treasure Island , 7331 Diego 's Rescue Truck , 7332 Dora and Boots at Play Park , and 7333 Dora and Diego 's Animal Adventure . In 2007 , lead paint used by a contract toy manufacturer in China prompted Mattel to issue recalls for nearly a million toys , many of which featured Sesame Street and Nickelodeon characters , including Dora the Explorer . Nickelodeon responded that they would introduce `` third - party monitoring '' of all manufacturers of products under its brands . Books Dora the Explorer series Dora 's Backpack ( ISBN 978 - 0689847202 ) Little Star ( ISBN 978 - 0689847219 ) Happy Mother 's Day Mami ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689852336 ) Meet Diego ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689859939 ) Dora 's Thanksgiving ( ISBN 978 - 0689858420 ) Dora Loves Boots ( ISBN 978 - 0689863738 ) Dora 's Book of Manners ( ISBN 978 - 0689865336 ) Dora Goes to School ( ISBN 978 - 0689864940 ) Dora 's Fairy - Tale Adventure ( ISBN 978 - 0689870125 ) Dora 's Chilly Day ( ISBN 978 - 0689867958 ) Show Me Your Smile ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689871696 ) Dora 's Pirate Adventure ( ISBN 978 - 0689875830 ) Big Sister Dora ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689878466 ) At the Carnival ( ISBN 978 - 0689858413 ) Dora 's Costume Party ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416900108 ) Dance to the Rescue ( ISBN 978 - 1416902164 ) Dora 's Starry Christmas ( ISBN 978 - 1416902492 ) Super babies ( ISBN 978 - 1416914853 ) The Birthday Dance Party ( ISBN 978 - 1416913030 ) Dora 's World Adventure ( ISBN 978 - 1416924470 ) Dora Climbs Star Mountain ( ISBN 978 - 1416940593 ) It 's Sharing Day ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416915751 ) Dora Had a Little Lamb ( ISBN 978 - 1416933687 ) Dora Saves Mermaid Kingdom ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416938415 ) Dora and the Stuck Truck ( ISBN 978 - 1416947998 ) Ready To Read series -- Level 1 Dora 's Picnic ( ISBN 978 - 0689852381 ) Follow Those Feet ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689852398 ) Dora in the Deep Sea ( ISBN 978 - 0689858451 ) I Love My Papi ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689864957 ) Say `` Cheese ! '' ( ISBN 978 - 0689864964 ) The Halloween Cat ( ISBN 978 - 0689867996 ) Eggs for Everyone ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689871764 ) Just Like Dora ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689876752 ) I Love My Mami ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416906506 ) Puppy Takes a Bath ( ISBN 978 - 1416914839 ) Around the World ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416924784 ) Dora 's Sleepover ( ISBN 978 - 1416915089 ) Dora Helps Diego ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416915096 ) Dora 's Perfect Pumpkin ( ISBN 978 - 1416934387 ) Dora 's Mystery of the Missing Shoes ( ISBN 978 - 1416938248 ) A Lift - the - Flap Story Good Night , Dora ! : A Lift - the - Flap Story ( ISBN 978 - 0689847745 ) Where Is Boots ? : A Lift - the - Flap Story ( ISBN 978 - 0689847752 ) Let 's Play Sports ! : A Lift - the - Flap Story ( ISBN 978 - 1416933502 ) All Dressed Up ! : A Lift - the - Flap Book ( ISBN 978 - 0689877186 ) Treasury books and collection books Dora 's Ready - to - Read Adventures ( ISBN 978 - 0689878152 ) Contains : Dora 's picnic , Follow those feet , Dora in the deep sea , I love my Papi ! , Say `` Cheese '' Dora 's Storytime Collection ( ISBN 978 - 0689866234 ) Contains : Dora 's Backpack , Little Star , Happy Birthday , Mami ! , Meet Diego ! , Dora Saves the Prince , Dora 's Treasure Hunt , Good Night , Dora ! Dora 's Big Book of Stories ( ISBN 978 - 1416907084 ) Contains : Dora 's Book of Manners , Dora Goes to School , Dora 's Fairy - Tale Adventure , Dora 's Chilly Day , Show Me Your Smile ! , Dora 's Pirate Adventure , Big Sister Dora ! Sticker books Dora 's Magic Watering Can ( ISBN 978 - 1416947721 ) DVDs and videos Main article : List of Dora the Explorer videos Video games Main article : Dora the Explorer ( video game series ) Video games based on the 2000 television show Dora the Explorer were released . In Canada , Cheerios offered a free Dora the Explorer the Game CD - ROMs in specially marked packages . However , packages sold in Quebec would only have the French version . Dora the Explorer : Barnyard Buddies is a video game released for the PlayStation in 2003 in the US . It was not released in Europe until 2005 being one of the very last games released on that platform in that territory . Dora the Explorer : Super Star Adventures is an adventure video game for the Game Boy Advance released in 2004 . It was developed by Imaginengine and published by Global Star . Dora the Explorer : Journey to the Purple Planet is an action - adventure video game , developed by Monkey Bar Games , published by Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine . The game was released for GameCube in North America on October 13 , 2005 , and later in PAL regions on December 16 , 2005 . The PlayStation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2 , 2005 , and later in North America on February 9 , 2006 . The game is about Dora and Boots who finds some lost aliens from the purple planet . However , to take them home , she and Boots are required to collect keys to open the space gate , leading to the saturn planet . The game is unique in that it uses pictures and symbols to communicate rather than words . The object of the game is to capture one of the six explorer stars . Each explorer star has a special power such as the ability to be noisy or the ability to create music . In order to capture the star , the player must complete a hide - and - seek activity . These activities include maze navigation , matching games , side - scrolling race games , a `` Frogger '' - type game , a complete - the - pattern activity and a song playing game . Dora Puppy is a puppy simulator where players must help Dora take care of her puppy , Perrito , and help train him for doggie competitions . All the actions are performed by either tracing certain shapes with the stylus or calling out commands into the DS 's microphone . It was developed by Take - Two Interactive for the Nintendo DS and published by 2K Play in North America and Australia in 2009 , and in Europe in 2010 . Dora the Explorer : Dora 's Cooking Club is a cooking video game for the Nintendo DS . It was published by 2K Play in 2010 . In the game , players have to chop veggies , stir soups , top pizzas , and more using math skills . They may be sorting cookies into numbered groups or counting out different amounts of ingredients . Dora the Explorer : Dora Saves the Snow Princess is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2008 . Dora the Explorer : Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2009 . Sequel In 2013 , Nickelodeon announced that it will have a sequel to Dora the Explorer titled as Dora and Friends : Into the City ! . It will star the Latina heroine Dora as a 10 - year - old who goes on city adventures with the Explorer Girls , accompanied by a male pal named Pablo . The series has been picked up for 20 episodes and aired on Nickelodeon on August 18 , 2014 . See also Go , Diego , Go ! References Jump up ^ 63rd Annual Peabody Awards , May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Grandma 's House '' . Dora the Explorer . Season 1 . Episode 12 . August 29 , 2000 . Event occurs at 2 : 00 . Nickelodeon . ¡ Hola , señora Márquez ! access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dora and Diego 's Amazing Animal Circus '' . Dora the Explorer . Season 7 . Episode 8 . October 16 , 2012 . Nickelodeon . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dora 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . Dora the Explorer . Season 7 . Episode 15 . November 19 , 2012 . Nickelodeon . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Friedman , Emily ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Is Dora The Explorer an Illegal Immigrant ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer Updates Her Look '' . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` After Dora uproar , Nick and Mattel soothe moms '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New Tween `` Dora The Explorer '' Revealed `` . Popcrunch.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Vicki Passmore ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Boy , How You 've Changed : Nine Big Mascot Makeovers '' . Walletpop.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer 's Makeover '' . thesocietypages.org . Jump up ^ Calabash Animation Creates New ' Dora ' Opening . Animationinsider.net Jump up ^ `` Dora 's Explorer Girls '' . Nickjr.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Addley , Esther ( 2007 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Mattel recalls nearly 100,000 toys after lead paint alert '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Angela ( 2007 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Dora the Explorer leads toy giant 's recall '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ( 2007 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Lead Paint Prompts Mattel to Recall 967,000 Toys ( registration required to read article ) '' . NY Times . Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer : Super Star Adventures '' . IGN . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer : Journey to the Purple Planet '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer : Journey to the Purple Planet '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Global Star ( 2004 ) Dora the Explorer : Super Star Adventures Manual Jump up ^ 2K Play ( 2009 ) Dora the Explorer : Dora Puppy Manual Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer : Dora Puppy '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Dora 's Cooking Club '' . IGN . Jump up ^ 2K Play ( 2010 ) Dora 's Cooking Club Manual Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Unveils New Generation Of Content For New Generation Of Kids At Annual Upfront Presentation '' ( Press release ) . Reuters. 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Villaneda , Rebecca ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` ' Dora and Friends ' : New Spin - off Will Star the Little Latina Heroine '' . Hispanic Business . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon `` Dora And Friends : In The City '' TV Show `` . Nickutopia. 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Peel , Sarah ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon Announces Dora and Friends : Into the City '' . BSC Kids . Archived from the original on 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dora & Friends Music Video -- Video Clip -- Nick Jr . '' . nickjr.com . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times ( 18 August 2014 ) . `` Dora the Explorer is growing up and getting a spinoff series '' . latimes.com . External links Dora The Explorer on Nick Jr . Australia Dora The Explorer On Nick Jr . US Dora The Explorer On Nick Jr . UK Dora The Explorer on Treehouse Dora The Explorer On Nick Canada Dora the Explorer on IMDb Nick Jr. original programming Former 1980s debuts Eureeka 's Castle ( 1989 -- 1995 ) 1990s debuts Nick Jr . Rocks ( 1991 ) Dick Bruna 's Miffy Story Books ( 1992 ) Gullah Gullah Island ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Allegra 's Window ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Little Bear ( 1995 -- 2003 ) Blue 's Clues ( 1996 -- 2006 ) Franklin ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Maisy ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 64 Zoo Lane ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Phred on Your Head Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Little Bill ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Dora the Explorer ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Maggie and the Ferocious Beast ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Tiny Planets ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Oswald ( 2001 -- 2003 ) The URL with Phred Show ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Play with Me Sesame ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Oobi ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Miffy and Friends ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Moose and Zee ( 2003 -- 2012 ) Connie the Cow ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Whoopi 's Littleburg ( 2004 ) Blue 's Room ( 2004 -- 2007 ) LazyTown ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends ( 2004 -- 2008 ) The Backyardigans ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cooking for Kids with Luis ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Pinky Dinky Doo ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Go , Diego , Go ! ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Jack 's Big Music Show ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Wonder Pets ! ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Wow ! Wow ! Wubbzy ! ( 2006 -- 2010 ) The Upside Down Show ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Yo Gabba Gabba ! ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Ni Hao , Kai - Lan ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Toot & Puddle ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Olivia ( 2009 -- 2011 ) The Fresh Beat Band ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 2010s debuts Pocoyo ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Team Umizoomi ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Bubble Guppies ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Franklin and Friends ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Mike the Knight ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Tickety Toc ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Lalaloopsy ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Julius Jr. ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Fresh Beat Band of Spies ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Current Teletubbies ( since 1997 ) Max & Ruby ( since 2002 ) Peppa Pig ( since 2003 ) Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom ( since 2009 ) Dino Dan ( since 2010 ) Mia and Me ( since 2011 ) Play Along with Sam ( since 2013 ) PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) Wallykazam ! ( since 2014 ) Zack & Quack ( since 2014 ) Dora and Friends : Into the City ! ( since 2014 ) Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) Hey Duggee ( since 2014 ) Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) Nick Jr . Puppies ( since 2015 ) Mutt & Stuff ( since 2015 ) Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) Miffy 's Adventures Big and Small ( since 2015 ) Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Rainbow Rangers ( Fall 2017 ) Butterbean 's Café ( 2017 ) Top Wing ( 2017 ) Abby Hatcher ( 2017 ) See also Nickelodeon on CBS Nickelodeon Book Nickelodeon portal Children 's programming on CBS in the 2000s First - run animated series Dora the Explorer ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Little Bill ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Little Bear ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Franklin ( 1998 -- 1999 ; 2000 -- 2002 ) Kipper ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Maisy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Maggie and the Ferocious Beast ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Oswald ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Bob the Builder ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Hey Arnold ! ( 2002 -- 2004 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 2004 ) As Told by Ginger ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Pelswick ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Rugrats ( 2003 ) ChalkZone ( 2003 -- 2004 ) All Grown Up ! ( 2004 ) Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Backyardigans ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Go , Diego , Go ! ( 2006 ) Horseland ( 2006 -- 2008 ; 2011 ) Strawberry Shortcake ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Sushi Pack ( 2007 -- 2009 ) DinoSquad ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Busytown Mysteries ( 2009 -- 2013 ) First - run live - action series Blue 's Clues ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Brothers García ( 2004 ) LazyTown ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Cake ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Dance Revolution ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Rebroadcasts Madeline ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Sabrina 's Secret Life ( 2006 -- 2008 ; 2010 -- 2011 ) Care Bears : Adventures in Care - a-lot ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Noonbory and the Super Seven ( 2009 ) Sabrina : The Animated Series ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Schedules 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dora_the_Explorer&oldid=800028777 '' Categories : Dora the Explorer 2000 American television series debuts 2015 American television series endings 2000s American animated television series 2010s American animated television series American children 's adventure television series American children 's animated television series American children 's fantasy television series English - language television programs Children 's television characters Fictional Hispanic and Latino American people Fictional explorers Nick Jr. shows Telemundo network shows Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Univision network shows Peabody Award - winning television programs 2000s Nickelodeon shows 2010s Nickelodeon shows CBS network shows Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hawaiʻi हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kurdî Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 05 : 46 . 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who wrote the dora the explorer theme song
[ "\n\nDora the Explorer\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nChildren's adventure\n\n\nCreated by\nChris Gifford\nValerie Walsh Valdes\nEric Weiner\n\n\nDirected by\nGeorge S. Chialtas\nGary Conrad\nHenry Lenardin-Madden\nSherie Pollack\nArnie Wong\nJyllian Gunther (Voice)\n\n\nVoices of\n\n\n\nCaitlin Sanchez\nKathleen Herles\nFátima Ptacek\nHarrison Chad\nRegan Mizrahi\nMarc Weiner\nAlexandria Suarez\n\n\n\n\n\nTheme music composer\n\n\n\nJoshua Sitron\nBilly Straus\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nDora the Explorer Theme\n\n\nEnding theme\nvarious closing themes\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\n\n\n\nEnglish\nSpanish\nFrench\n\n\n\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n8\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n172 (aired) (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nChris Gifford\n\n\nProducer(s)\nValerie Walsh Valdes\n\n\nEditor(s)\n\n\n\nGayle McIntyre\nKaryn Finley Powell\nDavid Wigforss\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes approx., 45 minutes (specials)\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nStinky Hawk Productions\nNick Jr. Productions (Season 1-4)\nNickelodeon Productions. (Season 5-8)\nNickelodeon Animation Studio\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\nViacom Media Networks\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nNickelodeon\n\n\nPicture format\n\n\n\n480i: SDTV (2000–2012)\n1080i: HDTV (2012–2014)\n\n\n\n\n\nOriginal release\nAugust 14, 2000 (2000-08-14) – June 5, 2014 (2014-06-05)\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nFollowed by\nDora and Friends: Into the City!\n\n\nRelated shows\nGo, Diego, Go!\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.nickjr.com/dora-the-explorer/\n\n", "\n\nDora the Explorer\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nChildren's adventure\n\n\nCreated by\nChris Gifford\nValerie Walsh Valdes\nEric Weiner\n\n\nDirected by\nGeorge S. Chialtas\nGary Conrad\nHenry Lenardin-Madden\nSherie Pollack\nArnie Wong\nJyllian Gunther (Voice)\n\n\nVoices of\n\n\n\nCaitlin Sanchez\nKathleen Herles\nFátima Ptacek\nHarrison Chad\nRegan Mizrahi\nMarc Weiner\nAlexandria Suarez\n\n\n\n\n\nTheme music composer\n\n\n\nJoshua Sitron\nBilly Straus\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nDora the Explorer Theme\n\n\nEnding theme\nvarious closing themes\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\n\n\n\nEnglish\nSpanish\nFrench\n\n\n\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n8\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n172 (aired) (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nChris Gifford\n\n\nProducer(s)\nValerie Walsh Valdes\n\n\nEditor(s)\n\n\n\nGayle McIntyre\nKaryn Finley Powell\nDavid Wigforss\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes approx., 45 minutes (specials)\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nStinky Hawk Productions\nNick Jr. Productions (Season 1-4)\nNickelodeon Productions. (Season 5-8)\nNickelodeon Animation Studio\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\nViacom Media Networks\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nNickelodeon\n\n\nPicture format\n\n\n\n480i: SDTV (2000–2012)\n1080i: HDTV (2012–2014)\n\n\n\n\n\nOriginal release\nAugust 14, 2000 (2000-08-14) – June 5, 2014 (2014-06-05)\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nFollowed by\nDora and Friends: Into the City!\n\n\nRelated shows\nGo, Diego, Go!\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.nickjr.com/dora-the-explorer/\n\n" ]
[ "Joshua Sitron", "Billy Straus" ]
6047375045381111321
Circle of Life
Circle of Life - wikipedia Circle of Life Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Disney song . For other uses , see Circle of life . `` Circle of Life '' Single by Elton John from the album The Lion King : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released 9 August 1994 Format CD , vinyl record ( 7 `` ) , audio cassette Recorded Santa Monica , California April 1994 BOP Recording Studios Mmabatho , South Africa Length 4 : 51 Label Walt Disney , Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Elton John ( music ) Tim Rice ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Hans Zimmer Mark Mancina Jay Rifkin Chris Thomas Elton John singles chronology `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) Audio sample file help Audio sample file help `` Circle of Life '' is a song from Disney 's 1994 animated film The Lion King . Composed by Elton John , with lyrics by Tim Rice , the song was performed by Carmen Twillie ( the deep female lead vocals ) and Lebo M. ( opening Zulu vocals ) as the film 's opening song . In an interview , Rice said he was amazed at the speed with which John composed : `` I gave him the lyrics at the beginning of the session at about two in the afternoon . By half - past three , he 'd finished writing and recording a stunning demo . '' Elton John sang a pop version ( with alternative lyrics ) of the song with the London Community Gospel Choir , which was included in the film 's soundtrack and made into a music video . `` Circle of Life '' was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1994 , along with two other songs from The Lion King : `` Hakuna Matata '' and `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' which won the award . The song reached No. 11 in the UK and No. 18 in the United States and is featured frequently in attractions based on The Lion King , such as Disney theme parks and parades . Michael Crawford sang it as part of a medley for The Disney Album in 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theatrical version 1.1 Act I 1.2 Act II 2 Circle of Stars version 3 98 ° version 4 Other languages 4.1 Movie version 4.2 Musical version 5 In popular culture 6 Charts 6.1 Certifications 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Bibliography Theatrical version ( edit ) Rafiki lifts Simba into the air with Mufasa and Sarabi looking on , in the original London version of The Lion King musical . Act I ( edit ) In the theatrical adaption , the opening sequence is noticeably different from the opening of the film . For example , the song is sung by Rafiki instead of an off - screen female narrator . With the sun rising over the Pride Lands , Rafiki commences the start of the production by singing the opening chant of the song and summoning the animals of the Pride Lands for the presentation of baby Simba . As the first two verses of the musical number end , a representation of Pride Rock appears on stage carrying its two reigning rulers , Sarabi cradling the small puppet representing her son in her arms with Mufasa alongside her . As the choir chants excitedly in the background , Rafiki accompanies the two monarchs to the top of Pride Rock to bless the cub before raising him high in the air , singing joyfully alongside the chorus as the gathered animals bow before their new prince . Act II ( edit ) At the end of Act II , Simba 's friends and family acknowledge him as the rightful king after Scar 's defeat . Rafiki crowns Simba with the mantle of kingship after his victory and Simba ascends Pride Rock . There he gives a mighty roar which echoes across the whole kingdom , and the animals come back to the Pride Lands to recognise and salute Simba as the rightful king . The musical ends as Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub to all of the animals , followed by a blackout that finishes Act II and leads to the curtain call at the end of the performance . The assembly of animals that appear are slightly different from the beginning of Act II . There are no wildebeests and adult elephant , only two zebras instead of three , three gazelles instead of four , and half of the bird performers instead of four . Only the baby elephant , the rhino , the giraffes , three cranes , the cheetah , and the birds appear as poles on cranes as kites . Circle of Stars version ( edit ) `` Circle of Life '' Single by Disney Channel Circle of Stars from the album DisneyMania 2 Released 7 October 2003 Format Digital download , CD single Recorded 2003 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Elton John ( music ) Tim Rice ( lyrics ) Disney Channel Circle of Stars singles chronology `` Circle of Life '' ( 2003 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 2005 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 2003 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 2005 ) The song was re-recorded in 2003 by the Disney Channel Circle of Stars , a group of actors and actresses who have appeared in Disney Channel television series and original movies . The line - up was significantly different when their next rerecording , `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes , '' was released two years later . 98 ° version ( edit ) `` Circle of Life '' Single by 98 ° Released 22 September 2017 Format Digital download Recorded 2017 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Elton John ( music ) Tim Rice ( lyrics ) 98 ° singles chronology `` Impossible Things '' ( 2013 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 2017 ) `` Impossible Things '' ( 2013 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 2017 ) In 2017 American boyband 98 ° recorded a cover version of the song to help promote a re-release of The Lion King on Blu - ray as part of the Disney Signature Collection . The single was released as a digital download on 22 September 2017 . Other languages ( edit ) Movie version ( edit ) With the usual number of dubs normally released by Disney , for The Lion King , a special Zulu dub was made in South Africa . This is not just the only Zulu dub ever made by Disney , but also the only dub made in any African language , other than Arabic . In 2003 , in the Arabic and Polish versions , the song was re-dubbed , while the rest of the dub remained as such . Jocelyn B. Smith ( German ) received a gold record as an award for her performance . Beside the official dubs , several local TV stations made their own dub of the movie , or re-dubbed an existing version , in local languages . Namely : Arabic , Armenian , Austrian German , Crimean Tatar , Kabardian , Nogai , and Tamil . ( show ) `` Circle of Life '' in other languages Language Performer Title Translation Arabic Unknown جالا الحديدي ( Jala El - Hadidi ) `` دائرة الحياة '' ( `` Dâ'iratu - l Hayât '' ) `` Circle of Life '' Brazilian Portuguese Zezé Motta `` O Ciclo Sem Fim '' `` The Endless Circle '' Bulgarian Стефка Оникян ( Stefka Onikyan ) ( bg ) `` Свят и вечен закон '' ( Svyat I Vechen Zakon ) `` A Holy And Eternal Law '' Cantonese 甄楚倩 ( `` Yan Choh - Sin '' ; Yolanda Yan ) ( zh ) `` 旋轉 的 世界 '' `` Spinning World '' Castilian Spanish Táta Vega `` El ciclo de la vida '' `` The cycle of life '' Croatian Jadranka Krištof `` Život teče u krug '' `` Life goes in circles '' Czech Jitka Zelenková ( cs ) `` Život proudív nás '' `` Life is flowing '' Danish Lise Dandanell ( da ) `` En verden af liv '' `` A World of Life '' Dutch Barbara Dex `` De Levenscyclus '' `` The Circle of Life '' Estonian Silvi Vrait `` Eluring '' `` Life Circle '' Finnish Anneli Saaristo `` Elämän tie '' `` The road of Life '' French Debbie Davis ( fr ) `` L'histoire de la vie '' `` The story of life '' German Jocelyn B. Smith `` Der ewige kreis '' `` The endless circle '' Greek Βιβή Κίτσου ( Vivi Kitsou ) `` Ο κύκλος ζωής '' ( `` O kyklos zois '' ) `` The circle of life '' Hebrew Ruti Holtzman `` גלגל החיים '' ( `` Galgal Hachayim '' ) `` The wheel of life '' Hindi Unknown जीवन का चक्र ( `` Jeevan Ka Chakra '' ) `` The survival of life '' Hungarian Andrea Szulák ( hu ) `` Az élet az úr '' `` Life is the master '' Icelandic Berglind Björk Jónasdóttir `` Hringras Lifsins '' `` Call Grass life '' Indonesian Unknown `` Roda Kehidupan '' `` Circle of Life '' Italian Ivana Spagna `` Il cerchio della vita '' `` The circle of life '' Japanese 宮園 ゆかり ( Miyazono Yukari ) `` サークル ・ オブ ・ ライフ '' ( `` Sākuru Obu raifu '' ) `` Circle of Life '' Korean 이정현 ( Lee Jung - hyun ) `` 자연 의 섭리 '' ( `` Chayŏne sŏlli '' ) `` The providence of nature '' Latin American Spanish Táta Vega `` El ciclo sin fin '' `` The endless cycle '' Malaysian Unknown `` Kitaran Kehidupan '' `` The cycle of life '' Norwegian Marianne Antonsen ( no ) `` Livets sirkel '' `` Circle of Life '' Polish Joanna Dark Beata Bednarz ( pl ) `` Krąg życia '' `` Circle of Life '' Portuguese Ana Paulino `` O ciclo sem fim '' `` The endless circle '' Romanian Andreea Poruțiu `` Povestea - i a ta '' `` The story belongs to you '' Russian Анна Вавилова ( Anna Vavilova ) `` Жизни вечный круг '' ( `` Zhizni Vechnyj Krug '' ) `` Eternal circle of life '' Serbian Александра Радовић ( Aleksandra Radović ) `` Životni krug '' `` Circle of Life '' Slovak Jana Kocianová ( sk ) `` Kolobeh Života '' `` Circle of Life '' Slovene Diana Lečnik `` Krog Živjenja '' `` Circle of Life '' Swedish Meta Roos ( sv ) `` En värld full av liv '' `` A world full of life '' Taiwanese Mandarin Unknown `` 生生 不 息 '' ( `` Shēngshēng bù xī '' ) `` Endless '' Thai สาย สุ นี ย์ สุข ก ฤต ( Saisunee Sukkrit ) `` วิถี แห่ง ชีวิต '' ( `` Wit̄hī h̄æ̀ng chīwit '' ) `` Circle of Life '' Turkish Zuhal Olcay `` Hayatın Çarkı '' `` The Wheel of Life '' Ukrainian Наталя Єфименко ( Natalia Efimenko ) `` Коло життя '' ( `` Kolo zhyttya '' ) `` Circle of Life '' Zulu Mara Iouw `` Indlela impilo '' `` Way of life '' Musical version ( edit ) Like it happened with the movie , when the musical was translated into other languages , the song also was translated . The versions below are those that are available for the public through cast recordings of the respective productions . The Brazilian and Korean productions were the only non-English productions of the show that did n't have a cast recording released at the time the show played in the respective countries . ( show ) `` Circle of Life '' in other languages Language Performer Title Translation Dutch Nomvula Dlamini ( 2004 studio recording ) / Gugwana Dlamini ( 2016 live recording ) `` Alles ademt en leeft '' `` Everything breathes and lives '' English Tsidii Le Loka ( Broadway cast recording ) / Buyi Zama ( South African cast recording ) `` Circle of Life '' European Spanish Brenda Mhlongo `` El ciclo vital '' `` The vital cycle '' French Zama Magudulela `` Le cercle de la vie '' `` The circle of life '' German Velephi Patricia Mnisis `` Der Ewige Kreis '' `` The endless circle '' Japanese N / A `` ザ ・ サークル ・ オブ ・ ライフ '' ( Za sākuru Obu raifu ) `` The circle of life '' Latin American Spanish Shirley Hlahatse `` El ciclo vital '' `` The vital cycle '' In popular culture ( edit ) Due to the film 's impact on popular culture , the song `` Circle of Life '' is often referenced in other media . The opening to The Lion King was parodied in an episode of the 1990s cartoon Animaniacs , in which the theme of `` Circle of Life '' was parodied with `` Surprises in Life '' , with vocals by Jim Cummings and Cree Summer as lead singer . The Tenth Doctor finds himself subconsciously quoting `` Circle of Life '' during a confrontation with the Sycorax leader in the 2005 Christmas special of the revived Doctor Who series , `` The Christmas Invasion '' . In one of Disney 's many self - references , `` The Circle of Life '' appeared as a false beginning of the film Chicken Little , when Buck was trying to open the movie . South Park did a parody song called The Circle of Poo that shows the endless circle of food and defecation in the episode A Very Crappy Christmas . It is currently the main theme song for Disney 's Animal Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort . Disney 's Epcot park currently features a cinema - type film called Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable from 1995 with Timon , Pumbaa , and Simba discussing environmental topics at the Walt Disney World Resort as well . At the 2011 White House Correspondents ' Dinner , President Barack Obama jokingly claimed he was going to show his long - form birth video , spoofing an earlier controversy about refusing to show his long - form birth certificate to prove he was , in fact , born in the United States . The opening chant was played from the film , and Simba was seen being lifted to the skies . This was used to poke fun at Obama 's alleged Kenyan heritage . New York Mets outfielder Yoenis Cespedes started using the song as his walk - up music during the 2016 MLB season . The Japanese band Da Pump recorded a cover version of the song in 2003 . It is also used in the Modern Family pilot when Mitch and Cam introduce Lily to the family . On 28 May 2017 , the song was used in Stadio Olimpico during Francesco Totti 's farewell , after the winning match of AS Roma against Genoa C.F.C. for 3 - 2 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 60 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Mainstream Top 40 26 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Hal Leonard Corporation publishes the song by the fuller title of `` Circle of Life ( with Nants ' Ingonyama ) . '' Jump up ^ Josh Wilmes , ed. ( 24 May 1994 ) . `` The Lion King : Film Notes '' . lionking.org . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/Elton-John-Circle-Of-Life/release/5807958 Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ( ed . ) . The Playbill Broadway Yearbook : June 2008 -- May 2009 : Fifth Annual Edition . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 174 Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2001 , p. 379 . Jump up ^ Rosental 2001 , p. 380 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Company . ( 1998 ) . The new illustrated treasury of Disney songs ( 5th ed . ) . Milwaukee , Wisc. : Hal Leonard . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 9365 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Willis 2000 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Academy Awards Nominees and Winners by Category '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 98 Degrees Singing ' Circle of Life ' Is the ' 90s Throwback We Did n't Know We Needed '' . Disney . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Circle of Life ( From `` The Lion King '' ) -- Single `` . iTunes Store . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zulu '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Lumi Tiikeri ( 16 August 2015 ) , The Lion King -- Circle of Life ( Nogai ) , retrieved 30 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` TLK Soloists '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Série `` MPB na ABL '' apresenta espetáculo `` Zezé Motta -- 45 anos de carreira '' '' ( in Portuguese ) . Academia Brasileira de Letras. 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ ' The Lion King ' Speciale Uitvoering -- Discogs.com Jump up ^ Discogs.com Jump up ^ Jocelyn B. Smith 's biography -- Discogs.com Jump up ^ `` TLK Soloists '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obama lampoons Trump , releases ' birth video ' at annual dinner '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yoenis Cespedes walks up to ' Circle of Life , ' hits walk - off homer to a guy in a Simba costume '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 12 Feb 1995 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Elton John -- Circle of Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Elton John -- Circle of Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Tracks '' ( PHP ) . RPM. 60 ( 15 ) . 31 October 1994 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Hit Tracks & Where to Find Them '' ( PHP ) . RPM. 60 ( 16 ) . 7 November 1994 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- John , Elton Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Circle of Life '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Elton John search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Elton John -- Circle of Life '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Elton John -- Circle of Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Elton John -- Circle of Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Elton John Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Elton John : Charts & Awards -- Billboard Singles '' . United States : AllMusic . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lion King Circle of Life Lyrics The Lion Kong -- Circle of Life on YouTube ( official upload by DisneyMusicVEVO ) Bibliography ( edit ) Rosenthal , Elizabeth ( 2001 ) . His Song : The Musical Journey of Elton John . Billboard Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 8893 - 5 . Willis , John ( 2000 ) . Screen World 1995 Film Annual . Volume 46 . Applause Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 233 - 7 . The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television and short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography Book : Elton John Category : Elton John Hilary Duff Awards and nominations Discography Songs Tours Studio albums Santa Claus Lane Metamorphosis Hilary Duff Dignity Breathe In . Breathe Out . Compilation albums Most Wanted 4ever Hilary Best of Hilary Duff Live and video albums All Access Pass The Girl Can Rock Learning to Fly Singles `` Why Not '' `` So Yesterday '' `` Come Clean '' `` Little Voice '' `` Our Lips Are Sealed '' `` Fly '' `` Someone 's Watching Over Me '' `` Wake Up '' `` Beat of My Heart '' `` Supergirl '' `` Play with Fire '' `` With Love '' `` Stranger '' `` Reach Out '' `` Chasing the Sun '' `` All About You '' `` Sparks '' `` Little Lies '' Books Elixir Devoted Clothing brands and fragrances Stuff by Hilary Duff With Love ... Hilary Duff Femme for DKNY Related Haylie Duff Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_Life&oldid=810366849 '' Categories : 1994 singles Pop ballads Rock ballads Songs from The Lion King Elton John songs Songs with lyrics by Tim Rice Songs with music by Elton John Theme music Song recordings produced by Chris Thomas ( record producer ) Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) EngvarB from October 2017 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Japanese - language text Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 20 : 47 . 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who sings circle of life in the movie
[ "\"Circle of Life\"[note 1] is a song from Disney's 1994 animated film The Lion King. Composed by Elton John, with lyrics by Tim Rice,[4] the song was performed by Carmen Twillie (the deep female lead vocals) and Lebo M. (opening Zulu vocals) as the film's opening song.[5] In an interview, Rice said he was amazed at the speed with which John composed: \"I gave him the lyrics at the beginning of the session at about two in the afternoon. By half-past three, he'd finished writing and recording a stunning demo.\"[6] Elton John sang a pop version (with alternative lyrics) of the song with the London Community Gospel Choir, which was included in the film's soundtrack and made into a music video. \"Circle of Life\" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1994, along with two other songs from The Lion King: \"Hakuna Matata\" and \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" [7][8] which won the award.[7]", "\"Circle of Life\"[note 1] is a song from Disney's 1994 animated film The Lion King. Composed by Elton John, with lyrics by Tim Rice,[4] the song was performed by Carmen Twillie (the deep female lead vocals) and Lebo M. (opening Zulu vocals) as the film's opening song.[5] In an interview, Rice said he was amazed at the speed with which John composed: \"I gave him the lyrics at the beginning of the session at about two in the afternoon. By half-past three, he'd finished writing and recording a stunning demo.\"[6] Elton John sang a pop version (with alternative lyrics) of the song with the London Community Gospel Choir, which was included in the film's soundtrack and made into a music video. \"Circle of Life\" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1994, along with two other songs from The Lion King: \"Hakuna Matata\" and \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" [7][8] which won the award.[7]" ]
[ "Carmen Twillie", "Lebo M." ]
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Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour
Pass me not , O gentle Saviour - Wikipedia Pass me not , O gentle Saviour Jump to : navigation , search Pass Me Not , O Gentle Savior Pass , me not O gentle Saviour , Hear my humble cry . While on others Thou art calling , Do not pass me by . Saviour , Saviour , Hear my humble cry . While on others Thou art calling , Do not pass me by . Let me at Thy throne of mercy , Find a sweet relief . Kneeling there in deep contrition , Help my unbelief . Saviour , Saviour , Hear my humble cry . While on others Thou art calling , Do not pass me by . Trusting only in Thy merit , Would I seek Thy face , Heal my wounded , broken spirit , Save me by Thy grace . Frances J. Crosby , 1868 `` Pass Me Not , O Gentle Savior '' is a 19th - century American hymn written by Frances J. Crosby in 1868 , set to music by William H. Doane in 1870 . The hymn has been recorded by singers including Reggie Houston , Cyrus Chestnut , Bill Gaither , and Lyle Lovett . Bob Dylan performed this song live to open five concerts in his 2002 American tour . In 1991 hip hop artist MC Hammer released a version of the hymn entitled `` Do Not Pass Me By '' on his fourth album , Too Legit to Quit . Gospel artist Tramaine Hawkins appeared on the song as a guest vocalist . A music video was produced for this single which charted as well . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Darlene Neptune ( 1938 ) . Fanny Crosby Still Lives . Pelican Publishing . ISBN 14 - 556 - 0413 - 5 . Jump up ^ Guye Johnson ( 1986 ) . Treasury of Great Hymns and Their Stories . Bob Jones University Press . ISBN 08 - 908 - 4249 - 3 . Jump up ^ Variety Radio Directory . Variety , Incorporated. 1938 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics and commentary on Dylan 's performances at Not Dark Yet This Christian music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pass_Me_Not,_O_Gentle_Saviour&oldid=769432198 '' Categories : American Christian hymns Songs with lyrics by Fanny Crosby 1868 songs 1868 in Christianity MC Hammer songs Christian song stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 March 2017 , at 14 : 25 . About Wikipedia
who wrote the song pass me not oh gentle saviour
[ "\"Pass Me Not, O Gentle Savior\" is a 19th-century American hymn written by Frances J. Crosby in 1868,[2] set to music by William H. Doane in 1870.[3]" ]
[ "Frances J. Crosby" ]
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What You Leave Behind
What You Leave Behind - wikipedia What You Leave Behind Jump to : navigation , search For the Ricochet album , see What You Leave Behind ( album ) . `` What You Leave Behind '' Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode The Federation Alliance fleet prepares for the final battle over Cardassia Prime Episode no . Season 7 Episode 25 & 26 Directed by Allan Kroeker Written by Ira Steven Behr Hans Beimler Featured music Dennis McCarthy Production code 575 & 576 Original air date June 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 02 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Rosalind Chao - Keiko O'Brien Jeffrey Combs - Weyoun Salome Jens - Female Changeling Penny Johnson - Kasidy Yates Andrew Robinson - Elim Garak Casey Biggs - Damar Marc Alaimo - Gul Dukat Aron Eisenberg - Nog J.G. Hertzler - General Martok Barry Jenner - Admiral Ross Deborah Lacey - Sarah Sisko Julianna McCarthy - Mila Hana Hatae - Molly O'Brien Mel Johnson , Jr . - Legate Broca Greg Ellis - Ekoor Cyndi Pass - Ginger James Darren - Vic Fontaine Louise Fletcher - Kai Winn Kevin Scott Allen - Jem'Hadar Christopher Halsted - Jem'Hadar First Mark Allen Shepherd - Morn Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Dogs of War '' Next → -- List of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episodes `` What You Leave Behind '' is the series finale of the television show Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , the 175th and 176th overall episodes , and the 25th and 26th episodes of the seventh season . The episode was written by showrunner Ira Steven Behr and Hans Beimler and directed by Allan Kroeker . It originally aired on June 2 , 1999 . Set in the 24th century , the series is centered on Deep Space Nine , a space station located near a stable wormhole between the Alpha and Gamma quadrants of the Milky Way Galaxy . The final episode of the series , `` What You Leave Behind '' sees the end of the Dominion War as the alliance of Starfleet , the Klingons , Romulans and rebel Cardassians launch a final attack against the Dominion on Cardassia Prime , as well as the resolution of Dukat and Kai Winn 's dealings with the Pah - wraiths on Bajor . The episode was mainly well - received , with most critics considering it a satisfying end for the series , though the final confrontation between Sisko and Dukat was largely criticized . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Broadcast 3.2 Critical reception 4 References 4.1 Notes 4.2 Citations 5 External links Plot ( edit ) On Deep Space Nine , as they prepare to embark on a potentially final , decisive offensive in the Dominion War , Bashir wakes up with Ezri , O'Brien talks with his family about accepting a transfer back to Earth , and Sisko comforts a pregnant , nauseated Kasidy . While heading for battle on the Defiant , Sisko 's mother Sarah , a Prophet of Bajor , appears to him in a vision , telling him his most important challenge is `` not before you , but behind you . '' The battle between the Jem'Hadar / Breen / Cardassian and Federation / Klingon / Romulan fleets then begins . Kira , Garak , and Damar , hiding on Cardassia Prime , incite a revolt and sabotage Cardassia 's power grid , cutting off communication between the Dominion fleet and the command center . In retaliation , Weyoun and the diseased Founder order the Jem'Hadar to wipe out an entire Cardassian city . Kira , Garak , and Damar are then captured , but as the Jem'Hadar prepare to execute them , the Cardassian soldiers turn on their former Jem'Hadar allies in revenge for the destruction of their city . As Starfleet and their allies are experiencing heavy losses , the Cardassian ships switch sides when they learn of the atrocity , turning the tide of the battle . When the Founder discovers this , she orders the eradication of the Cardassian race , and the Jem'Hadar begin leveling entire cities . The Dominion fleet retreats and regroups around Cardassia Prime , and the alliance fleet prepares to mount a final offensive . Kira and her team storm the command center , capture the Founder , and kill Weyoun , but Damar is killed in the process . The Founder refuses to surrender , choosing instead to make the battle as costly as possible for the alliance . As Sisko prepares for the assault on Cardassia , Odo beams to the command center , and tries to reason with the Founder . She argues that her people will never be safe from the solids , but Odo defends the Federation 's intentions , despite its flaws , and links with her over Kira and Garak 's objections , curing her disease . She then orders her forces to surrender . Odo explains to Kira that he has agreed to cure the other Founders as well , but needs to join them permanently , so he can persuade the rest of them to trust solids instead of dominating them . Meanwhile , Bashir and Garak are reunited in the command center as a flood of casualty reports indicate over 800 million Cardassians have been systematically murdered . Bashir tries to reassure him that Cardassia will recover , but Garak laments that it will never be the same . Meanwhile , on Bajor , Dukat , still disguised as a Bajoran , and Kai Winn , who has turned against the Prophets , travel to the fire caves with an ancient book to release the Pah - wraiths , but find the caves dark and barren . Winn recites a chant that releases the Pah - wraiths , filling the cave with fire , then poisons Dukat as a sacrifice , expecting to become the wraiths ' emissary . However , the wraiths possess Dukat instead , resurrecting him and restoring his Cardassian appearance . A peace treaty is signed on DS9 , and the crew celebrates in Vic 's lounge , but Sisko suddenly realizes he must go to the fire caves . He attacks Dukat , but Dukat easily subdues him with his newfound powers . Winn tries to destroy the book when she realized she made a mistake by turning against the Prophets , but Dukat kills her . While Dukat is distracted , Sisko attacks Dukat , falling with him and the book into the fiery chasm . Sisko suddenly finds himself in the Celestial Temple , where Sarah tells him that the Pah - wraiths have been returned to their prison in the fire caves and will never emerge again , and it is time for him to rest with the Prophets , having completed his task . The DS9 crew is puzzled by Sisko 's disappearance until he comes to Kasidy in a vision , telling her that he has moved on to a new stage of his life . He assures her he will return , though he does n't know when , and she promises to be waiting for him . The crew splits up : O'Brien will teach at Starfleet Academy , Odo will join the Founders , and Worf joins Martok by becoming Federation ambassador to Qo'noS . Odo refuses to give Quark the satisfaction of a fond farewell , but Quark interprets it favorably anyway . Kira takes Odo to the Founders ' planet , where they bid farewell , and Odo sinks into the Link and cures the disease . Bashir and Ezri discuss their future together . Nog discusses his promotion to lieutenant with Kira , now the station 's commander , before she goes to Quark 's to shut down his betting ring on who will be the new Kai . Quark then tells Morn , `` the more things change , the more they stay the same . '' Finally , Kira finds Jake on the promenade , and they both look out as the wormhole opens , knowing that her friend and his father now resides in the Celestial Temple . Production ( edit ) Ira Steven Behr co-wrote the episode ; he was the showrunner of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and wrote 53 episodes overall The episode was written by Ira Steven Behr and Hans Beimler , and directed by Allan Kroeker . An early draft of the script saw Sisko dying during the final battle at Cardassia , only to be resurrected by the Prophets to fight the Pah - wraiths . Furthermore , Sisko 's joining with the Prophets following Dukat 's defeat was originally going to be permanent , but actor Avery Brooks was `` uncomfortable with the notion of a black man abandoning his pregnant black wife '' ; the line was rewritten upon Brooks 's request to indicate that he would someday return . Keith DeCandido praised this move in his review . The producers also entertained the idea of a final shot of Benny Russell ( from `` Far Beyond the Stars '' and `` Shadows and Symbols '' ) sitting outside a studio holding a script for Deep Space Nine . The final day of filming took place at Vic 's lounge . In the episode , during the party , many of the background hologram characters are actually production staff and recurring cast members without their makeup and prosthetics . This is also one of two Star Trek series finales in which Jeffrey Combs , Michael Dorn , and Colm Meaney all appear ; Combs would later appear in the Star Trek : Enterprise series finale `` These Are the Voyages ... '' as Shran while Dorn and Meaney had already appeared in the Star Trek : The Next Generation series finale `` All Good Things ... '' as Worf and O'Brien . This episode was novelized by Diane Carey , who would also go on to novelize Star Trek : Voyager 's finale , `` Endgame '' . Carey had also novelized `` The Search '' , `` The Way of the Warrior '' , `` Trials and Tribble - ations '' , and the season six six - episode opening arc . An official series of novels , the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine relaunch , chronicles multiple characters ' exploits following the events of this finale ; otherwise , Worf is the only character to appear on - screen after this series , appearing in Star Trek : Nemesis . Martok has a drink on Cardassia to Ross ' and Sisko 's disgust ; the three had previously promised to drink a toast on Cardassia in `` Tears of the Prophets '' . O'Brien finds the figure of William B. Travis in his home , having accused Bashir of losing the figure previously in `` The Changing Face of Evil '' . When signing the armistice that ends the Dominion War , Admiral Ross quotes General Douglas MacArthur 's speech following Japan 's surrender at the end of World War II . Quark quotes Jean - Baptiste Alphonse Karr with the final line of the show , `` The more things change , the more things stay the same . '' O'Brien and Bashir 's montage includes footage from `` The Changing Face of Evil '' , `` A Simple Investigation '' , `` The Storyteller '' , `` Inquisition '' , `` Trials and Tribble - ations '' , `` The Die is Cast '' , `` Rivals '' , and `` Explorers '' . The music cues used prior to the montage are from `` The Minstrel Boy '' , established in the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode `` The Wounded '' as a song O'Brien sang when he served on the USS Rutledge . Worf 's montage includes footage from `` The Way of the Warrior '' , `` Our Man Bashir '' `` Penumbra '' , `` Tacking into the Wind '' , and `` Strange Bedfellows '' . There are no clips featuring Jadzia Dax as the studio and Terry Farrell could not work out compensation for her appearance in the clips . Odo and Kira 's montage includes footage from `` The Abandoned '' , `` His Way '' , and `` Chimera '' . Quark 's montage includes footage from `` Shadows and Symbols '' , `` The Ascent '' , `` Homefront '' , `` Bar Association '' , `` Take Me Out to the Holosuite '' , and `` Badda - Bing Badda - Bang '' . Jake Sisko 's montage includes footage from `` Emissary '' , `` The Nagus '' , `` The Jem'Hadar '' , `` The Visitor '' , `` The Ascent '' , `` Explorers '' , and `` ... Nor the Battle to the Strong '' . In 2017 , eighteen years after the episode aired , Ira Steven Behr announced a crowdfunded documentary named What We Left Behind , deriving its title from the name of this episode ( which itself is based on the Pericles quote , `` What you leave behind is not what is engraved in stone monuments , but what is woven into the lives of others '' ) , which met its goal of $150,000 within 24 hours . The documentary will reflect on Star Trek : Deep Space Nine 's legacy , featuring interviews with the cast and crew of the series and speculating on what would have happened had there been an eighth season . Reception ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) `` What You Leave Behind '' was first shown on June 2 , 1999 in broadcast syndication . It was the twenty - fifth and twenty - sixth episodes of the seventh and final season and received Nielsen ratings of 5.4 percent on the first broadcast . It was the highest - rated episode of the season . Critical reception ( edit ) Keith DeCandido reviewed the episode for Tor.com and , while praising the resolution to the Dominion War , felt that it failed as the finale to Deep Space Nine , stating that the end of the war and the end of the TV series were not synonymous . He expressed disappointment in the series ' failure to resolve Sisko 's primary goal of getting Bajor into the Federation . DeCandido compared the episode to other Star Trek series finales , writing , `` TNG revisited the trial of humanity by the Q from its first episode , Voyager got our heroes home from the Delta Quadrant , and Enterprise ended with Earth helping form the Coalition of Planets that would eventually mutate into the Federation . But DS9 blew the landing by treating the show like Star Trek : The Dominion War . '' He rated the episode 6 / 10 . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club referred to it as an imperfect series finale . He felt that of the `` handful of deaths in `` What You Leave Behind , '' ( ... ) Damar 's is the only one that really stings . '' Reflecting on the way in which everyone went their separate ways , Handlen wrote , `` That 's what this finale is about to me . Not the end of the war , or the death of some bad guys , but the reminder that there are so many stories that go on without us . '' Jamahl Epsicokhan of Jammer 's Reviews summarized the episode as a `` poignant and satisfying end to the final arc and the series . '' Like Handlen , he was `` somewhat disappointed '' by Damar 's death , as it came in `` an action scene and with very little fanfare . '' As a key element of the story arc , Epsicokhan stated `` it 's almost as if there simply was n't time to deal with the death of the man who would 've been the leader of a new Cardassia . The notion seemingly is : He 's dead ; on with the story . '' He ultimately felt that the episode made for a nice ending , writing that the `` closing sense is more one of ' life goes on ' '' , and gave the episode 3.5 / 4 stars . Both Epsicokhan and Den of Geek 's Gem Wheeler favorably noted the comparisons between the final shot of the episode and the events of `` The Visitor '' , with Wheeler writing that the latter episode gains in emotional impact after watching the series finale . Many reviewers criticized the Pah - wraith storyline and its resolution . DeCandido had been heavily critical of the direction of Dukat 's character following `` Sacrifice of Angels '' , writing `` There 's an argument to be made that the world would 've been a better place if ( '' Sacrifice of Angels `` ) was Dukat 's last appearance '' , as well as the Pah - wraiths following their introduction in `` The Assignment '' , writing that the evil counterparts of the wormhole aliens were `` so lazy '' , `` something out of a bad 70s adventure show '' , and `` one of the most wrongheaded plot devices in DS9 's history '' ; with exception to `` Covenant '' , where he had written that `` The fact that this is ( ... ) the only Pah - wraith episode that does n't have alien possession , glowing eyes , and people firing ray - beams out of their fingers is not a coincidence ( as to why he liked the episode ) '' , he had repeatedly said how much he despised `` the entire concept of the Pah - wraiths '' . He saw the final confrontation between Sisko and Dukat as `` a stupid side plot involving fire caves , glowy eyes , magic books , and a simply endless amount of shouting '' , leading to a `` totally absurd confrontation '' which reduced the `` alienness of the Prophets ( and ) the depth of the rivalry between Sisko and Dukat ( to ) yelling at each other and then tumbling into a fire '' , labeling it as `` cheap - ass melodrama . '' Zack Handlen was more forgiving , summarizing `` The end of the Pah - Wraith saga is functional without being in any way good . Winn and Dukat get their just desserts , but neither of their fates are thrilling or insightful . ( ... ) Given all the build - up , this was n't much of a resolution . '' Jamahl Epsicokhan shared some of DeCandido 's sentiments `` concerning the nature of Dukat 's twists and turns since his downfall last season in `` Sacrifice of Angels '' `` , writing that `` '' Waltz '' was a powerful episode but left Dukat headed in a direction that did n't seem nearly as interesting as the complex layers in what came before . '' While Epsicokhan found the `` epic struggle of good vs. evil , Prophet vs. Paghwraith , ( sic ) Sisko vs. Dukat ( ... ) entertaining ( ( with ) plenty of neat - looking fire and fury ( to ) help set the stage of melodrama ) , '' he felt that Deep Space Nine had `` always been more compelling when dealing with shades of grey , not cut - and - dry absolutes . '' Epsicokhan wrote that if Sisko , Winn , and Dukat 's final confrontation had n't been such a letdown , he would have rated the episode 4 / 4 stars . Based on user ratings , `` What You Leave Behind '' holds a 9.2 / 10 and a 9.0 / 10 on TV.com and an 8.7 / 10 on IMDb . The episode won the 2000 Best Television Episode SyFy Genre Award . In a poll conducted on the official Star Trek website to determine the best episode of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , `` Trials and Tribble - ations '' won , leaving the staff to ponder why `` remarkable episodes as `` The Visitor , '' `` What You Leave Behind , '' `` Duet '' and `` Far Beyond the Stars '' '' did n't receive the necessary votes to challenge the winner in earlier rounds . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ DeCandido had previously reviewed `` All Good Things ... '' and had given it a `` warp factor rating '' of 10 / 10 . Jump up ^ TV.com lists `` What You Leave Behind '' as two separate episodes rather than as one double - length episode . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : DeCandido , Keith ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Rewatch : `` What You Leave Behind '' `` . Tor.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Handlen , Zack ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek : Deep Space Nine : `` What You Leave Behind '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Epsicokhan , Jamahl . `` ( DS9 ) Jammer 's Review : `` What You Leave Behind '' `` . Jammer 's Reviews . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What We Left Behind : Star Trek Deep Space Nine Doc '' . Indiegogo . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burt , Kaytl ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Documentary Gets Crowdfunding Campaign '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Deep Space Nine * SEASON 7 NIELSEN RATINGS '' . WebTrek . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeCandido , Keith ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Rewatch : `` All Good Things ... '' `` . Tor.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Gem ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episodes '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DeCandido , Keith ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Rewatch : `` Sacrifice of Angels '' `` . Tor.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DeCandido , Keith ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Rewatch : `` The Assignment '' `` . Tor.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DeCandido , Keith ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Rewatch : `` Covenant '' `` . Tor.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Deep Space Nine - Season 7 , Episode 25 : What You Leave Behind ( 1 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Deep Space Nine - Season 7 , Episode 25 : What You Leave Behind ( 2 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Star Trek : Deep Space Nine '' What You Leave Behind ( TV Episode 1999 ) `` . IMDb . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinman , Michael ( October 1 , 2007 ) . `` ' 300 , ' ' Battlestar Galactica ' Take Top Prizes In Genre Awards '' . Airlock Alpha . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com staff ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Star Trek `` Tribble - ations '' Wins Best DS9 Episode Poll `` . StarTrek.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : What You Leave Behind `` What You Leave Behind '' on IMDb `` What You Leave Behind , Part I '' at TV.com `` What You Leave Behind , Part II '' at TV.com What You Leave Behind at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) What You Leave Behind , Part I at StarTrek.com What You Leave Behind , Part II at StarTrek.com Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episodes Seasons 5 6 7 Season 7 `` Image in the Sand '' `` Shadows and Symbols '' `` Afterimage '' `` Take Me Out to the Holosuite '' `` Chrysalis '' `` Treachery , Faith , and the Great River '' `` Once More unto the Breach '' `` The Siege of AR - 558 '' `` Covenant '' `` It 's Only a Paper Moon '' `` Prodigal Daughter '' `` The Emperor 's New Cloak '' `` Field of Fire '' `` Chimera '' `` Badda - Bing Badda - Bang '' `` Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges '' `` Penumbra '' `` ' Til Death Do Us Part '' `` Strange Bedfellows '' `` The Changing Face of Evil '' `` When It Rains ... '' `` Tacking into the Wind '' `` Extreme Measures '' `` The Dogs of War '' `` What You Leave Behind '' Star Trek Cardassian stories The Next Generation `` The Wounded '' `` Ensign Ro '' `` Chain of Command '' `` The Chase '' `` Lower Decks '' `` Journey 's End '' `` Preemptive Strike '' Deep Space Nine `` Emissary '' `` Duet '' `` The Homecoming '' `` The Circle '' `` Cardassians '' `` Necessary Evil '' `` Profit and Loss '' `` The Maquis '' `` The Wire '' `` Tribunal '' `` Second Skin '' `` Civil Defense '' `` Defiant '' `` Destiny '' `` Improbable Cause '' `` The Die is Cast '' `` The Way of the Warrior '' `` Indiscretion '' `` Return to Grace '' `` Things Past '' `` The Darkness and the Light '' `` In Purgatory 's Shadow '' `` By Inferno 's Light '' `` Ties of Blood and Water '' `` Empok Nor '' `` Call to Arms '' `` A Time to Stand '' `` Sons and Daughters '' `` Behind the Lines '' `` Favor the Bold '' `` Sacrifice of Angels '' `` Waltz '' `` Wrongs Darker Than Death or Night '' `` Tears of the Prophets ' `` Penumbra '' `` ' Til Death Do Us Part '' `` Strange Bedfellows '' `` The Changing Face of Evil '' `` When It Rains ... '' `` Tacking into the Wind '' `` The Dogs of War '' `` What You Leave Behind '' Voyager `` Caretaker '' `` State of Flux '' `` Dreadnought '' `` Nothing Human '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_You_Leave_Behind&oldid=809729963 '' Categories : Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ( season 7 ) episodes American television series finales 1999 American television episodes Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 00 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
final episode of star trek deep space nine
[ "\"What You Leave Behind\" is the series finale of the television show Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the 175th and 176th overall episodes, and the 25th and 26th episodes of the seventh season. The episode was written by showrunner Ira Steven Behr and Hans Beimler and directed by Allan Kroeker. It originally aired on June 2, 1999." ]
[ "\"What You Leave Behind\"" ]
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List of Lorien Legacies characters
List of Lorien Legacies characters - wikipedia List of Lorien Legacies characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters appearing in the Lorien Legacies series of young adult science fiction books , written under the pseudonym Pittacus Lore . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Lorien Elders 2 The Garde 2.1 Number One 2.2 Number Two 2.3 Number Three 2.4 Number Four 2.5 Number Five 2.6 Number Six 2.7 Number Seven 2.8 Number Eight 2.9 Number Nine 2.10 Number Ten 3 The Cêpan 3.1 Hilde / Hessu 3.2 Conrad Hoyle 3.3 Henri / Brandon 3.4 Rey / Albert 3.5 Katarina / Katar 3.6 Adelina / Adel 3.7 Reynolds 3.8 Sandor 3.9 Crayton 3.10 Daxin 3.11 Other Cêpan 4 The Mogadorians 4.1 Setrákus Ra 4.2 Andrakkus Sutekh 4.3 Adamus Sutekh 4.4 Ivanick Shu - Ra 4.5 Kelly Suteck 4.6 Dr. Lockam Anu 4.7 Rexicus Saturnus 4.8 Commander Deltoch 4.9 Phiri Dun - Ra 4.10 Shadow Mog 4.11 Skinny Mog 4.12 Dr. Zakos 4.13 General Rahn 5 Humans 5.1 Sarah Hart 5.2 Samuel Goode 5.3 Malcolm Goode 5.4 Mark James 5.5 Emily 5.6 Héctor Ricardo 5.7 Maddy 5.8 Wade 5.9 Devdan 5.10 Lola 5.11 Agent Walker 5.12 Agent Purdy 5.13 Emma 5.14 Ethan 5.15 Senator Sanderson 5.16 Daniela Morales 6 Chimærae 6.1 Bernie Kosar 6.2 Olivia 6.3 Dust 6.4 Stanley 6.5 Biscuit 6.6 Gamera 6.7 Regal 6.8 Bandit 7 Pikens and Krauls 8 Other Loric 8.1 Pittacus Lore 8.2 Julianne 8.3 Four 's Grandfather 8.4 Lara and Liren 8.5 Arun and Lyn 8.6 Loridas 8.7 Janus 8.8 Devektra 8.9 Nine 's Grandfather 8.10 Erina 8.11 Raylan 8.12 Lexa / GUARD 8.13 Zophie 8.14 Zane 9 The Secret Wars 10 The Phoenix Stones 11 Loric Objects 11.1 Loralite 11.2 Healing Stone 11.3 Lorien Crystal 11.4 Xitharis 11.5 Macrocosm 11.6 Joust Rod / Pipe - Staff 11.7 Diamond dagger 11.8 Red Bracelet 11.9 Sustenance 11.10 Dark Pair of Glasses 11.11 Tree Branch 11.12 Pair of Dark Gloves 11.13 Duplicator 11.14 Hidden Blade 11.15 Obsidian Flute 11.16 X-ray Pebble 11.17 Purple Pebble 11.18 Green Crystal 11.19 Liquid Loralite 11.20 Leather Pouch 11.21 White Tablet 11.22 Loric Salt 11.23 Loric Chests 11.24 Loric Pendants 12 Possible Legacies 13 References 14 External links The Lorien Elders ( edit ) The Elders were 10 Loric Garde that acted as the protectors and / or politicians of Lorien who had discovered the Phoenix stones , they rewarded Lorien with legacies and chimæra . Originally there were ten Lorien Elders , but due to the Secret Wars ; the conflict between the Loric and the Mogadorians , the tenth Elder had supposedly died during this time . There was a prophecy which said that an unknown evil that will destroy and take Lorien by surprise . This soon led to Pittacus Lore 's evacuation protocol for the nine Loric children that were supposed to assume the Legacies and Inheritance that will exceed their predecessors ; this would happen when the time comes . When the time was near the Elders left Lorien ; Pittacus Lore at this time went to seek out Malcolm Goode , he told Malcolm everything he is needed to do . Soon Malcolm describes in The Fall of Five that Pittacus Lore died later that night from fatal battle wounds . It is revealed in The Revenge of Seven that Setrákus Ra , the leader of the Mogadorians and sworn enemy to the nine Garde is the tenth Elder of Lorien that ' died ' during the Secret War . It is suggested that each of the nine Loric children will assume the Inheritance and Legacies of one of the Elders , therefore one of the nine Loric children will assume the title of Pittacus Lore . the original Pittacus Lore ; the immortal of about 10,000 years old , has apparently been living on Earth for the past 12 years and is the predicted to be the author of the books , many other Pittacus Lores after him have taken on the title as becoming an Elder with eight other Loric . Many believe that they do not live up to his name and some believe that they exceed the original by far . The Pittacus Lore that Malcolm had talked was most likely to have been the Pittacus Lore that had assumed the title at that time , it is also hinted that Number Eight 's friend Devdan might have been the original Pittacus . Setrákus Ra was banished from the Elders and Lorien for his psychotic nature and plans for the future of Lorien , he soon changed his genetic code to look more like a Mogadorian , so that they would accept his plans for the future . Pittacus Lore gave Setrákus Ra the purplish scar around his neck once the Elders found out about Setrákus Ra 's plans ; Pittacus and Setrákus Ra were able to communicate with each other . Elders known ( so far ) : Pittacus Lore - The leader of the Lorien Elders ; it is said he had ' all Legacies ' , meaning he had every Legacy known to Loric . In the Fate of Ten , Legacy shows Ella that the current Pittacus Lore had 74 legacies copied with his Ximic and an unknown amount of his own naturally developed legacies . Number Four , Nine and / or Eight were originally thought to be Pittacus Lore due to them being able to communicate through dreams to Setrákus Ra , as Pittacus did . Four has now emerged as the Elder who will assume Pittacus Lore 's role - Four has developed the Ximic legacy , which allows him to imitate and perfect any and all legacies he observes . Known Legacies : Ximic : One of the rarest legacies , it allows the user to copy and master any legacy met . Glacen : In the Fate of Ten he has fire in one hand and ice in the other , may be elemental control . Lumen : It is shown he can create fire and light from his hands , controlling it may be elemental control or pyrokenises Miras : Like Nine , he can transfer his abilities as he does so to Loridas Dreyden : He copied Dreyden from Setrakus Ra . Avex : Like Five he learnt how to fly . Chlorokenises : The manipulation of plants , he makes a flower grow out of a bare canyon . Aeturnus : He never aged in the Fate of Ten , probably gotten through Ximic from Loridas Telekineses : Like all Garde , he has telekineses . Enhancements : Unlike normal Garde , he has enhanced speed , strength and stamina , more so than Lorien garde standards . Others : Loridas - Loridas was an Aeternus like Ella and Ra , the Loric to assume the title of Loridas supposedly gave his life to get Ella off Lorien was proven to be a lie told by Crayton , it is unknown who will take the role of Loridas out of the nine Garde . It is revealed in The Revenge of Seven that Setrákus Ra was cast from Lorien and also has Aeternus . Setrákus Ra - Setrákus Ra was the tenth Elder of Lorien before he was banished . He is an Aeternus like Ella and Loridas , and is the great - grandfather of Ella and grandfather of Raylan . Even though Ella is not a part of the Elders ' plan to save Lorien and Earth , she will most likely assume the role , Legacies and Inheritance of Setrákus Ra . The Garde ( edit ) As they 're described in I Am Number Four , the Garde are the protectors of Lorien and the ones who , in their teenage years , develop Legacies -- superhuman powers to aid them in defense . When Lorien is conquered by the Mogadorians , nine Garde children are sent away from their planet to Earth , as well as a tenth being sent separately , and before the original nine are separated , a charm is cast upon them that protects them from harm by the Mogadorians , and ensures that they must be killed in order , one through nine , as long as they are kept apart . It is revealed in The Power of Six that they were chosen by Lorien itself to follow in the footsteps of the ten original elders . In The Fallen Legacies , Adamus counts how many of the Garde were boys and girls , but Number One as a ghost finds him and he never reveals how many . If nature is left alone to run its course uninterrupted , the ten garde will eventually grow into legacies that will far exceed that of the original ten elders . Number one ( edit ) Number One , a 14 - year - old girl , was killed in Malaysia , according to the back cover of the novel , I Am Number Four . In the film , One was mentioned but not seen as she died when Number Four was at the age of nine . Her history is revealed in I am Number Four : The Lost Files : The Fallen Legacies . One was discovered by the Mogadorians as her picture was taken by the police , as well as her ankle mark , after she attempted shoplifting to impress a guy . She was known to be rebellious as said by Hilde . She was followed by the Mogadorians to Malaysia , where she met her end . She developed her first legacy , but it was too late as her telekinesis was off and earthquake powers did not last long , because she often skipped training lessons to spend time with Wade , a boy she liked . She was killed when a Mogadorian came up from behind and stabbed her with a sword . Her deceased body was taken by the Mogadorian to infiltrate her memories to find any information on the other Garde members . Adamus , the son of a Mogadorian General was selected for the infiltration due to his similar age with One . During Adamus 's infiltration , One appears as a ghost and controls what memories Adamus sees . After Adamus ' three - year coma , One still appears as a ghost in Adamus ' mind . She convinces Adamus to switch sides and try to help Number Two and Number Three although both Adamus 's attempts fail . She continues to appear to Adamus , who survived the events of `` The Fallen Legacies '' , in the `` Lost Files : The Search for Sam '' but her ghostly image is slowly fading away . She tries to convince Adam to find the Garde but fails to convince him . When her condition worsens Adam attempts to save her by returning to his kind in Ashwood . After a failed attempt to be infiltrated into One 's memories , Adam finally succeeds after One convinced him to `` go out swinging '' . One reveals that there was no way to save her and that she needed him to see the real side of his family so that he can go join the Garde . She also gives Adamus her legacy and shares a kiss with him after he professed his love for her , strongly hinting that she has feelings for him also , and fades away forever . In The Forgotten Ones , her memory lives on through Adamus , who misses her and acknowledges that while she may be gone , he will fight on for her . She was known to have tan skin and long blond hair , which Adamus notices as he `` checks her out '' . Her Legacies include : Terric - With this Legacy , a Garde can emit seismic vibrations , allowing him or her to create highly controlled earthquakes . Telekinesis - Like all Garde , One can move objects with her mind . Enhancement - All Garde possess enhanced physical strength , speed , reflexes , endurance and durability . Number Two ( edit ) Number Two , or Maggie Hoyle , a twelve - year - old Loric girl who is known to have glasses , freckles and reddish brown hair , created an Internet message in an attempt to find the others , likely in desperation after her Cêpan was killed by Mogadorians . Because of this , the Mogadorians found and murdered her in London , England . She was too young to have had legacies . In The Power of Six , numbers Four , Six , and their friend Sam talk about Number Two 's post . The post read `` Nine , now eight , are the rest of you out there ? '' . Six says that she and her Cêpan Katarina responded saying , `` We are here '' . Seconds later , Two dies and Six and her Cêpan flee for fear of being caught . Four also reveals that his Cêpan Henri saw the post and tried to hack into the computer to delete the message to save Two , but he was too late . Seven almost responded , but decided against it , wisely as it turns out . When the posting was deleted just after Two was killed , they had assumed the Mogadorians deleted it . But in the Fallen Legacies , it is revealed that it was Adamus Sutekh , a young Mogadorian boy who tried to help the Loric , who deleted the blog post to save the other Loric who responded , but sadly it did not work as Six and her Cêpan were caught . Adamus had tried to help Two by posing as a Loric . However , even when Two learns that he is a Mogadorian , she does n't attack him because she believes he is there to help her . Adamus ' brother , Ivanick finds Two and Adamus ( he believes that Adamus was trying to trick Two ) and stabs Two in the throat with a dagger , killing her . Even though she was only twelve years old , Two displayed an addiction to reading all kinds of books , in `` The Fallen Legacies '' , when Adamus is trying to rescue her she questions him on a lot of books , Adamus then finds in her packed bag more books . This might have been the start up to Legacies such as Heightened Intuition or Super-Intelligence . Number Three ( edit ) Number Three , or Hannu , a fourteen - year - old Loric boy and the youngest of the original nine Loric who were sent to Earth , appears at the beginning of the first book being hunted down by the Mogadorians in Kenya and is killed soon after the death of his Cêpan . In The Fallen Legacies , it is revealed that Three was found when someone noticed his scars on his ankle . Hannu greets Adamus and Ivannik in the African village he lives near and says he has been in Kenya his whole life , meaning that he and his Cêpan stayed in Kenya even after Numbers One and Two died , although this may just be a cover story . Adamus tries to tip off Hannu when he recognizes Hannu as a Loric due to his high socks which cover his scars , but Ivannik interrupts Adamus 's attempt when he is invited to play basketball by Hannu . In I Am Number Four John says that Three was completely off the grid when the Mogadorian found him . Three and his Cêpan are killed when the Mogadorians ambush their shack in the middle of the night . His Cêpan was killed when he investigated outside when he heard a noise . Three manages to get out of the shack just as the Mogs got in . He ran at incredible speed while a Piken chased him . He made an amazing leap over a cliff onto the other side , but the General was waiting there . He choked , then stabbed Three in the chest . Three was defiant until the end , telling the General he would never win . In The Fallen Legacies , it is revealed that Ivanick , Adamus 's adoptive brother , was the one who saw Three 's scars , which led the General to him . Three 's legacies included : Enhancement - All Garde possess enhanced physical strength , speed , reflexes , endurance and durability . Three used it to run away from the Mogs and jump over the ravine in the first book . Telekinesis - It is possible that he inherited Telekinesis like all the other Garde ( or he might have been too young ) It is unknown what other legacies he had although he might have had enhanced agility . Number Three is portrayed by Greg Townley in the film adaptation . Number Four ( edit ) Number Four , or John Smith , is 16 years old ( as of The Power of Six ) . He is the protagonist and narrator of the first novel , I Am Number Four , half of The Power of Six and The Rise of Nine , and one third of The Fall of Five and The Revenge of Seven , John is Number Four in the sequence protecting the nine Lorien children living and hiding on Earth . He is described as being a fit , very attractive young man with dark blonde hair . He has four circular scars on his right ankle , symbolizing the three dead Lorien children , and a scar similar to the pendant all the Lorien children wear , signifying the charm that protects them . John also has a chimæra named Bernie Kosar . John falls in love with high school junior Sarah Hart in the first book . Four also has a friend named Sam Goode who travels with him and Six in a search for his father who he believes to be a prisoner of the Mogadorians . His Cêpan was named Henri , who dies at the end of the first book . In The Power of Six he develops feelings for number Six as well , although these subside in the third book , and his feelings for Sarah take over . At the end of the second book , Four and Nine go North in an attempt to find Six ( and Seven and Ten and Crayton , although they do n't know that Ten , Seven and Crayton are with Six at the time , as she went to save them from a few hundred Mogs ) . It is revealed in the third book that he may be the Garde who inherits all of Pittacus Lore 's powers , with Nine and Eight as the other two possibilities since they all have visions about Setrakus Ra , the Mog leader . In The Fall of Five , he locates Five and brings him to the penthouse . After Five takes all the other Garde to Florida , John dreams a vision of the future where the Mogs rule Earth with Ella ( as Setrakus Ra 's successor ) and Five ( revealing him as a traitor ) . As he wakes , the Mogs attack and take Ella . After the fight , John meets Adam . Even though John is suspicious of him , He takes Sam 's and Malcolm 's word about Adam and recruits him . In the Revenge of Seven , He leads Adam , Sam , Malcolm , and the Chimera to attack Ashwood Estates . He fought the General and was almost killed by him ( Adam saved him by killing his own father ) . John gains more respect for Adam and convinces him to keep his dad 's sword . When the remained Garde arrived , Agent Walker appears to join the Group and takes John , Sam , and Nine to NYC to intercept a rogue senator , but only to find him betrayed by the Mog enhancements . John uses his Healing power to full extent to save the senator to try to get him to expose Setrakus Ra . However , the fleet arrives . John and Nine arrive at Setrakus Ra 's presentation and exposes him for what he is . After Five tells John about the charm placed on Ella , John prevents some federal agents hurting Setrakus Ra . Also , John was unable to rescue Ella , but was spared by Setrakus Ra for two reasons : 1 ) for helping him from the Feds and 2 ) to watch the Earth `` BURN '' . Later , John and Sam try to make their way out of NYC with some survivors . When a Piken almost killed John , Sam saved him by using his own newly developed telekinesis . His Legacies include : Lúmen ( Pyrokinesis ) - John 's first legacy ( the first being animal telepathy , which he did n't realise he had ) : The ability to produce fire , heat , and light from the users hands , and a resistance to heat , fire , and burns throughout the entire body . John 's grandfather had this power . In recent books , he 's been using it to create fireballs to throw at enemies . Telekinesis - The ability to move objects with one 's mind . All Garde have this legacy , it takes John a much longer time than average for his to develop . Anima - John 's second legacy : The ability to communicate with animals . Although technically his first legacy , he discovered this Legacy later , near the end of the book one . Healing - John 's third legacy , developed at the end of the third book when Sarah is gravely injured and dying . Marina ( Seven ) has a healing ability as well , but while John describes his as a spreading warmth , Marina feels an icy shiver . Ximic - allows him to copy every legacy . Just like Pittacus Lore . He finds out in the end of The Fate of Ten . Enhancement - All Garde possess enhanced physical strength , speed , reflexes , endurance , and durability . In the film adaptation , Number Four is portrayed by Alex Pettyfer . Number Five ( edit ) Number Five is a boy and the oldest of the nine . In Rise of Nine Number Five is seen by Six in a fantasy that she creates while in an abandoned grocery store in New Mexico , desperate for food . She sees Four , Five , Seven , Eight , Nine and Ten all sitting with her at a large table as she prepares a meal for them all . Five is seen socializing with Nine , talking about the places they had been and seen . Later Five gets up and retrieves a chocolate cake for all of them to eat . Five was likely on a plane traveling over Brazil , landed in Jamaica , and might be crossing the Atlantic Ocean . In `` The Fall of Five '' , Five is found after burning his symbol into a corn field . After reuniting with the Garde , He tells them he buried his chest on an island off the coast of Florida in the Everglades , so He , Six , Seven , Eight , and Nine go to retrieve it . Once there , Five reveals himself to be a traitor , having been working with the Mogadorians ever since his Cepan died of a disease . He attempts to kill Nine but instead kills Eight ( who teleported in front of Nine to save him ) by stabbing him through the heart , fulfilling the prophecy which was thought to be avoided . He was then attacked by Seven , who develops a new Legacy , and takes out his eye . In Five 's Legacy , he is thirteen years old with a skinny build and long hair . He lives on an island with Albert whose real name is Rey , and eventually develops the power of Telekinesis . When Rey dies , Five stays on the island for a while until he sets sail . His destination is for Martinique , but he ends up flying to South Beach , Florida . He meets a cute girl named Emma and they work together as pickpockets . Eventually , they meet a Mogadorian ally named Ethan . Ethan makes Five ( who is under the alias of Cody ) and Emma work for him . One day , a job in a warehouse goes bad and Five uses his telekinesis to attack Emma 's brother and a few other men . Emma knocks Five out with a pipe , then Five is taken under the care of Ethan . Five and Ethan spend the next year living in a luxurious mansion . One day Five discovers that Ethan is working with the Mogadorians . Ethan reveals that they have Nine in `` custody '' . Five later goes to an FBI building with Ethan the next day . He meets a Mogadorian who gives him a folder with the picture of the person he must kill to join the Mogadorians . The book ends there . In Five 's Betrayal , the person he must kill is Number Nine in order to prove himself . He is promised greatness : a commander among them , to be the ruler of North America ( US and Canada ) , and to be the `` Right Hand of the Beloved Leader '' . He was even tested when he was made to kill Emma , but still passed ( letting her live ) when he decided to make use out of her brother . During Nine 's escape with Four , Ethan was severely injured from green lava . Also , Ethan is believed to have helped in Nine 's escape , so Setrakus Ra has him kill Ethan to prove himself . After killing Ethan , Five makes preparations to infiltrate the remaining Garde . Also , he finds a letter from Ethan stating that he 'll probably be already dead because he is no longer useful , but that Five should continue to live on ; putting himself first before anybody else , including Setrakus Ra . At the end of the book , it is revealed he plans to get the other Garde to join , except for Nine , whom he holds a personal vendetta against since his escape caused Ethan 's death . Five is regarded the Mog 's `` most valuable asset '' , their secret weapon ( double agent , etc . ) and the Right Hand of Setrakus Ra . In `` The Revenge Of Seven '' , Five is first seen depressed over Eight 's death while Six , Marina , and Nine were invisible . He somehow knew they were there , saying he 's sorry . He allowed them to take Eight 's body , killing Commander Deltoch in the process . He later arrived on the Anibus with Setrakus Ra and Ella , who is now engaged to him . Five was used as a guinea pig to test out Ella 's Dreyen power . Right before arriving in NYC , Five was feeling sick and tired of conflict , so tried to escape the ship with Ella . However , Setrakus Ra intercepted him , dubbing him his greatest and last mistake . During the fight , he was using his Externa without his two balls , revealing that his previously empty eye socket is now being used as a storage space . When Ella 's Telekinesis almost throws Setrakus Ra off the ship , Five stabs Setrakus in the shoulder , but it turns out Setrakus Ra 's charm on Ella transfers all of his injuries to her . Unhurt , Setrakus Ra grabs , beats , and hurls Five off the ship . Five recovers in arrives where John and Nine expose Setrakus Ra , knowing what will happen to Ella if they try to kill him . He is last seen fighting Nine at the end of Revenge of Seven . In United as One Five teaches John how to use his Ximic to copy Five 's flying , he slowly tortures Phili - Dun - Ra , rather than killing her and charges Setrakus Ra to be turned into black goop . John and Marina then figure out Five escaped because of a YouTube video as Marina shows John where Five is . He is last seen on an abandoned island . Avex - Ability to fly Externa ( matter absorption ) - Ability to take on the qualities of whatever he 's touching , i.e. : metal , rubber , diamond , etc . Telekinesis - Like all Garde , Five can move objects with his mind . Compared to the rest of the Garde , his Telekinesis appears to be the strongest as he was able to subdue Six , Seven , Eight , and Nine . Enhancement - All Garde possess enhanced physical strength , speed , reflexes , endurance , and durability . Number Six ( edit ) Six or Number Six , also known as Maren Elizabeth ( formerly `` Sheila , '' `` Kelly , '' and `` Veronica '' ) , is 16 - years old . In I Am Number Four : The Lost Files : Six 's Legacy , her Cêpan Katarina names Six as a Warrior . She is perhaps the most developed in both battle technique and military strategy of the Garde we have met thus far , due to the need to fend for herself for the last three years , but is a close tie with Nine . She is the only other Lorien child in I Am Number Four apart from Number Four / John Smith . Six is described as beautiful , with long black hair , olive - toned skin , hazel - blue - green eyes , high cheekbones , a wide mouth , and being two inches shorter than Number Four . In The Rise of Nine preview she bleaches her hair blonde . Her Cêpan , Katarina , died three years before the novel begins . It is later revealed that she was once called Maren Elizabeth , though Four and Sam still call her Six . Both boys like her , though she chooses Sam when she talks with Sarah in The Rise Of Nine . At the end of the second book Six , Seven , Ten ( Ella ) and Ten 's unofficial Cêpan Crayton 's goals are to locate Five , Eight and their Chimaeras , then meet Four and Nine in America . In the third book , Six and the others discover Eight and try to have him teleport to New Mexico , but are separated . Stuck in New Mexico Six is captured and to an underground base controlled by Mogs and the FBI , where she is forced to fight Setrakus Ra , the leader of the Mogadorians , and is defeated . She also meets Sarah , who was also held captive , and understands that Sarah was truly the one for Four and did not turn him in . The girls are reconciled and mend their friendship . During her confrontation with Ra , he transforms into her and has Six pinned up on the wall covered in a black rock . After the Garde , except for Five , manage to hurt Ra , Six escapes her prison and reunites with her friends , swearing to kill Ra the next time they see him . Six meets Nine for the first time . In The Revenge of Seven , Six has to keep Seven and Nine on a tight leash , as they are filled with rage following what happened to Eight . Later on , it is revealed that she and Sam are becoming more romantically attached to each other . She , Seven , and Adam take Eight 's body to the Mayan temple , Calakmul . After Eight 's body is possessed by Lorien itself , she argues with them to do something about the Mogadorian Invasion in recompense for all their hardships and sacrifices . -- - She faces off with Ra at the end of The fate of ten and thrusts a sharp metal pole straight into his body using telekinesis . However , he survives only to be cut down by her later in united as one . Her Legacies include : Novis - Her first Legacy , developing in a Mogadorian dungeon , which she used to escape . In I Am Number Four , she uses it to find Four in the school by sneaking around the Mogadorians . It can also be used to turn other people and objects invisible via touch . Four 's grandfather had this power . Sturma - The ability to manipulate the four basic elements ( fire , water , earth , and air ) . She tells this to Number Four in I am number four when they cremate Henri , and she manipulates the previously lit fire . She can also channel this Legacy to control the weather , which includes air pressure , strength and velocity ( demonstrated in The Fall of Five during the training session ) . Due to writer Jobie Hughes leaving the series , and partially James Frey changing some details throughout the series , many people have been confused with Six 's Legacies being Weather Manipulation . It is revealed in The Lost Files : Six 's Legacy , that she develops this legacy when she is Mexico when Two was killed . Storm clouds starting to generate unnaturally above her , as the scar for Two was burning her flesh . Telekinesis - Like all Garde , Six can move objects with her mind . Enhancement - All Garde possess enhanced physical strength , speed , reflexes , endurance and durability . Six is portrayed by Teresa Palmer in the film adaptation Number Seven ( edit ) Number Seven , or Marina , is a few months short of the age of 18 years and she is described as being tall with a lean build , with long dark hair and solemn , thoughtful eyes . She and Adelina , her Cêpan , have stopped moving around , unlike the other Cêpan - Garde pairs . They have lived at the Santa Teresa convent in Spain for the past 10 years . She becomes best friends with seven - year - old Ella in The Power of Six when Ella was brought to the monastery . The Mogadorians apparently located her long ago , as John finds a note saying that she was being `` trailed in Spain '' , but due to the number - order , she could not be attacked until the charm was broken or One through Six were killed . Seven believed that Four was a Garde when she read about the Paradise High School explosion . Her beliefs are confirmed by Six . When she and her Cêpan are attacked by Mogadorians , Ten and Crayton reveal themselves as Lorics and Six arrives to help fight off the Mogadorians . Seven 's Cêpan however is killed along with Hector , a human Seven befriended who attempted to help her escape . Seven , Six , Ella and Crayton intend to find the other Garde members and their Chimaeras , before they go to America to find Four and Nine . In The Rise of Nine the gang is revealed to be traveling to the Himalayas , where they discover Number Eight . Marina finds him attractive and ends up having feelings for him , hinting a love interest for her . They discover a cave of drawings that reveal past and future events , one of which showing Number Eight being stabbed in the chest , which upsets Marina . After Crayton is killed by an ambush by Mogadoriens , Eight uses his teleporting ability and escape , but end up separating from Six in the process , appearing in two different areas . They met up with Four and Nine in New Mexico where they find the entrance to a secret base and try to rescue Six from Setrakus Ra , but are tricked by him as he takes the form of Six and stabs Eight in the chest , causing one of the drawings to come true . Once getting back their powers from Ra , Marina is able to save Eight from death and she shares a kiss with him . The book ends with entire Garde , except for Five , banding together to escape the underground base . In `` The Fall of Five '' , she and Eight start developing romantic feeling for each other . She and Eight join Five , Six , and Nine to recover Five 's Chest in Florida . However , Five reveals this true colors , wanting to kill Six and Nine , but offering Seven and Eight to join . After Eight sacrifices himself for Nine , Seven becomes enraged at Five and discovers her new Cryokinesis Legacy , taking Five 's Eye in the Process . In `` The Revenge of Seven '' , Seven desires vengeance for Eight 's death . When wanting to kill Five when he was alone , Five allowed them to take Eight 's body , when it was ordered to deliver Eight 's body and pendant to Setrakus Ra , She let her hate go , stating that he is lost and alone . She kept Eight 's body close , even taking it to the Mayan temple , Calakmul . She helps begin the process of restarting Lorien , which in turn , appears to be resurrecting Eight . However , it was actually Lorien itself , stating that Eight was lost and his body ca n't hold him for long ( as it begins to crack ) . After Lorien is finished with its speech , Eight did seem to come back to life and he and Seven shared a kiss , only afterwards , Seven falls into despair when Eight 's body dissolved into light . However , Seven sensed that Lorien was already spreading it gifts and that the Garde are n't alone anymore . Her known Legacies include : Cúrio - She can affect humans , plants and Loric , including herself though it tires her a lot . She heals Héctor 's mother of a degenerative incurable disease . When she uses this power , an icy cold sensation runs through her fingers and body . Noxen - She has the power to see in the dark . She tells Six that she has it in The Fate of Ten . Submari - Marina discovered she could breathe underwater when she almost drowned in a lake . Glacen - The ability to manipulate , create and control any type of ice , Seven shows in The Fall of Five that she was radiating cold , which made Five shiver , and his tears freeze . She used this Legacy against Five after he killed Eight by making large icicles shoot out of the ground , one of them impaling his foot and another ripping out his eye . Also in The Fate of Ten she turns the rain created by Six into hail and slams them into the Mogadorians . Telekinesis - Like all Garde , Seven can move objects with her mind . Enhancement - All Garde possess enhanced physical strength , speed , reflexes , endurance and durability . Like Nine , her speed is greater than most Garde . She can run as fast as a speeding car . Number Eight ( edit ) Number Eight , or Joseph ( also known as `` Naveen '' and `` Vishnu '' ) , is a boy living in the Himalayas of northern India . He 's already developing powers , such as Telekinesis , as he was seen moving rocks with his mind . Eight is one of the most powerful Loric so far , after Nine , and has deep emerald green eyes with long , black , curly hair . He had to learn how to control legacies on his own due to his Cêpan dying . Locals think he 's the Hindu god Vishnu reincarnated , apparently because he can change his appearance into that of beasts and other beings . Crayton also mentions that he could be the chosen one who inherited Pittacus Lore 's powers thus all of the legacies and can kill Setrakus Ra . It is said that Pittacus Lore had `` All Legacies '' and was able to take on Setrakus Ra ( which resulted in Ra 's scar on his throat ) . Eight was originally named Joseph and also possesses a heightened intuition which acts as a sixth sense . ( This is shown in The Rise of Nine when Eight can feel that Six is in New Mexico , though it is unconfirmed whether or not this is one of his Legacies yet ) . In the Fall of Five , Eight goes with Five , Six , Seven , and Nine to retrieve Five 's chest . After Five is revealed to be a traitor , a fight ensues and Eight , teleporting between Five and Nine , protects Nine from Five 's attack , but is stabbed in the heart , killing him . This fulfills the prophecy that was believed to be avoided , he is after encased in a solid block of ice by Marina , when she 'd tried to heal him . He is the only member of the garde to die out of order . In `` The Revenge of Seven '' , his body was preserved by the Mogs in order to be delivered to Setrakus Ra , but Five allows Six , Seven , and Nine to take it instead . Seven was very protective of his body , wanting to give him a proper burial . His body was taken to the Mayan Temple , Calakmul , by Seven , Six , and Adam . When the team begin to restart Lorien , Eight appears to be resurrected . However , it was actually Lorien itself , using his body , which wo n't last long . When Lorien was done talking , Eight seemingly was brought to life and he and Seven shared a kiss . However , Eight 's body dissolved into light . His Legacies are : Teleportation - had the ability to move to a different location instantly . Pondus - the ability to walk / run on water . Morfen - the ability to shape - shift . Telekinesis - Like all Garde , the ability to move objects with one 's mind Enhancement - All Garde possess enhanced physical strength , speed , reflexes , endurance and durability Number Nine ( edit ) Number Nine , or Stanley Worthington , is roughly the same age as Number Four . Nine is the strongest of the ten . He is rescued by Four after being held in captivity for around a year in a Mogadorian base in West Virginia near the end of The Power of Six , which incidentally is the same base where Six was imprisoned . Nine is described as taller than Four , and muscular , with long , dark hair . He 's also very familiar and knowledgeable about the inheritance his chest contains . Displaying hints of an aggressive nature , coupled with a thirst for revenge against the Mogadorians , Number Nine operates with a ferocity that Four did not know the Loric possessed . Nine and Four intend to head North to Nine 's `` hideout '' in Chicago . Nine 's Cêpan 's name is Sandor . Nine uses a pipe - staff . In The Lost Files : Nine 's Legacy it is revealed that when Nine and his Cêpan first arrived on Earth they tried moving around a lot sticking to small motels but were always found by the Mogadorians . Sandor then decides to use their immense wealth from the jewels that they brought from Lorien to live in luxury and hide in plain sight . Nine and Sandor were living in Chicago in a penthouse suite at the top of the John Hancock Center . In their suite Nine trains almost non-stop as he does not go to school . Nine had fallen in love with a girl named Maddy . Maddy however was working for the Mogadorians who had found Nine after one of their scouts disappeared in his area . Maddy was attempting to rescue her parents after they had been abducted by the Mogadores after her father `` saw something he should n't have '' . She and her family however are not allowed to leave and are killed by a piken . Using Maddy , the Mogadorians capture Nine and later find his Cêpan snooping around a newsletter office in Ohio they had been monitoring . Sandor is tortured to get Nine to break . Nine eventually breaks through the force field barrier and steals a Mogadorian dagger and with Sandor 's urging , kills his Cêpan . In The Power of Six Nine is able to escape when Four and Sam break into the base and set him free . In The Rise of Nine Nine and Four team up to survive and possibly find the others . Nine and Four struggle to get along due to the differences they have . They take shelter at Nine 's old safehouse in Chicago and later journey to a secret base in New Mexico . Nine is shown at the end of the book fighting Setrakus Ra , the leader of the Mogadoriens , and finally meeting the entire Garde , except for Five , where they all swear to kill Ra the next time they see him . In the Fall of Five , he and Five never got along . He saw Five as a fat - bot or hobbit - thing . After Five reveals his betrayal and witnesses how Eight saved his life , Nine becomes enraged and wants revenge as much as Seven . Later , in the Revenge of Seven , he follows John , Sam , and Agent Walker into NYC to expose Setrakus Ra . He is last seen fighting Five during the Mog Siege on NYC . His known Legacies include : Antigravity - Nine can walk on all surfaces , including walls and ceilings as if he were upright . Anima - The ability to communicate with animals . He discovered this at the end of The Power of Six , when Bernie Kosar / Hadley told him where to find Four 's SUV . He also shares this Legacy with Four / John Smith . Miras - Nine can temporarily share his powers , or an ability of one of his chest items . Nimis - Nine can run at speeds faster than the average Loric and Human capabilities . Fortem - Nine is stronger than the average Loric and Human capabilities . Telekinesis - Like all Garde , Nine can move objects with his mind . Enhancement - All Garde possess enhanced physical strength , speed , reflexes , endurance and durability . Like Seven , His speed is greater than the other Garde ; he can move as a blur , faster than Seven . Number Ten ( edit ) Number Ten is 12 years old also known as Ella ( as of The Fate of Ten ) . Despite her young age , she has already displayed signs of enhancement in being unusually agile , quick and athletic for her young age . Ella was introduced as a new orphan and sent to the monastery Seven was living in order to find Seven 's chest . Ella has an unofficial Cêpan , Crayton , as she was too young to be assigned one on the day of the Mogadorian invasion of Lorien . In The Power of Six Ella appears as a 7 - year - old at an orphanage and befriends Number Seven . She also helps Seven find her Chest . Later on , Ella and her Cepan , Crayton , reveal themselves as Loric and that Ella is Number Ten . They defeat the Mogadorians with the help of Number Six . The book ends with Ten , Six , Seven and Crayton intending to find the other Garde members and also their Chimaeras . Despite helping the Garde and being Lorien , she was not originally part of the Elders ' plan - she was sent to Earth in a human - built spaceship which her grandad , one of Lorien 's oldest and proudest inhabitant ( excepting Pittacus Lore , Lorien 's ruling elder ) , when the Great Expansiom occurred . This was mentioned in Crayton 's Letter . In The Rise of Nine Number Ten , Crayton , Seven , and Six find Eight in the Himalayas . Crayton dies after an ambush from the Mogadorians and the group is separated after Eight teleports them away . Ella goes through the grief of her dead Cepan but manages to push them aside . Later , Ten , Seven , and Eight rejoin Six along with Four , Nine , and Sarah Hart and fight Setrakus Ra . The book ends with Ra escaping and The entire Garde , except for Five , promising to finish him off in the future . In `` The Fall of Five '' Number Ten begins to have nightmares about Setrákus Ra telling her to hold his hand and showing her the death of the Garde and humans at her hands . When she reads the letter that was written to her by Crayton before he died , she learns that her father , Raylan , was a very rich man who began to resent the Elders because he felt it was his birthright to be one . He became a recluse because of this , and had many Chimaera for company . He donated a fuel - ship to the museum because of her mother , but when the invasion came , he hurried Number Ten to the ship , along with the Chimaera and Crayton , his gardener . Later , in a dream , Number Ten learns that she is Setrákus Ra 's `` heir '' . She is kidnapped by the Mogadorians and is currently with them , but they wo n't kill her because they want her to rule alongside Setrakus Ra for reasons unknown . In `` Revenge of Seven '' , it is revealed she is Setrakus Ra 's granddaughter and is currently located on the Anubis , the Mogadorian Flagship , orbiting Earth along with the entire Mog Fleet . During her time there , she was put to reading Setrakus Ra 's book , having a mysterious charm on her , and learning her `` betrothed '' is Five , revealing him as a traitor and killing Eight . Enraged , Ra allowed her to use her Dreynen on him . Later , when Five tried to bail her out , she later learn her legacies ca n't affected by Setrakus Ra 's Dreynen . She also learned that the charm on her will transfer all injures on Setrakus Ra to her . During Setrakus Ra 's Announcement to Earth , John and Nine intervene , where she tries to help . Setrakus Ra stops her , stating he 'll kill her for her treason . Her known legacies include : Aeternus - the ability to change between ages , but only ages she 's already lived through . Only one of the Ten Elders is supposed to have this ability . Mentis - The ability to communicate with other Garde with telepathy using her mind , even across continents , as well as sensing others thoughts , even Mogadorians . she demonstrates this ability in `` The Fate of Ten '' by combining her power with the source also known as legacy / entity and her telepathy expands , therefore able to create a telepathic room to meet all the Garde and human Garde worldwide . Dreynen - The ability to cancel or take away another Garde 's Legacies for a period of time ; this can be put through charging an object and throwing it or touching . During the fight with Setrakus Ra , she picked up a broken sword , which then glowed with red energy . She then threw it at Setrakus Ra , which nullified him and restored the Garde 's powers . She 's not sure how she did it but , the action revealed to Setrakus Ra who she was . She again uses this against Five , aboard the Mogadorian ship , the Anubis ; Setrakus Ra starts to teach Ten how to use her powers , when it is revealed to Ten that Five is a traitor and killed Eight she uses this power when Five is about 40 feet in the air ; she throws a Dreynen charged wrench at him . Futurum - the ability to see different possible outcomes in terms of how the future will develop ; she can also see how probable each scenario is . Telekinesis - Like all Garde , Ten can move objects with her mind . She shows this when she and Marina are talking , and Sarah and Sam open the door , Ten uses her telekinesis to slam the door shut . Enhancement - All Garde possess enhanced physical strength , speed , reflexes , endurance and durability . The Cêpan ( edit ) The Cêpan are former inhabitants of Lorien with no Legacies , resembling normal humans . Each Garde has a Cêpan who is charged with hiding , protecting and training their respective child as well as pass on the knowledge of Lorien and the Legacies . Hilde / Hessu ( edit ) Hilde / Hessu is the Cepan of Number One . Her original Lorien name is Hessu . She was an older woman , in her fifties , and always was strict . They had to relocate from place to place some many times because of One 's rebellious attitude . Hilde decided to leave America after One was arrested for shop lifting and headed to Malaysia . She was the one who woke One to tell her that the Mogs arrived . She was a good martial artist but was quickly overwhelmed and shot in the chest by a Mogadorian . Her death allowed One awaken her Earthquake abilities . Hilde 's last words were to run and survive . One described Hilde like a mother to her . Hilde 's body was left to rot in Malaysia by the Mogadorians . Hilde makes a small appearance in The Last Days Of Lorien right at the end . She is shown grieving over Lorien 's destruction and questions whether they will survive on Earth . When she states that they are all going to die and that it is useless to hide , she is comforted by Sandor , Nine 's cepan . Conrad Hoyle ( edit ) Conrad is Number Two 's Cepan . He and his Garde were living in Ireland but soon had to leave due to some unknown reasons . Then the General and his Mogs found them after Conrad killed a Mog scouting troop sent after him by the General and burned down their house in the Scottish Highlands . He headed for London , England and met Two at a safehouse . The Mogs found his bus and started to attack , and despite Conrad having two SMG 's with him , he is eventually killed . Henri / Brandon ( edit ) Henri is Cêpan of John Smith , or Number Four . His original Lorien name was Brandon and was a Cêpan at the Lorien Defense Academy . He was in love with Julianne , who was also his wife . With Julianne , they had a child on his home planet of Lorien , but he left them to protect John when Lorien was destroyed . He was John 's Cêpan and also trained and taught him as his legacies formed . Henri is like a father to John , since John was forced to leave his family behind on Lorien as well . Henri dies at the end of the first book , protecting John from the Mogadorians . In the second book , it is revealed from a letter that Henri wrote , that Henri knew Sam 's father , Malcolm Goode , and that Malcolm was the whole reason for him and Four coming to Paradise . In The Last Days Of Lorien , Henri recruits Sandor , Nine 's future Cepan , to attend the Lorien Defense Academy . He shows back up at the end of the book , helping the Cêpans and the Garde escape Lorien as it is being invaded by the Mogadorians . He is the one who chose Sandor to be Nine 's Cêpan . He is even the one helps train Nine and Four together while Sandor goes through some training himself to be a Cêpan . In the film adaptation , Henri is portrayed by Timothy Olyphant . Rey / Albert ( edit ) It has been confirmed through The Fall of Five that Albert is a male and is the oldest of the Cêpans . He later dies on Earth around the time Number Five states that he was found by the Mogs within the first six months he arrived on Earth from Lorien . His death was caused by a `` vile human disease '' , as said by Five , not by the Mogadorians like the rest of the Cêpans . However , his real name is revealed to be `` Rey '' instead of `` Albert '' in `` Five 's Legacy '' . He might be the `` Kentra '' mentioned in `` The Lost Days of Lorien '' He actually died on an island when Five was thirteen , days after Number Two 's death . Five cries when he dies , and regrets each time he ever thought that he wanted a new Cêpan . Katarina / katar ( edit ) Katarina is Number Six 's Cêpan . She was more cool - headed than Six and tried to temper her volatile Garde . According to Six , Katarina was very thorough with her forgeries as well as with Six 's training and that she had multiple lovers back on Lorien . When Six was thirteen , Mogadorians caught them both . The Mogadorians killed Katarina during her and Six 's imprisonment in the Mogadorian base . She was tortured , and then killed in an attempt to force information out of Six . Adelina / Adel ( edit ) Adelina is the brown - haired Cêpan of Marina , Number Seven . Her original Lorien name is Adel . After wandering aimlessly through Europe she entered the Santa Teresa convent in Spain with Marina . Adelina had lost faith in their ability to restore Lorien and had grown accustomed to the religious life at the convent believing that one can save others through religion . As a result , she often told Marina to `` stop believing in fairy tales '' and does n't train Marina . After a Mogadorian attack she feels remorse for denying Marina 's heritage and sacrifices herself to help Marina escape , being killed by a Mogadorian stabbing her in the heart in Book Two . Adelina makes a very small brief appearance in The Last Days Of Lorien . She is seen on the space shuttle by Sandor , Nine 's cepan , as they head for Earth . Her nickname is revealed to be Adel . Reynolds ( edit ) At the mention of his Cepan , Eight becomes withdrawn and avoids the topic , indicating that his Cepan is dead . It is revealed that Eight 's Cepan is named Reynolds , and he and Eight were betrayed to the Mogadorians by Reynolds 's girlfriend on Earth , Lola . Sandor ( edit ) Sandor is first revealed in The Power of Six at the end of the book when Nine tells Four ( John ) that his Cêpan was killed . He is further revealed in The Lost Files : Nine 's Legacy where he revealed to have had a gift with working with technology as he creates endless amounts of drones and other machines that Nine fights in their practice gym , the Lecture Hall . He also says that he was young for a Cêpan and worked with older Loric engineers . He also had made a Mogadorian tracker covered with an iPod Touch case called an `` iMog '' by Nine . The screen shows a simple white dot in the center which is Nine 's location , and any red dots that show up on the iMog screen are Mogadorians . After he and Nine are caught and imprisoned , Nine mercy - kills Sandor to save him from further torture by the Mogs . His favorite comic book hero is Batman and he often called Nine `` young ward '' . In The Last Days Of Lorien , Sandor is the main focus of the book as it explores both his youth life and the planet Lorien before the invasion by the Mogadorians . In the story , Sandor is forced to go to the Lorien Defense Academy for some wrongdoings with his engineering skills . During the course of the story , he meets several key players in the future books like : Brandon / Henri , Hessu , Adelina , John / Four , and of course , Stanley / Nine . Sandor also meets a Garde named Devektra , who is famous for her music and dancing . It is implied that he has feelings for her , especially when he kisses and hugs her . The story ends with Sandor saving Nine during the invasion of Lorien and becomes his new cepan . Crayton ( edit ) Ella 's surrogate Cepan , Crayton was assigned to Ella because she was too young to have an official Cepan , however the two seem to be close , Ella calling Crayton her ' Papa ' . Crayton helped to fight the Mogadorians when Seven left Santa Teresa along with Hector , Ella and Six ; equipped with only a briefcase of weapons . When Seven first met Crayton she mistook him for a Mogadorian because he was always watching her and misread his clue concerning his book with ' Pittacus ' in the title and the fact that he spoke to Hector . He first tried to approach Adelina but she threw him out once she knew who he was . He decided in The Rise of Nine that they are going to find the boy in India , believed to be the Hindi god Vishnu reincarnated , and their Chimæras , before meeting up with Number Four . Crayton later dies in The Rise of Nine by a blast while trying to recover Eight 's and Seven 's chests . He was the last Cêpan to die . In the Fall of Five , it is revealed that he was the butler to Ella 's rich family . Daxin ( edit ) He is the original Cêpan of Nine but due to Sandor tricking him and stealing his identification to be able to get out of the LDA , he was not able to go out and get Nine . He died during the invasion as a result , and Sandor took his place as Nine 's Cêpan . Other Cêpan ( edit ) Number Three - The Cêpan of Number Three was killed in Kenya by a sword through their door , shortly before Number Three himself . In the film he is played by Reuben Langdon and was killed by a piken . He was said to be in his fifties . `` Kentra '' - This name is mentioned in `` The Last Days of Lorien '' as being a Cepan . Kentra may be Three 's Cepan . The Mogadorians ( edit ) The Mogadorians are the main antagonists of the series . Mogadorians are aliens from the planet of Mogadore . They set out to conquer Lorien for their resources after their own planet started dying from a lack of it . The Mogs follow the teachings of Setrakus Ra through his `` Great Book '' , which intels violence and respect for the strong . They often say `` By Ra '' in respect to their leader Setrákus Ra . Mogadore is twice the size of Lorien and around a fifth of Earth 's size . They hunt the Garde out of fear . They are planning on conquering the Earth after destroying the Garde . According to descriptions by Katarina and Henri , Mogadorians soldiers / scouts have white albino - like skin , black eyes , and serrated teeth , which are actually vat - born / clones , made by Setrakus Ra and his scientists to increase the Mogadorian population problem and made stronger , faster , but not as smart as a Trueborn Mog . Trueborn Mogadorians are effectively identical in appearance to humans . All are gregarious and share a predilection for cities and crowded places . The Mogadorians are having a harder time conceiving children . And even if a child is born , mothers often die in childbirth . Setrakus Ra ( edit ) ' Setrákus Ra ' was the leader of The Mogadorians . He is seen by Four in visions , and arrives on Earth at the end of The Power of Six . Setrákus is twenty feet tall ( normally seven foot , but when using his growth Legacy he is twenty foot ) , tanned with short hair , and a chiseled jaw . A `` purplish scar '' circles around his throat , given to him by Pittacus Lore when he is condemned by the elders , he was meant to be executed but Pittacus pitied him as Setrákus Ra was the best friend of Pittacus , he only banished Setrákus Ra . He was the author of the Great Book , which the Mogs follow faithfully and is about how war is a way of life and to conquer , consume , etc. everything in their path . According to Rex , the Mogs have been gaining more and more power in the American government in the past few years . During Six 's fight with him , she noticed Ra had unique scars around his ankles , possibly hinting that Ra may be one of the Original Ten Elders , like Pittacus Lore and Loridas . When Setrákus fights Six in `` The Rise of Nine '' , he uses his shapeshifting skill to `` mirror '' her features , which fools the Garde when they come to rescue . Eight believes this so much that he teleports over to him and hugs him . However , Setrákus gives his disguise away by stabbing Eight . Eight nearly dies , but Seven saves him just in time . It is revealed in The Fall of Five that Ella is his `` heir '' and that she comes from a prominent family connected to the Elders . This most likely means that Setrakus Ra was actually the tenth Elder that `` died '' ( He was banished because Pittacus pitied him ) in the Secret Wars considering the scars on his ankle ( which is based off that previous Elders had the same ankle scars related to the more recent Garde . ) In the beginning of Revenge of Seven , he reveals to Ella that she is his granddaughter . He is currently with her aboard the Anubis , the Mog Flagship , along with the entire Mog Fleet , orbiting Earth . It is revealed later in The Revenge of Seven that Setrakus Ra was the tenth Elder that ' died ' in the Secret Wars ; he says that the other Elders did not agree with his plans for the future of Lorien , and he was soon banished . He later changed his Loric genetic code to make it look like he was Mogadorian , Ella describes his face as an old Loric architecture ruins being rebuilt over by a gross Mog . He went to the Mogadorians and they eventually trusted him for ' progress ' that Setrakus Ra wanted . He places a mysterious charm on Ella and had the intentions of have Five to be married with Ella . However , things changed when Five tried to sneak Ella off the ship . It is revealed that Setrakus Ra 's Dreynen power does n't work on Ella . Also , the charm Setrakus Ra place on Ella will cause any injury inflicted on him will be transferred to her , except if she is the one to hurt him . After throwing Five off the ship and healing Ella , he was about to make his presentation on Earth 's Surrender . However , John and Nine exposed him for what he really is , a monster . When Ella helps the Garde out , Setrakus Ra grabs her and intends to kill her for her treason . When John prevents anyone harming Setrakus Ra after learning of his Charm on Ella , he spares John for two reasons : 1 ) for helping him escape and 2 ) to watch the Earth `` BURN '' . He escapes with Ella still in his custody . In `` The Fate of Ten '' , he makes as broadcast stating that the Garde are alien terrorists , Earth has 48 hours to surrender or it will be done by force , and all humans developing legacies ( mutations as he puts it ) are to be researched . After learning the Sanctuary is no longer protected , he takes the Anubis straight towards it . Originally planning to make a stop at the West Virginia base for reinforcements , he instead goes to the Sanctuary and fires a powerful cannon that destroys the temple . During this time , he has a black ooze pumped into Ella 's body in order to control her ( but not mentally ) . At the end of the book Six impaled him with a pipe he was using to harvest the Loric energy underneath Sanctuary , severely wounding him and forcing him to flee , leaving Ella behind with the Garde . In `` United As One '' he is seen in a vision , healing himself in a huge pool of the black ooze he used to control Ella . As he healed , the Mog commanders around the world began fighting each other over the lack of orders and desire to become the next leader . During this time the Garde took advantage of the discord in the Mog Fleet and was able to capture one of the Warships . Taking the cloaking devices from the Skimmer craft inside to use against the other warships as the cloaking device 's have the ability to pass through Mog ship shields . Once he was healed , he quickly took command of the Mog fleet once more and ordered it to bombard all of the major cities on Earth . It is revealed soon after that during his healing process he was able to corrupt the Loric energy `` The black ooze '' he had taken in the previous book from Sanctuary and gained the ability to bestow Legacies on other Trueborn Mog 's . During the attack on his main base in West Virginia , he faced Four , Five , Seven and Nine , yet he was able to easily defeat them due to his bonding with the corrupted Loric energy . John attempted to stab him with a dagger made of Voron , however the black ooze continually healed any wounds inflicted . When Nine struck him in a chest with the Voron dagger , the black ooze absorbed it . Along with Nine 's arm . Marina attempted to heal Nine 's injury but was unable to do so . While she was doing this she was interrupted by Setrákus Ra . Who grabbed her hand while her Recupero Legacy was active , causing him to retreat in pain . Realizing that the only way to injure him was to use Recupero , John takes him on in a one on one showdown . Using Recupero to heal the corrupted Loric energy and Mog Augmentations from him , while taking serious injuries to himself . Six , after being healed by Marina makes her way down to the pool of black ooze and finds John and Ra both barely alive . Setrakus Ra having been restored to his original elderly Loric body , attempts to get back into the pool . She quickly and grabs the Voron dagger , telling him `` This is what progress looks like '' as she decapitates him . Ending his rule over the Mogadorians . Powers : Mentis - It is assumed that Ra can communicate with people through his mind ; communicating with Numbers Four , Nine and Eight . Also due to Ella being the Garde supposedly to inherit Ra 's role and Legacies , Ra would then have Telepathy like Ella . Aeternus - Like Ella Ra is an Aeternus , this is revealed in The Revenge of Seven . Futurum - he is able to communicate to Four , Eight , Nine and possibly others through their dreams . It is also pointed out that Pittacus Lore and Setrakus Ra always communicated with each other this way . Telekinesis - All Loric have this legacy Magnum - The ability to manipulate metals in all states . Fortem - Ra is proven to be a very strong warrior . Accelix - Ra is able to move as fast as a blur . Plenum - Ra can heal all wounds , even fatal ones , leaving behind scars on where the injury occurred . It could be actually caused by a charm he created that causes any injury inflicted is transferred to another ( i.e. : In The Revenge of Seven , he uses a charm on Ella and it was fully revealed when Five stabbed him in the shoulder , only for Ella to suffer the injury ) . Dreynen - Like Ella Ra , in the form of unleashing blue lightning from his fist , can take away the Garde 's legacies . However , this ends when Ella threw a sword fragment ( Which is later confirmed to be her Legacy of Dreynen ) . His power does n't necessarily work with the lightning , Ella defined when he uses his Dreynen it is like he 's charging up the molecules around him . Personal Weapons : Golden Staff ( Eye of Thaloc ) - Ra carries a golden staff that has a hammer head and a black eye . When the eye glows red , it can rip a person to shreds . When it glows purple , it helps Ra with his shapeshifting powers . Also , when it just touches another person , it can bring a numbing sensation throughout one 's body , as if they were drained of their blood . In `` The Revenge of Seven '' the staff is broken by Nine - this is what helped Ra shapeshift Fire Whip - With every swing , it unleashes a wave of fire . Also , when the whip hits someone , the injury turns black , becoming heavy and slowly spreading throughout the person 's body , encasing them in black rock . At the end of `` The Revenge of Seven '' , it appears the whip can separate into three whip ends . Andrakkus Sutekh ( edit ) Andrakkus Sutekh , also known as `` The General '' or Andrew Sutton , is the commander of the Mogadorian Forces . He is a strict and fierce individual , both to his troops and his family ( his wife , his son Adamus , his daughter Kelly , and his adopted son Ivan ) . His main base of operations is Ashwood Estates in Washington . He raises both Adamus and Ivan as brothers , but considers Ivan to be his favorite . After the death of One , he gives permission for his own son to be used in an experiment to infiltrate her mind , which would set of a series of events in the future ahead . It is revealed in The Fallen Legacies that he is the one who kills Number Three ( the beginning of I Am Number Four ) . He resents his son , Adamus , who switched sides with the Garde , and shows great anger towards him in `` The Search for Sam '' , going as far as to grant permission for him to be killed in an experiment . His fate is left unknown by the end of the story , when Adamus destroys almost all of Ashwood . However , it is later revealed that the General is alive in The Forgotten Ones , having survived the destruction of Ashwood . In the film adaptation of I Am Number Four , he is simply called the Mogadorian Commander . He is portrayed by Kevin Durand in the film . He kills Number Three ( just like in the novel ) and leads the investigation to find Number Four / John . After finding him to be in Paradise , Ohio , he leads his soldiers against John and Six , when John overheats his ammo and destroys it . It seems that he survives because in the Revenge of Seven , he battles with Four and Adam at Ashwood Estates . He possesses a sword that drains the energy of the environment around him , absorbs fireballs from four , and fires a dangerous blasts . He also wears very strong armor under his uniform . Despite having his hand shot off by Malcolm , the General overpoweres Four and almost strangles him to death . However , Adam uses his sword and stabs him in the back . When the general dies , some parts of his body disintegrated as they were enhancements provided by Setrakus Ra . Adamus Sutekh ( edit ) Adamus , also called Adam , is The General 's son and narrator of the Fallen Legacies , he is age 20 as of The Revenge of Seven . Originally possessed of bloodlust like the rest of his kind including his half - brother and best friend Ivanick , after he witnesses One 's death and enters One 's memories he has a change in heart . In One 's memories , he not only sees her past but is visited by One 's ghost . He comes to see how evil his father , the General , and his kind is and sees the aftermath of Lorien . After a three - year coma from the memory infiltration , he learns of the second Garde who was found in London and decides to try to help Two escape . However , he fails as she is killed by Ivanick . Over the next few years the third Garde is discovered in Kenya , Adamus and Ivanick are sent along with the General to find number Three . Adamus tries to help Three and tip him off of the Mogadorian presence . Ivanick , believing Adam is trying to take a chance at the glory , stops him . Adamus tries to convince Ivanick to change sides but is branded as a traitor . He manages to defeat Ivanick using moves he learned while in One 's memories . After Adamus watches from a distance as Three is killed by the General , Ivan sneaks up from behind and pushes Adamus into the ravine . He reawakens on a beach in California with One desperately trying to wake him up and push him back into the real world to prevent him from dying . Throughout the book it is hinted that he has a crush , surprisingly , on Number One . While inside One 's memories , he notices a feral looking boy with long black hair and a blonde girl being carried by her Cepan . The boy is Nine , but none of the Garde have blonde hair , so it is unknown who the girl is . During The Search For Sam , it was revealed that he survived his fall in the ravine . He was rescued by a local and mistaken to be a volunteer . He spent a few months there doing volunteer works . He decided to return to Ashwood when One told him she is fading away as he was desperate not to lose his only best friend , the girl he loves . Only his mother greeted him with love , while the General and Kelly , his sister , know about his betrayal and treat him like a hostile . He makes a deal with his father to make himself useful in a week , or else he will be killed . He was then assigned to Surveyor work . He meets Dr. Zarkos , Dr. Anu 's successor who improved the mind transfer technology . Seeing this a perfect opportunity , he created a ruse that would make his father give permission to Zarkos to turn him into his lab rat . It was revealed that Malcolm Goode is alive and has no memory of who or where he is . During the first attempt , when Hilde was killed , he felt something he never felt before . And as it happened , he felt the floor shaking . He woke up back in the lab . Denying he remembered anything from the experiment , Zarkos revealed that he can extract the information even if he did n't remember it . He would just have to kill him , but he has to ask the General 's permission . He then created another ruse again when One grew weaker . Before Zarkos could kill him , he wounds the doctor and awakens Malcolm Goode and performs the experiment . During his dream - like state , he lets out a massive shockwave causing an implosion inside the underground complex . One transfers her powers to Adam and reveals that there was no way to save her and that it was all about convincing him how evil the Mogadorians are and that he needs to find the Garde . During the emotional moment , Adam professes his love for One and they share a kiss before she disappears forever . He awakens with Malcolm Goode by his side and they band together to survive . Over time Malcolm becomes his mentor . They go back to Paradise , Ohio to search for Sam only to reveal that he has joined the Loric cause and went with the Garde . Adam suggests that they go to a secret government base in New Mexico , which he found out about back in Ashwood . Sneaking into the government base , they find Sam and set him free . Adamus sacrifices himself , so Malcolm and Sam could escape , and battles several Mogadorians including Ivanick . Using his newfound gift Adam kills Ivanick and a few of the Mogadorians by causing an earthquake . The book ends with Adam concluding he will survive the battle and join the rest of the Garde . In The Forgotten Ones , Adam survives the collapse of the underground base that he caused and uses his earthshaking powers to escape the rubble . He discovers a young Mogadorian commander named Rexicus Saturnus , aka Rex . Needing information and a prisoner , he helps Rex to the surface and finds shelter at one of the buildings that did n't get destroyed . Adam also meets a Chimaera whom he names Dust and the two form a quick bond with of each other . After spending a few days in the nearly destroyed building , waiting out any Mogs who might be looking for survivors , he forms a connection with Rex , who knows who he is and wants to kill him . During their time together , Adam learns that the Mogs were doing experiments on Sam and trying to obtain the Chimaera shapeshifting gene to add to their Vatborn soldiers . After revealing that the Chimaeras are at the main research facility in Palm Island , New York , Adam forces Rex to agree to take him there and they leave the next day . While trying across New Mexico , they stop in a small town , where they steal money from a thief and manage to get themselves to a train station . Realizing that they are being followed , Adam buys tickets for another destination and smuggles himself , Dust , and Rex on a train for another city they need to go to . As they journey across the country , Rex and Adam grow closer together , while they do show conflict as well , and Adam asks Rex if he ever questions what they do is wrong , only to earn more conflict from him . Once arriving in the city they want , Adam is attacked by Mogs and believes that Rex has betrayed him . With the help of his powers and Dust , he manages to defeat them but is knocked out by one last surviving Mog and is saved by Dust . Waking up in a stolen car , Rex is revealed to have saved him and never betrayed him , although he did hide from the fight . When Adam asks why he is helping him , Rex replies that he does n't know but that he is only fulfilling what he promised and that while he does like Adam , he also still believes in the Mog 's cause . When arriving at Palm Island , disguised as a prisoner , Rexicus fulfills his promise and breaks Adamus out and leads him to the Chimaeras . Adam then escapes with the Chimaeras and Dust , while Rex stays behind to rejoin his fellow Mogadorians . At the end of the story , Adam , along with Dust and the other chimeras , drives for Chicago after learning the Garde have been found . He calls Sam and warns him that the Mogs are coming . Adam remembers One and begins to miss her . Realizing that One is truly gone , he finally allows himself to let her go , while honoring her by keeping on fighting . In `` The Fall of Five '' , Adam manages to warn Sam about the Mogadorian attack and rushes over to Chicago to help the Garde . When he gets there , the fight is over and the Mogs are all gone , thanks to Four giving them Ella . Four mistakes him for a soldier and is about to kill him when Adam introduces himself . Four is suspicious , but tells Adam that he is going to help win the war . In `` The Revenge of Seven '' , He leads the John , Sam , and Malcolm to Ashwood Estates to take out the Trueborn Mogs . However , the Trueborn were gone , except for a Salvage team and the General . After a big fight , Adam saves John from the General by stabbing his father in the back with his father 's sword ( which he keeps later ) . After meeting with the other Garde , he slowly grows on them . He later joins Six and Seven in going to the Mayan Temple , Calakmul . After taking out the Mog forces , he was able to pass through the Lorien force field and follow the Garde into the Temple to restart Lorien . While inside , he was surprise that the map of the whole universe was inside ( being greater than the current maps of the Mogs ) . He became even more surprised when Eight is seemingly resurrected . Powers : Terric - The ability to cause tremors and earthquakes , Adam inherited this Legacy from One Ivanick Shu - Ra ( edit ) Ivanick , or Ivan , is the adopted son of The General and best friend turned rival of Adamus . He was the son of a fierce Mogadorian warrior named Bolog Shu - Ra who died in the battle on Lorien and was taken in by the General . At the beginning of I Am Number Four : The Lost Files : The Fallen Legacies , he and Adamus studied and trained together over the years . As time flew by , Ivan became competitive to Adamus and wanted to prove he was a better and stronger than Adamus was to the General , which Adam comes to ignore . He cheers when One was killed exclaiming `` That was awesome ! '' After Adam awakens from his three - year coma - state , Ivanick and him travel to London to find Number Two . Ivan kills Two , thinking Adamus did n't have the stomach for it . Later , the two travel to Kenya to find Number Three . Ivan stops Adam from warning Three , at first thinking he was trying to beat him for the kill , but then discovers Adam 's betrayal and brands him a traitor . He and Adamus fight resulting in Adamus winning and knocking Ivan out , but he later pushes Adamus into the ravine once regaining consciousness after Three 's death . In the I Am Number Four : Lost Files : The Search for Sam , it is revealed that the General and Ivanick covered up Adamus 's betrayal and made it look like he died by the hands of Three . Ivanick was promoted and was stationed at the government base in New Mexico . Ivan meets up with Adam , who has completely sided with the Garde and now has powers , and a battle emerges . Ivanick is killed by Adamus , who caused an earthquake to happen , which results in rubble collapsing on Ivan 's head , beheading him . Kelly Suteck ( edit ) Kelly is the daughter of the General . Dr. lockam Anu ( edit ) Dr. Anu was a Mogadorian doctor who created a machine that would let the user see a dead Garde 's memories . Adamus is the first one to use this machine to see Number One 's memories . Dr. Anu had bet his life that the machine would work , but due to the supposed failure of the machine since Adamus did not wake up from his coma , he was killed by the General . Adamus ' mother later reveals that the General never liked Anu and was surprised that he was n't killed earlier . Rexicus Saturnus ( edit ) Rexicus Saturnus is a young Mogadorian commander , who appears in The Forgotten Ones . After the events of The Search for Sam , Rex survives the collapse of the New Mexico underground base and meets up with Adam , who helps him to the surface and find shelter . During their time of recovering from the incident , Rex realizes who Adam is and desires to kill Adam for his betrayal , despite that he saved him . After providing information that the Mogs are attempting to harness the Chimæra shapeshifting gene and adding it to their Vatborn soldiers from the captured chimæras who are being held at the main facility on plum Island , Adam forces him to take them all the way to the main research facility in Palm Island , New York . While Rex does want to kill Adam , he also forms a small friendship with him and begins to like him . After an attack from the Mogs and hiding during the battle , Rex rescues Adam in the aftermath and takes him to Palm Island . When Adam asks why he has n't killed or betrayed him , Rex replies that he does n't know and that he wants to fulfill his promise . Coming up with a plan , Rex pretends to take Adam as a prisoner and infiltrates the facility . Later on , he breaks him out and they find the Chimæra , setting them free . After saving the Chimæra and making sure that Adam is free to escape , he stays behind , still believing in the Mog Cause and hoping to rejoin his fellow Mogadorians . His fate is left unknown . In United as One he betrays the Mogodorians by killing the commander who was about to Kill Four . Four nearly kills him but Adam saves him . He joins the loric cause . Commander Deltoch ( edit ) The Commanding Officer of the Mog Base in Virginia where Nine was held captive . He put Five in the task of killing Nine . He also arranged to have Five kill Emma due to their past relationship . After Five nearly crushed Emma with his telekinesis and spared her to make use out of her brother , the commander said he passed `` with flying colors '' . He and Ethan never saw eye to eye on preparing Five . He also did n't agree with a human like Ethan having a high position among the Mogs . After Five killed Ethan , Deltoch appeared and saluted him , signifying Five proved himself and is now a commander . In the Revenge of Seven , Five kills Deltoch , in attempt to make an excuse to allow Six , Seven , and Nine to take Eight 's body . Phiri Dun - Ra ( edit ) One of the few female commanders . Originally stationed at the West Virginia base , but was disgraced when the Loric escaped from her watch . She was given a choice , death or relocation . She chose relocation in hopes to make up for her mistake . Her one goal in life is to prove that she is Setrakus Ra 's most devoted , most loyal follower . Her relocation was the Sanctuary in Mexico , hoping to break through the force field . There , Adam and Six 's group attacked . Later , the Anubis arrives with Setrakus Ra . After joining the battle , Setrakus Ra was injured with a pipe in his chest and gave orders to crush the Garde . During Ra 's unconsciousness , Phiri acted as Ra 's voice and ears . Due to Ra 's injuries , she took him back to the West Virginia base to recover , even though annoyed she had to give up chase with the Loric . After Ra 's recovery , Ra rewarded Phiri by making her the first of the Mogs to have the new enhancements ( the source comes from the Human Garde ) , which Phiri accepted . Phiri 's augmentations seem to stem from the tentacle like appendage Ra gave to her . Her `` arm '' can penetrate other Garde to injure or kill them and absorb their legacies in the process . This absorption does not seem to rob Garde of their legacies permanently , only temporarily disable them . John was unable to use his legacies until Phiri withdrew her tentacles . All of her stolen legacies are seen to be corrupted in some way Shadow Mog ( edit ) Shadow Mog 's actual name is never revealed . He is among one of the few Trueborns given augmentations . His augmentation is similar to Eight 's in that it allows him to teleport but Shadow Mog can only slip between shadows . It is not an instant teleportation as his legs can be seen dangling somewhere else while his torso is restrained by John . Sam kills Shadow Mog by using his technopathy to turn on all the lights , removing any shadows and immediately severing Shadow Mog in half Skinny Mog ( edit ) Similar to Shadow Mog , Skinny Mog 's real name is never revealed . Skinny Mog possesses the ability to release spores from his mouth that , when inhaled , allow Skinny Mog to control all aspects of the victim . Sam manages to shoots Skinny Mog in the head with a blaster , cutting his head in half . Upon dying spores are released from Skinny Mog 's head that turn to ash soon after death . Dr. zakos ( edit ) Dr. Anu 's successor and one of Ra 's favorites . Head Scientist of the West Virginia base . As he has Ra recover , he begins Ra 's latest project for enhancing his Mog soldiers ( which legacies from Human garde ) . General rahn ( edit ) One of the leading commanders of the invasion . Humans ( edit ) Sarah Hart ( edit ) Sarah Hart is the only one person at John 's new school in Ohio , other than Sam , that offered to be close with him . John and Sarah officially became a couple after the Haunted Hayride in book one . Sarah is portrayed as an intelligent and extremely beautiful teenage girl with straight blond hair past her shoulders , ivory skin , high cheekbones , and soft blue eyes . Originally a cheerleader , she dated Mark , John 's rival at school . After her parents realized what a bad influence Mark was , they sent her away for the summer . Upon her return , inspired by the sights she had seen during her time away , she quit the cheerleading squad and broke up with Mark . She is passionate about photography and animals . She became friends with John when they met and soon started a relationship . After John saves her from a house fire , she realizes he is not human and John is then compelled to tell her the truth . Despite knowing that he is not human , Sarah finds herself deeply in love with John and confesses it to him , which he does the same . After the Mogadorians try to kill John , he leaves her , unwillingly , at the end of I Am Number Four , promising to come back . In Book Two , The Power of Six , Sarah appears only once ( but is still mentioned throughout the book ) . While passing through Paradise , Four , along with Sam , contacts her and they meet in a park . Although they start their meeting with joy , Sarah starts to tell Four to turn himself in and checks her mobile phone several times , though she claims it is just a text from a friend . It soon becomes clear that Sarah is jealous about Four 's relationship with Six . They have an argument , leaving Sarah in tears . The FBI suddenly appear , Sarah is whisked away , and Sam and Four are arrested . It was implied that Sarah is the one who betrays Four and reveals his presence to the FBI , by communicating with the police via her phone . In Book Three , The Rise of Nine , it is explained that Sarah did not betray John and was captured by the Mogadorians after the FBI took him away . They drugged her and forced her to repeat whole conversations word for word . She has been held captive by the Mogadorians and even meets up with Six , who was also captured . Sarah and Six become close friends . After John , Nine , Eight , Seven , and Ten find her , John and Sarah have a brief moment with each other before they battle Setrakus Ra , who is holding Six captive . She is currently with the rest of the Garde ( except Number Five ) looking for a way out of the government base . In Book Four , The Fall of Five , she is still with the group when Sam joins them and spends a lot of her time with John . Despite Four 's protectiveness , she learns to shoot in order to protect herself . While Six , Five , Eight , and Nine all leave to get Five 's Chest , she stays behind with Sam and his father , Malcolm , to take care of John , who was pulled into a coma - state along with Ella . When the Mogadorians attack their hideout , she helps to fight back , but despite her and Sam 's best efforts , Ella is captured and Malcolm Goode is almost killed . She is last seen helping Sam and Malcolm escape , while John stays behind to find his own way out . In the beginning of `` The Revenge of Seven '' she is currently in an abandoned warehouse with John , Adam , Malcolm , Bernie Kosar , Dust , Sam and the Chimaera rescued from Plum Island . Later on Sarah and Bernie Kosar go off to meet with Mark James to find more information about the Mogadorians . In the `` Fate of Ten '' she goes to the sanctuary with Mark and Lexa to help Six , Adam and Marina fight the Anubis . In the third to final chapter of the book she gets mortally wounded . She dies during the last chapter after saying goodbye to John . Sarah Hart is portrayed by Dianna Agron in the film adaptation . Samuel Goode ( edit ) Sam Goode is John 's best friend in I Am Number Four . Sam is a devoted believer in aliens and alien conspiracies who believes that aliens abducted his father from his truck . He first suspects what John is , after they are attacked on the Haunted Hayride by Mark and his friends , but is convinced by John otherwise . However , when he sees John fight the three men in Athens who write the alien conspiracy magazine , They Walk Among Us he finds out he was right . He is a gangly kid with glasses , though they are not his -- he explains to John that they belonged to his father , and he wears them in an attempt to connect with his father . He has a crush on Sarah 's friend , Emily . During the battle against the Mogadorians , Sam saves John 's life by killing one of the soldiers , and also saves Six by carrying her back to his truck after she is injured . He decides to accompany John and Number Six away from Paradise by the end of the novel . In the second novel The Power of Six , Sam remains on the run with John and Six . It is later revealed in a letter from Henri that Sam 's father , Malcolm Goode , is one of the people who knew about the Loric and welcomed the Garde and their Cêpans when they arrived on Earth for the first time . Henri originally went to Paradise to meet with him and talk about the rest of the Garde , but found him to be long gone . Sam takes in the information and accepts it , motivating him even more to find his father . During the story , Sam forms feelings for Six , who also has feelings for Sam and John at the same time . While Six travels to Spain to find Number Seven , Sam and John travel to the Mogadorian 's secret cave headquarters in West Virginia , to find Six 's and John 's chest . They end up discovering Number Nine and set him free , but are discovered by the Mogs in the process . John loses contact with him while escaping Mogadorians and is trapped inside . In the Lost Files : The Search for Sam , Sam is revealed to be held in a secret government base in New Mexico and kept in a cage . Sam 's father , Malcolm Goode , and a rogue Mogadorien , Adamus , find him and set him free . Sam and Malcolm are able to evade the on - coming Mogadoriens with the help of Adamus , who stays behind and fights them . This happens during the battle against Setrákus Ra , in The Rise of Nine . In the fourth novel The Fall of Five , Sam 's capture is explained and also repeats his escape by Adam and his father in The Search for Sam at the very beginning . The book is narrated by Sam intermittently and shows he has escaped the base , along with his father . Sam and his father catch up on lost time , even leave a message to his mom , and plan to reunite with the Garde . They later find John , Six , and Sarah in Arkansas , along with Number Five . They join them in Nine 's penthouse in Chicago . Sam finally asks Six about having a relationship , which she replies that it is n't the right time , leaving him heartbroken . While Nine , Eight , Seven , Six , and Five leave to get Five 's chest in the Everglades , Sam stays behind with his father and Sarah . By the end of the novel , Sam receives a call from Adam ( actually where Lost Files : The Forgotten Ones ends ) , who warns him of the coming Mogadorian attack , thanks to Five 's betrayal . Sam , Malcolm , and Sarah hold off the Mogs and later escape , while Four stays behind . In `` The Revenge of Seven , '' he is in an abandoned warehouse with John , Adam , Malcolm , Bernie Kosar , Dust , Sarah and the Chimæra rescued from Plum Island . He follows John into the Ashwood Estates battle and later into NYC to expose Setrakus Ra . After Setrakus Ra 's exposure , he and John try to get out of the city . When a Piken almost kills an exhausted John , Sam saves him with his newly developed Telekinesis , granted by Lorien itself . Sam was so surprised , stating `` Did I just do that ? '' . Legacies : Telekinesis - Sam develops this Legacy after Six , Marina , and Adam bring the necessary items to the Sanctuary . Lorien talks through Eight and he says something like those who are worthy will receive , which indicates that humans will get Legacies . Sam is one of those worthy enough . Nulla : In United as One , Sam shows the ability to control the electronic devices in Patience Creek , their hideout for half the book . He then practices on an old game boy with no batteries . He manages to turn it on , but when he tries to turn it off , the hovercraft he is on at the time , turns off as well . This happened again at the end , but with more control . In the middle of the book , Sam turns off the lights in Patience Creek , then turns them back on . In the film adaptation , he is portrayed by Callan McAuliffe . Malcolm Goode ( edit ) Malcolm Goode is Sam 's father and one of the few people who knows about the Loric . He is said to be a Greeter : One of the nine people assigned to help the Loric start their lives in earth and show its cultures and way of life . In Henri 's Letter to John , it is said that fate is not the reason that they went to Paradise but because Henri was looking for Malcolm . Malcolm disappeared one day and Sam believed that somehow the aliens abducted him causing his disappearance . During the Search for Sam , it is found out that he had been experimented to extract information about the Loric that caused him to forget who and where he is . He was awoken by Adamus so he can perform the experiment . When Adamus woke up he found Malcolm beside him . The two teamed up together to survive . As time progresses , Malcolm became Adamus ' mentor . They went back to Paradise , Ohio to search for Sam only to reveal that he has joined the Loric cause and went with the Garde . Adam suggests that they go to a secret government base in New Mexico , which he found out about back in Ashwood . Sneaking into the government base , they find Sam and set him free . Adamus sacrifices himself , so Malcolm and Sam could escape , and battles several Mogadorians including Ivanick . Due to his time as a Mog captive , he is the initial suspect of giving over information to the Mogs , but it is revealed to in fact be Five . Four allows Ella to be captured in order to save Malcolm 's life at the end of The Fall of Five . In the beginning of `` The Revenge of Seven '' he is currently in an abandoned warehouse with John , Adam , Sam , Bernie Kosar , Dust , Sarah and the Chimaera rescued from Plum Island . He then relocates with the others at Ashwood Estates , and stays behind with the other Chimaera . Mark James ( edit ) Mark James is the quarterback for the school football team and a bully . He is at first bitter when he sees that Sarah has begun a friendship with Four . After trying to hurt Four and Sarah whilst they are on a Halloween ride , Four defeats Mark and his friends and warns Mark to stop messing with them . Mark is sufficiently intimidated , and a truce is made . Four helps Mark when his house burns down during a party by saving his dogs . Mark discovers a video of Four saving Sarah and his two dogs from the fire and shows it to Henri . He then is brought by Henri to the High School and fights alongside Four against the Mogadorians . In The Power of Six , it is reveals that he adamantly denies that Four started the house fire and is willing to take the blame rather than place it on Four . At the beginning of The Revenge of Seven , Four , Sarah , Malcolm , Adam , Sam and the Chimaera ( Bernie Kosar , Dust and the ones rescued from Plum Island ) are hiding in an abandoned warehouse ; Sarah comes across the site They Walk Among Us , her and the others read the page . The page has written positive things about the ' Loric heroes ' and very negative descriptions of the Mogadorians , it is first assumed that the editor is one of the ones captured by the Mogadorians ; but then Sarah finds the editor 's username is ' JollyRoger182 ' . Sarah smiles widely and explains that it was a name used by the Paradise High School quarter - back ; this suggests that Mark James is the new editor and the next few chapters will follow one from the book I Am Number Four : The Lost Files : Return To Paradise . ) In United as One , he betrays the Loric and is killed by Phili - Dun - Ra He is played by Jake Abel in the film adaptation . Emily ( edit ) Emily is Sarah 's friend in Paradise , who makes a few appearances in I Am Number Four . Sam later reveals to John and Sarah that he has a crush on Emily , which Emily as has a crush on him as well . During the party at Mark 's house , Sam finally talks to Emily and is suggested that they are in a relationship , as it is also implied that they had kissed . However , the relationship does n't last long as Sam goes on the run with Four and Six as fugitives to the US government . Despite not being seen in the rest of the series , Emily is mentioned a few times . Hector Ricardo ( edit ) Héctor Ricardo was the town drunk of Santa Teresa and Marina 's only human friend . Héctor helps Crayton fight off the Mogadorians and protect Marina and Ella . He was killed by a Piken during the events in The Power of Six . He was grateful to Marina for healing his mother and helped her , Ten , and Crayton escape the Mogadorians . Maddy ( edit ) Maddy was a new girl in town when Nine was living in Chicago . She and Number Nine started a friendship after meeting at the Windy Wall and later became a couple . She had long black hair with bangs . She chose to go to a planetarium on their first date . On a second date , Mogadorians show up causing Nine to participate in a car chase while trying to escape them . Nine loses them but Maddy gets angry and leaves after Nine kisses her . Later , she accepts his apology and Nine meets her at her house and spends the night , but does not sleep with her . In the morning Nine wakes up surrounded by Mogadorians . He takes Maddy and tries to escape , but she tazes him . It is revealed that her parents were taken hostage for two years because her father had seen something that he should n't have and the Mogadorians would n't let her see them unless she finds Nine . They are taken to a base in West Virginia where she meets her parents . After reuniting with her parents , the Mogadorians release Pikens into the room thus killing Maddy and her family . Her last words were begging Nine for help . Wade ( edit ) Wade is a surfer around sixteen years old whom Number One develops a crush on and stops training . He is rebellious like her and shoplifts . One chooses to shoplift some records to impress him and is caught and arrested by the police . He is one of the main reasons why One stops training and is found by the Mogadorians . Devdan ( edit ) Devdan is a friend of Eight who helped him to master his Legacies . He is mentioned in Rise of Nine . He is in the hands of the Mogadorians . He was used by Setrakus Ra to taunt Eight . Devdan was originally assumed by most readers to be Pittacus Lore ; but due to Malcolm Goode explaining the events before the invasion of Lorien to the Garde in The Fall of Five , Pittacus Lore is dead . This might be the Pittacus Lore titled Loric , due to the fact that nine Garde on Lorien were chosen every 1,000 years or so to assume the title of the nine original Elders including Pittacus . Devdan could possibly be the ' original ' Pittacus Lore ( the immortal over 10,000 years old ) who is the author and one of the first nine Elders . This is just a theory . Lola ( edit ) A woman who Cepan Reynolds fell in love with on Earth . Due to her jealousy of Number Eight , Reynolds 's Garde , she betrayed them to the Mogadorians in exchange for a large bag of gold . However , the Mogadorians stabbed her in the back and then her `` bag of gold '' exploded on her . Agent Walker ( edit ) Agent Walker is a redhead female FBI agent who is tasked in capturing the Garde . However , after what happen to Purdy , she joins the Garde in exposing Setrakus Ra . She reveals that the Mogs came 10 years ago and , in exchange for advanced technology , medical enhancements , etc. , the Mogs were allowed to use their resources to track down the Garde . Also , she reveals that about 15 % of the USA 's military , CIA , FBI , etc. are MogPro , along with some foreign officials and the Secretary of Defense and the Vice President ( the US president is kept in the dark ) . In the book `` The Revenge of Seven '' she and her men , John , Sam , and Nine go to NYC to intercept the Secretary of Defense , Senator Sanderson , only to find him betrayed by the Mogs as his enhancements turn on him . After John heals him , Walker takes the group to where Setrákus Ra makes his presentation to Earth . Agent Purdy ( edit ) Agent Purdy is one of the FBI agents who are tasked to capture the Garde . He later dies of a heart attack , which in reality , he is killed by his Mog enhancements . This makes Walker join the Garde in exposing Setrakus Ra . Emma ( edit ) Emma is a Hispanic girl who became partners in crime with Five in Five 's Legacy . She is described as being deeply tanned with black hair and dark eyes . She is Five 's friend and romantic interest . Their friendship is destroyed when Ethan sends Five and Emma for a rigging job , Ethan at this time knew Five was Loric , and he set up Five . A group of henchmen attacked Five and Emma , and Five is forced to use his Legacies , this results in Emma in seeing him beat up the henchmen in self - defense and the injury of one of the henchmen who turns out to be Emma 's brother . She is after shocked and furious at Five , calls him a ' monster ' and knocks him out with a pipe . She is later said to having moved after her brother got out of the hospital . They moved to Tallahassee . Five misses her . It is hinted that he has romantic feelings towards her . In Five 's Betrayal , She was brought forth to Five in Virginia to test Five . She was nearly crushed to death by Five 's telekinesis after she mentions the word `` monster '' . Five managed to spare her by making some use out of her brother . She is later moved to another location , safe and sound . Ethan ( edit ) A former Greeter working with the Mogadorians . He took Five under his wing and managed to have him join the Mogs . He was ordered to become Five 's best friend and mentor . He and the Virginia base Commander Deltoch never saw eye - to - eye . He considers Five 's powers to be gifts . During Nine 's escape , he was injured by green lava , destroying half his face and his right hand . Suspected to be involved with Nine 's escape , Setrakus Ra orders Five to kill him instead of Nine . Five and Ethan had their final moments together back in Miami . While Five was preparing to infiltrate the remaining Garde , Ethan left a note in Five 's box . It states as Five is reading it , he 's probably dead as he saw it coming when his usefulness was up and that Five should do anything to survive ; putting himself before everything , including Setrakus Ra . Ethan was one of the Greeters that welcomed the nine Garde and Cepan . But he had lost faith in the Loric cause and started to work for the Mogadorians , in exchange for his services his life will be spared when the Mogadorians take over the Earth . These events take place in I Am Number Four : Th Lost Files : The Hidden Enemy . Senator Sanderson ( edit ) The US Secretary of Defense and one of the MogPro traitors . It was initially believed that he was supposed to present Setrakus Ra , but betrayed as his Mog enhancements turns against him . When he was to die for being a fool , John heals him . Afterwards , the Senator reveals that the Mog fleet has already arrived , ships hovering over almost every major city ( London , NYC , Shanghai , etc . ) . Daniela morales ( edit ) A resident of NYC and another bestowed human with legacies . She lives with her mother and stepfather ( whom she did n't have a good relationship with ) . When the invasion began , her stepfather caused her to escape from the Mogs . As she was escaping down the fire escape , an electrifying sensation coursed through her body ( signifying that the Entity possessed legacies unto her ) . A few minutes afterwards , she met a pack of Mogs and tried to surrender but accidentally used Telekinesis on them . She later meets up with Four and Sam , and maneuver their way through the ravaged NYC . Known Legacies : Telekinesis - the ability to move objects with one 's mind Petras - Daniela developed the ability to turn living creatures into stone at the end of `` The Fate of Ten . '' She discoverers her new legacy by turning the hunter / mogasaur into stone at the end of `` the fate of ten '' . Chimærae ( edit ) Bernie Kosar ( edit ) Bernie Kosar , also known as Hadley , is a Chimæra from Lorien . Chimæras have the power to morph into other animals or beasts . He has been following and protecting John and Henri ever since they came to Earth . John remembers that in Florida , there was always a gecko staring at him while he ate breakfast . While they are in Paradise , Bernie takes the form of a beagle . His name on Lorien was Hadley . John has a few visions of him back when they were on Lorien . In the second book , John realizes that Bernie Kosar is Hadley . Bernie helps John , Sam , and Six when ever they are in trouble with the police or Mogadorians . In The Rise of Nine , Bernie continues to help John , along with the newly found Number Nine and is shown to be fighting alongside the entire Garde , except for Five , against Setrakus Ra at the secret government base in New Mexico . At the end of the book , Bernie and the others survive Setrakus and are trying to find a way out , while at the same time looking for Sam , who has been captured by the Mogadorians at the end of the second book . In the Fall of Five , BK helps fend off the rest of the Mogadorians at the end of the book and is unknown as to whether he survives or not . It is revealed in `` The Revenge of Seven '' that Bernie Kosar survived , but barely , after the fight he was found severely injured , Four / John healed him but a piece of his ear was bitten off . Bernie Kosar was sent to go with Sarah in finding more information about the Mogadorians with Mark James . Olivia ( edit ) Olivia is a Chimæra from Lorien . She has been with Ella / Ten since she came to Earth and was introduced in book two . There is supposed to be more Chimæra like her that made it with Ella . At the end of the Power of Six she is killed by a pack of krauls while protecting Ella and Marina / Seven from harm . Her lifeless body is seen underwater , having died from the bite wounds that she had sustained . Dust ( edit ) Dust is a Chimæra from the planet Lorien . He was captured in Dulce by the Mogadorians using him as a test subject to find a way to get his shapeshifting genes into the Mogs ' vatborn . Dust finds Adam and Rex in the desert of Dulce by the watchtower looking over the base . He starts to get friendly with Adam but has a hatred for Rex , keeping an eye on him to protect Adam . He travels with the two to Plum Island and fights the Mogadorians and helps Adam free the other Chimæra . Now he is traveling with Adam to Chicago to help Sam , Malcolm and the Garde in the fight with the Mogadorians . Dust went with Adam , Six , and Marina / Seven to New Mexico , to the Sanctuary and stayed outside to keep any more Mogadorians from interrupting . Stanley ( edit ) Stanley is a Chimæra sent on the second ship from Lorien . All Chimæra , excluding Bernie Kosar , are the property of Ella 's father , Raylan . Stanley is one of the Chimæra that Adam rescued from Plum Island in the events of The Forgotten Ones . In `` The Revenge of Seven '' , Sam befriends one of the new Chimæra who is very attached to Sam , taking its form as a fat orange cat . Sam then names him Stanley ( Nine 's alter ego ) , as he believes the fat cat has a resemblance to Nine . Stanley is currently in an abandoned warehouse with the other Chimæra , John , Sarah , Sam , Malcolm and Adam . Stanley was one of the Chimæra being experimented on at the Mogadorian facility at Plum Island . Stanley is left back at Ashwood Estates to protect Malcolm . Biscuit ( edit ) Biscuit is a Chimæra from Lorien , that Sarah named , he currently has taken the form of a Golden Retriever , he is a very playful Chimæra . Biscuit was one of the Chimæra being experimented on at the Mogadorian facility at Plum Island . Biscuit is left back at Ashwood Estates to protect Malcolm Goode . Gamera ( edit ) Gamera is a Chimæra who was on the second ship that came to Earth . Malcolm named this Chimæra Gamera , based on a monster movie that he had seen . Gamera was one of the Chimæra being experimented on at the Mogadorian facility at Plum Island . Gamera is left back at Ashwood Estates to protect Malcolm . Regal ( edit ) Regal is a Chimæra that has taken the form of a hawk , he is one of the quieter Chimæra 's . Regal was one of the Chimæra being experimented on at the Mogadorian facility at Plum Island . Regal is left back at Ashwood Estates to protect Malcolm . Bandit ( edit ) Bandit is a Chimæra that has shapeshifted into a raccoon , he sits next to Regal . Bandit was one of the Chimæra being experimented on at the Mogadorian facility at Plum Island . Bandit is left back at Ashwood Estates to protect Malcolm . Pikens and krauls ( edit ) Pikens and Krauls are Mogadorian beasts that are seen at the battle of the school in I Am Number Four and in Santa Teresa , in The Power of Six . They are used as living weapons by the Mogadorians . They are able to think for themselves though , as John was able to convince a piken to turn against the Mogs in the First Book . Pikens are large , destructive creatures , while krauls are smaller , deadlier beasts . Other Loric ( edit ) Pittacus Lore ( edit ) Pittacus Lore is Lorien 's ruling elder , and the author of the Lorien Legacies . He has been on Earth for the last 12 years and is trying to find and reunite the Garde . He was the one who gave Setrakus Ra a purple scar around his throat . He is the only Garde at this time to have `` all of the legacies '' , making him the only person to stand a clear chance against Setrakus Ra . It is at first believed that number Eight is the garde who will inherit his legacies but it is later revealed that it is more likely to be John or Nine as they too have had visions of Setrakus Ra , who can communicate with Pittacus Lore . It is hinted throughout the series and out of the series that Pittacus Lore is with Number Five and possibly heading for New Mexico . It is also rumored that Numbers Four , Eight , Nine , or possibly Five might be the one Garde to be granted all of the legacies , just like Pittacus . However , by the events of The Fall of Five , Five is revealed to be not involved with Pittacus and is instead working with the Mogadoriens . In The Fall of Five , Malcolm Goode , Sam 's father , explains to the Garde that he was `` supposedly '' visited by Pittacus Lore , who told him to prepare for the Garde before they got to Earth and to make sure they have the needs to go into hiding . He also says that Pittacus was wounded and that he died the same night , explaining that the huge skeleton in his cellar is actually Pittacus himself . Whether or not this is true remains unknown , as other evidence suggest otherwise , the skeleton of Pittacus Lore in Malcolm 's cellar might have been the Garde who had taken on the title of the ruling elder , this might not have been the original Pittacus Lore ( immortal of at least 10,000 years old ) . In The Last Days of Lorien , Pittacus Lore is described as the most mysterious , yet most well - known Garde on Lorien . He is also the most powerful of the Garde and the ruler of Lorien itself . Many myths describe him as an immortal of at least 10,000 years old , while others believe that he has been succeeded by many others . The problem with there being two Pittacus ( an original and one holding his ' title ' ) is that in The Fate of Ten , the 10,000 - year - old Pittacus was not present at Ella 's Council of all existing Elders and Garde . Pittacus possesses all legacies , evidently through Ximic like he used it on Setracus Ra to acquire his Dreyden ability . Known Legacies : Ximic : One of the rarest legacies , it allows the user to copy and master any legacy met . Glacen : In the Fate of Ten he has fire in one hand and ice in the other , may be elemental control . Lumen : It is shown he can create fire and light from his hands , controlling it may be elemental control or pyrokenises Miras : Like Nine , he can transfer his abilities as he does so to Loridas Dreyden : He copied Dreyden from Setrakus Ra . Avex : Like Five he learnt how to fly . Chlorokenises : The manipulation of plants , he makes a flower grow out of a bare canyon . Aeturnus : He never aged in the Fate of Ten , probably gotten through Ximic from Loridas Telekineses : Like all Garde , he has telekineses . Enhancements : Unlike normal Garde , he has enhanced speed , strength and stamina , more so than Lorien garde standards . Others : He had all the legacies . Julianne ( edit ) Julianne was the wife of Henri when he lived on Lorien . She was also known to be a Cepan . It is assumed that she perished when the Mogadorians invaded Lorien . When John / Four asked Henri / Brandon where his family was on the day of the war he said `` not with me , not on that day ... '' which indicates that Julianne never got on the ship but had been killed on Lorien among most other Loric . Henri described her to be the most beautiful woman he ever saw , even watching her sleep and waking her up early in the morning when he could n't wait to be with her . Julianne and Henri were deeply in love , one that lasted even after she died . Four 's grandfather ( edit ) Four 's Grandfather was a Garde and good friends with Henri , it is likely he was killed when the Mogadorians invaded Lorien . His personality is described by Henri as cheerful , funny and outgoing , unlike Four 's Grandmother who was quiet and more ' behind the scenes ' type of person . Henri also describes a prank he pulled on him . His known Legacies included : Lúmen - Just like his grandson , Four 's Grandfather had the power to produce heat , light and fire from his hands and could manipulate , create and control it in any way he wanted to . This also would have made his entire body resistant to heat and fire . Novis - Just like Six , Four 's Grandfather could turn invisible at will . Telekinesis - All Garde can move objects with their mind Enhancement - All Garde have enhanced strength , speed , senses , relflexes , endurance and durability Lara and Liren ( edit ) Lara and Liren were the parents of Number Four on Lorien . It is likely they were killed when the Mogadorians invaded Lorien . They were good friends with Henri ( Cêpan of Number Four ) and Number Six 's parents , Arun and Lyn . This is one of the main reasons why Six and Four develop such a strong bond . Liren 's Legacies included : Aestus - Just like Six , the ability to control the weather ( possibly elemental manipulation ) . John sees this in his vision of the Mogadorian invasion on Lorien , he sees his father fighting . Telekinesis - All Garde can move objects with their mind Enhancement - All Garde have enhanced strength , speed , senses , relflexes , endurance and durability Avex - Liren could also fly , this was shown to four in his vision of the last day of Lorien , Henri also told four this after four asked him about the last day of Lorien . Lara was also a garde , although her abilities are never revealed , it is assumed that she has enhanced strength and telekinesis . Arun and Lyn ( edit ) Arun and Lyn were the parents of Number Six on Lorien . They were known to be good friends with Lara and Liren , Four 's parents . It is likely they were killed when the Mogadorians invaded Lorien . Arun and Lyn would have other Legacies including both Telekinesis and Enhancement . Loridas ( edit ) Loridas was the last remaining elder on Lorien . An Aeternus , like Ella , he was able to switch between times and his age , which was how he survived the longest . Later though when the Mogadorians invaded Lorien , he sacrificed himself so that Ella could escape with his powers , and become Number Ten , ( This is proven to be a lie told by Crayton ) . They escaped though on a second ship . He does not appear but is mentioned in The Power of Six by Crayton to Marina and Number Six about his history . Loridas makes his first but very brief appearance in The Last Days Of Lorien . He is seen by Sandor , Nine 's cepan , and is revealed to be the one who put the charm on the Garde before they left Earth . He does not speak in this story , but provides a very important part that will help the Garde for dark future ahead of them . Hisknown Legacies would have included : Aeternus - The ability to change between ages that the user has already lived through ( This is not an actual Legacy , some Garde are born with this natural power ) Telekinesis - All Garde can move objects with their mind Enhancement - All Garde have enhanced strength , speed , senses , relflexes , endurance and durability Janus ( edit ) Janus is the pilot of the ship that carried the nine Garde and their Cêpan to Earth . He told his sister , Zophie , what his mission was , which lead to her joining the second ship carrying Ella . After arriving on earth , he tried to hide the ship , but he was captured by the Mogs . After being tortured , he revealed info about the nine Garde children being scattered . He was killed afterwards . Devektra ( edit ) Devektra was a Garde on Lorien . She had the ability to sing , dance , and read minds , along with communicating telepathically too . She is mentioned in Nine 's Legacy and makes a few appearances in The Last Days Of Lorien . She meets Sandor , Nine 's cepan , at the night club known as the Chimaera and grows to like him . She later invites him to come to the Chimaera again for the Quartermoon . It is revealed that Devektra likes Sandor because he is different , just like her . It is implied that they both have romantic feelings for each other , because of the kiss and the hug that they share before and during the invasion of Lorien . She says goodbye to Sandor before she heads off to battle with her other Garde . Later on , she saves Sandor and Nine from a Mogadorian , but she does it from a long distance away , which provides more hints to the feelings she may have for him . It is highly believed that she has been killed during the invasion of Lorien . Her Legacies included : Vox - The ability to manipulate sound waves , she used this Legacy to manipulate her voice on stage . Flexibus - The ability to manipulate light in any form , she used this Legacy while performing . Mentis - The ability to communicate with others through their mind Telekinesis - All Garde can move objects with their mind Enhancement - All Garde have enhanced strength , speed , senses , relflexes , endurance and durability Nine 's grandfather ( edit ) Nine 's Grandfather was a Garde on Lorien . In The Last Days Of Lorien , he is seen with a young Number Nine , living in a hut just west of Lorien 's Main City ( City Centre ) , along with their pet Chimaera . By the end of the story , when Lorien is being attacked by the Mogadoriens , Sandor comes to take Nine to the ship that is evacuating the rest of the Garde children . Before leaving Nine 's grandfather reveals to Sandor that he is Nine 's Cepan now . Using his Legacy to see glimpses of peoples destiny , Nine 's grandfather also predicts that he will become important to the Nine and will play a role in the war against the Mogadoriens in the future , but at the last second , he also predicts Sandor 's death by saying `` you will die '' . Nine 's grandfather died during the invasion of Lorien . His Legacies included : Precognition - Ability to see the future . Nine 's Grandfather described it as having rare glimpses at the threads of destiny , this is how he predicted Sandor 's role and death in Nine 's life . Telekinesis - All Garde can move objects with their mind Enhancement - All Garde have enhanced strength , speed , senses , relflexes , endurance and durability Erina ( edit ) Erina was the mother of Ella and wife to Raylan . Due to Raylan isolating himself with his Chimaera and Chimaera keeper , Crayton , away from the Loric city , after Raylan 's complaint about the Secret Wars and his heritage being the rightful heir to the Tenth Elder after the Elders reduced their numbers to nine , Erina was sent by the Elders to keep an eye on Raylan . She played and flew with the Chimaera 's creating bursts of currents of electricity ( one of her Legacies ) , and Raylan would change the colour of the electricity with his Legacy of manipulating the spectrum of light . They fell in love , and Erina had Ella hours before the invasion of the Mogadorians , Raylan was planning to leave Lorien with Ella , but got into a ferocious argument with his wife , Erina , so he agreed to fight and told Crayton to be her Cepan and take care of her . It is likely that she died fighting when the Mogadorians invaded Lorien . Her Legacies included : Elecomun - The ability to create , manipulate and control electrical currents in any form . Avex - The ability to fly Telekinesis - All Garde can move objects with their mind Enhancement - All Garde have enhanced strength , speed , senses , relflexes , endurance and durability Raylan ( edit ) Raylan was the father of Ella / Ten and husband of Erina . Raylan was very wealthy due to him being the descendant of the Tenth Elder of Lorien before the Secret Wars . After the Tenth Elder was killed during the Secret Wars , and the Lorien government covered it up to protect Lorien 's image as a utopia , Raylan was angered when they reduced the Elders ' numbers to nine , so he isolated himself from the Loric city - along with his Chimaera and Crayton , who tended to his Chimaera . This proves that Raylan 's father is actually Setrakus Ra ( In The Revenge of Seven Setrakus Ra says that Ella is his granddaughter ) . Setrakus Ra might have been the Tenth Elder that was supposedly ' killed ' during the Secret Wars . Raylan was planning to leave Lorien with Ella , but got into a ferocious argument with his wife , Erina , so he agreed to fight and told Crayton to be her Cepan and take care of her , most of his Chimaera died protecting Ella and Crayton as they made their way to the second ship . It is likely that he died fighting when the Mogadorians invaded Lorien . His Legacies included : Photokinesis - Ability to manipulate light ( Although it is not said that he had Photokinesis , manipulating the spectrum of light is very similar , and might just be a trait of Photokinesis ) Telekinesis - All Garde can move objects with their mind Enhancement - All Garde have enhanced strength , speed , senses , relflexes , endurance and durability Lexa / GUARD ( edit ) Lexa is a Loric with superb electronic skills . She initially joined the LDC and completed many projects . After hearing her little brother 's death , she became devastated and worked on leaking government info to the public , blaming them for Zane 's death and viewing them as corrupt . On the day of the Mog invasion , Lexa was contacted by Zophie , an old friend , to pilot a ship from a museum . After escaping , Lexa , Zophie , Crayton , Ella , and a handful of Chimera waited a year and a half to arrive to Earth . After crashing onto Earth , Lexa and Zophie take the Chimera with them to America to look for Janus . Lexa eventually made contact with a Mog who showed a clip of a tortured Janus , which she kept secret from Zophie . Later , while doing some solo investigating , Zophie made contact with a hit on finding her brother and reveal her location . Lexa watched in horror through a security camera of Zophie being killed and the Chimera being taken ( which leads to them being rescued by Adam ) . After the massacre , Lexa became determined to fight back using her computer skills . In the `` Lost Files : The Fugitive '' , she made contact with Mark James under the alias of `` GUARD '' . She first appeared to him as a bike courier and later revealed herself to him and Sarah at a hidden location where the ship the Garde used to escape the Mog invasion is hidden . Zophie ( edit ) Zophie is the sister of Janus , who piloted the ship the Garde escaped on , and Lexa 's friend . She help arranged the escape on the second ship with Reynolds for the Chimera and Ella . One of Zophie 's biggest concerns was reuniting with her brother . However , her obsession lead to her demise as she responded to one of the Mog 's internet traps . This also lead to capture of the Chimera , which led to the events of `` The Lost Files : The Forgotten Ones '' . Zophie was killed by one of the Mogs beasts , with Lexa only to watch from a monitor , which leads to her role as GUARD . Zane ( edit ) Lexa 's little brother , who was a Garde with dreams of being the 10th Elder . He show great potential during his training at the LDC . However , after developing his flight ability , he flies too fast and crashes into a ship resulting his death . His Legacies include : Avex - Zane was able to fly at very fast speeds Telekinesis - All Garde can move objects with their mind Enhancement - All Garde have enhanced strength , speed , senses , relflexes , endurance and durability The Secret Wars ( edit ) The Secret Wars were a series of conflicts between the Loric and the Mogadorians , but it was covered up by the Loric government to keep the image and idea that Lorien was a utopia . This all took place before Lorien became its full potential , before the Garde received Legacies and the Chimaera came out of hiding . At this time ten Elders of Lorien were present , but some time during the Secret Wars the Tenth Elder of Lorien died ; this has then been proven to most likely be Setrakus Ra , due to Raylan ( Ella / Ten 's father ) being a descendant of the Tenth Elder that ' died ' during the war . After the war , and there was peace once again , the Loric were gifted with the Phoenix Stones which led to them being gifted with Legacies and the Chimaera came out of hiding . It was later proven in The Revenge of Seven that Setrakus Ra was in fact the Tenth Elder of Lorien . He was banished by Pittacus Lore during the Secret Wars , due to Ra 's ideas and nature for ' progress ' . He explains to Ella in The Revenge of Seven that the Loric people were too peaceful and lacked the motives and harsh nature to use their Legacies for conquering and demolition of other planets and races . After his banishment , Ra sort out the Mogadorians who had already used up their natural resources leaving Mogadore as a husk , in doing this Ra slightly changed his Loric genetic code to look more like a Mogadorian so that they would accept him as one of their one . He started to help the Mogadorians ' problems including energy , construction and the trouble Mogadorians had with giving birth , thus creating the vat - borns . They eventually agreed to work under his rule and he soon planned the attack on Lorien . The Phoenix Stones ( edit ) The Phoenix Stones are objects ( not really stones ) that the Elders discovered , post-Secret War , and that gifted Lorien with the Legacies and the Chimaera . The Nine Garde that came to Earth each have a Phoenix Stone inside their chest . The Phoenix Stones are a way to jump - start Lorien 's ecosystem when the Garde return to Lorien . The Phoenix Stones are currently not known what form they are in but some ideas include : `` Brittle Leaves Tied with Twine '' - This is found in Number Four 's chest ; in The Fall of Five , Four touched it and a breeze from Lorien filled the room , he says that `` this is a reminder of what we fight for '' . `` Liquid Loralite '' - In Marina 's chest she has a vial of water , but when she touches the side of the vial it glows blue and follows her finger along the glass . When she pours a drop onto her palm , it instantly solidifies into a loralite stone . `` Curved Antler '' - Eight 's chest holds the Curved Antler ; this acts as a totem to them , In The Fall of Five Bernie Kosar starts to go crazy when he is around the antler , in fact it attracted the other Chimaera too ; Bernie Kosar said he was `` calling the others '' `` Leather Pouch '' - In Nine 's chest there is a Leather Pouch containing a rich , brown soil , not much else is known about this item . Loric objects ( edit ) Most of the Loric objects can be found in a Garde 's Chest . Some are stones that are found in , around , or on Lorien . Loralite ( edit ) Loralite is the rarest and strongest gem on Lorien , only found at the planet 's core . It is used to make the Garde 's pendants . It can also increase Eight 's range of teleportation , allowing him to teleport from continent to continent . He can only teleport to places that already have Loralite crystal , and he can not control where he will go . Eight has so far found Loralite in New Mexico , the coast of Somalia , Easter Island , and a few other places . Healing Stone ( edit ) Healing Stone is a black Lorien stone that heals injuries caused with the intent to hurt or kill , but when used it causes double the pain of the original injury . A healing stone would not heal older or accidental injuries . It is assumed it was dumped into the well at the Sanctuary at the end of `` The Revenge of Seven '' Lorien Crystal ( edit ) Lorien Crystal is an oblong shaped stone that is perfectly smooth . According to Henri , its tied to their legacies . John 's Lorien Crystal is clear on the outside and cloudy in the middle . When John touched it , it activated his Lumen . Henri used the crystal to spread his resistance to heat and fire over the rest of his body . It is assumed it was dumped into the well at the Sanctuary at the end of `` The Revenge of Seven '' Xitharis ( edit ) Xitharis is a stone that is a piece of Lorien 's first moon . It allows the Garde to transfer a Legacy to another for a short period of time . It appears to last around an hour ; the exact time seems to depend on the Legacy being transferred . The only known Xitharis stone was lost by Five in `` The Fall of Five '' . It was seen when Six transferred her invisibility legacy to Four and Sam Goode so they could retrieve his Chest in the Mogadorian Cave . In the book `` The Revenge of Seven '' it is revealed that Five indeed kept the stone , then transferred his flying legacy into it trying to help Ella escape , it is not mentioned if it is still in Ella 's possession after she went unconscious . Macrocosm ( edit ) Macrocosm is a small sphere shaped object contained in some chests of the Garde , when touched it gives the exact location of the Garde that activates it , and the locations of the other Garde with their Chests open . ( this is how the Mogadorians found John , Six and Sam in Florida and Marina at Santa Teresa ) . However , some Garde 's chest contain a small red rod that when spoken into , those who have Macrocosms active and open can hear him / her . Nine and Seven are known to have the rods , while Four is known to have the sphere . All the others ' are unknown . It is assumed it was dumped into the well at the Sanctuary at the end of `` The Revenge of Seven '' Joust rod / pipe - staff ( edit ) Number Nine has a rod that extends to be very long and can be used to kill Mogadorians and Mogadorian beasts . In I Am Number Four : The Lost Files : Nine 's Legacy , his Cepan Sandor mentions that there used to be competitions on Lorien with these red rods , called jousts . This rod is Nine 's primary weapon . However , it was broken by Five during the fight in The Fall of Five . Diamond dagger ( edit ) In the Power of Six , Four finds dagger in his chest . When Four uses the dagger , the handle wraps around his wrist . Four is the only known Garde to possess this object . Red bracelet ( edit ) In The Power of Six , Four discovers a red bracelet in his Chest that he does not recall learning about . Later , when John battles with government officials in , `` The Rise of Nine '' the bracelet expands into a shield . Four is the only known Garde to possess this object . The red bracelet is destroyed in `` The Revenge of Seven '' by General Andrakkus Sutekh when John encounters him . Sustenance ( edit ) Sustenance is a yellow cube that Nine found in his Chest , and claims that it satisfies one 's hunger . It is a small yellow cube the size of a jawbreaker . When Four looks for one in his own Chest , he finds a blue cube rather than a yellow cube . When John puts it in his mouth , however , it is revealed to be a water substitute , rather than a food substitute . It is assumed it was dumped into the well at the Sanctuary at the end of `` The Revenge of Seven '' Dark pair of glasses ( edit ) Marina / Seven finds a pair of glasses with dark shades ( not sunglasses ) while exploring the objects of her Chest . Crayton , Ella 's Cêpan , does not seem to know what the function of the glasses are . When Ella puts them on , however , she sees everything nearly three seconds before it actually happens . For example , when the group is in the truck , Ella shouts that there is a missile heading for the truck , but no one else sees or hears it . Now screaming at the top of her lungs , Ella forces everyone out of the truck , and it explodes a second later . Hence , the glasses help the wearer see what is coming before others . The use is not confirmed , because later Ella accidentally drops them and a tree branch crushes them . The name of it is n't confirmed , either . Marina is the only Garde known to possess this Loric object . Tree Branch ( edit ) Marina / Seven also finds a tree branch that looks like an ordinary tree branch but somewhat different ; smoother and more straight . As she is walking in the forest , she learns that the branch can control the trees as if they were a marionette . It was dumped into the well at the Sanctuary at the end of `` The Revenge of Seven '' Pair of dark gloves ( edit ) Marina / Seven finds these in her chest . At first it was only noticed that the gloves glittered when touched . But in ' the Revenge of Seven ' , in an SUV , Nine claps his hands ( with the gloves on ) and they produce a thunderclap sound that makes the SUV bounce a few feet into the air and its windows shatter also . Duplicator ( edit ) In The Rise of Nine , Eight ( with the help of Seven ) , finds his Chest and takes out a small yellow rod the size of a pencil . He nicknamed it , `` The Duplicator . '' After it expands he walks in and starts doing jumping - jacks . When the real Eight walks out , a copy of himself remains inside , still doing jumping jacks . Hidden blade ( edit ) In Five 's Chest , he has a sleeve that he puts on , when he flexes a blade shoots out . The first time Five uses this he almost 's stabs himself in the eye . This is the weapon that Five used to kill Eight in The Fall of Five . Obsidian flute ( edit ) Five has a flute that can be used to control certain beasts . He uses this in The Fall of Five while in the Everglades to control a Mogadorian beast . X-ray Pebble ( edit ) Nine has a pebble , that when squeezed it makes wherever he has pointed transparent . He demonstrates this in the power of six , when we gives it to Sam to find his father in the Mogadorian base , West Virginia . It is assumed it was dumped into the well at the Sanctuary at the end of `` The Revenge of Seven '' Purple Pebble ( edit ) This pebble belongs to Nine , and when he puts it on his palm , it phases through his right hand and comes out his left . This is shown in the events of `` The Fall of Five '' . It is assumed it was dumped into the well at the Sanctuary at the end of `` The Revenge of Seven '' Green crystal ( edit ) Eight has a green crystal that emits a strong gust of wind . In `` The Rise of Nine '' , Eight , Marina and Ella have teleported to the Gulf of Aden near Somalia . Marina discovers that the Loralite stone is at the bottom of the sea , Eight throws the green crystal , and it instantly produces a strong gust of wind , creating a large air bubble that the three Garde go in . Liquid Loralite ( edit ) Marina has a vial of clear liquid in her Chest . When she touches the side of it , it instantly glows , similar to a Loralite stone , it follows her finger as she moves it along the glass . She later pours a few drops of it onto her palm and it turns into a solid Loralite . It was dumped into the well at the Sanctuary at the end of `` The Revenge of Seven '' Leather Pouch ( edit ) The Leather Pouch contains a rich chocolate brown soil , this is hinted to be Nine 's Phoenix Stone . It was dumped into the well at the Sanctuary at the end of `` The Revenge of Seven '' White Tablet ( edit ) This Tablet acts as a GPS for the Garde . In `` The Fall of Five '' the remaining Garde and Sarah use it to locate Number Five and helps them find Six , Nine , and Seven after being attacked by the Mogadorians . Loric Salt ( edit ) Loric Salt is a small pebble which slows and numbs the effects of Mogadorian weapons . It also grants a burst of energy , but it does not last long and will fade if the person happens to be a Garde and uses his / her powers . Loric chests ( edit ) All Cêpans received the Loric Chests from their elders for each of the nine Garde to keep until the children grew into their legacies . It also is a locator to find others if one of the Garde has opened theirs . If a Garde member is killed , the chest and the objects inside become useless and disintegrate . Number One - It is revealed in the Fallen Legacies that the Mogs took One 's chest after she was killed . Number Two and Number Three - It is unknown what happened to Two or Three 's chests when they were killed . John / Number Four - Four 's chest was taken by the Mogadorians , until Four and Sam recovered it . ( All taking place within The Power of Six ) . Number Five - In an exclusive scene from The Fall of Five , Five retrieves his chest from a swamp . His chest contains a whistle that makes Mogadorian beasts sleep . Number Six - In the first two books it is explained that when the Mogadorians captured Six and Katarina , they took her chest and have had it since . It was also assumed by Six , Four , and Sam that the Mogadorians were able to open Six 's chest . In `` The Lost Files : Six 's Legacy '' it is contradictorily revealed that the chest was buried and not in Mogadorian possession during the time of Six 's capture . Marina / Number Seven - Adelina hid Marina 's chest from her for 10 years , with Marina never knowing the location or what was inside . Marina found the chest , with the help of Ella , and was able to open it by drugging Adelina . ( The chest can only be opened by both the Cêpan and the Garde , unless the Cêpan is dead . ) This action gave off a signal that showed the Mogadorians she was in Spain . Number Eight - Number Eight 's chest was believed to have been stolen by the Mogadorians as revealed in Eight 's Origin Story , but the Mogadorian that was supposed to have escaped using a ship , succumbed to the wounds inflicted by Eight before his escape and crashed . The chest was later found in the submerged ship by Marina at the bottom of the lake close to Eight 's Home . Number Nine - Nine 's chest was hidden in the Mogadorian cave until Four and Sam recovered it along with Four 's chest . Ella / Number Ten - It is revealed that Ella does not have a Chest in the Fall of Five , as she is not one of the elders . Loric pendants ( edit ) Each Garde member receives a pendant to wear to symbolize as a member of the Garde . Numbers One , Two and Three - Setrakus Ra currently has the pendants of the First Three . Numbers Four through Nine - Four through Nine currently still have their pendants with them . In Rise of Nine , Setrakus Ra took Six 's pendant or the large one she found in the Power of Six . Number Ten - Ella does not have a pendant since she is not really an Elder . The symbols on the pendants of Four , Six , Nine and Five are revealed in the books . In the film adaptation , all of the pendants are shown , and are inspired by actual crop circle designs . In Four 's vision at the close of The Fall of Five , Setrakus Ra is shown to have seven of the pendants , Five and Six still having theirs . Possible Legacies ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legacies are the unique abilities possessed by members of the Loric Garde and their Loric descendants . They are akin to fictional superpowers in that they endow the Garde with what can only be described as superhuman abilities of enhanced physical faculties as well as influence over energies . Legacies typically manifest during a Garde 's puberty and may be related to high emotions like aggression or emotional traumas . These are just a list of the Legacies that could potentially be inherited by the Garde ; confirmed Legacies on the Lorien Horoscope or Legacies that relate to Loric Objects founded in the Garde 's Chests . Arsenic ( Force Field Projection ) - The ability to create force fields of any size or thickness . In Four 's Chest he has a bracelet , and when snapped on it creates a force field around the user when under attack . This is shown in The Rise of Nine and The Fall of Five . Sedation - The ability to control or seduce another being through the users voice , ( similar to the Greek mythological Siren ) . In Five 's Chest he had a flute that he used to control the Mogadorian beast when he reveal he was a traitor at the Everglades . Plena ( Chlorokinesis ) - The ability to create , control or manipulate plants and vegetation of any type . Marina / Seven has a Tree Branch that controls the movement of the trees , and it is shown that she uses it ( chlorokinesis ) to heal a plant ( This is demonstrated in The Power of Six ) , Pittacus lore generates a flower from a rock . Duplication - The ability to create physical replicas of one 's self , ( The extent of this Legacy is unknown ) . Eight has a gold - looking rod ( The Duplicator as Eight calls it ) that mimics this power , this is shown in The Power of Six . Intactus ( Intangibility ) - The ability to phase through objects of any density or size . Nine has a purple pebble that imitates this ability , by passing through Nine 's right hand and coming out his left hand - it is shown in The Fall of Five . Sonic Blasts ' The ability to produce particularly powerful blasts of sound , Marina has a pair of gloves that , when clapped produce a thunderclap sound and is powerful enough to lift a truck and shatter it 's windows . X-Ray Vision - The ability to see through any material or object no matter its density , size , length , etc . Nine has a red pebble that he gives to Sam in The Power of Six to find his father in the Mogadorian base . Aerokinesis - The ability to manipulate , generate and control air ( pressure , flow , velocity , strength , etc . ) . Eight has a rock that produce a strong gust of wind , Eight , Marina and Ella use this in The Rise of Nine . Aqua ( Hydrokinesis ) - The ability to generate and manipulate water in any form ; this includes the water flow , current , speed , strength and size. A part of Elemental manipulation but could be a legacy in its own right . Super Strength - A basic Legacy possessed by virtually all the Garde . Super strength allows the Garde to exert their muscles and bodies to limits of physical exertion beyond what a human is capable of , even under optimal physical conditions . Super strength compensates to a limited degree to both bone density and muscle durability ; allowing the Garde to lift weights far exceeding their bodily integrity without experiencing injury . Super strength allows the Garde to perform such defiant feats of physics and athletics as overpowering grown men easily , bending steel in their bare hands , lifting cars with ease , and breaking free of chain restraints . Super Agility - Possibly gained by Number Three , allows the user to have their level of agility above any other standard Garde . Rapid Cellular Regeneration - The ability to regenerate limbs and heal any type of injury ( major or minor ) , at a very fast rate . Classical Elemental Manipulation - The ability to control the four classical elements ; earth , fire , water , air . Chronokinesis / Time Manipulation - The ability to stop , fast forward , reverse , time - jump and / or travel through time . Magnetism / Magnokinesis - The ability to create , manipulate or control various types of metals , with varying properties and alloys . Terra / Geokinesis - The ability to manipulate or control the earth , this may have been linked to One 's / Adam 's Earthquakes . Hypnokinesis - The ability to control the dreaming state , this may extend to Mind Control , or be an extension of Telepathy Icy Cobalt Blasts - The ability to shoot Cobalt Blasts from the user 's hands , In One 's memories , Adam sees a Loric fighting a Piken while protecting the nine Garde and Cepan as they make their way to the ship . Sensor / Empathy - The ability to feel and control other people 's emotions Super Intelligence - The ability to have intelligence far beyond any other standard Garde . Mind Control - The ability to control other beings ' minds , this might be an extension of Telepathy Impervious Skin - Skin that is indestructible , the user will still be vulnerable to internal injuries / attacks . Convinco / Persuasion - The ability to talk whoever into doing whatever . Thermokinesis - The ability to manipulate , create and control the temperature . In The Last Days of Lorien Sandor hears about a Garde who accidentally froze herself to death in the bath tub , because of not knowing how to control her new Legacy . Hybrid Physiology - The ability to change or meta - morph between Loric and a certain type of animal , beast , etc . Heightened Intuition - The ability to know extensively how all objects work . This could have possibly been one of Number Two 's Legacies . Elecomun - The ability to control , manipulate or create currents of electricity , Ella 's mother , Erina , had this power Photokinesis - The ability to control , manipulate and create light of any colour , intensity or brightness , Raylan and Devektra have this power . Shock Wave Emission - The ability to create shockwaves through any kind of movement , this might be apart from Earthquake Legacy . Marina has a dark pair of gloves that when clapped produce a strong shock wave ; this is demonstrated in The Revenge of Seven . Energy Projection - The ability to create and direct any type of energy , e.g. kinetic , gravitational , etc . Weather Manipulation - The ability to control the weather , it is possible that Six has this legacy instead of Classical Elemental Manipulation as she does not control earth . Absonum ( Absorção de Habilidades à Distância : É a capacidade de absorver legados de outros Gardes em certa distância , e somente um de cada . Accelix ( Velocidade Super Sônica ) : É a capacidade de correr em velocidade sônica podendo correr tão ou mais rápido que a luz . Accepto ( Roubo de Legados ) : É a capacidade de roubar os legados de outros Gardes . Obs. : este legado é geralmente uma extensão do Opptus . Accersito ( Invocação de Objetos ou Pessoas ) : É a capacidade de invocar objetos ou até pessoas apenas pensando o que quer . Obs. : este legado só funciona se o objeto ou a pessoa estiver sobre algo ( símbolos , objetos , distância ) . Accio ( Manipulação de Ácido ) : É a capacidade de poder manipular o elemento ácido em todas as formas . Acidum ( Oxicinesia ) : É a capacidade de poder manipular , controlar e gerar o ácido em todas as formas . Adapto ( Adaptabilidade ) : É a capacidade de adaptar - se em qualquer meio que queira , tanto na temperatura quanto em outros meios . Aemerum ( Sangue Regenerativo ) : É a capacidade de por repor seu sangue . Obs. : seu sangue também pode regenerar outras pessoas . Aestus ( Manipulação Climática ) : É a capacidade de poder manipular o clima em todos os estados . Aeteristum ( Retrocognição Artística por Sonhos ou Visões ) : É a capacidade para poder rever o passado . Obs. : pode ser pela arte , por sonhos e visões . Aeterix ( Reanimação de Legados ) : É a capacidade de reanimar os legados que são perdidos pelos Gardes . Aether ( Ethercinesia ou Manipulação do Céu ) : É a capacidade de poder manipular e controlar o estado do céu . Agilitas ( Agilidade Aprimorada ) : É a capacidade de ter an agilidade maior que a de um ser humano comum . Agilitatem ( Super-Agilidade ) : É a capacidade de ter an agilidade sobrenatural , uma agilidade sobre - humana . Obs. : este legado usado ao máximo permite o usuário controle completo sobre o corpo físico . Aliarum ( Clarisciência ou Psicometria ) : É a capacidade de através do toque poder saber todo o histórico ( vida ) de uma pessoa ou objeto . Aliquam ( Immunidade Mental ) : É a capacidade de ter sua mente immune a todos os tipos de legados mentais . Alterius ( Transferência de Energia ) : É a capacidade de transferir sua ou de alguém sua energia . Alternis ( Realidade Alternativa ) : É a capacidade de alterar a realidade em que a vitima está . Obs. : com bastante treinamento este legados pode alterar a percepção da pessoa podendo alterar as coisas que ala faz . Altilium ( Bateria de Energia Humana ) : É a capacidade de ter seu corpo tão energizado quanto uma bateria . Altum ( Saltos Elevados ) : É a capacidade de poder saltar em uma altitude muito alta . Animalia ( Mimetismo Animal ) : É a capacidade de poder transformar o corpo em qualquer animal que queira . Animos ( Controle da Mente ) : É a capacidade para controlar a mente de qualquer pessoa . Obs. : com treinamento é capaz de poder controlar os sentidos , e decisões da pessoa . Apex ( Elasticidade ) : É a capacidade de poder esticar seu corpo podendo se esticas em diversos modos e tamanhos . Aqua ( Hydrocinesia ) : É a capacidade de manipular e controlar o elemento água . Arsenic ( Projeção de Campo de Força ) : É a capacidade de produzir campos de proteção a base de energia de vários tamanhos e densidades . Aspectus ( Mudança de Aparência ) : É a capacidade para poder mudar os aspectos de sua aparência podendo então mudar - se de aparência . Astato ( Super-Audição ) : É a capacidade de ter an audição muito poderosa . Obs. : com treinamento o Garde pode chegar an ouvir a quilômetros de distância . Astérix ( Manipulação Dimensional ) : É a capacidade de poder manipular ou alterar a dimensão em que está . Obs. : com treinamento o Garde pode não só manipular e alterar a dimensão , ele pode manipular outras dimensões e também se mover entre elas . Atrium ( Habilidade de Corte ) : É a capacidade para poder através da mente corta coisas com um simples gesto de mão . Atrox ( Geocinesia ) : É a capacidade para manipular e controlar o elemento terra . Auditis ( Audição Aprimorada ) : É a capacidade de ter sua audição maior que a de qualquer ser humano . Auquitarium ( Manipulação do Peso ) : É a capacidade de poder manipular seu próprio peso , podendo diminuí - lo ou alimentá - lo . Avex ( Vôo ) : É a capacidade de poder voar . Ballarum ( Projeção de Bolhas Explosivas ) : É a capacidade de poder projetar bolhar explosivas . Bérix ( Rastreamento ) : É a capacidade para encontrar , rastrear qualquer pessoa que queira . Obs. : somente poderá encontrar pessoas que não tenham legados que empesam isso como o Blumim . Pode rastrear pessoas com fotos , rastros ou qualquer coisa dela . Bionic ( Biocinesia ) : É a capacidade de poder manipular , controlar e gerar an energia biônica em todas as formas . Blumim ( Legado Bloqueador ) : É a capacidade de ter uma área de bloqueio total em sua volta . Obs. : este legado só poderá ser anulado pelo Dreynen . Aditus ( Adaptação Dimencional ) : É a capacidade de poder se adaptar no espaço e outras dimensões . Aliena ( Controle da Probabilidade ) : É a capacidade de poder alterar as probabilidades a sua volta podendo causar accidentes , eventos naturais , e outros em acontecimentos sem explicação . Obs. : com treinamento o Garde pode alterar o que chama `` sorte e azar '' de outra pessoa , podendo então fazer a pessoa ter azar ou sorte . Almentum ( Aderência Física ) : É a capacidade de ter habilidades físicas em um estado incomum , ou seja , podendo ter domínio completo sobre suas habilidades físicas . Altissímus ( Jugação de Penitência ) : É a capacidade de ter o poder de jugar os erros da pessoa apenas ao olhar nos olhos dele podendo então mata - la ou colocar medo eterno na pessoa . Artistic ( Realidade Artística ) : É a capacidade de poder da vida temporariamente a desenhos . Asprex ( Invisibilidade Visual ) : É a capacidade para visualizar algo e pensar nele que ficará invisível . Obs. : este Legado é semelhante a Telecinesia , sendo que invés de levitar objetos o faz ficar invisível . Blanditis ( Transferência Permanente de Legados ) : É a capacidade de transferir permanentemente seus Legados . Bundus ( Explosão Sísmica ) : É a capacidade explodir coisas em sua volta com raios de energia sísmica . Calcium ( Mimetismo Vegetal ) : É a capacidade de poder alterar o seu corpo em plantas , árvores , vegetais , etc . Calidium ( Thermocinesia ) : É a capacidade de manipular , controlar e gerar todos os tipos de temperaturas . Cáligo ( Manipulação de Plasma ) : É a capacidade de poder manipular a plasma em todas as formas . Cálix ( Legado de Reanimação Explosiva ) : É a capacidade de criar bombas `` granadas '' que tem uma enorme força de explosão . Obs. : este Legado só funciona se o usuário tiver tocado em algum tipo de objeto . Carbonis ( Criação de Carbono e Silício ) : É a capacidade de poder criar certos tipos de minérios através do Carbono e Silício . Cibus ( Combustão ) : É a capacidade de criar raios explosivos ou inflamáveis através dos olhos que ficaram vermelho rubi , ou apenas pensando no que quer . Citius ( Mimetismo de Movimentos ) : É a capacidade de poder imitar e aprender quaisquer movimentos que tal tenha visto . Clímax ( Atmocinesia ) : É a capacidade de poder manipular e controlar o clima em todas as formas e estados . Clypeus ( Telecinesia Tátil ) : É a capacidade de poder criar um pequeno campo de força em sua volta podendo então se proteger de qualquer ataque . Obs. : se o Garde com tal Legado armazenar energia de campo de força ele pode criar certo tipo de repulsão telecinetica . Cognitio ( Conhecimento de todos os Legados ) : É a capacidade para poder saber e compreender todos os Legados que tenha visto , podendo saber nome , uso , finalidade , função , etc . Coitus ( Emissão de Micro-ondas Eletromagnéticas ) : É Capacidade de emitir calor igual an um micro-ondas . Contactum ( Atração Sinestésica ) : É a capacidade de poder através da sinestesia atrair pessoas . Obs. : funciona como uma ampliação da música podendo fazer a melodia tão pura de às pessoas poderão ouvi - las a quilômetros de distância . Este é uma extensão do Sonitus . Corporis ( Projeção Astral ou Projeção Mental ) : É a capacidade para deixar seu corpo com vida assumindo uma forma astral ou mental podendo ver e ouvir tudo que há em sua volta . Crepítus ( Mimetismo Vulcânico ) : É a capacidade de poder transformar seu corpo em pura lava . Crómio ( Radar Humana ) : É a capacidade de poder ser um radar . Cyro ( Manipulação do Gelo ) : É a capacidade para poder apenas manipular o elemento gelo . Densitatis ( Controle da Densidade ) : É a capacidade para poder controlar qualquer tipo de densidade podendo diminuir ou aumentar certos tipos de coisas fazendo com que fiquem mais leves ou mais pesadas , podendo atravessa - las , etc . Detectio ( Detector de Mentiras ) : É a capacidade para poder detectar mentiras e verdades em tudo que as pessoas dizem . Diamantium ( Mimetismo Diamantino ) : É a capacidade para poder transformar seu corpo em puro diamante . Diminuos ( Mudança de Tamanho `` Baixo '' ) : É a capacidade de poder diminuir seu tamanho podendo ficar microscópico . Dominatus ( Maestria Corporal ) : É a capacidade para poder ter domínio sobre os movimentos dos outros , podendo os controlar . Dromenum ( Manipulação Subatômica ) : É a capacidade de manipular an energia subatômica . Duplum ( Duplicador ) : É a capacidade para poder fazer duplicações de si e de outras coisas . Ecdise ( Substituição de Corpo ) : É a capacidade para poder substituir seu corpo quando está machucado , beira à morte , gravemente ferido , etc . Ecyus ( Manipulação Óssea ) : É a capacidade para poder manipular todos os ossos do seu corpo . Obs. : com treinamento o Garde poderá fazer seus ossos saírem , poderá fazê - los crescer , entre outros . Effluxus ( Bomba Explosiva de Radiação ) : É a capacidade para poder criar bombas feitas de pura radiação . Obs. : Ao ser atirada causará dano em tudo que há a sua volta . Elecomun ( Electrocinesia ) : É a capacidade para poder manipular , controlar e gerar o elemento elétrico . Electric ( Manipulação Elétrica ) : É a capacidade para poder manipular o elemento elétrico . Elementa ( Manipulação Elementar `` Clássica '' ou `` Terrestre '' ) : É a capacidade para poder manipular elementos clássicos ( ar , água , terra , fogo ) ou terrestres ( todos os elementos naturais que há na terra ) . Obs. : Com muito treinamento o Garde poderá controlar o clássico , terrestre ou os dois . Energiam ( Manocinesia ) : É a capacidade para poder manipular e controlar o mana dos outros . Enerretio ( Liberalização Virtual ou Mimetismo Digital `` Virtual '' ) : É a capacidade para poder `` entrar '' dentro de qualquer tipo de sistema virtual . Equilibrium ( Omnicinesia ) : É a capacidade para poder manipular ou controlar elementos cinéticos . Obs. : Com muito treinamento o Garde poderá ter controle sobre certos tipos de elementos de sua dimensão . Érix ( Manipulação de Cobras ) : É a capacidade para poder manipular todos os tipos de cobras que existem . Esdras ( Aptidão Terrestre ) : É a capacidade para poder sentir e controlar o núcleo terrestre . Esfex ( Ressonância Magnética ) : É a capacidade para poder sentir e encontrar diversos tipos de metais . Espálax ( Visão 360 ° ) : É a capacidade para ter sua visão 100 % ampliada podendo enxergar tudo plenamente que há à sua volta dia 10 / 01 / 17 postarei mais alguns Possíveis Legados de Lorien . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pittacus Lore . The Fate of Ten . Jump up ^ Pittacus Lore . The Rise of Nine . External links ( edit ) The Lorien Legacies Official Website The power of Six on Goodreads ( hide ) Lorien Legacies James Frey Main series I Am Number Four The Power of Six The Rise of Nine The Fall of Five The Revenge of Seven The Fate of Ten United As One Film I Am Number Four ( film ) About the series List of Lorien Legacies characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Lorien_Legacies_characters&oldid=799724823 '' Categories : Lists of film characters Lists of literary characters Lorien Legacies Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from September 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano עברית Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 13 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played john smith in i am number four
[ "\nIn the film adaptation, Number Four is portrayed by Alex Pettyfer." ]
[ "Alex Pettyfer" ]
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Stuck in the Middle with You
Stuck in the Middle with You - wikipedia Stuck in the Middle with You Jump to : navigation , search `` Stuck in the Middle ( song ) '' redirects here . For the song by Clea , see Stuck in the Middle ( Clea song ) . For other uses , see Stuck in the Middle ( disambiguation ) . `` Stuck in the Middle with You '' Single by Stealers Wheel from the album Stealers Wheel B - side `` Jose '' Released 27 April 1973 Recorded Apple Studio , London Genre Folk rock , country rock , soft rock Length 3 : 23 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Gerry Rafferty Joe Egan `` Stuck in the Middle with You '' ( sometimes known as `` Stuck in the Middle '' ) is a song written by Scottish musicians Gerry Rafferty and Joe Egan and originally performed by their band Stealers Wheel . The band performed the song on the BBC 's Top of the Pops in May 1973 , and the song charted at number 8 in the UK Singles Chart . It also became an international hit , reaching number 6 in the US Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Music video 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) `` Stuck in the Middle '' was released on Stealers Wheel 's 1972 eponymous debut album . Gerry Rafferty provided the lead vocals , with Joe Egan singing harmony . It was produced by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller . Rafferty 's lyrics are a dismissive tale of a music industry cocktail party written and performed as a pastiche of Bob Dylan . The band was surprised by the single 's chart success . The single sold over one million copies , eventually peaking at number 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , number 8 in the UK , and number 2 in Canada . The band appeared playing the song on BBC 's Top of the Pops on 18 May 1973 . Music video ( edit ) The video portrays the band performing in a corner of a large , empty building . Their performance is intercut with shots of Egan ( who is miming to the by - then - departed Rafferty 's vocal track , although Gerry Rafferty did not die until January , 2011 ) at a small banquet table with a number of garishly - dressed and made - up supper guests . These include an actual clown , a bespectacled bowler - hatted gent devouring spaghetti and a lavishly dressed woman eating cream cakes and grapes . The clown , who has difficulty eating a plastic chicken , continually squeezes Egan out whenever he tries to take food from the table . The guitar solo is played on a guitar played flat with an empty beer bottle used as a slide . Eventually , the other band members appear , driving off the strange characters so that Egan can sit down at last . Personnel ( edit ) Source : Gerry Rafferty - guitar , lead vocals Joe Egan - keyboards , lead vocals Paul Pilnick - lead guitar Tony Williams - bass Rod Coombes - drums Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Australia 16 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Canada RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 8 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Listener ) 16 UK 8 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Canada 32 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 94 US Billboard Hot 100 30 In popular culture ( edit ) Leif Garrett released a version of the song on his 1980 album , Ca n't Explain . The song is used in Quentin Tarantino 's 1992 debut film Reservoir Dogs , during the scene in which the character Mr. Blonde ( played by Michael Madsen ) taunts and tortures bound policeman Marvin Nash ( Kirk Baltz ) while singing and dancing to the song . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Tarantino recalled `` That was one of those things where I thought ( the song ) would work really well , and ( during ) auditions , I told the actors that I wanted them to do the torture scene , and I 'm gon na use ' Stuck in the Middle With You , ' but they could pick anything they wanted , they did n't have to use that song . And a couple people picked another one , but almost everyone came in with ' Stuck in the Middle With You , ' and they were saying that they tried to come up with something else , but that 's the one . The first time somebody actually did the torture scene to that song , the guy did n't even have a great audition , but it was like watching the movie . I was thinking , ' Oh my God , this is gon na be awesome ! ' '' American baroque pop band San Fermin performed a version of the song in July 2015 for The A.V. Club 's A.V. Undercover series . In one episode of the show Malcolm in the Middle , Hal is shown listening to the song on a record as various events occur around him . A cover by Grace Potter is the opening theme of Netflix series Grace & Frankie . In an episode of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia titled `` Charlie Catches a Leprechaun , '' Charlie re-enacts the scene from Reservoir Dogs in the basement while the song plays . An episode of Supernatural is titled `` Stuck in the Middle ( With You ) , '' in which the characters re-enact a scene from Reservoir Dogs . A disco cover version by Louise was a chart hit in 2001 . Alternative rock band Lazlo Bane covered the song for their 2007 cover album Guilty Pleasures . Their version was used in the 2014 film Let 's Be Cops and released on the soundtrack album . In `` I Am the Future , '' the season finale of Happy ! , Happy re-enacts the scene from Reservoir Dogs by tickling another imaginary friend while the song is playing to find out why where Very Bad Santa is . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mojo Collection : The Ultimate Music Companion ; Brought to You by the Makers of Mojo Magazine . Canongate. 2007 . pp. 399 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84195 - 973 - 3 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 675 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 527 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Stealers Wheel sleeve image '' ( JPG ) . Strawbsweb.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Stealers Wheel '' . Amazon.com. 1 March 2004 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` You searched for album_details. php '' . Gracenote.com . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Always Magic in the Air : The Bomp and Brilliance of the Brill Building Era ( ISBN 9780670034567 ) : Ken Emerson ^ Jump up to : Chilton , Martin , `` Gerry Rafferty and his songs of alienation '' , Daily Telegraph , 5 January 2011 ^ Jump up to : Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Stealers Wheel -- Stuck In The Middle With You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/895e/Stealers-Wheel-Stuck-In-The-Middle-With-You Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart - Billboard '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1971 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leif Garrett , Ca n't Explain '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino 's music moments : ' Stuck in the Middle ' , David Bowie '' . Digital Spy . National Magazine Company Ltd . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Alongside the bloody violence and salty dialog , Quentin Tarantino movies are often marked by ingenious juxtaposition of image and sound . Ever since Michael Madsen 's razor - wielding Mr Blonde danced to ' Stuck in the Middle With You ' in Reservoir Dogs , the filmmaker has become synonymous with memorable musical montages . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino on Five Key Soundtrack Picks , From `` Reservoir Dogs '' to `` Inglourious Basterds '' `` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . From Pulp Fiction to Kill Bill to his latest , Inglourious Basterds ( opening this weekend ) , Quentin Tarantino matches scene with song like a sommelier pairs just the right bottle of wine with a nice steak : perfectly . ~ . So how does a cut make it from his turntable to the big screen ? The revered director filled us in on his method through five key movie music cues . Jump up ^ Modell , Josh ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` San Fermin covers Stealers Wheel '' . The A.V. Club . Onion , Inc . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lazlo Bane 's Guilty Pleasures '' . cdbaby.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Be Cops on soundtrack.net '' . soundtrack.net . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Stuck in the Middle with You at AllMusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuck_in_the_Middle_with_You&oldid=840793950 '' Categories : 1972 songs 1973 singles Songs written by Gerry Rafferty Stealers Wheel songs Leif Garrett songs Juice Newton songs A&M Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 06 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings song stuck in the middle with you
[ "\n\n\"Stuck in the Middle with You\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Stealers Wheel\n\n\nfrom the album Stealers Wheel\n\n\nB-side\n\"Jose\"\n\n\nReleased\n27 April 1973\n\n\nRecorded\nApple Studio, London\n\n\nGenre\nFolk rock, country rock, soft rock[1]\n\n\nLength\n3:23\n\n\nLabel\nA&M\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nGerry Rafferty\nJoe Egan\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Stealers Wheel" ]
3457321252808280895
IS PATH WARM?
IS PATH WARM ? - Wikipedia IS PATH WARM ? Neuropsychology Topics ( show ) Brain regions Clinical neuropsychology Cognitive neuropsychology Cognitive neuroscience Dementia Human brain Neuroanatomy Neurophysiology Neuropsychological assessment Neuropsychological rehabilitation Traumatic brain injury Brain functions ( show ) Arousal Attention Consciousness Decision making Executive functions Natural language Learning Memory Motor coordination Perception Planning Problem solving Thought People ( show ) Arthur L. Benton David Bohm Antonio Damasio Phineas Gage Norman Geschwind Elkhonon Goldberg Patricia Goldman - Rakic Pasko Rakic Donald O. Hebb Kenneth Heilman Edith Kaplan Muriel Lezak Benjamin Libet Rodolfo Llinás Alexander Luria Brenda Milner Karl H. Pribram Oliver Sacks Mark Rosenzweig Roger W. Sperry Hans - Lukas Teuber Henry Molaison ( `` H.M. '' , patient ) K.C. ( patient ) Tests ( show ) Benton Visual Retention Test Continuous Performance Task Halstead - Reitan Neuropsychological Battery Hayling and Brixton tests Lexical Decision Task Luria - Nebraska neuropsychological battery Mini -- Mental State Examination Rey -- Osterrieth complex figure Stroop Test Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Memory Scale Wisconsin Card Sorting Task Mind and brain portal IS PATH WARM ? is an acronym utilized as a mnemonic device . It was created by the American Association of Suicidology to help counselors and the general public `` remember the warning signs of suicide . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 The acronym 2 Predictive value 3 Educational value 4 See also 5 References The acronym ( edit ) Ideation Threatening to hurt or kill self ; looking for ways to die Substance Abuse Increased or excessive substance use ( alcohol or drugs ) Purposelessness No reason for living ; no sense of purpose in life Anxiety Anxiety , agitation ; unable to sleep Trapped Feeling trapped - like there 's no way out ; resistance to help Hopelessness Hopelessness about the future Withdrawal Withdrawing from friends , family and society ; sleeping all the time Anger Rage , uncontrolled anger ; seeking revenge Recklessness Acting recklessly or engaging in risky activities , seemingly without thinking Mood Changes Dramatic mood changes Predictive value ( edit ) Reviews from the psychiatric literature regarding the `` IS PATH WARM '' mnemonic have been mixed . Several studies have confirmed that some of the acronym 's warning signs are associated with suicidal ideation . A study compared 215 postings on an online `` suicide forum '' with 94 postings on a `` self - injury forum . '' They found that posters in the ' suicide forum ' were more likely than those in the ' self - injury forum ' to express suicidal ideation , purposelessness , feeling trapped , and social withdrawal . ( However , they were less likely than those in the self - injury forum to express recklessness . ) The study concluded that individuals who exhibit `` IS PATH WARM '' warning signs were more likely to have suicidal ideation . However , the psychiatric literature has been critical of the `` IS PATH WARM '' mnemonic 's value in predicting suicidal behavior . A white paper prepared for the United States Fire Service 's Suicide and Depression Summit stated that the acronym 's `` utility has been hampered by both limited sensitivity and weak specificity . '' A 2011 study was also critical of `` IS PATH WARM '' 's validity , finding that none of the ten warning signs were able to predict completed suicides . According to a review of school - based suicide prevention , an additional concern is that the IS PATH WARM warning signs were based on risk factors for suicide that appear across the lifespan . Having not been evaluated independently for youth , the author writes , the acronym 's value in predicting suicidal behavior in children is uncertain . Educational value ( edit ) In creating the `` IS PATH WARM '' mnemonic , one of the American Association of Suicidology 's stated goals was to aid the general public in learning and recalling the warning signs of suicide . The Society 's `` IS PATH WARM '' webpage explains : `` These warning signs were compiled by a task force of expert clinical - researchers and ' translated ' for the general public . '' As an educational tool , `` IS PATH WARM '' has received widespread exposure . For example , it has been disseminated in suicide prevention materials from such diverse sources as the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 's National Suicide Prevention Lifeline ; the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention ; the New York State Department of Correctional Services Training Academy ; and the United States Navy , among many others . Research regarding whether the mnemonic achieves its educational goals has been limited . However , a 2009 study compared two groups of airmen participating in the United States Air Force Suicide Prevention Program ( AFSPP ) . One group received the Program 's standard briefing , which did not include `` IS PATH WARM , '' while the other received the standard briefing along with information about the mnemonic . The researchers concluded : `` Participants in the standard briefing significantly increased their ability to list suicide warning signs and improved consistency with an expert consensus list , whereas participants in the standard briefing plus mnemonic demonstrated no learning ... Results suggest that inclusion of the mnemonic in the AFSPP briefing interfered with participants ' ability to learn suicide warning signs , and that increased confidence in the perceived ability to recognize suicide risk is not related to actual ability to accurately recall warning signs . '' In summary , the limited research available regarding the educational utility of the `` IS PATH WARM '' mnemonic shows a negative impact on ability to recognize warning signs for suicide , combined with a mistaken sense of confidence in one 's ability to do so . See also ( edit ) Assessment of suicide risk SAD PERSONS scale Beck Hopelessness Scale References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Know the Warning Signs of Suicide '' . Suicidology.org . American Association of Suicidology . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juhnke , G.A. , Granello , P.F. , & Lebrón - Striker , M.A. ( 2007 ) . IS PATH WARM ? A suicide assessment mnemonic for counselors ( ACAPCD - 03 ) . Alexandria , VA : American Counseling Association . Jump up ^ McSwain S ; Lester D ; et al. 2012 . `` Warning Signs for Suicide in Internet Forums '' . Psychological Reports . 111 ( 1 ) : 186 -- 188 . doi : 10.2466 / 12.13. PR0. 111.4. 186 - 188 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gist , Richard ; Taylor , Vickie H. ; Raak , Scott ( July 2011 ) . White Paper : Suicide Surveillance , Prevention , and Intervention Measures for the U.S. Fire Service -- Findings and Recommendations for the Suicide and Depression Summit ( PDF ) ( Report ) . p. 18 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Acronym models for screening based on factors and characteristics known to be associated with suicidality have been proposed and are in common usage ( e.g. , `` SAD PERSONS '' and `` IS PATH WARM '' ) but their utility has been hampered by both limited sensitivity and weak specificity . Jump up ^ Lester D ; McSwain S ; et al. 2011 . `` A Test of the Validity of the IS PATH WARM Warning Signs for Suicide '' . Psychological Reports . 108 ( 2 ) : 402 -- 404 . doi : 10.2466 / 09.12. 13. PR0. 108.2. 402 - 404 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Berman AL 2009 . `` School - Based Suicide Prevention : Research Advances and Practice Implications '' . School Psychology Review . National Association of School Psychologists. 38 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 238 . doi : 10.1521 / suli. 2009.39. 2.194 . Jump up ^ `` Materials '' . National Suicide Prevention Lifeline . Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warning Signs '' . CASP / ACPS Sharing HOPE & Resiliency . Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention / Association canadienne pour la prévention du suicide ( CASP / ACPS ) . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Prevention and Intervention '' ( PDF ) . NYSED Office of the Professions . New York State Education Department ( NYSED ) . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Suicide Prevention : Warning Signs of Suicide '' ( PDF ) . United States Navy Suicide Prevention . United States Navy . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryan CJ ; Steiner - Pappalardo N ; et al. 2009 . `` Exposure to a Mnemonic Interferes with Recall of Suicide Warning Signs in a Community - Based Suicide Prevention Program '' . Suicide and Life - Threatening Behavior . 39 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 203 . doi : 10.1521 / suli. 2009.39. 2.194 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) hide Medical mnemonics ( list ) ABC AEIOU - TIPS APGAR ASHICE CASMEET DCAP - BTLS FAST Hs and Ts IS PATH WARM ? MARCHE OPQRST RICE RNCHAMPS RPM - 30 - 2 - Can Do SAD PERSONS SAMPLE SBAR SOAP SOCRATES Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IS_PATH_WARM%3F&oldid=791015490 '' Categories : Medical mnemonics Mnemonic acronyms Suicide Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 July 2017 , at 15 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
is-path-warm is a quick clinician guide that can be utilized for what purpose
[ "IS PATH WARM? is an acronym utilized as a mnemonic device. It was created by the American Association of Suicidology to help counselors and the general public \"remember the warning signs of suicide.\"[1][2]", "IS PATH WARM? is an acronym utilized as a mnemonic device. It was created by the American Association of Suicidology to help counselors and the general public \"remember the warning signs of suicide.\"[1][2]" ]
[ "a mnemonic device", "the warning signs of suicide" ]
5903178784683778993
List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders
List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 60 or more points in a game . This feat has been accomplished 67 times in NBA history . Twenty - four different players have scored 60 or more points in a game . Only four players have scored 60 or more points on more than one occasion : Wilt Chamberlain ( 32 times ) , Kobe Bryant ( 6 times ) , Michael Jordan ( 5 times ) , and Elgin Baylor ( 4 times ) . Chamberlain holds the single - game scoring record , having scored 100 in game in 1962 . Jordan ( 63 ) and Baylor ( 61 ) are the only players to score at least 60 points in a game during the playoffs , each accomplishing this once . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA * Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Occurred in playoff competition Player 's team lost the game MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts 3PM 3 - point field goals made 3PA 3 - point field goal attempts DNP Did not play FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts List ( edit ) Rank Points Player Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Team Opponent Score MP FGM FGA 3PM 3PA FTM FTA Notes Ref . Scoring by quarter 100 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1962 23 18 28 31 Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 169 -- 147 48 36 63 -- -- 28 32 81 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002006 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2006 14 12 27 28 Los Angeles Lakers Toronto Raptors 122 -- 104 41 : 56 28 46 7 13 18 20 78 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 151 63 31 62 -- -- 16 31 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 117 48 29 48 -- -- 15 25 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 127 -- 111 48 29 43 -- -- 15 19 73 Thompson , David David Thompson * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 32 21 9 11 Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons 137 -- 139 43 28 38 -- -- 17 20 7 72 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 115 -- 127 -- 29 48 -- -- 14 18 8 71 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001960 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1960 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 123 -- 108 45 28 48 -- -- 15 18 71 Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1994 18 6 19 28 San Antonio Spurs Los Angeles Clippers 112 -- 97 44 26 41 18 25 10 70 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 148 -- 163 48 27 38 -- -- 16 22 70 Booker , Devin Devin Booker ^ March 24 , 2017 10 9 23 28 Phoenix Suns Boston Celtics 120 -- 130 45 21 40 11 24 26 12 69 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001990 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1990 16 15 20 18 Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers 117 -- 113 50 23 37 6 21 23 13 68 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001967 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1967 14 15 15 24 Philadelphia 76ers Chicago Bulls 143 -- 123 -- 30 40 -- -- 8 22 68 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 000000001977 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1977 17 14 17 20 New Orleans Jazz New York Knicks 124 -- 107 43 26 43 -- -- 16 19 15 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 126 -- 27 37 -- -- 13 17 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 121 -- 128 48 26 44 -- -- 15 20 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 149 48 25 38 -- -- 17 22 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 129 -- 134 -- 28 47 -- -- 11 17 19 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1969 17 17 22 10 Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns 134 -- 116 48 29 35 -- -- 8 18 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Cincinnati Royals 132 -- 152 48 24 40 -- -- 17 30 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 147 -- 137 48 25 43 -- -- 15 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers Los Angeles Lakers 132 -- 125 -- 28 43 -- -- 9 20 65 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 19 9 24 Los Angeles Lakers Portland Trail Blazers 116 -- 111 49 : 58 23 39 8 12 11 12 24 64 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001959 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1959 13 12 17 22 Minneapolis Lakers Boston Celtics 136 -- 115 -- 25 47 -- -- 14 19 64 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1974 -- -- 23 22 Golden State Warriors Portland Trail Blazers 143 -- 120 43 30 45 -- -- 5 64 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001993 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1993 22 8 11 16 Chicago Bulls Orlando Magic 124 -- 128 47 27 49 5 9 11 27 63 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 000000001949 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1949 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Indianapolis Jets 108 -- 87 -- 27 56 -- -- 9 14 63 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers Philadelphia Warriors 151 -- 147 -- 23 55 -- -- 17 24 63 West , Jerry Jerry West * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 129 -- 121 39 22 36 -- -- 19 22 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 118 -- 120 -- 24 41 -- -- 15 20 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 117 -- 128 -- 27 58 -- -- 9 20 63 Gervin , George George Gervin * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 20 33 10 DNP San Antonio Spurs New Orleans Jazz 132 -- 153 33 23 49 -- -- 17 20 63 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001986 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1986 17 6 13 18 Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics 131 -- 135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 34 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Boston Celtics 136 -- 145 48 27 45 -- -- 8 10 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 136 -- 130 53 24 48 -- -- 14 20 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Syracuse Nationals 139 -- 132 53 25 42 -- -- 12 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 123 -- 103 -- 27 44 -- -- 8 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 122 -- 106 -- 26 44 -- -- 10 21 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers San Francisco Warriors 135 -- 125 -- 26 39 -- -- 10 19 62 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 000000002004 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2004 7 21 24 10 Orlando Magic Washington Wizards 108 -- 99 45 : 50 20 37 5 14 17 26 62 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002005 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2005 15 17 30 DNP Los Angeles Lakers Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 90 32 : 53 18 31 10 22 25 62 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 000000002014 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2014 20 17 19 6 New York Knicks Charlotte Bobcats 125 -- 96 38 : 39 23 35 6 11 10 10 43 61 Mikan , George George Mikan * 000000001952 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1952 18 18 -- -- Minneapolis Lakers Rochester Royals 91 -- 81 -- 22 45 -- -- 17 21 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 113 48 28 48 -- -- 5 10 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 139 -- 121 48 21 36 -- -- 19 34 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 128 -- 119 48 24 46 -- -- 13 17 61 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001962 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1962 18 15 13 15 Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics 126 -- 121 -- 22 46 -- -- 17 19 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 139 -- 143 -- 27 52 -- -- 7 15 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 136 -- 124 -- 27 57 -- -- 7 11 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors St. Louis Hawks 130 -- 110 -- 26 53 -- -- 9 14 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1987 14 10 7 26 Chicago Bulls Detroit Pistons 125 -- 120 43 22 39 0 0 17 18 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1987 15 17 16 13 Chicago Bulls Atlanta Hawks 114 -- 117 41 22 38 0 17 21 61 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 000000001990 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1990 17 13 20 11 Utah Jazz Milwaukee Bucks 144 -- 96 33 21 26 0 0 19 23 61 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 000000002000 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2000 10 16 16 19 Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles Clippers 123 -- 103 44 : 52 24 35 0 0 13 22 61 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002009 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2009 18 16 12 15 Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 126 -- 117 36 : 48 19 31 6 20 20 61 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 000000002014 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2014 11 13 25 12 Miami Heat Charlotte Bobcats 124 -- 107 41 : 12 22 33 8 10 9 12 57 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 138 -- 117 48 22 47 -- -- 16 26 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 123 -- 118 48 24 43 -- -- 12 19 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1969 18 9 10 23 Los Angeles Lakers Cincinnati Royals 126 -- 113 -- 22 36 -- -- 16 24 60 King , Bernard Bernard King * 000000001984 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1984 21 19 11 9 New York Knicks New Jersey Nets 114 -- 120 41 19 30 0 0 22 26 60 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1985 12 11 19 18 Boston Celtics Atlanta Hawks 126 -- 115 43 22 36 15 16 60 Chambers , Tom Tom Chambers 000000001990 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1990 14 21 14 11 Phoenix Suns Seattle SuperSonics 121 -- 95 42 22 32 0 0 16 18 60 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * 000000002005 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2005 17 12 11 20 Philadelphia 76ers Orlando Magic 112 -- 99 42 : 01 17 36 5 24 27 60 Arenas , Gilbert Gilbert Arenas 000000002006 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2006 12 5 12 15 Washington Wizards Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 141 49 : 00 17 32 5 12 21 27 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2007 13 11 19 17 Los Angeles Lakers Memphis Grizzlies 121 -- 119 45 : 11 20 37 7 17 18 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002016 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2016 15 7 15 23 Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz 101 -- 96 42 22 50 6 21 10 12 60 Klay Thompson ^ December 5 , 2016 17 23 20 DNP Golden State Warriors Indiana Pacers 142 -- 106 29 21 33 8 14 10 11 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records List of National Basketball Association single - game playoff scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game Notes ( edit ) Chamberlain set the following , still - standing ( as of the 2016 - 17 season ) single - game NBA records : points scored ( 100 ) , points scored in a half ( 59 ) , shots made ( 36 ) , shots attempted ( 63 ) , and free throws made ( 28 ) . Also set a then - record for points scored in a quarter ( 31 ) . Last game in a streak in which Chamberlain scored 60 points or more in four straight games . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Outscored the Raptors 55 - 41 in the second half . Led Lakers from an 18 - point deficit . Bryant was in the middle of a free throw scoring streak which came to an end at 62 . Scored 28 of the Lakers ' 31 points in the fourth quarter . Scored 19 consecutive Laker points between the end of the first half and the middle of the third quarter . 3 OT ; set a then - record for points in a game . Most points scored in a losing effort . Also recorded 43 rebounds . Set a then - record for points in a regulation game . Most points scored in an opposing arena . Last game of the season ; George Gervin scored 63 on the same night to win the scoring title by a . 07 margin . Set a then - record for points in a game . Last game of regular season to win a scoring title over Shaquille O'Neal . Youngest player to score at least 60 points in a game . 8 points in overtime . OT victory ; also recorded his regular season career - high for rebounds in this game with 18 . Last time Chamberlain scored 60 . Scored basket that sent game in OT . Scored nine in extra period . Set a then - record for points in a game . Scored 7 points in OT . Pre-shot clock era ; set a then - record for points in a game . 3 OT . Scored a then - record 33 points in the second quarter . Lost game but won the scoring title on last game of the season over David Thompson . NBA Playoffs record . 5 points in first OT , 4 points in second OT . OT ; Game played at Detroit , Michigan . OT ; Game played at Utica , New York . Sat out the fourth quarter ; outscored Dallas alone through three quarters , 62 -- 61 . Anthony made a half - court buzzer - beater at the end of the first half . 2 OT ; Mikan scored 67 % of his team 's points . NBA Finals record ( game 5 victory ) ; most points in a regulation playoff game . Scored four points in OT . Part of a streak in which Jordan scored 50 or more points in three consecutive games to become the only player besides Wilt Chamberlain with a 3,000 point season . On his 28th birthday . Made his first 8 three - pointers . Chamberlain 's seventh straight 50 + point game ( an NBA record ) and 13th straight 40 + point game ( he would push this streak to 14 the next evening ) . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Game played at Cleveland , Ohio . Scored last basket at the buzzer . Game played at Lakefront Arena in New Orleans , Louisiana . Scored 16 of his team 's 21 points in OT , setting an NBA record . 3rd game of a four - game 50 + streak ; Bryant 's 50 + streak exceeded only by Chamberlain 's streaks of seven ( twice ) , six , and five ( four times ) . Final game of Bryant 's career . Oldest player to score 60 . Sat out the fourth quarter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . `` Chamberlain 's feats the stuff of legend '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` This Date in History - March '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ hoophall.com ( 2007 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Story Behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt 's 100 - Point Game Box Score '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1961 - 62 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors @ Los Angeles Lakers Box Score '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 point game highlights '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1962 - 63 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBINSON GETS 71 , SCORING TITLE '' . Chicago Tribune . April 25 , 1994 . p . C10 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Wins Title with 71 Big Ones '' . The Washington Post . April 25 , 1994 . p . B8 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball ; 69 Points F > or Jordan '' . The New York Times . March 29 , 1990 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( March 29 , 1990 ) . `` Jordan pours in 69 His ` best game ever ' beats Cavs in OT '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan top rebounding regular season games '' . Basketball - Reference . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers @ Los Angeles Lakers - Friday , March 16th , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( January 17 , 1993 ) . `` Jordan 's 64 ca n't stop Magic Anderson steals show in overtime '' . Orlando Sentinel . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mac has first 60 - point game since 2000 '' . ESPN.com . March 10 , 2004 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Orlando Magic - Wednesday , March 10th , 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Kobe 's night as Mavs have no answers '' . ESPN.com . December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks @ Los Angeles Lakers - Tuesday , December 20th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Knicks - Game Preview , Play - by - Play , Scores and Recap on NBA.com '' . ESPN.com . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Lights Up Silverdome With 61 Points '' . Jump up ^ `` MICHAEL JORDAN : 61 pts vs Detroit Pistons ( 1987.03. 04 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61 Points vs Pistons & Isiah Thomas 31Pts 18Assists ( 1987 ) MUST Watch ! '' . Jump up ^ `` 61 for Jordan , 23 in a Row '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1987 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Bob ( April 17 , 1987 ) . `` Jordan triumphant in Bulls ' defeat '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 3 '' . Jump up ^ Enlund , Tom ( January 28 , 1990 ) . `` Malone answers all - star snub with 61 points against Bucks '' , The Milwaukee Journal , p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Los Angeles Clippers - Monday , March 6th , 2000 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ New York Knicks - Monday , February 2nd , 2009 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Heat - March 3 , 2014 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats vs Heat game recap '' . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldpaper , Sam ( December 26 , 1984 ) . `` King Scores Knick - Record 60 Points in Loss to Nets '' . The New York Times . p . D9 . Jump up ^ `` ' It Was Like Living in a Video Game ' : An Oral History of Larry Bird 's 60 - Point Game '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nosedive Persists For Nets '' . The New York Times . March 25 , 1990 . p . S4 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Chambers lights up Sonics for 60 points '' . Chicago Tribune . March 25 , 1990 . p . C15 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day In History ( 3.24. 90 ) Tom Chambers scored a franchise high 60 points vs the Sonics '' . Ballislife.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chambers Lights It Up '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Three - time scoring champ hits career high '' . ESPN.com . February 12 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic @ Philadelphia 76ers - Saturday , February 12th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Los Angeles Lakers - Sunday , December 17th , 2006 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Memphis Grizzlies - Thursday , March 22nd , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz vs. Lakers - Box Score - April 13 , 2016 '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe scores 60 in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers vs. Warriors - Box Score - December 5 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Top single - game scorers ( 60 - plus ) from NBA.com NBA Almanac : Most Points Historical NBA Box Scores Wilt Chamberlain Career Retrospective Harvey Pollack 's Statistical Yearbook ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_scoring_leaders&oldid=816090024 '' Categories : National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 05 : 30 . About Wikipedia
who has the most points in a game nba
[ "This feat has been accomplished 67 times in NBA history. Twenty-four different players have scored 60 or more points in a game. Only four players have scored 60 or more points on more than one occasion: Wilt Chamberlain (32 times), Kobe Bryant (6 times), Michael Jordan (5 times), and Elgin Baylor (4 times). Chamberlain holds the single-game scoring record, having scored 100 in game in 1962." ]
[ "Wilt Chamberlain" ]
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Last Post
Last Post - wikipedia Last Post Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical call . For other uses , see Last Post ( disambiguation ) . `` The Last Post '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Last Post ( disambiguation ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A synthesised performance of the `` Last Post '' . The `` Last Post '' The `` Last Post '' is either a B ♭ bugle call within British infantry regiments or an E ♭ cavalry trumpet call in British cavalry and Royal Regiment of Artillery ( Royal Horse Artillery and Royal Artillery ) used at Commonwealth military funerals and ceremonies commemorating those who have been killed in war . Its duration varies typically from a little over one minute to nearly three minutes . For ceremonial use , the Last Post is often followed by `` The Rouse '' , or less usually the longer `` Reveille '' . The two regimental traditions have separate music for the call ( see Trumpet & Bugle Calls for the British Army 1966 ) . While the B ♭ infantry bugle version is better known , the E ♭ cavalry trumpet version is used by the state trumpeters of the Household Cavalry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and wartime use 2 Memorial usage 3 Menin Gate 4 Other uses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origin and wartime use ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The `` First Post '' call signals the start of the duty officer 's inspection of a British Army camp 's sentry posts , sounding a call at each one . The `` Last Post '' call originally signalled merely that the final sentry post had been inspected , and the camp was secure for the night . In addition to its normal garrison use , the Last Post call had another function at the close of a day of battle . It signalled to those who were still out and wounded or separated that the fighting was done , and to follow the sound of the call to find safety and rest . Its use in Remembrance Day ceremonies in Commonwealth nations has two generally unexpressed purposes : the first is an implied summoning of the spirits of the Fallen to the cenotaph , the second is to symbolically end the day , so that the period of silence before the Rouse is blown becomes in effect a ritualised night vigil . The Last Post as played at the end of inspection typically lasted for about 45 seconds ; when played ceremonially with notes held for longer , pauses extended , and the expression mournful , typical duration could be 75 seconds or more . This custom dates from the 17th century or earlier . It originated with British troops stationed in the Netherlands , where it drew on an older Dutch custom , called taptoe , from which comes the term Tattoo as in Military tattoo . The taptoe was also used to signal the end of the day , but originated from a signal that beer taps had to be shut , hence that the day had ended . It comes from the Dutch phrase Doe den tap toe , meaning `` Close the tap '' . The Dutch bugle call Taptoesignaal , now used for remembrance events , is not the same tune as the Last Post . The `` Last Post '' was used by British forces in North America in colonial times , but was replaced by the different `` Taps '' by the United States Army , first used in 1862 and officially recognized in 1874 . Memorial usage ( edit ) Memorial stained glass window , Class of 1934 , Royal Military College of Canada showing officer cadet playing the bugle call for the `` Last Post '' or `` The Rouse '' . During the 19th century , the `` Last Post '' was also carried to the various countries of the British Empire . In all these countries , it has been incorporated into military funerals , where it is played as a final farewell , symbolising the fact that the duty of the dead soldier is over and that they can rest in peace . `` Last Post '' is used in public ceremonials commemorating the war dead , particularly on Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth of Nations . In Australia and New Zealand it is also played on Anzac Day , usually before the two - minute silence , which concludes with `` The Rouse '' . When the post is played during services such as Anzac Day , it is required of all current serving military members to salute for the duration of the call . During services organised by the Royal British Legion , it is expected that no salute is given during the `` Last Post '' and Silence , as all personnel will have removed head dress as in church service prayer , have heads bowed , weapons inverted , and flags and standards lowered . Menin Gate ( edit ) Last Post plaque , Menin Gate , Ypres , Belgium Since 1928 , the `` Last Post '' has been played every evening at 8 p.m. by buglers of the local Last Post association at the war memorial at Ypres in Belgium known as the Menin Gate , commemorating the British Empire dead at the Battle of Ypres during the First World War . The only exception to this was during the four years of the German occupation of Ypres from 20 May 1940 to 6 September 1944 , when the ceremony moved to Brookwood Cemetery in England . On the evening that Polish forces liberated Ypres , the ceremony was resumed at the Menin Gate , in spite of the heavy fighting still going on in other parts of the town . These buglers or trumpeters are quite often mistaken as being from the local fire brigade ; however , they are present every day representing the Last Post Committee . They are indeed members of the fire brigade , and can sometimes be seen wearing the uniforms , but it is not the Fire Brigade that organises `` Last Post '' . The Last Post Committee have both silver B ♭ bugles and E ♭ cavalry trumpets with either British Army tradition being respected at services at the gate . The Last Post ceremony has now been held more than 30,000 times . On 9 July 2015 , a ceremony titled A tribute to the tribute . took place to commemorate the 30,000 th ceremony . Other uses ( edit ) The `` Last Post '' was incorporated into the finale of Robert Steadman 's In Memoriam , a choral work on the subject of remembrance . It is also incorporated into Karl Jenkins 's orchestral mass The Armed Man and Peter Sculthorpe 's chamber orchestra work , Small Town from the Fifth Continent . A slightly altered version forms part of the slow movement of the Pastoral Symphony of Ralph Vaughan Williams and the ending of Mike Sammes ' choral setting of Laurence Binyon 's poem For the Fallen . Robert Graves 's poem `` The Last Post '' describes a soldier 's funeral during World War I. Ford Madox Ford used The Last Post as title for part of his tetralogy Parade 's End . In 2015 , Lee Kernaghan recorded a version for his album Spirit of the Anzacs . `` The Last Post '' is the title of a theatre play by David Owen Smith and Peter Came performed during Armistice Week at Lincoln Drill Hall , Lincoln in November 2014 . The play concerns the Beechey family of Lincoln , UK . Amy Beechey had eight sons who all enlisted to fight during WW1 ; only three of them survived . The bugle call is played during the final moments of the play . The play was directed by Janie Smith and performed by people of Lincoln . See also ( edit ) `` Ich hatt ' einen Kameraden '' ( `` I had a comrade '' ) , the German and Austrian equivalent for military funerals `` Il Silenzio '' ( `` Silence '' ) , the Italian equivalent `` La muerte no es el final '' ( `` Death is not the end '' ) , the Spanish Armed Forces equivalent `` Reveille '' , the United States bugle song sounded at sunrise `` sonnerie aux morts '' , the French Armed Forces equivalent `` Taps '' , the United States Armed Forces equivalent `` The Rouse '' Antoon Verschoot References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Last Post Association recording ( see External Links ) is 1 min 23 s ; the Queen 's Own Hussars version is 2 min 40 s Jump up ^ `` The Rouse and the Reveille ( with MP3 audio ) '' . Australian War memorial Web site . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Rouse and the Reveille ( explanation ) '' . Australian War memorial Web site . 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Post - Australian War Memorial '' . www.awm.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` The story of the Last Post - BBC News '' . 11 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Post Association '' . www.lastpost.be . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Last Post . The Last Post Association website relating to the Menin Gate ( a recording of `` Last Post '' can be heard at this website ) Sheet music for the `` Last Post '' ( from an Australian site commemorating ANZAC Day ) Last Post website run by a trumpet player , with music , MIDI files and notes on performance and nomenclature . `` Last Post '' played at a ANZAC Day service in New Zealand , Flash sound player , listen online Last Post as described in The Queen 's ( King 's ) regulations and orders for the army , 1868 Recording ( WMA ) of cavalry version of Last Post , Regimental Band of the Queen 's Own Hussars ( hide ) Bugle calls Adjutant 's Assembly Attention Boots and Saddles Quarters Charge Church Drill Fatigue Fire First First Sergeant 's Guard Mount Last Mail Mess Officer 's Pay Recall Reveille Rouse Sunset Taps Tattoo Norwegian Army Mexican Armed Forces Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Post&oldid=794115896 '' Categories : Bugle calls Military music Ceremonies Acknowledgements of death Military life Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Português West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2017 , at 23 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the last post played in ww1
[ "Its use in Remembrance Day ceremonies in Commonwealth nations has two generally unexpressed purposes: the first is an implied summoning of the spirits of the Fallen to the cenotaph, the second is to symbolically end the day, so that the period of silence before the Rouse is blown becomes in effect a ritualised night vigil. The Last Post as played at the end of inspection typically lasted for about 45 seconds; when played ceremonially with notes held for longer, pauses extended, and the expression mournful, typical duration could be 75 seconds or more.[5]" ]
[ "Remembrance Day" ]
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Modulation (music)
Modulation ( music ) - wikipedia Modulation ( music ) `` Modulating '' redirects here . For other uses , see Modulation ( disambiguation ) . Example of modulation from the tonic to the dominant . Play ( help info ) Key signature change example : C major to C minor . In music , modulation is most commonly the act or process of changing from one key ( tonic , or tonal center ) to another . This may or may not be accompanied by a change in key signature . Modulations articulate or create the structure or form of many pieces , as well as add interest . Treatment of a chord as the tonic for less than a phrase is considered tonicization . Modulation is the essential part of the art . Without it there is little music , for a piece derives its true beauty not from the large number of fixed modes which it embraces but rather from the subtle fabric of its modulation . -- Charles - Henri Blainville ( 1767 ) Contents 1 Requirements 2 Types 2.1 Common - chord modulation 2.2 Enharmonic modulation 2.3 Common - tone modulation 2.4 Chromatic modulation 2.5 Phrase modulation 2.6 Sequential modulation 2.7 Chain modulation 2.8 Parallel key modulation 3 Common modulations 4 Significance 5 Other types 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References 9 External links Requirements ( edit ) Harmonic : quasi-tonic , modulating dominant , pivot chord Melodic : recognizable segment of the scale of the quasi-tonic or strategically placed leading - tone Metric & rhythmic : quasi-tonic and modulating dominant on metrically accented beats , prominent pivot chord The quasi-tonic is the tonic of the new key established by the modulation . The modulating dominant is the dominant of the quasi-tonic . The pivot chord is a predominant to the modulating dominant and a chord common to both the keys of the tonic and the quasi-tonic . For example , in a modulation to the dominant , ii / V -- V / V -- V could be a pivot chord , modulating dominant , and quasi-tonic . Types ( edit ) Common - chord modulation ( edit ) Common - chord modulation in the opening of Chopin 's Prelude in C minor , Op. 28 , No. 20 . Play ( help info ) Common - chord modulation in Tchaikovsky 's Album pour enfants ( 1887 ) , Op. 39 , No. 10 , Mazurka Play ( help info ) Common - chord modulation in the opening of Mozart 's , Sonata in D Major , K. 284 , III Play ( help info ) Common - chord modulation ( also known as diatonic - pivot - chord modulation ) moves from the original key to the destination key ( usually a closely related key ) by way of a chord both keys share : `` Most modulations are made smoother by using one or more chords that are common to both keys . '' For example , G major and D major share four chords in common : G major , B minor , D major and E minor . This can be easily determined by a chart similar to the one below , which compares triad qualities . The I chord in G major -- a G major chord -- is also the IV chord in D major , so I in G major and IV in D major are aligned on the chart . G major ii Am iii Bm IV V vi Em vii F ♯ D major IV V vi Bm vii C ♯ ii Em iii F ♯ m Any chord with the same root note and chord quality ( major , minor , diminished ) can be used as the pivot chord . However , chords that are not generally found in the style of the piece ( for example , major VII chords in a J.S. Bach - style chorale ) are also not likely to be chosen as the pivot chord . The most common pivot chords are the predominant chords ( ii and IV ) in the new key . In analysis of a piece that uses this style of modulation , the common chord is labeled with its function in both the original and the destination keys , as it can be heard either way . Where an altered chord is used as a pivot chord in either the old or new key ( or both ) , this would be referred to as altered common chord modulation , in order to distinguish the chromaticism that would be introduced from the otherwise , diatonic method . Enharmonic modulation ( edit ) Modulation from D major to D ♭ major in Schubert 's Op. 9 , No. 14 , D. 365 , mm . 17 -- 24 , using the German sixth , in the new key , that is enharmonic to the dominant seventh in the old key . Play ( help info ) Modulation from A minor to E ♭ minor in Schubert 's Op. 29 , D. 804 , I , mm. 144 - 49 , using vii : G ♯ ≡ D ( ≡ B ≡ F ) Play ( help info ) An enharmonic modulation takes place when one treats a chord as if it were spelled enharmonically as a functional chord in the destination key , and then proceeds in the destination key . There are two main types of enharmonic modulations : dominant seventh / augmented sixth , and ( fully ) diminished seventh . Any dominant seventh or German sixth can be reinterpreted as the other by respelling the m7 or A6 chord tone ( respectively ) in order to modulate to a key a half - step away ( descending or ascending ) ; if the fifth from root chord tone of a German sixth is omitted , the result is an Italian sixth . A diminished seventh chord meanwhile , can be respelled in multiple other ways to form a diminished seventh chord in a key a minor third ( m3 as root ) , tritone ( d5 as root ) or major sixth ( d7 as root ) away . Where the dominant seventh is found in all diatonic scales , the diminished seventh is found only in the harmonic scale naturally ; an augmented sixth is itself an altered chord , relying on the raised fourth scale degree . By combining the diminished seventh with a dominant seventh and / or augmented sixth , altering only one pivot note ( by a half tone ) , it is possible to modulate quite smoothly from any key to any other in at most three chords , no matter how distant the starting and ending keys ( be aware that , only when modulating between key signatures featuring double - sharps / flats , may the need to respell natural notes enharmonically arise ) ; however , this may or may not require the use of altered chords ( operating in the harmonic minor without augmented sixth would not ) where the effect can be less subtle than other modulations . The following are examples used to describe this in chord progressions starting from the key of D minor ( these chords may instead be used in other keys as borrowed chords , such as the parallel major , or other forms of the minor ) : C ♯ -- E -- G -- B ♭ ( dim . 7th ) , C -- E -- G -- B ♭ ( lowering the root a semitone to a modulating dom . 7th ) , F -- A -- C ( quasi-tonic ) takes us to F major -- a relative major modulation ( though not enharmonic ) ; but exactly the same progression enharmonically C ♯ -- E -- G -- B ♭ , C -- E -- G -- A ♯ ( Ger . aug . 6th ) , E -- G -- B -- E ( quasi-tonic ) takes us somewhat unexpectedly to E natural / harmonic minor -- a half - step modulation ( ascending ) . C ♯ -- E -- G -- B ♭ ( dim . 7th ) , A -- C ♯ -- E -- G ( lowering the 7th a semitone and respelling as a modulating dom . 7th ) , D -- F ♯ -- A ( quasi-tonic ) takes us to the key of D major -- a parallel modulation ( though not enharmonic ) . Enharmonically : C ♯ -- E -- G -- B ♭ , A -- C ♯ -- E -- F ( Ger . aug . 6th ) , C ♯ -- E -- G ♯ ( quasi-tonic ) modulates to C ♯ minor -- a major seventh modulation / half - step descending . C ♯ -- E -- G -- B ♭ ( dim . 7th ) , C ♯ -- E ♭ -- G -- B ♭ ≡ E ♭ -- G -- B ♭ -- D ♭ ( lowering the major third a half tone and respelling as a modulating dom . 7th ) , A ♭ -- C -- E ♭ ( quasi-tonic ) leads to A ♭ major -- a minor third and relative modulation ( or tritone modulation if starting in D Major ) . Note that in standard voice leading practice , any type of augmented sixth chord favours a resolution to the dominant chord ( see : augmented sixth chord ) , with the exception of the German sixth , where it is difficult to avoid incurring parallel fifths ; to prevent this , a cadential six four is commonly introduced before the dominant chord ( which would then typically resolve to the tonic to establish tonality in the new key ) , or an Italian / French sixth is used instead . In short , lowering any note of a diminished seventh chord a half tone leads to a dominant seventh chord ( or German sixth enharmonically ) , the lowered note being the root of the new chord . Raising any note of a diminished seventh chord a half tone leads to a half - diminished seventh chord , the root of which is a whole step above the raised note . This means that any diminished chord can be modulated to eight different chords by simply lowering or raising any of its notes . If also employing enharmonic respelling of the diminished seventh chord , such as that beginning the modulation in the above examples ( allowing for three other possible diminished seventh chords in other keys ) , it quickly becomes apparent the versatility of this combination technique and the wide range of available options in key modulation . This type of modulation is particularly common in Romantic music , in which chromaticism rose to prominence . Other types of enharmonic modulation include the augmented triad ( III+ ) and French sixth ( Fr+ ) . Augmented triad modulation occurs in the same fashion as the diminished seventh , that is , to modulate to another augmented triad in a key : a major third ( M3 as root ) or minor sixth ( A5 as root ) away . French augmented sixth ( Fr+ ) modulation is achieved similarly but by respelling both notes of either the top or bottom major third ( i.e. root and major third or diminished fifth and augmented sixth ) enharmonically and inverting with the other major third ( i.e. diminished fifth and augmented sixth becomes root and major third of the new Fr + 6 ) ; either choice results in the same chord and key modulation ( a tritone away ) , as the diminished fifth always becomes the new root . Common - tone modulation ( edit ) Modulation between relative keys , C minor and E ♭ major , using a common tone , G , in Schubert 's Op. 163 ( D. 956 ) . Play ( help info ) Common - tone modulation between chromatic mediants in Mozart 's K. 475 Play ( help info ) Common - tone modulation uses a sustained or repeated pitch from the old key as a bridge between it and the new key ( common tone ) . Usually , this pitch will be held alone before the music continues in the new key . For example , a held F from a section in B ♭ major could be used to transition to F major . This is used , for example , in Schubert 's Unfinished Symphony . `` If all of the notes in the chord are common to both scales ( major or minor ) , then we call it a common chord modulation . If only one or two of the notes are common , then we call it common tone modulation . '' Starting from a major chord , for example G major ( G -- B -- D ) , there are twelve potential goals using a common - tone modulation : G minor , G ♯ minor , B ♭ major , B major , B minor , C major , C minor , D minor , D major , E ♭ major , E major , E minor . Thus common - tone modulations are convenient for modulation by diatonic or chromatic third . Chromatic modulation ( edit ) Chromatic modulation in Bach 's Du grosser Schmerzensmann , BWV 300 , mm . 5 -- 6 ( Play ( help info ) with half cadence , Play ( help info ) with PAC ) transitions from F major to D minor through the inflection of C ♮ to C ♯ between the second and third chords . Note that there is no common chord . A chromatic modulation is so named because it occurs at the point of a chromatic progression , one which involves the chromatic inflection of one or more notes whose letter name , thus , remains the same though altered through an accidental . Chromatic modulations are often between keys which are not closely related . A secondary dominant or other chromatically altered chord may be used to lead one voice chromatically up or down on the way to the new key . ( In standard four - part chorale - style writing , this chromatic line will most often be in one voice . ) For example , a chromatic modulation from C major to D minor : C major IV V / ii ii Dm D minor i Dm ( ... ) In this case , the IV chord in C major ( F major ) would be spelled F -- A -- C , the V / ii chord in C major ( A major ) spelled A -- C ♯ -- E , and the ii chord in C major ( D minor ) , D -- F -- A. Thus the chromaticism , C -- C ♯ -- D , along the three chords ; this could easily be part - written so those notes all occurred in one voice . Despite the common chord ( ii in C major or i in D minor ) , this modulation is chromatic due to this inflection . In the example pictured , a chromatic modulation from F major to D minor : F major V D minor V i Dm iv Gm V In this case , the V chord in F major ( C major ) would be spelled C -- E -- G , the V in D minor ( A major ) would be spelled A -- C ♯ -- E. Thus the chromaticism , C -- C ♯ -- D , which is here split between voices but may often easily be part - written so that all three notes occur in one voice . The combination of chromatic modulation with enharmonic modulation in late Romantic music led to extremely complex progressions in the music of such composers as César Franck , in which two or three key shifts may occur in the space of a single bar , each phrase ends in a key harmonically remote from its beginning , and great dramatic tension is built while all sense of underlying tonality is temporarily in abeyance . Good examples are to be found in the opening of his Symphony in D minor , of which he himself said ( see Wikiquote ) `` I dared much , but the next time , you will see , I will dare even more ... '' ; and his Trois Chorals for organ , especially the first and third of these , indeed fulfill that promise . Phrase modulation ( edit ) Phrase modulation in Mozart 's Sonata in A major , K. 331 , III ( Alla turca ) , mm . 6 -- 10 . Play ( help info ) Phrase ( also called direct , static , or abrupt ) modulation is a modulation in which one phrase ends with a cadence in the original key , and begins the next phrase in the destination key without any transition material linking the two keys . This type of modulation is frequently done to a closely related key -- particularly the dominant or the relative major / minor key . An unprepared modulation is a modulation `` without any harmonic bridge '' , characteristic of impressionism . For example : A B ♭ A major V F major IV Sequential modulation ( edit ) Sequential modulation in Beethoven 's Sonata Op. 53 , movement I Play ( help info ) Sequential modulation in Schubert 's Piano Sonata in E Major , D. 459 , movement III Play ( help info ) `` A passage in a given key ending in a cadence might be followed by the same passage transposed ( up or down ) to another key , '' this being known as sequential modulation . Although a sequence does not have to modulate , it is also possible to modulate by way of a sequence . A sequential modulation is also called rosalia . The sequential passage will begin in the home key , and may move either diatonically or chromatically . Harmonic function is generally disregarded in a sequence , or , at least , it is far less important than the sequential motion . For this reason , a sequence may end at a point that suggests a different tonality than the home key , and the composition may continue naturally in that key . Chain modulation ( edit ) See also : Circle progression Sequential modulation through the circle of fifths in Quartet Op. 3 , No. 3 , IV , Hob . III : 15 , formerly attributed to Haydn ( ca . 1840 ) Play ( help info ) Distant keys may be reached sequentially through closely related keys by chain modulation , for example C to G to D or C to C minor to E ♭ major . A common technique is the addition of the minor seventh after each tonic is reached , thus turning it into a dominant seventh chord : D → → → → V → V → V Parallel key modulation ( edit ) A parallel key modulation is a change of mode , but maintains the same tonal center . For example , one section of a composition may be in the key of E major and then modulate to E minor . This can be done directly or facilitated by the various modulation techniques described above . Depending on the length of the modulation and whether or not it returns to the original key , it may or may not be designated by a change of key signature . Common modulations ( edit ) The circle of fifths drawn within the chromatic circle as a dodecagram Modulation up a whole step at the end of `` Because the Night '' Play ( help info ) The most common modulations are to closely related keys ( I , V , IV , vi , iii , ii ) . V ( dominant ) is the most frequent goal and , in minor , III ( relative key ) is also a common goal . Modulation to the dominant or the subdominant is relatively simple as they are adjacent steps on the circle of fifths . Modulations to the relative major or minor are also simple , as these keys share all pitches in common . Modulation to distantly related keys is often done smoothly through using chords in successive related keys , such as through the circle of fifths , the entirety of which may be used in either direction : D -- A -- E -- B / C ♭ -- F ♯ / G ♭ -- C ♯ / D ♭ -- G ♯ / A ♭ -- D ♯ / E ♭ -- A ♯ / B ♭ -- F -- C -- G -- D If a given key were G major , the following chart could be used : C -- -- From G ( which is the given key ) , a musician would go P5 ( a perfect fifth ) above G ( which is D ) and also P5 below G ( which is C ) . From this , the musician would go to G major 's relative minor which is E minor , and potentially to C major and D major 's related minor as well ( a musician who does not know the related minor for C and D major may also go P5 below or above E minor ) . -- -- Am Em Bm By using the relative minor keys one can find the specific key that the key can modulate into . Many musicians use the circle of fifths to find these keys and make similar charts to help with the modulation . Significance ( edit ) In certain classical music forms , a modulation can have structural significance . In sonata form , for example , a modulation separates the first subject from the second subject . Frequent changes of key characterize the development section of sonatas . Moving to the subdominant is a standard practice in the trio section of a march in a major key , while a minor march will typically move to the relative major . Changes of key may also represent changes in mood . In many genres of music , moving from a lower key to a higher often indicates an increase in energy . Change of key is not possible in the full chromatic or the twelve tone technique , as the modulatory space is completely filled ; i.e. , if every pitch is equal and ubiquitous there is nowhere else to go . Thus other differentiating methods are used , most importantly ordering and permutation . However , certain pitch formations may be used as a `` tonic '' or home area . Other types ( edit ) Though modulation generally refers to changes of key , any parameter may be modulated , particularly in music of the 20th and 21st century . Metric modulation ( known also as tempo modulation ) is the most common , while timbral modulation ( gradual changes in tone color ) , and spatial modulation ( changing the location from which sound occurs ) are also used . Modulation may also occur from a single tonality to a polytonality , often by beginning with a duplicated tonic chord and modulating the chords in contrary motion until the desired polytonality is reached . See also ( edit ) Level ( music ) Modulating subject Polytonality Progressive tonality Graha bhedam Further reading ( edit ) Vincent Persichetti , Twentieth - Century Harmony . W.W. Norton and Company , 1961 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09539 - 8 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boston Academy of Music , Lowell Mason ( 1836 ) . The Boston Academy 's Collection of Church Music , pp. 16 -- 18 . Fourth edition . J.H. Wilkins and R.B. Carter . Jump up ^ Forte , Allen ( 1979 ) . Tonal Harmony in Concept & Practice , p. 265 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 020756 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Forte ( 1979 ) , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Benward and Saker ( 2009 ) . Music in Theory and Practice , Vol. II , p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 310188 - 0 . Jump up ^ Forte ( 1979 ) , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Benward and Saker ( 2009 ) , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Forte ( 1979 ) , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2009 ) , pp. 214 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2009 ) , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Enharmonic Reinterpretation '' ( PDF ) . Feezell , M. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Leonard B. ( 1989 ) . Style and Music : Theory , History , and Ideology , p. 299 . ISBN 9780226521527 . Jump up ^ Kostka , Stefan and Payne , Dorothy ( 1995 ) . Tonal Harmony , p. 321 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035874 - 5 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Kendall Durelle ( 2014 ) . The Language and Materials of Music , p. 198 . Lulu.com . ISBN 9781257996148 . Jump up ^ Kopp , David ( 2006 ) . Chromatic Transformations in Nineteenth - Century Music , p. 50 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521028493 . After Marx , Adolph Bernard . Theory and Practice ( 1837 ) . Trans . Saroni . ^ Jump up to : Benward and Saker ( 2003 ) . Music : In Theory and Practice , Vol . I , p. 245 . Seventh Edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0 . Jump up ^ Benward and Saker ( 2003 ) , Vol . I , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Reti , Rudolph ( 1978 ) . Tonality , Atonality , Pantonality . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 20478 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Forte ( 1979 ) , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Heussenstamm , George ( 2011 ) . Hal Leonard Harmony & Theory -- Part 2 : Chromatic . ISBN 9781476841212 . Jump up ^ Forte ( 1979 ) , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Jones , George T. ( 1994 ) . HarperCollins College Outline Music Theory , p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 467168 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Prelude to Musical Geometry '' , p. 364 , Brian J. McCartin , The College Mathematics Journal , Vol. 29 , No. 5 ( Nov. , 1998 ) , pp. 354 -- 70 . ( abstract ) ( JSTOR ) . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) . Music : In Theory and Practice , Vol . I , p. 243 . 7th edition . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0 . `` Most modulations occur between closely related keys , which are those keys that differ by no more than one accidental in the key signature . '' Jump up ^ Forte ( 1979 ) , p. 269 . External links ( edit ) Theory on the Web : Modulation Modulation Types for Musical Analysis A generalized system for musical modulation Common - tone Modulation Musical key Circle of fifths Closely related Diatonic scale Homotonal Major and minor Modulation Music in all keys Parallel Relative Signature Names and translations Tonic Transposing Instrument Tonality Cadence Circle of fifths Consonance and dissonance Diatonic scale Diatonic function Secondary function Figured bass Just intonation Key Major and minor Modulation Neotonality Ostinato Otonality and Utonality Parallel key Polytonality Progressive tonality Schenkerian analysis Sonata form Tonality diamond Tonicization Voice leading Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modulation_(music)&oldid=838177077 '' Categories : Harmony Musical keys Musical scales Tonality Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Limburgs Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 11 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
shift from one key to another within a composition
[ "In music, modulation is most commonly the act or process of changing from one key (tonic, or tonal center) to another. This may or may not be accompanied by a change in key signature. Modulations articulate or create the structure or form of many pieces, as well as add interest. Treatment of a chord as the tonic for less than a phrase is considered tonicization.\n" ]
[ "modulation" ]
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Lil Pump
Lil Pump - wikipedia Lil Pump This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Lil Pump Background information Birth name Gazzy Garcia ( 2000 - 08 - 17 ) August 17 , 2000 ( age 17 ) Miami , Florida , United States Origin United States Genres Hip hop SoundCloud rap trap Occupation ( s ) Rapper record producer songwriter Instruments Vocals Years active 2016 -- present Labels Tha Lights Global Warner Bros. ( current ) Associated acts Smokepurpp Lil Yachty Website www.lilpumpjetskii.com Gazzy Garcia ( born August 17 , 2000 ) , known professionally as Lil Pump , is an American rapper , producer and songwriter . Garcia is best known for his song `` Gucci Gang '' which peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 . This song is also his first to get platinum certified . He released his debut studio album , Lil Pump , on October 6 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2016 : Career beginnings 2.2 2017 -- present : Rising popularity and Lil Pump 3 Legal issues 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Mixtapes 4.3 Singles 4.4 Other charted songs 5 Notes 6 References Early life Gazzy Garcia was born August 17 , 2000 in Miami , Florida to a Cuban father and Mexican mother . When Garcia was 13 years old , his cousin introduced him to Omar Pineiro , better known as Smokepurpp ; the two eventually became co-collaborators . Garcia was expelled from multiple district schools and thereafter enrolled in an opportunity high school but was expelled in the tenth grade for fighting and inciting a riot . Career 2016 : career beginnings Garcia 's rap career began when Smokepurpp produced a track and asked Garcia to freestyle over it . The single produced was independently released in 2016 on the music streaming website SoundCloud , as his debut single , `` Lil Pump . '' Garcia quickly followed the song with singles `` Elementary '' , `` Ignorant '' , `` Gang Shit '' , and `` Drum $ tick '' , each possessing over three million streams . The success of Garcia 's tracks on SoundCloud earned him recognition among the South Florida underground rap scene , in a style known as `` SoundCloud rap . '' Garcia co-headlined the No Jumper tour in 2016 , and also performed at the Rolling Loud Festival . 2017 -- present : rising popularity and Lil Pump Garcia began 2017 by releasing the singles `` D Rose '' and `` Boss '' , which were major hits on SoundCloud , collecting a combined 70 million streams . The popularity of `` D Rose '' led to a music video being produced by Chicago based director Cole Bennett , also known as Lyrical Lemonade . The music video was released on YouTube on January 30 , 2017 , and has gained 106 million views as of December 2017 . On June 9 , 2017 , Garcia signed a record deal with Tha Lights Global and Warner Bros. Records , just two months before his seventeenth birthday . However , in January 2018 , Garcia 's contract with Warner Bros. Records was voided due to a technicality of his being a minor at the time of signing . In July 2017 , Garcia announced through Twitter that his debut album was in the works and would be released in August . Although the album was not released in August it was pushed back and he instead released the song `` Gucci Gang '' , which became his first Billboard Hot 100 entry , peaking at number three on November 8 , 2017 . On October 6 , 2017 , he released his debut commercial studio album , Lil Pump , featuring Smokepurpp , Gucci Mane , Lil Yachty , Chief Keef , Rick Ross , and 2 Chainz . Garcia released `` I Shyne '' on January 18 , 2018 with producer Carnage . Following reports that Garcia had left his former label Warner Bros. Records and the contract had been voided on the grounds of Garcia being a minor when he signed , competition rose to sign Garcia with offers reportedly as high as $8 million to $12 million or more , and rappers such as Gucci Mane and DJ Khaled taking interest in Garcia . Garcia sparked rumors he had signed with Gucci Mane 's imprint , 1017 Records in February 2018 . On March 12 , 2018 , Lil Pump re-signed another contract with Warner Bros. for $8 million . Legal issues On February 15 , 2018 , Garcia was arrested for discharging a weapon in an inhabited place . According to Garcia 's manager , three men attempted to break into Garcia 's home in San Fernando Valley at around 4pm before shooting into the door . Police found the bullet may have come from inside the home , coming back later with a search warrant before finding an unloaded handgun below the balcony with ammo elsewhere in the residence . Garcia 's mother is currently under investigation for endangering a minor and having an unsecured firearm at the home . Discography Studio albums List of albums , with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions US US R&B / HH BEL CAN FIN FR ITA NL NZ SWE Lil Pump Released : October 6 , 2017 Label : Tha Lights Global , Warner Bros . Formats : Digital download , CD , cassette 80 6 10 67 19 46 20 33 Mixtapes List of mixtapes , with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions US US R&B / HH Harvard Dropout To be released : TBA Formats : Digital download To be released Singles List of singles as lead artist , with selected chart positions Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US US R&B / HH US Rap AUS CAN GER NZ UK `` Movin ' '' ( featuring Smokepurpp ) 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Non-album single `` Boss '' -- 40 -- -- 93 -- -- -- RIAA : Gold Lil Pump `` Flex Like Ouu '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` D Rose '' -- 48 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Molly '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Gucci Gang '' 18 35 15 27 RIAA : 2 × Platinum ARIA : Platinum RMNZ : Gold `` Designer '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- TBA `` I Shyne '' ( with Carnage ) 2018 -- 49 -- -- 95 -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes a single that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Other charted Songs Title Year Peak chart positions Album US Bub . US Bub . R&B / HH `` Back '' ( featuring Lil Yachty ) 2017 22 5 Lil Pump `` Iced Out '' ( featuring 2 Chainz ) -- 8 `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Notes Jump up ^ `` Boss '' did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . Jump up ^ `` D Rose '' did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , but peaked at number 8 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . Jump up ^ `` Molly '' did not enter the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , but peaked at number 9 on the Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles chart . Jump up ^ `` I Shyne '' did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , but peaked at number 14 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . References Jump up ^ Berry , Peter A. ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Yachty Promises He 's Dropping A Tape with Lil Pump '' . XXL.com . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Is Making Beats Now '' . PigeonsandPlanes . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lil Pump -- Chart History : Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gucci Gang now gets platinum certified '' . XXL Mag . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump , Latino Identity in Hip - Hop and ' the Word ' '' . Highsnobiety. 2018 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Cole Bennett ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) , Smokepurpp & Lil Pump : The Lyrical Lemonade Interview , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Look At Me ! : The Noisy , Blown - Out SoundCloud Revolution Redefining Rap '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` LIL PUMP '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Danny ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` Everything You Need To Know About Lil Pump '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Berry , Peter A. ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` Chief Keef and Lil Pump Hit the Studio '' . XXL . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Cole Bennett ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) , Lil Pump - D Rose ( Shot by @ _ColeBennett_ ) , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Signs To Warner Bros Records Imprint Tha Lights Global '' . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Now Free Agent , Contract Voided With Warner Bros '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Announces Debut Project Dropping in August - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Lands His First Song on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Early Release ! Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 November 18th 2017 Countdown - Official '' . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Lil Pump 's Self - Titled Debut Album - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Connects With Carnage for Wild New Song `` i Shyne '' `` . PigeonsandPlanes . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump 's Warner Bros. Records Contract Voided - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Lil Pump 's Warner Bros. Contract Voided , ' Gucci Gang ' Rapper Is Entertaining Other Offers '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : ' Gucci Gang ' Rapper Lil Pump Re-Signs With Warner Bros. Records '' . Variety . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gucci Mane Wants to Sign Lil Pump : ' U Name the Price ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Khaled Wants to Sign Lil Pump to We the Best Music - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Breakout Rapper Lil Pump Signs With Gucci Mane 's 1017 Label HipHop - N - More '' . HipHop - N - More . 2018 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Sparks Rumors He Signed to Gucci Mane 's Label - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Warner Bros. deal '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Arrested for Firing Weapon at Home '' . Complex . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Reportedly Arrested For Firing Gun In His Home '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Has Been Arrested For Firing A Gun Inside His Home '' . UPROXX. 2018 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lil Pump -- Chart History : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lil Pump -- Chart History : R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop flanders - Lil Pump ( danish ) '' . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts : October 15 , 2017 '' . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suomen virallinen lista - Artistit Lil Pump '' . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums '' . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche - fimi.it '' . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` duchcharts.nl - Lil Pump '' . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump Is Reportedly Dropping `` Harvard Dropout '' Soon `` . Complex . January 28 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump -- Chart History : Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump -- Chart History : Hot Rap Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump -- Chart History : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Pump - Gucci Gang '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LIL PUMP - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lil Pump -- Chart history ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` American certifications -- Lil Pump '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lil Pump -- Chart history ( Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 458 '' . auspOp . February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Lil Pump -- Gucci Gang '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ( hide ) Lil Pump Studio albums Lil Pump Singles `` Boss '' `` Gucci Gang '' `` I Shyne '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lil_Pump&oldid=832975040 '' Categories : Rappers from Miami Living people 2000 births Hispanic and Latino American rappers Gangsta rappers Warner Bros. Records artists Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with hCards Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Հայերեն Ido Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 00 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did d rose come out lil pump
[ "Garcia began 2017 by releasing the singles \"D Rose\" and \"Boss\", which were major hits on SoundCloud, collecting a combined 70 million streams.[8] The popularity of \"D Rose\" led to a music video being produced by Chicago based director Cole Bennett, also known as Lyrical Lemonade. The music video was released on YouTube on January 30, 2017, and has gained 106 million views as of December 2017.[11] On June 9, 2017, Garcia signed a record deal with Tha Lights Global and Warner Bros. Records, just two months before his seventeenth birthday.[12] However, in January 2018, Garcia's contract with Warner Bros. Records was voided due to a technicality of his being a minor at the time of signing.[13]" ]
[ "2017" ]
3165923038584419536
Phantom (UAV)
Phantom ( uav ) - wikipedia Phantom ( uav ) Jump to : navigation , search Phantom 大 疆 精灵 系列 A Phantom 4 Professional drone Also known as DJI Phantom Developer DJI Manufacturer DJI Type Unmanned aerial vehicle Generation Release date January 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 01 ) Input DJI GO and DJI Go 4 App Camera 1080p or 4K ; onboard or gimbal - attached Website dji.com/phantom The Phantom ( Chinese : 精灵 ; pinyin : Jīng Líng ) is a series of unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAVs ) developed by Chinese technology company DJI . The Phantom series is targeted toward commercial , amateur , and hobbyist use . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current Phantom Drones 1.1 Phantom 4 Pro 1.2 Phantom 4 Pro Obsidian 1.3 Phantom 4 Advanced 2 Phantom Drones ( Legacy ) 2.1 Phantom 1 2.2 Phantom 2 2.2. 1 Vision 2.2. 2 Vision+ 2.2. 3 FC40 2.3 Phantom 3 2.3. 1 Professional 2.3. 2 Advanced 2.3. 3 Standard 2.3. 4 4K 2.4 Phantom 4 3 Applications 4 Technical specs 5 Reception 6 Market Trends 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Current Phantom Drones ( edit ) Phantom 4 Pro ( edit ) The Phantom 4 Pro DJI Phantom 4 Pro , released in November 2016 , has a three - axis stabilized camera with a 1 - inch 20 MP CMOS sensor . It upgrades its obstacle avoidance with five directional sensors . The Phantom 4 Pro offers two remote controllers , one with a dedicated screen ( Phantom 4 Pro+ ) and one without . It integrates an upgraded Lightbridge HD video transmission system that adds 5.8 GHz transmission support and a maximum downlink video transmission range of 7 km . In addition - DJI released a set of Goggles , which can be used with various DJI equipment , including the Phantom 4 Pro , to allow First Person View ( FPV ) flying . The set of goggles that allows first person view flying . Phantom 4 Pro obsidian ( edit ) Announced at the 2017 IFA trade show , it gives the option to have the Phantom 4 Pro painted in obsidian black . Some build quality upgrades are included with the camera gimbal being made of magnesium . Phantom 4 Advanced ( edit ) Announced on April 13 , 2017 , the Phantom 4 Advanced uses the same camera sensor as the Phantom 4 Pro . Designed to replace the original Phantom 4 , the Phantom 4 Advanced loses the 5.8 Ghz frequency band , the rear vision sensors and two infrared sensors in the FlightAutonomy system in comparison to the Phantom 4 Pro model . Its expected ship date is April 30 , 2017 . New pricing on the Phantom 4 Advanced has it in more in line with the original Phantom 4 . Phantom Drones ( legacy ) ( edit ) Phantom 1 ( edit ) The Phantom 1 , originally known as Phantom , was released in January 2013 . It was commonly equipped with a GoPro camera for amateur filmmaking or photography . Its battery life was around 10 minutes with a GoPro . The Phantom 1 Phantom 2 ( edit ) The Phantom 2 The Phantom 2 Vision The Phantom 2 was released in December 2013 . Upgrades include auto - return , increased flight speed , increased flight time and controllable range , increased battery capacity , smartphones , tablets and even some smart glasses compatibility , Wi - Fi module and is available in different performances . Its configuration allows users to remotely tilt the camera and adjust its orientation on two axes for a better level shot . Vision ( edit ) Released in October 2013 , it features a 4 GB micro SD card , a built - in anti-vibration mount , advanced Wi - Fi module , a GPS - enabled position holding , return - to - home capability , an improved flight control system , self - tightening propellers and flight time . It is compatible with a ground station and iOS or Android devices . Vision+ ( edit ) The Phantom 2 Vision+ The Vision+ , released in July 2014 , added a three - axis stabilizer . It has a new control system and increased range . It received a no - fly zone software - implanted , warning the user of places where not to fly . ( ex. airports ) . FC40 ( edit ) The Phantom FC40 The Phantom FC40 , released in January 2014 , is an intermediate model between the Phantom 1 and the Phantom 2 . Like the Phantom 2 Vision and the Phantom 2 Vision+ , it is equipped with an iOS / Android app control , Wi - Fi and GPS modules . Using a 2.4 GHz Wi - Fi connection , it helps its pilot follow in real time via aerial pictures on a mobile device . The camera angle is manually set before the flight and tilted by remote control . Phantom 3 ( edit ) The Phantom 3 , released in April 2015 , adds built - in lightbridge downlink , that gives the controller a maximum range of 2,000 meters ( 1.25 miles ) , and the visual positioning system , that allows the Phantom 3 to better maintain its position at lower altitudes and even indoors where GPS is weak or unavailable . The controller features a plastic front plate and lacks an HDMI out . There are four models of the Phantom 3 : Professional ( edit ) Records in 4K , and includes a 100 W fast charger . Advanced ( edit ) Records in 2.7 K and includes a 57 W charger . Standard ( edit ) The Standard was released in August 2015 . Currently , it is the cheapest and features 2.7 K video recording . The standard is the basic model without lightbridge , with a limited range compared to the Advanced and Professional models , and no vision positioning systems . It includes features , as the other models do , such as Point of Interest , Follow Me , GPS Waypoints , Course Lock and Home Lock . It remains the only Phantom 3 manufactured by DJI. ( 1 ) 4K ( edit ) The 4K was released in early 2016 . It 's almost the same as the Standard but has a 4K camera , vision positioning system , and a more advanced controller . Phantom 4 ( edit ) The Phantom 4 , released in March 2016 , improves usability by adding obstacle avoidance and an ability to track movement , thanks to its many sensors . Some of its features include GPS , GLONASS , sonar , five separate safety sensors , a camera gimbal , gyroscope , and more . It is slightly bigger and heavier than the Phantom 3 due to a larger battery , but it still maintains a longer flight time and greater top speed . It has a top speed of 20 m / s in ' sport mode ' . The controller and camera are very similar to the 3 's . The maximum video transmission range on the Phantom 4 is 5 km . On April 13 , DJI announced the end of the Phantom 4 's lifespan for April 30 , 2017 . Applications ( edit ) Play media Example aerial video of Snowdonia filmed with a DJI Phantom 2 Vision+ quadcopter Although commercial use is still a legal gray area , several segments of industry are open to its usage including drone journalism , hurricane hunting , 3 - D landscape mapping , nature protection , farming , search and rescue , aircraft inspection , tornado chasing , and lava lake exploration . Drones are also in entertainment and business . The Fox Broadcasting Company used Phantom 2 Vision + 's to promote 24 during San Diego Comic - Con International 2014 . Technical specs ( edit ) The DJI phantom drones have mostly similar technical properties . These are the specs for the vision+ model : Start weight : 1242 g Motor - motor distance ( diagonal ) : 350mm Battery : 5200 mAh Lipo Max . ascent and descent speed : 6m / s Motor : 920 Kv , Configuration 12N / 14P , Maximum Output Power 140 W , size 28x24 mm , weight 50g Reception ( edit ) The Phantoms has been popular with hobbyists because of its consumer - friendly appearance and ease of use . Drones have made dramatic appearances at the Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) for several years . A drone enthusiast community called SkyPixel has been created to help drone users . Worldwide , drones are the subject of regulations for safety . For example , a number of incidents - such as a Phantom crash landing at the White House , has prompted authorities in the USA ( FAA ) , the UK ( Civil Aviation Authority ) and Europe ( EASA ) to ban them in some locations ( ex. airports ) or regulate their use and require permits for commercial operators However , the FAA has granted exemptions for production in Hollywood , aerial surveillance , construction site monitoring , crop scouting in agriculture and photography in real estate . Market trends ( edit ) As of March 2017 , DJI controlled over 50 % of the consumer drone market according to NPD numbers . FAA has estimated ' hobbyist ' drones reaching between 2.75 M and 4.5 M units by 2021 . See also ( edit ) Delivery drone Miniature UAV History of unmanned aerial vehicles List of unmanned aerial vehicles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Exploring Camera Drones '' . News Ledge . March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DJI Goggles '' . Heliguy. 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DJI Adopts Tick - Tock Cycle in Upgrading Mavic and Phantom 4 Pro '' . News Ledge. 2017 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom 4 Pro - Professional aerial filmmaking made easy '' . DJI Official . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` DJI Phantom 4 Advanced -- Specs , FAQ , Tutorials and Downloads '' . DJI Official . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Changed in the DJI Phantom 4 Advanced ? '' . News Ledge. 2017 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` DJI Spark Ships and Phantom 4 Advanced Price Cut Makes it a Deal '' . News Ledge. 2017 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ben Coxworth ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` DJI announces stabilized HERO mount , and camera - equipped Phantom quadcopter '' . gizmag . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlHwhaoUx4g Jump up ^ Alex Fitzpatrick ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Finally , a Drone You Can Own '' . Time . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Eric Hansen ( 5 November 2014 ) . `` This Is the Best Drone You Can Buy Right Now '' . Time . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DJI Unveils the Phantom 3 '' . dji.com . DJI . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DJI Phantom 4 release date , price , specs '' . PC Advisor . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom 4 Specs '' . DJI Phantom 4 . Jump up ^ `` New Phantom 4 Advanced Gives Creators The Ideal Flying Camera For Expanding Their Creative Vision '' . DJI Official . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Miles Klee ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Watch a Phantom drone in action at the Harlem explosion site '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt McFarlan ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Why Americans should give drones a chance '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Search And Rescue Drone Solutions '' . DSLRPros. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Szymanski ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Six of the Most Unique Uses for Drones '' . TheHighTechHobbyist . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christina Zdanowicz ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` How to shoot amazing video from drones '' . CNN . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Surprising Drone Uses ( Besides Pizza Delivery ) '' . National Geographic . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Vincent ( 25 July 2014 ) . `` US pensioner missing for three days located by amateur drone pilot in 20 minutes '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Drones are Saving Lives as Next Advancement in Public Safety Technology '' . News Ledge. 2017 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alex Renton ( 23 November 2014 ) . `` Christmas gift : attack of the drones '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Chris Taylor ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` Fox Invades Comic - Con With Drones '' . Mashable . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.dji.com/phantom-2-vision-plus/info Jump up ^ http://wiki.dji.com/en/index.php/Phantom_2 Jump up ^ https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1000322-REG/dji_cp_pt_000008_replacement_920_kv_motor.html Jump up ^ `` China takes the lead in fast - growing drone market '' . The Japan Times . 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ David Pogue ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Phantom 2 Vision+ Drone : Your Eye in the Sky '' . Yahoo . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jim Fisher ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` CES 2015 : Drones , Drones , Drones '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New drone among most popular unveiled at CES 2015 - New drone among most popular unveiled at CES 2015 '' . USA Today . June 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregory S. McNeal . `` Will Recreational Drone Flying Lead Drone Usage In 2015 ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jim Acosta ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Friend : Drone crasher wants to apologize to Obama family '' . CNN . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DOT and FAA Propose New Rules for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems '' . Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) . February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ian Morris ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Drones Like DJI Phantom Will Soon Require Full Pilot 's License In The U.S. For Commercial Use '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China 's drone king says the revolution depends on regulators '' . Reuters . July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt McFarlan ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` How should licensing work for commercial drone operators ? A look at Britain 's solution '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Drones ( RPAS ) '' . EASA . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CAA Approved Drone Licensing '' . Heliguy.com . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Authorizations Granted Via Section 333 Exemptions '' . FAA . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoe Kleinman ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` CES 2015 : Why the future of drones is up in the air '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Drones By the Numbers in 2017 and Beyond '' . News Ledge. 2017 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet -- FAA Forecast -- Fiscals Years 2016 - 37 '' . www.faa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Media related to DJI Phantom at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phantom_(UAV)&oldid=809063960 '' Categories : Unmanned aerial vehicles of China Unmanned aerial vehicles Quadrotors Unmanned helicopters Radio - controlled helicopters 2010s fads and trends Hidden categories : Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 22 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the dji phantom 4 come out
[ "\nRelease date\nJanuary 2013; 4 years ago (2013-01)\n" ]
[ "January 2013" ]
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Conscription in the United States
Conscription in the United States - wikipedia Conscription in the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` The Draft '' redirects here . For other uses , see Draft ( disambiguation ) . Young men registering for conscription during World War I in New York City , New York , on June 5 , 1917 . Conscription Military service National service Conscription crisis Conscientious objector Alternative civilian service Conscription by country Conscription in the United States , commonly known as the draft , has been employed by the federal government of the United States in four conflicts : the American Civil War , World War I , World War II , and the Cold War ( including both the Korean and Vietnam Wars ) . The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act . It was the country 's first peacetime draft . From 1940 until 1973 , during both peacetime and periods of conflict , men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means . The draft was ended when the United States Armed Forces moved to an all - volunteer military force . However , the Selective Service System remains in place as a contingency plan ; all male civilians between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register so that a draft can be readily resumed if needed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial to 1862 1.2 Civil War 1.3 World War I 1.3. 1 Opposition 1.3. 2 Conscientious objectors 1.4 Interwar 1.5 World War II 1.5. 1 Opposition 1.5. 2 Conscientious objectors 1.6 Cold War 1.7 Vietnam War 1.8 End of conscription 1.9 Post-1980 draft registration 2 Health care personnel 3 Legality 4 Conscientious objection 5 Poverty Draft 6 Selective Service reforms 7 Conscription controversies since 2003 8 Non-citizens 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References and further reading 11.1 American Revolution 11.2 Civil War 11.3 World War I 11.4 World War II 11.5 Cold War and Vietnam 11.6 Recent 12 External links History ( edit ) See also : Conscientious objection in the United States § History Colonial to 1862 ( edit ) In colonial times , the Thirteen Colonies used a militia system for defense . Colonial militia laws -- and after independence those of the United States and the various states -- required able - bodied males to enroll in the militia , to undergo a minimum of military training , and to serve for limited periods of time in war or emergency . This earliest form of conscription involved selective drafts of militiamen for service in particular campaigns . Following this system in its essentials , the Continental Congress in 1778 recommended that the states draft men from their militias for one year 's service in the Continental army ; this first national conscription was irregularly applied and failed to fill the Continental ranks . For long - term operations , conscription was occasionally used when volunteers or paid substitutes were insufficient to raise the needed manpower . During the American Revolutionary War , the states sometimes drafted men for militia duty or to fill state Continental Army units , but the central government did not have the authority to conscript except for purposes of naval impressment . President James Madison and his Secretary of War James Monroe unsuccessfully attempted to create a national draft of 40,000 men during the War of 1812 . This proposal was fiercely criticized on the House floor by antiwar Congressman Daniel Webster of New Hampshire . `` The administration asserts the right to fill the ranks of the regular army by compulsion ... Is this , sir , consistent with the character of a free government ? Is this civil liberty ? Is this the real character of our Constitution ? No , sir , indeed it is not ... Where is it written in the Constitution , in what article or section is it contained , that you may take children from their parents , and parents from their children , and compel them to fight the battles of any war , in which the folly or the wickedness of government may engage it ? Under what concealment has this power lain hidden , which now for the first time comes forth , with a tremendous and baleful aspect , to trample down and destroy the dearest rights of personal liberty ? Daniel Webster ( December 9 , 1814 House of Representatives Address ) Civil War ( edit ) Main articles : Union ( American Civil War ) and Confederate States of America The United States first employed national conscription during the American Civil War . The vast majority of troops were volunteers ; of the 2,100,000 Union soldiers , about 2 % were draftees , and another 6 % were substitutes paid by draftees . The Confederacy had far fewer inhabitants than the Union , and Confederate President Jefferson Davis proposed the first conscription act on March 28 , 1862 ; it was passed into law the next month . Resistance was both widespread and violent , with comparisons made between conscription and slavery . Both sides permitted conscripts to hire substitutes to serve in their place . In the Union , many states and cities offered bounties and bonuses for enlistment . They also arranged to take credit against their draft quota by claiming freed slaves who enlisted in the Union Army . Although both sides resorted to conscription , the system did not work effectively in either . The Confederate Congress on April 16 , 1862 , passed an act requiring military service for three years from all males aged eighteen to thirty - five not legally exempt ; it later extended the obligation . The U.S. Congress followed with the Militia Act of 1862 authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers . This state - administered system failed in practice and in 1863 Congress passed the Enrollment Act , the first genuine national conscription law , setting up under the Union Army an elaborate machinery for enrolling and drafting men between twenty and forty - five years of age . Quotas were assigned in each state , the deficiencies in volunteers required to be met by conscription . Still , men drafted could provide substitutes , and until mid-1864 could even avoid service by paying commutation money . Many eligible men pooled their money to cover the cost of any one of them drafted . Families used the substitute provision to select which member should go into the army and which would stay home . The other popular means of procuring a substitute was to pay a soldier whose period of enlistment was about to expire - the advantage of this method was that the Army could retain a trained veteran in place of a raw recruit . Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union Army through the draft , 117,986 were substitutes , leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted . There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft , and the New York City draft riots were in direct response to the draft and were the first large - scale resistance against the draft in the United States . The problem of Confederate desertion was aggravated by the inequitable inclinations of conscription officers and local judges . The three conscription acts of the Confederacy exempted certain categories , most notably the planter class , and enrolling officers and local judges often practiced favoritism , sometimes accepting bribes . Attempts to effectively deal with the issue were frustrated by conflict between state and local governments on the one hand and the national government of the Confederacy . World War I ( edit ) A World War I era draft card . In 1917 the administration of President Woodrow Wilson decided to rely primarily on conscription , rather than voluntary enlistment , to raise military manpower for World War I when only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of the war . One claimed motivation was to head off the former President , Theodore Roosevelt , who proposed to raise a volunteer division , which would upstage Wilson . However , there is no evidence that even Roosevelt had the popularity to overcome the unpopular war , also , since Wilson had just started his second term in office the former President 's prospects for substantial political gain would seem dubious . The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system and -- by allowing exemptions for dependency , essential occupations , and religious scruples -- to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort . The act established a `` liability for military service of all male citizens '' ; authorized a selective draft of all those between 21 and 31 years of age ( later from 18 to 45 ) ; and prohibited all forms of bounties , substitutions , or purchase of exemptions . Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community . These boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions . In 1917 10 million men were registered . This was deemed to be inadequate , so age ranges were increased and exemptions reduced , and so by the end of 1918 this increased to 24 million men that were registered with nearly 3 million inducted into the military services , with little of the resistance that characterized the Civil War , thanks to a huge campaign by the government to build support for the war , and shut down newspapers and magazines that published articles against the war . Secretary of War Newton Baker draws the first draft number on July 20 , 1917 . The draft was universal and included blacks on the same terms as whites , although they served in different units . In all 367,710 black Americans were drafted ( 13.0 % of the total ) , compared to 2,442,586 white ( 86.9 % ) . Along with a general opposition to American involvement in a foreign conflict , Southern farmers objected to unfair conscription practices that exempted members of the upper class and industrial workers . Draft boards were localized and based their decisions on social class : the poorest were the most often conscripted because they were considered the most expendable at home . African - Americans in particular were often disproportionately drafted , though they generally were conscripted as laborers and not sent into combat to avoid the tensions that would arise from mixing races in military units . Forms of resistance ranged from peaceful protest to violent demonstrations and from humble letter - writing campaigns asking for mercy to radical newspapers demanding reform . The most common tactics were dodging and desertion , and many communities sheltered and defended their draft dodgers as political heroes . Nearly half a million immigrants were drafted , which forced the military to develop training procedures that took ethnic differences into account . Military leaders invited Progressive reformers and ethnic group leaders to assist in formulating new military policies . The military attempted to socialize and Americanize young immigrant recruits , not by forcing `` angloconformity '' , but by showing remarkable sensitivity and respect for ethnic values and traditions and a concern for the morale of immigrant troops . Sports activities , keeping immigrant groups together , newspapers in various languages , the assistance of bilingual officers , and ethnic entertainment programs were all employed . Opposition ( edit ) Blessed are the Peacemakers by George Bellows , The Masses , 1917 The Conscription Act of 1917 was passed in June . Conscripts were court - martialed by the Army if they refused to wear uniforms , bear arms , perform basic duties , or submit to military authority . Convicted objectors were often given long sentences of 20 years in Fort Leavenworth . In 1918 Secretary Baker created the Board of Inquiry to question the conscientious objectors ' sincerity . Military tribunals tried men found by the Board to be insincere for a variety of offenses , sentencing 17 to death , 142 to life imprisonment , and 345 to penal labor camps . In 1917 , a number of radicals and anarchists , including Emma Goldman , challenged the new draft law in federal court , arguing that it was a direct violation of the Thirteenth Amendment 's prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude . The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the Selective Draft Law Cases on January 7 , 1918 . The decision said the Constitution gave Congress the power to declare war and to raise and support armies . The Court , relying partly on Vattel 's The Law of Nations , emphasized the principle of the reciprocal rights and duties of citizens : It may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government and its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case of need , and the right to compel it . To do more than state the proposition is absolutely unnecessary in view of the practical illustration afforded by the almost universal legislation to that effect now in force . Conscription was unpopular from left - wing sectors at the start , with many Socialists jailed for `` obstructing the recruitment or enlistment service '' . The most famous was Eugene Debs , head of the Socialist Party of America , who ran for president in 1920 from his Atlanta prison cell . He had his sentence commuted to time served and was released on December 25 , 1921 , by President Warren G. Harding . The Industrial Workers of the World mobilized to obstruct the war effort through strikes in war - related industries and not registering . Conscientious objectors ( edit ) Conscientious objector ( CO ) exemptions were allowed for the Amish , Mennonites , Quakers , and Church of the Brethren only . All other religious and political objectors were forced to participate . Some 64,700 men claimed conscientious objector status ; local draft boards certified 57,000 , of whom 30,000 passed the physical and 21,000 were inducted into the U.S. Army . About 80 % of the 21,000 decided to abandon their objection and take up arms , but 3,989 drafted objectors refused to serve . Most belonged to historically pacifist denominations , especially Quakers , Mennonites , and Moravian Brethren , as well as a few Seventh - day Adventists and Jehovah 's Witnesses . About 15 % were religious objectors from non-pacifist churches . Ben Salmon was a nationally known political activist who encouraged men not to register and personally refused to comply with the draft procedures . He rejected the Army Review Board proposal that he do noncombatant farm work . Sentenced to 25 years in prison , he again refused a proposed desk job . He was pardoned and released in November 1920 with a `` dishonorable discharge '' . Interwar ( edit ) The draft ended in 1918 but the Army designed the modern draft mechanism in 1926 and built it based on military needs despite an era of pacifism . Working where Congress would not , it gathered a cadre of officers for its nascent Joint Army - Navy Selective Service Committee , most of whom were commissioned based on social standing rather than military experience . This effort did not receive congressionally approved funding until 1934 when Major General Lewis B. Hershey was assigned to the organization . The passage of a conscription act was opposed by some , including Dorothy Day and George Barry O'Toole , who were concerned that such conscription would not provide adequate protection for the rights of conscientious objectors . However , much of Hershey 's work was codified into law with the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 ( STSA ) . World War II ( edit ) By the summer of 1940 , as Germany conquered France , Americans supported the return of conscription . One national survey found that 67 % of respondents believed that a German - Italian victory would endanger the United States , and that 71 % supported `` the immediate adoption of compulsory military training for all young men '' . Similarly , a November 1942 survey of American high - school students found that 69 % favored compulsory postwar military training . The World War I system served as a model for that of World War II . The 1940 STSA instituted national conscription in peacetime , requiring registration of all men between 21 and 35 , with selection for one year 's service by a national lottery . The term of service was extended by one year in August 1941 . After Pearl Harbor the STSA was further amended ( December 19 , 1941 ) , extending the term of service to the duration of the war and six months and requiring the registration of all men 18 to 64 years of age . In the massive draft of World War II , 49 million men were registered , 36 million classified , and 10 million inducted . President Roosevelt 's signing of the STSA on September 16 , 1940 , began the first peacetime draft in the United States . It also established the Selective Service System as an independent agency responsible for identifying and inducting young men into military service . Roosevelt named Hershey to head the Selective Service on July 31 , 1941 , where he remained until 1969 . This preparatory act came when other preparations , such as increased training and equipment production , had not yet been approved . Nevertheless , it served as the basis for the conscription programs that would continue to the present . The act set a cap of 900,000 men to be in training at any given time and limited military service to 12 months . An amendment increased this 18 more months in August 1941 . Later legislation on December 20 , 1942 amended the act to require all men from 18 to 64 to register , with those aged 20 to 44 being able for induction. 18 and 19 year olds were made liable for induction and the upper age limit for the draft was reduced to 37 beginning on November 13 , 1942 . Service commitments for inductees were set at the length of the war plus six months . As manpower need increased during World War II , draftees were inducted into the Army , Navy , and Marine Corps . By 1942 , the Selective Service System moved away from administrative selection by its more than 6,000 local boards to a system of lottery selection . Rather than filling quotas by local selection , the boards now ensured proper processing of men selected by the national lottery . On December 5 , 1942 , presidential Executive Order 9279 made it so that men from the ages of 18 to 37 could not voluntarily enlist even if they had not been drafted , providing protection for the nation 's home front manpower pool . Paul V. McNutt , head of the War Manpower Commission , estimated that the changes would increase the ratio of men drafted from one out of nine to one out of five . The commission 's goal was to have nine million men in the armed forces by the end of 1943 . This facilitated the massive requirement of up to 200,000 men per month and would remain the standard for the length of the war . The World War II draft operated from 1940 until 1947 when its legislative authorization expired without further extension by Congress . During this time , more than 10 million men had been inducted into military service . With the expiration , no inductions occurred in 1947 . However , the SSS remained intact . Opposition ( edit ) Scattered opposition was encountered especially in the northern cities where African - Americans protested the system . The young Nation of Islam was at the forefront , with many Black Muslims jailed for refusing the draft , and their leader Elijah Muhammed was sentenced to federal prison for 5 years for inciting draft resistance . Organized draft resistance also developed in the Japanese American internment camps , where groups like the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee refused to serve unless they and their families were released . 300 Nisei men from eight of the ten War Relocation Authority camps were arrested and stood trial for felony draft evasion ; most were sentenced to federal prison . American Communists also opposed the war until Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 , whereupon they became supporters . Conscientious objectors ( edit ) Of the more than 72,000 men registering as conscientious objectors ( CO ) , nearly 52,000 received CO status . Of these , over 25,000 entered the military in noncombatant roles , another 12,000 went to civilian work camps , and nearly 6,000 went to prison . Draft evasion only accounted for about 4 % of the total inducted . About 373,000 alleged evaders were investigated with just over 16,000 being imprisoned . Cold War ( edit ) The second peacetime draft began with passage of the Selective Service Act of 1948 after the STSA expired . The new law required all men , ages 18 to 26 , to register . It also created the system for the `` Doctor Draft '' aimed at inducting health professionals into military service . Unless otherwise exempted or deferred , these men could be called for up to 21 months of active duty and five years of reserve duty service . Congress further tweaked this act in 1950 although the post -- World War II surplus of military manpower left little need for draft calls until Truman 's declaration of national emergency in December 1950 . Only 20,348 men were inducted in 1948 and only 9,781 in 1949 . Between the Korean War 's outbreak in June 1950 and the armistice agreement in 1953 , Selective Service inducted over 1.5 million men . Another 1.3 million volunteered , usually choosing the Navy or Air Force . Congress passed the Universal Military Training and Service Act in 1951 to meet the demands of the war . It lowered the induction age to 181⁄2 and extended active - duty service commitments to 24 months . Despite the early combat failures and later stalemate in Korea , the draft has been credited by some as playing a vital role in turning the tide of war . A February 1953 Gallup Poll showed 70 percent of Americans surveyed felt the SSS handled the draft fairly . Notably , Gallup reported that 64 percent of the demographic group including all draft age men ( males 21 to 29 ) believed the draft to be fair . To increase equity in the system , President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order on July 11 , 1953 , that ended the paternity deferment for married men . In large part , the change in the draft served the purposes of the burgeoning Cold War . From a program that had just barely passed congressional muster during the fearful prelude to World War II , a more robust draft continued as fears now focused on the Soviet threat . Nevertheless , some dissenting voices in Congress continued to appeal to the history of voluntary American military service as preferable for a democracy . The Korean War was the first time any form of student deferment was used . During the Korean War a student carrying at least twelve semester hours was spared until the end of his current semester . The United States breathed easier with the Korean War Armistice on July 27 , 1953 ; however , technology brought new promises and threats . U.S. air and nuclear power fueled the Eisenhower doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' . This strategy demanded more machines and fewer foot soldiers , so the draft slipped to the back burner . However , the head of the SSS , Maj. Gen. Hershey , urged caution fearing the conflict looming in Vietnam . In May 1953 , he told his state directors to do everything possible to keep SSS alive in order to meet upcoming needs . Following the 1953 Korean War Armistice , Congress passed the Reserve Forces Act of 1955 with the aim of improving National Guard and federal Reserve Component readiness while also constraining its use by the president . Towards this end , it mandated a six - year service commitment , in a combination of reserve and active duty time , for every line military member regardless of their means of entry . Meanwhile , the SSS kept itself alive by devising and managing a complex system of deferments for a swelling pool of candidates during a period of shrinking requirements . The greatest challenge to the draft came not from protesters but rather lobbyists seeking additional deferments for their constituency groups such as scientists and farmers . Government leaders felt the potential for a draft was a critical element in maintaining a constant flow of volunteers . On numerous occasions Gen. Hershey told Congress for every man drafted , three or four more were scared into volunteering . Assuming his assessment was accurate , this would mean over 11 million men volunteered for service because of the draft between January 1954 and April 1975 . The policy of using the draft as a club to force `` voluntary '' enlistment was unique in U.S. history . Previous drafts had not aimed at encouraging individuals to sign up in order to gain preferential placement or less dangerous postings . However , the incremental buildup of Vietnam without a clear threat to the country bolstered this . Some estimates suggest conscription encompassed almost one - third of all eligible men during the period of 1965 -- 69 . This group represented those without exemption or resources to avoid military service . During the active combat phase , the possibility of avoiding combat by selecting their service and military specialty led as many as four out of 11 eligible men to enlist . The military relied upon this draft - induced volunteerism to make its quotas , especially the Army , which accounted for nearly 95 percent of all inductees during Vietnam . For example , defense recruiting reports show 34 % of the recruits in 1964 up to 50 % in 1970 indicated they joined to avoid placement uncertainty via the draft . These rates dwindled to 24 % in 1972 and 15 % in 1973 after the change to a lottery system . Accounting for other factors , it can be argued up to 60 percent of those who served throughout the Vietnam War did so directly or indirectly because of the draft . In addition , deferments provided an incentive for men to follow pursuits considered useful to the state . This process , known as channeling , helped push men into educational , occupational , and family choices they might not otherwise have pursued . Undergraduate degrees were valued . Graduate work had varying value over time , though technical and religious training received near constant support . War industry support in the form of teaching , research , or skilled labor also received deferred or exempt status . Finally , marriage and family were exempted because of its positive social consequences . This included using presidential orders to extend exemptions again to fathers and others . Channeling was also seen as a means of preempting the early loss of the country 's `` best and brightest '' who had historically joined and died early in war . In the only extended period of military conscription of U.S. males during a major peacetime period , the draft continued on a more limited basis during the late 1950s and early 1960s . While a far smaller percentage of eligible males were conscripted compared to war periods , draftees by law served in the Army for two years . Elvis Presley and Willie Mays were two of the most famous people drafted during this period . Public protests in the United States were few during the Korean War . However , the percentage of CO exemptions for inductees grew to 1.5 % compared to a rate of just 0.5 % in the past two wars . The Justice Department also investigated more than 80,000 draft evasion cases . Vietnam War ( edit ) President Kennedy 's decision to send military troops to Vietnam as `` advisors '' was a signal that Selective Service Director Lewis B. Hershey needed to visit the Oval Office . From that visit emerged two wishes of JFK with regard to conscription . The first was that the names of married men with children should occupy the very bottom of the callup list . Just above them should be the names of men who are married . This Presidential policy , however , was not to be formally encoded into Selective Service Status . Men who fit into these categories became known as Kennedy Husbands . When President Lyndon Johnson decided to rescind this Kennedy policy , there was a last - minute rush to the altar by thousands of American couples . Many early rank - and - file anti-conscription protesters had been allied with the National Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy . The completion in 1963 of a Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty left a mass of undirected youth in search of a cause . Syndicated cartoonist Al Capp portrayed them as S.W.I.N.E , ( Students Wildly Indignant About Nearly Everything ) . The catalyst for protest reconnection was the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . Consequently , there was some opposition to the draft even before the major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began . The large cohort of Baby Boomers who became eligible for military service during the Vietnam War was responsible for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments , especially for college students . Besides being able to avoid the draft , college graduates who volunteered for military service ( primarily as commissioned officers ) had a much better chance of securing a preferential posting compared to less - educated inductees . President Gerald Ford announces amnesty for draft evaders at the White House , Washington , D.C. , in 1974 . As U.S. troop strength in South Vietnam increased , more young men were drafted for service there , and many of those still at home sought means of avoiding the draft . Since only 15,000 National Guard and Reserve soldiers were sent to South Vietnam , enlistment in the Guard or the Reserves became a popular means of avoiding serving in a war zone . For those who could meet the more stringent enlistment standards , service in the Air Force , Navy , or Coast Guard was a means of reducing the chances of being killed . Vocations to the ministry and the rabbinate soared , because divinity students were exempt from the draft . Doctors and draft board members found themselves being pressured by relatives or family friends to exempt potential draftees . The marriage deferment ended suddenly on August 26 , 1965 . Around 3 : 10pm President Johnson signed an order allowing the draft of men who married after midnight that day , then around 5pm he announced the change for the first time . Some conscientious objectors objected to the war based on the theory of Just War . One of these , Stephen Spiro , was convicted of avoiding the draft , but given a suspended sentence of five years . He was later pardoned by President Gerald Ford . There were 8,744,000 servicemembers between 1964 and 1975 , of whom 3,403,000 were deployed to Southeast Asia . From a pool of approximately 27 million , the draft raised 2,215,000 men for military service ( in the United States , South Vietnam , West Germany , and elsewhere ) during the Vietnam War era . The majority of servicemembers deployed to South Vietnam were volunteers , even though hundreds of thousands of men opted to join the Army , Air Force , Navy , and Coast Guard ( for three or four year terms of enlistment ) rather than risk being drafted , serve for two years , and have no choice over their military occupational specialty ( MOS ) . Of the nearly 16 million men not engaged in active military service , 57 % were exempted ( typically because of jobs including other military service ) , deferred ( usually for educational reasons ) , or disqualified ( usually for physical and mental deficiencies but also for criminal records including draft violations ) . The requirements for obtaining and maintaining an educational deferment changed several times in the late 1960s . For several years , students were required to take an annual qualification test . In 1967 educational deferments were changed for graduate students . Those starting graduate studies in the fall of 1967 were given two semester deferments becoming eligible in June of 1968 . Those further along in their graduate study who entered prior to the summer of 1967 could continue to receive a deferment until they completed their studies . Peace Corps Volunteers were no longer given deferments and their induction was left to the discretion of their local boards . However most boards allowed Peace Corps Volunteers to complete their two years assignment before inducting them into the service . On December 1 , 1969 , a lottery was held to establish a draft priority for all those born between 1944 and 1950 . Those with a high number no longer had to be concerned about the draft . Nearly 500,000 men were disqualified for criminal records , but less than 10,000 of them were convicted of draft violations . Finally , as many as 100,000 draft eligible men fled the country . End of conscription ( edit ) Jeffrey Mellinger in 1972 ; Mellinger was the last drafted U.S. NCO to remain in the army before retiring in 2011 . Jeffrey Mellinger in 2005 During the 1968 presidential election , Richard Nixon campaigned on a promise to end the draft . He had first become interested in the idea of an all - volunteer army during his time out of office , based upon a paper by Martin Anderson of Columbia University . Nixon also saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam war movement , since he believed affluent youths would stop protesting the war once their own probability of having to fight in it was gone . There was opposition to the all - volunteer notion from both the Department of Defense and Congress , so Nixon took no immediate action towards ending the draft early in his presidency . Instead , the Gates Commission was formed , headed by Thomas S. Gates , Jr. , a former Secretary of Defense in the Eisenhower administration . Gates initially opposed the all - volunteer army idea , but changed his mind during the course of the 15 - member commission 's work . The Gates Commission issued its report in February 1970 , describing how adequate military strength could be maintained without having conscription . The existing draft law was expiring at the end of June 1971 , but the Department of Defense and Nixon administration decided the draft needed to continue for at least some time . In February 1971 , the administration requested of Congress a two - year extension of the draft , to June 1973 . Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one - year extension , or eliminate the draft altogether , or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam ; Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska took the most forceful approach , trying to filibuster the draft renewal legislation , shut down conscription , and directly force an end to the war . Senators supporting Nixon 's war efforts supported the bill , even though some had qualms about ending the draft . After a prolonged battle in the Senate , in September 1971 cloture was achieved over the filibuster and the draft renewal bill was approved . Meanwhile , military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers , and television advertising for the U.S. Army began . With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam , December 1972 saw the last men conscripted , who were born in 1952 and who reported for duty in June 1973 . On February 2 , 1972 , a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953 , but in early 1973 it was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird that no further draft orders would be issued . In March 1973 , 1974 , and 1975 , the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954 , 1955 , and 1956 , in case the draft was extended , but it never was . Command Sergeant Major Jeff Mellinger , believed to be the last drafted enlisted ranked soldier still on active duty , retired in 2011 . Chief Warrant Officer 5 Ralph E. Rigby , the last Vietnam War - era drafted soldier of Warrant Officer rank , retired from the army in November 10 , 2014 after a 42 - year career . Post-1980 draft registration ( edit ) On July 2 , 1980 , President Carter issued Presidential Proclamation 4771 and re-instated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System . At that time it was required that all males , born on or after January 1 , 1960 , register with the Selective Service System . Those now in this category are male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25 , who are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday even if they are not eligible to join the military ; for example , non-citizens can not join the military but must register with the Selective Service System . The Selective Service System describes its mission as `` to serve the emergency manpower needs of the Military by conscripting untrained manpower , or personnel with professional health care skills , if directed by Congress and the President in a national crisis '' . Registration forms are available either online or at any U.S. Post Office . The Selective Service registration form states that failure to register is a felony punishable by up to five years imprisonment or a $250,000 fine . In practice , no one has been prosecuted for failure to comply with draft registration since 1986 , in part because prosecutions of draft resisters proved counter-productive for the government , and in part because of the difficulty of proving that noncompliance with the law was `` knowing and wilful '' . In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016 , current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988 , the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of nonregistrants . Many men do not register at all , register late , or change addresses without notifying the Selective Service System . Registration is a requirement for employment by the federal government and some states , as well as for receiving some state benefits such as driver 's licenses . Refusing to register can also cause a loss of eligibility for federal financial aid for college . Health care personnel ( edit ) On December 1 , 1989 , Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting `` persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care and professional occupation '' , if such a special - skills draft should be ordered by Congress . In response , Selective Service published plans for the `` Health Care Personnel Delivery System '' ( HCPDS ) in 1989 and has had them ready ever since . The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998 , followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999 . The HCPDS plans include women and men ages 20 -- 54 in 57 different job categories . As of May 2003 , the Defense Department has said the most likely form of draft is a special skills draft , probably of health care workers . Legality ( edit ) In 1918 , the Supreme Court ruled that the World War I draft did not violate the United States Constitution in the Selective Draft Law Cases . The Court summarized the history of conscription in England and in colonial America , a history that it read as establishing that the Framers envisioned compulsory military service as a governmental power . It held that the Constitution 's grant to Congress of the powers to declare war and to create standing armies included the power to mandate conscription . It rejected arguments based on states ' rights , the 13th Amendment , and other provisions of the Constitution . Later , during the Vietnam War , a lower appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional . United States v. Holmes , 387 F. 2d 781 ( 7th Cir . ) , cert . denied , 391 U.S. 936 ( 1968 ) . Justice William O. Douglas , in voting to hear the appeal in Holmes , agreed that the government had the authority to employ conscription in wartime , but argued that the constitutionality of a draft in the absence of a declaration of war was an open question , which the Supreme Court should address . During the World War I era , the Supreme Court allowed the government great latitude in suppressing criticism of the draft . Examples include Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) and Gilbert v. Minnesota , 254 U.S. 325 ( 1920 ) . In subsequent decades , however , the Court has taken a much broader view of the extent to which advocacy speech is protected by the First Amendment . Thus , in 1971 the Court held it unconstitutional for a state to punish a man who entered a county courthouse wearing a jacket with the words `` F * ck the Draft '' visible on it . Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) . Nevertheless , protesting the draft by the specific means of burning a draft registration card can be constitutionally prohibited , because of the government 's interest in prohibiting the `` nonspeech '' element involved in destroying the card . United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) . Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980 , the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act : Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) , upholding the Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft ; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group ( MPIRG ) , 468 U.S. 841 ( 1984 ) , upholding the Constitutionality of the first of the federal `` Solomon Amendment '' laws , which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration , either by having registered or by not being required to register ; Wayte v. United States , 470 U.S. 598 ( 1985 ) , upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the `` most vocal '' nonregistrants for prosecution , after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of nonregistrants for prosecution ; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury , 567 U.S. ____ ( 2012 ) , regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for nonregistrants . In 1981 , several men filed lawsuit in the case Rostker v. Goldberg , alleging that the Military Selective Service Act violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment by requiring that men only and not also women register with the Selective Service System . The Supreme Court upheld the act , stating that Congress 's `` decision to exempt women was not the accidental byproduct of a traditional way of thinking about women '' , that `` since women are excluded from combat service by statute or military policy , men and women are simply not similarly situated for purposes of a draft or registration for a draft , and Congress ' decision to authorize the registration of only men therefore does not violate the Due Process Clause '' , and that `` the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity , but Congress was entitled , in the exercise of its constitutional powers , to focus on the question of military need , rather than ' equity . ' '' The Rostker v. Goldberg opinion 's dependence upon deference on decision of the executive to exclude women from combat has garnered renewed scrutiny since the Department of Defense announced its decision in January 2013 to do away with most of the federal policies that have kept women from serving in combat roles in ground war situations . Both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force had by then already opened up virtually all positions in sea and air combat to women . At least two lawsuits have been filed challenging the continued Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register with the Selective service System : National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System ( filed April 4 , 2013 , U.S. District Court for the Central District of California ; dismissed by the District Court July 29 , 2013 as not `` ripe '' for decision ; appeal argued December 8 , 2015 before the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ; reversed and remanded February 19 , 2016 ) , and Kyle v. Selective Service System ( filed July 3 , 2015 , U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey ) , brought on behalf of Elizabeth Kyle - LaBell , who tried to register but was turned away because she is female . Conscientious objection ( edit ) Main article : Conscientious objection in the United States According to the Selective Service System , A conscientious objector is one who is opposed to serving in the armed forces and / or bearing arms on the grounds of moral or religious principles . ( ... ) Beliefs which qualify a registrant for CO status may be religious in nature , but do n't have to be . Beliefs may be moral or ethical ; however , a man 's reasons for not wanting to participate in a war must not be based on politics , expediency , or self - interest . In general , the man 's lifestyle prior to making his claim must reflect his current claims . The Supreme Court has ruled in cases United States v. Seeger ( 1965 ) and Welsh v. United States ( 1970 ) that conscientious objection can be by non-religious beliefs as well as religious beliefs ; but it has also ruled in Gillette v. United States ( 1971 ) against objections to specific wars as grounds for conscientious objection . There is currently no mechanism to indicate that one is a conscientious objector in the Selective Service system . According to the SSS , after a person is drafted , he can claim Conscientious Objector status and then justify it before the Local Board . This is criticized because during the times of a draft , when the country is in emergency conditions , there could be increased pressure for Local Boards to be more harsh on conscientious objector claims . There are two types of status for conscientious objectors . If a person objects only to combat but not to service in the military , then the person could be given noncombatant service in the military without training of weapons . If the person objects to all military service , then the person could be ordered to `` alternative service '' with a job `` deemed to make a meaningful contribution to the maintenance of the national health , safety , and interest '' . Poverty draft ( edit ) The poverty draft is a controversial belief in some circles that low - income demographics are either intentionally targeted by the military for recruitment , or that their low socioeconomic status makes enlistment especially attractive , such that they are overrepresented in the armed forces . The `` poverty draft '' is a term describing U.S. military recruiters ' purposeful tendency to focus their recruiting efforts on inner - city and poor rural schools . The low - income youth and young people of color who attend these schools generally have fewer good educational and job opportunities than middle - class and wealthy youth and are therefore more likely to enlist . Proponents of the poverty draft view often claim that because of this the U.S. armed forces are disproportionally men and women of color and from poor and working class backgrounds . Selective Service reforms ( edit ) The Selective Service System has maintained that they have implemented several reforms that would make the draft more fair and equitable . Some of the measures they have implemented include : Before and during the Vietnam War , a young man could get a deferment by showing that he was a full - time student making satisfactory progress towards a degree ; now deferment only lasts to the end of the semester . If the man is a senior he can defer until the end of the academic year . The government has said that draft boards are now more representative of the local communities in areas such as race and national origin . A lottery system would be used to determine the order of people being called up . Previously the oldest men who were found eligible for the draft would be taken first . In the new system , the men called first would be those who are or will turn 20 years old in the calendar year or those whose deferments will end in the calendar year . Each year after , the man will be placed on a lower priority status until his liability ends . Conscription controversies since 2003 ( edit ) The effort to enforce Selective Service registration law was abandoned in 1986 . Since then , no attempt to reinstate conscription has been able to attract much support in the legislature or among the public . Since early 2003 , when the Iraq War appeared imminent , there had been attempts through legislation and campaign rhetoric to begin a new public conversation on the topic . Public opinion since 1973 has been largely negative . In 2003 , several Democratic congressmen ( Charles Rangel of New York , Jim McDermott of Washington , John Conyers of Michigan , John Lewis of Georgia , Pete Stark of California , Neil Abercrombie of Hawaii ) introduced legislation that would draft both men and women into either military or civilian government service , should there be a draft in the future . The Republican majority leadership suddenly considered the bill , nine months after its introduction , without a report from the Armed Services Committee ( to which it had been referred ) , and just one month prior to the 2004 presidential and congressional elections . The Republican leadership used an expedited parliamentary procedure that would have required a two - thirds vote for passage of the bill . The bill was defeated on October 5 , 2004 , with two members voting for it and 402 members voting against . In 2004 , the platforms of both the Democratic and Republican parties opposed military conscription , but neither party moved to end draft registration . John Kerry in one debate criticized Bush 's policies , `` You 've got stop - loss policies so people ca n't get out when they were supposed to . You 've got a backdoor draft right now . '' This statement was in reference to the U.S. Department of Defense use of `` stop - loss '' orders , which have extended the Active Duty periods of some military personnel . All enlistees , upon entering the service , volunteer for a minimum eight - year Military Service Obligation ( MSO ) . This MSO is split between a minimum active duty period , followed by a reserve period where enlistees may be called back to active duty for the remainder of the eight years . Some of these active duty extensions have been for as long as two years . The Pentagon stated that as of August 24 , 2004 , 20,000 soldiers , sailors , airmen , and Marines had been affected . As of January 31 , 2006 it has been reported that more than 50,000 soldiers and reservists had been affected . Despite arguments by defense leaders that they had no interest in re-instituting the draft , Representative Neil Abercrombie 's ( D - HI ) inclusion of a DOD memo in the Congressional Record which detailed a meeting by senior leaders signaled renewed interest . Though the conclusion of the meeting memo did not call for a reinstatement of the draft , it did suggest Selective Service Act modifications to include registration by women and self - reporting of critical skills that could serve to meet military , homeland - defense , and humanitarian needs . This hinted at more targeted draft options being considered , perhaps like that of the `` Doctor Draft '' that began in the 1950s to provide nearly 66 % of the medical professionals who served in the Army in Korea . Once created , this manpower tool continued to be used through 1972 . The meeting memo gave DOD 's primary reason for opposing a draft as a matter of cost effectiveness and efficiency . Draftees with less than two years ' retention were said to be a net drain on military resources providing insufficient benefit to offset overhead costs of using them . Mentions of the draft during the presidential campaign led to a resurgence of anti-draft and draft resistance organizing . One poll of young voters in October 2004 found that 29 % would resist if drafted . In November 2006 , Representative Charles B. Rangel ( D - NY ) again called for the draft to be reinstated ; Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi rejected the proposal . On December 19 , 2006 , President George W. Bush announced that he was considering sending more troops to Iraq . The next day , the Selective Service System 's director for operations and chief information officer , Scott Campbell , announced plans for a `` readiness exercise '' to test the system 's operations in 2006 , for the first time since 1998 . On December 21 , 2006 , Veterans Affairs Secretary Jim Nicholson , when asked by a reporter whether the draft should be reinstated to make the military more equal , said , `` I think that our society would benefit from that , yes sir . '' Nicholson proceeded to relate his experience as a company commander in an infantry unit which brought together soldiers of different socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels , noting that the draft `` does bring people from all quarters of our society together in the common purpose of serving '' . Nicholson later issued a statement saying he does not support reinstating the draft . On August 10 , 2007 , with National Public Radio on `` All Things Considered '' , Lieutenant General Douglas Lute , National Security Adviser to the President and Congress for all matters pertaining to the United States Military efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan , expressed support for a draft to alleviate the stress on the Army 's all - volunteer force . He cited the fact that repeated deployments place much strain upon one soldier 's family and himself which , in turn , can affect retention . A similar bill to Rangel 's 2003 one was introduced in 2007 , called the Universal National Service Act of 2007 ( H.R. 393 ) , but it has not received a hearing or been scheduled for consideration . At the end of June 2014 in Pennsylvania 14,250 letters of conscription were erroneously posted to men born in the 19th century calling upon them to register for the US military draft . This was attributed to a clerk at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation who failed to select a century during a transfer of 400,000 records to the Selective Service . The Selective Service identified 27,218 records of men born in the 19th century made errantly applicable by the change of century and began sending out notices to them on June 30 . On June 14 , 2016 , the Senate voted to require women to register for the draft , though language requiring this was dropped from later versions of the bill . Non-citizens ( edit ) The Selective Service ( and the draft ) in the United States is not limited to citizens . Howard Stringer , for example , was drafted six weeks after arriving from his native Britain in 1965 . Today , non-citizen males of appropriate age in the United States , who are permanent residents ( holders of green cards ) , seasonal agricultural workers not holding an H - 2A Visa , refugees , parolees , asylees , and illegal immigrants , are required to register with the Selective Service System . Refusal to do so is grounds for denial of a future citizenship application . In addition , immigrants who seek to naturalize as citizens must , as part of the Oath of Citizenship , swear to the following : ... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law ; The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) website also states however : However , since 1975 , USCIS has allowed the oath to be taken without the clauses : `` ... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law ; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by law ... '' Non-citizens who serve in the United States military enjoy several naturalization benefits which are unavailable to non-citizens who do not , such as a waiver of application fees . Permanent resident aliens who die while serving in the U.S. Armed Forces may be naturalized posthumously , which may be beneficial to surviving family members . See also ( edit ) Conscription crisis Demobilization of United States armed forces after World War II Draft lottery ( 1969 ) National service Peace Churches Service Nation Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holbrook , Heber A . The Crisis Years : 1940 and 1941 Archived October 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review , July 4 , 2001 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Who Must Register '' . sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John W. Chambers , II , ed. in chief , The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 ) , 180 . Jump up ^ Webster , Daniel ( December 9 , 1814 ) On Conscription , reprinted in Left and Right : A Journal of Libertarian Thought ( Autumn 1965 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History , 181 . Jump up ^ James W. Geary , We Need Men : The Union Draft in the Civil War ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Escott , Paul . Military Necessity : Civil - Military Relations in the Confederacy . Westport , CT : Praeger Security International , 2006 . Jump up ^ Arnold Shankman , `` Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1977 ) : 190 - 204 . online Jump up ^ Moore 1924 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , People 's History of the United States . ( Harper Collins , 2003 ) : 134 Jump up ^ Chambers ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Zinn ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Nancy Ford , Americans all ! : foreign - born soldiers in World War I ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) p 218 ^ Jump up to : Shenk 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Chambers , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) pp. 219 -- 20 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers II , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) pp. 216 -- 17 Jump up ^ Staff of the Catholic Peace Fellowship ( 2007 ) . `` The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon '' . Sign of Peace . 6.1 ( Spring 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Brett. ( 2006 ) . The Effects of the Draft on US Presidential Approval Ratings during the Vietnam War , 1954 -- 1975 , Doctoral dissertation , University of Alabama ( Tuscaloosa ) . ^ Jump up to : Flynn , G. ( 1985 ) . Lewis B. Hershey , Mr. Selective Service . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ `` What the U.S.A. Thinks '' . Life . July 29 , 1940 . p. 20 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Survey Shows What Youth is Thinking '' . Life . November 30 , 1942 . p. 110 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ George Q. Flynn , The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Clifford , J. , & Spencer , S. ( 1986 ) . First Peacetime Draft . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . Jump up ^ `` Manpower : Sweeping Changes Halt Enlistments , Cut Top Draft Age to 38 , Give McNutt Selective Service Control '' . Life . December 21 , 1942 . p. 27 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Selective Service System . ( May 27 , 2003 ) . Induction Statistics . In Inductions ( by year ) from World War I Through the End of the Draft ( 1973 ) Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Muller , Eric L. `` Draft resistance '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buhle , Paul . `` Communist Party , USA '' . Encyclopedia of the American Left . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , J. ( 1987 ) . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America . New York : Free Press . Jump up ^ Hershey , L. ( 1960 ) . Outline of Historical Background of Selective Service and Chronology . ( Available from Selective Service System , 1724 F Street NW , Washington , D.C. 20435 ) Jump up ^ Selective Service System . ( 1953 ) . Selective Service under the 1948 Act extended ( 212278 - 53 - 7 ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Gallup , G. ( 1972 ) . The Gallup Poll : Public opinion , 1935 -- 1971 ( Vol. 2 ) . New York : Random House . Jump up ^ Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs , Selective Service System . ( February 19 , 2004 ) . Fast facts . In Effects of Marriage and Fatherhood on Draft Eligibility Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , R. ( 1982 ) . The Peacetime Draft : Voluntarism to Coercion . In M. Anderson ( Ed . ) , The Military Draft : Selected Readings on Conscription ( pp. 97 -- 116 ) . Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press . ( Original work published 1968 ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , J. & A. Meckler . ( Eds . ) . ( 1974 ) . The Draft and Its Enemies : A Documentary History . Urbana , Ill. : University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Myra MacPherson ( 2001 ) . Long Time Passing , New Edition : Vietnam and the Haunted Generation . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Hershey , 1953 Jump up ^ House Committee on Appropriations Hearings , 1958 . Jump up ^ Chambers , J. ( ed ) , 1987 ^ Jump up to : Flynn , G. ( 2000 ) . The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence , KS : University of Kansas Press . ^ Jump up to : Useem , M. ( 1973 ) . Conscription , Protest and Social Conflict : The Life and Death of a Draft Resistance Movement . New York : Wiley . Jump up ^ Oi , W. ( 1982 ) . `` The Economic Cost of the Draft '' . In M. Anderson ( Ed . ) , The Military Draft : Selected Readings on Conscription ( pp. 317 -- 346 ) . Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press . Jump up ^ Angrist , J. ( 1991 ) . `` The Draft Lottery and Voluntary Enlistment in the Vietnam Era '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 86 ( 415 ) , 584 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Binkin , M. , & Johnston , J. ( 1973 ) , All - volunteer Armed Forces : Progress , Problems , and Prospects , report by the Brookings Institution prepared for the Senate Armed Services Committee , 93rd Congress , First Session . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Siu , Henry E. ( 2008 ) . The fiscal role of conscription in the U.S. World War II effort . Journal of Monetary Economics , 55 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Marmion , H. ( 1968 ) . Selective Service : Conflict and Compromise . New York : John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs , 2004 Jump up ^ Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare , The nation 's manpower revolution , 88th Cong. , 2817 ( 1963 ) ( testimony of Lewis B. Hershey ) . Jump up ^ Chambers , 1987 Jump up ^ Kohn , S. ( 1986 ) . Jailed for Peace : The History of American Draft Law Violations , 1658 -- 1985 . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press Jump up ^ Orvedahl , Reid . `` PrimeTime : Marrying to Avoid Draft '' . ABC News . ABC News . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Tom ( 2008 ) . `` Stephen Spiro , 1940 -- 2007 '' . The Catholic Worker . LXXV ( May -- June ) : 6 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ( Nov 2011 ) . `` America 's Wars '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dunnigan , James F ( 1999 ) . Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War ( First ed . ) . St martin 's Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 19857 - 4 . Jump up ^ Chambers , J. ( Ed . ) . ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Jump up ^ Reeves , T. & Hess , K. ( 1970 ) . The End of the Draft . New York : Random House . ^ Jump up to : Thomas W. Evans ( Summer 1993 ) . `` The All - Volunteer Army After Twenty Years : Recruiting in the Modern Era '' . Sam Houston State University . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , Jonathan ( 1996 ) . Nixon : A Life . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 720 - 9 . pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen ( 1989 ) . Nixon , Volume Two : The Triumph of a Politician 1962 -- 1972 . Simon & Schuster . pp. 264 -- 266 . ^ Jump up to : Griffith , Robert K. ; Robert K. Griffith , Jr. , John Wyndham Mountcastle ( 1997 ) . U.S. Army 's Transition to the All - volunteer Force , 1868 -- 1974 . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 7864 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( February 3 , 1971 ) . `` Stennis Favors 4 - Year Draft Extension , but Laird Asks 2 Years '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Conrad ( 2007 ) . `` Waging Peace '' . Richard M. Nixon : A Life in Full . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 519 - 9 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( June 5 , 1971 ) . `` Senators Reject Limits on Draft ; 2 - Year Plan Gains '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John W. Finney ( May 9 , 1971 ) . `` Congress vs. President '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( September 22 , 1971 ) . `` Senate Approves Draft Bill , 55 - 30 ; President to Sign '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military draft system stopped '' . The Bulletin . Bend , Oregon . UPI . January 27 , 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Military draft ended by Laird '' . The Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . Associated Press . January 27 , 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set to retire , the last Army draftee ' loves being a soldier ' '' . Boston Globe . Associated Press . July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1877943,00.html Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael M. ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` A Reluctant Soldier Completes His Duty '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Proclamation 4771 , Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act , July 2 , 1980 , 45 FR 45247 , 94 Stat. 3775 . Amended by Proclamation 7275 , Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act , February 22 , 2000 , 65 FR 9199 Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Selective Service System : Fast Facts Archived July 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` What If I Choose Not To Register ? '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Steven ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Gender - Neutral Draft Registration Would Create Millions of Female Felons : It 's unlikely any would face prison , but jailed draft resisters and former officials urge caution . '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Hasbrouck . `` Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State / Commonwealth and Territory Legislation '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Am I eligible to receive financial aid ? '' . United States Department of Education . Jump up ^ Edward Hasbrouck . `` FAQ about Health Care Workers and the Draft '' . Medicaldraft.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Proposed Health care personnel delivery System ( HCPDS ) , 54 Federal Register , 33644 - 33654 , August 15 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Roger A. Lalich , Health care personnel delivery System : Another Doctor Draft ? ( Wisconsin Medical Journal , 2004 ) . Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Holmes v. United States ' ' , 391 U.S. 936 ( 1968 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Schenck v. United States ' ' , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Gilbert v. Minnesota ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Cohen v. California ' ' , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' United States v. O'Brien ' ' , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rostker v. Goldberg , Cornell Law School , retrieved December 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Extend draft registration to women -- or end it ? '' . The Practical Nomad . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Future of Draft for Men and Women Goes to Court and Congress '' . WorldBeyondWar.org . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Fast Facts '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' United States v. Seeger ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . March 8 , 1965 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Welsh v. United States ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Gillette v. United States ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The National Youth and Militarism Program : `` The Poverty Draft '' ( PDF ) ( Accessed 3 / 14 / 06 ) '' ( PDF ) . American Friends Service Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mariscal , Jorge . `` Fighting the Poverty Draft '' . Counterpunch . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Differences Between The Selective Service Today And During Vietnam '' . sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 1304.25 Fulfilling the Military Service Obligation ( MSO ) '' . U.S. Department of Defense . August 25 , 1997 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ AlterNet / By Richard Muhammad ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` War on Iraq : Firing Back '' . AlterNet . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stop - loss used to retain 50,000 troops csmonitor.com Archived September 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Congressional Record . 108th Cong. , 2d sess. , 2004 . Vol. 150 , No. 130 : E1938 . Jump up ^ Salyer , J. ( April 26 , 1954 ) . `` Training of medical officers '' . In Medical Science Publication 4 , Recent Advances in Medicine and Surgery ( 19 - 30 April 1954 ) : Based on Professional Medical Experiences in Japan and Korea 1950 -- 1953 ( chap. 2 ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Archived August 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Edward Hasbrouck . `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and the Medical Draft in the USA '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newsweek Poll : Youth Vote Shows Bush , Kerry Neck - and - Neck ( 47 % for Kerry , 45 % for Bush ) ; But Kerry 's Lead Grows Among Likely Voters ( 52 % to 42 % ) '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pelosi says no to draft legislation '' . CNN . November 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` abc7.com : U.S. Testing National Draft Readiness 12 / 22 / 06 '' . Abclocal.go.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` VA Head : Draft Beneficial to Society , Veterans Affairs Secretary Says Military Draft Beneficial , but He Does n't Support It -- CBS News '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bush War Adviser Supports Considering a Military Draft FOXNews.com Jump up ^ Y2K bug triggers army conscription notices sent to 14,000 dead men Technology The Guardian Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Senate Votes to Require Women to Register for the Draft '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grifiths , Katherine . `` Sir Howard Stringer , U.S. Head Of Sony : Sony 's knight buys Tinseltown dream . '' The Independent , September 18 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Interview : Howard Stringer . '' The Independent , March 21 , 2005 . Archived August 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Selective Service System -- Who Must Register Archived November 5 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USCIS Home Page Jump up ^ Naturalization Information for Military Personnel USCIS Archived November 27 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The ABC 's of Immigration : Military Service -- March 29 , 2005 Archived September 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . References and further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Conscription . Martin Anderson ; Valerie Bloom ( 1976 ) . Conscription : a select and annotated bibliography . Hoover Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 2571 - 0 ... ( Full text ) . Leach , Jack F. Conscription in the United States : Historical Background . ( Rutland , Vt. , 1952 ) American revolution ( edit ) Dougherty , Keith L. Collective Action under the Articles of Confederation . Cambridge U. Press , 2001 . 211 pp . Civil War ( edit ) Bernstein , Iver . The New York City Draft Riots : Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War ( 1990 ) . online edition Cruz , Barbara C. and Jennifer Marques Patterson . `` ' In the Midst of Strange and Terrible Times ' : The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 . Social Education . v. 69 # 1 2005 . pp 10 + , with teacher 's guide and URL 's . online version Geary , James W . We Need Men : The Union Draft in the Civil War ( 1991 ) pp. 264 Geary , James W. `` Civil War Conscription in the North : A Historiographical Review , '' Civil War History 32 ( 1986 ) : 208 -- 28 , online Hilderman , Walter C. , III . They Went into the Fight Cheering ! Confederate Conscription in North Carolina . Boone , N.C. : Parkway , 2005 . pp. 272 Hyman , Harold M. A More Perfect Union : The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution . ( 1973 ) , ch 13 . online edition Kenny , Kevin . `` Abraham Lincoln and the American Irish . '' American Journal of Irish Studies ( 2013 ) : 39 - 64 . Levine , Peter . `` Draft Evasion in the North during the Civil War , 1863 -- 1865 , '' Journal of American History 67 ( 1981 ) : 816 -- 34 online edition Moore , Albert Burton . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy 1924 online edition Murdoch , Eugene C. One Million Men : The Civil War Draft in the North ( 1971 ) . Shankman , Arnold . `` Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1977 ) : 190 - 204 . online Wheeler , Kenneth H. `` Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance : Holmes County , Ohio . '' Civil War History . v. 45 # 2 1999 . pp 147 + online edition World War I ( edit ) Chambers II , John Whiteclay . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) , comprehensive look at the national level . Ford , Nancy Gentile ( 2001 ) . Americans All ! : Foreign - born Soldiers in World War I. Texas A&M University Military History Series : 73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 132 - 2 . Ford , Nancy Gentile . `` ' Mindful of the Traditions of His Race ' : Dual Identity and Foreign - born Soldiers in the First World War American Army . '' Journal of American Ethnic History 1997 16 ( 2 ) : 35 -- 57 . ISSN 0278 - 5927 Fulltext : in Ebsco Hickle , K. Walter . `` ' Justice and the Highest Kind of Equality Require Discrimination ' : Citizenship , Dependency , and Conscription in the South , 1917 -- 1919 . '' Journal of Southern History . v. 66 # 4 2000 . pp 749 + online version Keith , Jeanette . `` The Politics of Southern Draft Resistance , 1917 -- 1918 : Class , Race , and Conscription in the Rural South . '' Journal of American History 2000 87 ( 4 ) : 1335 -- 1361 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 Fulltext : in Jstor and Ebsco Keith , Jeanette . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . 2004 . 260pp . Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First Worm War and American Society ( 1980 ) , ch 3 online edition Shenk , Gerald E. `` Race , Manhood , and Manpower : Mobilizing Rural Georgia for World War I , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly , 81 ( Fall 1997 ) , 622 -- 62 Woodward , C. Vann . Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) , pp 451 -- 63 . Sieger , Susan . `` She Did n't Raise Her Boy to Be a Slacker : Motherhood , Conscription , and the Culture of the First World War . '' Feminist Studies . v. 22 # 1 1996 . pp 7 + online edition Shenk , Gerald E. ( 2005 ) . `` Work or fight ! '' : Race , Gender , and the Draft in World War One . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6175 - 4 . World War II ( edit ) Flynn , George Q. The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1993 ; the standard history Garry , Clifford J. and Samuel R. Spencer Jr . The First Peacetime Draft. 1986 . Goossen , Rachel Waltner ; Women against the Good War : Conscientious Objection and Gender on the American Home Front , 1941 -- 1947 1997 online edition Westbrook , Robert . `` ' I Want a Girl Just Like the Girl That Married Harry James ' : American Women and the Problem of Political Obligation in WWII , '' American Quarterly 42 ( December 1990 ) : 587 -- 614 ; online in JSTOR Cold War and Vietnam ( edit ) Lawrence M. Baskir ; William A. Strauss ( 1978 ) . Chance and Circumstance : The Draft , the War , and the Vietnam Generation . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 72749 - 5 . Flynn , George Q. The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1993 ; the standard history Marc Leepson , `` What It Was Like to Be Drafted , '' The New York Times , `` Vietnam ' 67 , '' July 21 , 2017 . Recent ( edit ) Halstead , Fred . GIs Speak out against the War : The Case of the Ft. Jackson 8 . 128 pages . New York : Pathfinder Press . 1970 . Warner , John T. and Beth J. Asch . `` The Record and Prospects of the All - volunteer Military in the United States . '' Journal of Economic Perspectives 2001 15 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 192 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 Fulltext : in Jstor and Ebsco Wooten ; Evan M. `` Banging on the Backdoor Draft : The Constitutional Validity of Stop - Loss in the Military '' , William and Mary Law Review , Vol. 47 , 2005 Chambers II , John Whiteclay , ed . Draftees or Volunteers : A Documentary History of the Debate over Military Conscription in the United States , 1787 -- 1973 , ( 1975 ) ( 1976 ) ( 2011 ) External links ( edit ) Look up conscription in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` What It Was Like to be Drafted , '' The New York Times , `` Vietnam ' 67 , '' July 21 , 2017 . Selective Service System official website Resisters.info Rolling Stone Magazine : The Return of the Draft 2005 How To Beat The Draft Board Reinstating the military draft by Walter E. Williams Are You Going to be Drafted ? by Rod Powers . Discusses the improbability of the draft returning . World War I : Conscription Laws from the Library of Congress Blog Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&oldid=806618297 '' Categories : Conscription in the United States Conscription by country United States military policies American nationalism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Use mdy dates from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 03 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the draft start for world war 2
[ "Conscription in the United States, commonly known as the draft, has been employed by the federal government of the United States in four conflicts: the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War (including both the Korean and Vietnam Wars). The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act. It was the country's first peacetime draft.[1] From 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means. The draft was ended when the United States Armed Forces moved to an all-volunteer military force. However, the Selective Service System remains in place as a contingency plan; all male civilians between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register so that a draft can be readily resumed if needed.[2]" ]
[ "1940" ]
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Ford Power Stroke engine
Ford Power Stroke engine - wikipedia Ford Power Stroke engine Jump to : navigation , search Ford Power Stroke engine Overview Manufacturer Navistar International ( 1994 - 2010 ) Ford Motor Company ( 2011 - present ) Also called Ford Powerstroke Production 1994 - present Layout Configuration OHV 90 ° V8 DOHC Chronology Predecessor International Harvester IDI ( 1983 - 1994.5 ) Power Stroke is a name used by a family of diesel engines for trucks produced by Ford Motor Company since 1994 . Along with its use in the Ford F - Series ( including the Ford Super Duty trucks ) , applications include the Ford E-Series , Ford Excursion , and Ford LCF commercial truck ; the name was also used for a diesel engine used in South American production of the Ford Ranger . From 1994 , the Power Stroke engine family existed as a re-branding of engines produced by Navistar International , sharing engines with its medium - duty truck lines . Since the 2010 introduction of the 6.7 L PowerStroke V8 , Ford has designed and produced its own diesel engines . During its production , the PowerStroke engine range has been marketed against large - block V8 ( and V10 ) gasoline engines along with the General Motors Duramax V8 and the Dodge Cummins B - Series inline - six . Contents ( hide ) 1 7.3 Power Stroke 1.1 Common Issues 2 6.0 Power Stroke 2.1 Key specifications 2.1. 1 Common Issues 2.1. 2 Electrical and fuel 3 6.4 Power Stroke 3.1 Key specifications 3.2 Common issues 4 6.7 Power Stroke 4.1 Key specifications 5 3.2 Power Stroke 5.1 Key specifications 6 3.0 Power Stroke 7 Applications 8 Other engines with the Power Stroke name 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 7.3 Power Stroke ( edit ) Main article : Navistar T444E engine 7.3 Power Stroke Overview Manufacturer Navistar International Layout Configuration V8 Displacement 7.3 L , 444 cu3 Cylinder bore 4.11 in ( 104 mm ) Piston stroke 4.18 in ( 106 mm ) Cylinder block alloy Iron Cylinder head alloy Iron Valvetrain OHV Combustion Fuel type Diesel Output Power output 210 - 275hp Torque output 425 - 525 lb - ft Dry weight ≈ 920 lb ( 417 kg ) ( Dry ) Chronology Predecessor 7.3 L IDI Successor 6.0 Power Stroke The first engine to bear the Power Stroke name , the 7.3 L Power Stroke V8 is the Ford version of the Navistar T444E turbo - diesel V8 . Introduced in 1994 as the replacement for the 7.3 L IDI V8 , the Power Stroke / T444E is a completely new engine , with only its bore and stroke dimensions common with its predecessor ( resulting in its identical 444 cubic - inch displacement ) . In line with the IDI diesel , the Power Stroke was offered in one - ton versions of the Ford F - Series / Ford Econoline product ranges . The Power Stroke is an electronically controlled , direct injection engine with a 4.11 in ( 104 mm ) bore and 4.18 in ( 106 mm ) stroke creating a displacement of 444 cu in ( 7.3 L ) . It has a 17.5 : 1 compression ratio , and a dry weight of approximately 920 lb ( 420 kg ) . This engine produces up to 250 hp ( 190 kW ) and 505 lb ⋅ ft ( 685 N ⋅ m ) of torque in automatic - transmission trucks from the last years of production , and 275 hp ( 205 kW ) and 525 lb ⋅ ft ( 712 N ⋅ m ) of torque in manual - transmission trucks . The oil capacity is 15 quarts ( 14.2 liters ) . The oil pan holds 15 quarts ( 14.2 liters ) while the top end holds an additional 3 quarts ( 2.84 liters ) , making for a total of 18 quarts ( 17.03 liters ) . The 1994.5 to 1996 / 97 DI Power stroke has `` single shot '' HEUI ( hydraulically actuated electronic unit injection ) fuel injectors and ran a high pressure oil pump ( HPOP ) to create the necessary oil pressure to fire the fuel injectors . This generation of Power Stroke utilizes an HPOP with a 15 ° swash plate angle . The 1995 - 1997 trucks use a two - stage cam - driven fuel pump , whereas the 1999 - 2003 trucks use a frame rail mounted electric fuel pump . The California trucks from 1996 and 1997 have split - shot fuel injectors ; other trucks did not get split - shot injectors until 1999 . Single - shot injectors only inject one charge of fuel per cycle , whereas the split - shot injector releases a preliminary light load before the main charge to initiate combustion in a more damped manner . This `` pre-injection '' helps reduce the sharp combustion ' knock ' as well as lower NO emissions by creating a more complete burn . The ' 94.5 - ' 97 engine utilizes a single turbocharger with a turbine housing size of 1.15 A / R. In 1999 , an air - to - air intercooler was added to cool the charged air from the turbo for increased air density . With the new cooler , denser air would increase the horsepower potential of the engine , while also reducing exhaust gas temperatures ( EGT ) . The turbine housing was changed to a . 84 A / R and a wastegate was added halfway through the 1999 model year . The 1999 engine also received 160cc injectors , up from 90cc in the early model engine . With the larger injectors , the HPOP capability was increased by utilizing a 17 ° swash plate angle to meet the requirements of the new , higher flowing injectors . Common issues ( edit ) Despite being regarded as one of the most reliable engines ever put in a car or light duty truck , the 7.3 Powerstroke was not without its own issues . A common failure point was the CPS ( camshaft position sensor ) . The failure of this sensor would create a no start condition or would shut the truck off mid operation . An easy way to diagnose a failed CPS is through movement of the tachometer when cranking . If the tachometer does not move , the CPS is most likely bad . The fuel filter / water separator also tends to be a minor failure point across the trucks . The filter housing tends to develop cracks in the aluminum housing and leaks fuel . The heating element contained in the filter housing also can short out , blowing a fuse and causing a no start condition . The turbocharger up - pipes are a large failure point , with the pipes leaking from many different points but mainly from the joints . Leaking of the up - pipes causes the engine to lose power and for EGT 's to increase . The 7.3 L DI Power Stroke was in production until the second quarter of model year 2003 when it was replaced by the 6.0 L because of its inability to meet newer emission requirements . Nearly 2 million 7.3 s were produced from International 's Indianapolis plant . The 7.3 L DI Power Stroke engine is commonly referred to as one of the best engines that International produced . 6.0 Power Stroke ( edit ) Main article : 6.0 L Power Stroke The 7.3 L ( 444 CID ) Power Stroke was replaced by the 6.0 L ( 365 CID ) beginning in the second quarter of the 2003 model year . The 6.0 L Power Stroke , was used in Ford Super Duty trucks until the 2007 model year but lasted until 2009 in the Ford Econoline vans ( model year 2010 ) and in the Ford Excursion SUVs until after the 2005 models when Ford discontinued Excursion production . The engine has a 3.74 in ( 95 mm ) bore and 4.13 in ( 105 mm ) stroke creating a displacement of 365 cu in ( 6.0 L ) or 5,954 cc . It utilizes a variable geometry turbocharger and intercooler , producing 325 hp ( 242 kW ) and 570 lb ⋅ ft ( 773 N ⋅ m ) torque with an 18 : 1 compression ratio , with fuel cutoff at 4,200 rpm . Many poorly maintained or modified 6.0 L Power Stroke engines experienced problems , Key specifications ( edit ) Fuel injection system : Split - shot HEUI ( hydraulic electronic unit injectors ) Valve train : OHV 4 - valves per cylinder , 32 valves total ( 16 intake valves , 16 exhaust valves ) Turbo configuration : Single ; variable vane geometry ( VGT ) Common issues ( edit ) Oil Cooler / EGR Cooler - The sources of the main issues with the 6.0 L were the in - block oil cooler , and the EGR cooler materials . The oil cooler is located in the valley of the engine block , underneath the cartridge oil filter set up . The sealed outer portion of the oil cooler is submerged in engine oil , with coolant flowing through the center passages . Over time , the oil cooler will develop small cracks in the aluminum tubes from the constant heating and cooling of the engine . This situation usually results in oil pushing its way into the cooling system . The sludge created from the mixture of oil and coolant creates a high pressure environment in the EGR cooler ( due to the viscosity change in the coolant ) , leading to cracking of the EGR cooler 's coolant passages . Once the EGR cooler cracks , it begins to leak coolant into the intake system and is then routed into the engine 's cylinders to be burnt . The burning of coolant in the cylinders then causes a steam buildup , thus increasing cylinder pressures and the stretching of the head bolts ; which leads to head gasket failure . The early EGR coolers ( 2003 - 2004.5 ) were also susceptible to premature failure without oil cooler issues , also resulting in head gasket failure . High Pressure Oil System - With the use of Split - shot HEUI fuel injectors , high pressure oil is required to pressurize the fuel injectors . The main high pressure oil ( HPO ) system components are ; High Pressure Oil Pump ( HPOP ) , HPO manifolds , Stand pipes and branch tube . The HPOP is located in the engine valley at the rear of the engine block . Early build years ( 2003.5 -- 04.5 ) are well known for premature HPOP failure . This is due to the poor quality materials used in manufacturing . The HPOP is pressurized by a rotating gear , meshed with a rear camshaft gear . The early model HPOP gears were known to be weak , and develop stress cracks in the teeth resulting in gear failure , thus causing a no start issue for the engine . Early models also had the ICP sensor located on the HPOP cover . The high amount of heat in this location , combined with the exposure to debris in the oil was known to cause ICP sensor failure also resulting in a no start condition . This issue was addressed by Ford with the late 2004 engine update , bringing a new HPOP design , along with relocation of the ICP sensor to the Passenger side valve cover . The newly designed pump is not known for frequent failure , however a new issue arose with the update . In the late model engines , Ford also redesigned the HPO stand pipes and dummy plugs in the HPO manifold , using poor quality o - rings . These o - rings were prone to failure causing a HPO leak , and eventually a no start condition . Ford addressed this concern with updated Viton o - ring washers fixing the issue . With the new HPO system design also came a Snap To Connect ( STC ) fitting . Some models had issue with the prongs of the STC fitting breaking causing the fitting to lose its sealing property and again , a no start condition for the engine . Another frequent ( but not always catastrophic ) issue with the HPO system is the Injection Pressure Regulator ( IPR ) screen . The IPR screen is located in the engine valley with the oil cooler . The material used was susceptible to failure and neglecting to replace the screen during an oil cooler replacement could lead to the debris being sent through the HPOP causing complete failure . Head Gaskets - Ford / International used four Torque to Yield ( TTY ) cylinder head bolts per cylinder for the 6.0 s and 6.4 s . TTY bolts offer some of the most precise clamping force available but can be problematic . In certain situations ( Oil cooler / EGR cooler failure , high boost / load levels brought on by improper use of aftermarket programmers ) TTY bolts can be stretched beyond their torque mark by increased cylinder pressures . This has never been addressed by Ford due to the fact that other malfunctions or abuse must occur to stretch the bolts . Some in the aftermarket will replace the factory bolts with head studs in an attempt to protect the head gaskets from future failure . If this is done without addressing the underlying issue , the head gaskets may fail again bringing along a cracked or warped cylinder head . In contrast , the Powerstroke 7.3 s and 6.7 s have 6 head bolts per cylinder while the IDI 7.3 s and 6.9 s have five . Electrical and fuel ( edit ) Numerous PCM recalibrations , fuel injector stiction along with several other driveability and quality control problems have plagued the 6.0 . The FICM ( fuel injection control module ) has been a problem , where low voltage in the vehicle 's electrical system due to failing batteries or a low - output alternator can cause damage to the FICM . In addition , the placement of the FICM on top of the engine subjects it to varying and extreme temperatures and vibrations causing solder joints and components to fail in early build models ; mostly in the power supply itself . The FICM multiplies the voltage in the fuel injector circuit from 12 to 48 - 50 volts to fire the injectors . Low voltage can eventually cause damage to the fuel injectors . 6.4 Power Stroke ( edit ) Main article : 6.4 L Power Stroke The 6.4 L Power Stroke was introduced for the 2008 model year . Also known as the Slug , the 6.4 L Power Stroke was the first engine introduced to the light truck market that utilized dual turbochargers from the factory . This was the first Power Stroke to use a diesel particulate filter ( DPF ) in order to nearly eliminate particulate emissions . The new DPS and active regeneration system greatly hindered the engine 's fuel economy capability , though the engine proved to be comparatively strong and reliable . The engine was ultimately retired after the 2010 model year , as Ford replaced it with its own in - house built 6.7 L Power Stroke . The engine has a 3.87 in ( 98 mm ) bore and 4.13 in ( 105 mm ) stroke , resulting in a total calculated displacement of 387 cu in ( 6.3 L ) ( 6,333 cc ) . Despite having to meet emission regulations , the engine was able to increase horsepower ratings to 350 hp ( 261 kW ) and torque to 650 lb ⋅ ft ( 881 N ⋅ m ) at the flywheel . Horsepower and torque are achieved at 3,000 rpm and 2,000 rpm respectively . It also features a compound VGT turbo system . Air enters the low - pressure turbo ( the smaller of the two ) and is fed into the high - pressure turbo ( the larger of the two ) , then is directed into the engine or intercooler . This system is designed to result in reduced turbo lag when accelerating from a stop . The series - turbo system is set up to provide a better throttle response while in motion to give a power flow more like a naturally aspirated engine . The 6.4 L also has a DPF and dual EGR coolers which are capable of reducing exhaust gas temps by up to 1,000 degrees before they reach the EGR valve and mix with the intake charge . The DPF traps soot and particulates from the exhaust and virtually eliminates the black smoke that most diesel engines expel upon acceleration . The engine computer is programmed to periodically inject extra fuel in the exhaust stroke of the engine ( known as a `` regeneration '' in the F - Series ) to burn off soot that accumulates in the DPF . This engine is designed to only run on ultra low sulfur diesel ( ULSD ) fuel which has no more than 15 ppm sulfur content ; using regular diesel fuel results in emission equipment malfunctions and violates manufacturer warranties . The 6.4 L has had one recall ( safety product recall 07S49 was released on March 23 , 2007 ) that addresses the potential for flames to come from the tailpipe of the truck . This problem arises from the DPF which is part of the diesel after - treatment system . A PCM recalibration was released to eliminate the possibility of excessive exhaust temperatures combined with certain rare conditions resulting from what is becoming known as a `` thermal event '' . Key specifications ( edit ) Fuel injection system : High pressure commonrail Valve train : OHV 4 - valve Compound VGT turbo DPF Advanced multi-shot piezoelectric fuel injection control Common issues ( edit ) Piston ring failures in # 7 & # 8 cylinders due to regeneration process . During regeneration , fuel is injected during the exhaust stroke in order to increase the exhaust temperature for DPF cleaning . This exposes the piston rings to excessive heat which eventually causes the piston rings to lose tension , causing low to no compression ( compression skip ) and excessive blow - by . Rocker arm tips impacting ( especially on lower geared trucks ) due to higher pressure on valve - train ( that was not upgraded from the 6.0 liter engine design ) after 100,000 to 150,000 miles . Turbo - charger bearing seal failures ( which in turn allows engine lubricating oil to leak past the bearing seal ) due to regeneration process pushing high exhaust temperatures thru the turbo - charger . This condition will precipitate premature clogging of the DPF , which then causes the engine to stay in regeneration mode . If this condition is not corrected quickly , the leaking seal will eventually allow all the engine oil to be pumped out of the engine thru the exhaust , causing complete engine failure due to lack of lubrication . Higher incidents of cavitation erosion of the front cover due to the larger water pump impeller speed , causing coolant to leak into engine oil . EGR cooler failures allowing engine coolant to flow back into # 8 cylinder while engine is shut off , which causes the cylinder to hydro - lock and possibly bend the piston connecting rod as well as other damage to engine when it is subsequently started . Cylinder head valve - guides do not have bronze sleeves , which allows for excessive wear and oil leakage around the valves ( also an issue on the 6.0 liter ) . If aftermarket tuning is installed that introduces too much advanced fuel injection timing , cracking of the cylinder heads can result due to excessive exhaust temperatures . Very high cost of service and repair parts compared to other versions of the Powerstroke . 6.7 Power Stroke ( edit ) Emissions controls include exhaust gas recirculation , Denoxtronic - based selective catalytic reduction ( SCR ) from Bosch , and a DPF . Output was originally 390 hp ( 291 kW ) and 735 lb ⋅ ft ( 997 N ⋅ m ) . but shortly after production started , Ford announced that they made an update to the 6.7 L diesel . The new engine control software makes the engine capable of 400 hp ( 298 kW ) at 2,800 rpm and 800 lb ⋅ ft ( 1,085 N ⋅ m ) at 1,600 rpm while achieving better fuel economy and without any physical changes to the engine . The 2015 engines are rated at 440 horsepower ( 330 kW ) and 860 lb ⋅ ft ( 1,166 N ⋅ m ) . Ford claims the bump in horsepower is from a new turbo , new injector nozzles and exhaust improvements . For 2017 , the torque had risen to 925 lb ⋅ ft ( 1,254 N ⋅ m ) at 1800rpm , Horsepower remains the same ... Key specifications ( edit ) DPF Valve train : OHV 4 - valve Turbo configuration : ' GT32 SST ( single sequential turbocharger ) ' -- single 64mm turbine and dual - sided compressor Fuel injection system : High - pressure common - rail , Bosch CP4 injection pump , piezo electric injectors 2015 -- 2016 Turbo configuration : ' GT37 ' -- single 72.5 mm turbine and 88mm compressor Fuel system : High - pressure common - rail , Bosch CP4. 2 injection pump , piezo electric injectors Engine : Power Stroke V - 8 Displacement : 6.7 L Bore and stroke : 3.90 x 4.25 inches Cylinders : 90 - degree V - 8 Block : Compacted graphite iron Heads : Aluminum ( reverse flow ) Pistons : Forged aluminum Valvetrain : OHV , four valves per cylinder Horsepower : 450 at 2,800 rpm Torque : 935 lb - ft at 1,600 rpm Emissions equipment : EGR , DPF , SCR Engine dry weight : 970 pounds Ford 6.7 Powerstroke 3.2 Power Stroke ( edit ) The 3.2 L Power Stroke is an inline five - cylinder engine that debuted in the U.S. - spec Transit for model year 2015 . The engine is a modified version of the Ford Duratorq 3.2 L diesel engine that has been adapted to meet emissions in the United States . To aid in economy , emissions , and reduce NVH , it has a high pressure common rail fuel injection system and piezo injectors that can spray up to five different injections per compression event . It has a water cooled EGR system to reduce the temperature of the exhaust gas before being recirculated through the intake . A unique feature to the emissions system is that the diesel oxidation catalyst ( DOC ) and the DPF have been combined into one singular unit as opposed to the traditional two separate units . Exhaust treatment continues with SCR which is done by the injection of diesel exhaust fluid in the exhaust to reduce NOx . The engine features a variable geometry turbo which allows for intake air flow tuning on the fly to increase power and fuel economy . The engine also features a variable - flow oil pump to avoid wasting mechanical energy pumping excessive amounts of oil . It has cast aluminum , low friction pistons with oil squirters to keep them cool during heavy - load conditions , a die cast aluminum cam carrier to stiffen up the valve train and reduce NVH , and to increase low end durability , the crankshaft is cast iron and the connecting rods are forged . The block itself is an extra rigid , gray cast iron with a closed deck . The power figures for the 3.2 L Power Stroke are 185 hp at 3,000 rpm and 350 lb - ft at 1,500 - 2,750 rpm . The Euro Duratorq 3.2 makes 197 HP and 350 ft - lb of torque . Key specifications ( edit ) Fuel injection system : High pressure commonrail Valve train : DOHC 4 - valve Turbo configuration : Single variable geometry turbo Combined diesel particulate filter and diesel oxidation catalyst Urea injected selective catalytic reduction 30 Power Stroke ( edit ) A 3.0 liter Power Stroke turbo - diesel V6 will be introduced in the new 2018 Ford F - 150 as a medium duty engine to compete with the Ram 1500 EcoDiesel V6 . The engine produces 250 hp ( 190 kW ) and 440 lb - ft of torque , and is expected to get at least 30 miles per gallon on the highway fuel efficiency . Applications ( edit ) The Power Stroke engine has been used in the following applications . Ford E-Series ( full - size vans ) 1995 -- 2003 7.3 L 2004 -- 2010 6.0 L Ford Excursion ( full - size sport utility vehicles ) 2000 -- 2003 7.3 L 2003.5 -- 2005 6.0 L Ford F - Series ( full - size pickup trucks ) Mid-1994 -- Mid-2003 7.3 L Mid-2003 -- 2007 6.0 L 2008 -- 2010 6.4 L 2011 -- present 6.7 L 2018 -- 3.0 L ( F - 150 only ) LCF ( low cab forward ) 2005 -- 2010 4.5 L Ford Transit 2015 -- present 3.2 L Other engines with the Power Stroke name ( edit ) In South American models , the Ford Ranger 2001 up to 2012 use a Power Stroke engine in their diesel versions . A 2.8 L diesel engine was developed by Navistar / International Engines from an inline - four Land Rover Defender diesel 2.5 L engine , with 130 ( waste gate ) or 133 hp ( VNT ) . A 3L common rail four valves per cylinder and 160 hp ( waste gate turbo ) became the electronic version of the Power Stroke . It has only the block and connect - rods in common with 2.8 L Power Stroke The above - detailed 3.2 L Duratorq I5 is branded as Power Stroke in US - spec Ford Transit vans . See also ( edit ) Ford engines Ford Modular engine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.internationalpowerstroke.com/timeline.html Jump up ^ Ford 's Power Stroke Diesel History Power Stroke Spotters ' Guide Jump up ^ `` what is best powerstroke - Ford Powerstroke Diesel Forum '' . www.powerstroke.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Launch in Limbo '' . AutoWeek . Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ https://dieseliq.com/problems-with-power-stroke-60 Jump up ^ Jamie Lareau , Automotive News ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) . `` 2011 Ford Super Duty : Pickup has more pickup and more mpg '' . AutoWeek . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://detnews.com/article/20100803/AUTO01/8030349/1148/rss25 Jump up ^ `` 440 Horsepower Powers Stroke '' . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 6.7 L Power Stroke Spec and Information '' . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonderman , Monica ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Second - Generation Ford 6.7 L Power Stroke - Torque Specs , 440 hp and 860 lb - ft of torque '' . Diesel Power Magazine . Diesel Power . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Ford F - Series Super Duty Features Improved Power Stroke Diesel '' . Ford Motor Company . Ford . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 7.3 DIT Powerstroke Direct Injection Turbocharged Diesel Engine , `` F '' Series Super Duty Features , Description , Service Features '' ( PDF ) . Ford Motor Company . 1999 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Powerstroke Diesel home page Navistar International Power Stroke Diesel Specs ( hide ) International Truck product line Military Vehicles Current AXT - 6 / AXT - 8 SOTV - A SOTV - B International MXT - MV MaxxPro 5000 - MV ( PayStar ) 7000 - MV ( WorkStar ) Discontinued FTTS 4000 - MV Commercial Vehicles Trucks Current LoneStar LT Series RH Series HX Series HV Series DuraStar Discontinued Cargostar Loadstar ( Conventional ) Fleetstar Transtar / Transtar II TerraStar S - Series Newport series CityStar PayStar 9000 Series ProStar TranStar WorkStar Bus Chassis Current 3000 3200 3300 Discontinued S - Series `` Schoolmaster '' 1853FC 3600 3800 3900 Other Tractors Farmall ( discontinued ) Cub Cadet ( acquired by MTD Products ) Delivery Vans ( discontinued ) Metro Van KM and KBM ( 1938 -- 1949 ) LM - Series ( 1950 -- 1952 ) RM - Series ( 1953 -- 1955 ) SM - Series ( 1956 -- 1959 ) AM / BM / CM - Series ( 1960 -- 1972 ) Retail Vehicles ( discontinued ) Pickup K and KB L - Series R - Series S - Series A / B - Series C / D - Series 1000 / 100 - series XT - Series SUV Scout Travelall See also List of International Harvester vehicles List of International Harvester / Navistar engines List of International ( brand ) trucks Ford Power Stroke engine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Power_Stroke_engine&oldid=842549447 '' Categories : Ford engines Navistar engines Diesel engines by model Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 04 : 53 . About Wikipedia
when did ford come out with the 6.7
[ "From 1994, the Power Stroke engine family existed as a re-branding of engines produced by Navistar International, sharing engines with its medium-duty truck lines. Since the 2010 introduction of the 6.7L PowerStroke V8, Ford has designed and produced its own diesel engines. During its production, the PowerStroke engine range has been marketed against large-block V8 (and V10) gasoline engines along with the General Motors Duramax V8 and the Dodge Cummins B-Series inline-six." ]
[ "2010" ]
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Annapolis, Maryland
Annapolis , Maryland - wikipedia Annapolis , Maryland Jump to : navigation , search `` Annapolis '' redirects here . For other uses , see Annapolis ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the state capital . For the unincorporated community in Howard County , see Annapolis Junction , Maryland . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Annapolis , Maryland State capital City of Annapolis Annapolis , Maryland Flag Coat of arms Nickname ( s ) : `` America 's Sailing Capital , '' `` Sailing Capital of the World , '' `` Naptown , '' `` Crabtown on the Bay '' Motto : `` Vixi Liber Et Moriar '' ( `` I have lived , and I shall die , free '' ) Location in Anne Arundel County , Maryland Annapolis Annapolis Annapolis Show map of Maryland Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Location in Maryland , United States & North America Coordinates : 38 ° 58 ′ 22.6 '' N 76 ° 30 ′ 4.17 '' W  /  38.972944 ° N 76.5011583 ° W  / 38.972944 ; - 76.5011583 Coordinates : 38 ° 58 ′ 22.6 '' N 76 ° 30 ′ 4.17 '' W  /  38.972944 ° N 76.5011583 ° W  / 38.972944 ; - 76.5011583 Country United States State Maryland County Anne Arundel Founded 1649 Incorporated 1708 Named for Princess Anne of Denmark & Norway Government Mayor Mike Pantelides ( R ) City Council Council members ( show ) Joseph H. Budge ( D ) Fred M. Paone ( R ) Rhonda Pindell Charles ( D ) Sheila M. Finlayson ( D ) Jared S. Littmann ( D ) Kenneth Kirby ( D ) Ian Pfeiffer ( D ) Ross H. Arnett III ( D ) Area Total 8.10 sq mi ( 20.98 km ) Land 7.18 sq mi ( 18.60 km ) Water 0.92 sq mi ( 2.38 km ) Elevation 39 ft ( 12 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 38,394 Estimate ( 2016 ) 39,418 Density 4,700 / sq mi ( 1,800 / km ) Demonym ( s ) Annapolitan Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP Codes 21401 - 21405 , 21409 , 21411 - 21412 Area code ( s ) 410 , 443 FIPS code 24 - 01600 GNIS feature ID 0595031 Highways I - 97 , US 50 , US 301 , MD 2 , MD 70 , MD 178 , MD 450 , MD 665 Website www.annapolis.gov Annapolis ( / əˈnæpəlɪs / ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County . Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River , 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of Baltimore and about 30 miles ( 50 km ) east of Washington , D.C. , Annapolis is part of the Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area . Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census . The city served as the seat of the Confederation Congress ( former Second Continental Congress ) and temporary national capital of the United States in 1783 -- 1784 . At that time , General George Washington came before the body convened in the new Maryland State House and resigned his commission as commander of the Continental Army . A month later , the Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , ending the American Revolutionary War , with Great Britain recognizing the independence of the United States . The city and state capitol was also the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention , which issued a call to the states to send delegates for the Constitutional Convention to be held the following year in Philadelphia . Over 220 years later , the Annapolis Peace Conference , was held in 2007 . Annapolis is the home of St. John 's College , founded 1696 , as well as the United States Naval Academy , established 1845 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial and early United States ( 1649 -- 1808 ) 1.2 Civil War era ( 1849 -- late 1800s ) 1.3 Contemporary ( 1900s -- present ) 1.4 Railway 2 Notable institutions 2.1 The State House 2.2 United States Naval Academy 2.3 St. John 's College 2.4 Theater 2.5 Museums , historical sites , and monuments 2.6 Other 2.7 2007 Annapolis Conference 3 Geography and climate 4 Demographics 4.1 2010 census 4.2 2000 census 5 Economy 6 Transportation 6.1 Bus 7 Government 7.1 City government 7.2 State government 8 Education 9 Sports 10 Parks and recreation 11 Publications 12 Notable people 13 Neighborhoods and suburbs 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links History ( edit ) Colonial and early United States ( 1649 -- 1808 ) ( edit ) The `` Old Treasury Building '' on State Circle ( adjacent to the Maryland State House ) was built in 1735 and is the oldest standing government building in Annapolis View of Annapolis in 1797 , New York Public Library A settlement in the Province of Maryland named `` Providence '' was founded on the north shore of the Severn River on the middle Western Shore of the Chesapeake Bay in 1649 by Puritan exiles from the Province / Dominion of Virginia led by third Proprietary Governor William Stone ( 1603 -- 1660 ) . The settlers later moved to a better - protected harbor on the south shore . The settlement on the south shore was initially named `` Town at Proctor 's , '' then `` Town at the Severn , '' and later `` Anne Arundel 's Towne '' ( after Lady Ann Arundell ( 1616 - 1649 ) , the wife of Cecilus Calvert , second Lord Baltimore , who died soon afterwards ) . In 1654 , after the Third English Civil War , Parliamentary forces assumed control of the Maryland colony and Stone went into exile further south across the Potomac River in Virginia . Per orders from Charles Calvert , fifth Lord Baltimore , Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier royalist force , loyal to the King of England . On March 25 , 1655 , in what is known as the Battle of the Severn ( first colonial naval battle in North America ) , Stone was defeated , taken prisoner , and replaced by Lt. Gen. Josias Fendall ( 1628 -- 1687 ) as fifth Proprietary Governor . Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the Commonwealth period in England . In 1660 , he was replaced by Phillip Calvert ( 1626 -- 1682 ) as fifth / sixth Governor of Maryland , after the restoration of Charles II ( 1630 -- 1685 ) as King in England . In 1694 , soon after the overthrow of the Catholic government of second Royal Governor Thomas Lawrence ( 1645 - 1714 ) , then third Royal Governor Francis Nicholson ( 1655 - 1727 / 28 , served 1694 - 1698 ) , moved the capital of the royal colony , the Province of Maryland to Anne Arundel 's Towne and renamed the town Annapolis after Princess Anne of Denmark and Norway , soon to be the Queen Anne of Great Britain ( 1665 - 1714 , reigned 1702 - 1714 ) . Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708 . 17th century Annapolis was little more than a village , but it grew rapidly for most of the 18th century until the American Revolutionary War as a political and administrative capital , a port of entry , and a major center of the Atlantic slave trade . The Maryland Gazette , which became an important weekly journal , was founded there by Jonas Green in 1745 ; in 1769 a theatre was opened ; during this period also the commerce was considerable , but declined rapidly after Baltimore , with its deeper harbor , was made a port of entry in 1780 . Water trades such as oyster - packing , boatbuilding and sailmaking became the city 's chief industries . Annapolis is home to a large number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city . Dr. Alexander Hamilton ( 1712 -- 1756 ) was a Scottish - born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis . Leo Lemay says his 1744 travel diary Gentleman 's Progress : The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton is `` the best single portrait of men and manners , of rural and urban life , of the wide range of society and scenery in colonial America . '' John Shaw Flag ( red first variation ) John Shaw Flag ( white first variation ) Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 . Congress was in session in the state house from November 26 , 1783 to June 3 , 1784 , and it was in Annapolis on December 23 , 1783 , that General Washington resigned his commission as commander - in - chief of the Continental Army . For the 1783 Congress , the Governor of Maryland commissioned John Shaw , a local cabinet maker , to create an American flag . The flag is slightly different from other designs of the time . The blue field extends over the entire height of the hoist . Shaw created two versions of the flag : one which started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one . In 1786 , delegates from all states of the Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the better regulation of commerce . Delegates from only five states -- New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia , New Jersey , and Delaware -- actually attended the convention , known afterward as the `` Annapolis Convention . '' Without proceeding to the business for which they had met , the delegates passed a resolution calling for another convention to meet at Philadelphia in the following year to amend the Articles of Confederation . The Philadelphia convention drafted and approved the Constitution of the United States , which is still in force . Civil War era ( 1849 -- late 1800s ) ( edit ) During this period , a prisoner of war parole camp , Camp Parole , was set up in Annapolis . As the war continued , the camp expanded to a larger location just west of the city . The area is still referred to as Parole . Wounded Union soldiers and Confederate prisoners were brought by sea to a major hospital in Annapolis . Contemporary ( 1900s -- present ) ( edit ) View of Annapolis from the State House dome , 1911 In 1900 , Annapolis had a population of 8,585 . To the north of the state house is a monument to Thurgood Marshall , the first black justice of the US Supreme Court and formerly a Maryland lawyer who won many important civil rights cases . Former USPS Annapolis Main post office Close by are the state treasury building , erected late in the 17th century for the House of Delegates ; Saint Anne 's Protestant Episcopal church , in later colonial days a state church ; a statue of Roger B. Taney ( by W.H. Rinehart ) ; and a statue of Baron Johann de Kalb . On December 21 , 1906 , Henry Davis was lynched in the city . He was suspected of assaulting a local woman . Nobody was ever tried for the crime . Annapolis has many 18th - century houses . The names of several of the streets -- King George 's , Prince George 's , Hanover , and Duke of Gloucester , etc. -- date from colonial days . The United States Naval Academy was founded here in 1845 . During World War II , shipyards in Annapolis built a number of PT Boats , and military vessels such as minesweepers and patrol boats were built in Annapolis during the Korean and Vietnam wars . It was at Annapolis in July 1940 that Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg arrived in exile during World War II . In the summer of 1984 , the Navy Marine Corps Memorial Stadium in Annapolis hosted soccer games as part of the XXIII Olympiad . During September 18 -- 19 , 2003 , Hurricane Isabel created the largest storm surge known in Annapolis 's history , cresting at 7.58 ft ( 2.31 m ) . Much of downtown Annapolis was flooded and many businesses and homes in outlying areas were damaged . The previous record was 6.35 feet ( 1.94 m ) during a hurricane in 1933 , and 5.5 ft ( 1.7 m ) during Hurricane Hazel in 1954 . The 1998 Comprehensive Plan will soon be replaced with a new document , containing initiatives and directives of the city government on development and infrastructure . This process was mandated by Maryland state law in the Economic Growth , Resource Protection , and Planning Act of 1992 . Annapolis Charter 300 and EnVISIONing Annapolis co-sponsored a public lecture series from September 2007 through June 2008 exploring these issues . From mid-2007 through December 2008 , the city celebrated the 300th anniversary of its 1708 Royal Charter , which established democratic self - governance . The many cultural events of this celebration were organized by Annapolis Charter 300 . Railway ( edit ) Annapolis is the only capital city in America east of the Mississippi River without rail transport of any sort . From 1840 to 1968 , Annapolis was connected to the outside world by railroad . The Washington , Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad ( WB&A ) operated two electrified interurban lines that brought passengers into the city from both the South and the North . The southern route ran down King George Street and Main Street , leading directly to the statehouse , while the northern route entered town via Glen Burnie . In 1935 , the WB&A went bankrupt due to the effects of the Great Depression and suspended service along its southern route , while the newly created Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad ( B&A ) retained service on the northern route . Steam trains of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad also occasionally operated over the line to Annapolis , primarily for special Naval Academy movements . Passenger rail service on the B&A was eventually discontinued in 1950 ; freight service ceased in 1968 after the dilapidated trestle crossing the Severn River was condemned . The tracks were eventually dismantled in 1976 . Notable Institutions ( edit ) Maryland State House as seen from Church Circle The State House ( edit ) The Maryland State House is the oldest in continuous legislative use in the United States . Construction started in 1772 , and the Maryland legislature first met there in 1779 . It is topped by the largest wooden dome built without nails in the country . The Maryland State House housed the workings of the United States government from November 26 , 1783 , to August 13 , 1784 , and the Treaty of Paris was ratified there on January 14 , 1784 , so Annapolis became the first peacetime capital of the U.S. It was in the Maryland State House that George Washington famously resigned his commission before the Continental Congress on December 23 , 1783 . United States Naval Academy ( edit ) US Naval Academy , Bancroft Hall ( c. 1908 ) The United States Naval Academy was founded in 1845 on the site of Fort Severn , and now occupies an area of land reclaimed from the Severn River next to the Chesapeake Bay . St. John 's College ( edit ) Annapolis is the seat of St. John 's College , a non-sectarian private college that was once supported by the state ; it was opened in 1789 as the successor of King William 's School , which was founded by an act of the Maryland legislature in 1696 and was opened in 1701 . Its principal building , McDowell Hall , was originally to be the governor 's mansion ; although £ 4,000 was appropriated to build it in 1742 , it was not completed until after the War of Independence . Theater ( edit ) Annapolis has a thriving community theater scene which includes two venues in the historic district . On East Street , Colonial Players produces approximately six shows a year it its 180 - seat theater . A Christmas Carol has been a seasonal tradition in Annapolis since it opened at the Colonial Players theater in 1981 . Based on the play by Charles Dickens , the 90 - minute production by the Colonial Players is an original musical adaptation , with play and lyrics by Richard Wade and music by Dick Gessner . Colonial Players , Inc. is a nonprofit organization founded in 1949 . Its first production , The Male Animal , was performed in 1949 at the Annapolis Recreation Center on Compromise Street . In 1955 , the organization moved to its venue in a former automotive repair shop on East Street . During the warmer months , Annapolis Summer Garden Theatre presents three shows on its outdoor stage , which is visible from the City Dock . A nonprofit organization , Annapolis Summer Garden Theatre has been providing `` theatre under the stars '' since 1966 , when it performed You Ca n't Take It with You and Brigadoon at Carvel Hall Hotel . It began leasing its site at 143 Compromise Street , the former location of the Shaw Blacksmith Shop , in 1967 , and became owner of the property in 1990 . The Naval Academy Masqueraders , a theater group at the United State Naval Academy , produces one `` main - stage show '' each fall and student - directed one - act plays in the spring . Founded in 1847 , the Masqueraders is the oldest extracurricular activity at the Naval Academy . Its shows , performed in Mahan Hall , are selected to support the Academy 's English curriculum . The King William Players , a student theater group at St. John 's College , holds two performances each semester in the college 's Francis Scott Key Auditorium . Admission is usually free and open to the public . Museums , Historical sites , and monuments ( edit ) Over Annapolis Harbor & Dock Street Maryland World War II Memorial The Banneker - Douglass Museum , located in the historic Mount Moriah Church at 87 Franklin Street , documents the history of African Americans in Maryland . Since its opening on February 24 , 1984 , the museum has provided educational programs , rotating exhibits , and a research facility . Admission is free . Preble Hall , named for Edward Preble , houses the U.S. Naval Academy Museum , founded in 1845 . Its Beverley R. Robinson Collection contains 6,000 prints depicting European and American naval history from 1514 through World War II . It is also home to one of the world 's best ship model collections , donated by Henry Huttleston Rogers . Rogers 's donation was the impetus for the construction of Preble Hall . The museum has approximately 100,000 visitors each year . The Hammond - Harwood House , located at 19 Maryland Avenue , was built in 1774 for Matthias Hammond , a wealthy Maryland farmer . Its design was adapted by William Buckland ( architect ) from Andrea Palladio 's Villa Pisani to accommodate American Colonial regional preferences . Since 1940 , when the house was purchased from St. John 's College by the Hammond - Harwood House Association , it has served as a museum exhibiting a collection of John Shaw furniture and Charles Willson Peale paintings . Its exterior and interior preserve the original architecture of a mansion from the late Colonial period . The Kunta Kinte - Alex Haley memorial , located at the head of the city 's harbor , commemorates the arrival point of Alex Haley 's African ancestor , Kunta Kinte , whose story is related in Haley 's book Roots . A sculpture group at the memorial site portrays Alex Haley seated , reading from a book to three children . The final phase of the memorial 's construction was completed in 2002 . The Paca House and Garden encompasses an 18th - century Georgian mansion constructed by William Paca , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . The property includes a terraced garden that has been restored to its colonial - era design . Other ( edit ) The Annapolis area was the home of a VLF - transmitter called NSS Annapolis , which was used by the United States Navy to communicate with its Atlantic submarine fleet . Annapolis often serves as the end point for the 3,000 - mile annual transcontinental Race Across America bicycle race . 2007 Annapolis conference ( edit ) Main article : Annapolis Conference As announced by United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice , Annapolis was the venue for a Middle East summit dealing with the Israeli -- Palestinian peace process , with the participation of Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert , Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas ( `` Abu Mazen '' ) and various other leaders from the region . The conference was held on Monday , November 26 , 2007 . Geography and climate ( edit ) Early - March 2002 astronaut photography of Annapolis Maryland taken from the International Space Station ( ISS ) Located 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of Baltimore and 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of Washington D.C. , Annapolis is the closest state capital to the national capital . The city is a part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain , and is relatively flat , with the highest point being only 50 feet ( 15 m ) above sea level . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 8.10 square miles ( 20.98 km ) , of which 7.18 square miles ( 18.60 km ) is land and 0.92 square miles ( 2.38 km ) is water . Annapolis lies within the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen Cfa ) , with hot , humid summers , cool winters , and generous precipitation year - round . Low elevation and proximity to the Chesapeake Bay give the area more moderate spring and summertime temperatures and slightly less extreme winter lows than locations further inland , such as Washington , D.C. ( hide ) Climate data for Annapolis , Maryland ( 1981 -- 2010 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 77 ( 25 ) 75 ( 24 ) 85 ( 29 ) 91 ( 33 ) 91 ( 33 ) 100 ( 38 ) 103 ( 39 ) 102 ( 39 ) 93 ( 34 ) 90 ( 32 ) 78 ( 26 ) 72 ( 22 ) 103 ( 39 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 42.7 ( 5.9 ) 45.5 ( 7.5 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 72.9 ( 22.7 ) 81.6 ( 27.6 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 84.0 ( 28.9 ) 76.9 ( 24.9 ) 66.3 ( 19.1 ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 64.8 ( 18.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 29.1 ( − 1.6 ) 30.7 ( − 0.7 ) 36.9 ( 2.7 ) 45.8 ( 7.7 ) 55.6 ( 13.1 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 71.2 ( 21.8 ) 69.1 ( 20.6 ) 62.8 ( 17.1 ) 50.5 ( 10.3 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) 31.9 ( − 0.1 ) 49.4 ( 9.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 5 ( − 15 ) ( − 16 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 38 ( 3 ) 49 ( 9 ) 59 ( 15 ) 56 ( 13 ) 44 ( 7 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 9 ( − 13 ) ( − 16 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.32 ( 84.3 ) 2.94 ( 74.7 ) 4.53 ( 115.1 ) 3.66 ( 93 ) 4.20 ( 106.7 ) 4.17 ( 105.9 ) 4.56 ( 115.8 ) 3.88 ( 98.6 ) 4.76 ( 120.9 ) 3.89 ( 98.8 ) 3.80 ( 96.5 ) 3.56 ( 90.4 ) 47.27 ( 1,200.7 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.4 9.2 11.2 11.2 11.0 9.5 10.3 8.8 7.8 7.8 9.1 9.8 115.1 Source : NOAA : Temperature data at the Naval Academy 1945 -- 61 and 2004 -- present , precipitation data Demographics ( edit ) Downtown Annapolis ' Main Street in September 2004 Annapolis Maryland Sign Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1820 2,260 -- 1830 2,623 16.1 % 1840 2,792 6.4 % 1850 3,011 7.8 % 1860 4,529 50.4 % 1870 5,744 26.8 % 1880 6,642 15.6 % 1890 7,604 14.5 % 1900 7,657 0.7 % 1910 8,262 7.9 % 1920 8,518 3.1 % 1930 9,803 15.1 % 1940 9,542 − 2.7 % 1950 10,047 5.3 % 1960 23,385 132.8 % 1970 30,095 28.7 % 1980 31,740 5.5 % 33,187 4.6 % 2000 35,838 8.0 % 38,394 7.1 % Est. 2016 39,418 2.7 % U.S. Decennial Census 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 38,394 people , 16,136 households , and 8,776 families residing in the city . The population density was 5,347.4 inhabitants per square mile ( 2,064.6 / km ) . There were 17,845 housing units at an average density of 2,485.4 per square mile ( 959.6 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 60.1 % White , 26.0 % African American , 0.3 % Native American , 2.1 % Asian , 9.0 % from other races , and 2.6 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.8 % of the population . There were 16,136 households , of which 26.6 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 35.3 % were married couples living together , 14.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4.2 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 45.6 % were non-families. 35.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 3.02 . The median age in the city was 36 years . 20.8 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 9.9 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 31.1 % were from 25 to 44 ; 25.3 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 13 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 47.8 % male and 52.2 % female . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 35,838 people , 15,303 households , and 8,676 families residing in the city . The population density was 5,326.0 people per square mile ( 2,056.0 / km2 ) . There were 16,165 housing units at an average density of 2,402.3 per square mile ( 927.4 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 62.66 % White , 31.44 % Black or African American , 0.17 % Native American , 1.81 % Asian , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , 2.22 % from other races , and 1.67 % from two or more races. 8.42 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 15,303 households , out of which 24.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 36.6 % were married couples living together , 16.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 43.3 % were non-families. 32.9 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.93 . In the city , the population was spread out with 21.7 % under the age of 18 , 9.3 % from 18 to 24 , 33.4 % from 25 to 44 , 23.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 11.9 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females there were 90.0 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 86.8 males age 18 and over . The median income for a household in the city was $49,243 , and the median income for a family was $56,984 ( these figures had risen to $70,140 and $84,573 respectively , according to a 2007 estimate ) . Males had a median income of $39,548 versus $30,741 for females . The per capita income for the city was $27,180 . About 9.5 % of families and 12.7 % of the population were living in poverty , of which 20.8 % were under age 18 and 10.4 % were age 65 or over . Annapolis , Maryland Economy ( edit ) According to the City 's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city , excluding state and local government , are : # Employer # of Employees Anne Arundel Medical Center 2,800 United States Naval Academy 2,052 ARINC 1,100 The Home Depot 852 5 Verizon Maryland 844 6 TeleCommunication Systems 500 7 Constellation Energy 412 8 Northrop Grumman Mission Systems 200 9 AT&T Inc . 365 10 MedAssurant 300 Transportation ( edit ) Bus ( edit ) The Annapolis Department of Transportation ( ADOT ) provides bus service with eight routes , collectively branded Annapolis Transit . The system serves the city with recreational areas , shopping centers , educational and medical facilities , and employment hubs . ADOT also offers transportation for the elderly and persons with disabilities . Several Maryland Transit Administration commuter buses also allow for access to Baltimore or Washington , D.C. Government ( edit ) City government ( edit ) Annapolis City Hall Annapolis is governed via the weak mayor system . The city council consists of eight aldermen who are elected from single member wards . The mayor is elected directly in a citywide vote . Since 2008 , several aldermen have introduced unsuccessful charter amendments to institute a council - manager system , a move opposed by both Democratic mayor Joshua J. Cohen and his Republican successor Mike Pantelides . State government ( edit ) The state legislature , governor 's office , and appellate courts are located in Annapolis . While Annapolis is the state 's only capital , some administrative offices , including a number of cabinet - level departments , are based in Baltimore . Education ( edit ) Annapolis is served by the Anne Arundel County Public Schools system . Founded in 1896 , Annapolis High School has an internationally recognized IB International Program . St. Mary 's High School and Elementary School are located in downtown Annapolis on Spa Creek . St. Anne 's School of Annapolis , Eastport Elementary School , Aleph Bet Jewish Day School , Annapolis Area Christian School , St. Martins Lutheran School , Severn School , and Indian Creek School are also in the Annapolis area . The Key School , located on a converted farm in the neighborhood of Hillsmere , has also served Annapolis for over 50 years . Anne Arundel County 's alternative high school , Mary E. Moss Academy , is also in the Annapolis area . Public High Schools that serve students in the Annapolis area : Annapolis High School Arundel High School Broadneck High School Old Mill High School Severna Park High School Southern High School South River High School Sports ( edit ) Chesapeake Bayhawks On March 9 , 2010 , the Chesapeake Bayhawks of Major League Lacrosse moved from Washington D.C. to the Annapolis area , at Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium . In 2013 , the Bayhawks won the league 's championship , the Steinfeld Cup , for the fifth time . Parks and Recreation ( edit ) The City boasts over 200 acres ( 81 ha ) of parkland , with the largest park being the 70 - acre Truxtun Heights Park . The city is also home to Quiet Waters Park , a 340 - acre park run by the county . Publications ( edit ) The Capital covers the news of Annapolis and Anne Arundel County See also : List of newspapers in Maryland in the 18th - century : Annapolis Notable people ( edit ) John Henry Alexander ( 1812 -- 1867 ) , born in Annapolis , noted scientist , businessman , and author Bill Belichick ( 1952 -- ) , lived in Annapolis , head coach of the New England Patriots John Beale Bordley ( 1727 -- 1804 ) , noted government official , farmer , and author James M. Cain ( 1892 -- 1977 ) , born in Annapolis , author of Double Indemnity , Mildred Pierce and The Postman Always Rings Twice Michele Carey ( 1943 - ) , born in Annapolis , actress , El Dorado , Live a Little , Love a Little Donald Brown ( 1963 - ) , pro football player Charles Carroll ( 1723 -- 1783 ) , Continental Congressman from Maryland Charles Carroll of Carrollton ( 1737 -- 1832 ) , United States Senator and signer of United States Declaration of Independence Peter K. Cullins ( 1928 -- 2012 ) , U.S. Navy admiral John Wilson Danenhower ( 1849 -- 1887 ) , Arctic explorer of Jeannette expedition John Beale Davidge ( 1768 -- 1829 ) , doctor associated with development of several surgeries , author , co-founder of University of Maryland , and professor there Henry Winter Davis ( 1817 -- 1865 ) , United States Representative from Maryland Daniel Dulany the Younger ( 1722 -- 1797 ) , born in Annapolis , prominent Loyalist and one of the most powerful lawyers in America prior to the American Revolutionary War Robert Duvall , actor , lived in downtown Annapolis John Davidson Godman ( 1794 -- 1830 ) , born in Annapolis naturalist , anatomist , college professor and author Jon Eubanks , Republican member of Arkansas House of Representatives from Logan County ; graduated from high school in Annapolis . John Hall ( 1729 -- 1797 ) , born in Annapolis , delegate to the Continental Congress from Maryland Alexander Contee Hanson ( 1749 -- 1806 ) , born in Annapolis , noted jurist Alexander Contee Hanson ( 1786 -- 1819 ) , born in Annapolis , son of the above , United States Congressman and Senator from Maryland Samuel M. Harrington ( 1882 -- 1948 ) , born in Annapolis , USMC Brigadier General Reverdy Johnson ( 1796 -- 1876 ) , born in Annapolis , United States Senator from Maryland and Attorney General of the United States Philip Barton Key , Jr. ( 1804 -- 1854 ) , Annapolis lawyer who relocated to Louisiana , where he was a planter and a state legislator Barbara Kingsolver ( 1955 - ) , born in Annapolis , novelist and poet Iris Krasnow ( 1954 - ) , author , journalism professor , and keynote speaker Frank J. Larkin , resident of Annapolis , Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate James Booth Lockwood ( 1852 -- 1884 ) , born in Annapolis , army officer and Arctic explorer ; the person who named Lockwood Island Margaret Mercer ( 1791 -- 1846 ) , born in Annapolis , noted author , educator , and member of the American Colonization Society William Duhurst Merrick ( 1818 -- 1889 ) , born in Annapolis , lawyer , professor at George Washington University , and United States Senator from Maryland Debbie Meyer ( 1952 - ) , born in Annapolis , 3 - time Olympic swimming gold medalist William Paca ( 1740 -- 1799 ) , signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland Travis Pastrana , X-Games athlete , former NASCAR driver Christian Siriano , fashion designer and winner of the fourth season of Project Runway Thorne Smith ( 1892 -- 1934 ) , author of Topper Archibald Spencer ( 1698 -- 1760 ) , associated with electricity and Benjamin Franklin Stan Stearns ( 1935 − 2012 ) , photographer of the iconic image of a three - year - old John F. Kennedy , Jr. saluting the coffin of his father , US President John F. Kennedy , at his father 's funeral . Leo Strauss ( 1899 -- 1973 ) , German - born Jewish political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical philosophy ; spent his last three years of life teaching at St. John 's in Annapolis Mark Teixeira ( 1980 - ) , born in Annapolis , professional baseball player for New York Yankees St. Clair Wright ( 1910 -- 1993 ) , preservationist and gardener Neighborhoods and suburbs ( edit ) Admiral Heights Arnold Arundel on the Bay Cape St. Claire Crownsville Eastport Edgewater Highland Beach Hillsmere Shores Londontowne Main Street and City Dock Naval Academy Parole Riva Broadneck Peninsula St. Margaret 's State Circle and Maryland Avenue West Annapolis West Street / Arts District Sister cities ( edit ) Annapolis is a sister city of these municipalities : Tallinn , Estonia Newport ( Pembrokeshire ) , Wales , United Kingdom Dumfries , Scotland , United Kingdom Wexford , County Wexford , Leinster , Ireland Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia , Canada Karlskrona , Sweden Redwood City , California , U.S. Niterói , Rio de Janeiro State , Brazil Preceded by Princeton Capital of the United States 1783 -- 1784 Succeeded by Trenton See also ( edit ) Maryland portal Music of Annapolis WNAV WRNR - FM References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Municipalities : Annapolis '' . Maryland Manual On - Line . Maryland State Archives . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annapolis ( city ) , Maryland 2010 '' . State & County QuickFacts . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annapolis , MD '' . USA.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan ( 2009 ) . Garner 's Modern American Usage ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 238 . ISBN 9780195382754 . Jump up ^ David Ridgely , ed. ( 1841 ) . Annals of Annapolis . Cushing & Brother . pp. 34 , 35 . Jump up ^ Huston , John W. ( 1977 ) . `` Annapolis : an eighteenth - century analysis '' . Conspectus of History . 1 ( 4 ) : 49 . Jump up ^ McWilliams , Jane W. ( 2011 ) . Annapolis , City on the Severn : A History . Johns Hopkins University Press . Jump up ^ William J. Cochran ( 2001 ) . `` Green Print Shop '' . Archaeology in Annapolis . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eighteenth - Century American Newspapers in the Library of Congress '' . The Library of Congress . July 1 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Annapolis , Maryland '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 63 -- 64 . Endnotes : D. Ridgely , Annals of Annapolis from 1649 until the War of 1812 ( Baltimore , 1841 ) S.A. Shafer , `` Annapolis , Ye Ancient City , '' in L.P. Powell 's Historic Towns of the Southern States ( New York , 1900 ) W. Eddis , Letters from America ( London , 1792 ) . Jump up ^ J.A. Leo Lemay , Men of Letters in Colonial Maryland ( 1972 ) p 229 . Jump up ^ Mike Peed ( June 13 , 2009 ) . `` A Corrected Replica of the Flag From Maryland 's 1783 State House Will Be Raised '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` A John Shaw Flag for the Maryland State House '' ( PDF ) . Maryland State Archives . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Parole '' . The Historical Marker Database . July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gannett , Henry ( 1979 ) . `` A Gazetteer of Maryland and Delaware '' . Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 0703 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Archives of Maryland ( Biographical Series ) '' . Henry Davis . Archives of Maryland . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Annapolis Maritime Museum -- Discovery : Eastport Walking Tour Archived March 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Grand Duchess Charlotte 's US Good - Will - Tours '' . Wort . Jump up ^ Maryland Historical Trust Jump up ^ `` Maryland Department of Planning '' . Jump up ^ Schwieterman , Joseph P. ( 2001 ) . When the Railroad Leaves Town : American Communities in the Age of Rail Line Abandonment , Eastern United States . Kirksville , MO : Truman State University Press . pp. 109 -- 113 . ISBN 0 - 943549 - 97 - 3 . OCLC 702179808 . Jump up ^ `` The State House and its Dome '' . Capital Gazette Communications , Inc. 2008 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the State House and Its Dome '' . Maryland State Archives . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of St. John 's College '' . St. John 's College . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Wyrick ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Theatre Review : ' A Christmas Carol ' at Colonial Players of Annapolis '' . MD Theatre Guide . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . The Colonial Players , Inc . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Us : Our History '' . Annapolist Summer Garden Theatre . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Danielle Angeline ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Theatre Review : ' Into the Woods ' at Annapolis Summer Garden Theatre '' . MD Theatre Guide . Jump up ^ `` About Our Theatre '' . Annapolis Summer Garden Theatre . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Naval Academy Masquerader 's opening performance tonight '' . Baltimore News Journal . November 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annapolis Theater : King William Players '' . St. Johns College . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Banneker - Douglass Museum 30th Anniversary '' . Maryland Commission on African American History and Culture . November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USNA Museum '' . U.S. Naval Academy . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Palladian Connection '' . Hammond - Harwood House Association , Inc . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Visit Hammond - Harwood '' . Hammond - Harwood House Association , Inc . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Kunta Kinte - Alex Haley Memorial '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Governor William Paca House and Garden '' . Maryland Historical Trust . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annapolis '' . Maryland Manual On - Line . Maryland State Archives . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : MD ANNAPOLIS NAF '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : MD ANNAPOLIS POLICE BRKS '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Census.gov Archived October 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ City of Annapolis CAFR Archived April 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Annapolis.md.us Archived January 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Annapolis Council To Consider Stripping Republican Mayor - Elect 's Power '' . Jump up ^ Lisa Robinson ( April 15 , 2012 ) . `` Calls for weak - mayor system in Annapolis come days after election '' . WBAL - TV . Jump up ^ `` Major League Lacrosse : Bayhawks top Long Island to earn 2010 MLL Championship '' . Inside Lacrosse . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.annapolis.gov/government/city-departments/recreation-and-parks/parks-and-trails Jump up ^ http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal-hg.recreation22-story.html ^ Jump up to : Who Was Who in America , Historical Volume , 1607 -- 1896 . Chicago : Marquis Who 's Who . 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James M. Cain '' . University of Maryland . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of American Biography . vol . III . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . 1959 . Jump up ^ Rhys , Timothy E. ( May 2003 ) . `` Robert Duvall : Soldier of Fortune '' . MovieMaker Magazine . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Eubanks , R - 74 '' . arkansashouse.org . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Key , Philip Barton '' . Louisiana Historical Association . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Barbara : Biography '' . Barbara Kingsolver official website . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2006 . Retrieved June 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Iris Krasnow 's book , ' The Secret Lives of Wives , ' looks at how long - lasting marriages survive , '' by Ellen McCarthy , The Washington Post , October 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Frank J. Larkin - SAA '' . January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig Lord ( August 7 , 2007 ) . `` Memories , Momentum and Magnitude of Meyer '' . SwimNews . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rev. Charles A. Goodrich ( 1856 ) . `` Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence '' . Jump up ^ White , Tanika ( November 13 , 2007 ) . `` Sheer Talent '' . The Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Stan Stearns , 76 ; Captured a Famous Salute '' . The New York Times . p . B10 . Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Americans & Canadians of Portuguese Descent '' . Portuguese Foundation . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Berkinshaw , Georgie . `` Annapolis Area Neighborhoods and Communities '' . Annapolis Real Estate . Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MainStreet Annapolis Partnership . Walk Annapolis map ( JPG ) ( Map ) . MainStreet Annapolis Partnership . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eastport : A Different Side of Annapolis '' . visitANNAPOLIS . Visit Annapolis & Anne Arundel County . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . The Maritime Republic of Eastport . Maritime Republic of Eastport . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historic London Town : Where the Past Meets the Present '' . visitANNAPOLIS . Visit Annapolis & Anne Arundel County . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Main Street : It 's All Here '' . visitANNAPOLIS . Visit Annapolis & Anne Arundel County . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City Dock : Quintessential Annapolis '' . visitANNAPOLIS . Visit Annapolis & Anne Arundel County . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States Naval Academy : One of Annapolis ' Longest Standing Institutions '' . visitANNAPOLIS . Visit Annapolis & Anne Arundel County . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States Naval Academy '' . Maryland 's National Register Properties . Maryland Historical Trust . 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History / Archives '' . St. Margaret 's Church . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Circle / Maryland Avenue : Nothing says Annapolis quite like State Circle & Maryland Avenue '' . visitANNAPOLIS . Visit Annapolis & Anne Arundel County . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arts District '' . visitANNAPOLIS . Visit Annapolis & Anne Arundel County . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sister City Program '' . City of Annapolis. 2002 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Eric L. Goldstein , Traders and Transports : The Jews of Colonial Maryland ( Baltimore : Jewish Historical Society of Maryland , 1993 ) ; External links ( edit ) Media related to Annapolis , Maryland at Wikimedia Commons Annapolis travel guide from Wikivoyage Geographic data related to Annapolis , Maryland at OpenStreetMap Annapolis official website United States Naval Academy St. Johns College `` Annapolis , a city of Anne Arundel county , Md '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . `` Annapolis . The capital of Maryland '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Crownsville I - 97 Arnold MD 2 Cape Saint Claire MD 179 Bowie US 50 Annapolis Kent Island US 50 Davidsonville MD 214 Edgewater MD 2 Arundel on the Bay Forest Drive Annapolis , Maryland Attractions Annapolis Mall Annapolis National Cemetery Artisan 's House Banneker - Douglass Museum Corcoran Woods Greenbury Point Light Hammond -- Harwood House Historic Inns National Sailing Hall of Fame Paca House and Garden U.S. Naval Academy Museum Culture Annapolis Summer Garden Theatre Annapolis Symphony Orchestra Ballet Theatre of Maryland Maryland Hall for the Creative Arts Maryland Renaissance Festival Music Next Wave Jazz Ensemble WRNR - FM Government Annapolis Conference Constitutional Convention Continental Congress Government of Maryland Governor Lieutenant Governor Governor 's Mansion Maryland State House Mayors Mayor Mike Pantelides EnVISIONing Annapolis Education Anne Arundel Community College Anne Arundel County Public Schools Saint John 's College United States Naval Academy Neighborhoods Central Annapolis Neck Bestgate Colonial Annapolis Historic District Highland Beach Hillsmere Shores Naval Academy Tyler Heights Westport East Arnold Cape St. Claire Winchester - on - the - Severn West Heritage Harbor Parole Riva North Crownsville Epping Forest Sherwood Forest Parks Broad Creek Park Broad Neck Park Jonas Green PAL Park Quiet Waters Park Sandy Point Thomas Point Truxtun Park Waterworks Park Roads Chesapeake Bay Bridge John Hanson Highway ( US 50 ) I - 97 Aris T. Allen Boulevard ( MD 665 ) West Street / Defense Highway ( MD 450 ) Rowe Boulevard / Bestgate Road ( MD 70 ) Generals Highway ( MD 178 ) Solomons Island Road / Governor Ritchie Highway ( MD 2 ) St. Margarets Road / Cape St. Claire Road ( MD 179 ) Transportation Annapolis Transit B&A Trail CMRT MARC Train Bowie State station MTA Maryland RTA Central Maryland WB&A Trail Washington Metro Sports Chesapeake Bayhawks Eisenhower Golf Club Hubbard Hall Military Bowl Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium Navy Midshipmen Polar bear plunge State of Maryland Annapolis ( capital ) Topics Index Cities Government History Media Newspapers Radio TV People Congressional delegations Congressional maps Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic coastal plain Baltimore -- Washington metro area Blue Ridge Chesapeake Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Piedmont Ridge and Valley Southern Maryland Western Maryland Western Shore Cities Aberdeen Annapolis Baltimore Bowie Brunswick Cambridge College Park Cumberland Frederick Gaithersburg Greenbelt Hagerstown Havre de Grace Laurel Rockville Salisbury Takoma Park Westminster Towns Bel Air Denton Easton Elkton Ocean City Port Deposit CDPs Arbutus Arnold Aspen Hill Baltimore Highlands Bethesda Camp Springs Carney Catonsville Chillum Clinton Cockeysville - Hunt Valley Colesville Columbia Crofton Dundalk Edgewood Eldersburg Elkridge Ellicott City Essex Fairland Ferndale Fort Washington Germantown Glen Burnie Green Haven Hillcrest Heights Landover Langley Park Lanham Lansdowne Lochearn Lutherville Middle River Milford Mill Montgomery Village Odenton Olney Owings Mills Oxon Hill Parkville Perry Hall Pikesville Potomac Randallstown Redland Reisterstown Rosedale St. Charles Severn Severna Park Silver Spring South Gate Suitland Timonium Towson Urbana Waldorf Wheaton - Glenmont White Oak Woodlawn Counties Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore Calvert Caroline Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery Prince George 's Queen Anne 's St. Mary 's Somerset Talbot Washington Wicomico Worcester Municipalities and communities of Anne Arundel County , Maryland , United States County seat : Annapolis City Annapolis Town Highland Beach CDPs Annapolis Neck Arden on the Severn Arnold Brooklyn Park Cape St. Claire Crofton Crownsville Deale Edgewater Ferndale Fort Meade Friendship Galesville Gambrills Glen Burnie Herald Harbor Jessup ‡ Lake Shore Linthicum Maryland City Mayo Naval Academy Odenton Parole Pasadena Riva Riviera Beach Severn Severna Park Shady Side Other communities Arundel Gardens Arundel on the Bay Arundel Village Beverly Beach Birdsville Bristol Brooklyn Heights BWI Business District Churchton Davidsonville Fairhaven Fairview Franklin Manor - on - the - Bay Germantown Gibson Island Green Haven Hanover Harmans Harundale Harwood Hillsmere Shores Iglehart Jacobsville Jennings Londontowne Lothian Millersville Orchard Beach Owensville Piney Orchard Pumphrey Riverdale Roland Terrace Rose Haven Russett Saunders Point Selby - on - the - Bay Seven Oaks Sherwood Forest Skidmore South Gate South River Sudley Tall Timbers Tracys Landing Waysons Corner West River Winchester - on - the - Severn Woodland Beach Woodwardville Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties County seats of Maryland Cities Annapolis Cambridge Cumberland Frederick Hagerstown Rockville Salisbury Westminster Independent municipality City of Baltimore Towns Bel Air Centreville Chestertown Denton Easton Elkton La Plata Leonardtown Oakland Princess Anne Snow Hill Upper Marlboro CDPs Ellicott City Prince Frederick Towson Capitals of the United States by jurisdiction Nation : US Washington States : AL Montgomery AK Juneau AZ Phoenix AR Little Rock CA Sacramento CO Denver CT Hartford DE Dover FL Tallahassee GA Atlanta HI Honolulu ID Boise IL Springfield IN Indianapolis IA Des Moines KS Topeka KY Frankfort LA Baton Rouge ME Augusta MD Annapolis MA Boston MI Lansing MN Saint Paul MS Jackson MO Jefferson City MT Helena NE Lincoln NV Carson City NH Concord NJ Trenton NM Santa Fe NY Albany NC Raleigh ND Bismarck OH Columbus OK Oklahoma City OR Salem PA Harrisburg RI Providence SC Columbia SD Pierre TN Nashville TX Austin UT Salt Lake City VT Montpelier VA Richmond WA Olympia WV Charleston WI Madison WY Cheyenne Territories : AS Pago Pago GU Hagåtña MP Saipan PR San Juan VI Charlotte Amalie Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. Northeastern United States Topics Culture Geography Government History States Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Maine Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Major cities Allentown Baltimore Boston Bridgeport Buffalo Burlington Cambridge Elizabeth Erie Hartford Jersey City Lowell Manchester New Haven New York City Newark Paterson Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Providence Quincy Reading Rochester Scranton Springfield Stamford Syracuse Washington , D.C. Waterbury Wilmington Worcester State capitals Albany Annapolis Augusta Boston Concord Dover Hartford Harrisburg Montpelier Providence Trenton VIAF : 123791303 LCCN : n79091223 GND : 4079793 - 4 BNF : cb12288085k ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annapolis,_Maryland&oldid=798842790 '' Categories : Populated places established in 1649 Annapolis , Maryland Former capitals of the United States Cities in Maryland Cities in Anne Arundel County , Maryland County seats in Maryland Populated places on the Chesapeake Bay 1649 establishments in Maryland Cities in the Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area Populated coastal places in Maryland Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2013 Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use mdy dates from December 2013 Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bislama Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Italiano עברית Kapampangan Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча पालि پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 04 : 13 . 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when was annapolis the capital of the united states
[ "The city served as the seat of the Confederation Congress (former Second Continental Congress) and temporary national capital of the United States in 1783–1784. At that time, General George Washington came before the body convened in the new Maryland State House and resigned his commission as commander of the Continental Army. A month later, the Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris of 1783, ending the American Revolutionary War, with Great Britain recognizing the independence of the United States. The city and state capitol was also the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention, which issued a call to the states to send delegates for the Constitutional Convention to be held the following year in Philadelphia. Over 220 years later, the Annapolis Peace Conference, was held in 2007. Annapolis is the home of St. John's College, founded 1696, as well as the United States Naval Academy, established 1845." ]
[ "1783–1784" ]
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Pretty Little Liars (season 7)
Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Season 7 DVD Cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Tyler Blackburn Lucy Hale Ian Harding Laura Leighton Shay Mitchell Andrea Parker Janel Parrish Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network Freeform Original release June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) -- June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The seventh and final season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , was renewed on June 10 , 2014 , for two additional seasons , making the show Freeform 's longest running original series . The season consisted of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017 . The season 's premiere aired on June 21 , 2016 , on Freeform . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 , which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King . The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino . King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17 , 2016 . On August 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guest star 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Specials 5 Production 5.1 Development 5.1. 1 Final season speculation 5.2 Filming 5.3 Casting 6 Reception 6.1 Live + SD Ratings 6.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 7 References Overview ( edit ) A.D. gives the Liars 24 hours to find Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . While discussing possible suspects , the girls ' suspicion fell on Alison . Aria suspects the red jacket blonde she saw entering the church was Alison . Emily finds the jacket in Alison 's things and Caleb gives it to A.D. Meanwhile , Hanna manages to escape . Elliot 's true motive is later revealed to Alison ; she managed to use his phone to alert the girls to her location when he takes her out in his car one night . She jumps out of the car and he gives chase but Hanna accidentally runs him over and they bury him in the woods . The Liars find out Jenna is calling Elliot as `` Archer '' on his burner phone . Mona then traces most of the sent messages from a secret apartment where they find out his real name is `` Archer Dunhill '' . Toby discovers this and gets the cops to release Alison who reveals that she was the red jacket blonde but only tried to comfort Charlotte . Jenna befriends Sara and Noel begins helping them . Emily confronts Jenna and Sara . Jenna reveals that she became Charlotte 's friend after feeling sympathy for her in Welby and helped Archer fake his identity to be with Charlotte . Sara reveals that they are all looking for the same thing but is killed soon after . A.D. tricks Hanna into believing Archer is alive and records her digging up his grave . The Liars find videos in Noel 's cabin of him torturing them in the dollhouse . Hanna kidnaps Noel after negotiating with him does n't work and films an interrogation video . He manages to escape and lures the Liars to an abandoned blind school . They leave the dollhouse videos on a table and someone takes them but Noel and Jenna attempt to murder them . In the confrontation , Noel is accidentally killed , and Spencer is shot by A.D. , while Jenna corners Spencer . Jenna prepares to kill Spencer , but is knocked out by Mary . She then reveals that Spencer is her second child . A.D. saves Jenna who asks if they shot Spencer . One week later , Spencer has recovered and A.D. sends Jenna to confess to the cops that Noel wanted money Charlotte left Jenna for another eye surgery , killed Sara and tried to kill Jenna in the blind school . Peter returns and reveals that Mary is the one who killed Jessica . Hanna and Spencer follow the trail of a private investigator he hired to find Mary and bump into Ted who reveals he has been hiding her as she is his college fling with whom he conceived Charles . Mary reveals to Spencer that Peter and Jessica were planning to kill her , thus she used his pills to kill Jessica . A.D. then uses Emily 's stolen eggs to impregnate Alison , as a way to further torture the liars . Meanwhile , A.D. hires Sydney Driscoll as their helper and she fakes being A.D. to recruit Aria into joining the A.D. team . Aria is forced into playing and becomes A.D. 's new helper , destroying Emison 's baby nursery and leaving an `` A '' message in Spencer 's house , until the Liars catch her in the act and she defects . Mona , who is becoming addicted to the A-game again , reveals that she tried to scare Charlotte into not resuming the A-game but Charlotte attacked her and she killed her in self - defense . Mary confesses to Rollins and Jessica 's murder . A.D. ends the game as they have finally learned that Mona was Charlotte 's killer . One year later , Mary escapes from prison and Mona is released from Welby but rejoins the A-Team and is sent to kidnap Spencer , who comes face - to - face with A.D. - Alex Drake , her twin sister . Mary reveals she sold Alex to a London family to get out of Radley . Alex ran away and met Wren who revealed everything about Spencer to her and introduced her to Charlotte who left her everything . She became A.D. to use the Liars to find Charlotte 's killer and killed Wren as he always saw her as Alex while she wanted to become Spencer to have her `` perfect life '' . She explains that Sara was looking for Charlotte 's false treasure in the Radley which was actually the secret fall and Jenna recruited Noel to look for `` Charlotte 's sister '' . Jenna uses her enhanced sense of smell to figure out `` Spencer 's not Spencer '' and alerts Toby who tells the others . Mona reveals to them that Wren was going to kill her but she convinced him she could get Mary out . The Liars , Toby , Mona , and Caleb come face to face with Alex and Spencer as they can not tell them apart , until Toby makes the distinction by asking what Spencer 's favorite poem from a book she gave him . Mona tracked A.D. 's location has a cop arrest her . The Liars then say goodbye to one another as Aria leaves for her honeymoon with Ezra . Mona moves to Paris and the `` cop '' is revealed to be her boyfriend who has imprisoned Alex and Mary in her basement dollhouse . In the finale moment , a new set of liars are awaken to find their leader , Addison , has just gone missing . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Alex Drake Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Andrea Parker as Mary Drake and Jessica DiLaurentis Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Recurring cast ( edit ) Nicholas Gonzalez as Detective Marco Furey Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Lulu Brud as Sabrina Huw Collins as Dr. Elliott Rollins / Archer Dunhill Special guest star ( edit ) Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Guest cast ( edit ) Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake / Charlotte DiLaurentis Kara Royster as Yvonne Phillips Jim Titus as Detective Barry Maple Chloe Bridges as Sydney Driscoll Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Nolan North as Peter Hastings Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Roma Maffia as Lieutenant Linda Tanner Dre Davis as Sara Harvey Shane Coffey as Holden Strauss Rebecca Breeds as Nicole Gordon Ava Allan as Addison Derringer Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Edward Kerr as Ted Wilson John O'Brien as Principal Arthur Hackett Roberto Aguire as Liam Greene David Coussins as Jordan Hobart Meg Foster as Carla Grunwald Mary Page Keller as Dianne Fitzgerald Emma Dumont as Katherine Daly I. Marlene King as Wedding Photographer Notes Unlike the other series regulars , Laura Leighton is only credited in the episodes she appears in . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2M7201 1.43 Whilst searching for Hanna , the gang sees Mary Drake enter the police station . They learn of her identity and that she is the new owner of the Lost Woods resort . After tricking the girls with a doll made to look like a dead Hanna , `` Uber A '' informs them that they have 24 hours to hand over Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . The Liars and the others admit to believing that Alison killed Charlotte and they set out to find proof . Aria and Ezra search Alison 's house , and are almost caught by Elliott . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison , in a drugged state - of - mind , seemingly admits to Emily that she killed Charlotte . After Aria recalls to have seen someone with a red jacket follow Charlotte the night she was murdered , Emily finds the jacket at Alison 's house . Caleb gives the proof to ' Uber A ' in order to save Hanna . Hanna is locked up by `` Uber A '' , but manages to escape . However , she later meets Mary . Elliott reveals his duplicity to Alison as he wants to punish her for killing Charlotte . 142 `` Bedlam '' Tawnia McKiernan Joseph Dougherty June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2M7202 1.24 After putting herself in danger , Hanna is rescued by Mary Drake . After Alison calls Emily about her current condition , this leads the Liars to grow suspicious of Elliott . Spencer and Caleb 's relationship is on the rocks after Hanna tells Caleb about her feelings towards him . Liam is assigned to help Aria and Ezra on their book and after Aria breaks up with him , he unleashes on Ezra . Hanna breaks off her engagement with Jordan , and later signs a contract with Lucas to construct a fashion company . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' wheels Alison on a stretcher and adds medication to her intravenous fluids . 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' Zetna Fuentes Jonell Lennon July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2M7203 1.12 Emily connects the puzzle pieces as she figures out that Elliott and Mary may be working together . Toby and Yvonne get engaged . Spencer feels like breaking up with Caleb because she feels that he still loves Hanna . Emily reveals her true feelings to Sabrina . Aria and Hanna find out about Elliott and Charlotte 's love affair . The Liars attempt to rescue Alison from the psychiatric hospital to protect her from Uber A 's threats . Meanwhile , Alison manages to escape Rollins , who chases her to the woods , where a distracted Hanna hits him with her car . 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' Michael Goi Maya Goldsmith July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2M7204 1.26 After killing Rollins , the Liars bury his body and try to hide his death , but they end up straining their romantic relationships in the process . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison finally comes clean about the night Charlotte died : she followed Charlotte into the Church and they argued about Elliott , and Alison left minutes before someone killed Charlotte . Mona intervenes with a cover - up plan to help the girls , for better or worse . Spencer meets a man named Marco Furey at The Radley and almost hooks up with him . Jenna comes back to Rosewood and is revealed to be in connection with Elliott , whose real name is revealed to be Archer . 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' Norman Buckley Bryan M. Holdman July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2M7205 1.17 Jenna befriends Sara Harvey which puts her at the top of the ' Uber A ' suspect list . Alison is placed under the watch of Mary Drake , and finds out that Archer stole all her money . Spencer enlists Hanna 's help to search for Caleb , she later visits Toby in the police department in order to find out something about Caleb 's disappearance and ends up bumping into Marco , who is revealed to be a detective . Aria and Emily discover a secret apartment that belonged to Archer Dunhill and suspect him to be `` A.D '' . Ali receives her red jacket back with a note from `` Uber A '' saying her friends gave it to them . Ezra proposes to Aria and Noel Kahn meets up with Sara and Jenna . 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' Bethany Rooney Lijah J. Barasz August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 2M7206 1.10 The Rosewood P.D. begin to question Elliott 's disappearance and explore the possibility of him being dead . The investigation leads the Liars to question Elliott 's murder altogether , with Hanna being conflicted about whether or not to tell the police the truth . Spencer talks with Marco in order to make things clear regarding the kiss they had in the Radley elevator . Meanwhile , Aria and Ezra struggle with their relationship after Aria turns down Ezra 's proposal because of Elliott 's murder . Emily questions the fact that Sara and Jenna have teamed up together , and finds out that Charlotte enlisted Jenna 's help to find her birth mother and make Archer the alias of Elliott Rollins in order to purposely meet Ali and take advantage of her good intentions for her eventual release . Spencer and Caleb finally have a conversation about their relationship and break up . `` A.D. '' unsuccessfully attacks Alison at her house wearing a mask . After hearing everything from Aria , Ezra proposes to her again -- and , this time , she says yes . Sara is murdered by an unseen figure and her body is discovered in a bathtub at The Radley . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' watches a recording of Hanna and Spencer digging up Archer 's grave on their computer . 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' Melanie Mayron Kateland Brown August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2M7207 1.16 Jason comes back to Rosewood in order to stop Alison from becoming too close to Mary . Meanwhile , Noel Kahn 's behaviour starts to worry the girls when they find out he broke into Toby 's house to steal Mary 's Radley file . The Liars discover new information about Mary and Jessica , leading them to a secret cellar in Carol Ward 's house where they discover that Jessica had files about them and that Mary had a second child while at Radley . They then begin to think that this child , a cousin of Alison , may be behind the `` A.D. '' mask , and wanting revenge for something . The cellar explodes right after the girls leave , and someone writes `` I see you '' on the rear window of their car . Ezra and Aria decide to elope in Italy , but right before they are about to leave , the FBI contacts Ezra and tells him that Nicole may be alive . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' steals the files about Aria and Noel , and pours Irish Whiskey over the Noel file and strikes a match on a wax doll face to burn the file . 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' Kimberly McCullough Charlie Craig August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2M7208 1.11 After receiving a job offer as the Rosewood High swim coach , Emily discovers that Paige has returned to Rosewood and is also a candidate for the job . Hanna is visited by Mrs. Grunwald , who warns her about Noel . Meanwhile , Alison goes back to work at Rosewood High , but finds it difficult after her students play a prank on her . Aria struggles with her relationship with Ezra after telling him she deleted a call that came from Nicole 's cellphone , and later , with Spencer , visits the doctor who delivered Mary 's baby in order to get answers . Aria buys a plane ticket for Ezra to get him closer to the latest news on Nicole , delaying their wedding . After not getting any help from the Liars , Hanna goes rogue and decides to work alone in an unknown plan to try and discover who `` A.D. '' is . 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' Chad Lowe Jonell Lennon August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2M7209 1.09 When the typical methods of sleuthing are n't working , Hanna rages and ends up trying to make a deal with Noel Kahn ( who she thinks is `` A.D. '' ) and indirectly drug him in order to lock him up ; however , her initial goal fails . Emily turns to Paige for comfort , while her relationship with Sabrina plummets . Jason and Aria look into Mary 's past where they learn that Steven Kahn , Noel and Eric 's father , orchestrated the adoption of Mary 's second child . Aria learns from Ezra that Nicole is still missing . At the Kahn 's cabin , Spencer and Emily discover that Charlotte and Noel were working together to torture the girls in the dollhouse however the videos are stolen after someone breaks into Spencer 's house . At the end , after unsuccessfully trying to drug Noel , Hanna knocks him out from behind . 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' Arlene Sanford I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2M7210 1.33 The Liars , Alison , Mona , and Caleb team up with Rosewood P.D. to find Hanna . Emily and Paige continue to rebuild their friendship . Alison reveals to Emily that she 's pregnant . Spencer learns that Toby and Yvonne are planning to leave Rosewood . Aria finds out that Nicole is alive . Noel manages to escape and leads the Liars to an abandoned school for the blind where Jenna , armed with a gun , attempts to murder the Liars with Noel . However , Noel , while attacking Hanna and Emily , trips on his axe and accidentally kills himself . Jenna then shoots at the Liars and gets Spencer . Jenna corners her and is about to execute her when Mary Drake knocks her out and reveals that she is Spencer 's biological mother . While leaving town , Toby and Yvonne are in a car accident . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drags an unconscious Jenna from the abandoned school , and Jenna asks if it was they who shot Spencer . They throw her their mask and she realizes it is `` A.D. '' , as they put up their hoodie . 151 11 `` Playtime '' Chad Lowe Allyson N. Nelson & Joseph Dougherty April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 2M7211 1.33 One week after the events of the last episode , Toby is well but Yvonne is in a coma while Spencer has recovered . Ezra arrives and reveals he has n't told Nicole about him and Aria getting married . Hanna and Caleb are back together and Mona helps her get back into the fashion business . Emily is appointed coach of the varsity swimming team and Paige is made an athletics supervisor at Rosewood High . The Liars are given a interactive board game by `` A.D. '' which shows the area of notable places of Rosewood and figurines of the Liars . Spencer plays the game and receives a puzzle piece and a letter from Mary . Hanna tries to destroy the game but a video appears showing that `` A.D. '' knows they killed Rollins . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has Jenna in a dark room without her glasses . She 's drinking a cup of tea and asks for more information about the game . `` A.D. '' takes the teacup and throws a binder with a lot of papers written in braille on her lap . After reading the top of the first page , Jenna mutters `` end game '' . 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 2M7212 0.92 The Liars question what to do with the board game . Emily refuses to play and leaves . Aria learns that Ezra might have been engaged to Nicole before she went missing and while they started dating again . Meanwhile , Emily battles with a student named Addison Derringer who despises her . Spencer asks Marco to track down Mary Drake and shows him the letter that her mother had written to her before she was born in Radley . Jenna , having been in hiding , returns and claims that Charlotte left behind money for her eye surgery . She further says Noel wanted it , threatened Jenna , and murdered Sara . Emily confronts Addison but Paige interferes and reveals that Addison sent an email to a friend gloating about how she was going to get rid of Emily . 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' Marta Cunningham Bryan M. Holdman May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 2M7213 0.86 Hanna is sure Jenna is to blame for a recent professional setback and is forced to bring Caleb up to speed on current events . Aria and Emily team up to investigate Sydney for more information about Jenna and her connection to `` A.D. '' and discover that she is working for `` A.D. '' after they find her making a deposit for a surgery for Jenna . They realize that `` A.D. '' is paying Jenna off for helping with the blind school and confront Sydney , who claims that `` A.D. '' is simply an anonymous client . Sydney leaves , however , Aria plants a tracking device in her bag . Meanwhile , Spencer grows closer to Detective Furey , while Aria struggles with her current situation with Ezra , and Hanna 's turn at the game is more intense than she bargained for , leading to shocking consequences . 154 14 `` Power Play '' Roger Kumble Lijah J. Barasz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 2M7214 0.91 Ali 's turn at the game forces her to make a drastic decision to abort her child but is haunted when `` A.D '' reminds her of when she was in the psychiatric hospital and was wheeled into a operating room . Alison is traumatized to remember that Emily 's donated eggs were implanted inside her uterus , realizing Emily is her child 's mother . Spencer has a long overdue conversation with her father about his past sins and recent whereabouts . Emily continues to navigate working at Rosewood High with both Ali and Paige , learning the truth about Ali 's pregnancy . Meanwhile , Paige contemplates leaving Rosewood , but decides against it , resulting in her and Emily renewing their relationship . Aria continues to question the fate of her relationship with Ezra after Nicole 's arrival and bristles under `` A.D. 's '' taunts . While searching for Mary , wanting answers from her , Hanna and Spencer run into Pastor Ted , who eventually reveals himself as Charlotte 's biological father . He also reveals that Lucas was Charlotte 's old childhood friend . Meanwhile , Aria discovers that Sydney is on the A-Team , working with `` A.D. '' . Sydney and `` A.D. '' offer Aria the chance to join the A-Team . 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' Troian Bellisario Joseph Dougherty May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 2M7215 0.85 After being blackmailed by `` A.D. '' , Aria supplies info to them about the Liars findings . Detective Furey reveals to Spencer that she used Archer 's credit card to buy drinks when they first met and she is now a suspect in Archer 's death . After some arguing , Ezra finally agrees to leave Nicole behind for Aria , while Emily encourages Ali to not get an abortion and raise her child . Paige discovers Emily is going to help Alison raise her child . That night Paige and Alison discuss Emily , while finally making up after years of hate . Realizing that Emily loves Alison , Paige leaves Rosewood and Emily for good . After learning about Lucas ' relation with Charles , Hanna sets out to prove he is innocent , but finds more evidence that he is `` A.D '' , when the Liars find a comic book made by Lucas and Charles , that heavily resembles the `` A '' game . Hanna tells Mona about the game and tries to convince her to help . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to retrieve the comic book for them , and in return she is gifted the official `` A '' uniform . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' is busy playing around with Aria 's face that they created during their snapchat videos , while `` A.D. '' , masquerading as Aria , holds a secret file of Aria 's , while they laugh uncontrollably . 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' Paula Hunziker Maya Goldsmith May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 2M7216 0.90 Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco 's apartment about Lucas ' alibi confession to the police the night Archer was killed . `` A.D. '' sends Aria to destroy Alison and Emily 's nursery . In Hanna 's turn at the game , `` A.D. '' makes her pick up something at the computer repair shop and bring it to Rosewood High School . The Liars have a confrontation with Lucas where he explains to them that he did n't know Charles and Charlotte were the same person , or that Charlotte was `` A '' . A second comic book exists and depicts turning vengeance into a game . Aria breaks down in remorse after her plot to destroy the nursery . Meanwhile , Caleb and Hanna return to Lucas 's loft with the hard drive Hanna picked up . The audio file contains a Patsy Cline song . Hanna remembers that `` A '' played a different Patsy song in the Dollhouse . Alison finally admits her feelings to Emily . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has the second comic book . They are shown sketching the ending of the comic book . They draw a gravestone and write `` Here lies '' . 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' Oliver Goldstick Francesca Rollins & Oliver Goldstick June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 2M7217 0.97 With Mona making inroads in the game , Emily reluctantly teams up with her to investigate the doctor who performed Ali 's procedure . Ashley returns to Rosewood to check on Hanna and asks Caleb what his intentions are with her daughter , to which he admits that he wants to marry Hanna and the two become engaged . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to deliver a gift to the Hastings family that contains a voice recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica 's murder , leaving Spencer more confused than ever about who to trust . Ezra notices Aria 's change in attitude and fears he may have lost her ; and `` A.D. '' 's machinations cause Aria to have a terrifying nightmare . 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' Norman Buckley Charlie Craig June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 2M7218 0.96 The Liars have been served with search warrants at their homes . Spencer goes to the police station where she finds out that the case is now being investigated by Detective Tanner . The Liars are sent a phone with a timer that tells them to `` Choose or Lose '' . Caleb and Hanna get married at the courthouse with Ashley as a witness . Caleb and Ezra find the cell tower location from which the game phone has been sending signals from , and later discover that they are being sent from Mona 's house . While leaving to find Spencer , Aria discovers Archer 's corpse is in her car trunk , just as a police car pulls up to confront her . 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' Joseph Dougherty Joseph Dougherty June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2M7219 0.83 The Liars are told by Caleb that Mona has the board game and jump to conclusions that Mona is `` A.D. '' . Mary meets with Spencer at Lost Woods Resort and gives her ownership of the building . Mona reveals that Charlotte never recovered and was going to resume the A-game . She confronted Charlotte and threatened to push her out the window but never planned to go through with it . When Hanna , Caleb and Spencer take Mona back to their car , the final two puzzle pieces are waiting . Later , the Liars gather in a room at the Lost Woods and put the two final puzzle pieces in . When the pieces are in place , the game says `` Congratulations . Claim the grand prize '' , a picture of Archer . Augmented reality shows a man walking toward Aunt Carol 's house . The Liars are arrested by Tanner at Aunt Carol 's where Archer 's body is found . Mary lies and says she killed Archer , also confessing to Jessica 's murder , saving the Liars from a murder charge . Mona reveals that after she stopped threatening her , Charlotte attacked Mona and in the struggle she accidentally killed Charlotte in self - defense . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drives off into the sunrise with the Liars ' game pieces in a plastic bag . 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' I. Marlene King Story by : I. Marlene King & Kyle Bown Teleplay by : I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2M7220 1.41 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A year later , Ezra and Aria are getting ready to be married . Alison and Emily have twin daughters , named Grace and Lily . Alison proposes to Emily , who accepts . Before their wedding , Ezra suddenly goes missing , so the wedding is postponed . Spencer is kidnapped by Mona , who is back on the A-Team and working for `` A.D. '' When Spencer awakens , she meets her secret twin sister , Alex Drake , who is revealed as `` A.D. '' Alex explains that she met Wren at a bar in England , where he later introduced her to Charlotte , whom she had a close relationship with . She became `` A.D. '' in hopes of avenging her death and also reveals that she murdered Wren , and turned him into an eternity stone . Alex explains she has been impersonating Spencer and wants to take her place because she is in love with Toby . With help from Mona , who reveals she 's playing to beat `` A.D. '' , the Liars eventually find Spencer and Ezra struggling with Alex . Toby holds Spencer and Alex at gun point and realizes who the real Spencer is , and Alex and Mary are arrested . The Liars are gathered to see Aria off , when Hanna reveals she is pregnant . Aria reveals that she and Ezra are going to visit an adoption agency after their honeymoon . The girls exchange goodbyes and Aria leaves . In France , Mona has imprisoned Mary and Alex in a new Dollhouse , officially winning the `` A '' game . Meanwhile , Addison 's friends are having a sleepover . When they awaken , they find that Addison has gone missing , with Willa saying `` I think I heard a scream '' and the series ends . Specials ( edit ) Special no . Title Narrator ( s ) Aired after Original air date U.S viewers ( million ) `` A-List Wrap Party '' I. Marlene King & The Cast of Pretty Little Liars `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.62 Showrunner I. Marlene King and the Liars sit down for an hour long unbarred and uncensored tell - all after series finale to discuss all of the series ' tightly held secrets , behind - the - scenes insights , and top moments . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The seventh season was ordered with the sixth season on June 10 , 2014 , right before the fifth - season premiere aired , which made Pretty Little Liars ABC Family 's longest running original series , surpassing The Secret Life of the American Teenager , which was ABC Family 's previous longest running original series . The season will consist of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes will air in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes beginning to air in April 2017 . Charlie Craig , who served as writer / consulting producer on the second season , will return for the seventh season as executive producer / co-showrunner . I. Marlene King revealed the title of the premiere `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' on Twitter . Variety announced that season premiere would air on June 21 , 2016 , the latest for a season premiere in the show 's history . Additionally , series star Troian Bellisario would make her directorial debut this season . Bellisario is set to direct the fifteenth episode of the season . A promo was released on May 12 , 2016 . Freeform released a promotional poster for the season , on June 7 , 2016 . After the season premiere , Freeform released another poster which included Ashley Benson . On August 29 , 2016 , I. Marlene King with the principal cast of the show announced that Pretty Little Liars would end after the seventh season . King also announced that the show would start airing the second half of the season later than usual , in April 2017 and that the series finale would be a two - hour episode event . It was reported on October 26 , 2016 , that a tell - all special will air after the series finale `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , where the main cast and showrunner I. Marlene King talked about the show and behind - the - scenes exclusive . Final season speculation ( edit ) The seventh season had been speculated by both fans and the cast and crew of the show to being the final season of Pretty Little Liars ever since the show was renewed for two additional seasons . In an interview with BuzzFeed , Troian Bellisario said `` This is the beginning of the end . But the best part about these last two years is that , because it 's the beginning of the end , we can actually start telling the story I think we 've been waiting to tell for a long time . '' Regarding the show 's ending , Lucy Hale said to E ! News that `` Seven seasons will definitely end the show . '' Showrunner I. Marlene King commented on these rumors to TVLine as she said `` We have enough story to take us to the end of Season 7 , and we 're going to let the fans tell us if they 're ready to say goodbye to this world and these characters . '' She confirmed to being open for an eighth season and a movie and a new book . In an interview with Variety regarding the five - year time - jump , King said `` I think that this story when we 're back will end next year at the end of Season 7 '' . She later took to Twitter where she confirmed that the current storyline that began in the second half of the sixth season would end after the seventh season , but would not necessarily mean that the show would end after the seventh season . Hale said on The Late Late Show with James Corden that the show was ending after the seventh season . Bellisario 's fiancé Patrick J. Adams said in June 2016 , that the show was ending in 2017 , as the couple has decided to get married after the show ends . Freeform gave out a statement not long after saying that `` There has been no official decision made for PLL beyond a season 7 . '' It was announced on August 29 , 2016 , the day before the mid-season finale would air , that Pretty Little Liars will end after the seventh season . Filming ( edit ) Production began on February 1 , 2016 , when King announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing brainstorming and mapping the seventh season . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 and officially wrapped up in October 2016 . Casting ( edit ) The seventh season has nine roles receiving star billing , with eight of them returning from the previous season , six of which was part of the original cast from the first season . The season saw the four protagonists of the series continue the roles as they try to take down the new ' A ' . Troian Bellisario played Spencer Hastings , who has relationship problems with Caleb , while Ashley Benson played Hanna Marin , who was kidnapped at the end of last season . Lucy Hale continued her role as Aria Montgomery as she is set in a love triangle with Ezra and her boyfriend Liam . Shay Mitchell portrayed Emily Fields who begins to rekindle her relationship with Alison . Sasha Pieterse continued to portray Alison DiLaurentis as Alison struggles with being in a psych - ward . Janel Parrish returned as Mona Vanderwaal who seems to be finally on their side . Tyler Blackburn continues to play Caleb Rivers and Ian Harding also continued his role as Ezra Fitz . Andrea Parker was added as a series regular , playing Jessica DiLaurentis ' twin sister Mary Drake . After the sixth - season finale , it was announced that Andrea Parker would return to the show as Mary Drake , Jessica DiLaurentis ' identical twin sister and biological mother to Charlotte DiLaurentis . TVLine later confirmed that Parker was added as a series regular for the upcoming season . Deadline reported on May 10 , 2016 , that actor Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Detective Vic Furey , a character who will oversee the Rosewood Police Department . The character was later renamed Det . Marco Furey . Tammin Sursok announced that she will return to the show as Jenna Marshall after last appearing in the fifth - season episode `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' . On June 2 , 2016 , Variety reported that Brant Daugherty would be returning as Noel Kahn ; Brant has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the fifth season . On June 10 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lindsey Shaw would be returning as Paige McCullers after leaving in the fifth season mid-season premiere . The actress playing Sydney Driscoll , Chloe Bridges , posted an image on social media , confirming that she would return to the show after last appearing in the Christmas special episode . On July 28 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Shane Coffey would be returning as Holden Strauss ; Shane has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the third season . It was announced on August 8 , 2016 , that Ava Allan will appear on the show , and will first appear in the second half of the season as Addison . On August 17 , 2016 , TVLine reported that Edward Kerr would be returning to the show as Pastor Ted Wilson in the second half of the season . Kerr had not been on the show since towards the end of the fifth season . Reception ( edit ) Live + SD Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) Rank ( 18 - 49 ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 1.43 11 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.6 1.24 15 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.5 1.12 12 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.6 1.26 7 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 0.6 1.17 15 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 1.10 12 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.6 1.16 9 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.6 1.11 14 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 1.09 16 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.7 1.33 11 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.7 1.33 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 0.5 0.92 10 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 0.4 0.86 11 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.5 0.91 9 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.4 0.85 11 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.4 0.90 8 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.97 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.5 0.96 7 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.4 0.83 9 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.7 1.41 721 `` A-List Wrap Party '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 0.3 0.62 14 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref . 141 `` Tick - Tok , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.05 2.48 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.4 0.82 1.0 2.05 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.4 0.74 0.9 1.85 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.4 0.76 1.0 2.01 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 0.84 1.0 1.94 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.5 0.95 1.1 2.11 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.5 0.86 1.1 1.97 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 0.71 0.9 1.80 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.4 0.77 1.1 2.10 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.4 0.85 1.1 2.19 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.4 0.85 0.9 1.77 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.5 0.98 0.9 1.83 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.5 0.91 0.9 1.82 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.93 1.0 1.90 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.4 0.93 0.9 1.90 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.5 0.79 0.9 1.62 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Seasons Six & Seven by ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Boss Talks Season 7 Secrets , Amping Up the Sex and the ' PLL ' Movie ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` It 's The Beginning Of The End For `` Pretty Little Liars '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Pretty Little Liars ' to End With Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Sets ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 Premiere Date and Schedules More Summer Series '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ' Pretty Little Liars ' Postmortem : Ashley Benson Dishes on Hanna 's ' Questionable ' Fate in Season 7 ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Here we go . First # PLLTableReAd of seAson 7 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , I. Marlene ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Season 7 premiere title is `` Tic Tock , Bitches '' @ ThexCreator `` . Twitter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special PLL Announcement '' . Facebook . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' rules the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' premieres , NBA Playoffs lead the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Genius ' premieres , ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs rule , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' returns well , ' WWE Smackdown ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' WWE Smackdown ' fall '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Haves and The Have Nots ' and ' Queen Sugar ' return , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Pretty Little Liars Tell All , Saving Hope 's Final Season and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Clarissa ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` PRETTY LITTLE LIARS : Freeform to Air Tell - All Special After Series Finale '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Writer Charlie Craig Returns As Co-Showrunner For Season 7 '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TROIAN BELLISARIO WILL MAKE HER DIRECTORIAL DEBUT IN ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' SEASON 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Pretty Little Liars.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform 's Hit Original Series `` Pretty Little Liars '' Starts Production on Season Seven `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Trailer : Hanna 's Cliffhanger Fate Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Poster : The Girls ( Minus Hanna ) Are Dressed to Kill '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW PLL POSTER IS OUT AND WE ARE SO RELIEVED ! '' . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars Star ' Lucy Hale ' On E ! News '' . YouTube . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denton , Elizabeth ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Is Season 7 The End For Pretty Little Liars ? ! '' . Seventeen . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss on Charles ' Transition , Ali 's New Man and the Show 's Future After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Creator Marlene King Teases Possible Movie & Season 8 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Will End After Season 7 , Says Creator '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy , Swift ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss Clears the Air About Ending Series After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lucy Hale confirms ' Pretty Little Liars ' ending with Season 7 , reveals how she hopes it ends '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Ending After Season 7 -- It 's ' Coming To An End This Year ' '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howell , Ernie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' NETWORK DROPS BOMBSHELL , CONFIRMS SEASON 7 WILL END ' PLL AS WE KNOW IT ' '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` We 're back ! # Prettylittlewriters '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's do this . # Prettylittlewriters # Season7 '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap : ( Spoiler ) 's Twin Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Welcomes Back Andrea Parker as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Casts Nicholas Gonzalez As Rosewood 's Newest Detective '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars exclusive : Meet the man who 's going to solve murders in Rosewood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Jenna Returning to Rosewood in Season 7 ( ' Be Afraid ' ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Returning to ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Lindsey Shaw to Return for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Chloe ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Back at it again ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Books Another Alum for Season 7 Return ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Adds Ava Allan In Season 7B '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Pastor Ted Returns in Season 7B -- Good News For Ashley ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 - 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , June 27 - July 3 : ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 4 - 10 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Preacher ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 11 - 17 : ' Mr. Robot , ' ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Major Crimes ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 1 - 7 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 8 - 14 : ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Ballers , ' ' The Last Ship ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 15 - 21 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 22 - 28 : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' and ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead again '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 - 23 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Brockmire ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' racks up more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' return makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' on top again : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/doctor-who-quadruples-in-18-49-cable-live-7-ratings-for-june-19-25/ . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Sara Shepard 's Pretty Little Liars Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll TV series Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Miscellaneous Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_7)&oldid=799561297 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 13 : 27 . 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when does the last season of pll start
[ "The season consisted of 20 episodes, in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016, with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017.[2][3][4] The season's premiere aired on June 21, 2016, on Freeform.[5] Production and filming began in the end of March 2016, which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King.[6] The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino.[7] King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17, 2016.[8] On August 29, 2016, it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series.[9]" ]
[ "June 21, 2016" ]
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James Avery (actor)
James Avery ( actor ) - wikipedia James Avery ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search James Avery James Avery at the HAL Awards in September 2013 James LaRue Avery ( 1945 - 11 - 27 ) November 27 , 1945 Suffolk , Virginia , U.S. December 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 31 ) ( aged 68 ) Glendale , California , U.S. Cause of death Complications from open heart surgery Occupation Actor comedian poet Years active 1980 -- 2013 Spouse ( s ) Barbara Avery ( m . 1988 ) James LaRue Avery ( November 27 , 1945 -- December 31 , 2013 ) was an American actor , comedian , voice over artist and poet . A prolific television actor , he is best remembered for his portrayal of patriarch Philip Banks in the sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . His voice acting work was mostly in animated series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Filmography 6 Television 7 Video games 8 References 9 External links Early LIFE ( edit ) Avery was born in Suffolk , Virginia on November 27 , 1945 and raised in Atlantic City , New Jersey . He served in the Vietnam War as a member of the U.S. Navy from 1968 -- 1969 , after graduating high school . Later on , he moved to San Diego , California , where he began to write poetry and TV scripts for PBS . He won an Emmy for production during his tenure there and then received a scholarship to UC San Diego , where he attended Thurgood Marshall College ( then Third College ) , earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama and literature in 1976 . Career ( edit ) Avery began his career in the 1980s , with appearances in television series such as Amen , FM and L.A. Law . In the 1990s , he achieved prominence for his role as Phillip Banks ( Uncle Phil ) in The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , a character that was ranked # 34 in TV Guide 's `` 50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time . '' He played the lead role of Alonzo Sparks in the comedy series Sparks that lasted for two seasons . Other notable roles in television included Dr. Crippen in The Closer , Charles Haysbert in The Division and Michael Kelso 's commanding officer at the police academy late in the series run of That ' 70s Show . Among his most notable voice credits are the voices of Shredder in the original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series and James Rhodes / War Machine in the 1990s Iron Man series . He also provided the voice of Junkyard Dog in Hulk Hogan 's Rock ' n ' Wrestling ( 1985 - 86 ) , Turbo in Rambo and the Forces of Freedom ( 1986 ) and Haroud Hazi Bin in Aladdin ( 1994 ) . Avery was the commencement speaker for his alma mater , UC San Diego 's Thurgood Marshall College in 2007 , and again in 2012 . Personal LIFE ( edit ) In 1988 , Avery married Barbara . He had no children of his own , but was a stepfather to his wife 's son , Kevin Waters . Death ( edit ) On December 31 , 2013 , Avery died aged 68 , from complications following open heart surgery at Glendale Memorial Medical Center . He was survived by his mother , Florence Avery ( 1924 -- 2016 ) , as well as his wife and stepson . Janet Hubert , who portrayed his original on - screen wife Vivian on The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , said after his death , `` RIP James , all the world is a stage , and we are all merely players in this production called LIFE . '' Will Smith commented on Avery 's death by saying , `` Some of my greatest lessons in Acting , Living and being a respectable human being came through James Avery . Every young man needs an Uncle Phil . Rest in Peace . '' Joseph Marcell called Avery a `` gentle giant . '' The song `` No Role Modelz '' from 2014 Forest Hills Drive by J. Cole pays tribute to Avery . It contains the lyric `` First things first rest in peace Uncle Phil . For real , you the only father that I ever knew . '' Avery 's remains were later cremated and scattered near the Pacific Ocean . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 The Blues Brothers Man Dancing Uncredited role 1980 The Stunt Man Uncredited role 1985 Fletch Detective # 2 1985 Appointment With Fear Connors 1986 Fist of the North Star Fang Voice role ( 1991 Streamline Pictures dub ) 1986 The Eleventh Commandment Larry 1986 8 Million Ways to Die Deputy D.A. 1986 The Ladies Club Joe 1986 Stoogemania Gulch 1986 Extremities Security Guard - 1987 `` Timestalkers '' Blacksmith Deadly Daphne 's Revenge Det . Wood Three for the Road Clarence Nightflyers Darryl 1988 License to Drive Les ' DMV Examiner 1991 The Linguini Incident Phil 1991 Beastmaster 2 : Through the Portal of Time Lt. Coberly 1991 Shout Midnight Rider Voice role 1993 Little Miss Millions Agent Noah Hollander 1995 The Brady Bunch Movie Mr. Steve Yeager 1997 Spirit Lost Dr. Glidden 1998 12 Bucks Slow 1998 The Prince of Egypt Additional Voices Voice role 1999 After Romeo 1999 Out in Fifty Cappy 2000 Dancing in September Mr. Warner 2001 Chasing Sunsets Mr. Burken 2001 Honeybee Larry Dukes 2001 Dr. Dolittle 2 Eldon 2002 Wheelmen Vice President Raise Your Voice Mr. Gantry Hair Show Seymour Gold 2005 Lethal Eviction Gus 2005 The Third Wish George 2005 A Christmas Wish Saint Short film 2006 Restraining Order Judge Sanderson 2006 Think Tank Uncle John 2006 Danika Teddy Johnson 2007 Who 's Your Caddy ? Caddy Mack 2007 Divine Intervention Rev. Matthews 2008 His Good Will Mr. Cooper Short film 2008 Leave with It Dr. Leon Short film 2009 Let the Game Begin Mark Hanley 2009 Steppin : The Movie The Chancellor Stride George The Grind Modelo Snipes 2012 Valediction Edward Short film 2014 Wish I Was Here Audition actor # 2 Avery 's last performance in a film Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Antony and Cleopatra Mardian TV movie Tales of the Gold Monkey Gabriel Episode : `` God Save the Queen '' Newhart Construction Guy Episode : `` Heaven Knows Mr. Utley '' The Jeffersons Coleman Episode : `` Father Christmas '' 1983 , 1984 Simon & Simon Huey , Roy 2 episodes 1984 Hill Street Blues Tolliver 3 episodes 1984 Legmen No Neck Episode : `` I Shall Be Re-Released '' 1984 Hardcastle and McCormick Episode : `` Scared Stiff '' 1984 Going Bananas Hank 1984 Webster Judge Episode : `` Webster Long ( 2 ) '' 1984 Fist of the North Star Fang ( voice ) 1984 The Dukes of Hazzard Charlie Episode : `` Cool Hands , Luke & Bo '' 1984 , 1985 Brothers Bubba Dean 2 episodes 1985 Street Hawk Councilman Waters Pilot 1985 St. Elsewhere Mental Patient Episode : `` Give the Boy a Hand '' 1985 Cagney & Lacey Episode : `` Who Says It 's Fair '' ( 1 ) 1985 Kicks Stanley TV movie 1985 Space Jean - Marie CBS miniseries 1985 Scarecrow and Mrs. King Nabuti Episode : `` Murder Between Friends '' 1985 Hulk Hogan 's Rock ' n ' Wrestling Junkyard Dog ( voice ) 1985 George Burns Comedy Week Episode : `` The Assignment '' 1985 The A-Team Episode : `` The Heart of Rock n ' Roll '' 1985 Moonlighting Reuben King Episode : `` Twas the Episode Before Christmas '' 1986 Karate Kommandos Additional voices 1986 Amazing Stories Chief Hansen Episode : `` Hell Toupee '' 1986 Rambo and the Forces of Freedom Turbo ( voice ) 1986 Samaritan : The Mitch Snyder Movie Hank Dudney TV movie 1986 Condor Cas TV movie 1986 Sunday Drive Oliver TV movie 1986 − 1989 The Real Ghostbusters Killerwatt / Judge / Additional voices 3 episodes 1986 − 1988 , 1989 Amen Arnie Samples / Rev. Crawford 5 episodes Jake 's M.O. Abel Barnes Unsold pilot / TV movie Timestalkers Blacksmith TV movie Jake and the Fatman Episode : Fatal Attraction 1987 , 1989 Valerie Judge N. Keller / Mr. Erdman 2 episodes 1987 − 1993 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shredder ( voice ) 103 episodes 1988 Dallas Judge Fowler Episode : `` Malice in Dallas '' 1988 Beauty and the Beast Winslow 1988 227 Jo - Jo Episode : `` My Aching Back '' 1988 Heart and Soul Harlan Sinclair Pilot 1988 − 1992 L.A. Law Judge Michael Conover 9 episodes 1989 Full Exposure : The Sex Tapes Scandal Earl TV movie 1989 Roe vs. Wade TV movie 1989 FM Quentin Lamoreaux TV Series 1989 A Different World The Pin Punisher Episode : `` To Have and Have Not '' 1989 Turn Back the Clock Physical Therapist TV movie 1990 Night Court Judge Hopkins Episode : `` Wedding Bell Blues '' ( 1 ) 1990 Capital News Pilot 1990 To My Daughter TV movie 1990 − 1996 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Philip Banks 148 episodes 1991 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shredder ( voice ) TV movie 1991 The Legend of Prince Valiant Sir Bryant ( voice ) 9 episodes Roc Dale Hammers Episode : `` The Car Accident from Heaven '' 1993 Without Warning : Terror in the Towers Fred Ferby TV movie 1993 − 1994 American Experience Charles Hamilton Houston / Narrator 2 episodes 1994 Hart to Hart : Old Friends Never Die Chess Player TV movie 1994 A Friend to Die For Agent Gilwood TV movie 1994 Aladdin Haroud Hazi Bin ( voice ) 9 episodes 1994 − 1995 Iron Man War Machine ( voice ) 7 episodes 1995 ABC Weekend Special Headman ( voice ) Episode : `` Jirimpimbira -- An African Folk Tale '' 1995 Murder One Judge Nathaniel Alexander Episode : `` Chapter Five '' Gargoyles The Shaman ( voice ) Episode : `` Walk About '' Captain Simian & the Space Monkeys Gor - illa / Gor ( voice ) 26 episodes Spider - Man War Machine ( voice ) 2 episodes 1996 − 1998 Sparks Alonzo Sparks 40 episodes 1996 , 1998 In the House Mediator / Sampson Stanton 2 episodes 1997 Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child Father ( voice ) Episode : `` The Golden Goose '' 1997 Extreme Ghostbusters Danny ( voice ) Episode : `` Dry Spell '' 1998 The Advanced Guard Fred TV movie 1998 You Lucky Dog Calvin Bridges TV movie 1998 The Wild Thornberrys Gorilla ( voice ) Episode : `` Valley Girls '' 1999 Vengeance Unlimited Judge Christopher Washington Episode : `` Legalese '' 1999 King 's Pawn Cecil Pilot 1999 Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego ? Malcolm Avalon 2 episodes 1999 For Your Love Rev. Hicks Episode : `` Mother Load '' 1999 Family Law Episode : `` Damages '' 1999 , 2000 Pepper Ann Mr. Clapper 3 episodes 2000 Bull Prof. Gilbert Granville Episode : `` What the Past Will Bring '' 2000 One World William Richard Episode : `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' 2000 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Preston Cash Episode : `` Unfriendly Skies '' 2000 Two Guys and a Girl Judge Episode : `` Rescue Me '' 2000 , 2002 Dharma & Greg Walter 2 episodes 2001 Epoch Dr. Solomon Holt TV movie 2001 The Jamie Foxx Show Reverend Episode : `` Always and Forever '' 2001 Strong Medicine Harold Jenkins Episode : `` Wednesday Night Fever '' 2001 The Legend of Tarzan Chief Keewazi ( voice ) 3 episodes 2001 The Proud Family Crandall Smythe ( voice ) Episode : `` Spelling Bee '' 2001 − 2003 Soul Food Walter Carter 4 episodes 2002 Philly Dean Mark Clivner Episode : `` Here Comes the Judge '' 2002 Judging Amy Mr. Ruff Episode : `` Damage Control '' 2002 Nancy Drew Prof. Shifflin TV movie 2002 − 2003 The Division Charles Haysbert 9 episodes 2003 Reba Judge Samuel Bennett Episode : `` The Feud '' 2003 Crossing Jordan Dr. Erkhart Episode : `` Conspiracy '' 2003 Street Smarts Contestant Episode : `` May 16 , 2003 '' 2003 All About the Andersons Roscoe Episode : `` Flo 's Dream '' 2003 − 2004 All of Us Lucas 2 episodes That ' 70s Show Officer Kennedy 3 episodes Charmed Zola Episode : `` A Call to Arms '' NYPD Blue Steve Pines Episode : `` Great Balls or Ire '' Girlfriends Dr. Couch Episode : `` Maybe Baby '' That 's So Raven Presto Jones Episode : `` Opportunity Shocks '' 2005 − 2007 The Closer Dr. Crippen 11 episodes 2005 My Wife and Kids Professor Tillman Episode : `` Study Buddy '' 2005 Star Trek : Enterprise General K'Vagh 2 episodes 2005 Living With Fran Mr. Bryant Episode : `` Learning with Fran '' 2006 Take 3 Judge Sanderson Episode : `` Study Buddy '' 2008 Eli Stone Mason Andrews Episode : `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' 2009 Sherri Redmond 4 episodes 2012 Grey 's Anatomy Sam Episode : `` One Step Too Far '' 2012 The Young and the Restless Judge Roy Daley 2 episodes 2013 Call Me Crazy : A Five Film Dr. Beckett Television film ; segment : `` Eddie '' 2013 Hunt for the Labyrinth Killer Judge Parsons TV movie Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1989 Splash Mountain Br'er Frog 1995 Animated Storybook : The Lion King Narrator 2011 Kinect Disneyland Adventures Br'er Bear References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keepnews , Peter ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` James Avery , ' Fresh Prince ' Actor , Dies at 68 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Avery , Uncle on `` Fresh Prince , '' Dead at 68 `` . NBC Los Angeles . January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Messer , Lesley ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fresh Prince ' Star James Avery Died at 68 '' . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Jade ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Memorial Tribute to Late Actor and UC San Diego Alumnus James Avery Set for March 1 '' . UC San Diego News Center . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Heigl , Alex ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Watch James Avery Talk About Voicing Shredder in the Ninja Turtles Cartoon '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Avery '' . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Prince of Bel - Air - James Avery as Philip Banks '' . TBS . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Phil : Fresh Prince Star James Avery Dies '' . Sky News . January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Respers France , Lisa ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` James Avery , star of ' The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , ' dies at 68 '' . CNN . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Nancy ; Margaret Eby ; Zayda Rivera ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` James Avery , Fresh Prince of Bel Air star , dies at 65 '' . Daily News . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James Avery Dead Jump up ^ Will Smith breaks silence on James Avery 's death External links ( edit ) James Avery on IMDb James Avery at AllMovie The HistoryMakers Biography , photos and video clips VIAF : 46392657 LCCN : no99016427 ISNI : 0000 0001 1491 1356 BNF : cb15034021d ( data ) NLA : 42591400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Avery_(actor)&oldid=808523753 '' Categories : 1945 births 2013 deaths 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors 20th - century American poets African - American male actors African - American poets American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American military personnel of the Vietnam War American television personalities American television writers Male television writers Male actors from New Jersey Male actors from Virginia People from Atlantic City , New Jersey People from Suffolk , Virginia United States Navy sailors University of California , San Diego alumni Virginia State University alumni American male poets Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Frysk 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Ido Igbo Italiano Kernowek Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Walon Winaray Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 11 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who died from fresh prince of bel air
[ "James LaRue Avery (November 27, 1945 – December 31, 2013) was an American actor, comedian, voice over artist and poet. A prolific television actor, he is best remembered for his portrayal of patriarch Philip Banks in the sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. His voice acting work was mostly in animated series." ]
[ "James LaRue Avery" ]
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Senna glycoside
Senna glycoside - wikipedia Senna glycoside Jump to : navigation , search Senna glycoside Clinical data Trade names Ex-Lax , Senokot , and others AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph Pregnancy category Routes of administration By mouth ( PO ) , rectal ( PR ) ATC code A06AB06 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status US : OTC Pharmacokinetic data Onset of action Minutes ( PR ) , 6 to 12 hours ( PO ) Identifiers ChemSpider none Chemical and physical data Formula Molar mass 862.75 ( what is this ? ) ( verify ) Senna glycoside , also known as sennoside or senna , is a medication used to treat constipation and empty the large intestine before surgery . The medication is taken by mouth or via the rectum . It typically begins working in minutes when given by rectum and within twelve hours when given by mouth . It is a weaker laxative than bisacodyl or castor oil . Common side effects of senna glycoside include abdominal cramps . It is not recommended for long - term use , as it may result in poor bowel function or electrolyte problems . While no harms have been found for use while breastfeeding , such use is not typically recommended . It is not typically recommended in children . Senna may change urine to a somewhat reddish color . Senna derivatives are a type of stimulant laxative and are of the anthraquinone type . While its mechanism of action is not entirely clear , senna is thought to act by increasing fluid secretion within and contraction of the large intestine . Senna is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . It is available as a generic medication and is relatively cheap . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.01 USD per pill . Sennosides come from the group of plants Senna . In plant form , it has been used at least since the 700s CE . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Administration 2 Contraindications 3 Adverse effects 3.1 Interactions 4 Mechanism of action 5 Pharmacology 6 Society and culture 6.1 Formulations 6.2 Brand names 7 References Medical uses ( edit ) Senna is used for the short - term treatment of symptomatic constipation . It may also be used to aid in the evacuation of the bowel prior to surgery or invasive rectal or colonic examinations . Administration ( edit ) It should be taken once daily at bedtime . Oral senna products typically produce a bowel movement in 6 to 12 hours . Rectal suppositories act within two hours . Contraindications ( edit ) According to Commission E , the German equivalent of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration , senna is contraindicated in cases of intestinal obstruction , acute intestinal inflammation ( e.g. , Crohn 's disease ) , ulcerative colitis , appendicitis , and abdominal pain of unknown origin . Senna is considered contraindicated in people with a documented allergy to anthraquinones . Such allergies are rare and typically limited to dermatological reactions of redness and itching . Adverse effects ( edit ) Adverse effects are typically limited to gastrointestinal reactions and include abdominal pain or cramps , diarrhea , nausea , and vomiting . Regular use of senna products can lead to a characteristic brown pigmentation of the internal colonic wall seen on colonoscopy . This abnormal pigmentation is known as melanosis coli . Interactions ( edit ) Can increase digoxin toxicity in patients taking digoxin by reducing serum potassium levels , thereby enhancing the effects of digoxin . Mechanism of action ( edit ) The breakdown products of senna act directly as irritants on the colonic wall to induce fluid secretion and colonic motility . Pharmacology ( edit ) They are anthraquinone derivatives and dimeric glycosides . Society and culture ( edit ) Formulations ( edit ) Senna is an over-the - counter medication available in multiple formulations , including oral formations ( liquid , tablet , granular ) and rectal suppositories . Senna products are manufactured by multiple generic drug makers as various brand names . Brand names ( edit ) Ex-Lax Maximum Strength , Ex-Lax , Geri - kot , GoodSense Senna Laxative , Natural Senna Laxative , Perdiem Overnight Relief , Senexon , Senna Lax , Senna Laxative , Senna Maximum Strength , Pursennid , Senna Smooth , Senna - Gen , Senna - GRX , Senna - Lax , Senna - Tabs , Senna - Time , SennaCon , Senno , Senokot To Go , Senokot XTRA , Senokot , Kayam churna . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : American Society of Health - System Pharmacists ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` Senna '' . Drugs.com . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Navti , Phyllis ( 2010 ) . Pharmacology for pharmacy and the health sciences : a patient - centred approach . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 337 . ISBN 9780199559824 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Senna ( Powdered ) '' . PubChem . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Richard J. ( 2010 ) . Tarascon pharmacopoeia ( 2010 ed . ) . Sudbury , Mass. : Jones and Bartlett . p. 181 . ISBN 9780763777685 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senna '' . International Drug Price Indicator Guide . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Khare , C.P. ( 2004 ) . Indian Herbal Remedies Rational Western Therapy , Ayurvedic and Other Traditional Usage , Botany . Berlin , Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg . p. 133 . ISBN 9783642186592 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Lexicomp Online , Lexi Drugs Online , Hudson , Ohio : Lexi - Comp , Inc. ; April 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Drugs.com `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lexicomp Lexicomp Online , Lexi Drugs Online , Hudson , Ohio : Lexi - Comp , Inc. ; April 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McQuaid KR . Chapter 62 . Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases . In : Katzung BG , Masters SB , Trevor AJ . eds . Basic & Clinical Pharmacology , 12e . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill ; 2012 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 ... Accessed April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Senna : MedlinePlus Supplements '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sharkey KA , Wallace JL . Chapter 46 . Treatment of Disorders of Bowel Motility and Water Flux ; Anti-Emetics ; Agents Used in Biliary and Pancreatic Disease . In : Brunton LL , Chabner BA , Knollmann BC . eds . Goodman & Gilman 's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , 12e . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill ; 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 ... Accessed April 18 , 2014 . ( hide ) Drugs for constipation ( laxatives and cathartics ) ( A06 ) Stool softeners Docusate Stimulant laxatives Bisacodyl Bisoxatin Cascara Castor oil Dantron Oxyphenisatine Phenolphthalein Senna glycosides Sodium picosulfate Bulk - forming laxatives Dietary fiber Ethulose Ispaghula Linseed Methylcellulose Polycarbophil calcium Sterculia Triticum Lubricant laxatives Liquid paraffin Mineral oil White petrolatum ( petroleum jelly ) Osmotic laxatives Lactitol Lactulose Laminarid Magnesium carbonate Magnesium citrate Magnesium hydroxide ( milk of magnesia ) Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium sulfate Mannitol Pentaerythritol Polyethylene glycol ( macrogol ) Sodium phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium tartrate Sorbitol Enemas Bisacodyl Dantron Glycerol Oil Sodium laurilsulfate Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate Sodium phosphate Sorbitol Opioid antagonists Alvimopan Methylnaltrexone bromide Naloxegol Naloxone ( Oxycodone / naloxone ) Others Linaclotide Lubiprostone Oxyphenisatine Prucalopride Tegaserod Ulimorelin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senna_glycoside&oldid=800494082 '' Categories : Anthraquinone glycosides World Health Organization essential medicines Laxatives Hidden categories : Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without EBI source Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano ଓଡ଼ିଆ Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 22 : 13 . 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what is the mechanism of action of senna
[ "Common side effects of senna glycoside include abdominal cramps.[2] It is not recommended for long-term use, as it may result in poor bowel function or electrolyte problems.[1] While no harms have been found for use while breastfeeding, such use is not typically recommended.[1] It is not typically recommended in children.[1] Senna may change urine to a somewhat reddish color.[1] Senna derivatives are a type of stimulant laxative and are of the anthraquinone type.[1] While its mechanism of action is not entirely clear, senna is thought to act by increasing fluid secretion within and contraction of the large intestine.[1]" ]
[ "is thought to act by increasing fluid secretion within and contraction of the large intestine" ]
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Dreamgirls (film)
Dreamgirls ( film ) - wikipedia Dreamgirls ( film ) Dreamgirls Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by Laurence Mark Written by Bill Condon Based on Dreamgirls by Henry Krieger and Tom Eyen Starring Jamie Foxx Beyoncé Knowles Eddie Murphy Danny Glover Anika Noni Rose Keith Robinson Jennifer Hudson Music by Stephen Trask Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production companies DreamWorks Pictures Paramount Pictures Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures Paramount Pictures Release date December 25 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $154.8 million Dreamgirls is a 2006 American romantic musical drama film written and directed by Bill Condon and jointly produced and released by DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures . Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist / librettist Tom Eyen , Dreamgirls is a film à clef , a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts , The Supremes . The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit , Michigan girl group known as the Dreams and their manipulative record executive . The film adaptation of Dreamgirls stars Jamie Foxx , Beyoncé , Eddie Murphy , and Jennifer Hudson , and also features Danny Glover , Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson . Produced by Laurence Mark , the film 's screenplay was adapted by director Condon from the original Broadway book by Tom Eyen . In addition to the original Kreiger / Eyen compositions , four new songs , composed by Krieger with various lyricists , were added for this film . Dreamgirls features the acting debut of Hudson , a former American Idol contestant and singer . The film debuted in three special road show engagements starting on December 15 , 2006 , before its nationwide release on December 25 , 2006 . With a production cost of $80 million , Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature an all African - American starring cast in American cinema history . Upon its release , the film garnered positive reviews from critics , who particularly praised the performances of Hudson and Murphy . The film also earned $155 million at the international box office . Dreamgirls also received a number of accolades , including three awards at the 64th Golden Globe Awards ceremony , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , and two Oscars at the 79th Academy Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 4 Production 4.1 Pre-production 4.2 Stage to script changes 4.3 Casting and rehearsal 4.4 Principal photography 4.5 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Premieres , road show engagements , and general releases 5.2 Critical and celebrity reaction 5.3 Awards 5.4 Related promotions and products 6 Allusions to actual events 7 Accolades 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1962 Detroit , Michigan , young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a black girl group known as `` The Dreamettes '' , which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson , at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre . Curtis presents himself as The Dreamettes ' new manager and arranges for the girls to become backup singers for chitlin ' circuit R&B star Jimmy `` Thunder '' Early . Curtis soon starts his own record label , Rainbow Records , out of his Detroit car dealership , and appoints Effie 's brother C.C as his head songwriter . When their first single fails after a white pop group releases a cover version , Curtis , C.C. , and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make `` Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes '' mainstream pop stars . Offstage , Effie becomes infatuated with Curtis while the married Jimmy begins an affair with Lorrell . Jimmy 's manager , Marty Madison , grows weary of Curtis ' plans to make his client more pop - friendly and walks out . When Jimmy bombs in front of an all - white Miami Beach supper club audience , Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone , keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place . Feeling that Effie 's plus - sized figure and distinctive voice will not attract white audiences , Curtis appoints the slimmer and higher - voiced Deena lead singer and renames the group `` The Dreams '' . With the aid of new songs and a new image , Curtis and C.C. transform The Dreams into a top - selling mainstream pop group . By 1965 , however , Effie begins acting out , particularly when Curtis ' affections also turn towards Deena . Curtis eventually drops Effie from the group , hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to take her place beginning with their 1966 New Year 's Eve debut in Las Vegas as `` Deena Jones & the Dreams . '' Despite Effie 's defiance and desperate appeal to Curtis , he , C.C. , and The Dreams leave her behind and forge ahead to stardom . By 1973 , Effie has become an impoverished welfare mother living in Detroit with her daughter Magic . Struggling to restart her career in music , she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club . Meanwhile , with Deena Jones & the Dreams superstars and Rainbow having moved to Los Angeles and now the biggest pop business in the country , Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena , who is now his wife . The following year , Jimmy , who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis ' preoccupation with Deena , has a breakdown during Rainbow Records ' tenth - anniversary television special . Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair . Sometime later , C.C. , who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music , quits the label , only for everyone to then learn that Jimmy has been found dead from a heroin overdose . Disillusioned by Jimmy 's death and Curtis ' cold reaction to the news , C.C. travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie , for whom C.C. writes and produces a comeback single . Just as the record begins gaining local radio play , Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams ' disco cover of the song . The plan falls apart , however , when Deena , angry over how Curtis controls her career , finds evidence of his schemes and contacts Effie , who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C. , Marty , and a lawyer . Deena and Effie reconcile , with Effie revealing to Deena that Curtis is Magic 's father , while Curtis agrees to give Effie 's record national distribution in order to avoid being reported to the FBI . Having been inspired by Effie 's victory and realizing Curtis ' true character , Deena leaves him to make it on her own . By 1975 , The Dreams give a final farewell performance at the Detroit Theater and invite Effie onstage for the final song . As the concert ends , Curtis notices Magic in the front row and realizes she is his daughter . Cast ( edit ) Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor , Jr ; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy , Jr. , Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer - turned - record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences . At first romantically involved with Effie , Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie 's place . Beyoncé Knowles as Deena Jones ; based upon Motown star Diana Ross Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams . This , as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis , draw Effie 's ire , though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband . Knowles was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance . Jennifer Hudson as Effie White ; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard , the plus - sized Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis , the man she loves , replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest , and later drops her altogether . With the help of Jimmy 's old manager Marty , Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later , while raising her daughter Magic , the offspring of her union with Curtis . Hudson won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , among other honors , for her portrayal of Effie . Hudson also became the first American Idol contestant to win both major awards . Danny Glover as Marty Madison , Jimmy 's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture ; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy , and later to Effie as well . Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson ; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson , is a good - natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress . Keith Robinson as C.C. White ; inspired by Motown vice president , artist , and songwriter Smokey Robinson , Effie 's soft - spoken younger brother C.C. ( Clarence Conrad ) serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster . Eddie Murphy as James `` Thunder '' Early ( Jimmy ) ; inspired by R&B / soul singers such as James Brown , Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye , is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell . Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop - friendly balladeer . Jimmy 's stardom fades as the Dreams ' stardom rises , and as a result - he falls into depression ( which he copes with through drug abuse ) . Murphy won a Golden Globe and was nominated for an Academy Award for his role in the film . Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris ; based upon Supremes member Cindy Birdsong , Curtis ' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C. Hinton Battle as Wayne , a salesman at Curtis ' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow 's first record producer and Curtis ' henchman . Loretta Devine as Jazz Singer . Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production . Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early , James ' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris , a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh , Jerry Harris ' screenwriter / film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis ' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic , Effie 's daughter Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) `` I 'm Lookin ' for Something '' -- The Step Sisters `` Goin Downtown '' -- Little Albert & the Tru - Tones `` Takin the Long Way Home '' -- Tiny Joe Dixon `` Move '' -- Dreamettes `` Fake Your Way To The Top '' -- James `` Thunder '' Early & The Dreamettes `` Cadillac Car '' -- James Thunder Early & The Dreamettes `` Cadillac Car ( Reprise ) '' -- Dave & The Sweethearts `` Steppin To The Bad Side '' -- Curtis Taylor Jr. , Wayne , C.C. White , Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes and Chorus `` Love You I Do '' -- Effie White `` I Want You Baby '' -- Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes `` Family '' -- C.C. White , Effie White , Curtis Taylor Jr. , Deena Jones , and Lorrell Robinson `` Dreamgirls '' -- The Dreams `` Heavy '' -- The Dreams `` It 's All Over '' -- Effie White , Deena Jones , Curtis Taylor Jr. , C.C. White , Lorrell Robinson , and Michelle Morris `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' -- Effie White `` Love Love Me Baby '' - Deena Jones & The Dreams Act ii ( edit ) `` I 'm Somebody '' -- Deena Jones & the Dreams `` When I First Saw You '' -- Curtis Taylor Jr . `` Patience '' -- Jimmy Early , Lorrell Robinson , C.C. White , and Chorus `` I Am Changing '' -- Effie White `` Perfect World '' -- The Campbell Connection `` I Meant You No Harm / Jimmy 's Rap '' -- Jimmy Early `` Lorrell Loves Jimmy '' -- Lorrell Robinson `` Family ( Reprise ) '' -- Deena Jones & the Dreams `` Jimmy Do n't Crawl '' -- Jimmy Early ( Director 's Cut only ) `` Step on Over '' -- Deena Jones & the Dreams `` I Miss You Old Friend '' -- Jazz Singer ( Loretta Devine ) `` Effie , Sing My Song '' -- C.C. White and Effie White ( Director 's Cut only ) `` One Night Only '' -- Effie White `` One Night Only ( Disco ) '' -- Deena Jones & the Dreams `` Listen '' -- Deena Jones `` Effie White 's Gonna Win '' - Effie White `` Hard to Say Goodbye '' -- Deena Jones & the Dreams `` Dreamgirls ( Finale ) '' -- The Dreams Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) Since the 1980s and 1990s , several different attempts have been made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls , a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records , which won six Tony Awards in 1982 . David Geffen , the stage musical 's co-financier , retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen . He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett 's work after his death in 1987 . That same year , Geffen , who ran his Warner Bros. - associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time , began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston , who was to portray Deena . The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie 's songs ( particularly `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' ) , and the film was eventually abandoned . When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures , the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s , following the success of Touchstone Pictures 's Tina Turner biopic What 's Love Got to Do with It . Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie . After Warner 's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office , the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls . DreamWorks ' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards . Screenwriter and director Bill Condon , who wrote Chicago 's screenplay , met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002 , where the two discussed a long - held `` dream project '' of Condon 's -- adapting Dreamgirls for the screen . The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls . Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey ( 2004 ) . After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005 , Condon 's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit . Stage to script changes ( edit ) While much of the stage musical 's story remains intact , a number of significant changes were made . The Dreams ' hometown -- the setting for much of the action -- was moved from Chicago to Detroit , the real - life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records . The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real - life inspirations , following a suggestion by Geffen . Warner Bros. had retained the film rights to Dreamgirls , and agreed to co-produce with DreamWorks . However , after casting was completed , the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production . Geffen , taking the role of co-producer , brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls . During the course of production , Paramount 's parent company , Viacom , would purchase DreamWorks , aligning the two studios under one umbrella ( and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks ) . The completed film had a production budget of $75 million , making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all - black starring cast in cinema history . Casting and rehearsal ( edit ) Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy , both actors with record industry experience , as Curtis Taylor , Jr. and James `` Thunder '' Early , respectively . When offered the part of Curtis , Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands . Denzel Washington , Will Smith , and Terrence Howard were among the other actors also approached to play Curtis . Murphy , on the other hand , accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg . While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams , R&B singer Beyoncé lobbied for the part of Deena Jones , and was cast after a successful screen test . Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on , Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks ' lower salary . R&B star Usher was to have been cast as C.C. White , but contract negotiations failed : Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project . André 3000 of Outkast was also offered the role , but declined . After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion , singer / actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role . Anika Noni Rose , a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner , won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process . Rose , significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches ( 157 cm ) , was required to wear ( and dance in ) four and five - inch ( 127 mm ) heels for much of the picture , which she later stated caused her discomfort . The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White , the emotional center of the story . The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role , paralleling the casting of then - 21 - year - old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production . A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White , among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson , former Disney star Raven - Symoné , and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller . Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part , Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie , leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson `` stole ( Barrino 's ) part . '' Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role , which marked her debut film performance . In casting Hudson , Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he 'd made the right decision , but instinctively cast Hudson after she 'd auditioned several times because he `` just did n't believe any of the others . '' After Hudson was cast in November 2005 , the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon `` AJ '' Jones , veterans of the music video industry . Meanwhile , the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film . Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005 , Condon called Hudson back for a week of one - on - one rehearsals , to help her more fully become the `` diva '' character of Effie . Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off , and she and Condon went over Effie 's lines and scenes throughout the week . Loretta Devine , who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production , has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song `` I Miss You Old Friend . '' Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle , who was a summer replacement for James `` Thunder '' Early onstage and here portrays Curtis ' aide - de-camp Wayne . Principal photography ( edit ) Principal photography began January 6 , 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of `` Steppin ' to the Bad Side , '' footage later deleted from the film . The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area , with some second unit footage shot in Detroit , Miami , and New York City . The award - winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film 's musical numbers . Beyoncé elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character . By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water , lemons , maple syrup , and cayenne pepper ( also known as the Master Cleanse ) , Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds , which she gained back once production ended . Shooting was completed in the early - morning hours of April 8 , 2006 , after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson 's musical number `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' , which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot . Originally scheduled to be shot in one day , Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the `` And I Am Telling You '' scene , as Hudson 's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number , and she was unable to plausibly lip - sync while hoarse . The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film , as `` And I Am Telling You '' was Jennifer Holliday 's show - stopping number in the original Broadway musical . Music ( edit ) Main article : Dreamgirls : Music from the Motion Picture `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' Performed by Jennifer Hudson . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs -- Harvey Mason , Jr. and Damon Thomas -- to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger / Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period , yet also reflected then - modern R&B / pop sensibilities . During post-production , composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film . Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version , in particular Lorrell 's solo `` Ai n't No Party '' . Four new songs were added for the film : `` Love You I Do '' , `` Patience '' , `` Perfect World , '' and `` Listen . '' All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger . With Tom Eyen having died in 1991 , various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs . `` Love You I Do , '' with lyrics by Siedah Garrett , is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio . Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for `` Patience , '' a song performed in the film by Jimmy , Lorrell , C.C. , and a gospel choir , as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy . `` Perfect World , '' also featuring lyrics by Garrett , is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection . `` Listen '' , with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé Knowles , and lyrics by Anne Preven , is presented as a defining moment for Deena 's character late in the film . After preview screenings during the summer of 2006 , several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music . Among this footage was one whole musical number , C.C. and Effie 's sung reunion `` Effie , Sing My Song '' , which was replaced with an alternative spoken version . The Dreamgirls : Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment / Columbia Records , in both a single - disc version containing highlights and a double - disc `` Deluxe Version '' containing all of the film 's songs . The single - disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number - one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007 . `` Listen '' was the first official single from the soundtrack , supported by a music video featuring Beyoncé . `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' was the Dreamgirls soundtrack 's second single . Though a music video with all - original footage was once planned , the video eventually released for `` And I Am Telling You '' comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film . Reception ( edit ) Premieres , road show engagements , and general releases ( edit ) Knowles at the premiere of Dreamgirls Dreamgirls premiered on December 4 , 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City , where it received a standing ovation . The film 's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills . Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music , My Fair Lady , and West Side Story , Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten - day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15 , 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City , the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles , and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco . Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each ; the premium price included a forty - eight page full - color program and a limited - print lithograph . This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972 . Dreamgirls earned a total of $851,664 from the roadshow engagements , playing to sold - out houses on the weekends . The film 's national release , at regular prices , began on December 25 . Outside of the U.S. , Dreamgirls opened in Australia on January 18 , and in the United Kingdom on February 2 . Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March . Dreamgirls eventually grossed $103 million in North America , and almost $155 million worldwide . DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1 , 2007 in DVD , HD DVD , and Blu - ray formats . The DVD version was issued in two editions : a one - disc standard version and a two - disc `` Showstopper Edition '' . The two - disc version also included a feature - length production documentary , production featurettes , screen tests , animatics , and other previsualization materials and artwork . Both DVD versions featured alternate and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras , including the `` Effie , Sing My Song '' scene deleted during previews . Both the Blu - ray and HD DVD versions were issued in two - disc formats . Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format . As of 2017 , total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million . A `` Director 's Extended Edition '' of Dreamgirls was released on Blu - Ray and Digital HD on October 10 , 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution . This version , based on edits done for preview screenings before the film 's release , runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers ( including songs and verses cut during previews ) and additional scenes . Critical and Celebrity reaction ( edit ) Dreamgirls received positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes shows a 78 % rating based on 200 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Dreamgirls ' simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie 's real feats : the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers . '' Metacritic reports a 76 out of 100 rating , based on 37 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars ( out of four ) and the number - two position on his `` best of 2006 '' list , stating that `` despite transitional bumps , Condon does Dreamgirls proud '' . David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured `` tremendously exciting musical sequences '' and that `` after The Phantom of the Opera , Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen , Dreamgirls gets it right . '' On the December 10 , 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper , Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler ( filling in for Roger Ebert , who was recovering from cancer - related surgery ) gave the film `` two thumbs up '' , with Roeper 's reservations that it was `` a little short on heart and soul '' and `` deeply conventional '' . Roeper still enjoyed the film , noting that Jennifer Hudson 's rendition of `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' as the `` show - stopping moment of any film of 2006 '' and very much enjoyed Murphy 's performance as well , remarking that `` people are going to love this film . '' Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic , stating that while the film was `` a damn good commercial movie , it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world '' . Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy , and declared that `` the film does n't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters '' . University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film 's social message , noting that `` the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them '' . Many reviews , regardless of their overall opinion of the film , cited Hudson 's and Murphy 's performances as standouts , with Travers proclaiming Murphy 's performance of `` Jimmy 's Rap '' as `` his finest screen moment . '' Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening , and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day , praising her performance as `` a religious experience '' and `` a transcendent performance '' . A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson 's voice `` is like nothing we 've heard in a long time , and her acting is a great match for that power - house sound . '' Jennifer Holliday , who originated the role of Effie onstage , expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV , radio , and print interviews . Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began . Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members , among them Obba Babatundé , Vondie Curtis - Hall , and Cleavant Derricks , were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film 's script and production . Awards ( edit ) Academy Awards 1 . Best Sound Mixing Michael Minkler , Bob Beemer , Willie D. Burton 2 . Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Golden Globe Awards 1 . Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy 2 . Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Eddie Murphy 3 . Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Jennifer Hudson DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production . In February 2006 , the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film , including a live performance of `` Steppin ' to the Bad Side '' by the cast . Three months later , twenty minutes of the film -- specifically , the musical sequences `` Fake Your Way to the Top '' , `` Family '' , `` When I First Saw You '' , and `` Dreamgirls '' - were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival , with most of the cast and crew in attendance . The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of `` front - runner '' for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well . Following the success of the Cannes screening , DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread `` For Your Consideration '' advertisement campaign , raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate , as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards . By contrast , the actresses who originated Hudson 's and Knowles ' roles on Broadway , Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph , respectively , were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress , with Holliday winning the award . The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself . Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories , the most of any film for the year , although it was not nominated for Best Picture , Best Director , or either of the lead acting categories . The film 's nominations included Best Supporting Actor ( Eddie Murphy ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Jennifer Hudson ) , Best Achievement in Costume Design , Best Achievement in Art Direction , Best Achievement in Sound Mixing , and three nominations for Best Song ( `` Listen '' , `` Love You I Do '' , and `` Patience '' ) . Dreamgirls is the first live - action film to receive three nominations for Best Song ; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) and The Lion King ( 1994 ) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song ; Enchanted ( 2007 ) has since repeated the feat . In addition , Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year , yet not be nominated for Best Picture . The film 's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a `` snub '' by the Academy . Some journalists registered shock , others cited a `` backlash '' . On the other hand , director Bill Condon stated that `` I think academy members just liked the other movies better '' and that he believed that `` we were never going to win even if we were nominated . '' Reports emerged of significant behind - the - scenes in - fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps , in particular between DreamWorks ' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey , over decision making and credit - claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign . At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25 , 2007 , Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing . As such , Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance . In what was considered an upset , Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine . Knowles , Hudson , Rose , and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song , although all three songs lost the award to `` I Need to Wake Up '' from An Inconvenient Truth . For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards , Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories : Best Picture - Comedy or Musical , Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical ( Beyoncé Knowles ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Eddie Murphy ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Jennifer Hudson ) , and Best Original Song ( `` Listen '' ) . The film won the awards for Best Picture -- Comedy or Musical , Best Supporting Actor , and Best Supporting Actress . Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations , winning for Best Supporting Actress ( Jennifer Hudson ) and Outstanding Album ( the soundtrack LP ) . It was also named as one of the American Film Institute 's top ten films of 2006 . Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress ( Jennifer Hudson ) and Supporting Actor ( Eddie Murphy ) , as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast . The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon 's directing . The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress ( Jennifer Hudson ) and Music ( Henry Krieger ) . Furthermore , Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards , and won four of the awards : Best Picture -- Comedy or Musical , Best Director ( Bill Condon ) , Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Jennifer Hudson ) , and Best Sound ( Mixing & Editing ) . Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations , and won six of the awards , among them Best Film . At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony , `` Love You I Do '' won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album . For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year , Hudson performed a duet of `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' with her predecessor , Jennifer Holliday . Later that night , Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress . Related promotions and products ( edit ) To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release , DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play , The Tams - Witmark Music Library , announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006 . DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls , and familiarize a wider audience with the play . As a result , more than fifty high schools , colleges , community theaters , and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006 , and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing . The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African - American novelist Denene Millner , and adapts the film 's official script in chapter form , along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film . The book was released on October 31 , 2006 . A scrapbook , entitled Dreamgirls : The Movie Musical , was released on March 27 , 2007 . The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February . In addition , the Tonnor Doll Company released `` The Dreamettes '' collection , featuring dolls of the characters Deena , Lorrell , and Effie , to coincide with the release of the film . Allusions to actual events ( edit ) Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical , many direct references to Supremes , Motown , or R&B / soul history in general are included in the film . In one scene , Effie saunters into Curtis ' office and discusses Rainbow Records ' latest LP , The Great March to Freedom , a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King , Jr . This LP is an authentic Motown release , issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963 . A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio , while a riot rages outside . By comparison , Motown 's Hitsville U.S.A. studio remained open and active during Detroit 's 12th Street Riot in July 1967 . The photo shoot montage which accompanies `` When I First Saw You '' , as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis ' Cleopatra film against her will , reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany , a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy . Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams . Three Supremes albums - Let the Sunshine In , Cream of the Crop , and Touch - were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs , with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams . Another Dreams LP seen in the film , Meet the Dreams , is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A ' Go - Go . There is also a solo album , Just In Time , recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film , the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick 's 1970 album Very Dionne . Diana Ross , long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story , denied having seen the film version . On the other hand , Mary Wilson attended the film 's Los Angeles premiere , later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was `` closer to the truth than they even know '' . However , Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film 's allusions to Motown history . In a January 25 , 2007 interview with NPR , Robinson expressed offense at the film 's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue , Curtis Taylor Jr. , as a `` villainous character '' who deals in payola and other illegal activities . He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood , adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology . On February 23 , a week before the Oscars ceremony , DreamWorks and Paramount issued an apology to Gordy and the other Motown alumni . Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology . The payola scheme used in the film 's script , to which Robinson took offense , is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives , according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka , offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team , Holland -- Dozier -- Holland . Several references are also made to Mafia - backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records . Gordy was highly suspected , though never proven , to have used Mafia - backed loans to finance Motown during its later years . Accolades ( edit ) Award Year Recipient Result Academy Awards 2007 Best Supporting Actor Eddie Murphy Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Won Best Art Direction John Myhre Nancy Haigh Nominated Best Costume Design Sharen Davis Nominated Best Sound Mixing Michael Minkler Bob Beemer Willie D. Burton Won Best Original Song `` Listen '' ( Henry Krieger , Scott Cutler , Anne Preven ) Nominated `` Love You I Do '' ( Henry Krieger , Siedah Garrett ) Nominated `` Patience '' ( Henry Krieger , Willie Reale ) Nominated African - American Film Critics Association Awards 2006 Best Picture Won Best Supporting Actor Eddie Murphy Won Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Won Best Director Bill Condon Won American Cinema Editors Awards 2007 Best Edited Comedy or Musical Feature Virginia Katz Won Art Directors Guild Awards 2006 Best Art Direction -- Period Film John Myhre Nominated American Film Institute Awards 2006 Top Ten Movies of the Year Won Asian Excellence Awards 2006 Best Supporting Film Actress Sharon Leal Nominated Austin Film Critics Awards 2006 Breakthrough Artist Jennifer Hudson Won British Academy Film Awards 2007 Best Actress in a Supporting Role Jennifer Hudson Won Best Film Music Henry Krieger Nominated BET Awards 2007 BET Award for Best Actor Eddie Murphy Nominated Jamie Foxx Nominated BET Award for Best Actress Jennifer Hudson Won Black Reel Awards 2006 Best Film Won Best Actor Jamie Foxx Nominated Best Actress Beyoncé Knowles Nominated Best Supporting Actor Eddie Murphy Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Won Best Breakthrough Performance Won Best Original Score Harvey Mason , Jr . Damon Thomas Won Best Original Soundtrack Henry Krieger Won Best Original Song `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' ( performed by Jennifer Hudson ) Won `` Listen '' ( performed by Beyoncé Knowles ) Nominated `` One Night Only '' ( performed by Jennifer Hudson ) Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association 2007 Best Picture Nominated Best Supporting Actor Eddie Murphy Won Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Won Best Acting Ensemble Nominated Best Director Bill Condon Nominated Best Original Song `` Listen '' ( Henry Krieger , Anne Preven , Scott Cutler , Beyoncé Knowles ) Won Best Original Soundtrack Won Chicago Film Critics Circle 2006 Best Supporting Actor Eddie Murphy Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards 2006 Best Costumes in a Period Film Sharen Davis Nominated Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2006 Best Picture Nominated Directors Guild of America 2006 Best Director Bill Condon Nominated Golden Globe Awards 2007 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Won Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Beyoncé Knowles Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Eddie Murphy Won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Jennifer Hudson Won Best Original Song `` Listen '' ( Henry Krieger , Anne Preven , Scott Cutler , Beyoncé Knowles ) Nominated Grammy Awards 2008 Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture or Television Nominated Best Song Written for a Motion Picture or Television `` Love You I Do '' ( Henry Krieger , Siedah Garrett ) Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 2006 Best Supporting Actress ( Runner - up ) Jennifer Hudson Won Las Vegas Film Critics Circle 2006 Best Picture Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Won MTV Movie Awards 2007 Best Performance Jennifer Hudson Nominated Beyoncé Knowles Nominated NAACP Image Awards 2007 Outstanding Motion Picture Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Jamie Foxx Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Beyoncé Knowles Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Danny Glover Nominated Eddie Murphy Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Jennifer Hudson Won Anika Noni Rose Nominated Outstanding Album Won National Board of Review of Motion Pictures 2006 Breakthrough Performance by an Actress Jennifer Hudson Won National Society of Film Critics Awards 2006 Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Won New York Film Critics Online Awards 2006 Best Breakthrough Performance Jennifer Hudson Won Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Won New York Film Critics Society 2006 Best Supporting Actor ( Runner - up ) Eddie Murphy Won Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Won Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Awards 2006 Breakout Performance Jennifer Hudson Won Online Film Critics Society Awards 2007 Best Supporting Actor Eddie Murphy Nominated Breakthrough Performance Jennifer Hudson Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Circle 2006 Best Use of Music Won Breakout Performance of the Year -- On Screen Jennifer Hudson Won Producers Guild of America Awards 2006 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Laurence Mark Nominated Satellite Awards 2006 Best Film -- Musical or Comedy Won Best Director Bill Condon Won Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Beyoncé Knowles Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Jennifer Hudson Won Best Adapted Screenplay Bill Condon Nominated Best Original Song `` Love You I Do '' ( Henry Krieger , Siedah Garrett ) Nominated `` Listen '' ( Henry Krieger , Anne Preven , Scott Cutler , Beyoncé Knowles ) Nominated Best Editing Virginia Katz Nominated Best Sound ( Editing and Mixing ) Willie Burton Michael Minkler Bob Beemer Richard E. Yawn Won Best Art Direction and Production Design John Myhre Tomas Voth Nancy Haigh Nominated Best Costume Design Sharen Davis Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards 2006 Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Jennifer Hudson Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Eddie Murphy Won Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards 2006 Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Won Toronto Film Critics Circle 2006 Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2006 Best Supporting Actress Jennifer Hudson Won Women Film Critics Circle 2006 Best Music Won See also ( edit ) Book : Dreamgirls Dreamgirls : Music from the Motion Picture Dreamgirls ( Broadway musical ) Dreamgirls : Original Broadway Cast Album Dreamgirl : My Life As a Supreme , the 1986 autobiography of former Supremes member Mary Wilson Eddie Murphy filmography References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dreamgirls '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dreamgirls ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 28 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gottfried , Marvin ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . Dreamgirls : The Movie Musical . New York : Newmarket Press . Pg. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( Dec 2006 ) . `` Daily Box Office Results for Dreamgirls '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved on December 28 , 2006 Jump up ^ ( Feb 2 , 2007 ) . `` I literally pinch myself every day . '' The Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Michael ( December 17 , 2006 ) . `` STAGE TO SCREENS : `` Dreamgirls '' Composer Krieger and Co-Star Rose ; Plus David Warren `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( Nov. 6 , 2006 ) . `` D'Works takes ' Girls ' on road . '' Daily Variety . Retrieved on November 11 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Rotten Tomatoes consensus for Dreamgirls . Retrieved on Jan. 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2007 ) . `` Golden Globe Awards for 2006 '' . GoldenGlobes.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . Archived October 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Selvin , Joel ( Dec. 25 , 2006 ) . `` Songs , story do n't reflect Motown world '' . The Journal Gazette . Retrieved on Jan. 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fotomat , Robert ( 2005 ) . `` American Idol 's Jennifer Hudson as the Supremes ' Florence Ballard ? '' Retrieved on November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Miller , Danny ( Dec. 26 , 2006 ) . `` Dreamgirls : Crossing Over ... Again `` . Huffington Post , com . Retrieved on Jan. 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Chideya , Farai ( Dec. 21 , 2006 ) . `` Bill Condon Tells the Story Behind ' Dreamgirls ' '' ( audio interview ) . National Public Radio . Retrieved on Jan. 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wells , Duane ( Dec. 13 , 2006 ) . `` A Viewers Guide to Dreamgirls Archived July 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... GayWired.com Retrieved on Jan. 23 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Horowitz , Joshua ( Dec 7 , 2006 ) . `` Oscar file : ' Dreamgirls ' Director Is n't Lost in Award - Buzz Dream World '' . MTV News . Retrieved on December 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Marr , Melissa ( Dec 8 , 2006 ) . `` After ' Dreamgirls ' , Geffen says goodbye to movies '' . The Wall - Street Journal . Retrieved on December 9 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jeremy . `` Film Version ( 2006 ) : History '' . Dreamgirls : Your Virtual Coffee Table Book of the Musical . Retrieved on November 10 , 2006 . Archived September 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fugees ' Lauryn Hill Eyed For `` Dreamgirls '' `` . MTV.com . MTV Networks . 16 July 1998 . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Dreamgirls '' with Writer / Director Bill Condon `` . KCET Cinema Series . Los Angeles , California . December 6 , 2006 . 2 : 34 minutes in . PBS . KCET . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ulmer , James ( Sept. 10 , 2006 ) . `` After Conquering ' Chicago , ' It 's On to Motown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved on November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Pamela K. ( Aug 2005 ) . `` Howard 's Homecoming Archived February 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Essence . Digital version retrieved on December 14 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2007 ) . Building the Dream ( Documentary from Dreamgirls : 2 Disc Showstopper Edition ) . DreamWorks Home Entertainment / Paramount Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Steve ( November 10 , 2006 ) . `` Chasing Down the ' Dreamgirls ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( May 15 , 2005 ) . `` Usher Looks Set for ' Dreamgirls ' . '' Contactmusic.com . Retrieved on November 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( Aug. 9 , 2005 ) . `` Andre ' 3000 ' Benjamin has turned down a role in Dreamgirls Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved on Jan. 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( August 30 , 2005 ) . `` Film / TV Bits : Ursh outta ' Dreamgirls ' ? '' Retrieved on December 17 , 2006 Archived August 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kersey , Tanya ( Nov 23 , 2005 ) . `` ' Dreamgirls ' Film Cast Finally Shaping Up ; Usher and Fantasia Are Out , Keith Robinson and Jennifer Hudson Are In '' . BlackTalentNews.com . Retrieved on December 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Murray , Jawn ( 26 December 2006 ) . `` BVBuzz '' . AOL Black Voices . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ LaPorte , Nicole ( May 4 , 2010 ) . The Men Who Would Be King : An Almost Epic Tale of Moguls , Movies , and a Company Called DreamWorks . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 407 -- 413 . ISBN 0547134703 . Jump up ^ ( Dec. 5 2005 ) . `` ' American Idol ' finalist Jennifer Hudson gets lead role in ' Dreamgirls ' movie '' Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jet magazine . Retrieved on March 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : O'Neil , Tom ( Aug 15 , 2006 ) . `` Dreamgirl Hudson is frontrunner for supporting Oscar '' . TheEnvelope.com : Gold Derby . Retrieved on November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Nicholas . ( Dec. 8 , 2006 ) . `` Fantasia 's Second Act . '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Joyner , Tom , Wilkes , Sybil , and Brown , J. Anthony ( Dec. 12 , 2006 ) . Audio interview with Jennifer Hudson Archived October 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Tom Joyner Morning Show . Dallas , TX : REACH Media , Inc . Retrieved on December 16 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Risky Business : Directors Guild Meet the Nominees Panel '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 4 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Julie ( Nov. 27 , 2006 ) . `` Musical Movies : ' Dreamgirls ' choreographer brings hip - hop moves to Motown '' . The New York Times . Reprinted version retrieved from The International Herald - Tribune on December 2 , 2006 Archived February 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Coker , Cheo Hodari ( 2007 ) . Pg. 178 . Jump up ^ ( 2006 ) . Production notes for Dreamgirls . Retrieved on December 16 , 2006 Archived December 18 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` Beyoncé Loses Weight on a Water Diet . San Francisco Gate . Retrieved on December 16 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Coker , Cheo Hodari ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . Dreamgirls : The Movie Musical . New York : Newmarket Press . Pg. 166 - 167 . Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan . `` Stephen Trask scores Dreamgirls '' . Soundtrack.net . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Haun , Harry ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` Condon , Bill : Legendary Motown Musical Destined for the Top of the Charts ( 1 / 07 ) '' . Film Journal International . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Jeremy . ( Apr. 30 , 2007 ) . Exclusive Interview : Bill Condon ( Dreamgirls DVD ) . CHUD.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hasty , Katie ( Jan. 10 , 2007 ) . `` ' Dreamgirls ' Takes No. 1 In Sluggish Sales Week '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved on Jan. 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( Jan. 9 , 2007 ) . `` Hudson to Upgrade `` And I Am Telling You '' Video : ' Dreamgirls ' director Condon wants clip to attract wider audience . '' EURweb.com . Retrieved on Jan. 11 , 2007 . Archived August 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( Dec. 5 , 2006 ) . `` ' Dreamgirls ' Gets Standing Ovations , Cheers '' . FOX News . Retrieved on December 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Loretta Devine & Sheryl Lee Ralph Attend L.A. Premiere of Dreamgirls '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Archived January 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( Dec. 18 , 2006 ) . `` ' Pursuit ' Overtakes ' Eragon , ' ' Web ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved on December 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( Dec. 18 , 2006 ) . `` Weekend Box Office Results , Dec. 15 - 17 , 2006 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved on December 18 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : ( 2007 ) Press Release : Paramount Home Entertainment Presents the Critically - Acclaimed Smash Hit and Winner of Two Academy Awards : DREAMGIRLS Two - Disc Showstopper Edition . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Forster , Dave ( March 06 , 2007 ) . `` Dreamgirls ( HD ) in May . '' DVD Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) . The Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DREAMGIRLS Director 's Cut Extended Edition Coming to Blu - ray Combo Gift Set This October '' . Broadway World . 2017 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Fernandes , Marriska ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Bill Condon reveals what 's exciting about Dreamgirls : Director 's Extended Edition '' . tribute.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dreamgirls reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( 2006 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Dreamgirls ( review ) '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2006 - 11 - 21 ) . `` The Best 10 Movies of 2006 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( 2006 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Dreamgirls ( review ) '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Roeper , Richard ; Tyler Aisha ( December 10 , 2006 ) . `` Audio review for Dreamgirls '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Dreamgirls ( review ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Ed ( 2006 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Dreamgirls ( review ) '' . Slant magazine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy . 2012 . `` Come and get these memories : gender , history and racial uplift in Bill Condon 's Dreamgirls '' . Social Identities : Journal for the Study of Race , Nation and Culture , vol. 18 no . 5 , 537 -- 553 . URL : http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504630.2012.667603 Jump up ^ DiMaio , Debra ( 2006 - 11 - 16 ) . The Oprah Winfrey Show ( Television series ) . Chicago , Illinois : Harpo Productions . Jump up ^ Pace , Elizabeth ( January 19 , 2007 ) . `` Dreamgirls '' . The Celebrity Cafe . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nader , Juli ( Nov. 21 , 2006 ) . ( Black Public Relations Wire ) `` Exclusive : Jennifer Holliday Says She Created Role in Dreamgirls and Does n't Want to Be Forgotten . '' Retrieved on November 27 , 2006 . Archived August 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Christian , Margena A ( Dec. 7 , 2006 ) . `` Creative License or ' Sour Grapes ' ? Original Broadway Cast of ' Dreamgirls ' Feels Left Out of Movie History . '' Jet magazine . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( Feb. 28 , 2006 ) . `` '' Dreamgirls '' Presented To Press . Dark Horizons . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( May 20 , 2006 ) . Oscars 2007 ? Dreamgirls . Fox News . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Dreamgirls gets early Oscar boost Archived May 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Monsters and Critics . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wells , Jeffrey ( Aug. 15 , 2006 ) . `` Oscar Mashing at Paramount Archived November 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Hollywood Elsewhere . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( Jan. 23 , 2007 ) . `` This year 's Oscar fun facts . '' Variety . Retrieved Jan. 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( Jan. 24 , 2007 ) . `` Dream on , girls '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved Jan. 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Dean . `` ' Dreamgirls ' snubbed for Oscars best film nomination '' Archived January 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Reuters , filed on Wednesday January 24 , 05 : 50 AM PT . Accessed January 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( Jan. 23 , 2007 ) . `` Wake Me Up from this ' Dreamgirls ' nightmare ! '' The Envelope : The Golden Derby . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Felton , Robert ( Feb. 28 , 2007 ) . `` Dreamgirls ' Best Picture snub and Oscar night thud Archived February 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Austin Weekly News . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Holson , Laura M. ( Jan. 29 , 2007 ) . `` ' Dreamgirls ' banked on Best Picture , and Lost '' The New York Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ LaPorte , Nicole ( May 4 , 2010 ) . The Men Who Would Be King : An Almost Epic Tale of Moguls , Movies , and a Company Called DreamWorks . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 414 -- 420 . ISBN 0547134703 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees & Winners for the 79th Academy Awards '' . Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 38th NAACP Image Awards Takes Place With Superstar Entertainer LL Cool J As Host '' ( PDF ) . naacpimageawards.net . National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . 15 March 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Screen Actors Guild Honors Outstanding Film and Television Performances in 13 Categories at the 13th Annual SAG Awards '' . Sagawards.org . Screen Actors Guild Awards . 28 Jan 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official press release for International Press Academy Satellite Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . pressacademy.com . International Press Academy . 2006 - 12 - 01 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Black Reel Awards : Winner '' . The Black Reel Awards . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy 2008 Winners List '' . MTV.com . MTV Networks . 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Jessen , Monique ( 27 June 2007 ) . `` Beyoncé , Jennifer Hudson Top BET Awards '' . People.com . Time Inc . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( Dec. 12 , 2006 ) . `` One stage of film 's marketing is on stage '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved on December 15 , 2006 Jump up ^ Condon , Bill ( 2006 ) . Dreamgirls ( Screenplay ) . New York : Newmarket Press . Pgs 36 - 38 . Jump up ^ Edwards , David and Callahan , Mike ( 1999 ) . `` Gordy Album Discography , Part 1 ( 1962 -- 1981 ) '' . Retrieved Feb. 3 , 2007 . Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Condon , Bill ( 2006 ) . Dreamgirls ( Screenplay ) . New York : Newmarket Press . Pgs 57 - 59 . Jump up ^ Posner , Gerald ( 2002 ) . Motown : Music , Money , Sex , and Power . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50062 - 6 . Pg. 173 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Bruce ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Dreamgirls DVD fan - friendly '' . Jam ! Showbiz . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( Jan. 12 , 2007 ) . `` Live online chat with Mary Wilson '' . The Washington Post . Transcript retrieved 2007 - 02 - 027 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Diana 's ' Dreamgirls ' decision '' . TheEnvelope.com . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Diana Ross Talks About ' Dreamgirls , ' Secrets to Staying Power '' . ABCNews.com. 2007 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Wilson on the New Film , ' Dreamgirls ' '' . Extra . Los Angeles : Warner Bros. Television . 2006 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Blair , Elizabeth ( 2007 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Does ' Dreamgirls ' Offer Lowdown on Motown ? '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Shaun ( 2007 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Smokey Robinson slams ' Dreamgirls ' '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Motown Honcho Makes Up With ' Dreamgirls ' '' . The Washington Post . 2007 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Condon , Bill ( 2006 ) . Dreamgirls ( Screenplay ) . New York : Newmarket Press . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55704 - 745 - 8 . Jump up ^ Posner , Gerald ( 2002 ) . Motown : Music , Money , Sex , and Power . New York : Random House . pp. 216 -- 222 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50062 - 6 . Jump up ^ Condon , Bill ( 2006 ) . Dreamgirls ( Screenplay ) . New York : Newmarket Press . pp. 93 , 109 . Jump up ^ Posner , Gerald ( 2002 ) . Motown : Music , Money , Sex , and Power . New York : Random House . pp. 199 -- 203 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50062 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The 79th Academy Awards ( 2007 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) - Nominees and Winners '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( Jan. 5 , 2007 ) . `` Bond and The Queen head BAFTA longlist '' . Screen International . Retrieved on January 7 , 2006 . ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The 12th Critics ' Choice Awards Winners and Nominees '' . bfca.org . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dreamgirls ( film ) Official website Dreamgirls on IMDb Dreamgirls at the TCM Movie Database Dreamgirls at Box Office Mojo Dreamgirls at Rotten Tomatoes Dreamgirls at Metacritic Dreamgirls Blu - ray Disc review Dreamgirls Versions Dreamgirls ( 1981 musical ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 film ) Songs `` Love You I Do '' `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' `` Patience '' `` I Am Changing '' `` One Night Only '' `` Listen '' Soundtracks / albums Dreamgirls : Original Broadway Cast Album Dreamgirls : Music from the Motion Picture Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) The Good Liar ( TBA ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Awards for Dreamgirls Black Reel Award for Outstanding Film 2000 - 2009 The Hurricane ( 2000 ) Love & Basketball ( 2001 ) Training Day ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) Out of Time ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 , drama ) Lightning in a Bottle ( 2005 , comedy / musical ) Crash ( 2006 ) Dreamgirls ( 2007 ) Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) no awards in 2009 2010 - present Precious ( 2010 ) Night Catches Us ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Creed ( 2016 ) Moonlight ( 2017 ) Get Out ( 2018 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Film Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2009 , retired ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Juno ( 2007 ) Happy - Go - Lucky ( 2008 ) Nine ( 2009 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2009 , retired ) Fargo ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) The Insider ( 1999 ) Traffic ( 2000 ) In the Bedroom ( 2001 ) Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) In America ( 2003 ) Hotel Rwanda ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) Motion Picture ( 2010 -- present ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) La La Land / Manchester by the Sea ( 2016 ) God 's Own Country / Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dreamgirls_(film)&oldid=856796473 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films Dreamgirls 2000s historical films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films Adultery in films African - American drama films African - American musical films American films American historical films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners DreamWorks Pictures films Films about music and musicians Films about race and ethnicity Films based on musicals Films directed by Bill Condon Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films produced by Laurence Mark Films set in Detroit Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films shot in Michigan Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Historical romance films Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Bill Condon African - American films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2011 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 15 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the character jimmy early based on
[ "Eddie Murphy as James \"Thunder\" Early (Jimmy); inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye,[10] is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result - he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse). Murphy won a Golden Globe and was nominated for an Academy Award for his role in the film." ]
[ "R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye" ]
-7649058210880245986
Maudie Hopkins
Maudie Hopkins - wikipedia Maudie Hopkins Jump to : navigation , search Maudie Hopkins Maudie Hopkins Maudie Cecilia Acklin ( 1914 - 12 - 07 ) December 7 , 1914 Baxter County , Arkansas August 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 17 ) ( aged 93 ) Lexa , Arkansas Nationality American Known for Last known Civil War widow Maudie Hopkins ( December 7 , 1914 -- August 17 , 2008 ) was an American woman believed to be the last publicly known surviving widow of a Civil War veteran . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Life ( edit ) Born as Maudie Cecilia Acklin in Baxter County , Arkansas , she married William M. Cantrell ( aged 86 ) on February 2 , 1934 , when she was 19 . Cantrell had enlisted in the Confederate States Army at age 16 in Pikeville , Kentucky , and served in General Samuel G. French 's Battalion of Virginia Infantry . He was captured in 1863 , and was part of a prisoner exchange . He had a previous wife , who had died in 1929 . Cantrell supported her with a pension of US $25 every two or three months , and she inherited his home in 1937 . She received no further pension benefits after his death . She remarried later in 1937 , and twice thereafter , and had three children . It was not especially uncommon for young women in Arkansas to marry Confederate pensioners ; in 1937 the state passed a law stating that women who married Civil War veterans would not be eligible for a widow 's pension . The law was later changed in 1939 to state that widows born after 1870 were not eligible for pensions . Hopkins generally kept her first marriage a secret , fearing that the resulting gossip ( of marrying a much older man ) would damage her reputation . After researching records from Arkansas and United States Census Bureau data , Hopkins was certified by various historical organizations , most notably the United Daughters of the Confederacy . A spokeswoman for the UDC , Martha Boltz , has said that there may be two other widows , one in Tennessee and another in North Carolina , but if they are still alive , they choose to remain in anonymity . Maudie Hopkins died on August 17 , 2008 , in a nursing home in Lexa , Arkansas , aged 93 . See also ( edit ) Alberta Martin , one of the last known Confederate war widows and the last widow whose marriage to a Confederate soldier produced offspring . She died May 31 , 2004 . Gertrude Janeway , last known widow of a Union veteran of the Civil War . She died January 17 , 2003 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schlueter , Roger . `` Civil War Soldier 's Widow Lives '' , Belleville News - Democrat , August 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ Barron , James . `` The ' Last Civil War Widow ' Has a Successor , It Would Seem '' , The New York Times , June 16 , 2004 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hopkins ' obituary in the Washington Times External links ( edit ) Meet Maudie Hopkins CivilWarNews.com Infoplease article : Last Civil War Widows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maudie_Hopkins&oldid=799736076 '' Categories : 1914 births 2008 deaths People from Baxter County , Arkansas People from Phillips County , Arkansas Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 15 : 02 . About Wikipedia
when did the last civil war veteran widow die
[ "Maudie Hopkins (December 7, 1914 – August 17, 2008) was an American woman believed to be the last publicly known surviving widow of a Civil War veteran." ]
[ "August 17, 2008" ]
-3551478990205210815
Beer in Germany
Beer in Germany - wikipedia Beer in Germany Jump to : navigation , search A Kranz ( wreath ) of fresh Kölsch beer that is typically carried by a server ( `` Köbes '' ) , containing traditional Stange glasses and , in the center , larger modern glasses Beer is a major part of German culture . German beer is brewed according to the Reinheitsgebot , which permits only water , hops , and malt as ingredients and stipulates that beers not exclusively using barley - malt such as wheat beer must be top - fermented . In 2012 , Germany ranked third in Europe in terms of per - capita beer consumption , behind the Czech Republic and Austria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reinheitsgebot 2 Styles 2.1 Wheat beers 2.2 Pale beers 2.3 Dark beers 2.4 Unfiltered beer 3 Brands and breweries 4 Alcohol content 5 Drinkware 5.1 Weizen glass 5.2 Beer stein 5.3 Maß 5.4 Stange and Becher 5.5 Pilstulpe 5.6 Beer boot 6 Beer festivals 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Reinheitsgebot ( edit ) Main article : Reinheitsgebot The Reinheitsgebot ( `` purity decree '' ) , sometimes called the `` German Beer Purity Law '' or the `` Bavarian Purity Law '' in English , was a regulation concerning the production of beer in Germany . In the original text , the only ingredients that could be used in the production of beer were water , barley , and hops , which had to be added only while the wort was boiling . After its discovery , yeast became the fourth legal ingredient . For top fermenting beers , the use of sugar is also permitted . There is a dispute as to where the Reinheitsgebot originated . Some Bavarians point out that the law originated in the city of Ingolstadt in the duchy of Bavaria on 23 April 1516 , although first put forward in 1487 , concerning standards for the sale and composition of beer . Thuringians point to a document which states the ingredients of beer as water , hops , and barley only , and was written in 1434 in Weißensee ( Thuringia ) . It was discovered in the medieval Runneburg near Erfurt in 1999 . Before its official repeal in 1987 , it was the oldest food - quality regulation in the world . Styles ( edit ) Wheat beers ( edit ) Unfiltered and filtered German wheat beers Weizenbier and Weißbier are the standard German names for wheat beer -- `` Weizen '' is German for `` wheat '' , and `` weiß '' is German for `` white '' . Weizenbock is the name for a strong beer or bock made with wheat . 16 - 17 ° Plato , 6.5 - 8 % ABV . Roggenbier -- a fairly dark beer made with rye , somewhat grainy flavour similar to bread , 4.5 - 6 % ABV . Berliner Weisse -- a pale , very sour , wheat beer brewed in Berlin . 9 ° Plato , 2.5 - 5 % ABV . The beer is typically served with raspberry or woodruff flavoured syrup . Leipziger Gose -- an amber , mildly sour , wheat beer with an addition of salt , brewed around Leipzig . 10 - 12 ° Plato , 4 - 5 % ABV . Hefeweizen -- an unfiltered wheat beer . `` Hefe '' is German for yeast . Kristallweizen -- a filtered wheat beer . Characterized by a clear appearance as opposed to the cloudy look of a typical Hefeweizen . Kottbusser -- an heirloom style originating in the city of Cottbus , typically containing oats , honey and molasses in addition to wheat and barley malts . Pale beers ( edit ) Export -- a pale lager brewed around Dortmund that is fuller , maltier and less hoppy than Pilsner. 12 - 12.5 ° Plato , 5 - 5.5 % ABV . Germany 's most popular style in the 1950s and 1960s , it is now becoming increasingly rare . Helles -- a malty pale lager from Bavaria of 11 - 12 ° Plato , 4.5 - 5 % ABV . Kölsch -- pale , light - bodied , top - fermented , beer which , when brewed in Germany , can only legally be brewed in the Cologne region . 11 - 12 ° Plato , 4.5 - 5 % ABV . Maibock -- a pale , strong lager brewed in the spring . 16 - 17 ° Plato , 6.5 - 7 % ABV . Märzen at Oktoberfest , served in the traditional 1 - litre Maß . Märzen -- medium body , malty lagers that come in pale , amber and dark varieties . 13 - 14 ° Plato , 5.2 - 6 % ABV . The type of beer traditionally served at the Munich Oktoberfest . Pilsener -- a pale lager with a light body and a more prominent hop character . 11 - 12 ° Plato , 4.5 - 5 % ABV . By far the most popular style , with around two thirds of the market . Spezial -- a pale , full , bitter - sweet and delicately hopped lager. 13 - 13.5 ° Plato , 5.5 - 5.7 % ABV . Dark beers ( edit ) Altbier -- a top - fermented , lagered beer . It is brewed only in Düsseldorf and in the Lower Rhine region . Its origins lie in Westphalia , and there are still a few Altbier breweries in this region . Tastes range from mildly bitter and hoppy to exceptionally bitter . About ten breweries in the Düsseldorf region brew Altbier at 5 % - 6.5 % ABV . Bock -- a heavy - bodied , bitter - sweet lager darkened by high - coloured malts. 16 - 17 ° Plato , 6.5 - 7 % ABV . Doppelbock -- a very strong , very full - bodied lager darkened by high - coloured malts. 18 - 28 ° Plato , 8 - 12 % ABV . Dunkel -- a dark lager which comes in two main varieties : the sweetish , malty Munich style and the drier , hoppy Franconian style . Schwarzbier -- a bottom - fermented , dark lager beer . 11 - 12 ° Plato , 4.5 - 5 % ABV . Unfiltered beer ( edit ) A glass stein of unfiltered Eichbaum Kellerbier Kellerbiers are unfiltered lagers which are conditioned in a similar manner to cask ales . Strength and colour will vary , though in the Franconia region where these cask conditioned lagers are still popular , the strength will tend to be 5 % abv or slightly higher , and the colour will tend to be a deep amber , but the defining characteristic is the cask conditioning . Kellerbier is German for `` cellar beer '' . Zwickelbier was originally a sample amount of beer taken by a brewery boss from the barrel with the help of a special pipe called a `` Zwickelhahn '' . Zwickelbiers are unfiltered lagers like Kellerbier , though with a slightly different conditioning process which gives the lager more carbonation . Zwickelbiers tend to be younger , lower in alcohol and less hoppy than Kellerbiers . A very similar beer is Zoiglbier , which in the Upper Palatinate 's brewing practice is advertised with a `` Zoiglstern '' ( i.e. , sign ) -- a six - pointed blue - and - white symbol made from wooden slats , similar to a Star of David . Brands and breweries ( edit ) See also : List of brewing companies in Germany While the beer market is weaker but more centralized in northern Germany , southern Germany has many smaller , local breweries . Almost half of all German breweries are in Bavaria , were the seven main breweries produce 158 million gallons . In total , there are approximately 1,300 breweries in Germany producing over 5,000 brands of beer . The highest density of breweries in the world is found in Aufseß near the city of Bamberg , in the Franconia region of Bavaria with four breweries and only 1,352 citizens . The Benedictine abbey Weihenstephan brewery ( established in 725 ) is reputedly the oldest existing brewery in the world ( brewing since 1040 ) . In 2004 , Oettinger replaced Krombacher as the best selling brand in Germany . Top ten best - selling German beer brands in million hectolitres Brewery Location Output in 2012 Output in 2015 Oettinger Oettingen 5.89 5.39 Krombacher Kreuztal 5.46 5.49 Bitburger Bitburg 4.07 3.84 Beck 's Bremen 2.78 2.59 Warsteiner Warstein 2.77 2.34 Hasseröder Wernigerode 2.75 2.25 Veltins Meschede 2.72 2.79 Paulaner Munich 2.30 2.42 Radeberger Radeberg 1.91 1.90 Erdinger Erding 1.72 1.80 Alcohol content ( edit ) The alcohol - by - volume , or ABV , content of beers in Germany is usually between 4.7 % and 5.4 % for most traditional brews . Bockbier or Doppelbock ( double Bockbier ) can have an alcohol content of up to 16 % , making it stronger than many wines . Drinkware ( edit ) Further information : Beer glassware An ornate stoneware beer stein . A common half - litre Humpen mug . A Weizen beer glass . A Pilsner beer glass Dunkel , pictured here in a Stange glass . A Maßkrug is the style of glassware featured at German Oktoberfest celebrations . A German bierstiefel ( beer boot ) . A Berliner Weisse glass . Weizen glass ( edit ) A glass of Weizen A Weizen glass is used to serve Weizenbier . Originating in Germany , the glass is narrow at the bottom and slightly wider at the top ; the width both releasing aroma , and providing room for the often thick , fluffy heads produced by wheat beer . It tends to be taller than a pint glass , and generally holds 500 millilitres with room for foam or `` head '' . In some countries , such as Belgium , the glass may be 250 ml or 330 ml . Wheat beers tend to foam a lot , especially if poured incorrectly . A customary manner is to swirl around a bit of ( preferably cold ) water in the glass to wet it and afterwards pouring the beer slowly , holding the glass in an angle of approximately 45 ° . Beer stein ( edit ) A beer stein ( or simply a stein / ˈstaɪn / STYNE ) is an English neologism for a traditional type of beer mug . Steins may be made of stoneware ( rarely the inferior earthenware ) , pewter , porcelain , silver , glass , or wood . They may have open tops or may have hinged pewter lids with a thumb - lever . Steins usually come in sizes of a half litre or full litre ( or comparable historical sizes ) . Like decorative tankards , they are often decorated in nostalgic themes , generally showing allusions to Germany or Bavaria . It is believed by some that the lid was implemented during the time of the Black Plague to prevent diseased flies from getting into the beer . Maß ( edit ) The Maß ( pronounced ( mas ) ) is a term used in German - speaking countries for a unit of volume , now typically used only for measuring beer sold for immediate on - site consumption . In modern times , a Maß is defined as exactly 1 litre . As a maß is a unit of measure , various designs are possible : modern maß krugs are often handled glass tankards , although they may also be in the form of steins . At the Octoberfest beer isavailable in maß Krug or half litre ' Halb ' . Stange and Becher ( edit ) A Stange ( stick or rod ) is a cylindrical glass that is traditionally used for Kölsch beer . A Becher ( tumbler ) , traditionally used for Altbier , is similar to a Stange but is slightly shorter and much thicker . Stangen are carried by placing them into holes in a special tray called a Kranz ( wreath ) . In Cologne Stanges are usually served by traditional waiters called Köbes . Pilstulpe ( edit ) Traditional German Pilstulpen The Pilstulpe ( `` Pilsner Tulip '' ) or Biertulpe ( `` Beer tulip '' ) is the tradition glass for German pilsner beers . Sizes are typically around 300 millilitres ( 11 imp fl oz ; 10 US fl oz ) , but can be as large as 500 millilitres ( 18 imp fl oz ; 17 US fl oz ) . When used in restaurant settings , a small piece of absorbent paper is placed around the base to absorb any drips from spilling or condensation . Beer boot ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Beer boots ( Bierstiefel in German ) have over a century of history and culture behind them . It is commonly believed that a general somewhere promised his troops to drink beer from his boot if they were successful in battle . When the troops prevailed , the general had a glassmaker fashion a boot from glass to fulfill his promise without tasting his own feet and to avoid spoiling the beer in his leather boot . Since then , soldiers have enjoyed toasting to their victories with a beer boot . At gatherings in Germany , Austria , and Switzerland , beer boots are often passed among the guests for a festive drinking challenge . Since the movie Beerfest appeared in 2006 , beer boots have become increasingly popular in the United States . Glass beer boots are either manufactured using a mold or from mouth - blown glass by skilled artisans . In Germany , beer boots usually contain between 2 and 4 litres and are passed from one guest at the table to the next one clockwise . When almost reaching the bottom of the boot , it suddenly starts bubbling . By some accounts , drinker who caused the bubbling has to order the next boot . There are also boots known with 6 and 8 litres . That being said , beer boots are almost never seen in Germany , even among friends who do drink as much and more beer on an evening out together ; normal glasses are preferred . Beer festivals ( edit ) Main article : Beer festival Inside a tent at Munich 's Oktoberfest - the world 's largest beer festival Oktoberfest is a 16 - to 18 - day festival held annually in Munich , Bavaria , Germany , running from late September to the first weekend in October . Only beer which is brewed within the city limits of Munich with a minimum of 13.5 % Stammwürze ( approximately 6 % alcohol by volume ) is allowed to be served in this festival . Upon passing this criterion , a beer is designated Oktoberfest Beer . Large quantities of German beer are consumed , with almost 7 million liters served during the 16 - day festival in 2007 . Recently in 2015 the festival officially served 7.3 million liters of beer . Other festivals include The Cannstatter Volksfest in Stuttgart . The Gäubodenvolksfest in Straubing The Bergkirchweih in Erlangen The Hanover Schützenfest The Freimarkt in Bremen The Augsburger Plärrer in Augsburg The Nockherberg Starkbierfest in Munich The Volksfest in Pfaffenhofen In many cases , the beer festival is part of a general funfair or volksfest . See also ( edit ) Beer portal Germany portal Beer and breweries by region List of brewing companies in Germany Reinheitsgebot , German Beer Purity Order References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vorläufiges Biergesetz '' . Archived from the original on 9 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 492 Years of Good Beer '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Kirin Beer University Report , Global Beer Consumption by Country in 2012 '' . Table 3 . See also : List of countries by beer consumption per capita Jump up ^ `` Bavaria '' ; Bolt , Rodney ; Globe Pequot Press ; Connecticut ; 2005 ; pg 37 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 20 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 492 Years of Good Beer : Germans Toast the Anniversary of Their Beer Purity Law - International - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Weissbier '' . German Beer Institute . Archived from the original on 24 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Gibson ( 2010 ) . The Sommelier Prep Course : An Introduction to the Wines , Beers , and Spirits . John Wiley and Sons . p. 364 . ISBN 9780470283189 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived April 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's Beer Hunter - Beer Styles : Kellerbier '' . Beer Hunter . Archived from the original on 5 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kellerbier Archived 2008 - 06 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . German Beer Institute Jump up ^ Zwickelbier Jump up ^ About the history of Zoiglbier Jump up ^ Pronunciation and definition of Zoiglbier Jump up ^ Quoted in Sonntag Aktuell Newspaper ( Stuttgart ) , 28.09. 2008 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ World 's Best Beers : One Thousand Craft Brews from Cask to Glass by Ben McFarland Jump up ^ Cited news from Financial Times Germany on oettinger.de Jump up ^ Table Statista , 2013 . Jump up ^ FAZ.net Bierblog Jump up ^ Ben McFarland , World 's Best Beers : One Thousand Craft Brews from Cask to Glass , page 27 . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. , 2009 , ISBN 1 - 4027 - 6694 - 7 . 2009 - 10 - 06 . ISBN 9781402766947 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Beer Journal . Google Books . 2007 - 08 - 30 . ISBN 9781430312468 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gary Kirsner ( 1999 ) . `` A Brief History of Beer Steins '' . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of Oktoberfest - How It Began in Munich Germany '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Further reading ( edit ) Prost ! : The Story of German Beer , Horst D. Dornbusch , Brewers Publications ( 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 937381 - 55 - 1 Good Beer Guide Germany , Steve Thomas , CAMRA Books ( 17 May 2006 ) , ISBN 1 - 85249 - 219 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to German beers . EuropeanBeerGuide.net ( hide ) Beers of the world Africa Cape Verde Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Asia Armenia Azerbaijan China Hong Kong Tibet India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Malaysia Myanmar North Korea Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany brewing companies Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland North America Belize Canada Quebec Caribbean Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama United States Puerto Rico Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Venezuela Alcohol belts of Europe List of countries by beer consumption per capita List of microbreweries Beer portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beer_in_Germany&oldid=836514839 '' Categories : Beer in Germany German cuisine Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing German - language text Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська 粵語 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 07 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the most popular beer brand in germany
[ "\nTop ten best-selling German beer brands in million hectolitres\n\nBrewery\nLocation\nOutput in 2012 [19]\nOutput in 2015 [20]\n\n\nOettinger\nOettingen\n5.89\n5.39\n\n\nKrombacher\nKreuztal\n5.46\n5.49\n\n\nBitburger\nBitburg\n4.07\n3.84\n\n\nBeck's\nBremen\n2.78\n2.59\n\n\nWarsteiner\nWarstein\n2.77\n2.34\n\n\nHasseröder\nWernigerode\n2.75\n2.25\n\n\nVeltins\nMeschede\n2.72\n2.79\n\n\nPaulaner\nMunich\n2.30\n2.42\n\n\nRadeberger\nRadeberg\n1.91\n1.90\n\n\nErdinger\nErding\n1.72\n1.80\n\n" ]
[ "Oettinger" ]
5352837022179113474
List of first overall NBA draft picks
List of first overall NBA draft picks - wikipedia List of first overall NBA draft picks This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search LeBron James , drafted out of high school , was one of the most anticipated first overall draft picks . The National Basketball Association 's first overall pick is the player who is selected first among all eligible draftees by a team during the annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) draft . The first pick is awarded to the team that wins the NBA draft lottery ; in most cases , that team had a losing record in the previous season . The team with the first pick attracts significant media attention , as does the player who is selected with that pick . Eleven first picks have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award : Oscar Robertson , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( record six - time winner ) , Bill Walton , Magic Johnson ( three - time winner ) , Hakeem Olajuwon , David Robinson , Shaquille O'Neal , Allen Iverson , Tim Duncan ( two - time winner ) , LeBron James ( four - time winner ) , and Derrick Rose ( youngest winner ) . Since the advent of the draft lottery in 1985 , only seven number one overall picks have won an NBA title . They are David Robinson , Shaquille O'Neal , Glenn Robinson , Tim Duncan , LeBron James , Andrew Bogut , and Kyrie Irving . China 's Yao Ming ( 2002 ) and Italy 's Andrea Bargnani ( 2006 ) are the only two players without competitive experience in the United States to be drafted first overall . Nine other international players with U.S. college experience have been drafted first overall -- Mychal Thompson ( Bahamas ) in 1978 , Hakeem Olajuwon ( Nigeria ) in 1984 , Patrick Ewing ( Jamaica ) in 1985 , Tim Duncan ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) in 1997 , Michael Olowokandi ( Nigeria ) in 1998 , Andrew Bogut ( Australia ) in 2005 , Kyrie Irving ( Australia ) in 2011 , Anthony Bennett ( Canada ) in 2013 , Andrew Wiggins ( Canada ) in 2014 , and Ben Simmons ( Australia ) in 2016 . Duncan is an American citizen , but is considered an `` international '' player by the NBA because he was not born in one of the fifty states or the District of Columbia . Ewing had dual Jamaican - American citizenship when he was drafted and Irving and Simmons had dual Australian - American citizenship when they were drafted . Note that the drafts between 1947 and 1949 were held by the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The Basketball Association of America became the National Basketball Association after absorbing teams from the National Basketball League in the fall of 1949 . Official NBA publications include the BAA Drafts as part of the NBA 's draft history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List of first overall picks 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Denotes players who have been selected to the All - Star Game or All - NBA Team ^ * Denotes Hall of Famers PPG Points per game APG Assists per game RPG Rebounds per game Player ( in italic text ) Rookie of the Year List of first overall picks ( edit ) Draft Selected by Player Nationality Position College / high school / former club NBA rookie statistics Ref . PPG RPG APG 1947 Pittsburgh Ironmen McNeely , Clifton Clifton McNeely USA 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- Texas Wesleyan 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1948 Providence Steamrollers Tonkovich , Andy Andy Tonkovich USA guaa ! Guard / Forward Marshall 7000260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 1949 Providence Steamrollers Shannon , Howie Howie Shannon USA Center Kansas State 7001134000000000000 ♠ 13.4 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 7000230000000099999 ♠ 2.3 1950 Boston Celtics Share , Charlie Charlie Share USA Center Bowling Green 7000390000000000000 ♠ 3.9 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 1951 Baltimore Bullets Melchiorre , Gene Gene Melchiorre USA Guard Bradley 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1952 Milwaukee Hawks Workman , Mark Mark Workman USA Center West Virginia 7000510000000099999 ♠ 5.1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 1953 Baltimore Bullets Felix , Ray Ray Felix ^ USA guaa ! Guard / Forward Long Island 7001176000000000000 ♠ 17.6 7001133000000000000 ♠ 13.3 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 1954 Baltimore Bullets Selvy , Frank Frank Selvy ^ USA foa ! Forward / Center Furman 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19.0 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 1955 Milwaukee Hawks Ricketts , Dick Dick Ricketts USA guaa ! Guard / Forward Duquesne 7000890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 7000720000000000000 ♠ 7.2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 1956 Rochester Royals Green , Sihugo Sihugo Green USA guaa ! Guard / Forward Duquesne 7001115000000000000 ♠ 11.5 7000520000000000000 ♠ 5.2 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 1957 Cincinnati Royals Hundley , Rod Rod Hundley ^ USA Guard West Virginia 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7.0 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 7000190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 1958 Minneapolis Lakers Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor ^ * USA Forward Seattle 7001249000000000000 ♠ 24.9 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15.0 7000410009999999999 ♠ 4.1 1959 Cincinnati Royals Boozer , Bob Bob Boozer ^ USA Forward Kansas State 7000840000000000000 ♠ 8.4 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 1960 Cincinnati Royals Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson ^ * USA guaa ! Guard / Forward Cincinnati 7001305000000000000 ♠ 30.5 7001101000000000000 ♠ 10.1 7000970000000099999 ♠ 9.7 1961 Chicago Packers Bellamy , Walt Walt Bellamy ^ * USA Center Indiana 7001316000000000000 ♠ 31.6 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19.0 7000270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 1962 Chicago Zephyrs McGill , Bill Bill McGill USA foa ! Forward / Center Utah 7000740000000000000 ♠ 7.4 7000270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 1963 New York Knicks Heyman , Art Art Heyman USA Forward / Guard Duke 7001154000000000000 ♠ 15.4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4.0 7000340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 1964 New York Knicks Barnes , Jim Jim Barnes USA Center / Forward Texas Western 7001155000000000000 ♠ 15.5 7000970000000099999 ♠ 9.7 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 1965 San Francisco Warriors Hetzel , Fred Fred Hetzel USA foa ! Forward / Center Davidson 7000680000000000000 ♠ 6.8 7000520000000000000 ♠ 5.2 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 1966 New York Knicks Russell , Cazzie Cazzie Russell ^ USA Forward / Guard Michigan 7001113000000000000 ♠ 11.3 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 1967 Detroit Pistons Walker , Jimmy Jimmy Walker ^ USA Guard Providence 7000880000000000000 ♠ 8.8 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 7000280000000099999 ♠ 2.8 1968 San Diego Rockets Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes ^ * USA Center / Forward Houston 7001284000000000000 ♠ 28.4 7001171000000000000 ♠ 17.1 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 1969 Milwaukee Bucks Alcindor , Lew Lew Alcindor ^ * USA Center UCLA 7001288000000000000 ♠ 28.8 7001145000000000000 ♠ 14.5 7000410009999999999 ♠ 4.1 1970 Detroit Pistons Lanier , Bob Bob Lanier ^ * USA Center St. Bonaventure 7001156000000000000 ♠ 15.6 7000810000000000000 ♠ 8.1 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 1971 Cleveland Cavaliers Carr , Austin Austin Carr ^ USA Guard Notre Dame 7001212000000000000 ♠ 21.2 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 7000340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 1972 Portland Trail Blazers Martin , LaRue LaRue Martin USA Center Loyola ( Illinois ) 7000440000000000000 ♠ 4.4 7000460000000099999 ♠ 4.6 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 1973 Philadelphia 76ers Collins , Doug Doug Collins ^ USA guaa ! Guard / Forward Illinois State 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8.0 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 Portland Trail Blazers Walton , Bill Bill Walton ^ * USA Center UCLA 7001128000000000000 ♠ 12.8 7001126000000000000 ♠ 12.6 7000480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 Atlanta Hawks Thompson , David David Thompson ^ * USA Forward / Guard NC State 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26.0 7000630000000000000 ♠ 6.3 7000370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 1976 Houston Rockets Lucas , John John Lucas USA Guard Maryland 7001111000000000000 ♠ 11.1 7000270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 7000560000000099999 ♠ 5.6 1977 Milwaukee Bucks Benson , Kent Kent Benson USA Center Indiana 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 7000430000000000000 ♠ 4.3 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 1978 Portland Trail Blazers Thompson , Mychal Mychal Thompson BHS foa ! Forward / Center Minnesota 7001147000000000000 ♠ 14.7 7000830000000000000 ♠ 8.3 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 1979 Los Angeles Lakers Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson ^ * USA guaa ! Guard / Forward Michigan State 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18.0 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 7000730000000000000 ♠ 7.3 1980 Golden State Warriors Carroll , Joe Barry Joe Barry Carroll ^ USA Center Purdue 7001189009999900000 ♠ 18.9 7000930000000000000 ♠ 9.3 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 1981 Dallas Mavericks Aguirre , Mark Mark Aguirre ^ USA Forward DePaul 7001187000000000000 ♠ 18.7 7000490000000000000 ♠ 4.9 7000320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 1982 Los Angeles Lakers Worthy , James James Worthy ^ * USA Forward North Carolina 7001134000000000000 ♠ 13.4 7000520000000000000 ♠ 5.2 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 Houston Rockets Sampson , Ralph Ralph Sampson ^ * USA Center Virginia 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21.0 7001111000000000000 ♠ 11.1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 1984 Houston Rockets Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon ^ * NGA Center Houston 7001206000000000000 ♠ 20.6 7001119000000000000 ♠ 11.9 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 1985 New York Knicks Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing ^ * USA Center Georgetown 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20.0 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9.0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 1986 Cleveland Cavaliers Daugherty , Brad Brad Daugherty ^ USA Center North Carolina 7001157000000000000 ♠ 15.7 7000810000000000000 ♠ 8.1 7000380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 San Antonio Spurs Robinson , David David Robinson ^ * USA Center Navy 7001243000000000000 ♠ 24.3 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12.0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 1988 Los Angeles Clippers Manning , Danny Danny Manning ^ USA Forward Kansas 7001167000000000000 ♠ 16.7 7000660000000000000 ♠ 6.6 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 1989 Sacramento Kings Ellison , Pervis Pervis Ellison USA Center Louisville 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8.0 7000580000000000000 ♠ 5.8 7000190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 1990 New Jersey Nets Coleman , Derrick Derrick Coleman ^ USA foa ! Forward / Center Syracuse 7001184009999900000 ♠ 18.4 7001103000000000000 ♠ 10.3 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 1991 Charlotte Hornets Johnson , Larry Larry Johnson ^ USA Forward UNLV 7001192000000000000 ♠ 19.2 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11.0 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 1992 Orlando Magic Oneal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal ^ * USA Center LSU 7001234000000000000 ♠ 23.4 7001139000000000000 ♠ 13.9 7000190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 1993 Orlando Magic Webber , Chris Chris Webber ^ USA Forward Michigan 7001175000000000000 ♠ 17.5 7000910000000000000 ♠ 9.1 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 1994 Milwaukee Bucks Robinson , Glenn Glenn Robinson ^ USA Forward Purdue 7001219000000000000 ♠ 21.9 7000640000000000000 ♠ 6.4 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 1995 Golden State Warriors Smith , Joe Joe Smith USA Forward Maryland 7001153000000000000 ♠ 15.3 7000870000000099999 ♠ 8.7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 Philadelphia 76ers Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson ^ * USA Guard Georgetown 7001235000000000000 ♠ 23.5 7000410009999999999 ♠ 4.1 7000750000000000000 ♠ 7.5 1997 San Antonio Spurs Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan ^ USA foa ! Forward / Center Wake Forest 7001211000000000000 ♠ 21.1 7001119000000000000 ♠ 11.9 7000270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 1998 Los Angeles Clippers Olowokandi , Michael Michael Olowokandi NGA Center Pacific 7000890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 7000790000000000000 ♠ 7.9 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 1999 Chicago Bulls Brand , Elton Elton Brand ^ USA Forward Duke 7001201000000000000 ♠ 20.1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10.0 7000190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 2000 New Jersey Nets Martin , Kenyon Kenyon Martin ^ USA Forward Cincinnati 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12.0 7000740000000000000 ♠ 7.4 7000190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 2001 Washington Wizards Brown , Kwame Kwame Brown USA Center Glynn Academy HS ( Brunswick , Georgia ) 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 6999800000000000000 ♠ 0.8 2002 Houston Rockets Yao Ming , Yao Ming ^ * CHN Center Shanghai Sharks ( China ) 7001135000000000000 ♠ 13.5 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 2003 Cleveland Cavaliers LeBron James , LeBron James ^ USA Forward St. Vincent - St. Mary HS ( Akron , Ohio ) 7001209009999900000 ♠ 20.9 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 7000590000000000000 ♠ 5.9 Orlando Magic Howard , Dwight Dwight Howard ^ USA Center SACA ( Atlanta ) 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12.0 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10.0 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 2005 Milwaukee Bucks Bogut , Andrew Andrew Bogut ^ AUS Center Utah 7000940000000000000 ♠ 9.4 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7.0 7000230000000099999 ♠ 2.3 2006 Toronto Raptors Bargnani , Andrea Andrea Bargnani ITA foa ! Forward / Center Benetton Treviso ( Italy ) 7001116000000000000 ♠ 11.6 7000390000000000000 ♠ 3.9 6999800000000000000 ♠ 0.8 2007 Portland Trail Blazers Oden , Greg Greg Oden USA Center Ohio State 7000890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7.0 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 2008 Chicago Bulls Rose , Derrick Derrick Rose ^ USA Guard Memphis 7001168000000000000 ♠ 16.8 7000390000000000000 ♠ 3.9 7000630000000000000 ♠ 6.3 2009 Los Angeles Clippers Griffin , Blake Blake Griffin ^ USA Forward Oklahoma 7001225000000000000 ♠ 22.5 7001121000000000000 ♠ 12.1 7000380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 Washington Wizards Wall , John John Wall ^ USA Guard Kentucky 7001164009999900000 ♠ 16.4 7000460000000099999 ♠ 4.6 7000830000000000000 ♠ 8.3 2011 Cleveland Cavaliers Irving , Kyrie Kyrie Irving ^ USA Guard Duke 7001185000000000000 ♠ 18.5 7000370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 2012 New Orleans Hornets Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ^ USA foa ! Forward / Center Kentucky 7001135000000000000 ♠ 13.5 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 2013 Cleveland Cavaliers Bennett , Anthony Anthony Bennett CAN Forward UNLV 7000420000000000000 ♠ 4.2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 2014 Cleveland Cavaliers Wiggins , Andrew Andrew Wiggins CAN Forward / Guard Kansas 7001169009999900000 ♠ 16.9 7000460000000099999 ♠ 4.6 7000210000000000000 ♠ 2.1 2015 Minnesota Timberwolves Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns DOM foa ! Center Kentucky 7001183000000000000 ♠ 18.3 7001104000000000000 ♠ 10.4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 2016 Philadelphia 76ers Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons AUS foa ! Forward LSU 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 2017 Philadelphia 76ers Fultz , Markelle Markelle Fultz USA foa ! Guard Washington 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- See also ( edit ) List of first overall NBA Development League draft picks List of first overall WNBA draft picks Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : All statistics are taken from the players ' respective rookie season unless otherwise noted . ^ Jump up to : Clifton McNeely never played professional basketball . Instead , he became a basketball coach for Pampa High School in Texas . Jump up ^ Howie Shannon was the first overall pick , although Ed Macauley and Vern Mikkelsen had been taken before the draft as their teams ' territorial picks . Jump up ^ Charlie Share did not play in the 1950 -- 51 season . His rookie statistics are from the 1951 -- 52 season . Share was the first overall pick , although Paul Arizin had been taken before the draft as the Philadelphia Warriors ' territorial pick . ^ Jump up to : Gene Melchiorre never played in the NBA . He was banned for life from the NBA due to his involvement in the CCNY Point Shaving Scandal . Melchiorre was the first overall pick , although Myer Skoog had been taken before the draft as the Minneapolis Lakers ' territorial pick . Jump up ^ Mark Workman was the first overall pick , although Bill Mlkvy had been taken before the draft as the Philadelphia Warriors ' territorial pick . Jump up ^ Ray Felix was the first overall pick , although Ernie Beck and Walter Dukes had been taken before the draft as their teams ' territorial picks . Jump up ^ Dick Ricketts was the first overall pick , although Dick Garmaker and Tom Gola had been taken before the draft as their teams ' territorial picks . Jump up ^ Sihugo Green was the first overall pick , although Tom Heinsohn had been taken before the draft as the Boston Celtics ' territorial pick . Jump up ^ Elgin my guy Baylor was the first overall pick , although Guy Rodgers had been taken before the draft as the Philadelphia Warriors ' territorial pick . Jump up ^ Bob Boozer was the first overall pick , although Wilt Chamberlain and Bob Ferry had been taken before the draft as their teams ' territorial picks . Jump up ^ Although Oscar Robertson was drafted as a territorial pick by the Cincinnati Royals , he was also recognized as the first pick in the first round of the draft as the Royals also held the first overall draft pick . Jump up ^ Bill McGill was the first overall pick , although Dave DeBusschere and Jerry Lucas had been taken before the draft as their teams ' territorial picks . Jump up ^ Art Heyman was the first overall pick , although Tom Thacker had been taken before the draft as the Cincinnati Royals ' territorial pick . Jump up ^ Jim Barnes was the first overall pick , although Walt Hazzard and George Wilson had been taken before the draft as their teams ' territorial picks . Jump up ^ Fred Hetzel was the first overall pick , although Bill Bradley , Bill Buntin and Gail Goodrich had been taken before the draft as their teams ' territorial picks . Jump up ^ Before the 1971 -- 72 season , Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Jump up ^ David Thompson played in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) in the 1975 -- 76 season and did not play in the NBA until 1976 . His rookie statistics are from the 1976 -- 77 season . ^ Jump up to : Hakeem Olajuwon was born in Nigeria , but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1993 . When he arrived in the United States , the University of Houston incorrectly spelled his first name `` Akeem '' . Olajuwon used that spelling until March 9 , 1991 , when he announced that he would add an H , saying , `` I 'm not changing the spelling of my name , I 'm correcting it . '' Jump up ^ Patrick Ewing was born in Jamaica , but had become a naturalized United States citizen while at Georgetown . He represented the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics . Jump up ^ David Robinson did not play in the NBA until 1989 due to commitments to the United States Navy . His rookie statistics are from the 1989 -- 90 season . Jump up ^ Tim Duncan is a United States citizen by birth , as are all natives of the U.S. Virgin Islands . Because of this citizenship arrangement , Duncan has played for the U.S. internationally . Jump up ^ Elton Brand shared Rookie of the Year honors with Steve Francis of the Houston Rockets . Jump up ^ Greg Oden underwent microfracture surgery on his right knee before the 2007 -- 08 season , and missed the entire season . His rookie statistics are from the 2008 -- 09 season . Jump up ^ Blake Griffin injured his left kneecap in a pre-season game before the 2009 -- 10 season . He underwent a surgery in January 2010 and missed the entire season . His rookie statistics are from the 2010 -- 11 season . Jump up ^ Kyrie Irving was born in Australia to American parents who returned to the U.S. when he was two years old . He has played for the U.S. internationally at both youth and senior level . Jump up ^ Karl - Anthony Towns was born and raised in the United States , his mother is Dominican . He has chosen to represent the Dominican Republic at the international level Jump up ^ Ben Simmons was born and raised in Australia to an American father and Australian mother . References ( edit ) General `` Draft Index '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated No. 1 draft picks '' . CBC Sports . July 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ronald Tillery ( June 18 , 2008 ) . `` Landing the top draft pick can lift NBA team to new heights , and also fill arena '' . The Commercial Appeal . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bargnani becomes first European top NBA draft pick '' . People 's Daily Online . June 29 , 2006 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( December 3 , 1993 ) . `` Basketball Surviving Quite Nicely '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Kyrie Irving is Committed to the Red , White and Blue '' . USA Basketball . June 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Borzello , Jeff ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` Australian prospect Ben Simmons makes great first impression '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ Bob Cook ( September 13 , 2007 ) . `` Oden 's injury a cruel blow for cursed Blazers '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Obituaries : Clifton McNeely 12 / 29 / 03 '' . amarillo.com . December 29 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Tonkovich NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 BAA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Shannon NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Share NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wright Thompson ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` For the 1951 point - shavers , a life lived in infamy '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Workman NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Felix NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Selvy NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Ricketts NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sihugo Green NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Hundley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Elgin Baylor NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Boozer NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( June 29 , 2000 ) . `` Clippers Go to High School to Get Miles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Bellamy NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill McGill NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Art Heyman NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Barnes NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Hetzel NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cazzie Russell NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Walker NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lew Alcindor ( Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ) NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Lanier NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Carr NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LaRue Martin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Collins NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Walton NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Thompson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John Lucas NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kent Benson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mychal Thompson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Earvin Johnson ( Magic Johnson ) NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Barry Carroll NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Aguirre NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James Worthy NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Sampson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hakeem Olajuwon Bio : 1992 - 93 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dufresne , Chris ( March 11 , 1991 ) . `` Hakeem Still Can Be Called ' the Dream ' '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hakeem Olajuwon NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ralph Wiley ( January 7 , 1985 ) . `` The Master Of The Key : After years of relying on others to unlock doors for him , Georgetown 's center Patrick Ewing will soon go off on his own '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time USA Basketball Men 's Roster : E '' . USA Basketball . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Ewing NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Daugherty NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dave Anderson ( May 18 , 1987 ) . `` Sports of the Times ; The Robinson Plot Thickens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Robinson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Manning NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pervis Ellison NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Coleman NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Johnson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Webber NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Robinson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Smith NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Iverson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time USA Basketball Men 's Roster : D '' . USA Basketball . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Duncan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Olowokandi NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Elton Brand NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyon Martin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kwame Brown NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yao Ming NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Bogut NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea Bargnani NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oden 's recovery from surgery likely in range of 6 - 12 months '' . ESPN.com . September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Oden NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin 's rookie season lost to injury '' . ESPN.com . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Griffin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Wall NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bednall , Jai ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` Boomers miss their shot at courting US star Kyrie Irving '' . Herald Sun . Herald and Weekly Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irving named MVP of 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup , headlines All - Star Five '' ( Press release ) . FIBA . September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kyrie Irving NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Bennett NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Wiggins NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Karl - Anthony Towns NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sixers take Washington PG Markelle Fultz with No. 1 pick '' . ESPN . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . NBA first overall draft picks 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. Johnson 1980 : Carroll 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Daugherty 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ellison 1990 : Coleman 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Webber 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Iverson 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Olowokandi 1999 : Brand 2000 : K. Martin 2001 : Brown 2002 : Yao 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Bargnani 2007 : Oden 2008 : Rose 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Irving 2012 : Davis 2013 : Bennett 2014 : Wiggins 2015 : Towns 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Fultz NBA drafts Draft lottery Draft Combine Eligibility Territorial picks First overall picks High school draftees Undrafted players Supreme Court case WNBA draft 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Expansion drafts 1961 1966 1967 1968 1970 1980 1988 1989 1995 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_overall_NBA_draft_picks&oldid=799930192 '' Categories : National Basketball Association draft National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Français Latviešu Português Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 17 : 37 . 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who has the first pick in nba draft
[ "The National Basketball Association's first overall pick is the player who is selected first among all eligible draftees by a team during the annual National Basketball Association (NBA) draft. The first pick is awarded to the team that wins the NBA draft lottery; in most cases, that team had a losing record in the previous season. The team with the first pick attracts significant media attention,[2] as does the player who is selected with that pick." ]
[ "the team that wins the NBA draft lottery; in most cases, that team had a losing record in the previous season" ]
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Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain - wikipedia Battle of Britain This article is about the Second World War battle . For other uses , see Battle of Britain ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Britain Part of the Second World War An Observer Corps spotter scans the skies of London . Date 10 July -- 31 October 1940 ( 3 months and 3 weeks ) Location British airspace Result British victory Belligerents United Kingdom Canada Germany Italy Commanders and leaders Hugh Dowding Keith Park T. Leigh - Mallory Quintin Brand Richard Saul L. Samuel Breadner Zdzisław Krasnodębski Hermann Göring Albert Kesselring Hugo Sperrle Hans - Jürgen Stumpff R.C. Fougier Units involved Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Foreign pilots from ( show ) Poland New Zealand Czechoslovakia Belgium Australia South Africa France Ireland United States Southern Rhodesia Jamaica Barbados Newfoundland Northern Rhodesia Luftwaffe Corpo Aereo Italiano Strength 1,963 serviceable aircraft 2,550 serviceable aircraft . Casualties and losses 1,542 aircrew killed 422 aircrew wounded 1,744 aircraft destroyed 41,480 noncombatants killed ( including 16,775 women and 5,184 children ) 1,400,245 buildings destroyed or damaged ( London ) 2,585 aircrew killed and missing , 925 captured , 735 wounded 1,977 aircraft destroyed , 1,634 in combat and 343 non-combat Around 90,000 civilian casualties , 40,000 of them fatal . Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland German bombing of Rotterdam Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany Strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic The Battle of Britain ( German : Luftschlacht um England , literally `` The Air Battle for England '' ) was a military campaign of the Second World War , in which the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) defended the United Kingdom ( UK ) against large - scale attacks by Nazi Germany 's air force , the Luftwaffe . It has been described as the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces . The British officially recognise the battle 's duration as being from 10 July until 31 October 1940 , which overlaps the period of large - scale night attacks known as the Blitz , that lasted from 7 September 1940 to 11 May 1941 . German historians do not accept this subdivision and regard the battle as a single campaign lasting from July 1940 to June 1941 , including the Blitz . The primary objective of the German forces was to compel Britain to agree to a negotiated peace settlement . In July 1940 the air and sea blockade began , with the Luftwaffe mainly targeting coastal - shipping convoys , ports and shipping centres , such as Portsmouth . On 1 August , the Luftwaffe was directed to achieve air superiority over the RAF with the aim of incapacitating RAF Fighter Command ; 12 days later , it shifted the attacks to RAF airfields and infrastructure . As the battle progressed , the Luftwaffe also targeted factories involved in aircraft production and strategic infrastructure . Eventually it employed terror bombing on areas of political significance and on civilians . The Germans had rapidly overwhelmed France and the Low Countries , leaving Britain to face the threat of invasion by sea . The German high command knew the difficulties of a seaborne attack and its impracticality while the Royal Navy controlled the English Channel and the North Sea . On 16 July , Adolf Hitler ordered the preparation of Operation Sea Lion as a potential amphibious and airborne assault on Britain , to follow once the Luftwaffe had air superiority over the UK . In September , RAF Bomber Command night raids disrupted the German preparation of converted barges , and the Luftwaffe 's failure to overwhelm the RAF forced Hitler to postpone and eventually cancel Operation Sea Lion . Germany proved unable to sustain daylight raids , but their continued night - bombing operations on Britain became known as the Blitz . Historian Stephen Bungay cited Germany 's failure to destroy Britain 's air defences to force an armistice ( or even outright surrender ) as the first major German defeat in World War II and a crucial turning point in the conflict . The Battle of Britain takes its name from a speech by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons on 18 June : `` What General Weygand has called The Battle of France is over . The Battle of Britain is about to begin . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Developing air strategies 1.2 First stages of World War II 1.3 German aims and directives 1.3. 1 Negotiated peace or neutrality 1.3. 2 Blockade and siege 1.3. 3 Invasion plans 1.3. 4 Independent air attack 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Fighters 2.2 Bombers 2.3 Pilots 2.4 International participation 2.4. 1 Allies 2.4. 2 Axis 3 Luftwaffe strategy 3.1 Regrouping of Luftwaffe in Luftflotten 3.2 Tactics 3.2. 1 Fighter formations 3.2. 2 Higher - level dispositions 3.3 Intelligence 3.4 Navigational aids 3.5 Air - sea rescue 4 RAF strategy 4.1 The Dowding system 4.2 Intelligence 4.3 Air - sea rescue 4.4 Tactics 4.4. 1 Fighter formations 4.4. 2 Squadron - and higher - level deployment 4.5 Bomber and Coastal Command contributions 5 Phases of the battle 5.1 Small scale raids 5.2 Channel battles 5.3 Main assault 5.3. 1 Assault on RAF : radar and airfields 5.3. 2 Raids on British cities 5.3. 3 Attacks on airfields from 24 August 5.3. 4 Assessment of attempt to destroy the RAF 5.4 Day and night attacks on London : start of the Blitz 5.5 Night time Blitz , fighter - bomber day raids 5.5. 1 Royal family 6 Attrition statistics 7 Propaganda 8 Aftermath 9 Battle of Britain Day 10 Memorials and museums 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media adaptations 11.2 In books 11.3 Miscellaneous 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 General 15.2 Autobiographies and biographies 15.3 Aircraft 15.4 Additional references Background ( edit ) Strategic bombing during World War I introduced air attacks intended to panic civilian targets and led in 1918 to the amalgamation of British army and navy air services into the Royal Air Force . Its first Chief of the Air Staff Hugh Trenchard was among the military strategists in the 1920s like Giulio Douhet who saw air warfare as a new way to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare . Interception was nearly impossible with fighter planes no faster than bombers . Their view ( expressed vividly in 1932 ) was that the bomber will always get through , and the only defence was a deterrent bomber force capable of matching retaliation . Predictions were made that a bomber offensive would quickly cause thousands of deaths and civilian hysteria leading to capitulation , but widespread pacifism contributed to a reluctance to provide resources . Developing air strategies ( edit ) Germany was forbidden to have a military air force by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles , but developed air crew training in civilian and sport flying . Following a 1923 memorandum , the Deutsche Luft Hansa airline developed designs for aircraft which could carry passengers and freight , and also be readily adapted into bombers , including the Junkers Ju 52 . In 1926 the secret Lipetsk fighter - pilot school began operating . Erhard Milch organised rapid expansion , and following the 1933 Nazi seizure of power his subordinate Robert Knauss formulated a deterrence theory incorporating Douhet 's ideas and Tirpitz 's `` risk theory '' , which proposed a fleet of heavy bombers to deter a preventive attack by France and Poland before Germany could fully rearm . A 1933 -- 34 war game indicated a need for fighters and anti-aircraft protection as well as bombers . On 1 March 1935 the Luftwaffe was formally announced , with Walther Wever as Chief of Staff . The 1935 Luftwaffe doctrine for `` Conduct of the Air War '' ( Die Luftkriegführung ) set air power within the overall military strategy , with critical tasks of attaining ( local and temporary ) air superiority and providing battlefield support for army and naval forces . Strategic bombing of industries and transport could be decisive longer term options , dependent on opportunity or preparations by the army and navy , to overcome a stalemate or used when only destruction of the enemy 's economy would be conclusive . The list excluded bombing civilians to destroy homes or undermine morale , as that was considered a waste of strategic effort , but the doctrine allowed revenge attacks if German civilians were bombed . A revised edition was issued in 1940 , and the continuing central principle of Luftwaffe doctrine was that destruction of enemy armed forces was of primary importance . The RAF responded to Luftwaffe developments with its 1934 Expansion Plan A rearmament scheme , and in 1936 it was restructured into Bomber Command , Coastal Command , Training Command and Fighter Command . The latter was under Hugh Dowding , who opposed the doctrine that bombers were unstoppable : the invention of radar at that time could allow early detection , and prototype monoplane fighters were significantly faster . Priorities were disputed , but in December 1937 the Minister in charge of defence coordination Sir Thomas Inskip decided in Dowding 's favour , that `` The role of our air force is not an early knock - out blow '' but rather was `` to prevent the Germans from knocking us out '' and fighter squadrons were just as necessary as bomber squadrons . In the Spanish Civil War , the Luftwaffe in the Condor Legion tried out air fighting tactics and their new aeroplanes . Wolfram von Richthofen became an exponent of air power providing ground support to other services . The difficulty of accurately hitting targets prompted Ernst Udet to require that all new bombers had to be dive bombers , and led to the development of the Knickebein system for night time navigation . Priority was given to producing large numbers of smaller aeroplanes , and plans for a long range four engined strategic bomber were delayed . First stages of World War II ( edit ) Winston Churchill , British Prime Minister , in 1941 The early stages of World War II saw successful German invasions on the continent aided decisively by the air power of the Luftwaffe , which was able to establish tactical air superiority with great efficiency . The speed with which German forces defeated most of the defending armies in Norway in early 1940 created a significant political crisis in Britain . In early May 1940 , the Norway Debate questioned the fitness for office of the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain . On 10 May , the same day Winston Churchill became British Prime Minister , the Germans initiated the Battle of France with an aggressive invasion of French territory . RAF Fighter Command was desperately short of trained pilots and aircraft , but despite the objections of its commander Hugh Dowding that the diversion of his forces would leave home defences under - strength , Churchill sent fighter squadrons , the Air Component of the British Expeditionary Force , to support operations in France , where the RAF suffered heavy losses . After the evacuation of British and French soldiers from Dunkirk and the French surrender on 22 June 1940 , Hitler mainly focused his energies on the possibility of invading the Soviet Union in the belief that the British , defeated on the continent and without European allies , would quickly come to terms . The Germans were so convinced of an imminent armistice that they began constructing street decorations for the homecoming parades of victorious troops . Although the British Foreign Secretary , Lord Halifax , and certain elements of the British public favoured a negotiated peace with an ascendant Germany , Churchill and a majority of his Cabinet refused to consider an armistice . Instead , Churchill used his skilful rhetoric to harden public opinion against capitulation and to prepare the British for a long war . The Battle of Britain has the unusual distinction that it gained its name before being fought . The name is derived from the This was their finest hour speech delivered by Winston Churchill in the House of Commons on 18 June , more than three weeks prior to the generally accepted date for the start of the battle : ... What General Weygand has called The Battle of France is over . The battle of Britain is about to begin . Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilisation . Upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire . The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us . Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war . If we can stand up to him , all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad , sunlit uplands . But if we fail , then the whole world , including the United States , including all that we have known and cared for , will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister , and perhaps more protracted , by the lights of a perverted science . Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties , and so bear ourselves that , if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years , men will still say , `` This was their finest hour '' . -- Winston Churchill German aims and directives ( edit ) Adolf Hitler , Chancellor of Germany , in 1933 From the outset of his rise to power , Hitler expressed admiration for Britain , and throughout the Battle period he sought neutrality or a peace treaty with Britain . In a secret conference on 23 May 1939 , Hitler set out his rather contradictory strategy that an attack on Poland was essential and `` will only be successful if the Western Powers keep out of it . If this is impossible , then it will be better to attack in the West and to settle Poland at the same time '' with a surprise attack . `` If Holland and Belgium are successfully occupied and held , and if France is also defeated , the fundamental conditions for a successful war against England will have been secured . England can then be blockaded from Western France at close quarters by the Air Force , while the Navy with its submarines extend the range of the blockade . '' When war commenced , Hitler and the OKW ( Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or `` High Command of the Armed Forces '' ) issued a series of Directives ordering planning and stating strategic objectives . `` Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War '' dated 31 August 1939 instructed the invasion of Poland on 1 September as planned . Potentially , Luftwaffe `` operations against England '' were to `` dislocate English imports , the armaments industry , and the transport of troops to France . Any favourable opportunity of an effective attack on concentrated units of the English Navy , particularly on battleships or aircraft carriers , will be exploited . The decision regarding attacks on London is reserved to me . Attacks on the English homeland are to be prepared , bearing in mind that inconclusive results with insufficient forces are to be avoided in all circumstances . '' Both France and the UK declared war on Germany ; on 9 October Hitler 's `` Directive No. 6 '' planned the offensive to defeat these allies and `` win as much territory as possible in the Netherlands , Belgium , and northern France to serve as a base for the successful prosecution of the air and sea war against England '' . On 29 November OKW `` Directive No. 9 -- Instructions For Warfare Against The Economy Of The Enemy '' stated that once this coastline had been secured , the Luftwaffe together with the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) was to blockade UK ports with sea mines , attack shipping and warships , and make air attacks on shore installations and industrial production . This directive remained in force in the first phase of the Battle of Britain . It was reinforced on 24 May during the Battle of France by `` Directive No. 13 '' which authorised the Luftwaffe `` to attack the English homeland in the fullest manner , as soon as sufficient forces are available . This attack will be opened by an annihilating reprisal for English attacks on the Ruhr Basin . '' By the end of June 1940 , Germany had defeated Britain 's allies on the continent , and on 30 June the OKW Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl issued his review of options to increase pressure on Britain to agree to a negotiated peace . The first priority was to eliminate the RAF and gain air supremacy . Intensified air attacks against shipping and the economy could affect food supplies and civilian morale in the long term . Reprisal attacks of terror bombing had the potential to cause quicker capitulation , but the effect on morale was uncertain . Once the Luftwaffe had control of the air , and the UK economy had been weakened , an invasion would be a last resort or a final strike ( `` Todesstoss '' ) after Britain had already been conquered , but could have a quick result . On the same day , the Luftwaffe Commander - in - Chief Hermann Göring issued his operational directive ; to destroy the RAF , thus protecting German industry , and also to block overseas supplies to Britain . The German Supreme Command argued over the practicality of these options . In `` Directive No. 16 -- On preparations for a landing operation against England '' on 16 July , Hitler required readiness by mid-August for the possibility of an invasion he called Operation Sea Lion , unless the British agreed to negotiations . The Luftwaffe reported that it would be ready to launch its major attack early in August . The Kriegsmarine Commander - in - Chief , Grand Admiral Erich Raeder , continued to highlight the impracticality of these plans , and said sea invasion could not take place before early 1941 . Hitler now argued that Britain was holding out in hope of assistance from Russia , and the Soviet Union was to be invaded by mid 1941 . Göring met his air fleet commanders , and on 24 July issued `` Tasks and Goals '' of firstly gaining air supremacy , secondly protecting invasion forces and attacking the Royal Navy 's ships . Thirdly , they were to blockade imports , bombing harbours and stores of supplies . Hitler 's `` Directive No. 17 -- For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England '' issued on 1 August attempted to keep all the options open . The Luftwaffe 's Adlertag campaign was to start around 5 August , subject to weather , with the aim of gaining air superiority over southern England as a necessary precondition of invasion , to give credibility to the threat and give Hitler the option of ordering the invasion . The intention was to incapacitate the RAF so much that the UK would feel open to air attack , and would begin peace negotiations . It was also to isolate the UK and damage war production , beginning an effective blockade . Following severe Luftwaffe losses , Hitler agreed at a 14 September OKW conference that the air campaign was to intensify regardless of invasion plans . On 16 September , Göring gave the order for this change in strategy , to the first independent strategic bombing campaign . Negotiated peace or neutrality ( edit ) Adolf Hitler 's Mein Kampf of 1923 mostly set out his hatreds : he only admired ordinary German World War I soldiers and Britain , which he saw as an ally against communism . In 1935 Hermann Göring welcomed news that Britain as a potential ally was rearming . In 1936 he promised assistance to defend the British Empire , asking only a free hand in Eastern Europe , and repeated this to Lord Halifax in 1937 . That year , von Ribbentrop met Churchill with a similar proposal ; when rebuffed , he told Churchill that interference with German domination would mean war . To Hitler 's great annoyance , all his diplomacy failed to stop Britain from declaring war when he invaded Poland . During the fall of France , he repeatedly discussed peace efforts with his generals . When Churchill came to power , there was still wide support for Halifax , who as Foreign Secretary openly argued for peace negotiations in the tradition of British diplomacy , to secure British independence without war . On 20 May , Halifax secretly requested a Swedish businessman to make contact with Göring to open negotiations . Shortly afterwards , in the May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis , Halifax argued for negotiations involving the Italians , but this was rejected by Churchill with majority support . An approach made through the Swedish ambassador on 22 June was reported to Hitler , making peace negotiations seem feasible . Throughout July , as the battle started , the Germans made wider attempts to find a diplomatic solution . On 2 July , the day the armed forces were asked to start preliminary planning for an invasion , Hitler got von Ribbentrop to draft a speech offering peace negotiations . On 19 July Hitler made this speech to the German Parliament in Berlin , appealing `` to reason and common sense '' , and said he could `` see no reason why this war should go on '' . His sombre conclusion was received in silence , but he did not suggest negotiations and this was effectively an ultimatum which was rejected by the British government . Halifax kept trying to arrange peace until he was sent to Washington in December as ambassador , and in January 1941 Hitler expressed continued interest in negotiating peace with Britain . Blockade and siege ( edit ) A May 1939 planning exercise by Luftflotte 3 found that the Luftwaffe lacked the means to do much damage to Britain 's war economy beyond laying naval mines . The Head of Luftwaffe intelligence Joseph `` Beppo '' Schmid presented a report on 22 November 1939 , stating that `` Of all Germany 's possible enemies , Britain is the most dangerous . '' This `` Proposal for the Conduct of Air Warfare '' argued for a counter to the British blockade and said `` Key is to paralyse the British trade '' . Instead of the Wehrmacht attacking the French , the Luftwaffe with naval assistance was to block imports to Britain and attack seaports . `` Should the enemy resort to terror measures -- for example , to attack our towns in western Germany '' they could retaliate by bombing industrial centres and London . Parts of this appeared on 29 November in `` Directive No. 9 '' as future actions once the coast had been conquered . On 24 May 1940 `` Directive No. 13 '' authorised attacks on the blockade targets , as well as retaliation for RAF bombing of industrial targets in the Ruhr . After the defeat of France the High Command ( OKW ) felt they had won the war , and some more pressure would persuade Britain . On 30 June the OKW Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl issued his paper setting out options : the first was to increase attacks on shipping , economic targets and the RAF : air attacks and food shortages were expected to break morale and lead to capitulation . Destruction of the RAF was the first priority , and invasion would be a last resort . Hermann Göring 's operational directive issued the same day ordered destruction of the RAF to clear the way for attacks cutting off seaborne supplies to Britain . It made no mention of invasion . Invasion plans ( edit ) Main article : Operation Sea Lion In November 1939 , the OKW reviewed the potential for an air - and seaborne invasion of Britain : the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) was faced with the threat the Royal Navy 's larger Home Fleet posed to a crossing of the English Channel , and together with the German Army viewed control of airspace as a necessary precondition . The German navy thought air superiority alone was insufficient ; the German naval staff had already produced a study ( in 1939 ) on the possibility of an invasion of Britain and concluded that it also required naval superiority . The Luftwaffe said invasion could only be `` the final act in an already victorious war . '' Hitler first discussed the idea of an invasion at a 21 May 1940 meeting with Grand Admiral Erich Raeder , who stressed the difficulties and his own preference for a blockade . OKW Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl 's 30 June report described invasion as a last resort once the British economy had been damaged and the Luftwaffe had full air superiority . On 2 July , OKW requested preliminary plans . In Britain , Churchill described `` the great invasion scare '' as `` serving a very useful purpose '' by `` keeping every man and woman tuned to a high pitch of readiness '' . On 10 July , he advised the War Cabinet that invasion could be ignored , as it `` would be a most hazardous and suicidal operation '' . On 11 July , Hitler agreed with Raeder that invasion would be a last resort , and the Luftwaffe advised that gaining air superiority would take 14 to 28 days . Hitler met his army chiefs , von Brauchitsch and Halder , who presented detailed plans on the assumption that the navy would provide safe transport . Hitler showed no interest in the details , but on 16 July he issued Directive No. 16 ordering preparations for Operation Sea Lion . The navy insisted on a narrow beachhead and an extended period for landing troops ; the army rejected these plans : the Luftwaffe could begin an air attack in August . Hitler held a meeting of his army and navy chiefs on 31 July . The navy said 22 September was the earliest possible date , and proposed postponement until the following year , but Hitler preferred September . He then told von Brauchitsch and Halder that he would decide on the landing operation eight to fourteen days after the air attack began . On 1 August he issued Directive No. 17 for intensified air and sea warfare , to begin with Adlertag on or after 5 August subject to weather , keeping options open for negotiated peace or blockade and siege . Independent air attack ( edit ) Under the continuing influence of the 1935 `` Conduct of the Air War '' doctrine , the main focus of the Luftwaffe command ( including Göring ) was in concentrating attacks to destroy enemy armed forces on the battlefield , and `` blitzkrieg '' close air support of the army succeeded brilliantly . They reserved strategic bombing for a stalemate situation or revenge attacks , but doubted if this could be decisive on its own and regarded bombing civilians to destroy homes or undermine morale as a waste of strategic effort . The defeat of France in June 1940 introduced the prospect for the first time of independent air action against Britain . A July Fliegercorps I paper asserted that Germany was by definition an air power : `` Its chief weapon against England is the Air Force , then the Navy , followed by the landing forces and the Army . '' In 1940 , the Luftwaffe would undertake a `` strategic offensive ... on its own and independent of the other services '' , according to an April 1944 German account of their military mission . Göring was convinced that strategic bombing could win objectives which were beyond the army and navy , and gain political advantages in the Third Reich for the Luftwaffe and himself . He expected air warfare to decisively force Britain to negotiate , as all in the OKW hoped , and the Luftwaffe took little interest to planning to support an invasion . Opposing forces ( edit ) Main article : Aircraft of the Battle of Britain Further information : RAF Fighter Command Order of Battle 1940 and Luftwaffe Order of Battle August 1940 Further information : List of officially accredited Battle of Britain squadrons The Luftwaffe faced a more capable opponent than any it had previously met : a sizeable , highly coordinated , well - supplied , modern air force . Fighters ( edit ) The Luftwaffe 's Messerschmitt Bf 109E and Bf 110C fought against the RAF 's workhorse Hurricane Mk I and the less numerous Spitfire Mk I ; Hurricanes outnumbered Spitfires in RAF Fighter Command by about 2 : 1 when war broke out . The Bf 109E had a better climb rate and was up to 40 mph faster in level flight than the Rotol ( constant speed propeller ) equipped Hurricane Mk I , depending on altitude . The speed and climb disparity with the original non-Rotol Hurricane was even greater . By mid-1940 , all RAF Spitfire and Hurricane fighter squadrons converted to 100 octane aviation fuel , which allowed their Merlin engines to generate significantly more power and an approximately 30 mph increase in speed at low altitudes through the use of an Emergency Boost Override . In September 1940 , the more powerful Mk IIa series 1 Hurricanes started entering service in small numbers . This version was capable of a maximum speed of 342 mph ( 550 km / h ) , some 20 mph more than the original ( non-Rotol ) Mk I , though it was still 15 to 20 mph slower than a Bf 109 ( depending on altitude ) . Hawker Hurricane R4118 fought in the Battle of Britain . Here it arrives at the 2014 Royal International Air Tattoo , England . X4382 , a late production Spitfire Mk I of 602 Squadron flown by P / O Osgood Hanbury , Westhampnett , September 1940 The performance of the Spitfire over Dunkirk came as a surprise to the Jagdwaffe , although the German pilots retained a strong belief that the 109 was the superior fighter . The British fighters were equipped with eight Browning . 303 ( 7.7 mm ) machine guns , while most Bf 109Es had two 7.92 mm machine guns supplemented by two 20mm cannons . The latter was much more effective than the . 303 ; during the Battle it was not unknown for damaged German bombers to limp home with up to two hundred . 303 hits . At some altitudes , the Bf 109 could outclimb the British fighter . It could also engage in vertical - plane negative - g manoeuvres without the engine cutting out because its DB 601 engine used fuel injection ; this allowed the 109 to dive away from attackers more readily than the carburettor - equipped Merlin . On the other hand , the Bf 109E had a much larger turning circle than its two foes . In general , though , as Alfred Price noted in The Spitfire Story : ... the differences between the Spitfire and the Me 109 in performance and handling were only marginal , and in a combat they were almost always surmounted by tactical considerations of which side had seen the other first , which had the advantage of sun , altitude , numbers , pilot ability , tactical situation , tactical co-ordination , amount of fuel remaining , etc . Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-3 The Bf 109E was also used as a Jabo ( jagdbomber , fighter - bomber ) -- the E-4 / B and E-7 models could carry a 250 kg bomb underneath the fuselage , the later model arriving during the battle . The Bf 109 , unlike the Stuka , could fight on equal terms with RAF fighters after releasing its ordnance . At the start of the battle , the twin - engined Messerschmitt Bf 110C long range Zerstörer ( `` Destroyer '' ) was also expected to engage in air - to - air combat while escorting the Luftwaffe bomber fleet . Although the 110 was faster than the Hurricane and almost as fast as the Spitfire , its lack of manoeuvrability and acceleration meant that it was a failure as a long - range escort fighter . On 13 and 15 August , thirteen and thirty aircraft were lost , the equivalent of an entire Gruppe , and the type 's worst losses during the campaign . This trend continued with a further eight and fifteen lost on 16 and 17 August . The most successful role of the Bf 110 during the battle was as a Schnellbomber ( fast bomber ) . The Bf 110 usually used a shallow dive to bomb the target and escape at high speed . One unit , Erprobungsgruppe 210 -- initially formed as the service test unit ( Erprobungskommando ) for the emerging successor to the 110 , the Me 210 -- proved that the Bf 110 could still be used to good effect in attacking small or `` pinpoint '' targets . Four 264 Squadron Defiants ( PS - V was shot down on 28 August 1940 over Kent by Bf 109s . ) The RAF 's Boulton Paul Defiant had some initial success over Dunkirk because of its resemblance to the Hurricane ; Luftwaffe fighters attacking from the rear were surprised by its unusual gun turret . During the Battle of Britain , it proved hopelessly outclassed . For various reasons , the Defiant lacked any form of forward - firing armament , and the heavy turret and second crewman meant it could not outrun or outmanoeuvre either the Bf 109 or Bf 110 . By the end of August , after disastrous losses , the aircraft was withdrawn from daylight service . Bombers ( edit ) Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain The Luftwaffe 's primary bombers were the Heinkel He 111 , Dornier Do 17 , and Junkers Ju 88 for level bombing at medium to high altitudes , and the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka for dive bombing tactics . The He 111 was used in greater numbers than the others during the conflict , and was better known , partly due to its distinctive wing shape . Each level bomber also had a few reconnaissance versions accompanying them that were used during the battle . Although it had been successful in previous Luftwaffe engagements , the Stuka suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Britain , particularly on 18 August , due to its slow speed and vulnerability to fighter interception after dive bombing a target . As the losses went up along with their limited payload and range , Stuka units were largely removed from operations over England and diverted to concentrate on shipping instead until they were eventually re-deployed to the Eastern Front in 1941 . For some raids , they were called back , such as on 13 September to attack Tangmere airfield . The remaining three bomber types differed in their capabilities ; the Heinkel 111 was the slowest ; the Ju 88 was the fastest once its mainly external bomb load was dropped ; and the Do 17 had the smallest bomb load . All three bomber types suffered heavy losses from the home - based British fighters , but the Ju 88 disproportionately so . The German bombers required constant protection by the Luftwaffe 's fighter force . German escorts were not sufficiently numerous . Bf 109Es were ordered to support more than 300 -- 400 bombers on any given day . Later in the conflict , when night bombing became more frequent , all three were used . Due to its smaller bomb load , the lighter Do 17 was used less than the He 111 and Ju 88 for this purpose . German propaganda photo purporting to show a Spitfire I flying very close to a Dornier 17Z On the British side , three bomber types were mostly used on night operations against targets such as factories , invasion ports and railway centres ; the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley , the Handley - Page Hampden and the Vickers Wellington were classified as heavy bombers by the RAF , although the Hampden was a medium bomber comparable to the He 111 . The twin - engined Bristol Blenheim and the obsolescent single - engined Fairey Battle were both light bombers ; the Blenheim was the most numerous of the aircraft equipping RAF Bomber Command and was used in attacks against shipping , ports , airfields and factories on the continent by day and by night . The Fairey Battle squadrons , which had suffered heavy losses in daylight attacks during the Battle of France , were brought up to strength with reserve aircraft and continued to operate at night in attacks against the invasion ports , until the Battle was withdrawn from UK front line service in October 1940 . Pilots ( edit ) A Spitfire pilot recounts how he shot down a Messerschmitt , Biggin Hill , September 1940 South African Adolph `` Sailor '' Malan led No. 74 Squadron RAF and was , at the time , the RAF 's leading ace , with 27 planes destroyed , 7 shared , 2 unconfirmed , 3 probables and 16 damaged . Before the war , the RAF 's processes for selecting potential candidates were opened to men of all social classes through the creation in 1936 of the RAF Volunteer Reserve , which `` ... was designed to appeal , to ... young men ... without any class distinctions ... '' The older squadrons of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force did retain some of their upper - class exclusiveness , but their numbers were soon swamped by the newcomers of the RAFVR ; by 1 September 1939 , 6,646 pilots had been trained through the RAFVR . By mid-1940 , there were about 9,000 pilots in the RAF to man about 5,000 aircraft , most of which were bombers . Fighter Command was never short of pilots , but the problem of finding sufficient numbers of fully trained fighter pilots became acute by mid-August 1940 . With aircraft production running at 300 planes each week , only 200 pilots were trained in the same period . In addition , more pilots were allocated to squadrons than there were aircraft , as this allowed squadrons to maintain operational strength despite casualties and still provide for pilot leave . Another factor was that only about 30 % of the 9,000 pilots were assigned to operational squadrons ; 20 % of the pilots were involved in conducting pilot training , and a further 20 % were undergoing further instruction , like those offered in Canada and in Southern Rhodesia to the Commonwealth trainees , although already qualified . The rest were assigned to staff positions , since RAF policy dictated that only pilots could make many staff and operational command decisions , even in engineering matters . At the height of fighting , and despite Churchill 's insistence , only 30 pilots were released to the front line from administrative duties . For these reasons , and the permanent loss of 435 pilots during the Battle of France alone along with many more wounded , and others lost in Norway , the RAF had fewer experienced pilots at the start of the initial defence of their home . It was the lack of trained pilots in the fighting squadrons , rather than the lack of aircraft , that became the greatest concern for Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding , Commander of Fighter Command . Drawing from regular RAF forces , the Auxiliary Air Force and the Volunteer Reserve , the British were able to muster some 1,103 fighter pilots on 1 July . Replacement pilots , with little flight training and often no gunnery training , suffered high casualty rates , thus exacerbating the problem . The Luftwaffe , on the other hand , were able to muster a larger number ( 1,450 ) of more experienced fighter pilots . Drawing from a cadre of Spanish Civil War veterans , these pilots already had comprehensive courses in aerial gunnery and instructions in tactics suited for fighter - versus - fighter combat . Training manuals discouraged heroism , stressing the importance of attacking only when the odds were in the pilot 's favour . Despite the high levels of experience , German fighter formations did not provide a sufficient reserve of pilots to allow for losses and leave , and the Luftwaffe was unable to produce enough pilots to prevent a decline in operational strength as the battle progressed . International participation ( edit ) Allies ( edit ) 126 German aircraft or `` Adolfs '' were claimed by Polish pilots of 303 Squadron during the Battle of Britain Main article : Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain About 20 % of pilots who took part in the battle were from non British countries . The Royal Air Force roll of honour for the Battle of Britain recognises 595 non-British pilots ( out of 2,936 ) as flying at least one authorised operational sortie with an eligible unit of the RAF or Fleet Air Arm between 10 July and 31 October 1940 . These included 145 Poles , 127 New Zealanders , 112 Canadians , 88 Czechoslovaks , 10 Irish , 32 Australians , 28 Belgians , 25 South Africans , 13 French , 9 Americans , 3 Southern Rhodesians and one each from Jamaica and Mandatory Palestine . `` Altogether in the fighter battles , the bombing raids , and the various patrols flown between 10 July and 31 October 1940 by the Royal Air Force , 1495 aircrew were killed , of whom 449 were fighter pilots , 718 aircrew from Bomber Command , and 280 from Coastal Command . Among those killed were 47 airmen from Canada , 24 from Australia , 17 from South Africa , 35 from Poland , 20 from Czechoslovakia and six from Belgium . Forty - seven New Zealanders lost their lives , including 15 fighter pilots , 24 bomber and eight coastal aircrew . The names of these Allied and Commonwealth airmen are inscribed in a memorial book which rests in the Battle of Britain Chapel in Westminster Abbey . In the chapel is a stained glass window which contains the badges of the fighter squadrons which operated during the battle and the flags of the nations to which the pilots and aircrew belonged . '' These pilots , some of whom had to flee their home countries because of the Nazi war - machine , fought with great distinction . The No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron for example was not just the highest scoring of the Hurricane squadrons during the Battle of Britain , but also had the highest ratio of enemy aircraft destroyed to their own losses . Axis ( edit ) Main article : Corpo Aereo Italiano An element of the Italian Royal Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica ) called the Italian Air Corps ( Corpo Aereo Italiano or CAI ) first saw action in late October 1940 . It took part in the latter stages of the battle , but achieved limited success . The unit was redeployed in early 1941 . Luftwaffe strategy ( edit ) Hermann Göring , the commander of the Luftwaffe Hugo Sperrle , the commander of Luftflotte 3 The high command 's indecision over which aim to pursue was reflected in shifts in Luftwaffe strategy . Their Air War doctrine of concentrated close air support of the army at the battlefront succeeded in the blitzkrieg offensives against Poland , Denmark and Norway , the Low Countries and France , but incurred significant losses . The Luftwaffe now had to establish or restore bases in the conquered territories , and rebuild their strength . In June 1940 they began regular armed reconnaissance flights and sporadic Störangriffe , nuisance raids of one or a few bombers , both day and night . These gave crews practice in navigation and avoiding air defences , and set off air raid alarms which disturbed civilian morale . Similar nuisance raids continued throughout the battle , into late 1940 . Scattered naval mine -- laying sorties began at the outset , and increased gradually over the battle period . Göring 's operational directive of 30 June ordered destruction of the RAF as a whole , including the aircraft industry , with the aims of ending RAF bombing raids on Germany and facilitating attacks on ports and storage in the Luftwaffe blockade of Britain . Attacks on Channel shipping in the Kanalkampf began on 4 July , and were formalised on 11 July in an order by Hans Jeschonnek which added the arms industry as a target . On 16 July Directive No. 16 ordered preparations for Operation Sea Lion , and on the next day the luftwaffe was ordered to stand by in full readiness . Göring met his air fleet commanders , and on 24 July issued `` Tasks and Goals '' of gaining air supremacy , protecting the army and navy if invasion went ahead , and attacking the Royal Navy 's ships as well as continuing the blockade . Once the RAF had been defeated , Luftwaffe bombers were to move forward beyond London without the need for fighter escort , destroying military and economic targets . At a meeting on 1 August the command reviewed plans produced by each Fliegerkorps with differing proposals for targets including whether to bomb airfields , but failed to focus priorities . Intelligence reports gave Göring the impression that the RAF was almost defeated : the intent was that raids would attract British fighters for the Luftwaffe to shoot down . On 6 August he finalised plans for this `` Operation Eagle Attack '' with Kesselring , Sperle and Stumpff : destruction of RAF Fighter Command across the south of England was to take four days , with lightly escorted small bomber raids leaving the main fighter force free to attack RAF fighters . Bombing of military and economic targets was then to systematically extend up to the Midlands until daylight attacks could proceed unhindered over the whole of Britain . Bombing of London was to be held back while these night time `` destroyer '' attacks proceeded over other urban areas , then in culmination of the campaign a major attack on the capital was intended to cause a crisis when refugees fled London just as the Operation Sea Lion invasion was to begin . With hopes fading for the possibility of invasion , on 4 September Hitler authorised a main focus on day and night attacks on tactical targets with London as the main target , in what the British called the Blitz . With increasing difficulty in defending bombers in day raids , the Luftwaffe shifted to a strategic bombing campaign of night raids aiming to overcome British resistance by damaging infrastructure and food stocks , though intentional terror bombing of civilians was not sanctioned . Regrouping of Luftwaffe in Luftflotten ( edit ) The Luftwaffe was forced to regroup after the Battle of France into three Luftflotten ( Air Fleets ) on Britain 's southern and northern flanks . Luftflotte 2 , commanded by Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , was responsible for the bombing of southeast England and the London area . Luftflotte 3 , under Generalfeldmarschall Hugo Sperrle , targeted the West Country , Wales , the Midlands , and northwest England . Luftflotte 5 , led by Generaloberst Hans - Jürgen Stumpff from his headquarters in Norway , targeted the north of England and Scotland . As the battle progressed , command responsibility shifted , with Luftflotte 3 taking more responsibility for the night - time Blitz attacks while the main daylight operations fell upon Luftflotte 2 's shoulders . Initial Luftwaffe estimates were that it would take four days to defeat the RAF Fighter Command in southern England . This would be followed by a four - week offensive during which the bombers and long - range fighters would destroy all military installations throughout the country and wreck the British aircraft industry . The campaign was planned to begin with attacks on airfields near the coast , gradually moving inland to attack the ring of sector airfields defending London . Later reassessments gave the Luftwaffe five weeks , from 8 August to 15 September , to establish temporary air superiority over England . To achieve this goal , Fighter Command had to be destroyed , either on the ground or in the air , yet the Luftwaffe had to be able to preserve its own strength to be able to support the invasion ; this meant that the Luftwaffe had to maintain a high `` kill ratio '' over the RAF fighters . The only alternative to the goal of air superiority was a terror bombing campaign aimed at the civilian population , but this was considered a last resort and it was ( at this stage of the battle ) expressly forbidden by Hitler . The Luftwaffe kept broadly to this scheme , but its commanders had differences of opinion on strategy . Sperrle wanted to eradicate the air defence infrastructure by bombing it . His counterpart , Kesselring , championed attacking London directly -- either to bombard the British government into submission , or to draw RAF fighters into a decisive battle . Göring did nothing to resolve this disagreement between his commanders , and only vague directives were set down during the initial stages of the battle , with Göring seemingly unable to decide upon which strategy to pursue . He seemed at times obsessed with maintaining his own power base in the Luftwaffe and indulging his outdated beliefs on air fighting , which would later lead to tactical and strategic errors . Tactics ( edit ) Fighter formations ( edit ) Luftwaffe formations employed a loose section of two ( nicknamed the Rotte ( pack ) ) , based on a leader ( Rottenführer ) followed at a distance of about 200 metres by his wingman ( nicknamed the Rottenhund ( pack dog ) or Katschmarek ) , who also flew slightly higher and was trained always to stay with his leader . With more room between them , both pilots could spend less time maintaining formation and more time looking around and covering each other 's blind spots . Attacking aircraft could be sandwiched between the two 109s . The Rotte allowed the Rottenführer to concentrate on getting kills , but few wingmen had the chance , leading to some resentment in the lower ranks where it was felt that the high scores came at their expense . Two sections were usually teamed up into a Schwarm , where all the pilots could watch what was happening around them . Each Schwarm in a Staffel flew at staggered heights and with about 200 metres of room between them , making the formation difficult to spot at longer ranges and allowing for a great deal of flexibility . By using a tight `` cross-over '' turn , a Schwarm could quickly change direction . The Bf 110s adopted the same Schwarm formation as the 109s , but were seldom able to use this to the same advantage . The Bf 110 's most successful method of attack was the `` bounce '' from above . When attacked , Zerstörergruppen increasingly resorted to forming large `` defensive circles '' , where each Bf 110 guarded the tail of the aircraft ahead of it . Göring ordered that they be renamed `` offensive circles '' in a vain bid to improve rapidly declining morale . These conspicuous formations were often successful in attracting RAF fighters that were sometimes `` bounced '' by high - flying Bf 109s . This led to the often repeated misconception that the Bf 110s were escorted by Bf 109s . Higher - level dispositions ( edit ) Luftwaffe tactics were influenced by their fighters . The Bf 110 proved too vulnerable to the nimble single - engined RAF fighters . This meant the bulk of fighter escort duties fell on the Bf 109 . Fighter tactics were then complicated by bomber crews who demanded closer protection . After the hard - fought battles of 15 and 18 August , Göring met with his unit leaders . During this conference , the need for the fighters to meet up on time with the bombers was stressed . It was also decided that one bomber Gruppe could only be properly protected by several Gruppen of 109s . In addition , Göring stipulated that as many fighters as possible were to be left free for Freie Jagd ( `` Free Hunts '' : a free - roving fighter sweep preceded a raid to try to sweep defenders out of the raid 's path ) . The Ju 87 units , which had suffered heavy casualties , were only to be used under favourable circumstances . In early September , due to increasing complaints from the bomber crews about RAF fighters seemingly able to get through the escort screen , Göring ordered an increase in close escort duties . This decision shackled many of the Bf 109s to the bombers and , although they were more successful at protecting the bomber forces , casualties amongst the fighters mounted primarily because they were forced to fly and manoeuvre at reduced speeds . The Luftwaffe consistently varied its tactics in its attempts to break through the RAF defences . It launched many Freie Jagd to draw up RAF fighters . RAF fighter controllers were often able to detect these and position squadrons to avoid them , keeping to Dowding 's plan to preserve fighter strength for the bomber formations . The Luftwaffe also tried using small formations of bombers as bait , covering them with large numbers of escorts . This was more successful , but escort duty tied the fighters to the bombers ' slow speed and made them more vulnerable . Pattern of condensation trails left by British and German aircraft after a dogfight . By September , standard tactics for raids had become an amalgam of techniques . A Freie Jagd would precede the main attack formations . The bombers would fly in at altitudes between 16,000 feet ( 4,900 m ) and 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) , closely escorted by fighters . Escorts were divided into two parts ( usually Gruppen ) , some operating in close contact with the bombers , and others a few hundred yards away and a little above . If the formation was attacked from the starboard , the starboard section engaged the attackers , the top section moving to starboard and the port section to the top position . If the attack came from the port side the system was reversed . British fighters coming from the rear were engaged by the rear section and the two outside sections similarly moving to the rear . If the threat came from above , the top section went into action while the side sections gained height to be able to follow RAF fighters down as they broke away . If attacked , all sections flew in defensive circles . These tactics were skilfully evolved and carried out , and were difficult to counter . Adolf Galland , the successful leader of III. / JG 26 , became Geschwaderkommodore of JG 26 on 22 August Adolf Galland noted : We had the impression that , whatever we did , we were bound to be wrong . Fighter protection for bombers created many problems which had to be solved in action . Bomber pilots preferred close screening in which their formation was surrounded by pairs of fighters pursuing a zigzag course . Obviously , the visible presence of the protective fighters gave the bomber pilots a greater sense of security . However , this was a faulty conclusion , because a fighter can only carry out this purely defensive task by taking the initiative in the offensive . He must never wait until attacked because he then loses the chance of acting . We fighter pilots certainly preferred the free chase during the approach and over the target area . This gives the greatest relief and the best protection for the bomber force . The biggest disadvantage faced by Bf 109 pilots was that without the benefit of long - range drop tanks ( which were introduced in limited numbers in the late stages of the battle ) , usually of 300 litres ( 66 imp gal ; 79 US gal ) capacity , the 109s had an endurance of just over an hour and , for the 109E , a 600 km ( 370 mi ) range . Once over Britain , a 109 pilot had to keep an eye on a red `` low fuel '' light on the instrument panel : once this was illuminated , he was forced to turn back and head for France . With the prospect of two long flights over water , and knowing their range was substantially reduced when escorting bombers or during combat , the Jagdflieger coined the term Kanalkrankheit or `` Channel sickness '' . Intelligence ( edit ) The Luftwaffe was ill - served by its lack of military intelligence about the British defences . The German intelligence services were fractured and plagued by rivalries ; their performance was `` amateurish '' . By 1940 , there were few German agents operating in Great Britain and a handful of bungled attempts to insert spies into the country were foiled . As a result of intercepted radio transmissions , the Germans began to realise that the RAF fighters were being controlled from ground facilities ; in July and August 1939 , for example , the airship Graf Zeppelin , which was packed with equipment for listening in on RAF radio and RDF transmissions , flew around the coasts of Britain . Although the Luftwaffe correctly interpreted these new ground control procedures , they were incorrectly assessed as being rigid and ineffectual . A British radar system was well known to the Luftwaffe from intelligence gathered before the war , but the highly developed `` Dowding system '' linked with fighter control had been a well - kept secret . Even when good information existed , such as a November 1939 Abwehr assessment of Fighter Command strengths and capabilities by Abteilung V , it was ignored if it did not match conventional preconceptions . On 16 July 1940 , Abteilung V , commanded by Oberstleutnant `` Beppo '' Schmid , produced a report on the RAF and on Britain 's defensive capabilities which was adopted by the frontline commanders as a basis for their operational plans . One of the most conspicuous failures of the report was the lack of information on the RAF 's RDF network and control systems capabilities ; it was assumed that the system was rigid and inflexible , with the RAF fighters being `` tied '' to their home bases . An optimistic and , as it turned out , erroneous conclusion reached was : D. Supply Situation ... At present the British aircraft industry produces about 180 to 300 first line fighters and 140 first line bombers a month . In view of the present conditions relating to production ( the appearance of raw material difficulties , the disruption or breakdown of production at factories owing to air attacks , the increased vulnerability to air attack owing to the fundamental reorganisation of the aircraft industry now in progress ) , it is believed that for the time being output will decrease rather than increase . In the event of an intensification of air warfare it is expected that the present strength of the RAF will fall , and this decline will be aggravated by the continued decrease in production . Because of this statement , reinforced by another more detailed report , issued on 10 August , there was a mindset in the ranks of the Luftwaffe that the RAF would run out of frontline fighters . The Luftwaffe believed it was weakening Fighter Command at three times the actual attrition rate . Many times , the leadership believed Fighter Command 's strength had collapsed , only to discover that the RAF were able to send up defensive formations at will . Throughout the battle , the Luftwaffe had to use numerous reconnaissance sorties to make up for the poor intelligence . Reconnaissance aircraft ( initially mostly Dornier Do 17s , but increasingly Bf 110s ) proved easy prey for British fighters , as it was seldom possible for them to be escorted by Bf 109s . Thus , the Luftwaffe operated `` blind '' for much of the battle , unsure of its enemy 's true strengths , capabilities , and deployments . Many of the Fighter Command airfields were never attacked , while raids against supposed fighter airfields fell instead on bomber or coastal defence stations . The results of bombing and air fighting were consistently exaggerated , due to inaccurate claims , over-enthusiastic reports and the difficulty of confirmation over enemy territory . In the euphoric atmosphere of perceived victory , the Luftwaffe leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality . This lack of leadership and solid intelligence meant the Germans did not adopt consistent strategy , even when the RAF had its back to the wall . Moreover , there was never a systematic focus on one type of target ( such as airbases , radar stations , or aircraft factories ) ; consequently , the already haphazard effort was further diluted . Navigational aids ( edit ) While the British were using radar for air defence more effectively than the Germans realised , the Luftwaffe attempted to press its own offensive with advanced radio navigation systems of which the British were initially not aware . One of these was Knickebein ( `` bent leg '' ) ; this system was used at night and for raids where precision was required . It was rarely used during the Battle of Britain . Air - sea rescue ( edit ) The Luftwaffe was much better prepared for the task of air - sea rescue than the RAF , specifically tasking the Seenotdienst unit , equipped with about 30 Heinkel He 59 floatplanes , with picking up downed aircrew from the North Sea , English Channel and the Dover Straits . In addition , Luftwaffe aircraft were equipped with life rafts and the aircrew were provided with sachets of a chemical called fluorescein which , on reacting with water , created a large , easy - to - see , bright green patch . In accordance with the Geneva Convention , the He 59s were unarmed and painted white with civilian registration markings and red crosses . Nevertheless , RAF aircraft attacked these aircraft , as some were escorted by Bf 109s . After single He 59s were forced to land on the sea by RAF fighters , on 1 and 9 July respectively , a controversial order was issued to the RAF on 13 July ; this stated that from 20 July , Seenotdienst aircraft were to be shot down . One of the reasons given by Churchill was : We did not recognise this means of rescuing enemy pilots so they could come and bomb our civil population again ... all German air ambulances were forced down or shot down by our fighters on definite orders approved by the War Cabinet . The British also believed that their crews would report on convoys , the Air Ministry issuing a communiqué to the German government on 14 July that Britain was unable , however , to grant immunity to such aircraft flying over areas in which operations are in progress on land or at sea , or approaching British or Allied territory , or territory in British occupation , or British or Allied ships . Ambulance aircraft which do not comply with the above will do so at their own risk and peril The white He 59s were soon repainted in camouflage colours and armed with defensive machine guns . Although another four He 59s were shot down by RAF aircraft , the Seenotdienst continued to pick up downed Luftwaffe and Allied aircrew throughout the battle , earning praise from Adolf Galland for their bravery . RAF strategy ( edit ) Commander - in - Chief , Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding 10 Group Commander , Sir Quintin Brand 11 Group Commander , Keith Park 12 Group Commander , Trafford Leigh - Mallory 13 Group Commander , Richard Saul The Dowding system ( edit ) Main article : Dowding system Chain Home radar cover During early tests of the Chain Home system , the slow flow of information from the CH radars and observers to the aircraft often caused them to miss their `` bandits '' . The solution , today known as the `` Dowding system '' , was to create a set of reporting chains to move information from the various observation points to the pilots in their fighters . It was named after its chief architect , `` Stuffy '' Dowding . Reports from CH radars and the Observer Corps were sent directly to Fighter Command Headquarters ( FCHQ ) at Bentley Priory where they were `` filtered '' to combine multiple reports of the same formations into single tracks . Telephone operators would then forward only the information of interest to the Group headquarters , where the map would be re-created . This process was repeated to produce another version of the map at the Sector level , covering a much smaller area . Looking over their maps , Group level commanders could select squadrons to attack particular targets . From that point the Sector operators would give commands to the fighters to arrange an interception , as well as return them to base . Sector stations also controlled the anti-aircraft batteries in their area ; an army officer sat beside each fighter controller and directed the gun crews when to open and cease fire . The Dowding system dramatically improved the speed and accuracy of the information that flowed to the pilots . During the early war period it was expected that an average interception mission might have a 30 % chance of ever seeing their target . During the battle , the Dowding system maintained an average rate over 75 % , with several examples of 100 % rates -- every fighter dispatched found and intercepted its target . In contrast , Luftwaffe fighters attempting to intercept raids had to randomly seek their targets and often returned home having never seen enemy aircraft . The result is what is now known as an example of `` force multiplication '' ; RAF fighters were as effective as two or more Luftwaffe fighters , greatly offsetting , or overturning , the disparity in actual numbers . Intelligence ( edit ) RAF and Luftwaffe bases , group and Luftflotte boundaries , and range of Luftwaffe Bf 109 fighters . Southern part of British radar coverage : radar in North of Scotland not shown . While Luftwaffe intelligence reports underestimated British fighter forces and aircraft production , the British intelligence estimates went the other way : they overestimated German aircraft production , numbers and range of aircraft available , and numbers of Luftwaffe pilots . In action , the Luftwaffe believed from their pilot claims and the impression given by aerial reconnaissance that the RAF was close to defeat , and the British made strenuous efforts to overcome the perceived advantages held by their opponents . It is unclear how much the British intercepts of the Enigma cipher , used for high - security German radio communications , affected the battle . Ultra , the information obtained from Enigma intercepts , gave the highest echelons of the British command a view of German intentions . According to F.W. Winterbotham , who was the senior Air Staff representative in the Secret Intelligence Service , Ultra helped establish the strength and composition of the Luftwaffe 's formations , the aims of the commanders and provided early warning of some raids . In early August it was decided that a small unit would be set up at FCHQ , which would process the flow of information from Bletchley and provide Dowding only with the most essential Ultra material ; thus the Air Ministry did not have to send a continual flow of information to FCHQ , preserving secrecy , and Dowding was not inundated with non-essential information . Keith Park and his controllers were also told about Ultra . In a further attempt to camouflage the existence of Ultra , Dowding created a unit named No. 421 ( Reconnaissance ) Flight RAF . This unit ( which later became No. 91 Squadron RAF ) , was equipped with Hurricanes and Spitfires and sent out aircraft to search for and report Luftwaffe formations approaching England . In addition the radio listening service ( known as Y Service ) , monitoring the patterns of Luftwaffe radio traffic contributed considerably to the early warning of raids . Air - sea rescue ( edit ) Main article : Royal Air Force Marine Branch One of the biggest oversights of the entire system was the lack of adequate air - sea rescue organisation . The RAF had started organising a system in 1940 with High Speed Launches ( HSLs ) based on flying boat bases and at some overseas locations , but it was still believed that the amount of cross-Channel traffic meant that there was no need for a rescue service to cover these areas . Downed pilots and aircrew , it was hoped , would be picked up by any boats or ships which happened to be passing by . Otherwise the local life boat would be alerted , assuming someone had seen the pilot going into the water . RAF aircrew were issued with a life jacket , nicknamed the `` Mae West , '' but in 1940 it still required manual inflation , which was almost impossible for someone who was injured or in shock . The waters of the English Channel and Dover Straits are cold , even in the middle of summer , and clothing issued to RAF aircrew did little to insulate them against these freezing conditions . The RAF also imitated the German practice of issuing fluorescein . A conference in 1939 had placed air - sea rescue under Coastal Command . Because pilots had been lost at sea during the `` Channel Battle '' , on 22 August , control of RAF rescue launches was passed to the local naval authorities and 12 Lysanders were given to Fighter Command to help look for pilots at sea . In all some 200 pilots and aircrew were lost at sea during the battle . No proper air - sea rescue service was formed until 1941 . Tactics ( edit ) X4474 , a late production Mk I Spitfire of 19 Squadron , September 1940 . During the battle 19 Squadron was part of the Duxford Wing Fighter formations ( edit ) In the late 1930s , Fighter Command expected to face only bombers over Britain , not single - engined fighters . A series of `` Fighting Area Tactics '' were formulated and rigidly adhered to , involving a series of manoeuvres designed to concentrate a squadron 's firepower to bring down bombers . RAF fighters flew in tight , v - shaped sections ( `` vics '' ) of three aircraft , with four such `` sections '' in tight formation . Only the squadron leader at the front was free to watch for the enemy ; the other pilots had to concentrate on keeping station . Training also emphasised by - the - book attacks by sections breaking away in sequence . Fighter Command recognised the weaknesses of this structure early in the battle , but it was felt too risky to change tactics during the battle , because replacement pilots -- often with only minimal flying time -- could not be readily retrained , and inexperienced pilots needed firm leadership in the air only rigid formations could provide . German pilots dubbed the RAF formations Idiotenreihen ( `` rows of idiots '' ) because they left squadrons vulnerable to attack . Front line RAF pilots were acutely aware of the inherent deficiencies of their own tactics . A compromise was adopted whereby squadron formations used much looser formations with one or two `` weavers '' flying independently above and behind to provide increased observation and rear protection ; these tended to be the least experienced men and were often the first to be shot down without the other pilots even noticing that they were under attack . During the battle , 74 Squadron under Squadron Leader Adolph `` Sailor '' Malan adopted a variation of the German formation called the `` fours in line astern '' , which was a vast improvement on the old three aircraft `` vic '' . Malan 's formation was later generally used by Fighter Command . Squadron - and higher - level deployment ( edit ) The weight of the battle fell upon 11 Group . Keith Park 's tactics were to dispatch individual squadrons to intercept raids . The intention was to subject incoming bombers to continual attacks by relatively small numbers of fighters and try to break up the tight German formations . Once formations had fallen apart , stragglers could be picked off one by one . Where multiple squadrons reached a raid the procedure was for the slower Hurricanes to tackle the bombers while the more agile Spitfires held up the fighter escort . This ideal was not always achieved , resulting in occasions when Spitfires and Hurricanes reversed roles . Park also issued instructions to his units to engage in frontal attacks against the bombers , which were more vulnerable to such attacks . Again , in the environment of fast moving , three - dimensional air battles , few RAF fighter units were able to attack the bombers from head - on . During the battle , some commanders , notably Leigh - Mallory , proposed squadrons be formed into `` Big Wings , '' consisting of at least three squadrons , to attack the enemy en masse , a method pioneered by Douglas Bader . Douglas Bader commanded 242 Squadron during the battle . He also led the Duxford Wing . Proponents of this tactic claimed interceptions in large numbers caused greater enemy losses while reducing their own casualties . Opponents pointed out the big wings would take too long to form up , and the strategy ran a greater risk of fighters being caught on the ground refuelling . The big wing idea also caused pilots to overclaim their kills , due to the confusion of a more intense battle zone . This led to the belief big wings were far more effective than they were . The issue caused intense friction between Park and Leigh - Mallory , as 12 Group was tasked with protecting 11 Group 's airfields whilst Park 's squadrons intercepted incoming raids . The delay in forming up Big Wings meant the formations often did not arrive at all or until after German bombers had hit 11 Group 's airfields . Dowding , to highlight the problem of the Big Wing 's performance , submitted a report compiled by Park to the Air Ministry on 15 November . In the report , he highlighted that during the period of 11 September -- 31 October , the extensive use of the Big Wing had resulted in just 10 interceptions and one German aircraft destroyed , but his report was ignored . Post-war analysis agrees Dowding and Park 's approach was best for 11 Group . Dowding 's removal from his post in November 1940 has been blamed on this struggle between Park and Leigh - Mallory 's daylight strategy . The intensive raids and destruction wrought during the Blitz damaged both Dowding and Park in particular , for the failure to produce an effective night - fighter defence system , something for which the influential Leigh - Mallory had long criticised them . Bomber and coastal Command contributions ( edit ) A Bristol Blenheim Mk IV of 21 Squadron Bomber Command and Coastal Command aircraft flew offensive sorties against targets in Germany and France during the battle . An hour after the declaration of war , Bomber Command launched raids on warships and naval ports by day , and in night raids dropped leaflets as it was considered illegal to bomb targets which could affect civilians . After the initial disasters of the war , with Vickers Wellington bombers shot down in large numbers attacking Wilhelmshaven and the slaughter of the Fairey Battle squadrons sent to France , it became clear that they would have to operate mainly at night to avoid incurring very high losses . Churchill came to power on 10 May 1940 , and night raids on German towns began with the bombing of Mönchen - Gladbach on the night of 11 May . The War Cabinet on 12 May agreed that German actions justified `` unrestricted warfare '' , and on 14 May they authorised an attack on the night of 14 / 15 May against oil and rail targets in Germany . At the urging of Clement Attlee , the Cabinet on 15 May authorised a full bombing strategy against `` suitable military objectives '' , even where there could be civilian casualties . That evening , a night time bomber campaign began against the German oil industry , communications , and forests / crops , mainly in the Ruhr area . The RAF lacked accurate night navigation , and carried small bomb loads . As the threat mounted , Bomber Command changed targeting priority on 3 June 1940 to attack the German aircraft industry . On 4 July , the Air Ministry gave Bomber Command orders to attack ports and shipping . By September , the build - up of invasion barges in the Channel ports had become a top priority target . On 7 September , the government issued a warning that the invasion could be expected within the next few days and , that night , Bomber Command attacked the Channel ports and supply dumps . On 13 September , they carried out another large raid on the Channel ports , sinking 80 large barges in the port of Ostend. 84 barges were sunk in Dunkirk after another raid on 17 September and by 19 September , almost 200 barges had been sunk . The loss of these barges may have contributed to Hitler 's decision to postpone Operation Sea Lion indefinitely . The success of these raids was in part because the Germans had few Freya radar stations set up in France , so that air defences of the French harbours were not nearly as good as the air defences over Germany ; Bomber Command had directed some 60 % of its strength against the Channel ports . Wellington crews studying maps at a briefing with the station commander , September 1940 The Bristol Blenheim units also raided German - occupied airfields throughout July to December 1940 , both during daylight hours and at night . Although most of these raids were unproductive , there were some successes ; on 1 August , five out of twelve Blenheims sent to attack Haamstede and Evere ( Brussels ) were able to destroy or heavily damage three Bf 109s of II. / JG 27 and apparently kill a Staffelkapitän identified as a Hauptmann Albrecht von Ankum - Frank . Two other 109s were claimed by Blenheim gunners . Another successful raid on Haamstede was made by a single Blenheim on 7 August which destroyed one 109 of 4. / JG 54 , heavily damaged another and caused lighter damage to four more . German invasion barges waiting at Boulogne Harbour , France during the Battle of Britain There were some missions which produced an almost 100 % casualty rate amongst the Blenheims ; one such operation was mounted on 13 August 1940 against a Luftwaffe airfield near Aalborg in north - eastern Denmark by 12 aircraft of 82 Squadron . One Blenheim returned early ( the pilot was later charged and due to appear before a court martial , but was killed on another operation ) ; the other eleven , which reached Denmark , were shot down , five by flak and six by Bf 109s . Of the 33 crewmen who took part in the attack , 20 were killed and 13 captured . As well as the bombing operations , Blenheim - equipped units had been formed to carry out long - range strategic reconnaissance missions over Germany and German - occupied territories . In this role , the Blenheims again proved to be too slow and vulnerable against Luftwaffe fighters , and they took constant casualties . Coastal Command directed its attention towards the protection of British shipping , and the destruction of enemy shipping . As invasion became more likely , it participated in the strikes on French harbours and airfields , laying mines , and mounting numerous reconnaissance missions over the enemy - held coast . In all , some 9,180 sorties were flown by bombers from July to October 1940 . Although this was much less than the 80,000 sorties flown by fighters , bomber crews suffered about half the total casualties borne by their fighter colleagues . The bomber contribution was , therefore , much more dangerous on a loss - per - sortie comparison . Bomber , reconnaissance , and antisubmarine patrol operations continued throughout these months with little respite and none of the publicity accorded to Fighter Command . In his famous 20 August speech about `` The Few '' , praising Fighter Command , Churchill also made a point of mentioning Bomber Command 's contribution , adding that bombers were even then striking back at Germany ; this part of the speech is often overlooked , even today . The Battle of Britain Chapel in Westminster Abbey lists in a roll of honour , 718 Bomber Command crew members , and 280 from Coastal Command who were killed between 10 July and 31 October . Bomber and Coastal Command attacks against invasion barge concentrations in Channel ports were widely reported by the British media during September and October 1940 . In what became known as ' the Battle of the Barges ' RAF attacks were claimed in British propaganda to have sunk large numbers of barges , and to have created widespread chaos and disruption to German invasion preparations . Given the volume of British propaganda interest in these bomber attacks during September and earlier October , it is striking how quickly this was overlooked once the Battle of Britain had been concluded . Even by mid-war the bomber pilots ' efforts had been largely eclipsed by a continuing focus on the Few , this a result of the Air Ministry 's continuing valorisation of the '' fighter boys '' , beginning with the March 1941 Battle of Britain propaganda pamphlet . Phases of the Battle ( edit ) German Heinkel He 111 bombers over the English Channel 1940 The battle covered a shifting geographical area , and there have been differing opinions on significant dates : when the Air Ministry proposed 8 August as the start , Dowding responded that operations `` merged into one another almost insensibly '' , and proposed 10 July as the onset of increased attacks . With the caution that phases drifted into each other and dates are not firm , the Royal Air Force Museum states that five main phases can be identified : 26 June -- 16 July : Störangriffe ( `` nuisance raids '' ) , scattered small scale probing attacks both day and night , armed reconnaissance and mine - laying sorties . From 4 July , daylight Kanalkampf ( `` the Channel battles '' ) against shipping . 17 July -- 12 August : daylight Kanalkampf attacks on shipping intensify through this period , increased attacks on ports and coastal airfields , night raids on RAF and aircraft manufacturing . 13 August -- 6 September : Adlerangriff ( `` Eagle Attack '' ) , the main assault ; attempt to destroy the RAF in southern England , including massive daylight attacks on RAF airfields , followed from 19 August by heavy night bombing of ports and industrial cities , including suburbs of London . 7 September -- 2 October : the Blitz commences , main focus day and night attacks on London . 3 -- 31 October : large scale night bombing raids , mostly on London ; daylight attacks now confined to small scale fighter - bomber Störangriffe raids luring RAF fighters into dogfights . Small scale raids ( edit ) The RAF night bombing campaign against military objectives in German towns began on 11 May . The small forces available were given ambitious objectives , but lacked night navigation capability and their isolated inaccurate attacks were thought by the Germans to be intended to terrorise civilians . From 4 July the RAF achieved some successes with raids on Channel ports , anticipating the build up for an invasion . Following Germany 's rapid territorial gains in the Battle of France , the Luftwaffe had to reorganise its forces , set up bases along the coast , and rebuild after heavy losses . It began small scale bombing raids on Britain on the night of 5 / 6 June , and continued sporadic attacks throughout June and July . The first large - scale attack was at night , on 18 / 19 June , when small raids scattered between Yorkshire and Kent involved in total 100 bombers . These Störangriffe ( `` nuisance raids '' ) which involved only a few aeroplanes , sometimes just one , were used to train bomber crews in both day and night attacks , to test defences and try out methods , with most flights at night . They found that , rather than carrying small numbers of large high explosive bombs , it was more effective to use more small bombs , similarly incendiaries had to cover a large area to set effective fires . These training flights continued through August and into the first week of September . Against this , the raids also gave the British time to assess the German tactics , and invaluable time for the RAF fighters and anti-aircraft defences to prepare and gain practice . Interior of RAF Fighter Command 's Sector ' G ' Operations Room at Duxford , 1940 The attacks were widespread : over the night of 30 June alarms were set off in 20 counties by just 20 bombers , then next day the first daylight raids occurred during 1 July , on both Hull in Yorkshire and Wick , Caithness . On 3 July most flights were reconnaissance sorties , but 15 civilians were killed when bombs hit Guildford in Surrey . Numerous small Störangriffe raids , both day and night , were made daily through August , September and into the winter , with aims including bringing RAF fighters up to battle , destruction of specific military and economic targets , and setting off air - raid warnings to affect civilian morale : four major air - raids in August involved hundreds of bombers , in the same month 1,062 small raids were made , spread across the whole of Britain . Channel battles ( edit ) The Kanalkampf comprised a series of running fights over convoys in the English Channel . It was launched partly because Kesselring and Sperrle were not sure about what else to do , and partly because it gave German aircrews some training and a chance to probe the British defences . Dowding could provide only minimal shipping protection , and these battles off the coast tended to favour the Germans , whose bomber escorts had the advantage of altitude and outnumbered the RAF fighters . From 9 July reconnaissance probing by Dornier Do 17 bombers put a severe strain on RAF pilots and machines , with high RAF losses to Bf 109s . When nine 141 Squadron Defiants went into action on 19 July six were lost to Bf 109s before a squadron of Hurricanes intervened . On 25 July a coal convoy and escorting destroyers suffered such heavy losses to attacks by Stuka dive bombers that the Admiralty decided convoys should travel at night : the RAF shot down 16 raiders but lost 7 aircraft . By 8 August 18 coal ships and 4 destroyers had been sunk , but the Navy was determined to send a convoy of 20 ships through rather than move the coal by railway . After repeated Stuka attacks that day , six ships were badly damaged , four were sunk and only four reached their destination . The RAF lost 19 fighters and shot down 31 German aircraft . The Navy now cancelled all further convoys through the Channel and sent the cargo by rail . Even so , these early combat encounters provided both sides with experience . Main assault ( edit ) The main attack upon the RAF 's defences was code - named Adlerangriff ( `` Eagle Attack '' ) . Intelligence reports gave Göring the impression that the RAF was almost defeated , and raids would attract British fighters for the Luftwaffe to shoot down . The strategy agreed on 6 August was to destroy RAF Fighter Command across the south of England in four days , then bombing of military and economic targets was to systematically extend up to the Midlands until daylight attacks could proceed unhindered over the whole of Britain , culminating in a major bombing attack on London . Assault on RAF : radar and airfields ( edit ) East Coast Chain Home radar station Poor weather delayed Adlertag ( `` Eagle Day '' ) until 13 August 1940 . On 12 August , the first attempt was made to blind the Dowding system , when aircraft from the specialist fighter - bomber unit Erprobungsgruppe 210 attacked four radar stations . Three were briefly taken off the air but were back working within six hours . The raids appeared to show that British radars were difficult to knock out . The failure to mount follow - up attacks allowed the RAF to get the stations back on the air , and the Luftwaffe neglected strikes on the supporting infrastructure , such as phone lines and power stations , which could have rendered the radars useless , even if the towers themselves ( which were very difficult to destroy ) remained intact . Adlertag opened with a series of attacks , led again by Erpro 210 , on coastal airfields used as forward landing grounds for the RAF fighters , as well as ' satellite airfields ' ( including Manston and Hawkinge ) . As the week drew on , the airfield attacks moved further inland , and repeated raids were made on the radar chain . 15 August was `` The Greatest Day '' when the Luftwaffe mounted the largest number of sorties of the campaign . Luftflotte 5 attacked the north of England . Believing Fighter Command strength to be concentrated in the south , raiding forces from Denmark and Norway ran into unexpectedly strong resistance . Inadequately escorted by Bf 110s , bombers were shot down in large numbers . North East England was attacked by 65 Heinkel 111s escorted by 34 Messerschmitt 110s , and RAF Great Driffield was attacked by 50 unescorted Junkers 88s . Out of 115 bombers and 35 fighters sent , 75 planes were destroyed and many others damaged beyond repair . Furthermore , due to early engagement by RAF fighters many of the bombers dropped their payloads ineffectively early . As a result of these casualties , Luftflotte 5 did not appear in strength again in the campaign . Czechoslovak fighter pilots of No. 310 Squadron RAF at RAF Duxford in 1940 18 August , which had the greatest number of casualties to both sides , has been dubbed `` The Hardest Day '' . Following this grinding battle , exhaustion and the weather reduced operations for most of a week , allowing the Luftwaffe to review their performance . `` The Hardest Day '' had sounded the end for the Ju 87 in the campaign . This veteran of Blitzkrieg was too vulnerable to fighters to operate over Britain . So as to preserve the Stuka force , Göring withdrew them from the fighting . This removed the main Luftwaffe precision - bombing weapon and shifted the burden of pinpoint attacks on the already - stretched Erpro 210 . The Bf 110 proved too clumsy for dogfighting with single - engined fighters , and its participation was scaled back . It would be used only when range required it or when sufficient single - engined escort could not be provided for the bombers . Pilots of No. 19 Squadron RAF relax in the crew room at RAF Fowlmere , 1940 Göring made yet another important decision : to order more bomber escorts at the expense of free - hunting sweeps . To achieve this , the weight of the attack now fell on Luftflotte 2 , and the bulk of the Bf 109s in Luftflotte 3 were transferred to Kesselring 's command , reinforcing the fighter bases in the Pas - de-Calais . Stripped of its fighters , Luftflotte 3 would concentrate on the night bombing campaign . Göring , expressing disappointment with the fighter performance thus far in the campaign , also made sweeping changes in the command structure of the fighter units , replacing many Geschwaderkommodore with younger , more aggressive pilots like Adolf Galland and Werner Mölders . Finally , Göring stopped the attacks on the radar chain . These were seen as unsuccessful , and neither the Reichsmarschall nor his subordinates realised how vital the Chain Home stations were to the defence systems . It was known that radar provided some early warning of raids , but the belief among German fighter pilots was that anything bringing up the `` Tommies '' to fight was to be encouraged . Raids on British cities ( edit ) On the afternoon of 15 August , Hauptmann Walter Rubensdörffer leading Erprobungsgruppe 210 mistakenly bombed Croydon airfield ( on the outskirts of London ) instead of the intended target , RAF Kenley . German intelligence reports made the Luftwaffe optimistic that the RAF , thought to be dependent on local air control , was struggling with supply problems and pilot losses . After a major raid attacking Biggin Hill on 18 August , Luftwaffe aircrew said they had been unopposed , the airfield was `` completely destroyed '' , and asked `` Is England already finished ? '' In accordance with the strategy agreed on 6 August , defeat of the RAF was to be followed by bombing military and economic targets , systematically extending up to the Midlands . Göring ordered attacks on aircraft factories on 19 August 1940 . Sixty raids on the night of 19 / 20 August targeted the aircraft industry and harbours , and bombs fell on suburban areas around London : Croydon , Wimbledon and the Maldens . Night raids were made on 21 / 22 August on Aberdeen , Bristol and South Wales . That morning , bombs were dropped on Harrow and Wealdstone , on the outskirts of London . Overnight on 22 / 23 August , the output of an aircraft factory at Filton near Bristol was drastically affected by a raid in which Ju88 bombers released over 16 tons of high explosive bombs . On the night of 23 / 24 August over 200 bombers attacked the Fort Dunlop tyre factory in Birmingham , with a significant effect on production . A sustained bombing campaign began on 24 August with the largest raid so far , killing 100 in Portsmouth , and that night , several areas of London were bombed ; the East End was set ablaze and bombs landed on central London . Some historians believe that these bombs were dropped accidentally by a group of Heinkel He 111s which had failed to find their target ; this account has been contested . More night raids were made around London on 24 / 25 August , when bombs fell on Croydon , Banstead , Lewisham , Uxbridge , Harrow and Hayes . London was on red alert over the night of 28 / 29 August , with bombs reported in Finchley , St Pancras , Wembley , Wood Green , Southgate , Old Kent Road , Mill Hill , Ilford , Chigwell and Hendon . Attacks on airfields from 24 August ( edit ) Polish 303 squadron pilots , 1940 . Left to right : P / O Ferić , Flt Lt Kent , F / O Grzeszczak , P / O Radomski , P / O Zumbach , P / O Łokuciewski , F / O Henneberg , Sgt . Rogowski , Sgt . Szaposznikow . Göring 's directive issued on 23 August 1940 ordered ceaseless attacks on the aircraft industry and on RAF ground organisation to force the RAF to use its fighters , continuing the tactic of luring them up to be destroyed , and added that focussed attacks were to be made on RAF airfields . From 24 August onwards , the battle was a fight between Kesselring 's Luftflotte 2 and Park 's 11 Group . The Luftwaffe concentrated all their strength on knocking out Fighter Command and made repeated attacks on the airfields . Of the 33 heavy attacks in the following two weeks , 24 were against airfields . The key sector stations were hit repeatedly : Biggin Hill and Hornchurch four times each ; Debden and North Weald twice each . Croydon , Gravesend , Rochford , Hawkinge and Manston were also attacked in strength . Coastal Command 's Eastchurch was bombed at least seven times because it was believed to be a Fighter Command aerodrome . At times these raids caused some damage to the sector stations , threatening the integrity of the Dowding system . To offset some losses , some 58 Fleet Air Arm fighter pilot volunteers were seconded to RAF squadrons , and a similar number of former Fairey Battle pilots were used . Most replacements from Operational Training Units ( OTUs ) had as little as nine hours flying time and no gunnery or air - to - air combat training . At this point , the multinational nature of Fighter Command came to the fore . Many squadrons and personnel from the air forces of the Dominions were already attached to the RAF , including top level commanders -- Australians , Canadians , New Zealanders , Rhodesians and South Africans . In addition , there were other nationalities represented , including Free French , Belgian and a Jewish pilot from the British mandate of Palestine . They were bolstered by the arrival of fresh Czechoslovak and Polish squadrons . These had been held back by Dowding , who mistakenly thought non-English speaking aircrew would have trouble working within his control system : Polish and Czech fliers proved to be especially effective . The pre-war Polish Air Force had lengthy and extensive training , and high standards ; with Poland conquered and under brutal German occupation , the pilots of No. 303 ( Polish ) Squadron , the highest - scoring Allied unit , were strongly motivated . Josef František , a Czech regular airman who had flown from the occupation of his own country to join the Polish and then French air forces before arriving in Britain , flew as a guest of 303 Squadron and was ultimately credited with the highest `` RAF score '' in the Battle of Britain . The RAF had the advantage of fighting over home territory . Pilots who bailed out of their downed aircraft could be back at their airfields within hours , while if low on fuel and / or ammunition they could be immediately rearmed . One RAF pilot interviewed in late 1940 had been shot down five times during the Battle of Britain , but was able to crash land in Britain or bail out each time . For Luftwaffe aircrews , a bailout over England meant capture -- in the critical August period , almost exactly as many Luftwaffe pilots were taken prisoner as were killed -- while parachuting into the English Channel often meant drowning or death from exposure . Morale began to suffer , and ( Kanalkrankheit ) ( `` Channel sickness '' ) -- a form of combat fatigue -- began to appear among the German pilots . Their replacement problem became even worse than the British . Assessment of attempt to destroy the RAF ( edit ) The effect of the German attacks on airfields is unclear . According to Stephen Bungay , Dowding , in a letter to Hugh Trenchard accompanying Park 's report on the period 8 August -- 10 September 1940 , states that the Luftwaffe `` achieved very little '' in the last week of August and the first week of September . The only Sector Station to be shut down operationally was Biggin Hill , and it was non-operational for just two hours . Dowding admitted 11 Group 's efficiency was impaired but , despite serious damage to some airfields , only two out of 13 heavily attacked airfields were down for more than a few hours . The German refocus on London was not critical . Retired air marshal Peter Dye , head of the RAF Museum , discussed the logistics of the battle in 2000 and 2010 , dealing specifically with the single - seat fighters . Dye contends that not only was British aircraft production replacing aircraft , but replacement pilots were keeping pace with losses . The number of pilots in RAF Fighter Command increased during July , August and September . The figures indicate the number of pilots available never decreased : from July , 1,200 were available , and from 1 August , 1,400 were available . Just over that number were in the field by September . In October the figure was nearly 1,600 . By 1 November 1,800 were available . Throughout the battle , the RAF had more fighter pilots available than the Luftwaffe . Although the RAF 's reserves of single seat fighters fell during July , the wastage was made up for by an efficient Civilian Repair Organisation ( CRO ) , which by December had repaired and put back into service some 4,955 aircraft , and by aircraft held at Air Servicing Unit ( ASU ) airfields . Pilots of No. 66 Squadron at Gravesend , September 1940 Richard Overy agrees with Dye and Bungay . Overy asserts only one airfield was temporarily put out of action and `` only '' 103 pilots were lost . British fighter production produced 496 new aircraft in July and 467 in August , and another 467 in September ( not counting repaired aircraft ) , covering the losses of August and September . Overy indicates the number of serviceable and total strength returns reveal an increase in fighters from 3 August to 7 September , 1,061 on strength and 708 serviceable to 1,161 on strength and 746 serviceable . Moreover , Overy points out that the number of RAF fighter pilots grew by one - third between June and August 1940 . Personnel records show a constant supply of around 1,400 pilots in the crucial weeks of the battle . In the second half of September it reached 1,500 . The shortfall of pilots was never above 10 % . The Germans never had more than between 1,100 and 1,200 pilots , a deficiency of up to one - third . `` If Fighter Command were ' the few ' , the German fighter pilots were fewer '' . Other scholars assert that this period was the most dangerous of all . In The Narrow Margin , published in 1961 , historians Derek Wood and Derek Dempster believed that the two weeks from 24 August to 6 September represented a real danger . According to them , from 24 August to 6 September 295 fighters had been totally destroyed and 171 badly damaged , against a total output of 269 new and repaired Spitfires and Hurricanes . They assert that 103 pilots were killed or missing and 128 were wounded , which represented a total wastage of 120 pilots per week out of a fighting strength of just fewer than 1,000 . They conclude that during August no more than 260 fighter pilots were turned out by OTUs and casualties in the same month were just over 300 . A full squadron establishment was 26 pilots whereas the average in August was 16 . In their assessment , the RAF was losing the battle . Denis Richards , in his 1953 contribution to the official British account History of the Second World War , agreed that lack of pilots , especially experienced ones , was the RAF 's greatest problem . He states that between 8 and 18 August 154 RAF pilots were killed , severely wounded , or missing , while only 63 new pilots were trained . Availability of aircraft was also a serious issue . While its reserves during the Battle of Britain never declined to a half dozen planes as some later claimed , Richards describes 24 August to 6 September as the critical period because during these two weeks Germany destroyed far more aircraft through its attacks on 11 Group 's southeast bases than Britain was producing . Three more weeks of such a pace would indeed have exhausted aircraft reserves . Germany had seen heavy losses of pilots and aircraft as well , thus its shift to night - time attacks in September . On 7 September RAF aircraft losses fell below British production and remained so until the end of the war . Day and night attacks on London : start of the Blitz ( edit ) Main articles : The Blitz and Battle of Britain Day Calais , September 1940 . Göring giving a speech to pilots about the change in tactics : to bomb London instead of the airfields Hitler 's `` Directive No. 17 -- For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England '' issued on 1 August 1940 , reserved to himself the right to decide on terror attacks as measures of reprisal . Hitler issued a directive that London was not to be bombed save on his sole instruction . In preparation , detailed target plans under the code name Operation Loge for raids on communications , power stations , armaments works and docks in the Port of London were distributed to the Fliegerkorps in July . The port areas were crowded next to residential housing and civilian casualties would be expected , but this would combine military and economic targets with indirect effects on morale . The strategy agreed on 6 August was for raids on military and economic targets in towns and cities to culminate in a major attack on London . In mid August raids were made on targets on the outskirts of London . Luftwaffe doctrine included the possibility of retaliatory attacks on cities , and since 11 May small scale night raids by RAF Bomber Command had frequently bombed residential areas . The Germans assumed this was deliberate , and as the raids increased in frequency and scale the population grew impatient for measures of revenge . On 25 August 1940 , 81 bombers of Bomber Command were sent out to raid industrial and commercial targets in Berlin . Clouds prevented accurate identification and the bombs fell across the city , causing some casualties among the civilian population as well as damage to residential areas . Continuing RAF raids on Berlin led to Hitler withdrawing his directive on 30 August , and giving the go - ahead to the planned bombing offensive . On 3 September Göring planned to bomb London daily , with General Albert Kesselring 's enthusiastic support , having received reports the average strength of RAF squadrons was down to five or seven fighters out of twelve and their airfields in the area were out of action . Hitler issued a directive on 5 September to attack cities including London . In his widely publicised speech delivered on 4 September 1940 , Hitler condemned the bombing of Berlin and presented the planned attacks on London as reprisals . The first daylight raid was titled Vergeltungsangriff ( revenge attack ) . Smoke rising from fires in the London docks , following bombing on 7 September Heinkel He 111 bomber over the Surrey Commercial Docks in South London and Wapping and the Isle of Dogs in the East End of London on 7 September 1940 On 7 September , a massive series of raids involving nearly four hundred bombers and more than six hundred fighters targeted docks in the East End of London , day and night . The RAF anticipated attacks on airfields and 11 Group rose to meet them , in greater numbers than the Luftwaffe expected . The first official deployment of 12 Group 's Leigh - Mallory 's Big Wing took twenty minutes to form up , missing its intended target , but encountering another formation of bombers while still climbing . They returned , apologetic about their limited success , and blamed the delay on being scrambled too late . Air - raid shelter in London , 1940 The German press jubilantly announced that `` one great cloud of smoke stretches tonight from the middle of London to the mouth of the Thames . '' Reports reflected the briefings given to crews before the raids -- `` Everyone knew about the last cowardly attacks on German cities , and thought about wives , mothers and children . And then came that word ' Vengeance ! ' '' Pilots reported seeing ruined airfields as they flew towards London , appearances which gave intelligence reports the impression of devastated defences . Göring maintained that the RAF was close to defeat , making invasion feasible . Fighter Command had been at its lowest ebb , short of men and machines , and the break from airfield attacks allowed them to recover . 11 Group had considerable success in breaking up daytime raids. 12 Group repeatedly disobeyed orders and failed to meet requests to protect 11 Group airfields , but their experiments with increasingly large Big Wings had some success . The Luftwaffe began to abandon their morning raids , with attacks on London starting late in the afternoon for fifty - seven consecutive nights . Members of the London Auxiliary Firefighting Service The most damaging aspect to the Luftwaffe of targeting London was the increase in range . The Bf 109E escorts had a limited fuel capacity resulting in only a 660 km ( 410 mile ) maximum range solely on internal fuel , and when they arrived had only 10 minutes of flying time before turning for home , leaving the bombers undefended by fighter escorts . Its eventual stablemate , the Focke - Wulf Fw 190 A , was flying only in prototype form in mid-1940 ; the first 28 Fw 190s were not delivered until November 1940 . The Fw 190A - 1 had a maximum range of 940 km ( 584 miles ) on internal fuel , 40 % greater than the Bf 109E . The Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-7 corrected this deficiency by adding a ventral centre - line ordnance rack to take either an SC 250 bomb or a standard 300 litre Luftwaffe drop tank to double the range to 1,325 km ( 820 mi ) . The ordnance rack was not retrofitted to earlier Bf 109Es until October 1940 . On 14 September , Hitler chaired a meeting with the OKW staff . Göring was in France directing the decisive battle , so Erhard Milch deputised for him . Hitler asked `` Should we call it off altogether ? '' General Hans Jeschonnek , Luftwaffe Chief of Staff , begged for a last chance to defeat the RAF and for permission to launch attacks on civilian residential areas to cause mass panic . Hitler refused the latter , perhaps unaware of how much damage had already been done to civilian targets . He reserved for himself the power to unleash the terror weapon . Instead political will was to be broken by destroying the material infrastructure , the weapons industry , and stocks of fuel and food . Zehbe 's Dornier falling on Victoria Station after being rammed by Ray Holmes , 15 September 1940 On 15 September , two massive waves of German attacks were decisively repulsed by the RAF by deploying every aircraft in 11 Group . Sixty German and twenty - six RAF aircraft were shot down . The action was the climax of the Battle of Britain . Two days after the German defeat Hitler postponed preparations for the invasion of Britain . Henceforth , in the face of mounting losses in men , aircraft and the lack of adequate replacements , the Luftwaffe completed their gradual shift from daylight bomber raids and continued with nighttime bombing . 15 September is commemorated as Battle of Britain Day . Night time Blitz , fighter - bomber day raids ( edit ) Main article : The Blitz At the 14 September OKW conference , Hitler acknowledged that the Luftwaffe had still not gained the air superiority needed for the Operation Sealion invasion . In agreement with Raeder 's written recommendation , Hitler said the campaign was to intensify regardless of invasion plans : `` The decisive thing is the ceaseless continuation of air attacks . '' Jeschonnek proposed attacking residential areas to cause `` mass panic '' , but Hitler turned this down : he reserved to himself the option of terror bombing . British morale was to be broken by destroying infrastructure , armaments manufacturing , fuel and food stocks . On 16 September , Göring gave the order for this change in strategy . This new phase was to be the first independent strategic bombing campaign , in hopes of a political success forcing the British to give up . Hitler hoped it might result in `` eight million going mad '' ( referring to the population of London in 1940 ) , which would `` cause a catastrophe '' for the British . In those circumstances , Hitler said , `` even a small invasion might go a long way '' . Hitler was against cancelling the invasion as `` the cancellation would reach the ears of the enemy and strengthen his resolve '' . On 19 September , Hitler ordered a reduction in work on Sealion . He doubted if strategic bombing could achieve its aims , but ending the air war would be an open admission of defeat . He had to maintain the appearance of concentration on defeating Britain , to conceal from Joseph Stalin his covert aim to invade the Soviet Union . Gun camera film shows tracer ammunition from a Supermarine Spitfire Mark I of 609 Squadron , flown by Flight Lieutenant JHG McArthur , hitting a Heinkel He 111 on its starboard quarter . These aircraft were part of a large formation from KG 53 and 55 which attacked the Bristol Aeroplane Company 's works at Filton , Bristol , just before midday on 25 September 1940 . Throughout the battle , most Luftwaffe bombing raids had been at night . They increasingly suffered unsustainable losses in daylight raids , and the last massive daytime attacks were on 15 September . A raid of 70 bombers on 18 September also suffered badly , and day raids were gradually phased out leaving the main attacks at night . Fighter command still lacked any successful way of intercepting night - time raiders , the night fighter force was mostly Blenheims and Beaufighters , and lacked airborne radar so had no way of finding the bombers . Anti-aircraft guns were diverted to London 's defences , but had a much reduced success rate against night attacks . From mid September , Luftwaffe daylight bombing was gradually taken over by a Bf 109 fighters , adapted to take one 250 kg bomb . Small groups of fighter - bombers would carry out Störangriffe raids escorted by large escort formations of about 200 to 300 combat fighters . They flew at altitudes over 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) where the Bf109 had an advantage over RAF fighters , except the Spitfire . The raids disturbed civilians , and continued the war of attrition against Fighter Command . The raids were intended to carry out precision bombing on military or economic targets , but it was hard to achieve sufficient accuracy with the single bomb . Sometimes , when attacked , the fighter - bombers had to jettison the bomb to function as fighters . The RAF was at a disadvantage , and changed defensive tactics by introducing standing patrols of Spitfires at high altitude to monitor incoming raids . On a sighting , other patrols at lower altitude would fly up to join the battle . A Junkers Ju 88 returning from a raid on London was shot down in Kent on 27 September resulting in the Battle of Graveney Marsh , the last action between British and foreign military forces on British mainland soil . German bombing of Britain reached its peak in October and November 1940 . In post war interrogation , Wilhelm Keitel described the aims as economic blockade , in conjunction with submarine warfare , and attrition of Britain 's military and economic resources . The Luftwaffe wanted to achieve victory on its own , and was reluctant to cooperate with the navy . Their strategy for blockade was to destroy ports and storage facilities in towns and cities . Priorities were based on the pattern of trade and distribution , so for these months London was the main target . In November their attention turned to other ports and industrial targets around Britain . Hitler postponed the Sealion invasion on 13 October `` until the spring of 1941 '' . It was not until Hitler 's Directive 21 was issued , on 18 December 1940 , that the threat to Britain of invasion finally ended . Royal family ( edit ) During the battle , and for the rest of the war , an important factor in keeping public morale high was the continued presence in London of King George VI and his wife Queen Elizabeth . When war broke out in 1939 , the King and Queen decided to stay in London and not flee to Canada , as had been suggested . George VI and Elizabeth officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war , although they often spent weekends at Windsor Castle to visit their daughters , Elizabeth ( the future queen ) and Margaret . Buckingham Palace was damaged by bombs which landed in the grounds on 10 September and , on 13 September , more serious damage was caused by two bombs which destroyed the Royal Chapel . The royal couple were in a small sitting room about 80 yards from where the bombs exploded . On 24 September , in recognition of the bravery of civilians , King George VI inaugurated the award of the George Cross . Attrition statistics ( edit ) See also : Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories Overall , by 2 November , the RAF fielded 1,796 pilots , an increase of over 40 % from July 1940 's count of 1,259 pilots . Based on German sources ( from a Luftwaffe intelligence officer Otto Bechtle attached to KG 2 in February 1944 ) translated by the Air Historical Branch , Stephen Bungay asserts German fighter and bomber `` strength '' declined without recovery , and that from August -- December 1940 , the German fighter and bomber strength declined by 30 and 25 percent . In contrast , Williamson Murray , argues ( using translations by the Air Historical Branch ) that 1,380 German bombers were on strength on 29 June 1940 , 1,420 bombers on 28 September , 1,423 level bombers on 2 November and 1,393 bombers on 30 November 1940 . In July -- September the number of Luftwaffe pilots available fell by 136 , but the number of operational pilots had shrunk by 171 by September . The training organisation of the Luftwaffe was failing to replace losses . German fighter pilots , in contrast to popular perception , were not afforded training or rest rotations unlike their British counterparts . The first week of September accounted for 25 % of Fighter Command 's and 24 % of the Luftwaffe 's overall losses . Between the dates 26 August -- 6 September , on only one day ( 1 September ) did the Germans destroy more aircraft than they lost . Losses were 325 German and 248 British . Luftwaffe losses for August numbered 774 aircraft to all causes , representing 18.5 % of all combat aircraft at the beginning of the month . Fighter Command 's losses in August were 426 fighters destroyed , amounting to 40 per cent of 1,061 fighters available on 3 August . In addition , 99 German bombers and 27 other types were destroyed between 1 and 29 August . From July to September , the Luftwaffe 's loss records indicate the loss of 1,636 aircraft , 1,184 to enemy action . This represented 47 % of the initial strength of single - engined fighters , 66 % of twin - engined fighters , and 45 % of bombers . This indicates the Germans were running out of aircrew as well as aircraft . Throughout the battle , the Germans greatly underestimated the size of the RAF and the scale of British aircraft production . Across the Channel , the Air Intelligence division of the Air Ministry consistently overestimated the size of the German air enemy and the productive capacity of the German aviation industry . As the battle was fought , both sides exaggerated the losses inflicted on the other by an equally large margin . The intelligence picture formed before the battle encouraged the Luftwaffe to believe that such losses pushed Fighter Command to the very edge of defeat , while the exaggerated picture of German air strength persuaded the RAF that the threat it faced was larger and more dangerous than was the case . This led the British to the conclusion that another fortnight of attacks on airfields might force Fighter Command to withdraw their squadrons from the south of England . The German misconception , on the other hand , encouraged first complacency , then strategic misjudgement . The shift of targets from air bases to industry and communications was taken because it was assumed that Fighter Command was virtually eliminated . Between 24 August and 4 September , German serviceability rates , which were acceptable at Stuka units , were running at 75 % with Bf 109s , 70 % with bombers and 65 % with Bf 110s , indicating a shortage of spare parts . All units were well below established strength . The attrition was beginning to affect the fighters in particular . '' By 14 September , the Luftwaffe 's Bf 109 Geschwader possessed only 67 % of their operational crews against authorised aircraft . For Bf 110 units it was 46 per cent ; and for bombers it was 59 per cent . A week later the figures had dropped to 64 per cent , 52 % and 52 per cent . Serviceability rates in Fighter Command 's fighter squadrons , between 24 August and 7 September , were listed as : 64.8 % on 24 August ; 64.7 % on 31 August and 64.25 % on 7 September 1940 . Due to the failure of the Luftwaffe to establish air supremacy , a conference assembled on 14 September at Hitler 's headquarters . Hitler concluded that air superiority had not yet been established and `` promised to review the situation on 17 September for possible landings on 27 September or 8 October . Three days later , when the evidence was clear that the German Air Force had greatly exaggerated the extent of their successes against the RAF , Hitler postponed Sea Lion indefinitely . '' Propaganda ( edit ) Propaganda was an important element of the air war which began to develop over Britain from 18 June 1940 onwards , when the Luftwaffe began small , probing daylight raids to test RAF defences . One of many examples of these small - scale raids was the destruction of a school at Polruan in Cornwall , by a single raider . Into early July , the British media 's focus on the air battles increased steadily , the press , magazines , BBC radio and newsreels daily conveying the contents of Air Ministry communiques . The German OKW communiques matched Britain 's efforts in claiming for the upper hand . Central to the propaganda war on both sides of the Channel were aircraft claims , this discussed under ' Attrition statistics ' . These daily claims were important both for sustaining British home front morale and persuading America to support Britain , and were produced by the Air Ministry 's Air Intelligence branch . Under pressure from American journalists and broadcasters to prove that the RAF 's claims were genuine , RAF intelligence compared pilots ' claims with actual aircraft wrecks and those seen to crash into the sea . It was soon realised that there was a discrepancy between the two , but the Air Ministry decided not to reveal this . In fact , it was not until May 1947 that the actual figures were released to the public , by which time it was of far less importance . Many though refused to believe the revised figures , including Douglas Bader . The place of the Battle of Britain in British popular memory is due in no small part to the successful propaganda campaign waged by the Air Ministry , between July -- October 1940 , but also in valorising the Few from March 1941 onwards . The publication of the immensely successful 3d pamphlet , The Battle of Britain , saw huge international sales , leading even Goebbels to admire its propaganda value . Focusing only upon the Few , with no mention of RAF bomber attacks against invasion barges , the Battle of Britain was soon established as a major victory for Fighter Command . This in turn inspired a wide range of feature films , books , magazines , works of art , poetry , radio plays and MOI short films . It is notable that this most impressive of British victories had , in essence , been proclaimed within only five months of the cessation of large - scale daylight air battles , and without reference to Hitler and the OKW 's reasoning for not proceeding with Operation Sea Lion . The continuing post-war popularity of the Battle of Britain is in fact directly attributable to the Air Ministry 's latter - 1940 air communiques , the media in turn broadcasting or publishing RAF aircraft claims . Noted above , this in turn led to the March 1941 pamphlet , which inspired a wide range of cultural responses to the Few , and the Battle of Britain . The Air Ministry built upon this with the development of the Battle of Britain Sunday commemoration , also supported the Battle of Britain clasp for issue to the Few in 1945 , and from 1945 Battle of Britain Week . The Battle of Britain window in Westminster Abbey was also encouraged by the Air Ministry , Lords Trenchard and Dowding on its committee . By July 1947 when the window was unveiled , the Battle of Britain had already attained central prominence as Fighter Command 's most notable victory , the Few alone credited with preventing invasion in 1940 . Although given widespread media coverage in September and October 1940 , RAF Bomber and Coastal Command raids against invasion barge concentrations had already been forgotten by war 's end . Aftermath ( edit ) The Battle of Britain marked the first major defeat of Germany 's military forces , with air superiority seen as the key to victory . Pre-war theories had led to exaggerated fears of strategic bombing , and UK public opinion was buoyed by coming through the ordeal . For the RAF , Fighter Command had achieved a great victory in successfully carrying out Sir Thomas Inskip 's 1937 air policy of preventing the Germans from knocking Britain out of the war . The battle also significantly shifted American opinion . During the battle , many Americans accepted the view promoted by Joseph Kennedy , the American ambassador in London , who believed that the United Kingdom could not survive . Roosevelt wanted a second opinion , and sent `` Wild Bill '' Donovan on a brief visit to the UK ; he became convinced the UK would survive and should be supported in every possible way . Before the end of the year American journalist Ralph Ingersoll , after returning from Britain , published a book concluding that `` Adolf Hitler met his first defeat in eight years '' in what might `` go down in history as a battle as important as Waterloo or Gettysburg '' . The turning point was when the Germans reduced the intensity of the Blitz after 15 September . According to Ingersoll , `` ( a ) majority of responsible British officers who fought through this battle believe that if Hitler and Göring had had the courage and the resources to lose 200 planes a day for the next five days , nothing could have saved London '' ; instead , `` ( the Luftwaffe 's ) morale in combat is definitely broken , and the RAF has been gaining in strength each week . '' Both sides in the battle made exaggerated claims of numbers of enemy aircraft shot down . In general , claims were two to three times the actual numbers , because of the confusion of fighting in dynamic three - dimensional air battles . Postwar analysis of records has shown that between July and September , the RAF claimed 2,698 kills , while the Luftwaffe fighters claimed 3,198 RAF aircraft downed . Total losses , and start and end dates for recorded losses , vary for both sides . Luftwaffe losses from 10 July to 30 October 1940 total 1,977 aircraft , including 243 twin - and 569 single - engined fighters , 822 bombers and 343 non combat types . In the same period , RAF Fighter Command aircraft losses number 1,087 , including 53 twin - engined fighters . To the RAF figure should be added 376 Bomber Command and 148 Coastal Command aircraft lost conducting bombing , mining , and reconnaissance operations in defence of the country . There is a consensus among historians that the Luftwaffe were unable to crush the RAF . Stephen Bungay described Dowding and Park 's strategy of choosing when to engage the enemy whilst maintaining a coherent force as vindicated ; their leadership , and the subsequent debates about strategy and tactics , had created enmity among RAF senior commanders and both were sacked from their posts in the immediate aftermath of the battle . All things considered , the RAF proved to be a robust and capable organisation which was to use all the modern resources available to it to the maximum advantage . Richard Evans wrote : Irrespective of whether Hitler was really set on this course , he simply lacked the resources to establish the air superiority that was the sine qua non-of a successful crossing of the English Channel . A third of the initial strength of the German air force , the Luftwaffe , had been lost in the western campaign in the spring . The Germans lacked the trained pilots , the effective fighter aircraft , and the heavy bombers that would have been needed . The Germans launched some spectacular attacks against important British industries , but they could not destroy the British industrial potential , and made little systematic effort to do so . Hindsight does not disguise the fact the threat to Fighter Command was very real , and for the participants it seemed as if there was a narrow margin between victory and defeat . Nevertheless , even if the German attacks on the 11 Group airfields which guarded southeast England and the approaches to London had continued , the RAF could have withdrawn to the Midlands out of German fighter range and continued the battle from there . The victory was as much psychological as physical . Writes Alfred Price : The truth of the matter , borne out by the events of 18 August is more prosaic : neither by attacking the airfields , nor by attacking London , was the Luftwaffe likely to destroy Fighter Command . Given the size of the British fighter force and the general high quality of its equipment , training and morale , the Luftwaffe could have achieved no more than a Pyrrhic victory . During the action on 18 August it had cost the Luftwaffe five trained aircrew killed , wounded or taken prisoner , for each British fighter pilot killed or wounded ; the ratio was similar on other days in the battle . And this ratio of 5 : 1 was very close to that between the number of German aircrew involved in the battle and those in Fighter Command . In other words the two sides were suffering almost the same losses in trained aircrew , in proportion to their overall strengths . In the Battle of Britain , for the first time during the Second World War , the German war machine had set itself a major task which it patently failed to achieve , and so demonstrated that it was not invincible . In stiffening the resolve of those determined to resist Hitler the battle was an important turning point in the conflict . The British victory in the Battle of Britain was achieved at a heavy cost . Total British civilian losses from July to December 1940 were 23,002 dead and 32,138 wounded , with one of the largest single raids on 19 December 1940 , in which almost 3,000 civilians died . With the culmination of the concentrated daylight raids , Britain was able to rebuild its military forces and establish itself as an Allied stronghold , later serving as a base from which the Liberation of Western Europe was launched . Battle of Britain day ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Britain Day World War II poster containing the famous lines by Winston Churchill The Battle of Britain anniversary parade at Buckingham Palace in 1943 . Winston Churchill summed up the effect of the battle and the contribution of RAF Fighter Command , RAF Bomber Command , RAF Coastal Command and the Fleet Air Arm with the words , `` Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few '' . Pilots who fought in the battle have been known as The Few ever since ; at times being specially commemorated on 15 September , `` Battle of Britain Day '' . On this day in 1940 , the Luftwaffe embarked on their largest bombing attack yet , forcing the engagement of the entirety of the RAF in defence of London and the South East , which resulted in a decisive British victory that proved to mark a turning point in Britain 's favour . Within the Commonwealth , Battle of Britain Day has been observed more usually on the third Sunday in September , and even on the 2nd Thursday in September in some areas in the British Channel Islands . The day has been observed by many artists over the years , often with works that show the battle itself . Many mixed media artists have also created pieces in honour of the Battle of Britain . Memorials and museums ( edit ) Plans for the Battle of Britain window in Westminster Abbey were begun during wartime , the committee chaired by Lords Trenchard and Dowding . Public donations paid for the window itself , this officially opened by King George VI on 10 July 1947 . Although not actually an ' official ' memorial to the Battle of Britain in the sense that government paid for it , the window and chapel have since been viewed as such . During the late 1950s and 1960 , various proposals were advanced for a national monument to the Battle of Britain , this also the focus of several letters in The Times . In 1960 the Conservative government decided against a further monument , taking the view that the credit should be shared more broadly than Fighter Command alone , and there was little public appetite for one . All subsequent memorials are the result of private subscription and initiative , as discussed below . There are numerous memorials to the battle . The most important ones are the Battle of Britain Monument in London and the Battle of Britain Memorial at Capel - le - Ferne in Kent . Westminster Abbey and St James 's Church , Paddington both have memorial windows to the battle , replacing windows that were destroyed during the campaign . There is also a memorial at the former Croydon Airport , one of the RAF bases during the battle , and a memorial to the pilots at Armadale Castle on the Isle of Skye in Scotland , which is topped by a raven sculpture . There are also two museums to the battle : one at Hawkinge in Kent and one at Stanmore in London , at the former RAF Bentley Priory . In 2015 the RAF created an online ' Battle of Britain 75th Anniversary Commemorative Mosaic ' composed of pictures of `` the few '' -- the pilots and aircrew who fought in the battle -- and `` the many '' -- ' the often unsung others whose contribution during the Battle of Britain was also vital to the RAF 's victory in the skies above Britain ' , submitted by participants and their families . Memorials to the Battle of Britain Victoria Embankment , London Capel - le - Ferne , Kent Armadale Castle Westminster Abbey St James 's Church , Paddington Croydon Airport Monument of Polish Pilots , Northolt In popular culture ( edit ) Media adaptations ( edit ) The battle was the subject of the 1969 film Battle of Britain . The cast included Laurence Olivier as Hugh Dowding and Trevor Howard as Keith Park . It also starred Michael Caine , Christopher Plummer and Robert Shaw as Squadron Leaders . Former participants of the battle served as technical advisors including Douglas Bader , Adolf Galland and Hugh Dowding . An Italian film around the same time entitled Eagles Over London ( 1969 ) also featured the Battle of Britain . The 1988 ITV mini-series Piece of Cake , an aerial drama about a fictional Second World War RAF fighter squadron in 1940 , features the battle . The Czech film Dark Blue World ( 2001 ) also featured the battle , focusing on the Czech pilots who fought in the battle . A fictional version of the battle is shown in the 2001 movie , Pearl Harbor , in which the battle is depicted as still going on into 1941 . It has also been the subject of many documentaries , including the 1941 Allied propaganda film Churchill 's Island , winner of the first Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject . There was also the 1943 The Battle of Britain in Frank Capra 's Why We Fight series . It was included in an episode of 2004 BBC television documentary series Battlefield Britain . In 2010 , actor Julian Glover played a 101 - year - old Polish veteran RAF pilot in the short film Battle for Britain . In Books ( edit ) The Few , a novel by Alex Kershaw , tells the stories of the men who flew in the Battle of Britain . As of 2003 , a Hollywood film similarly named The Few was in preparation for release in 2008 , based on the story of real - life US pilot Billy Fiske , who ignored his country 's neutrality rules and volunteered for the RAF . A Variety magazine outline of the film 's historical content was said in The Independent to have been described by Bill Bond , who conceived the Battle of Britain Monument in London , as `` Totally wrong . The whole bloody lot . '' The project was later cancelled . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Battle of Britain ( video game ) , a 1987 video game Their Finest Hour : The Battle of Britain , a 1989 video game Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator , a 1998 combat flight simulator Rowan 's Battle of Britain , a 2000 video game Battle of Britain II : Wings of Victory , a 2005 video game Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII , a 2006 video game IL - 2 Sturmovik : Cliffs of Dover , a 2011 combat flight simulator The song Aces in Exile from Sabaton 's album Coat of Arms is about foreign pilots who fought in the Battle of Britain . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Air warfare of World War II Battle information Battle of Britain RAF squadrons Battle of Britain RAF airfields List of RAF aircrew in the Battle of Britain Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain List of military aircraft operational during World War II Operation Banquet Operation Lucid Battle in contemporary history The Darkest Hour The Few Coventry Blitz Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II Air Transport Auxiliary Post-war memorials Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Battle of Britain Memorial , Capel - le - Ferne Battle of Britain Monument in London Kent Battle of Britain Museum Battle of Britain Class steam locomotives of the Southern Railway Polish War Memorial Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stacey , p. 256 : `` Even as Britain braced itself to meet the attack of the Luftwaffe , the nice legalities of Commonwealth cooperation had to be observed . But the R.C.A.F. , like the Canadian Army , was determined that there should be no possibility of these formalities conferring any advantage on the enemy . To avoid misunderstanding , delay and perhaps embarrassment , and doubtless to emphasize the point that No. 1 Squadron was , after all , a Canadian unit , Air Commodore Walsh early brought the necessity of conforming to the Visiting Forces Acts to the attention of the Air Officer Commanding No. 11 Group R.A.F. , under whom the squadron would fight ... '' Jump up ^ The Polish , Czech and most other national contingents were , at this time , incorporated into the RAF itself : the Polish Air Force , for example , was not given sovereignty until June 1944 . Although under RAF operational control , RCAF pilots in the BoB were technically flying for the RCAF Jump up ^ The British date the battle from 10 July to 31 October 1940 , which represented the most intense period of daylight bombing . German historians usually place the beginning of the battle in May 1940 and end it mid-August 1941 , with the withdrawal of the bomber units in preparation for Operation Barbarossa , the campaign against the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 . Jump up ^ For example : Terraine states that the outcome was `` decisive '' ; quoting Luftwaffe General Werner Kreipe , who described it as a `` strategic ( Luftwaffe ) failure '' and `` turning point in the Second World War '' . It also states the `` German Air Force was bled almost to death , and suffered losses that could never be made good throughout the course of the war '' . Quoting Dr ( Karl ) Klee `` The invasion and subjugation of Britain was made to depend on that battle , and its outcome therefore materially influenced the further course and fate of the war as a whole '' . Other references that can be consulted include : : Shulman 2004 , p. 63. : Bungay 2000 , p. 368. : Hough and Richards 2007 , p . XV. : Overy 2001 , p. 267. : Deighton 1980 , p. 213. : Keegan 1997 , p. 81. : Buell 2002 , p. 83. : Terraine 1985 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ 754 single - seat fighters , 149 two - seat fighters , 560 bombers and 500 coastal aircraft . The RAF fighter strength given is for 0900 1 July 1940 , while bomber strength is for 11 July 1940 . Jump up ^ Figures taken from Quartermaster General 6th Battalion returns on 10 August 1940 . According to these , the Luftwaffe deployed 3,358 aircraft against Britain , of which 2,550 were serviceable . The force was made up by 934 single - seat fighters , 289 two - seat fighters , 1,482 medium bombers , 327 dive - bombers , 195 reconnaissance and 93 coastal aircraft , including unserviceable aircraft . The number of serviceable aircraft amounted to 805 single - seat fighters , 224 two - seat fighters , 998 medium bombers , 261 dive - bombers , 151 reconnaissance and 80 coastal aircraft . Jump up ^ The Luftwaffe possessed 4,074 aircraft , but not all of these were deployed against Britain . The force was made up of 1,107 single - seat fighters , 357 two - seat fighters , 1,380 medium bombers , 428 dive - bombers , 569 reconnaissance and 233 coastal aircraft , including unserviceable aircraft . The Luftwaffe air strength given is from the Quartermaster General 6th Battalion numbers for 29 June 1940 . Jump up ^ 1,220 fighters ( per type : 753 Hurricane , 467 Spitfire ) 376 bombers , 148 aircraft ( RAF Coastal Command ) Jump up ^ The strategic bombing commenced after the Germans bombed London on 14 September 1940 , followed by the RAF bombing of Berlin and of German air force bases in France . Adolf Hitler withdrew his directive not to bomb population centres and ordered attacks on British cities . Jump up ^ Bf 109E - 3 and E-4s had this armament , while the E-1 , which was still used in large numbers , was armed with four 7.92 mm machine guns . Jump up ^ The inboard position of the upper wing roundels on the Spitfire strongly suggests this was a repainted captured Spitfire or a photo - reconnaissance model , at least one of which was captured in France . Jump up ^ The pilots occupying these administrative positions included such officers as Dowding , Park and Leigh - Mallory and the numbers actually fit to serve in front line fighter squadrons are open to question . Jump up ^ Polish units in the composition of the RAF taking part in the Battle of Britain In the Battle of Britain , first in composition , and then alongside the RAF fought four Polish squadrons : two bomber ( 300 and 301 ) , 2 Hunting ( 302 and 303 ) and 81 Polish pilots in British squadrons , a total of 144 Polish pilots ( killed 29 ) , representing 5 % of all the pilots of the RAF taking part in the battle . Poles shot down about 170 German aircraft , damaged 36 , representing about 12 % of the losses of the Luftwaffe . Squadron 303 was the best unit air , taking part in the Battle of Britain -- reported shot down 126 Luftwaffe planes . Jump up ^ This was the turning radius of a Bf 109 , meaning that both aircraft , if necessary , could turn together at high speed . Jump up ^ This formation was developed based on principles formulated by the First World War ace Oswald Boelcke in 1916 . In 1934 the Finnish Air Force adopted similar formations , called partio ( patrol ; two aircraft ) and parvi ( two patrols ; four aircraft ) , for similar reasons , though Luftwaffe ' pilots during the Spanish Civil War ( led by Günther Lützow and Werner Mölders , among others ) are generally given credit . Jump up ^ This account is from Warner 2005 , p. 253 Another source , Ramsay 1989 , p. 555 , lists no aircrew casualties and three 109s in total destroyed or damaged . Jump up ^ `` Satellite '' airfields were mostly fully equipped but did not have the sector control room which allowed `` Sector '' airfields such as Biggin Hill to monitor and control RAF fighter formations . RAF units from Sector airfields often flew into a satellite airfield for operations during the day , returning to their home airfield in the evenings . Jump up ^ Irving 1974 , pp. 118 -- 119 : Irving 's sources were General Franz Halder and the OKW War Diary for 14 September 1940 . Keitel 's notes , ND 803 - PS , record the same . Jump up ^ Bungay refers to the 14 September meeting with Milch and Jeschonnek . Hitler wanted to keep up the `` moral '' pressure on the British Government , in the hope it would crack . Bungay indicates that Hitler had changed his mind from the day before , refusing to call off the invasion for the time being . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Quill wrote of his combat experience whilst flying with No. 65 Squadron : Nearly all our engagements with Me 109s took place at around 20,000 -- 25,000 ft . The Spitfire had the edge over them in speed and climb , and particularly in turning circle . ( ... ) One engagement with several Me 109s at about 25,000 ft over the Channel sticks in my memory ... I was now convinced that the Spitfire Mk I could readily out - turn the 109 , certainly in the 20,000 ft region and probably at all heights . Jump up ^ Bf 109 leaking valves , supercharger faults / failure . Jump up ^ This proposal has since been confused , or conflated , with a possible flight by HMG in exile . Jump up ^ The exact percentage was 28 . The Luftwaffe deployed 5,638 aircraft for the campaign . 1,428 were destroyed and a further 488 were damaged , but were repairable . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peszke 1980 , p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Foreman 1989 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Hough , Ronald ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` The Battle of Britain '' . Pen & Sword . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Terraine 1985 , p. 219 Jump up ^ Haining 2005 , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 318 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 368 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 251 -- 297 ^ Jump up to : `` Battle of Britain RAF and FAA Roll of Honour . '' RAF ... Retrieved : 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ 544 aircrew ( RAF Fighter Command ) , 718 ( RAF Bomber Command ) , 280 ( RAF Coastal Command ) killed Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 161 ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter , Micheal ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 , 4th ed . McFarland . p. 441 . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . ^ Jump up to : Hans Ring , `` Die Luftschlacht über England 1940 '' , Luftfahrt international Ausgabe 12 , 1980 p. 580 Jump up ^ 812 fighters ( per type : 569 Bf 109 , 243 Bf 110 ) 822 bombers ( per type : 65 Ju 87 , 271 Ju 88 , 184 Do 17 , 223 He 111 , 29 He 59 , 24 He 159 , 34 Others ) 343 non combat ( per type : 76 Bf 109 , 29 Bf 110 , 25 Ju 87 , 54 Ju 88 , 31 Do 17 , 66 He 111 , 7 He 59 , 7 He 159 , 48 Others ) Jump up ^ Goodenough 1982 , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` 92 Squadron -- Geoffrey Wellum . '' Battle of Britain Memorial Flight via raf.mod.uk ... Retrieved : 17 November 2010 , archived 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Phases of the Battle -- History of the Battle of Britain -- Exhibitions & Displays -- Research '' . RAF Museum . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 73 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 305 -- 306 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 388 ^ Jump up to : Stacey 1955 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , The Luftwaffe : Origins and Preparation Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 14 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 18 , 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 36 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 18 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 69 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of the Royal Air Force , '' pp. 99 -- 100 . RAF ... Retrieved : 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray 2003 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Smith 1942 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Their Finest Hour . '' The Churchill Centre . Retrieved : 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Britain -- finest hour speech '' on Youtube . Retrieved : 1 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 27 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1964 , pp. 589 -- 593 . Jump up ^ `` Hitler and Poland '' . Holocaust Educational Resource . 23 May 1939 . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1964 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War '' . Berlin . 31 August 1939 . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , pp. 32 -- 33 , 35 , Directive No. 6 for the Conduct of the War , Berlin , 9 October 1939 ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 68 , Directive No. 9 -- Instructions For Warfare Against The Economy Of The Enemy , Berlin , 29 November 1939 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Magenheimer 2015 , p. 24 , Directive No. 13 , Headquarters , 24 May 1940 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 -- 33 , 122 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Directive No. 16 -- On preparations for a landing operation against England '' . Führer Headquarters. 16 July 1940 . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 110 -- 114 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 -- 33 Directive No. 17 -- For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England , Führer Headquarters , 1 August 1940 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2001 , pp. 87 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 9 -- 13 , 33 . Jump up ^ Hitler 1940 , My Last Appeal to Great Britain Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 114 -- 115 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. ii . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 , 110 , 122 . Jump up ^ Operation Sea Lion -- The German Invasion Plans section ( David Shears ) Thornton Cox 1975 -- p. 156 Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 42 -- 43 , 60 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Heinz Magenheimer 2015 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 66 -- 67 , 70 , 75 , 690 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Crosby 2002 , p. 84 Jump up ^ `` Report on Comparative Trials of Hurricane versus Messerschmitt 109 . '' wwiiaircraftperformance.org . Retrieved : 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 139 Jump up ^ `` Calibration of Hurricane L1717 Merlin II Engine . '' wwiiaircraftperformance.org . Retrieved : 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RAE Chart of Spitfire I , Merlin III . '' wwiiaircraftperformance.org . Retrieved : 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarkar 2011 , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ McKinstry 2010 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Jones 1970 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 415 , 516 , 526 , 796 Jump up ^ Harvey - Bailey 1985 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1998 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ RAF yearbook 1978 p61 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 265 -- 266 Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Feist 1993 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Green 1980 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , p. 49 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 257 -- 258 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , pp. 42 -- 51 Jump up ^ Green 1962 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 84 , 178 , 269 -- 273 Jump up ^ Ansell 2005 , pp. 712 -- 714 ^ Jump up to : Price 1980 , pp. 6 -- 10 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Ward 2004 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Wright 1968 , p. 31 Jump up ^ `` Fairey Battle . '' Archived 7 July 2012 at Archive.is airlandseaweapons.devhub.com , 16 August 2009 . Retrieved : 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Richards 1953 , pp. 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ `` But night after night . the Battles and the Blenheims , the Wellingtons , the Whitleys and the Hampdens went forth . '' Jump up ^ Terraine 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Terraine 1985 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Bishop 1968 , pp. 85 -- 87 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 370 ^ Jump up to : Ponting 1991 , p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 260 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 259 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 757 -- 790 Jump up ^ `` The Airmen of the Battle of Britain '' bbm.org.uk . Retrieved : 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , R.E , New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force . Wellington , New Zealand : Government Printer , 1953 , Volume 1 , Chapter 4 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Olson and Cloud 2003 Jump up ^ Zaloga and Hook 1982 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Gretzyngier and Matusiak 1998 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 67 -- 68 , 71 , 80 , 92 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 61 -- 62 , 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 82 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2001 , pp. 56 -- 57 , 61 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 78 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Stedman , Robert F. Jagdflieger : Luftwaffe Fighter Pilot 1939 -- 45 . p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Price 1980 , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Nikunen , Heikki . `` '' The Finnish Fighter Tactics and Training Before and During the WW II . '' Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . FI : Saunalahti , January 2006 . Retrieved : 26 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 163 -- 164 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 232 -- 233 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 305 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2007 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Price 1980 , pp. 13 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 186 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ `` Lt Col Earle Lund , USAF , p. 13 . '' ProFTPd . Retrieved : 13 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 188 ^ Jump up to : Abteilung V Intelligence Appreciation of the RAF ( see `` Appendix 4 '' ) Archived 27 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... ProFTPd ... Retrieved : 13 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Allen 1974 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 342 Jump up ^ Orange 2001 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Richards 1953 , p. 159 ^ Jump up to : Deere 1974 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1987 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Churchill 1949 , p. 332 Jump up ^ Deere 1974 , pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 602 , 680 Jump up ^ Galland 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Korda 2010 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Price 1980 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , pp. 61 -- 63 Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` RAF History : Air / Sea Search and Rescue -- 60th Anniversary . '' UK : RAF . Retrieved : 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 249 Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 250 Jump up ^ Holmes 2007 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Price 1980 , pp. 28 -- 30 Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Orange 2001 , pp. 96 , 100 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 276 -- 277 , 309 -- 310 , 313 -- 314 , 320 -- 321 , 329 -- 330 , 331 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 356 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 359 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 354 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , pp. 241 -- 245 . ^ Jump up to : Halpenny 1984 , pp. 8 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Taylor and Mayer 1974 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Warner 2005 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Warner 2005 , pp. 255 , 266 Jump up ^ Warner 2005 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 237 Jump up ^ `` Speech of 20 August 1940 . '' Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Winston Churchill . Retrieved : 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Warner 2005 , p. 251 Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few ( first ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 65 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few ( first ed . ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 91 -- 161 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Phases of the Battle -- History of the Battle of Britain -- Exhibitions & Displays -- Research '' . RAF Museum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 47 -- 49 , 61 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1980 , pp. 154 -- 183 Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 82 -- 83 , 85 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 203 -- 205 Jump up ^ `` Document 32 . Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Price 1980 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Korda 2010 , pp. 197 -- 198 Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Putland , Alan L. `` 19 August -- 24 August 1940 . '' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Zaloga and Hook 1982 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 188 , 275 Jump up ^ Holland 2011 , pp. 760 . 657 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Ingersoll 1940 , pp. 159 -- 169 Jump up ^ Holland 2011 , p. 658 Jump up ^ the PRO , AIR 19 / 60 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 368 -- 369 ^ Jump up to : Dye 2000 , pp. 1 , 31 -- 40 ^ Jump up to : Dye , Air Vice Marshal Peter . Aeroplane , Issue July 2010 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Dye 2000 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Dye 2000 , pp. 33 , 37 Jump up ^ Overy 1980 , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Overy 2010 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , pp. 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Richards 1953 , pp. 176 , 190 -- 193 Jump up ^ Korda 2010 , p. 198 ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Irving 1974 , p. 117 Note : OKW War diary , 6 -- 9 September 1940 . Jump up ^ Hough and Richards 2007 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Putland , Alan L. `` 7 September 1940 . '' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Putland , Alan L. `` 7 September 1940 -- The Aftermath . '' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 83 , 87 . Jump up ^ Putland , Alan L. `` 8 September -- 9 September 1940 . '' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Wagner and Nowarra 1971 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Wagner and Nowarra 1971 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Irving 1974 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 317 Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 78 -- 89 , 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 65 - quill - 12aug40. jpg , ( 1000 × 1590 px ) '' . spitfireperformance.com . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kesselring as cited in A. van Ishoven , Messerschmitt Bf 109 at War , ( Ian Allan , Shepperton , 1977 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Steinhilper , op . cit. , p. 280,282 , 295 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 95 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Green , Ron and Mark Harrison . `` Forgotten frontline exhibition tells how Luftwaffe fought with soldiers on Kent marshes . '' Kent Online , 30 September 2009 . Retrieved : 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 90 -- 93 . Jump up ^ `` George VI and Elizabeth during the war years . '' UK : Royal government . Retrieved : 30 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Ramsay 1988 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Churchill 1949 , p. 334 Jump up ^ Dye 2000 , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , p. 56 ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 371 Jump up ^ Hough and Richards 2007 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 314 . ^ Jump up to : Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2010 ) . The Good Fight : Battle of Britain Propaganda and The Few ( first ed . ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0230279964 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 13 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2010 ) . The Good Fight : Battle of Britain Propaganda and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 104 -- 115 . ISBN 978 - 0230279964 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 180 -- 186 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 370 -- 373 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 398 -- 399 Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , introduction by A.J.P. Taylor , pp. 12 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 172 , 285 Jump up ^ Ingersoll 1940 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 266 -- 268 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 394 -- 396 Jump up ^ Evans , Richard J. `` Immoral Rearmament '' . The New York Review of Books , No. 20 , 20 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Hooton Vol 2 . 2007 , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Price 1980 , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Speech to the House of Commons on 20 August 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Britain Day '' . BBC . Retrieved : 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Britain 70th Anniversary '' Archived 15 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... The Royal British Legion . Retrieved : 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tudor Rose Patchwork '' . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few ( first ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 186 -- 194 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Britain Museum opened by Prince Charles '' . BBC News . 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Battle of Britain 75th Anniversary Commemorative Mosaic , Royal Air Force ^ Jump up to : Battle of Britain : Special Edition DVD ( 1969 ) BBC . Retrieved : 22 December 2011 Jump up ^ `` Churchill 's Island . '' Archived 21 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . NFB.ca , National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved : 17 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ `` Dreaming Spires . '' The Economist via economist.com , 16 September 2010 . Retrieved : 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 9 September 2003 ) . `` New flight plan for Cruise '' . VARIETY . Variety Media . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Moreton , Cole . `` Hollywood updates history of Battle of Britain : Tom Cruise won it all on his own . '' Archived 18 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . The Independent , 11 April 2004 . Retrieved : 28 December 2007 . Bibliography ( edit ) General ( edit ) Allen , Hubert Raymond `` Dizzy '' , Wing Commander , RAF . Who Won the Battle of Britain ? London : Arthur Barker , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 213 - 16489 - 2 . Bishop , Edward . Their Finest Hour : The Battle of Britain 1940 . London : Ballantine Books , 1968 . Bishop , Patrick ( 2010 ) . Battle of Britain : a day - by - day chronicle , 10 July 1940 to 31 October 1940 . London : Quercus . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84916 - 224 - 1 . Buckley , John . Air Power in the Age of Total War . London : UCL Press , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 589 - 1 . Buell , Thomas . The Second World War : Europe and the Mediterranean . New York : Square One Publishers , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7570 - 0160 - 4 . Bungay , Stephen ( 2000 ) . The Most Dangerous Enemy : A History of the Battle of Britain . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 721 - 6 . ( hardcover ) , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 85410 - 801 - 8 ( paperback ) . Collier , Basil . The Defence of the United Kingdom ( 1962 , Official history ) Collier , Basil . The Battle of Britain ( 1962 , Batsford 's British Battles series ) Collier , Richard . Eagle Day : The Battle of Britain , 6 August -- 15 September 1940 . London : Pan Books , 1968 . Churchill , Winston S ( 1949 ) , The Second World War -- Their Finest Hour ( Volume 2 ) , London : Cassell Churchill , Winston S . The Second World War -- The Grand Alliance ( Volume 3 ) . Bantam Books , 1962 . Corum , James . The Luftwaffe : Creating the Operational Air War , 1918 -- 1940 . Lawrence , Kansas : Kansas University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0836 - 2 . Crosby , Francis . A Handbook of Fighter Aircraft . London : Hermes House , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8430 - 9444 - 9 . Deighton , Len ( 1996 ) . Fighter : The True Story of the Battle of Britain . London : Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7423 - 3 . ( Originally published : London : Jonathan Cape , 1977 . ) ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7423 - 3 . Deighton , Len . Battle of Britain . London : Cape , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 01826 - 4 . de Zeng , Henry L. , Doug G. Stankey and Eddie J. Creek . Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933 -- 1945 : A Reference Source , Volume 1 . Hersham , Surrey , UK : Ian Allen Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 279 - 5 . Dönitz , Karl . Ten years and Twenty Days . New York : Da Capo Press , First Edition , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80764 - 5 . Dye , Air Commodore Peter J. ( Winter 2000 ) , `` Logistics and the Battle of Britain '' , Air Force Journal of Logistics , Vol 4 ( No. 24 ) , archived from the original on 26 September 2010 Ellis , John . Brute Force : Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War . London : Andre Deutsch , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8031 - 4 . Evans , Michael . `` Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to ... the Navy . '' The Times , 24 August 2006 . Retrieved : 3 March 2007 . Goodenough , Simon . War Maps : World War II , From September 1939 to August 1945 , Air , Sea , and Land , Battle by Battle . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1982 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 3128 - 5584 - 0 . Halpenny , Bruce Barrymore . Action Station 4 : Military Airfields of Yorkshire . Cambridge , UK : Patrick Stevens , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 85059 - 532 - 0 . Harding , Thomas . `` Battle of Britain was won at sea . '' The Telegraph , 25 August 2006 . Retrieved : 25 August 2006 . Holland , James . The Battle of Britain . London : Bantam , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05913 - 5 . Hooton , E.R. Luftwaffe at War : Blitzkrieg in the West , Vol. 2 . London : Chevron / Ian Allen , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 272 - 6 . Hough , Richard and Denis Richards . The Battle of Britain : The Greatest Air Battle of World War II . New York : W.W. Norton & Co Inc , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02766 - 2 . Ingersoll , Ralph ( 1940 ) , Report on England , November 1940 , New York : Simon & Schuster Irving , David ( 1974 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe : The Life of Field Marshal Erhard Milch , Dorney , Windsor , UK : Focal Point Publications , ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 76532 - 5 Keegan , John . The Second World War London : Pimlico , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 7348 - 8 . Kieser , Egbert . Operation Sea Lion ; The German Plan to Invade Britain 1940 . London : Cassel Military Paperbacks , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35208 - X . Kieser , Egbert . Unternehmen Seelöwe : Die geplante Invasion in England 1940 ( in German ) . Berlin : Becthle , 2000 . ISBN 3 - 7628 - 0457 - 5 . Korda , Michael ( 2010 ) , With Wings Like Eagles : The Untold Story of the Battle of Britain , New York : Harper Perennial , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 112536 - 2 Macksey , Kenneth . Invasion : The German Invasion of England , July 1940 . London : Greenhill Books , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 85368 - 324 - 7 . Magenheimer , Heinz ( 10 September 2015 ) . Hitler 's War : Germany 's Key Strategic Decisions 1940 -- 45 . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4746 - 0275 - 4 . Mason , Francis K. Battle Over Britain : A History of the German Air Assaults on Great Britain , 1917 -- 18 and July -- December 1940 , and the Development of Air Defences Between the World Wars . New York : Doubleday , 1969 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 901928 - 00 - 9 . Murray , Williamson ( 2002 ) . Strategy for defeat : the Luftwaffe , 1933 -- 1945 . Honolulu , Hawaii : University Press of the Pacific . ISBN 0 - 89875 - 797 - 5 . Overy , Richard J. ( 2001 ) . The Battle of Britain : The Myth and the Reality . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02008 - 8 . ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 393 - 32297 - 1 paperback , 2002 ) Overy , Richard J. ( 2013 ) . The Bombing War : Europe 1939 -- 1945 . London & New York : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9561 - 9 . Owen , R.E , New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force Government Printer , Wellington , New Zealand 1953 . Peszke , Michael Alfred ( October 1980 ) , `` A Synopsis of Polish - Allied Military Agreements During World War Two '' , The Journal of Military History , Volume 44 ( No. 3 ) : 128 -- 134 Ponting , Clive. 1940 : Myth and Reality . Chicago : Ivan R. Dee , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56663 - 036 - 8 . Pope , Stephan . `` Across the Ether : Part One '' . Aeroplane , Vol. 23 , No. 5 , Issue No. 265 , May 1995 . Price , Alfred ( 1980 ) , The Hardest Day : 18 August 1940 , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , ISBN 0 - 684 - 16503 - 1 Raeder , Erich . Erich Rader , Grand Admiral . New York : Da Capo Press ; United States Naval Institute , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80962 - 1 . Ramsay , Winston , ed. ( 1987 ) , The Blitz Then and Now : Volume 1 , London : Battle of Britain Prints International , ISBN 0 - 900913 - 45 - 2 Ramsay , Winston , ed. ( 1988 ) , The Blitz Then and Now : Volume 2 , London : Battle of Britain Prints International , ISBN 0 - 900913 - 54 - 1 Ramsay , Winston , ed. ( 1989 ) , The Battle of Britain Then and Now Mk V , London : Battle of Britain Prints International , ISBN 0 - 900913 - 46 - 0 Richards , Denis . Royal Air Force 1939 -- 1945 , Vol . I : The Fight at Odds . London : His Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1953 . Robinson , Derek , Invasion , 1940 : Did the Battle of Britain Alone Stop Hitler ? New York : Carroll & Graf , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1618 - 5 . Shulman , Milton . Defeat in the West . London : Cassell , 2004 ( First edition 1947 ) . ISBN 0 - 304 - 36603 - X . Shirer , William ( 1964 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , London : Ballantine , ISBN 978 - 0 - 449 - 21977 - 5 Smith , Howard K . Last Train from Berlin . New York : Knopf , 1942 . Stacey , C P. ( 1955 ) The Canadian Army 1939 -- 1945 An Official Historical Summary Queen 's Printer , Ottawa Stacey , C P. ( 1970 ) Arms , Men and Governments : The War Policies of Canada , 1939 -- 1945 Queen 's Printer , Ottawa ( Downloadable PDF ) Taylor , A.J.P. and S.L. Mayer , eds . A History of World War Two . London : Octopus Books , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0399 - 1 . Terraine , John , The Right of the Line : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 1945 . New York : Sceptre , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 41919 - 9 . Terraine , John , A Time for Courage : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan , 1985 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 616970 - 7 . Wagner , Ray and Heinz Nowarra . German Combat Planes : A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945 . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Winterbotham , F.W. ( 1975 ) , The Ultra Secret , London : Futura Publications , ISBN 0 - 86007 - 268 - 1 Wood , Derek , and Derek Dempster , The Narrow Margin : The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power , 1930 -- 1949 . London : Pen & Sword , 2003 , First edition 1961 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 915 - 9 . Wright , Gordon , The Ordeal of Total War : 1939 -- 1945 . New York : Harper & Row , 1968 . Autobiographies and biographies ( edit ) Collier , Basil . Leader of the Few : the Authorised Biography of Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding of Bentley Priory . London : Jarrolds , 1957 . Deere , Alan Christopher ( 1974 ) , Nine Lives , London : Hodder Paperbacks Ltd for Coronet Books , ISBN 0 - 340 - 01441 - 5 Duncan Smith , Group Captain W.G.G. , Spitfire into Battle . London : John Murray , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5484 - 5 . Franks , Norman , Wings of Freedom : Twelve Battle of Britain Pilots . London : William Kimber , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 7183 - 0197 - 8 . Galland , Adolf ' The First and the Last : Germany 's Fighter Force in WWII ( Fortunes of War ) South Miami , Florida : Cerberus Press , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 84145 - 020 - 0 . Halpenny , Bruce , Fight for the Sky : Stories of Wartime Fighter Pilots . Cambridge , UK : Patrick Stephens , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 85059 - 749 - 8 . Halpenny , Bruce , Fighter Pilots in World War II : True Stories of Frontline Air Combat ( paperback ) . Barnsley , UK : Pen and Sword Books Ltd , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 065 - 8 . Orange , Vincent , Park : The Biography of Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park . London : Grub Street , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 902304 - 61 - 6 . Aircraft ( edit ) Ansell , Mark , Boulton Paul Defiant : Technical Details and History of the Famous British Night Fighter . Redbourn , Herts , UK : Mushroom Model Publications , 2005 . pp. 712 -- 714 . ISBN 83 - 89450 - 19 - 4 . de Zeng , Henry L. , Doug G. Stankey and Eddie J. Creek , Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933 -- 1945 : A Reference Source , Volume 2 . Hersham , Surrey , UK : Ian Allen Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903223 - 87 - 1 . Feist , Uwe , The Fighting Me 109 . London : Arms and Armour Press , 1993 . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 209 - X . Goss , Chris , Dornier 17 : In Focus . Surrey , UK : Red Kite Books , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 9546201 - 4 - 3 . Green , William , Famous Fighters of the Second World War . London : Macdonald , 1962 . Harvey - Bailey , Alec . Merlin in Perspective : The Combat Years Derby , UK : Rolls - Royce Heritage Trust , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8729 - 2206 - 5 . Holmes , Tony , Hurricane Aces 1939 -- 1940 ( Aircraft of the Aces ) . Botley , Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 597 - 7 . Holmes , Tony ( 2007 ) , Spitfire vs Bf 109 : Battle of Britain , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 190 - 8 Huntley , Ian D. , Fairey Battle , Aviation Guide 1 . Bedford , UK : SAM Publications , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 9533465 - 9 - 5 . Jones , Robert C. , Camouflage and Markings Number 8 : Boulton Paul Defiant , RAF Northern Europe 1936 -- 45 . London : Ducimus Book Limited , 1970 . Lloyd , Sir Ian and Pugh , Peter. , Hives and the Merlin . Cambridge : Icon Books , 2004 . ISBN 1840466448 . Mason , Francis K. , Hawker Aircraft since 1920 . London : Putnam , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 85177 - 839 - 9 . McKinstry , Leo , Hurricane : Victor of the Battle of Britain . London : John Murray Publishers , 2010 . ISBN 1 - 84854 - 339 - 5 Molson , Kenneth M. et al. , Canada 's National Aviation Museum : Its History and Collections . Ottawa : National Aviation Museum , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 660 - 12001 - 0 . Moyes , Philip , J.R. , `` The Fairey Battle . '' Aircraft in Profile , Volume 2 ( nos. 25 -- 48 ) . Windsor , Berkshire , UK : Profile Publications , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 85383 - 011 - 8 Parry , Simon W. , Intruders over Britain : The Story of the Luftwaffe 's Night Intruder Force , the Fernnachtjager . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Books , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 904811 - 07 - 7 . Price , Alfred ( 1996 ) , Spitfire Mark I / II Aces 1939 -- 41 ( Aircraft of the Aces 12 ) , London : Osprey Books , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 627 - 2 Price , Alfred ( 2002 ) , The Spitfire Story : Revised second edition , Enderby , Leicester , UK : Silverdale Books , ISBN 1 - 85605 - 702 - X Sarkar , Dilip , How the Spitfire Won the Battle of Britain . London : Amberly , 2011 . ISBN 1 - 84868 - 868 - 7 . Scutts , Jerry , Messerschmitt Bf 109 : The Operational Record . Sarasota , Florida : Crestline Publishers , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0262 - 0 . Ward , John , Hitler 's Stuka Squadrons . London : Brown Reference , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1991 - X . Warner , G ( 2005 ) , The Bristol Blenheim : A Complete History ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Crécy Publishing , ISBN 0 - 85979 - 101 - 7 Weal , John ( 1999 ) , Messerschmitt Bf 110 ' Zerstōrer ' Aces of World War 2 , Botley , Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 753 - 8 Additional references ( edit ) Books Addison , Paul and Jeremy Crang . The Burning Blue : A New History of the Battle of Britain . London : Pimlico , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6475 - 0 . Bergström , Christer . Barbarossa -- The Air Battle : July -- December 1941 . London : Chervron / Ian Allen , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 270 - 2 . Bishop , Patrick . Fighter Boys : The Battle of Britain , 1940 . New York : Viking , 2003 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03230 - 1 ) ; Penguin Books , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 200466 - 9 . As Fighter Boys : Saving Britain 1940 . London : Harper Perennial , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 653204 - 7 . Brittain , Vera . England 's Hour . London : Continuum International Publishing Group , 2005 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8031 - 4 ) ; Obscure Press ( paperback , ISBN 1 - 84664 - 834 - 3 ) . Campion , Garry . The Good Fight : Battle of Britain Wartime Propaganda and The Few . Basingstoke , Hampshire , UK : Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 , First edition 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 27996 - 4 . Campion , Garry . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and the Few : Palgrave Macmillan , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 Cooper , Matthew . The German Air Force 1933 -- 1945 : An Anatomy of Failure . New York : Jane 's Publishing Incorporated , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 531 - 03733 - 9 . Craig , Phil and Tim Clayton . Finest Hour : The Battle of Britain . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86930 - 6 ( hardcover ) ; 2006 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86931 - 4 ( paperback ) . Cumming , Anthony J. The Royal Navy and The Battle of Britain . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 160 - 0 . Fiedler , Arkady. 303 Squadron : The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron . Los Angeles : Aquila Polonica , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60772 - 004 - 1 . Fisher , David E. A Summer Bright and Terrible : Winston Churchill , Lord Dowding , Radar and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain . Emeryville , CA : Shoemaker & Hoard , 2005 . ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 59376 - 047 - 7 ) ; 2006 , ISBN 1 - 59376 - 116 - 3 ( paperback ) . Foreman , John ( 1989 ) , Battle of Britain : The Forgotten Months , November And December 1940 , Wythenshawe , Lancashire , UK : Crécy , ISBN 1 - 871187 - 02 - 8 Gaskin , Margaret . Blitz : The Story of 29 December 1940 . New York : Harcourt , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 101404 - 3 . Haining , Peter . The Chianti Raiders : The Extraordinary Story of the Italian Air Force in the Battle of Britain . London : Robson Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 829 - 2 . Haining , Peter . Where the Eagle Landed : The Mystery of the German Invasion of Britain , 1940 . London : Robson Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 750 - 4 . Halpenny , Bruce Barrymore . Action Stations : Military Airfields of Greater London v. 8 . Cambridge , UK : Patrick Stephens , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 85039 - 885 - 1 . Harding , Thomas . `` It 's baloney , say RAF aces '' . The Telegraph , 24 August 2006 . Retrieved : 3 March 2007 . Hough , Richard . The Battle of Britain : The Greatest Air Battle of World War II . New York : W.W. Norton , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02766 - X ( hardcover ) ; 2005 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 30734 - 4 ( paperback ) . James , T.C.G. The Battle of Britain ( Air Defence of Great Britain ; vol. 2 ) . London / New York : Frank Cass Publishers , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5123 - 0 ( hardcover ) ; ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8149 - 0 ( paperback , ) . James , T.C.G. Growth of Fighter Command , 1936 -- 1940 ( Air Defence of Great Britain ; vol. 1 ) . London ; New York : Frank Cass Publishers , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5118 - 4 . James , T.C.G. Night Air Defence During the Blitz . London / New York : Frank Cass Publishers , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5166 - 4 . McGlashan , Kenneth B. with Owen P. Zupp . Down to Earth : A Fighter Pilot Recounts His Experiences of Dunkirk , the Battle of Britain , Dieppe , D - Day and Beyond . London : Grub Street Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 904943 - 84 - 5 . March , Edgar J. British Destroyers ; a History of Development 1892 -- 1953 . London : Seely Service & Co . Limited , 1966 . Olson , Lynne and Stanley Cloud . A Question of Honor : The Kościuszko Squadron : Forgotten Heroes of World War II . New York : Knopf , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41197 - 6 . NB : This book is also published under the following title : For Your Freedom and Ours : The Kościuszko Squadron -- Forgotten Heroes of World War II . Prien , Jochen and Peter Rodeike. Messerschmitt Bf 109 F , G , and K : An Illustrated Study . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 88740 - 424 - 3 . Ray , John . Battle of Britain . London : The Orion Publishing Co. , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 345 - 2 . Ray , John Philip . The Battle of Britain : Dowding and the First Victory 1940 . London : Cassel & Co. , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35677 - 8 . Ray , John Philip . The Battle of Britain : New Perspectives : Behind the Scenes of the Great Air War . London : Arms & Armour Press , 1994 ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 85409 - 229 - 4 ) ; London : Orion Publishing , 1996 ( paperback , ISBN 1 - 85409 - 345 - 2 ) . Rongers , Eppo H. De oorlog in mei ' 40 , Utrecht / Antwerpen : Uitgeverij Het Spectrum N.V. , 1969 , No ISBN Townsend , Peter . Duel of Eagles ( new edition ) . London : Phoenix , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 211 - 8 . Wellum , Geoffrey . First Light : The Story of the Boy Who Became a Man in the War - Torn Skies Above Britain . New York : Viking Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91248 - 4 ( hardcover ) ; Hoboken , NJ : Wiley & Sons , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 42627 - X ( hardcover ) ; London : Penguin Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 100814 - 8 ( paperback ) . Zaloga , Steven J. and Richard Hook . The Polish Army 1939 -- 45 . London : Osprey , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 417 - 4 . General The Battle of Britain Historical Timeline Day by Day blog charting the progress of the Battle by ex RAF veteran Battle Of Britain Historical Society video : Battle of Britain on YouTube , ( 52 min . ) complete film documentary by Frank Capra made for U.S. Army The Battle of Britain `` In Photos '' Royal Air Force history Battle of Britain Memorial BBC History Overview of Battle Historical recording BBC : Churchill 's `` This Was Their Finest Hour '' speech Radio New Zealand ' Sounds Historical ' ANZAC Day , 25 April 2008 : Historical recording of Sir Keith Park describing the Battle of Britain . ( Scroll down to 10 : 50 am ) . Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding on the Battle of Britain ( despatch to the Secretary of State , August 1941 ) Royal Engineers Museum : Royal Engineers during the Second World War ( airfield repair ) Shoreham Aircraft Museum Tangmere Military Aviation Museum Kent Battle of Britain Museum ADLG Visits RAF Uxbridge Battle of Britain Operations Room British Invasion Defences The Falco and Regia Aeronautica in the Battle of Britain History of North Weald Airfield The Royal Mint Memorial website New Zealanders in the Battle of Britain ( NZHistory.net.nz ) New Zealanders in the Battle of Britain ( official history ) Battle for Britain , short film starring Julian Glover Interactive map showing Battle of Britain airfields and squadrons by date http://garry-campion.com/ Air Defence of Great Britain during the Second World War Overview Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Strategic bombing Night fighter Big Wing formation People RAF Hugh Dowding Charles Portal Cyril Newall Trafford Leigh - Mallory Keith Park Sholto Douglas Army Frederick Pile Scientists R.V. Jones Robert Watson - Watt Organisation Commands RAF Fighter Command RAF Balloon Command RAF Coastal Command Anti-Aircraft Command RAF Bomber Command Groups No. 9 Group RAF No. 10 Group RAF No. 11 Group RAF No. 12 Group RAF No. 13 Group RAF No. 14 Group RAF AA Corps 1 AA Corps 2 AA Corps 3 AA Corps AA Divisions 1 AA Division 2 AA Division 3 AA Division 4 AA Division 5 AA Division 6 AA Division 7 AA Division 8 AA Division 9 AA Division 10 AA Division 11 AA Division 12 AA Division Other units Battle of Britain airfields Eagle Squadrons Royal Observer Corps Women 's Auxiliary Air Force Campaigns and operations Battle of Britain The Blitz Baedeker raids Operation Steinbock Operation Crossbow Operation Diver Aircraft Beaufighter Defiant Hurricane Meteor Mosquito Spitfire Tempest Typhoon Technology Barrage balloon Battle of the Beams Radar ( Chain Home ) German V weapons Related topics Air Raid Precautions in the United Kingdom RAF strategic bombing offensive United States Army Air Forces British Empire battles of the Second World War Africa East Africa Conquest of British Somaliland Capture of Italian Somaliland Recapture of British Somaliland Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia North Africa First Battle of El Alamein Second Battle of El Alamein Italian invasion of Egypt Operation Compass Run for Tunis Siege of Giarabub Siege of Tobruk Capture of Tobruk Operation Brevity Operation Skorpion Operation Sonnenblume Occupation of Libya Southern Africa Battle of Madagascar West Africa Battle of Dakar Operation Postmaster Europe Arctic Battle of the Barents Sea Evacuation of Norway Occupation of Iceland Evacuation of Spitsbergen Faroe Islands occupation Balkans Reinforcement of Greece Battle of Crete ( Rethymno Thermopylae Vevi ) Mediterranean Convoy AN 14 Attack on Mers - el - Kébir Battle of Calabria Campobasso Convoy Battle of Cape Bon Battle of Cape Matapan Battle of Cape Passero Battle of Cape Spada Battle of Cape Spartivento Cigno Convoy Duisburg Convoy Espero Convoy Battle of the Ligurian Sea Battle of Skerki Bank Battle of the Strait of Otranto ( 1940 ) Battle of Taranto Tarigo Convoy Battle off Zuwarah Operation Abstention Operation Agreement Operation Albumen Operation Excess Operation Grog Raid on Alexandria Raid on Souda Bay Siege of Malta Malta convoys Western Europe Battle of the Heligoland Bight BEF Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain The Blitz Dieppe Raid Channel Dash Operation Gisela Operation Steinbock Operation Diver Evacuation of Gibraltar Juno Beach Gold Beach Sword Beach Clearing the Channel Coast Battle of the Scheldt Operation Blackcock Battle of the Reichswald St Nazaire Raid Liberation of Belgium Liberation of the Netherlands Far East Hong Kong Battle of Kowloon and New Territories Battle of Hong Kong Island Malay Japanese invasion of Malaya Battle of Jitra Defence of Johore Singapore Fall of Singapore Burma Japanese conquest of Burma Arakan Campaign 1942 -- 43 Recapture of Burma India Invasion of India Operation U-Go Battle of Imphal Battle of Kohima Indian Ocean Indian Ocean disaster Indian Ocean retreat Cocos Islands mutiny Indian Ocean raid Battle of Ceylon Evacuation of British Somaliland Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands Indian Ocean raid ( 1944 ) Indian Ocean strike Battle of the Malacca Strait Bombing of Sumatra Bombardment of Andaman Islands Bombardment of Northern Malay Middle East Iraq Invasion of Iraq Battle of Fallujah Siege of Habbaniya Battle of Basra Capture of Baghdad Iran Invasion of Khuzestan Invasion of Central Iran Syria -- Lebanon Invasion of Lebanon Capture of Beirut Invasion of Syria Capture of Damascus Americas Atlantic Battle of the River Plate Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Battle of the Denmark Strait Newfoundland Escort Force Mid-Ocean Escort Force Western Local Escort Force Western Approaches Escort Force World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Portal Royal Air Force Royal Air Force portal Formations and units Commands Groups Stations Wings Squadrons Flights Conversion units Operational Training units Schools / Training units Ferry units Glider units Misc units Regiment squadrons Branches and components Air Force Board RAF Flying Branch RAF Regiment RAF Chaplains Branch RAF Intelligence RAF Legal Branch RAF Medical Services Princess Mary 's RAF Nursing Service RAF Police Search and Rescue Force Mountain Rescue Service RAF Marine Branch RAF Ground Trades Reserve forces Royal Auxiliary Air Force RAF Volunteer Reserve Associated civil organisations Air Training Corps Royal Air Forces Association RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine RAF Benevolent Fund RAF Football Association Royal Air Force Museum Equipment List of RAF aircraft List of RAF missiles Personnel Officer ranks Other ranks List of personnel Appointments Chief of Air Staff Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Air Member for Personnel Air Secretary Air Member for Materiel Commandant - General of the RAF Regiment Chief of the Air Staff 's Warrant Officer Symbols and uniform Ensign Badge Roundels Uniform Heraldic badges History Timeline Future Portals Access related topics Military of Germany portal Royal Air Force portal World War II portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Britain&oldid=849978938 '' Categories : Battle of Britain 1940 in the United Kingdom 1940 in England Conflicts in 1940 World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre World War II strategic bombing United Kingdom home front during World War II Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Germany Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War II involving Italy Battles of World War II involving Canada Military history of Canada during World War II World War II operations and battles of the Western European Theatre Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2015 Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Use British English from November 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles containing German - 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what was the significance of the battle of britan
[ "The Battle of Britain (German: Luftschlacht um England, literally \"The Air Battle for England\") was a military campaign of the Second World War, in which the Royal Air Force (RAF) defended the United Kingdom (UK) against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe. It has been described as the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces.[18] The British officially recognise the battle's duration as being from 10 July until 31 October 1940, which overlaps the period of large-scale night attacks known as the Blitz, that lasted from 7 September 1940 to 11 May 1941.[19]\nGerman historians do not accept this subdivision and regard the battle as a single campaign lasting from July 1940 to June 1941, including the Blitz.[20]\n" ]
[ "the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces" ]
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List of Olympic Games host cities
List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 24 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe W009 IX 1964 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=843272486 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 01 : 40 . 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when is next olympic games to be held
[ "This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer games have usually – but not always – celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 24 cities, and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Tokyo/Helsinki (summer) and Sapporo/Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) in 1940; and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944. The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games.[1] Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics." ]
[ "2020" ]
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The Pink Panther
The Pink Panther - wikipedia The Pink Panther This article is about the film series . For the animated character , see Pink Panther ( character ) . For other uses , see The Pink Panther ( disambiguation ) . The Pink Panther The Pink Panther animated character is often used to represent the franchise Created by Maurice Richlin Blake Edwards Original work The Pink Panther ( 1963 ) Films and television Film ( s ) Original series ( show ) The Pink Panther ( 1963 ) A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) Inspector Clouseau ( 1968 ) The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) The Pink Panther Strikes Again ( 1976 ) Revenge of the Pink Panther ( 1978 ) Trail of the Pink Panther ( 1982 ) Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) Son of the Pink Panther ( 1993 ) Reboot series ( show ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) The Pink Panther 2 ( 2009 ) Short film ( s ) See List of The Pink Panther cartoons and List of The Inspector cartoons Animated series The Pink Panther Show ( 1969 -- 1980 ) Pink Panther and Sons ( 1984 -- 1985 ) The Pink Panther ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Pink Panther and Pals ( 2010 ) Television special ( s ) The Pink Panther in : A Pink Christmas ( 1978 ) The Pink Panther in : Olym - Pinks ( 1980 ) The Pink Panther in : Pink at First Sight ( 1981 ) A Very Pink Panther Christmas ( 2011 ) Games Video game ( s ) Pink Goes to Hollywood ( 1993 ) The Pink Panther : Passport to Peril ( 1996 ) The Pink Panther : Hokus Pokus Pink ( 1998 ) Audio Original music `` The Pink Panther Theme '' `` Meglio stasera '' The Pink Panther is a British - American media franchise primarily focusing on a series of comedy - mystery films featuring an inept French police detective , Inspector Jacques Clouseau . The franchise began with the release of the classic Pink Panther film in 1963 . The role of Clouseau was originated by and is most closely associated with Peter Sellers . Most of the films were written and directed by Blake Edwards , with theme music composed by Henry Mancini . Elements and characters inspired by the films were adapted into other media , including books , comic books and animated series . The first film in the series derives its name from the eponymous pink diamond that has an enormous size and value . The diamond is called the `` Pink Panther '' because the flaw at its center , when viewed closely , is said to resemble a leaping pink panther . The phrase reappears in the title of the fourth film The Return of the Pink Panther , in which the theft of the diamond is again the centre of the plot . The phrase was used for all the subsequent films in the series , even when the jewel did not figure in the plot . It ultimately appeared in six of the eleven films . The first film in the series had an animated opening sequence , created by DePatie -- Freleng Enterprises , features The Pink Panther Theme by Mancini , as well as the Pink Panther character . This character , designed by Hawley Pratt and Friz Freleng , was subsequently the subject of his own series of animated cartoons which gained its highest profile when aired on Saturday mornings as The Pink Panther Show . The character would be featured in the opening of every film in the movie series except A Shot in the Dark and Inspector Clouseau . Contents 1 Films 1.1 The Pink Panther 1.2 A Shot in the Dark 1.3 Inspector Clouseau 1.4 The Return of the Pink Panther 1.5 The Pink Panther Strikes Again 1.6 Revenge of the Pink Panther 1.7 Romance of the Pink Panther 1.8 Trail of the Pink Panther 1.9 Curse of the Pink Panther 1.10 Son of the Pink Panther 1.11 The Pink Panther 1.12 The Pink Panther 2 2 Development 3 Cast and characters 4 Recurring characters 5 Recurring cast members 6 Crew 7 Statistics 8 In popular culture 9 Future 10 Cartoons 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Films ( edit ) The Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : The Pink Panther ( 1963 film ) Although the film was centred on David Niven , Peter Sellers ' performance was so popular that the resulting series would be built on Clouseau rather than Nivens ' character of the Phantom / Sir Charles Lytton . A Shot in the Dark ( edit ) Main article : A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 film ) Released less than a year after The Pink Panther . Clouseau returns to muddle his way through a murder investigation . This also marks the first appearance of both Herbert Lom 's Charles Dreyfus and Burt Kwouk 's Cato . Inspector Clouseau ( edit ) Main article : Inspector Clouseau ( film ) This film stars Alan Arkin as Clouseau , and does not have any other recurring characters from the rest of the series . Although it was produced by the Mirisch Corporation . Peter Sellers , Blake Edwards , and Henry Mancini were not involved in the making of this film . The Return of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : The Return of the Pink Panther This not only marks the return of the famous `` Pink Panther '' diamond but also - after an 11 - year hiatus - that of Peter Sellers as Clouseau , along with director Edwards , Mancini , Dreyfus and Cato . Sir Charles Lytton is portrayed by Christopher Plummer . The Pink Panther Strikes again ( edit ) Main article : The Pink Panther Strikes Again Dreyfus ' insanity reaches a pinnacle , as he tries to intimidate the rest of the world into killing Clouseau . Revenge of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : Revenge of the Pink Panther This film pits Clouseau against the French Connection . It is the last in which Sellers played Clouseau . He died two years after its release . Romance of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Romance of the Pink Panther was to be the 7th film in the franchise , written by Peter Sellers and Jim Moloney . The basic plot involved inspector Clouseau becoming smitten with a cat burglar called `` The Frog '' . Two drafts were written before Sellers ' death , each with different endings . Shortly afterwards , it was suggested that Dudley Moore should play Clouseau , but Blake Edwards chose to introduce a new character in the series to replace Clouseau . Trail of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : Trail of the Pink Panther Features Peter Sellers as Clouseau utilizing scenes cut from Strikes Again as well as flashbacks from the previous Pink Panther films . This movie was intended as a tribute to Sellers , but after its release Sellers ' widow Lynne Frederick successfully sued Edwards and the studio for tarnishing her late husband 's memory . David Niven and Capucine reprise their original roles from the first Pink Panther film . Trail was a critical and commercial failure . Curse of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : Curse of the Pink Panther Inspector Clouseau and the Pink Panther diamond , both of which had gone missing in Trail , are pursued by a bungling American detective , Sgt . Clifton Sleigh ( Ted Wass ) . Clouseau returns , after having plastic surgery to disguise his identity , in a cameo played by Roger Moore ( who is credited as Turk Thrust II ) . Although intended to spawn a new series of misadventures for Sergeant Sleigh , the film 's dismal box - office performance and critical drubbing led to a decade - long hiatus of the series . Son of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : Son of the Pink Panther Blake Edwards tried again to revive the series , this time by casting Roberto Benigni as Gendarme Jacques Gambrelli , Inspector Clouseau 's illegitimate son by Maria Gambrelli , the murder suspect from A Shot in the Dark . Once again , many former Panther co-stars return -- Herbert Lom , Burt Kwouk , and Graham Stark , and a star of the original 1963 film , Claudia Cardinale . Although intended to relaunch the series with a new lovable inept hero , Son failed critically and commercially and became the final installment in the original Pink Panther series . The Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : The Pink Panther ( 2006 film ) This reboot launches a new series starring Steve Martin as Inspector Clouseau and Kevin Kline as Chief Inspector Dreyfus . Not a remake of the original film , it forms a new starting point for a contemporary series , introducing the Clouseau and Dreyfus characters along with the famous diamond to a new generation . The Pink Panther 2 ( edit ) Main article : The Pink Panther 2 The sequel to Steve Martin 's 2006 film . Martin reprises his role , but John Cleese replaces Kevin Kline as Chief Inspector Dreyfus . Development ( edit ) Although there are two later Pink Panther films starring Steve Martin , most of the films in the series starred Sellers as Inspector Clouseau and were directed and co-written by Blake Edwards . The jazz - based theme music was composed by Henry Mancini . In addition to the credits sequences , the theme often accompanies any suspenseful sequence in the first film and in subsequent films using the character . The `` Pink Panther '' of the title is a diamond supposedly containing a flaw which forms the image of a `` leaping panther '' which can be seen if held up to light in a certain way . This is explained in the beginning of the first film , and the camera zooms in on the diamond to reveal the blurry flaw , which focuses into the cartoon Panther ( though not actually leaping ) to start the opening credits sequence . ( This is also done in Return . ) The plot of the first film is based on the theft of this diamond . The diamond reappears in several later films in the series , The Return of the Pink Panther , Trail of the Pink Panther , and Curse of the Pink Panther . It also appears in the revival of the Inspector Clouseau character in the much later Steve Martin films The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) , and its sequel The Pink Panther 2 ( 2009 ) . The name `` the Pink Panther '' became attached to Inspector Clouseau in much the same way that Frankenstein has been used in film titles to refer to Dr. Frankenstein 's creation , or The Thin Man was used in a series of detective films . A Shot in the Dark , a film which was not originally intended to feature Clouseau , is the first of two films in the series ( the other being Inspector Clouseau ) that features neither the diamond nor the distinctive animated Pink Panther in the opening credits and ending . Many critics , including Leonard Maltin , regard this film as the best in the series . In the original film , released in 1963 , the main focus was on David Niven 's role as Sir Charles Litton , the infamous jewel thief nicknamed `` the Phantom , '' and his plan to steal the Pink Panther . Inspector Clouseau was only a secondary character as Litton 's incompetent antagonist and provided slapstick comic relief to an otherwise subtle , lighthearted caper film , a somewhat jarring contrast of styles which is typical of Edwards 's films . The popularity of Clouseau caused him to become the main character in subsequent Pink Panther films , which were more straightforward slapstick comedies . Mancini 's theme , with variations in arrangement , is used at the start of all but the first two of the subsequent films . Mancini 's other themes for the first film include an Italian - language set - piece called `` Meglio stasera , '' whose purpose seems primarily to introduce young actress Fran Jeffries . Portions of an instrumental version also appear in the film 's musical score several times . Other segments include `` Shades of Sennett , '' a `` honky - tonk '' piano number introducing the film 's climactic chase scene through the streets of Rome . Most of the remaining tracks on the soundtrack album are early 1960s orchestral jazz pieces , matching the style of the era . Although variations of the main theme would reprise for many of the Pink Panther series entries , as well as the cartoon series , Mancini composed different theme music for A Shot in the Dark ; this was later adopted by the animated spin - off series , The Inspector . Although official , the live - action film Inspector Clouseau ( 1968 ) starring Alan Arkin , is generally not considered by fans to be part of the series canon , since it involved neither Sellers nor Edwards . Some elements of Arkin 's performance and costuming , however , were retained when Peter Sellers resumed the role of Clouseau for Return in 1975 . Despite speculation , Alan Arkin does not appear in Trail of the Pink Panther . The film that launched the second Pink Panther series , The Pink Panther , starring Martin as Clouseau , directed by Shawn Levy and produced by Robert Simonds , was released in February 2006 by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , and was co-produced with Columbia Pictures . It is set in the present day and introduces different main characters , therefore belonging to a different continuity . Martin also stars in the sequel , The Pink Panther 2 , released in 2009 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Recurring characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Pink Panther characters Character Film The Pink Panther A Shot in the Dark Inspector Clouseau The Return of the Pink Panther The Pink Panther Strikes Again Revenge of the Pink Panther Trail of the Pink Panther Curse of the Pink Panther Son of the Pink Panther The Pink Panther The Pink Panther 2 Inspector Jacques Clouseau Peter Sellers Alan Arkin Peter Sellers Peter Sellers ( Previously unseen footage ) , stand ins Roger Moore Steve Martin Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus Herbert Lom Herbert Lom Kevin Kline John Cleese Cato Fong Burt Kwouk Burt Kwouk Sergeant François Chevalier / François Duval André Maranne André Maranne Dermot Crowley Sir Charles Lytton / The Phantom David Niven Christopher Plummer David Niven , Rich Little ( voice ) Professor Auguste Balls Harvey Korman ( deleted scene ) Graham Stark Harvey Korman ( previously unseen footage ) Harvey Korman Graham Stark Simone Clouseau / Lady Simone Lytton Capucine Capucine George Lytton Robert Wagner Robert Wagner Hercule LaJoy Graham Stark Graham Stark Maria Gambrelli Elke Sommer Claudia Cardinale Gendarme Gilbert Ponton Jean Reno Nicole Durant Emily Mortimer Renard Philip Goodwin Recurring cast members ( edit ) Actor Film The Pink Panther A Shot in the Dark Inspector Clouseau The Return of the Pink Panther The Pink Panther Strikes Again Revenge of the Pink Panther Trail of the Pink Panther Curse of the Pink Panther Son of the Pink Panther The Pink Panther The Pink Panther 2 Graham Stark Hercule LaJoy Pepi Hotel Clerk Prof. Auguste Balls Hercule LaJoy Waiter Prof. Auguste Balls David Lodge Georges Duval Mac Douglas Wilmer Henri LaFarge Police Commissioner Claudia Cardinale Princess Dala Maria Gambrelli Joanna Lumley Marie Jouveat Countess Chandra Robert Loggia Al Marchione Bruno Langois Crew ( edit ) Film Producer Director Screenwriter Production Designer Cinematographer Editor Composer The Pink Panther Martin Jurow Blake Edwards Maurice Richlin & Blake Edwards Fernando Carrere Philip H. Lathrop Ralph E. Winters Henry Mancini A Shot in the Dark Blake Edwards Blake Edwards & William Peter Blatty Michael Stringer Christopher Challis Inspector Clouseau Lewis J. Rachmil Bud Yorkin Tom Waldman & Frank Waldman Arthur Ibbetson John Victor - Smith Ken Thorne The Return of the Pink Panther Blake Edwards & Tony Adams Blake Edwards Frank Waldman & Blake Edwards Peter Mullins Geoffrey Unsworth Alan Jones Henry Mancini The Pink Panther Strikes Again Harry Waxman Revenge of the Pink Panther Frank Waldman & Ron Clark & Blake Edwards Ernest Day Trail of the Pink Panther Frank Waldman & Tom Waldman & Blake Edwards & Geoffrey Edwards Dick Bush Curse of the Pink Panther Blake Edwards & Geoffrey Edwards Ralph E. Winters Son of the Pink Panther Blake Edwards & Madeline Sunshine & Steve Sunshine Robert Pergament The Pink Panther Robert Simonds Shawn Levy Len Blum & Steve Martin & Michael Saltzman Lilly Kilvert Jonathan Brown George Folsey , Jr . Christophe Beck The Pink Panther 2 Harald Zwart Scott Neustadter & Michael H. Weber & Steve Martin Rusty Smith Denis Crossan Julia Wong Statistics ( edit ) Title Clouseau actor Release date Reception Budget Gross The Pink Panther Peter Sellers January 7 , 1964 90 % N / A $10,878,107 A Shot in the Dark Peter Sellers June 23 , 1964 93 % N / A $12,368,234 Inspector Clouseau Alan Arkin July 19 , 1968 N / A N / A N / A The Return of the Pink Panther Peter Sellers May 21 , 1975 88 % $5 million $41,833,347 The Pink Panther Strikes Again Peter Sellers December 15 , 1976 83 % $6 million $33,833,201 Revenge of the Pink Panther Peter Sellers July 19 , 1978 82 % $12 million $49,579,269 Trail of the Pink Panther Peter Sellers ( previous unused footage ) , stand - ins December 17 , 1982 25 % $6 million $9,056,073 Curse of the Pink Panther Roger Moore August 12 , 1983 29 % $11 million $4,491,986 Son of the Pink Panther Roberto Benigni August 27 , 1993 16 % $28 million $2,438,031 The Pink Panther Steve Martin February 10 , 2006 22 % $80 million $158,851,357 The Pink Panther 2 Steve Martin February 6 , 2009 12 % $70 million $75,936,494 In popular culture ( edit ) This article contains a list of miscellaneous information . Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles . ( January 2018 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a 1978 episode of the anime series Lupin the Third , titled `` Black Panther '' ( American - dub title `` My Birthday Pursuit '' ) , Lupin attempts to steal the Black Panther diamond as a birthday gift for his girlfriend . Inspector Zenigata is aided by a clearly Clouseau - inspired character , Inspector Conaiseau . Conaiseau is even assisted by a Cato - inspired character , Hageito . Also within the episode , Lupin and Conaiseau both infiltrate a nudist colony , much like Clouseau does in A Shot in the Dark . The Simpsons : in the season five episode `` Homer the Vigilante '' ( 1994 ) , when the Springfield Cat Burglar burgles the Simpsons 's house , the background music resembles the Pink Panther theme , and he steals the world 's largest cubic zirconia from a museum , much like the Phantom stealing the Pink Panther diamond . When he is captured he turns out to be a suave , David Niven - like character . In another season five episode , `` The Boy Who Knew Too Much , '' when it was revealed the waiter 's injuries were self - inflicted due to his clumsiness and not a result of Freddie Quimby assaulting him , the waiter proclaims `` This is an outrage ! I am not a clumsy Clouseau-esque waiter ! '' before tripping over a chair and falling out of the window into an open - roof truck filled with rat traps . In the 1998 episode `` This Little Wiggy , '' an announcer on Chief Wiggum 's television is heard saying , `` We now return to The Return of the Pink Panther Returns , starring Ken Wahl as Inspector Clouseau . '' ( Wahl had actually retired from acting by that time . ) Cato appears in the 1999 movie Inspector Gadget during the Minions Anonymous meeting . In a 2000 episode of the animated series Jackie Chan Adventures , titled `` Enter the Viper '' , Jackie Chan and his niece Jade must protect the `` Pink Puma '' diamond from a female jewel thief called Viper . In The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) great homage is paid to the character of Clouseau in scenes played by Geoffrey Rush , and also the story covers Sellers 's relationship with Blake Edwards , notably where Sellers describes his relationship with Edwards via Clouseau dressed as the Swedish sailor from Revenge of the Pink Panther . In the 2005 Family Guy episode Breaking Out Is Hard to Do , there is a chase scene through Asiantown which is a parody of the original chase scene near the end of Revenge of the Pink Panther , using the same music . In the Taiwanese series Hi My Sweetheart ( 2009 ) , the Pink Panther is an essential point in the series ambient , and appearing a lot of times in the form of plushes or several other items . Also the male protagonist takes the name of `` Da lung '' in reference to the Pink Panther song . In the 2012 30 Rock episode `` Standards and Practices , '' Jack ( Alec Baldwin ) hires a man named Kato to attack him at random . As with Inspector Clouseau , these attacks take place in his apartment . In the 2016 movie Why Him ? , Ned Fleming ( Bryan Cranston ) observes that Laird Mayhew ( James Franco ) ( millionaire boyfriend to his daughter ) and Laird 's best friend and butler , Gustav ( Keegan - Michael Key ) engage in random attack / defense interactions that are reminiscent of Inspector Closeau / Cato surprise attacks to keep him alert . Neither Laird nor Gustav are aware of the Pink Panther reference . Future ( edit ) On March 31 , 2014 , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer announced plans to develop a new live - action / animated Pink Panther film , which it said would be directed by David Silverman and produced by Walter Mirisch and Julie Andrews ( who , in addition to her career accomplishments , is Blake Edwards ' widow ) . This film would not focus on Inspector Clouseau , but it will instead focus on the Pink Panther cartoon character . As of 2018 , the film is still in development . Cartoons ( edit ) Main articles : Pink Panther ( character ) and List of The Pink Panther cartoons This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) The opening title sequence in the original 1963 The Pink Panther film was such a success with the United Artists executives that they decided to adapt the title sequence into a series of theatrical animated shorts . DePatie -- Freleng Enterprises , run by former Warner Bros. Cartoons creators David H. DePatie and Isadore `` Friz '' Freleng , produced the opening sequences , with Freleng as director . United Artists commissioned a long series of The Pink Panther shorts , the first of which , 1964 's The Pink Phink , won the 1964 Academy Award for Animated Short Film . This was the first ( and to date only ) time a studio 's first work won an Oscar . By the autumn of 1969 , the shorts were being broadcast on NBC during Saturday mornings on The Pink Panther Show ; after 1969 , new shorts were produced for both television broadcast and theatrical release . A number of sister series also joined the Pink Panther character on movie screens and on the airwaves , including The Inspector , featuring a comical French police officer based on the Jacques Clouseau character . Traditionally mute , the Pink Panther was given the voice of actor Matt Frewer for a 1993 - 1996 animated TV series ... The animated Pink Panther character has also appeared in computer and console video games , as well as advertising campaigns for several companies , most notably for Owens Corning Fiberglass insulation . There was also a short - lived animated series called Pink Panther and Pals ( 2010 ) which is aimed at younger children . In 2014 , MGM announced ( see above ) that it was planning an animation / live - action hybrid film reboot of the franchise , to be directed by David Silverman and produced by Walter Mirisch and Julie Andrews . The animated Pink Panther character also appeared in a short animated segment on the educational TV series Sesame Street , demonstrating his karate skills to carve the letter K out of a block of stone , only for it to crumble quickly afterwards . See also ( edit ) `` Pink Panthers , '' which was the name given by Interpol to a group of Montenegrin thieves who successfully executed several jewel heists starting in 1993 . The Pink Panthers , a name used for several different LGBT rights organizations in North America since the 1970s . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` MGM To Make New Live - Action / CG ' Pink Panther ' Movie '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Elysa Gardner ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Julie Andrews , 79 , finds new favorite things '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Pink Phink . '' www.bcdb.com , April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Pink Panther Show . '' www.bcdb.com , April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George Wales ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` Pink Panther getting animated reboot '' . Total Film . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Koch , Dave ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Turns 50 ! Let 's Celebrate ! '' . Big Cartoon News . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Pink Panther The Pink Panther Feature films Original series The Pink Panther ( 1963 ) A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) Inspector Clouseau ( 1968 ) The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) The Pink Panther Strikes Again ( 1976 ) Revenge of the Pink Panther ( 1978 ) Trail of the Pink Panther ( 1982 ) Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) Son of the Pink Panther ( 1993 ) Reboot The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) The Pink Panther 2 ( 2009 ) Music `` The Pink Panther Theme '' `` Meglio stasera '' `` Check on It '' `` A Woman Like Me '' Other List of The Pink Panther characters Inspector Clouseau Pink Panther jewel Lugash Cartoons Shorts List of The Pink Panther cartoons List of The Inspector cartoons TV shows The Pink Panther Show ( 1969 -- 1980 ) Pink Panther and Sons ( 1984 -- 1985 ) The Pink Panther ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Pink Panther and Pals ( 2010 ) TV specials A Pink Christmas ( 1978 ) Olym - Pinks ( 1980 ) Pink at First Sight ( 1981 ) Characters The Pink Panther The Little Man The Inspector The Ant and the Aardvark Crazylegs Crane The Blue Racer Misterjaw The Dogfather Roland and Rattfink Tijuana Toads Hoot Kloot Video games Pink Goes to Hollywood ( 1993 ) The Pink Panther : Passport to Peril ( 1996 ) The Pink Panther : Hokus Pokus Pink ( 1998 ) Related DePatie -- Freleng Enterprises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pink_Panther&oldid=854512517 '' Categories : Film series introduced in 1963 The Pink Panther Film series Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer franchises Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with trivia sections from January 2018 All articles with trivia sections Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Македонски Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 22 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the first pink panther movie made
[ "The Pink Panther is a British-American media franchise primarily focusing on a series of comedy-mystery films featuring an inept French police detective, Inspector Jacques Clouseau. The franchise began with the release of the classic Pink Panther film in 1963. The role of Clouseau was originated by and is most closely associated with Peter Sellers. Most of the films were written and directed by Blake Edwards, with theme music composed by Henry Mancini. Elements and characters inspired by the films were adapted into other media, including books, comic books and animated series.\n" ]
[ "1963" ]
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Among the Hidden
Among the hidden - wikipedia Among the hidden Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Among the Hidden Author Margaret Peterson Haddix Cover artist Cliff Nielsen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Nielsen Country United States of America Series Shadow Children sequence Genre Young adult novel Publisher Simon & Schuster Children 's Publishing Publication date March 1 , 1998 Media type Print ( hardcover ) Print ( paperback ) Pages 160 pp ISBN 0 - 689 - 81700 - 2 OCLC 37588395 LC Class PZ7. H1164 Am 1998 Followed by Among the Impostors Among the Hidden is a 1998 young adult novel by Margaret Peterson Haddix concerning a fictional future in which drastic measures have been taken to quell overpopulation . It is the first of seven novels in the Shadow Children series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Bibliography 4 Notes Plot summary ( edit ) Overpopulation has occurred . Because of this there is very little food and all of it is monitored by the government . Due to this shortage , the democratic republic has been replaced with a totalitarian government that enforces heavy control over the population , particularly reproduction . They outlaw anyone to have more than two children . Luke Garner , a twelve - year - old child , lives on a farm with his mother , father , and two brothers , Matthew and Mark . As a third child , Luke and his parents are in violation of the law . Luke , like all third children , must spend his days hidden or away from public view . When the government starts building houses in the woods behind the Garners ' house , Luke is forced to hide inside his house , in total isolation from the outside world . In the beginning of the story , Luke is quite scared of being caught by the Population Police . But toward the end of the story , he becomes more brave and faces his fears about the Population Police . Luke Garner used to go outside because nobody lived nearby and he was hidden because of the woods . But the government forced Luke 's Family to sell the woods so people could live there , most of whom were barons , who were extremely rich people in the future . So Luke lost the freedom to go outside and was not even allowed to eat on the same table with his family anymore . His parents sealed all the things he could use to look outside except the vent . While Luke is looking out of a vent from the attic , with which he can see outside , and not be seen from the outside , he sees the face of a girl in a window of a house that he knows already has two children . He secretly runs over to the house about a month later , and meets thirteen - year - old Jen Talbot , the daughter of one of the Barons living in the houses behind him and another third child . There he becomes a close friend to Jen Talbot . Jen begins to show Luke that what the government has done is wrong . She organizes a rally in support of the third children , and asks Luke to come , but Luke refuses , afraid of what might happen . After not hearing from Jen for one month , Luke crawls over to her house where he meets Jen 's father , George Talbot , a Population Police official . Luke finds out that everyone at the rally was shot and killed , including Jen . Mr. Talbot explains to Luke that he opposes the Population Law . The Population Police then break in to Mr. Talbot 's house and Luke hides in the closet . After the police leave , Luke tries to scream , but Mr. Talbot covers his mouth . He writes on a piece of paper that the Population Police had placed bugs and are waiting for clues and evidence that can be used against Mr. Talbot and kill him . He then talks to Luke and asks if he wants a fake I.D to live like a normal person . Luke eventually accepts the proposal and receives the fake I.D. Mr. Talbot then meets Luke 's parents to inform them of the situation and that Mr. Talbot has arranged for Luke to take the place of a boy named Lee , a boy of a rich family who died in an accident . Luke says goodbye as he is sent off to boarding school . Characters ( edit ) Luke Garner - A small friendless , and shy twelve - year - old boy . He is not allowed to leave his house due to the fact he is the third child in his family , illegal in the futuristic society . He has never gone to school and must stay in his room ( the attic ) for most of the time when the Barons start to move in when the forest is knocked down . Later in the story Luke becomes very brave . Mr. Garner - Luke 's father . Harlan works on a farm with hogs ( until they get taken away by the government ) . He is one of the strictest people with Luke about avoiding being discovered . He shows his affection through toughness and is often hard on his family because he loves them . Mrs. Garner - Luke 's mother . She is a kind and hardworking woman who worries and cares for Luke . She 's stated she originally wanted four or five children before the two child policy , but is glad Luke is there anyway . Matthew Garner - Luke 's oldest brother . Jen Talbot - Luke 's neighbor who he discovers is also a third child . Jen is the first non-family member Luke has ever met . The daughter of extremely wealthy government official George Talbot , Jen grew up with more freedom than most third children and knowledge of the world as it actually is . She organizes a rally to convince the president to repeal the Population Law . At the end of the book , it is revealed that she and everyone at the rally was shot by the Population Police , directly in front of the Head Government House ( as Jen 's father says , `` The blood actually flowed into the president 's rose bushes '' ) . George Talbot - Jen 's father , an extremely wealthy man , one of the top officials of the Population Police and thus one of the most powerful people in the country . He is in fact a double agent , sabotaging the Population Police from within . His daughter , Jen , attempts to rally against the Population Police . In the end , he assists Luke with his escape into the real world . Population Police - The faceless characters who are sent to find third children for a large reward . Luke and the rest of the characters in the book are in constant fear of these shadow - like men . `` ... The Population Police shoot first and ask questions later . '' Bibliography ( edit ) Haddix , Margaret Peterson . Among the Hidden . Notes ( edit ) Literature portal Jump up ^ Haddix , p. 128 ( hide ) Novels by Margaret Peterson Haddix Shadow Children Among the Hidden ( 1998 ) Among the Impostors ( 2001 ) Among the Betrayed ( 2002 ) Among the Barons ( 2003 ) Among the Brave ( 2004 ) Among the Enemy ( 2005 ) Among the Free ( 2006 ) Other Running Out of Time ( 1995 ) Do n't You Dare Read This , Mrs. Dunphrey ( 1996 ) Leaving Fishers ( 1997 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Turnabout ( 2000 ) The Girl With 500 Middle Names ( 2001 ) Takeoffs and Landings ( 2001 ) Because of Anya ( 2002 ) Escape from Memory ( 2003 ) Say What ( 2004 ) The House on the Gulf ( 2004 ) Double Identity ( 2005 ) Dexter the Tough ( 2007 ) Uprising ( 2007 ) Palace of Mirrors ( 2008 ) The Missing ( series , 2008 - 2015 ) Claim to Fame ( 2009 ) Into the Gauntlet ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Among_the_Hidden&oldid=814980656 '' Categories : 1998 American novels Novels by Margaret Peterson Haddix Dystopian novels 1990s science fiction novels American young adult novels Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 01 : 03 . About Wikipedia
where does the book among the hidden take place
[ "Among the Hidden is a 1998 young adult novel by Margaret Peterson Haddix concerning a fictional future in which drastic measures have been taken to quell overpopulation. It is the first of seven novels in the Shadow Children series." ]
[ "a fictional future in which drastic measures have been taken to quell overpopulation" ]
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Gaṇa sangha
Gana Sangha - Wikipedia Gana Sangha Gana - Sangha ( Sanskrit : गणसङ्घ , lit . equal assembly ) or Gana - Rajya ( Sanskrit : गणराज्य , lit . equal government ) , refers to a type of republic or oligarchy in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent . The gana sanghas were generally found on the periphery of the Indian kingdoms , and tended to occupy the higher ground . Their general make - up was either that of a single clan ( e.g. Shakya ) , or a confederacy of clans ( e.g. Koli ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thapar , Romila ( 2002 ) . `` Early India : From the Origins to AD 1300 '' . Google Books . University of California . pp. 146 -- 150 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Majumdar , Asoke Kumar ( 1977 ) , Concise History of Ancient India : Political theory , administration and economic life , Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers , p. 140 Further reading ( edit ) Gadkari , Jayant ( 1 January 1996 ) , Society and Religion : From Rugveda to Puranas , Popular Prakashan , pp. 100 - , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 743 - 2 Handa , O.C. ( 2004 ) , Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya , Indus Publishing , pp. 63 -- 64 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7387 - 161 - 0 This South Asian history - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Gaṇa_sangha&oldid = 860236082 '' Categories : Ancient India Local government in India South Asian history stubs Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी 日本 語 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 08 : 23 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
what is the meaning of gana and sangha
[ "Gana-Sangha[1] (Sanskrit: गणसङ्घ, lit. equal assembly) or Gana-Rajya[2] (Sanskrit: गणराज्य, lit. equal government), refers to a type of republic or oligarchy in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent.\n" ]
[ "a type of republic or oligarchy in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent" ]
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2018 Rose Bowl
2018 Rose Bowl - wikipedia 2018 Rose Bowl Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Rose Bowl College Football Playoff Semifinal at the 104th Rose Bowl Game Georgia Bulldogs Oklahoma Sooners ( 12 -- 1 ) ( 12 -- 1 ) SEC Big 12 54 48 Head coach : Kirby Smart Head coach : Lincoln Riley AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP OT 2OT Total Georgia 7 10 14 14 6 54 Oklahoma 14 17 0 14 0 48 Date January 1 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Rose Bowl Location Pasadena , California MVP Offensive : Sony Michel , RB Defense : Roquan Smith , LB Favorite Georgia by 2.5 National anthem United States Army Chorus Referee Jeff Heaser ( ACC ) Attendance 92,844 United States TV coverage Network ESPN , ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor , and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Steve Levy , Brian Griese and Todd McShay ( ESPN Radio ) Rose Bowl < 2017 2019 > 2 vs. 3 Seed CFP Semifinal Game < 2016 Fiesta The 2018 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Georgia Bulldogs , played on January 1 , 2018 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena , California . The 104th Rose Bowl Game was a semifinal for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , matching two of the top four teams selected by the system 's selection committee . Georgia and Oklahoma competed for a spot at the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game , to be played on January 8 , 2018 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . The Georgia Bulldogs won the game with a 27 - yard run by Sony Michel , shortly after Lorenzo Carter blocked Oklahoma Sooners ' field goal attempt in the second overtime . The game lasted four hours and five minutes . With 26.8 million viewers on ESPN , the game ranked as the fifth most - viewed cable program of all time . The game was one of the 2017 -- 18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season . It was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes , and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio , with the kickoff at 5 p.m. ET ( 2 p.m. local time ) . The Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association organized the game . Sponsored by the Northwestern Mutual financial services organization , the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-game buildup 1.1 Team selection 1.2 Experience in the Rose Bowl 1.3 Georgia 1.4 Oklahoma 2 Game summary 2.1 First quarter 2.2 Second quarter 2.3 Third quarter 2.4 Fourth quarter 2.5 First overtime 2.6 Second overtime 2.7 Scoring summary 2.8 Statistics 3 Rose Bowl records 4 Pre-game activities 4.1 Pre-game Rose Parade 5 References Pre-game buildup ( edit ) Georgia 's defense faces Oklahoma 's offense . Team selection ( edit ) In the 2018 Rose Bowl , the # 2 - ranked Oklahoma Sooners , champions of the Big 12 Conference , faced the # 3 - ranked Georgia Bulldogs , champions of the Southeastern Conference . This was the first meeting between the University of Georgia and the University of Oklahoma football teams . Traditionally , the Rose Bowl pits the winners of the Big Ten Conference and Pac - 12 Conference . However , any teams may be selected every three years , when the Rose Bowl is a CFP semifinal . The Big 12 and SEC champions traditionally meet in the Sugar Bowl . The 2018 Sugar Bowl was used as the other semifinal this year , allowing any team to be selected . The matchups for the semifinals are geographically selected to ensure the top two teams do not play in road environments . More than one team from the same conference may participate in the game , and avoiding rematches is not a selection factor . Experience in the Rose Bowl ( edit ) Georgia won their only previous Rose Bowl appearance when their 1942 team , which claims a national championship , beat the Pacific Coast Conference ( predecessor to the Pac - 12 ) champion UCLA 9 -- 0 in 1943 , a matchup which occurred prior to the Big Nine - PCC agreement . Oklahoma won their only previous Rose Bowl appearance when their 2002 team beat the then Pac - 10 champion Washington State 34 -- 14 in 2003 , a matchup which occurred since Big Ten champion Ohio State was selected for the Fiesta Bowl , which was being used as that year 's BCS National Championship Game , and Oklahoma was selected to replace them . Georgia ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team . Georgia opened the 2017 season as the No. 15 team in both the AP and Coaches Polls . In the season opener , the Georgia Bulldogs faced the Appalachian State Mountaineers . During the first quarter , starting quarterback Jacob Eason was injured in an out - of - bounds hit that strained his knee . Freshman quarterback Jake Fromm replaced Eason . Fromm started as quarterback the rest of the season . Georgia traveled to its first away and out - of - conference game against the No. 24 Notre Dame Fighting Irish on September 9 , 2017 . The score was back - and - forth the whole game , until Rodrigo Blankenship scored a field goal with 3 : 34 to go in the fourth quarter , giving Georgia a 20 -- 19 lead . On 1st - and - 10 , Georgia linebacker Davin Bellamy sacked quarterback Brandon Wimbush , which Georgia 's Lorenzo Carter recovered . The Bulldogs held the field , winning the game . The Bulldogs returned home for the next two weeks , beating the Samford Bulldogs 42 -- 14 and the No. 17 Mississippi State Bulldogs 31 -- 3 . On September 30 , 2017 , No. 7 Georgia traveled to Knoxville to play longtime SEC East rival the Tennessee Volunteers after losing to them at home in 2016 . The Bulldogs defeated the Volunteers in a 41 -- 0 shutout , which was Tennessee 's worst home loss since 1905 . The following week , Georgia returned to Tennessee to play the Vanderbilt Commodores , winning 45 -- 14 . Undefeated No. 4 Georgia faced the Missouri Tigers back home in Athens , winning 53 -- 28 . During that game , Georgia gained 696 total yards , the second - highest in school history . When Georgia faced their biggest rival , the Florida Gators , in the annual neutral - location game , Georgia remained undefeated and beat Florida 42 -- 7 , the biggest win in the rivalry since 1982 . After Florida 's loss to Georgia , they fired head coach Jim McElwain . The following week , Georgia beat the South Carolina Gamecocks 24 -- 10 , clinching the SEC East and their spot in the SEC Championship . On November 11 , 2017 , Georgia lost to the Auburn Tigers 17 -- 40 in what would be their only loss of the regular season . Georgia wrapped up the regular season by beating the Kentucky Wildcats 42 -- 13 and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 38 -- 7 . On December 2 , 2017 , No. 6 Georgia joined No. 4 Auburn in the SEC Championship , the only team who beat them during the regular season . In the rematch , Georgia took the lead in the second quarter when Georgia linebacker Davin Bellamy stripped the ball from Auburn quarterback Jarrett Stidham , recovered by Roquan Smith and leading to Georgia 's drive that tied the score . Georgia took the SEC title for the first time since 2005 , almost certainly securing their spot in the playoffs . Oklahoma ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 Oklahoma Sooners football team . In the 2017 preseason polls , Oklahoma was ranked No. 7 in the AP Poll and No. 8 in the Coaches Poll . Oklahoma opened the season against the University of Texas at El Paso Miners , winning 56 -- 7 and showcasing a strong offense . Next , No. 6 Oklahoma traveled to the No. 2 Ohio State Buckeyes and won 31 -- 16 . In Oklahoma 's first meeting with the Tulane Green Wave , No. 2 Oklahoma won 56 -- 14 . They went on to play the Baylor Bears , eking out an expected blowout but still winning 44 -- 34 . In Oklahoma 's big upset of the season , they lost to the Iowa State Cyclones 31 -- 38 . They went on to beat the Texas Longhorns 29 -- 24 after Texas recovered from a 20 - point deficit . The Sooners also began the next game against the Kansas State Wildcats with a 14 - point deficit in the first half , but in a second - half comeback , Rodney Anderson scored a 22 - yard touchdown with seven seconds left in the game , winning 42 -- 35 . Against the Texas Tech Red Raiders , Mayfield led the team to a 49 -- 27 victory . Oklahoma met the Oklahoma State Cowboys for their annual rivalry game , and quarterback Baker Mayfield completed 598 yards , winning 62 -- 52 . The No. 5 Sooners beat the No. 8 Texas Christian University Horned Frogs 38 -- 20 , taking 1st place in the Big 12 . In the next away game against the Kansas Jayhawks , Mayfield accounted for his 127th touchdown , breaking Landry Jones 's record as completing the most touchdowns in school history , and they won the game 41 -- 3 . During the game , Mayfield lost his captaincy for the following game against the West Virginia Mountaineers when he screamed profanity and grabbed his crotch , which he directed at the Kansas sideline . Mayfield 's replacement , Kyler Murray , started the game , but Mayfield returned and won 59 -- 31 . On December 2 , 2017 , No. 2 Oklahoma joined No. 10 TCU in a rematch in the Big 12 Championship , winning 41 -- 17 . The game secured Oklahoma 's spot in the College Football Playoff semifinals . Game Summary ( edit ) Oklahoma scored on five of six possessions in the first half , and they entered halftime leading Georgia by 14 points . The 54 -- 48 score made this the highest - scoring Rose Bowl , edging out 2017 's University of Southern California 52 -- 49 win over Penn State . First quarter ( edit ) Sony Michel scores Georgia 's first touchdown After winning the coin toss , Oklahoma elected to defer and kick off . Georgia was forced to punt the ball on the first drive of the game , giving Oklahoma its first possession . Oklahoma 's quarterback Baker Mayfield completed three passes , the third to Marquise Brown in the end zone , scoring the first touchdown of the day . Second quarter ( edit ) Sony Michel rushed for a 75 - yard touchdown . At the end of the second quarter , the Sooners employed a double reverse , and Baker Mayfield caught his first pass in college to score a 2 - yard touchdown . Georgia received its possession with only 6 seconds on the clock , and Rodrigo Blankenship scored a 55 - yard field goal . Blankenship set a Rose Bowl record for longest field goal kick . Third quarter ( edit ) The Sooners led 31 - 17 at halftime but the Bulldogs scored fourteen unanswered points in the third quarter . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The game went back and forth in the last quarter . Baker Mayfield threw the first interception of the game , as Dominick Sanders intercepted his pass . Jake Fromm completed a 4 - yard pass to Javon Wims , taking the lead for the first time in the game , at 38 -- 31 . Oklahoma tied the game back up , with Dimitri Flowers scoring a touchdown with 8 : 47 left in the game . Sony Michel fumbled in the next possession , and Oklahoma 's Steven Parker recovered the fumble and returned it 46 yards to score a touchdown , putting the Sooners in the lead again . With fifty - five seconds left in the game , Nick Chubb took a direct snap and rushed for two yards for a game - tying touchdown . Oklahoma did not score on its last drive of regulation game , forcing overtime . First overtime ( edit ) Overtime coin toss between Oklahoma and Georgia The game went into overtime and was the first Rose Bowl in history to do so . The Sooners won the overtime coin toss and elected to play defense first . The teams traded field goals in the first overtime , sending the game into a second overtime . Second overtime ( edit ) Georgia 's Lorenzo Carter blocks Oklahoma kicker Austin Siebert 's field goal in 2nd overtime . Georgia 's Lorenzo Carter blocked Oklahoma kicker Austin Seibert 's 27 - yard field goal attempt , meaning Georgia would win the game with any points during its possession . When Georgia had the ball , Sony Michel took a direct snap on a second down and rushed for a 27 - yard touchdown , winning the game for the Bulldogs . Scoring Summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP UGA OKLA 11 : 31 6 80 2 : 06 OKLA Marquise Brown 13 - yard touchdown reception from Baker Mayfield , Austin Seibert kick good 0 7 8 : 27 6 75 3 : 04 UGA Sony Michel 13 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 7 6 : 56 6 75 1 : 31 OKLA Rodney Anderson 9 - yard touchdown run , Austin Seibert kick good 7 14 14 : 12 5 69 2 : 36 OKLA Rodney Anderson 41 - yard touchdown run , Austin Seibert kick good 7 21 14 : 00 75 0 : 12 UGA Sony Michel 75 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 14 21 9 : 12 11 54 4 : 48 OKLA 38 - yard field goal by Austin Seibert 14 24 0 : 06 10 90 3 : 22 OKLA Baker Mayfield 2 - yard touchdown reception from CeeDee Lamb , Austin Seibert kick good 14 31 0 : 00 9 0 : 06 UGA 55 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 17 31 12 : 25 50 0 : 11 UGA Nick Chubb 50 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 24 31 0 : 41 6 71 2 : 35 UGA Sony Michel 38 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 31 31 13 : 57 0 : 51 UGA Javon Wims 4 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 38 31 8 : 47 6 88 1 : 56 OKLA Dimitri Flowers 11 - yard touchdown reception from Baker Mayfield , Austin Seibert kick good 38 38 6 : 52 OKLA Fumble recovery returned 46 yards for touchdown by Steven Parker , Austin Seibert kick good 38 45 0 : 55 7 59 2 : 27 UGA Nick Chubb 2 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 45 45 OT UGA 38 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 48 45 OT 9 OKLA 33 - yard field goal by Austin Seibert 48 48 2OT 25 UGA Sony Michel 27 - yard touchdown run 54 48 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 54 48 Statistics ( edit ) OT 2OT Total No. 3 Bulldogs 7 10 14 14 6 54 No. 2 Sooners 14 17 0 14 0 48 Statistics UGA OKLA First downs 21 24 Plays -- yards 63 -- 527 81 -- 531 Rushes -- yards 34 -- 317 45 -- 242 Passing yards 210 289 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 20 -- 29 -- 0 24 -- 36 -- 1 Time of possession 27 : 02 32 : 58 Team Player Statistics UGA Passing Jake Fromm 20 / 29 , 210 yds , 2 TD Rushing Sony Michel 11 car , 181 yds , 3 TD Receiving Javon Wims 6 rec , 73 yds , 1 TD OKLA Passing Baker Mayfield 23 / 35 , 287 yds , 2 TD , 1 INT Rushing Rodney Anderson 26 car , 201 yds , 2 TD Receiving Marquise Brown 8 rec , 114 yds , 1 TD Rose Bowl records ( edit ) In this game , a number of Rose Bowl records were set : 102 combined points scored by both teams is a new record set for the Rose Bowl . The previous record was 101 points set by Penn State and USC in the 2017 Rose Bowl . This matchup was the first ever Rose Bowl matchup that featured a team from the Southeastern Conference and a team from the Big 12 Conference . This game was the first ever Rose Bowl game in history to go into overtime . Georgia overcame a 17 - point deficit to win the game , the largest deficit to overcome in Rose Bowl history after breaking last year 's deficit comeback record by USC . Rodrigo Blankenship set a Rose Bowl record for longest field goal made with a 55 - yard field goal kicked in the second quarter . Pre-game activities ( edit ) Pre-game activities were held at the Rose Bowl parking lots and at Brookside Golf Course . The 2017 Rose Bowl Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony was held at the Rose Bowl Stadium Lot K on December 30 , 2017 from 12 : 00 to 1 : 30 PM . The 2017 Class members were Mack Brown ( Texas ) , Cade McNown ( UCLA ) , Charles Woodson ( Michigan ) and Dr. Charles West ( Washington & Jefferson ) , represented by his daughter . Pre-game Rose Parade ( edit ) The 2018 Rose Parade started at 8 : 00 a.m. Pacific Time and featured floral floats , marching bands , and equestrian units marching down the 5.5 mile route of the parade down Colorado Boulevard . The 2018 Rose Parade 's theme was `` Making A Difference , '' and actor Gary Sinise was its Grand Marshal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Rose Bowl , Sugar Bowl deliver major viewership gains to ESPN '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma , Georgia meet for 1st time at Rose Bowl '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wolken , Dan ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Questions and answers for the College Football Playoff '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ College Football Playoff Selection Committee Fact Sheet , College Football Playoff , October 15 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Preseason rankings : Bama 's officially No. 1 across the board '' . SBNation.com. 2017 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` No. 15 Georgia wary of Appalachian State '' . FOX Sports . 2017 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , AJC ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) . `` 3 things to know about Georgia 's victory vs. Appalachian State '' . ajc . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Alabama vs. Georgia : Why QB Jake Fromm will be the X-factor to a Bulldogs ' win '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kercheval , Ben ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Georgia at Notre Dame score , highlights : Bulldogs fight back to edge Irish '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bulldogs Get Defensive In 20 - 19 Win Over Irish - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . 2017 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Butt , Jason ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Georgia holds on to win at Notre Dame '' . macon . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Beats Samford 42 - 14 , Moves to 3 - 0 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Runs Past Miss . State , 31 - 3 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` No. 7 Georgia Blanks Tennessee 41 - 0 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kercheval , Ben ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Tennessee at Georgia score : Vols fight back again , beat Bulldogs on Hail Mary '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Winter , Evan ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Tennessee vs Georgia Recap : Bulldogs Blowout the Vols , 41 - 0 '' . Rocky Top Talk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` No 5 Bulldogs Overwhelm Commodores , 45 - 14 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri Tigers vs. Georgia Bulldogs Live Score and Stats - October 14 , 2017 Gametracker '' . CBSSports.com. 2017 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett ( 2018 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Georgia vs. Florida score , highlights : Dawgs earn biggest win vs. Gators since 1982 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Morgan ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Florida ' negotiating ' terms of McElwain exit , it says '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina vs. Georgia - Game Summary - November 4 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com. 2017 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Falls in the Plains , 40 - 17 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Seniors Lead Georgia Past Kentucky , 42 - 13 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . 2017 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Bulldogs Roll Over Yellow Jackets , 38 - 7 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . 2017 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Press , The Associated ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Georgia Beats Auburn in S.E.C. Championship Game '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Eric ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) . `` OU football : Three things discovered from Oklahoma 's 56 - 7 win over UTEP '' . Tulsa World . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Schroeder , George ( 2017 - 09 - 09 ) . `` What we learned from No. 6 Oklahoma 's 31 - 16 victory at No. 2 Ohio State '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sooners Ride the Wave '' . OU Athletics . 2017 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` No. 3 Oklahoma rolls into expected mismatch at Baylor '' . FOX Sports . 2017 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Birch , Tommy ( 2017 - 11 - 11 ) . `` David Montgomery on controversial Iowa State - Oklahoma State ending : ' I think we scored ' '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma vs. Texas - Game Summary - October 14 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Robinett , Kellis ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Oklahoma rallies from early deficit , beats K - State 42 - 35 '' . kansas . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech vs. Oklahoma - Game Summary - October 28 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Roman ( 2017 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Yes , it 's Bedlam : Baker Mayfield passes for 598 yards as Oklahoma nips Oklahoma State '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` TCU vs. Oklahoma - Game Summary - November 11 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike ( 2017 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Baker Mayfield Continues Heisman Run in Oklahoma Win vs. Kansas '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Backup QBs at forefront of Oklahoma - West Virginia matchup '' . FOX Sports . 2017 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` West Virginia vs. Oklahoma - Game Summary - November 25 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Press , The Associated ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Oklahoma Crushes Texas Christian to Win the Big 12 Title '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Tierney , Mike ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` College Football Playoff : Georgia Outlasts Oklahoma in Rose Bowl '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Palmateer , Tyler ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Oklahoma left stunned after 54 - 48 2OT Rose Bowl loss to Georgia '' . Norman Transcript . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Ralph ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Georgia tops Oklahoma to win Rose Bowl in double overtime - The Boston Globe '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Emerson , Seth ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Georgia 54 , Oklahoma 48 : Recap of the 2018 College Football Playoff '' . DawgNation . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Spander , Art ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Georgia outlasts Oklahoma to reach title game '' . Newsday . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Saliba , Layne ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Rodrigo Blankenship sets Rose Bowl record with long field goal kick '' . The Red and Black . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Georgia - Oklahoma score : Recap for the 2018 College Football Playoff '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Conway , Tyler . `` Georgia Beats Baker Mayfield , Oklahoma in 2OT Win in 2018 Rose Bowl '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rose Parade 2018 -- 129th Rose Parade presented by HONDA 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) Cure ( Dec. 16 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 29 ) Music City ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Peach ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) All - Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) Rose Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Rose Bowl Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Big Ten Conference Pac - 12 Conference Games 1902 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Notes No games were held from 1903 to 1915 . The 1942 game was played at Duke Stadium in Durham , NC , due to the attack on Pearl Harbor . The game was also the national title game for the Bowl Championship Series in 2002 and 2006 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 and 2018 editions . College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Georgia Bulldogs bowl games 1942 Orange Bowl 1943 Rose Bowl 1946 Oil Bowl 1947 Sugar Bowl 1948 Gator Bowl 1949 Orange Bowl 1950 Presidential Cup 1960 Orange Bowl 1964 Sun Bowl 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic 1967 Liberty Bowl 1969 Sugar Bowl 1969 Sun Bowl 1971 Gator Bowl 1973 Peach Bowl 1974 Tangerine Bowl 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic 1977 Sugar Bowl 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1981 Sugar Bowl 1982 Sugar Bowl 1983 Sugar Bowl 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl 1985 Sun Bowl 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl 1987 Liberty Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Peach Bowl 1991 Independence Bowl 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 Peach Bowl 1998 Outback Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2000 Outback Bowl 2000 Oahu Bowl 2001 Music City Bowl 2003 Sugar Bowl 2004 Capital One Bowl 2005 Outback Bowl 2006 Sugar Bowl 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2008 Sugar Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2009 Independence Bowl 2010 Liberty Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2013 Capital One Bowl 2014 Gator Bowl 2014 Belk Bowl 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl 2016 Liberty Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Oklahoma Sooners bowl games 1939 Orange Bowl 1947 Gator Bowl 1949 Sugar Bowl 1950 Sugar Bowl 1951 Sugar Bowl 1954 Orange Bowl 1956 Orange Bowl 1958 Orange Bowl 1959 Orange Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1965 Gator Bowl 1968 Orange Bowl 1968 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Sugar Bowl ( January ) 1972 Sugar Bowl ( December ) 1976 Orange Bowl 1976 Fiesta Bowl 1978 Orange Bowl 1979 Orange Bowl 1980 Orange Bowl 1981 Orange Bowl 1981 Sun Bowl 1983 Fiesta Bowl 1985 Orange Bowl 1986 Orange Bowl 1987 Orange Bowl 1988 Orange Bowl 1989 Florida Citrus Bowl 1991 Gator Bowl 1993 John Hancock Bowl 1994 Copper Bowl 1999 Independence Bowl 2001 Orange Bowl # 2002 Cotton Bowl Classic 2003 Rose Bowl 2004 Sugar Bowl # 2005 Orange Bowl # 2005 Holiday Bowl 2007 Fiesta Bowl 2008 Fiesta Bowl 2009 BCS National Championship Game # 2009 Sun Bowl 2011 Fiesta Bowl 2011 Insight Bowl 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic 2014 Sugar Bowl 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl 2015 Orange Bowl / 2017 Sugar Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Rose_Bowl&oldid=821470999 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff Rose Bowl Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games Oklahoma Sooners football bowl games 2018 in sports in California January 2018 sports events in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 17 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who's playing in the rose bowl game this year
[ "The 2018 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Georgia Bulldogs, played on January 1, 2018 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California. The 104th Rose Bowl Game was a semifinal for the College Football Playoff (CFP), matching two of the top four teams selected by the system's selection committee. Georgia and Oklahoma competed for a spot at the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game, to be played on January 8, 2018 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. The Georgia Bulldogs won the game with a 27-yard run by Sony Michel, shortly after Lorenzo Carter blocked Oklahoma Sooners' field goal attempt in the second overtime. The game lasted four hours and five minutes. With 26.8 million viewers on ESPN, the game ranked as the fifth most-viewed cable program of all time.[1]", "The 2018 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Georgia Bulldogs, played on January 1, 2018 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California. The 104th Rose Bowl Game was a semifinal for the College Football Playoff (CFP), matching two of the top four teams selected by the system's selection committee. Georgia and Oklahoma competed for a spot at the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game, to be played on January 8, 2018 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. The Georgia Bulldogs won the game with a 27-yard run by Sony Michel, shortly after Lorenzo Carter blocked Oklahoma Sooners' field goal attempt in the second overtime. The game lasted four hours and five minutes. With 26.8 million viewers on ESPN, the game ranked as the fifth most-viewed cable program of all time.[1]" ]
[ "Oklahoma Sooners", "Georgia Bulldogs" ]
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Born Free (Matt Monro song)
Born Free ( Matt Monro song ) - wikipedia Born Free ( Matt Monro song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Born Free ( song ) '' redirects here . For other songs , see Born Free ( M.I.A. song ) and Born Free ( Kid Rock song ) . `` Born Free '' Single by Matt Monro from the album Born Free soundtrack B - side `` Other People '' Released 1966 ( 1966 ) Genre Pop Songwriter ( s ) John Barry , Don Black Matt Monro singles chronology `` Yesterday '' ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' ( 1966 ) `` And You Smiled '' ( 1973 ) `` Yesterday '' ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' ( 1966 ) `` And You Smiled '' ( 1973 ) `` Born Free '' Single by Roger Williams Released 1966 ( 1966 ) Songwriter ( s ) John Barry , Don Black `` Born Free '' is a popular song with music by John Barry , and lyrics by Don Black . It was written for the 1966 film of the same name and won an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Lyricist Don Black managed British singer Matt Monro at the time , and he and Barry asked him to record the song for the film 's soundtrack . The producers of the film considered the song uncommercial , however , and deleted it from the print shown at its Royal Command premiere in London . When Monro , who attended the event , made Black aware of the edit , they successfully lobbied the producers to restore it . Monro 's interpretation appeared over the closing credits in a shortened version recorded especially for the film , which enabled it to qualify for the Academy Award . Monro 's complete commercial recording was released on the film 's soundtrack album and became the singer 's signature tune for the remainder of his career . Roger Williams , Andy Williams , and Frank Sinatra all recorded cover versions . Roger Williams ' version was noted for its use of a male chorus , which is heard in the second half of the song , which followed the instrumental portion . The song reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Adult contemporary chart for six non-consecutive weeks in September / October 1966 , while Andy Williams ' version was not released as a single . Ed Ames recorded a version of the song in a 1968 album . `` Born Free '' also appeared on the Vic Reeves album I Will Cure You . Released as a single , this version peaked at # 6 in the UK Singles Chart in 1991 . Other recordings have included an instrumental version of the song recorded by Hank Marvin in 1969 , and released both as a single and on his eponymous album ; calypso singer Mighty Sparrow 's collaboration with Byron Lee for their 1969 album Only a Fool ; trumpet player Maynard Ferguson on his 1969 album The Ballad Style of Maynard Ferguson ; and a recording by The Mormon Tabernacle Choir featured in the 2005 film Madagascar . It was also featured on the 2007 soundtrack Dexter : Music From the Television Series . The song was also parodied in The Simpsons , in the episode `` Whacking Day '' ( aired 1993 ) , which was sung by Gene Merlino . The song is featured in a 2012 TV commercial for the Land Rover LR4 . Land Rover has a history with Born Free , being a corporate sponsor of the Born Free Foundation . and their vehicles having been mentioned prominently in the original Joy Adamson book . In November 2012 Queen guitarist Brian May and West End and Broadway singer Kerry Ellis released their version of `` Born Free '' in aid of the Born Free Foundation . The 2012 video game Silent Hill : Downpour features the song which can be heard throughout on gramophones . The significance of `` Born Free '' is in relation to the game 's theme of prison and captivity . See also ( edit ) Born Free ( Andy Williams album ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1966 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 135 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 259 . Jump up ^ Born Free Foundation at JaguarLandRover.com Jump up ^ PRESS RELEASE : BORN FREE REBORN - DOWNLOADS AND TOUR DATES External links ( edit ) George Adamson information website with photos , letters and much information and featuring Elsa the Lioness . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Born Free at Steyn 's Song of the Week Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Born_Free_(Matt_Monro_song)&oldid=835822527 '' Categories : 1966 songs Songs written for films Songs with lyrics by Don Black ( lyricist ) Songs with music by John Barry ( composer ) Andy Williams songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs British pop songs 1966 singles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 00 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sang the song born free in the movie
[ "Lyricist Don Black managed British singer Matt Monro at the time, and he and Barry asked him to record the song for the film's soundtrack. The producers of the film considered the song uncommercial, however, and deleted it from the print shown at its Royal Command premiere in London. When Monro, who attended the event, made Black aware of the edit, they successfully lobbied the producers to restore it. Monro's interpretation appeared over the closing credits in a shortened version recorded especially for the film, which enabled it to qualify for the Academy Award. Monro's complete commercial recording was released on the film's soundtrack album and became the singer's signature tune for the remainder of his career." ]
[ "British singer Matt Monro" ]
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List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland
List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland - wikipedia List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland Ireland This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Republic of Ireland Constitution ( show ) Amendments Presidency ( show ) President Michael D. 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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are a number of political parties in Ireland , and coalition governments are common . The state is unusual as a developed nation in that politics is not primarily characterised by the left - right political divide . The two largest political parties , Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael , arose from a split in the original Sinn Féin party in the 1922 -- 1923 Civil War , Fine Gael from the faction ( Cumann na nGaedheal ) that supported the 1921 Anglo - Irish Treaty and Fianna Fáil from the anti-Treaty faction . This enduring characteristic of the Irish party system is sometimes pejoratively referred to as `` Civil War politics '' . The Labour Party was formed in 1912 , and it has usually been the third party in parliamentary strength , though it is currently the fourth largest party in Dáil Éireann . In recent years , Sinn Féin has risen to prominence , surpassing the Labour Party in the 2016 general election . Political party registration is governed by the Electoral Acts , 1992 to 2012 . The Register of Political Parties is maintained by the Houses of the Oireachtas . In order to be registered to contest national elections a party must have either at least one member in Dáil Éireann or the European Parliament , or 300 recorded members aged 18 or over . Parties that register only to contest elections in part of the state , in local elections or in elections to Údarás na Gaeltachta need only 100 recorded members aged 18 or over . In either case at least half of the recorded members must be on the register of electors . Contents 1 Political parties with representation at a local , national or European level 1.1 Party details 1.2 Party representation 2 Parties and groupings represented in the Oireachtas 2.1 Fine Gael 2.2 Fianna Fáil 2.3 Sinn Féin 2.4 Labour Party 2.5 Solidarity -- People Before Profit 2.6 Independents 4 Change 2.7 Green Party 2.8 Social Democrats 2.9 Workers and Unemployed Action 2.10 Human Dignity Alliance 3 Parties represented only on local authorities 3.1 Renua 3.2 Workers ' Party 3.3 Republican Sinn Féin 3.4 Kerry Independent Alliance 4 Other parties 4.1 Communist Party of Ireland 4.2 Socialist Party 4.3 Socialist Workers Network 4.4 Other registered parties 4.5 Other unregistered parties 5 See also 6 References Political parties with representation at a local , national or European level ( edit ) Party Details ( edit ) Party Current leader English translation / Name in Irish Founded Inaugural leader Ideology Position International organisation EP group Fine Gael Leo Varadkar `` Clan of the Gaels '' 1933 Eoin O'Duffy Christian democracy , Liberal conservatism Centre - right Centrist Democrat International EPP Fianna Fáil Micheál Martin `` Soldiers of Destiny '' 1926 Éamon de Valera Irish republicanism , Liberal conservatism , Populism Centre - right Liberal International ALDE Sinn Féin Mary Lou McDonald `` We Ourselves '' 1905 / 1970 Arthur Griffith Irish republicanism , Left - wing nationalism , Democratic socialism Left - wing none GUE / NGL Labour Party Brendan Howlin Páirtí an Lucht Oibre 1912 James Connolly James Larkin William X . O'Brien Social democracy , Third Way Centre - left Socialist International S&D Solidarity -- People Before Profit none Dlúthphartíocht -- Pobal Roimh Bhrabús 2015 none Democratic socialism , Trotskyism , Eco-socialism Far - left ( Factions ) : International Socialist Tendency and Committee for a Workers ' International GUE / NGL Green Party Eamon Ryan Comhaontas Glas 1981 none Green politics Centre - left Global Greens Greens / EFA Social Democrats Catherine Murphy Róisín Shortall Na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta 2015 Catherine Murphy Róisín Shortall Social democracy Centre - left none none Workers and Unemployed Action Séamus Healy 1985 Séamus Healy Left - wing none none Renua John Leahy Dervived from `` Ré Nua '' meaning `` New Era '' 2015 Lucinda Creighton Conservatism Right - wing none none Workers ' Party Michael Donnelly Páirtí na nOibrithe 1970 Tomás Mac Giolla Communism , Irish republicanism , Marxism -- Leninism Far - left Communist and Workers ' Parties none Republican Sinn Féin Des Dalton Sinn Féin Poblachtach 1986 Ruairí Ó Brádaigh Irish republicanism , Éire Nua , Socialism Left - wing none none Human Dignity Alliance Rónán Mullen Comhaontas Dhínit an Duine 2018 Rónán Mullen Conservatism , Anti-abortion Right - wing none none Jump up ^ More literally -- Warriors of Fál , Fál being an ancient romantic name for Ireland . Jump up ^ Another common translation , though not literal , is Ourselves Alone . Jump up ^ The current party known as Sinn Féin broke from the party then known as Sinn Féin in 1970 and was initially commonly referred to as Provisional Sinn Féin . Jump up ^ For the first twenty years of its existence , the Green Party did not have a national leader . Trevor Sargent was elected as the first national leader in 2001 . Jump up ^ The Workers ' Party emerged as the majority faction from a split in Sinn Féin in 1970 , becoming known as Official Sinn Féin . In the Republic of Ireland , it renamed itself as Sinn Féin The Workers ' Party in 1977 . In Northern Ireland , it continued with the Republican Clubs name used by Sinn Féin to escape a 1964 ban , and later as Workers Party Republican Clubs . Both sections adopted the current name in 1982 . Party representation ( edit ) Party Representation ( as of Oct. 2018 ) Oireachtas European Parliament Local councils Dáil Éireann Seanad Éireann Fine Gael 49 20 233 Fianna Fáil 44 13 262 Sinn Féin 22 6 147 Labour Party 7 0 48 Solidarity -- People Before Profit 6 0 0 23 Independent Alliance 0 0 11 Independents 4 Change 0 0 Green Party 0 12 Social Democrats 0 0 7 Workers and Unemployed Action 0 0 Human Dignity Alliance 0 0 0 Renua 0 0 0 Workers ' Party 0 0 0 Kerry Independent Alliance 0 0 0 Republican Sinn Féin 0 0 0 Jump up ^ Sinn Féin also has 7 members of the UK House of Commons , 27 members of the Northern Ireland Assembly , 105 local councillors in Northern Ireland and 1 MEP representing Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ People Before Profit also has 1 member of the Northern Ireland Assembly and 1 local councillor in Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ The Green Party also has 2 members of the Northern Ireland Assembly and 3 local councillors in Northern Ireland . Should be noted that attached table tots to 752 members as opposed to 949 therefore almost 25 % of members are not accounted for Parties and groupings represented in the Oireachtas ( edit ) Fine Gael ( edit ) Fine Gael is the largest party in the Oireachtas , the second largest party in local government in Ireland and has the largest delegation of MEPs from Ireland . It was founded in 1933 by a merger of the Cumann na nGaedheal , which had supported the Treaty and formed the government between 1922 and 1932 , the National Guard ( popularly called the Blueshirts ) and the small National Centre Party . It is a member of the centre - right European People 's Party and is led by Taoiseach Leo Varadkar . It has been in government in the periods 1922 -- 32 , 1948 -- 51 , 1954 -- 57 , 1973 -- 77 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 87 , 1994 -- 97 , and 2011 to date . On each occasion , it was the leading party of a coalition with the Labour Party , and in three of those cases also with other smaller parties . At the 2011 general election , Fine Gael become the largest party in the Oireachtas with 36.1 % of the vote . Historically Fine Gael has been characterised as a centre - right party , supported by large farmers and businessmen , though this has not applied uniformly ; for a period from the 1960s , for example , with the publication of the Just Society document , Fine Gael espoused some values of social democracy . During the 1980s , Fine Gael leader Garret FitzGerald advocated a liberal agenda in many areas of social reform . A government of Fine Gael and the Labour Party proposed a successful referendum in support of marriage equality in 2015 . Historically Fine Gael has tended to support fiscal restraint and law and order domestically while adopting a less nationalist position on Northern Ireland than Fianna Fáil . It generally has the most favourable stance of Irish parties towards the European Union and other international organisation . Fine Gael has 49 TDs , 20 Senators , 4 MEPs and 233 councillors . Fianna Fáil ( edit ) Fianna Fáil is the second largest party in the Oireachtas and has the largest number of city and county council seats . It has been in government more than any other party : 1932 -- 48 , 1951 -- 54 , 1957 -- 73 , 1977 -- 81 , 1982 , 1987 -- 94 , and 1997 -- 2011 . On all occasions up to 1989 , it was in a single - party government ; on all occasions since then it was the leading party in a coalition government . It is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party and is led by former minister Micheál Martin . It was founded in 1926 by Éamon de Valera as a radical anti-Treaty party , drawing support from small farmers and urban workers but has since become a party of the establishment . It was first elected to power in 1932 on a constitutional republican platform , promising to destroy constitutional links with Britain and reduce poverty by creating employment . It oversaw much of the industrial development of the Republic and has consequently drawn support from all social classes , making it a classic populist party . Generally speaking , Fianna Fáil has taken more populist positions on economic and social matters than Fine Gael and the Labour Party . Their classic populist stance was highlighted during the years of Catholic dominance in Ireland before the mid-1980s and during the Celtic Tiger years when engaged in the high levels of public spending while deregulating and cutting taxes . Bertie Ahern was the Taoiseach from 1997 to 2008 and negotiated numerous social partnership contracts , the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland , and an agreement among EU heads of government on the European Constitution . He was succeeded by Brian Cowen in May 2008 , after resigning due to evidence from the Mahon Tribunal into payments and planning matters . Support for Fianna Fáil collapsed in the 2011 general election , which took place a few years into the financial crisis and soon after the government had sought a bailout from the troika of the IMF / EC / ECB . Fianna Fáil lost more than three - quarters of its seats , coming third behind Fine Gael and the Labour Party . This lack of electoral success was short lived as the Republican Party swept to a resounding victory at the 2014 Local Elections before more than doubling their Dáil seats at the 2016 General Election . In September 2007 , Fianna Fáil announced that they would organise politically in the north , but have yet to contest elections for the Northern Ireland Assembly . Fianna Fáil has 44 TDs , 13 Senators , one MEP and 262 councillors . Sinn Féin ( edit ) Main article : History of Sinn Féin Sinn Féin is the third - largest party in the Oireachtas and the second - largest party in the Northern Assembly . The name Sinn Féin , meaning ' ourselves ' , has been used by a number of political organisations in Ireland since 1905 , when first used by Arthur Griffith . Sinn Féin was the party of separatism before Irish independence , and broke through in the Westminster election of 1918 , where it won 73 of the 105 Irish seats . The modern - day Sinn Féin party emerged in 1970 after a split in the party , and was often distinguished as Provisional Sinn Féin . It was closely linked to the Provisional Irish Republican Army . It is led by Mary Lou McDonald . It was the only political party to have seats in the parliaments of both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland until the Green Party organised on an island - wide basis . Since supporting the Peace Process Sinn Féin has seen a dramatic increase in support in Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland . It has emerged as the second largest party in the Northern Ireland Assembly with 27 seats out of 90 and the third largest in the Republic of Ireland with 23 seats in the Dáil in the 2016 general election . With Fine Gael , it is one of only two parties in the Republic of Ireland with MEPs . Sinn Féin 's platform is primarily focused on achieving the reunification of Ireland and a large scale expansion of Ireland 's social services ( such as adopting a universal health care system and creating subsidised housing ) , reform of the tax system and support for small and co-operative businesses . Their political ideology mainly revolves around democratic socialism , Irish Republicanism , and civic nationalism . Sinn Féin has 22 TDs , 6 Senators , 3 MEPs and 147 councillors in the Republic of Ireland . Labour party ( edit ) The Labour Party is a social democratic party , founded in 1912 as part of the trade union movement , with which it maintains organisational links . For most of the history of the state , it was the third largest party , though it is currently in fourth position in parliamentary strength . It has been in government in the periods 1948 -- 51 , 1954 -- 57 , 1973 -- 77 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 87 , 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 97 , and 2011 -- 16 . On each of those occasions , it was in coalition with Fine Gael , with the exception of the period 1993 to 1994 , when it was in coalition with Fianna Fáil . The Labour Party merged with the smaller Democratic Left party in 1999 . It is a member of the Party of European Socialists and is led by Brendan Howlin . The Labour Party has 7 TDs , 4 Senators and 48 councillors . Solidarity -- People Before Profit ( edit ) Solidarity -- People Before Profit is an alliance between People Before Profit and Solidarity . People Before Profit ( PBP ) was formed in 2005 , primarily by members of the Socialist Workers Party . The Anti-Austerity Alliance ( AAA ) was formed in 2014 , primarily by members of the Socialist Party . In October 2015 , they formed a new alliance for electoral purposes as the Anti-Austerity Alliance -- People Before Profit , but continue to organise separately . Both parties have shared platforms on abolishing water charges and the property tax along with tackling homelessness and the housing crisis . The founding TDs have stated their aim to build a mass party of the left and ultimately help form a left - wing government . The AAA re-branded itself as Solidarity in March 2016 . Together they have 6 TDs ( three each from Solidarity and PBP ) and 23 councillors ( 11 from Solidarity and 12 from PBP ) . Independents 4 Change ( edit ) Independents 4 Change has been registered as a political party since 2014 . Its registered officer is Wexford TD Mick Wallace . The other deputies are Clare Daly and Joan Collins . Tommy Broughan was a member until July 2016 . Three further TDs sit in the I4C Dáil group while not being members of the party : Catherine Connolly , Thomas Pringle , and Maureen O'Sullivan . They have 3 TDs and 1 councillor . Green party ( edit ) The Green Party was established in 1981 and is allied to the European Green Party . It won its first seat in the Dáil in 1989 , and had continued representation there until 2011 . The party advocates ecological and socially liberal policies . In 1994 and again in 1999 , two of Ireland 's 15 MEPs were from the Green party , but both seats were lost in 2004 . The Green Party of Northern Ireland voted in 2005 to become a region of the Irish Green Party making it the second party to be organised on an all - Ireland basis . It has Northern Ireland members on the Irish Green Party national executive . In June 2007 , the Green Party entered coalition government with Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats . In January 2011 they left the coalition , and at the 2011 general election , lost all of their Dáil seats . They gained 2 seats at the 2016 general election . The Green Party has 2 TDs , 1 Senator and 12 councillors . Social Democrats ( edit ) The Social Democrats were founded in July 2015 by three independent TDs Stephen Donnelly ( who has since left the party for Fianna Fáil ) , Catherine Murphy , and Róisín Shortall , who will share leadership of the party until after the next general election . The Social Democrats describe themselves as being centre - left and in favour of Scandinavian style public services along with promoting indigenous small and medium - sized enterprise . The Social Democrats have 2 TDs and 7 councillors . Workers and Unemployed Action ( edit ) Workers and Unemployed Action ( WUA ) is a left - wing political organisation formed in 1985 by Séamus Healy in response to lack of employment and the economic situation in the South Tipperary area . Healy along with his brother Paddy Healy , were former members of the Trotskyist League for a Workers Republic . Healy was elected to Dáil Éireann as TD for Tipperary South at a by - election in 2000 , holding the seat until 2007 . He regained the seat at the 2011 general election . At the time of the 2011 election the WUA formed part of the United Left Alliance , but left in 2012 . WUA has one TD and one councillor . Human Dignity Alliance ( edit ) The Human Dignity Alliance was founded by Senator Rónán Mullen in June 2018 . It has one senator . Parties represented only on local authorities ( edit ) Renua ( edit ) Renua was founded in March 2015 with Lucinda Creighton as its founding leader . It broadly advocates conservative and social conservative policies , including a flat tax and a three - strikes law at the 2016 general election . The founding parliamentary party deputies all left Fine Gael over their opposition to the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013 . Subsequently Renua identifies itself as an anti-abortion party . It has no TDs , having lost all three at the 2016 general election . Renua has 2 councillors . Workers ' party ( edit ) The Workers ' Party is a Marxist -- Leninist party allied with the international workers and communist parties . It emerged from the Irish republican movement and was a continuation of Sinn Féin that did not break away in 1970 . It retained links with the Official IRA . It renamed itself Sinn Féin The Workers ' Party in 1977 , and adopted its current title in 1982 . It is organised in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . During the 1980s it was a significant party on the political scene with 7 TDs elected in 1989 and 1 MEP . A special Ard Fheis ( conference ) in 1992 designed to re-constitute the party and remove links with the OIRA resulted in a formal split with the bulk of the parliamentary party and councillors leaving to form Democratic Left . Democratic Left voted to merge with the Labour Party in 1999 . The Workers ' Party has two councillors , Éilis Ryan on Dublin City Council and Ted Tynan on Cork City Council . Republican Sinn Féin ( edit ) Republican Sinn Féin were formed in 1986 by members of Sinn Féin who did not support the decision made at the party 's ard fheis in that year to end its policy of abstentionism and to allow elected Sinn Féin TDs take their seats in Dáil Éireann . Its first leader was Ruairí Ó Brádaigh , who was a previous leader of Sinn Féin , and had been elected as an abstentionist TD in 1957 . They have one councillor , Tomás Ó Curraoin on Galway County Council . As they are not a registered party , he is officially an independent councillor . Kerry independent Alliance ( edit ) The Kerry Independent Alliance ( previously the South Kerry Independent Alliance ) have one councillor on Kerry County Council . It is registered to contest elections for Dáil Éireann and in Killarney for local elections . Other parties ( edit ) Communist party of Ireland ( edit ) The Communist Party of Ireland was first founded in 1921 , and re-founded in 1933 ; the current communist party originates from 1970 , when the Communist Party of Northern Ireland joined with the Irish Workers ' Party ( not related to the current Workers Party ) . While a registered political party , it rarely stands candidates in elections , and remains quite small . It was historically quite influential in the trade union movement . Socialist party ( edit ) The Socialist Party ( initially known as Militant Labour ) was formed in 1989 by members of the Militant Tendency who were expelled from the Labour Party . It was renamed the Socialist Party in 1996 . The party is Trotskyist and is organised in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . Joe Higgins was its first member elected at national level . It was part of the United Left Alliance in the 2011 general election , along with the People Before Profit and the Workers and Unemployed Action Group , but that Alliance disintegrated over the course of the following Dáil term . Its councillors contested the 2014 local elections as part of the Anti-Austerity Alliance . In 2014 , it altered its registered name to Stop the Water Tax -- Socialist Party . It now contests elections as part of the Solidarity -- People Before Profit party . The party is affiliated to the Committee for a Workers ' International ( CWI ) . Socialist Workers Network ( edit ) The Socialist Workers Network was founded in 1971 as the Socialist Workers Movement . The party was set up by supporters of the International Socialists of Britain living in Ireland . Other registered parties ( edit ) éirígí Direct Democracy Ireland Fís Nua Irish Democratic Party United People Identity Ireland Other unregistered parties ( edit ) Just as independent candidates , those standing for unregistered parties may choose either to be listed as `` Non-Party '' , or to leave the section blank on the ballot paper . Catholic Democrats Irish Republican Socialist Party Irish Socialist Network National Party Saoradh See also ( edit ) List of political parties by country List of political parties in Northern Ireland References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Publications '' . Houses of the Oireachtas . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Registering a political party in Ireland '' . Citizens ' Information Board . 16 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eoin Ó Murchú ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` Lucht na heite clé radacaí chun tosaigh ar Pháirtí an Lucht Oibre den chéad uair ... '' . Tuairisc.ie ( in Irish ) . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Local elections results 2009 '' . RTÉ News . Archived from the original on 27 June 2009 . Retrieved 30 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AAA and PBP join to form new ' left of Labour ' party '' . ^ Jump up to : O'Halloran , Marie ( 28 February 2011 ) . `` Regroup and rebuild is already the Green mantra after election wipeout '' . The Irish Times . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Minihan , Mary ( 28 February 2011 ) . `` Higgins pledges to build new party of left as five elected under ULA banner '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ `` Seamus Healy withdraws from United Left Alliance over Wallace frustrations '' . RTÉ News . 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Renua Ireland to identify as anti-abortion party . The Irish Times . Published 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Melaugh , Dr Martin . `` CAIN : Issues : Abstentionism : Sinn Fein Ard Fheis 1 - 2 November 1986 - Details of Source Material '' . cain.ulst.ac.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Socialist Party is changing its name '' . TheJournal.ie. 11 March 2014 . Political parties in the Republic of Ireland Dáil Éireann ( 158 ) Fine Gael ( 49 ) Fianna Fáil ( 44 ) Sinn Féin ( 22 ) Labour Party ( 7 ) Solidarity -- People Before Profit ( 6 ) Independents 4 Change ( 3 ) Social Democrats ( 2 ) Green Party ( 2 ) Independent ( 22 ) Ceann Comhairle ( 1 ) Seanad Éireann ( 60 ) Fine Gael ( 20 ) Fianna Fáil ( 13 ) Sinn Féin ( 6 ) Labour Party ( 4 ) Green Party ( 1 ) Human Dignity Alliance ( 1 ) Independent ( 15 ) European Parliament ( 11 of 751 ) Fine Gael ( EPP , 4 ) Sinn Féin ( GUE / NGL , 3 ) Childers ( S&D ) Crowley ( ECR ) Flanagan ( GUE / NGL ) Harkin ( ALDE ) City and County Councils ( 949 ) Fianna Fáil ( 262 ) Fine Gael ( 233 ) Sinn Féin ( 147 ) Labour Party ( 48 ) Solidarity -- People Before Profit ( 23 ) Green Party ( 12 ) Social Democrats ( 7 ) Renua ( 2 ) Workers ' Party ( 2 ) Independents 4 Change ( 1 ) Kerry Independent Alliance ( 1 ) Republican Sinn Féin ( 1 ) Workers and Unemployed Action ( 1 ) Independent ( 210 ) Other registered parties Communist Party of Ireland Direct Democracy Ireland éirígí Fís Nua Irish Democratic Party United People Politics of Ireland Politics portal List of political parties List of political parties in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Defunct political parties in Ireland to 1918 Home Rule / Nationalist All - for - Ireland League Catholic Union Home Government Association Home Rule League Independent Irish Party Irish National Federation Irish National League Irish Parliamentary Party Irish Patriot Party Irish Reform Association Irish Socialist Republican Party Repeal Association United Irish League Unionist Irish Conservative Party Irish Liberal Party Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society Irish Unionist Alliance post 1918 Communist / Far - left British and Irish Communist Organisation Communist Party of Ireland ( Marxist -- Leninist ) Irish Worker League Irish Workers ' Group Irish Workers ' Party ( 1926 ) Irish Workers ' Party ( 1948 ) League for a Workers ' Republic Republican Congress Saor Éire Socialist Party of Ireland ( 1904 ) Workers League World Socialist Party Centre - left / Socialist Cork Socialist Party Democratic Left Democratic Socialist Party National Labour Party National Progressive Democrats Sligo / Leitrim Independent Socialist Organisation Socialist Labour Party Socialist Party of Ireland ( 1971 ) United Left Republican / Nationalist All Ireland Anti-Partition League Aontacht Éireann Clann Éireann Clann na Poblachta Córas na Poblachta Cumann na nGaedheal Cumann na Poblachta Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann Independent Fianna Fáil Irish Anti-Partition League Irish Independence Party National Party ( 1924 ) Agrarian Clann na Talmhan Farmers ' Party National Democratic Party Christian right Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Christian Centrist Party Christian Solidarity Party Poblacht Chríostúil Right - wing / Conservative Business and Professional Group Cork Civic Party Irish Monetary Reform Association Libertas Muintir na hÉireann National Centre Party National Corporate Party National League Party Progressive Democrats Unionist Donegal Progressive Party Irish Centre Party Irish Dominion League Unionist Anti-Partition League Other Fathers Rights - Responsibility Party Independent Health Alliance Natural Law Party Seniors Solidarity Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_parties_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&oldid=862766393 '' Categories : Lists of political parties by country Political parties in the Republic of Ireland Republic of Ireland politics - related lists Lists of political parties in Ireland Hidden categories : CS1 Irish - language sources ( ga ) Use dmy dates from February 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Français Gaeilge 한국어 مصرى Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 15 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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what are the main political parties in ireland
[ "There are a number of political parties in Ireland, and coalition governments are common. The state is unusual as a developed nation in that politics is not primarily characterised by the left-right political divide. The two largest political parties, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, arose from a split in the original Sinn Féin party in the 1922–1923 Civil War, Fine Gael from the faction (Cumann na nGaedheal) that supported the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and Fianna Fáil from the anti-Treaty faction. This enduring characteristic of the Irish party system is sometimes pejoratively referred to as \"Civil War politics\". The Labour Party was formed in 1912, and it has usually been the third party in parliamentary strength, though it is currently the fourth largest party in Dáil Éireann. In recent years, Sinn Féin has risen to prominence, surpassing the Labour Party in the 2016 general election.\n", "There are a number of political parties in Ireland, and coalition governments are common. The state is unusual as a developed nation in that politics is not primarily characterised by the left-right political divide. The two largest political parties, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, arose from a split in the original Sinn Féin party in the 1922–1923 Civil War, Fine Gael from the faction (Cumann na nGaedheal) that supported the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and Fianna Fáil from the anti-Treaty faction. This enduring characteristic of the Irish party system is sometimes pejoratively referred to as \"Civil War politics\". The Labour Party was formed in 1912, and it has usually been the third party in parliamentary strength, though it is currently the fourth largest party in Dáil Éireann. In recent years, Sinn Féin has risen to prominence, surpassing the Labour Party in the 2016 general election.\n", "There are a number of political parties in Ireland, and coalition governments are common. The state is unusual as a developed nation in that politics is not primarily characterised by the left-right political divide. The two largest political parties, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, arose from a split in the original Sinn Féin party in the 1922–1923 Civil War, Fine Gael from the faction (Cumann na nGaedheal) that supported the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and Fianna Fáil from the anti-Treaty faction. This enduring characteristic of the Irish party system is sometimes pejoratively referred to as \"Civil War politics\". The Labour Party was formed in 1912, and it has usually been the third party in parliamentary strength, though it is currently the fourth largest party in Dáil Éireann. In recent years, Sinn Féin has risen to prominence, surpassing the Labour Party in the 2016 general election.\n", "There are a number of political parties in Ireland, and coalition governments are common. The state is unusual as a developed nation in that politics is not primarily characterised by the left-right political divide. The two largest political parties, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, arose from a split in the original Sinn Féin party in the 1922–1923 Civil War, Fine Gael from the faction (Cumann na nGaedheal) that supported the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and Fianna Fáil from the anti-Treaty faction. This enduring characteristic of the Irish party system is sometimes pejoratively referred to as \"Civil War politics\". The Labour Party was formed in 1912, and it has usually been the third party in parliamentary strength, though it is currently the fourth largest party in Dáil Éireann. In recent years, Sinn Féin has risen to prominence, surpassing the Labour Party in the 2016 general election.\n" ]
[ "Fianna Fáil", "Fine Gael", "Labour Party", "Sinn Féin" ]
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Rocket Raccoon
Rocket Raccoon - wikipedia Rocket Raccoon Rocket Raccoon Rocket Raccoon on the cover of Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord # 2 Art by Nic Klein Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) Created by Bill Mantlo Keith Giffen In - story information Place of origin Halfworld Team affiliations Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers Nova Corps Partnerships Groot Notable aliases Rocky Raccoon , Ranger Rocket Abilities Master tactician and field commander Skilled marksman and hand - to - hand combatant Accomplished starship aviator Normal - physical attributes of an Earth raccoon Rocket Raccoon is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer Bill Mantlo and artist Keith Giffen , the character first appeared in Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) . He is an intelligent , anthropomorphic raccoon , who is an expert marksman and master tactician . His name and aspects of his character are a nod to The Beatles ' 1968 song `` Rocky Raccoon '' . Rocket Raccoon appeared as a prominent member in the 2008 relaunch of the superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy . The character has appeared in several media adaptations as a member of that team , including animated television series , toys , and video games . He appears in the live - action films Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , and Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , all set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . In these appearances , Rocket Raccoon is voiced by Bradley Cooper , with motion capture provided by Sean Gunn . Contents 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Guardians of the Galaxy 2.2 All - New , All - Different Marvel 3 Powers and abilities 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.3 Video games 4.4 Toys 4.5 Newspaper comic strips 4.6 Theme park attractions 5 Collected editions 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) The character was created by Bill Mantlo and Keith Giffen , and inspired by the Beatles song `` Rocky Raccoon '' . Other references to the song were featured in Rocket 's appearance in The Incredible Hulk # 271 ( May 1982 ) , which was titled `` Now Somewhere In the Black Holes of Sirius Major There Lived a Young Boy Named Rocket Raccoon '' and saw the Hulk help Rocket stop a villain trying to steal `` Gideon 's Bible '' , which in the Marvel Universe was a book that contained the sum of all knowledge on the Loonies colony . Rocket Raccoon first appeared in Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) , in the back - up feature `` The Sword in the Star '' , under the name `` Rocky '' . He would next appear in The Incredible Hulk # 271 ( May 1982 ) , where it is learned that `` Rocky '' is short for `` Rocket '' . In 1985 , he received his own four - issue limited series and in an afterword to the first issue , Mantlo himself asserted that this was the same character seen in Preview , penciled by Mike Mignola and inked by Al Gordon with Al Milgrom . Rocket appeared in Quasar # 15 in 1990 and later appeared in three issues of Sensational She - Hulk in 1992 ( # 44 - 46 ) . The character only appeared in a total of ten comic books in his first thirty years of existence . Besides a brief appearance in a 2006 issue of Exiles , Rocket Raccoon was next seen in 2007 's Annihilation : Conquest and Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord limited series , and their spin - off series , a new volume of Guardians of the Galaxy . He remained a regular member of the series cast until it was canceled with issue # 25 in 2010 , also appearing in the follow - up limited series The Thanos Imperative . Along with fellow Guardian Groot , Rocket starred in backup features in Annihilators # 1 - 4 ( March -- June 2011 ) and Annihilators : Earthfall # 1 - 4 ( Sept. -- Dec. 2011 ) . Rocket Raccoon , along with the other members of the Guardians , appeared in issues # 4 - 8 of Avengers Assemble , a series intended as a jumping - on point for fans of the film The Avengers . He appears prominently in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3 , a part of the 2012 Marvel NOW ! relaunch . In February 2014 , it was announced that Skottie Young will be the writer and artist for a Rocket Raccoon ongoing series . The series began in July 2014 , with the first issue selling over 300,000 copies . Jake Parker replaced Young as the artist beginning with issue # 5 . The series ended in May 2015 as one of many titles to be cancelled for Marvel 's Secret Wars event . A new volume , titled Rocket Raccoon and Groot , began in January 2016 as part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel relaunch . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon # 1 ( May 1985 ) . Cover art by Mike Mignola and Al Gordon . Rocket Raccoon acts as the `` Guardian of the Keystone Quadrant '' , an area of outer space sealed off from the rest of the cosmos by the so - called Galacian Wall . Rocket is captain of the starship Rack ' n ' Ruin , and he and his first mate Wal Rus ( a talking walrus ) come from the planet Halfworld in the Keystone Quadrant , an abandoned colony for the mentally ill where the animal companions were genetically manipulated to grant them human level intelligence and bipedal body construction for many to become caretakers of the inmates . Rocket was Halfworld 's chief law officer ( `` ranger '' ) who protected the colony against various threats . At one point , Judson Jakes tried to steal the Halfworld Bible , but was thwarted by Rocket and various animal associates . Later , Lord Dyvyne abducted Rocket 's friend Lylla , and Jakes began the Toy War . As the Toy War continued , Blackjack O'Hare teamed up with Rocket , and Rocket was reunited with Lylla . The Rack ' n ' Ruin was soon destroyed , as Judson Jakes and Lord Dyvyne teamed up to kill Rocket Raccoon . Rocket Raccoon and his friends cured the Loonies of their mental illnesses , as Judson Jakes and Lord Dyvyne were apparently killed . Rocket and the animals as well as the robots left Halfworld and took off into space for their own adventures . Some time later , Rocket was revealed to have been a laboratory subject on the Stranger 's planet , and escaped his captivity there . Guardians of the Galaxy ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon resurfaced as a member of the team chosen to accompany Star - Lord on his mission to stop a Phalanx infiltration of the Kree homeworld . Rocket is depicted as a gifted military tactician who is fearless , loyal , and insightful . It is heavily implied that he has a case of obsessive compulsive disorder . Rocket 's trademark rocket skates are absent . Rocket joins the new Guardians of the Galaxy at the behest of his friend Star - Lord . It is he who suggests that the team adopt that moniker after hearing it mentioned by Major Victory . Later , when the team almost disbands and Peter Quill ( Star - Lord ) disappears ( sent into the Negative Zone by Ronan ) , Rocket keeps the team alive , and brings in Groot as member , as they had become firm friends . Rocket takes over as leader until they rescue Peter and save the Earth from an alien invasion . When the team tries to halt the growing War of Kings , Rocket leads the portion of the team assigned to make contact with the Shi'ar . They are unable to teleport into the Emperor Vulcan 's flagship and have to be rescued by the Starjammers and Rocket 's old friend Ch'od . They are able to bring back the rightful queen of the Shi'ar , but she is killed after Rocket departs , much to his horror . After the Guardians disband , Rocket Raccoon takes up a normal job with Timely Inc . He and Groot were reunited and tricked into returning to Halfworld : there , he found that his memories of the place were mostly half - truths and deliberately crafted fake memories . In reality , Jakes and Blackjack O'Hare had worked with Rocket in providing security at Halfworld Asylum for the Criminally Insane ; Doctor Dyvyne had been Head of Psychology there ; and both the anthropomorphic animals and the automaton clowns were deliberately created to work at the asylum , as their appearance would calm the inmates . The crises that Rocket half - remembered had been caused by the psychic supervillain the Star Thief , who had been admitted as an inmate and used his psychic powers to turn the inhabitants against each other . Rocket had turned the warders into a biological `` key '' to keep Star - Thief locked up , and deliberately altered his mind and left Halfworld so it could never be opened - but he was tricked into returning by the Thief , whose mind had escaped into the asylum after his host body died . When the Guardians of the Galaxy title was relaunched in 2013 , Rocket was again a member of the team . In the first issue of Secret Wars , the Guardians of the Galaxy take part in the incursion between Earth - 616 and Earth - 1610 , in which Rocket and Groot are killed by the Children of Tomorrow . All - new , all - Different Marvel ( edit ) As part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel , Rocket Raccoon takes leadership of the Guardians of the Galaxy while Star - Lord was busy handling things on Spartax . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon possesses the normal attributes of an Earth raccoon , including speed ( which has been additionally amplified by his training ) , and an acute sense of smell , sight , hearing and touch . Sharp claws allow him to scale walls , buildings , and trees with ease . He is an accomplished starship pilot , a brilliant engineer and technician , and an expert marksman with the two laser pistols he carries as well as having an affinity for heavy weapons . He is a master military tactician and leader , attributes that help him take charge of the Guardians of the Galaxy when Star - Lord is unavailable . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon ( along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy ) appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Greg Ellis . He ( along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy ) is seen in the episode `` Michael Korvac '' . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Billy West ( in the episodes `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' ) and later by Trevor Devall ( for subsequent episodes ) . In the episode `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' , he is shown as a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy and Sam Alexander 's trainer . Spider - Man and the Guardians save Earth from Korvac 's Chitauri army . In the episode `` The Return of the Guardians of the Galaxy '' , Rocket Raccoon was with the Guardians of the Galaxy when they land on Earth to repair their spaceship at the time when Titus leads the Chitauri into targeting Sam 's Nova helmet . The episode `` Return to the Spider - Verse '' Pt. 2 features a pirate version of Rocket Raccoon that lives in a pirate reality . He and Cosmo the Spacedog assisted Howard the Duck in a mutiny against Web Beard the Pirate when he claimed the treasure for himself . With help from Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid , the mutineers and Web Beard got back together even when helping Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid into fighting the Kraken . Rocket Raccoon appears in Avengers Assemble , voiced initially by Seth Green in `` Guardians and Spaceknights '' and later by Trevor Devall in `` Widow 's Run '' . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode `` It 's a Wonderful Smash '' , where Seth Green reprises the role . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers episode `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' , voiced by Fumihiro Okabayashi . Trevor Devall reprises his role in the Guardians of the Galaxy series . His history with Halfworld remains intact here . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Christmas TV special Marvel Super Hero Adventures : Frost Fight ! , voiced again by Trevor Devall . In order to afford money to repair their ship , Rocket Raccoon and Groot take on the bounty to obtain Santa Claus and end up meeting Mrs. Claus . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Rocket and Groot shorts , voiced again by Trevor Devall . Rocket Raccoon appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat , voiced again by Trevor Devall . Film ( edit ) Rocket in a character poster for the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy . An adaptation of the character appears in the live - action Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy , portrayed by Sean Gunn via motion capture and voiced by Bradley Cooper . His real name in the film is 89P13 . In addition to being genetically altered , Rocket is shown to have cybernetic implants within his body . He is only referred to as Rocket in the film , and asks `` What 's a Raccoon ? '' when told of his resemblance to the animal by Peter Quill . He serves as the team 's pilot and technical expert , providing the weapon that Quill uses against Ronan the Accuser in the final confrontation and piloting a Ravager ship in the final assault against Ronan 's fleet . Rocket also displays a talent for engineering jailbreaks . Having previously escaped from 22 prisons , he devises and executes a scheme to free his eventual teammates from a Nova Corps prison . Screenwriter Nicole Perlman has stated that early drafts of the film did not include the character due to `` a little bit of a fear that he would come across as cartoonish because he 's a raccoon . '' Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige was persuaded to approve Rocket 's inclusion in the film . A live raccoon named `` Oreo '' was used on set to help animators accurately capture the motion and behaviors of it for their CGI model . Director James Gunn took Oreo to the film 's European premiere . Cooper and Gunn reprised their roles for Rocket in the sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , released in 2017 . In the film , he causes the team to get chased by the Sovereign after stealing their anulax batteries . He is left on the planet where they crash landed ( as a result of him and Quill fighting over the controls ) to guard Nebula with Baby Groot after the rest explore Ego 's planet . When captured by the Ravagers , Rocket and Yondu bond over their similarities and manage to escape the ship alongside Groot and Yondu 's right - hand man Kraglin . They assist the other Guardians in combating Ego 's forces . When Yondu stays behind to save Quill from the planet 's destruction , Rocket gives him equipment and welcomes him as a member of the Guardians . He is saddened by Yondu 's sacrifice in the climax . Running gags throughout the film include Rocket repeatedly being mistaken for different animals , angered when called a raccoon , and criticized for his rude behavior . Cooper and Gunn reprise their role in the film Avengers : Infinity War . In this film , Rocket joins with Groot and Thor in helping to forge Thor 's new weapon Stormbreaker . In addition , Rocket Raccoon helps provide Thor a prosthetic eye to replace the one that he lost in his fight with Hela . He later joins the other Avengers and Groot on Earth in the battle of Wakanda . After Thanos wipes out half the universe , Rocket is the only remaining Guardian left alive on Earth , with Nebula surviving on Titan . A running gag throughout the film is Thor referring to Rocket as `` rabbit . '' Cooper will reprise his role in the untitled sequel ( 2019 ) . Video games ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Super Hero Squad Online ; he is in the Rocket Box . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the crossover fighting game Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , voiced by Greg Ellis in a Cockney accent . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes , voiced by Steven Blum . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by John DiMaggio . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Nolan North . He also appears in Disney Infinity 3.0 . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the mobile game Marvel : Future Fight . Rocket and Groot appear as a combined character in Marvel Puzzle Quest . Rocket Raccoon appears in Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series , voiced by Nolan North . Rocket Raccoon appears as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite , with Trevor Devall reprising his role . He will be assisted by Groot during gameplay . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 , voiced by Mikey O'Connor . Toys ( edit ) A Rocket Raccoon action figure was available as part of a Guardians of the Galaxy three pack in 2011 as part of the Marvel Universe toyline . Rocket Raccoon is a build - a-figure in the Marvel Legends toyline released in 2013 . A Rocket Raccoon and Groot figure set with a `` Dancing Baby Groot '' will be released by Hot Toys . Newspaper comic strips ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon began appearing in The Amazing Spider - Man newspaper comic strip in December 2016 , in a story where Spider - Man and Mary Jane discover him in a spaceship that has crashed upon the Earth . Theme park attractions ( edit ) Rocket appears in the ride Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! at Disney California Adventure with Bradley Cooper reprising his role from the films . He and the rest of the Guardians were captured by the Collector to be put on display , but he manages to escape and enters the room the guests are in through a vent ( where he 's an audio animatronic ) and hijacks the video to explain his plan on rescuing his friends . The guests will use their access passes to enter the gantry lift while Rocket rides on top to blow up the generator so that the Guardians , as well as the other creatures in the collection , can escape . The Guardians will then reunite with Mantis so that they can escape . Collected editions ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon : Guardian of the Keystone Quadrant ( hardcover , Aug. 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 5527 - 0 ) collects : The Incredible Hulk # 271 , Rocket Raccoon Vol. 1 # 1 -- 4 , and the story from Marvel Preview # 7 ( `` The Sword in the Star ! : Stave 2 : Witchworld ! '' ) . Rocket Raccoon & Groot : The Complete Collection ( softcover , April 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 6713 - 6 ) collects : a story from Tales to Astonish # 13 , the story from Marvel Preview # 7 , The Incredible Hulk # 271 , Rocket Raccoon Vol. 1 # 1 -- 4 , Annihilators # 1 -- 4 , and Annihilators : Earthfall # 1 -- 4 . Rocket Raccoon : A Chasing Tail ! ( hardcover , March 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785193890 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 1 - 6 . Rocket Raccoon : Storytailor ! ( hardcover , August 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785193906 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 7 - 11 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 0 : Bite and Bark ( softcover , October 2016 , ISBN 978 - 1302902186 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 1 - 11 , Groot # 1 - 6 , and material from Guardians of the Galaxy : Tomorrow 's Avengers # 1 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 1 : Tricks of the Trades ! ( softcover , August 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785199731 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon & Groot # 1 - 6 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 2 : ( softcover , November 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785199748 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon & Groot # 7 - 10 , TBD . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mazza , Ed ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Mantlo , Rocket Raccoon Co-Creator , Gets Private Guardians Screening In Care Facility '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Bill ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` 365 Reasons to Love Comics # 163 '' . Comics Should Be Good . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cronin , Brian ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` The Unlikely Journey of Guardians of the Galaxy Star Rocket Raccoon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rocket Raccoon at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Giffen , Keith ( p ) , Giffen , Keith ( i ) . `` The Sword in the Star ! : Stave 2 : Witchworld ! '' Marvel Preview 7 ( Summer 1976 ) Jump up ^ Collins , Sean ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Rise of Guardians of the Galaxy 's Rocket Raccoon '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Rocket was a punchline , putting in brief comic - relief cameos in titles like Incredible Hulk and She - Hulk ; he appeared in 10 comics total over 30 years . Jump up ^ Warmoth , Brian . `` Getting Exclusive at Marvel 's Cup O ' Joe '' . WizardUniverse.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Greeting the Guardians : Rocket Raccoon , Groot '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beames , Robert ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Teasing Guardians of the Galaxy As Next Movie ? '' . WhatCulture ! . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - book Avengers assemble ahead of movie version '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` NYCC : Bendis , McNiven & Wacker Relaunch the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meylikhov , Matthew ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon Blasts Off ( and Probably Other Puns ) in New Skottie Young Series '' . Multiversity Comics . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon # 1 By Mister Skottie Young To Sell 300,000 ( Update ) '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . I understand that orders for Rocket Raccoon # 1 , the new comic from Mister Skottie Young that received such a strong showing for Free Comic Book Day , is close to topping 300,000 pre-orders from Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Parkin , JK ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Jake Parker brings extra Groot to Rocket Raccoon # 5 ′ '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Announces Groot # 1 -- To Replace Rocket Raccoon For Secret Wars '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2015 . During Secret Wars , Rocket Raccoon is cancelled and replaced by Groot . Jump up ^ Parkin , JK ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon & Groot Reunite For New Adventures '' . Marvel Comics . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2016 . Skottie Young and Filipe Andrade continue the exploits of these two Guardians of the Galaxy in their own spotlight series ! Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Buscema , Sal ( p ) , Buscema , Sal ( i ) . `` Rocket Raccoon ! '' The Incredible Hulk 271 ( May 1982 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` Rocket Raccoon / Animal Crackers '' Rocket Raccoon 1 ( May 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Masque of the Red Breath '' Rocket Raccoon 2 ( June 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Book of Revelations '' Rocket Raccoon 3 ( July 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Age of Enlightenment '' Rocket Raccoon 4 ( August 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Gruenwald , Mark ( w ) , Manley , Mike ( p ) , Panosian , Dan ( i ) . `` Death Watch ( Journey Into Mystery Part 3 of 4 ) '' Quasar 15 ( October 1990 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord 1 ( September 2007 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord 2 ( October 2007 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Somebody 's Got To Do It '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 1 ( July 2008 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Legacy '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 2 ( August 2008 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Past Mistakes '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 8 ( February 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ; Livesay , John ( i ) . `` Blastaared '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 10 ( April 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Peacemakers '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 13 ( June 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` The Head That Wears the Crown '' War of Kings 3 ( July 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Sepulveda , Miguel ( p ) . `` Devastation '' The Thanos Imperative : Devastation 1 ( March 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Eng Huat , Tan ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Blame it on the Black Star '' Annihilators 1 ( May 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Eng Huat , Tan ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Wraithfire '' Annihilators 3 ( July 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , McNiven , Steve ( p ) , Dell , John ( i ) . `` What exactly do you think you 're doing , Mister Quill ? '' '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 1 ( May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Hickman , Jonathan ( w ) , Ribić , Esad ( p ) , Ribić , Esad ( i ) . `` The End Times '' Secret Wars 1 ( July 2015 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Schiti , Valerio ( p ) , Schiti , Valerio ( i ) . Guardians of the Galaxy v4 , 1 ( December 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Arbeiter , Michael ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Other Films and TV Shows Where You Can Find the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGloin , Matt ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon Is A Joke Character ; Guardians of the Galaxy To Appear In Ultimate Spider - Man Cartoon Written By Bendis '' . Cosmic Book News . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Avengers Assemble Clip : Teaming with the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN. April 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melching , Steven ( writer ) ; Archibald , Patrick ( director ) ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` It 's a Wonderful Smash '' . Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Season 1 . Episode 26 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( 17 February 2015 ) . `` The voice of # RocketRaccoon is from Edmonton , Canada & is known for his anime voice over work ! # GuardiansVoiceCast # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( 17 February 2015 ) . ``. @ TrevorDevall will voice # Rocket on # DisneyXD 's # Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy ! # GuardiansVoiceCast '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ End credits for Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names Avengers Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dietsch , T.J. ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals His Brother 's Roles in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Bradley Cooper to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel Comics . August 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Skipper , Ben ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Writer Reveals Hit Marvel Film Nearly Did n't Star Rocket Raccoon '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Kevin was a big fan of Rocket , and I 'm so glad because I really felt like that was necessary and that was needed . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : How They Made Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Space Adventure '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . We needed a raccoon to study how he looked and his behavior , so that our on - screen raccoon , which is generated through CGI will be realistic . Our Rocket is based on a combination of our voice actor , Bradley Cooper , our on - set actor , my brother Sean Gunn , the movements and behavior and look of Oreo ( the raccoon ) , as well as my own animation . Jump up ^ Smith , Kat ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` THN Catch - Up With Oreo Raccoon AKA Rocket Raccoon From Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . The Hollywood News . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . As we all know from the photos all over the internet Oreo did indeed go to the premiere . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Marvel Comics . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` What Happened in Today 's Secret Trailer for Avengers : Infinity War ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dominguez , Noah ( September 23 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers 4 : Benedict Wong Shares Bizarre Photo From the Set '' . Comic book Resources . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2018 . Retrieved September 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocket Box Now Available ! '' . Heroup.com . September 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 roster leaked '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Who Should Voice Rocket Raccoon in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Bradley Cooper 's Rocket Raccoon Voice Revealed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket Raccoon joins Marvel Heroes '' . Marvel Heroes . July 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voice Compare Guardians of the Galaxy Rocket Raccoon '' . Behind the Voice Actors . July 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Goofing Around With Mr. Fantastic '' . Game Informer . August 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Infinity Marvel Super Heroes Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wyld , Leo ( August 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Gaming Update '' . Guardthegalaxy.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nolan North is Rocket in Telltale 's Guardians of the Galaxy game Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ http://earachevoices.com/voice/mikey-oconnor/ Jump up ^ `` Marvel Hasbro Toys Toy Fair 2013 '' . MTV . 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Rejoice Because Hot Toys Is Making THAT Groot Toy from Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . The potted Groot is a bonus accessory available exclusively to people who order the Hot Toys Rocket Raccoon and Groot figure set from Sideshow Collectibles . External links ( edit ) Superhero fiction portal Fictional characters portal 1970s portal Rocket Raccoon at the Marvel Universe wiki Rocket Raccoon at the Comic Book DB Rocket Raccoon entry at the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Rocket Raccoon at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nebula Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Black Order Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korath the Pursuer Korvac Magus Nebula Ronan the Accuser Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat Related articles Asgardians of the Galaxy Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( roller coaster ) Marvel 's cosmic setting Alien species Acanti Badoon Beyonders Brood Celestials D'Bari Dire Wraiths Galadorians Kree Kymellians Phalanx Shi'ar Skrulls Symbiotes Watchers Groups Access Blood Brothers Captain Marvel ( Mar - Vell ) High Evolutionary Howard the Duck Maelstrom Magus Molecule Man Nebula Paibok the Power Skrull Super-Skrull Thanos Uatu the Watcher Wraith Universal Church of Truth Agents of Cosmos Agent Venom Elders of the Universe Astronomer Champion Collector Contemplator Ego the Living Planet Gardener Grandmaster Obliterator Possessor Runner Trader Fraternity of Raptors Darkhawk Gyre Talon Razor Heralds of Galactus Air - Walker Fallen One Firelord Morg the Executioner Nova Praeter Red Shift Silver Surfer Stardust Terrax the Tamer Tyrant Imperial Guard ( Shi'ar ) Electron Fang Flashfire Gladiator Hobgoblin Magique Mentor Neutron Nightside Oracle Pulsar Smasher Starbolt Titan Nova Corps Garthan Saal Powerhouse Richard Rider ( Nova Prime ) Rhomann Dey Sam Alexander Royal Family ( Inhumans ) Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak the Shatterer Luna Maximoff Maximus Medusa Triton Spaceknights Ikon Rom the Spaceknight Starshine Microverse Jarella Psycho - Man Psyklop Negative Zone Annihilus Blastaar Ravenous Storylines The Infinity Gauntlet The Infinity War The Infinity Crusade Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative Infinity The Black Vortex Superhuman races Deviants Eternals Inhumans Teams Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Cosmo the Spacedog Gladiator Ikon Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Enigma Force Arcturus Rann Bug Flare Marionette Quark Guardians of the Galaxy Adam Warlock Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Mantis Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Infinity Watch Adam Warlock Drax the Destroyer Gamora Maxam Moondragon Pip the Troll Starjammers Ch'od Corsair Hepzibah Korvus Raza Longknife Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Planets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocket_Raccoon&oldid=865096437 '' Categories : Animal superheroes Anthropomorphic animal characters Characters created by Bill Mantlo Characters created by Keith Giffen Comics characters introduced in 1976 Comics featuring anthropomorphic characters Fictional aviators Fictional engineers Fictional inventors Fictional marksmen and snipers Fictional raccoons Fictional soldiers Guardians of the Galaxy characters Marvel Comics superheroes Marvel Comics titles Marvel vs. Capcom fighters Superhero film characters Talking animals in fiction Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use mdy dates from May 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Scots Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 18 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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what animal is rocket in guardians of the galaxy
[ "Rocket Raccoon is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Bill Mantlo and artist Keith Giffen, the character first appeared in Marvel Preview #7 (Summer 1976). He is an intelligent, anthropomorphic raccoon, who is an expert marksman and master tactician. His name and aspects of his character are a nod to The Beatles' 1968 song \"Rocky Raccoon\".\n" ]
[ "Raccoon" ]
5230509387476467070
Telephone numbers in Japan
Telephone numbers in Japan - wikipedia Telephone numbers in Japan `` + 81 '' redirects here . For the album by the musical group , see + 81 ( Deerhoof ) . Japan telephone numbers Location Country Japan Continent Asia Type closed Typical format 0X - XXXX - XXXX 0XX - XXX - XXXX ( 011 - 271 - 6677 ) 0XXX - XX - XXXX Access codes Country calling code + 81 International call prefix 010 Trunk prefix 0 Telephone numbers in Japan consist of an area code , an exchange number , and a subscriber number . Contents 1 Dialing prefixes 2 Types of numbers 3 Length of numbers 3.1 Three - digit numbers ( special numbers ) 3.1. 1 Emergency services 3.1. 2 Operator services 3.1. 3 Directory services 3.1. 4 Special services 3.2 Long distance carrier selection ( Myline ) 3.3 10 digit numbers 3.3. 1 Non-geographic area codes 3.3. 2 Decommissioned area codes 3.3. 3 Area codes ( 市 外 局番 `` shigai - kyokuban '' ) of selected major cities 4 Area code as local brand naming 5 See also 6 External links 7 References Dialing prefixes ( edit ) 001 and 00xx Carrier selection prefix 184 Prefix to withhold caller ID 186 Prefix to provide caller ID Types of numbers ( edit ) 1xx Special numbers 001 and 00xx Carrier selection codes 0x 2 - digit geographic area codes 0xx 3 - digit geographic area codes 0xxx 4 - digit geographic area codes 0xxxx 5 - digit geographic area codes 0x0 3 - digit non-Geographic area codes ( excluding 010 ) 0xx0 4 - digit non-Geographic area codes ( 01x0 , 0570 , 0800 , 0910 , 0990 ) Length of numbers ( edit ) Special numbers are three digits long Geographic numbers are 10 digits long 0x0 Non-geographic numbers are 10 - or - 11 digits long . 0xx0 Non-geographic numbers are 10 digits long Three - digit numbers ( special numbers ) ( edit ) Emergency services ( edit ) 110 Police 118 Maritime emergencies 119 Ambulance , Fire brigade 171 Earthquake assistance Operator services ( edit ) 100 NTT operator 106 Operator assisted collect call service 108 Automated collect call service 113 NTT technical faults hotline 116 NTT customer service and general enquiries Directory services ( edit ) 104 NTT national directory enquiries 0057 KDDI international directory enquiries Special services ( edit ) 114 Automated number - busy check 115 Telegram service 117 Speaking clock 136 Information on last incoming call 177 Weather forecast Long distance carrier selection ( Myline ) ( edit ) 001 KDDI ( international ) 0032 IPS Inc. 0033 NTT Communications 0034 NTT Communications ( international toll free ) 0036 NTT East 0037 Fusion Communications 0039 NTT West 0041 SoftBank Telecom ( international / former Japan Telecom ) 0053 KDDI ( Resold ) 0056 KDDI ( international ) 0061 SoftBank Telecom ( international / former Cable and Wireless IDC ) 0066 SoftBank Telecom ( international / former Cable and Wireless IDC ) 0070 KDDI Toll Free 0071 Verizon Japan 0077 KDDI ( national ) 0080 T - Systems 0081 Fusion Communications ( former TTNet ) 0088 SoftBank Telecom ( national / former Japan Telecom ) 0089 T - Systems 0091 Brastel 10 digit numbers ( edit ) Non-geographic area codes ( edit ) 0120 NTT Freedial , toll free services 0130 Automated information services 0140 Disaster relief wireless communications 0160 Disaster relief satellite communications 0170 NTT Dengon Dial , chat line services 0180 NTT Telegong , TV / Radio show feedback dial - in 0180 NTT Teledome , automated information services 0190 NTT Angel Line , automated directory services via PC / modem 0190 NTT Annai Jozu , automated directory services via telephone 0570 Navi Dial ( ja ) 0800 Other toll free services 020 Paging services ( PDC ) and data services ( UMTS ) 030 Mobile telephony services ( legacy systems , PDC , J - CDMA , UMTS ) - currently not used 040 Mobile telephony services ( legacy systems , PDC , J - CDMA , UMTS ) - currently not used 050 IP telephony service ( via internet service providers ) 060 Universal personal number services 070 Mobile telephony and data services ( PHS , UMTS ) 0701 Mobile telephony and data services ( PDC , J - CDMA , UMTS ) 080 Mobile telephony and data services ( PDC , J - CDMA , UMTS ) 090 Mobile telephony and data services ( PDC , J - CDMA , UMTS ) 0910 Private circuit access , local rate services 0990 NTT DialQ2 , premium rate services Decommissioned area codes ( edit ) 0150 formerly used for maritime wireless communications 0450 formerly used for maritime wireless communications 0750 formerly used for maritime wireless communications Area codes ( 市 外 局番 `` shigai - kyokuban '' ) of selected major cities ( edit ) 11 Sapporo 13 - 8 Hakodate 16 - 6 Asahikawa 17 - 7 or 172 Aomori 18 - 8 Akita 19 - 6 Morioka 22 Sendai 23 - 6 Yamagata 24 - 5 Fukushima 24 - 6 Iwaki 24 - 9 Kōriyama 25 Niigata 26 Nagano 27 - 2 Maebashi 27 - 3 Takasaki 28 - 6 Utsunomiya 3 Tokyo ( 23 Special wards ) , Komae 4 - 29 Tokorozawa 4 - 70 Kamogawa 4 - 71 Kashiwa 42 - 6 Hachiōji 42 - 7 Machida , Sagamihara 43 Chiba 44 Kawasaki 45 Yokohama 46 - 6 Fujisawa 46 - 8 Yokosuka 47 - 3 Ichikawa , Matsudo 47 - 4 ( 473 for west part of the city ) Funabashi 48 - 2 Kawaguchi 48 - 6 or 48 - 7 or 48 - 8 Saitama 48 - 9 Soka , Koshigaya 49 Kawagoe 52 Nagoya 53 Hamamatsu 53 - 2 Toyohashi 54 Shizuoka 55 Kofu 56 - 4 Okazaki 56 - 5 Toyota 56 - 8 Kasugai 56 - 9 Handa 58 Gifu 58 - 6 Ichinomiya 59 - 2 Tsu , Yokkaichi 6 Osaka , Higashiōsaka , Suita , Toyonaka , Amagasaki 72 - 2 Sakai 72 - 6 Takatsuki 72 - 8 Hirakata 73 Wakayama 74 - 2 or 74 - 3 Nara 75 Kyoto 76 - 2 Kanazawa 76 - 4 Toyama 76 - 8 Suzu 77 - 5 Ōtsu 77 - 6 Fukui 78 Kobe 79 - 0 Kasai 79 - 2 or 79 - 3 Himeji 79 - 4 Kakogawa 79 - 7 or 79 - 8 Nishinomiya , Takarazuka 82 Hiroshima 83 - 2 or 83 - 4 Shimonoseki 83 - 9 Yamaguchi 84 Fukuyama 85 - 2 Matsue 85 - 7 Tottori 86 - 2 or 86 - 9 Okayama 86 - 4 or 86 - 5 Kurashiki 87 Takamatsu 88 - 6 Tokushima 88 - 8 Kochi 89 Matsuyama 92 Fukuoka 93 Kitakyushu 942 Kurume 95 - 8 Nagasaki 95 - 2 Saga 95 - 6 Sasebo 96 Kumamoto 97 Ōita 98 - 8 or 98 - 9 Naha 98 - 1 or 98 - 5 Miyazaki 99 Kagoshima Geographic numbers are nine digits long , including the area code , but not including the leading zero . Consequently , densely populated areas have shorter area codes , while less populated areas have longer area codes . For example : 6 xxxx xxxx ( Osaka ) 75 xxx xxxx ( Kyoto ) 74 - 2 xx xxxx ( Nara ) 49 - 92 x xxxx ( Niijima island , Tokyo pref . ) 82 - 486 xxxx ( Takano , Hiroshima pref . ) Area codes increase from north to south ; Sapporo in Hokkaidō ( the northernmost prefecture ) has 11 , and Setouchi 's 99 - 73 is far to the south in Kagoshima . When the telephone system was devised , Okinawa was still under U.S. occupation , so when it was returned to Japan in 1972 , its telephone numbers were squeezed between Miyazaki ( 98x ) and Kagoshima ( 99x ) and begin with 988 , 989 , and 980 . During the 1990s , when plans were being drawn up to amalgamate mid-sized cities and towns into larger municipalities , telephone numbering systems were merged in advance . For example , 7442 x xxxx Kashihara ( Nara prefecture ) 7444 x xxxx Sakurai 74452 xxxx Takatori 74454 xxxx Asuka etc . became : 744 2x xxxx Kashihara 744 4x xxxx Sakurai 744 52 xxxx Takatori 744 54 xxxx Asuka etc . Many of these towns have in fact refused to merge , leaving callers with more digits to dial when making local calls . This is partially balanced by not having to dial an area code for the neighboring city . Area code as local brand naming ( edit ) Flea Market event named `` 028 Market '' held on the Union St. in Utsunomiya . This event is held about once in a half year . After entering the 2010s , local products and events have begun using names which come from the area code . 0465net ( Odawara , Kanagawa ) 0428 T - shirt ( Ome , Tokyo ) 028 Market ( Utsunomiya , Tochigi ) 028 Machinaka ( Inner - City ) Wi - Fi ( Utsunomiya , Tochigi ) Bar 053 ( Hamamatsu , Shizuoka ) See also ( edit ) List of dialing codes in Japan Communications in Japan § Telephone services List of telephone operating companies § Japan Telephone numbering plan External links ( edit ) Telephone information page of the Japan National Tourist Organization ( JNTO ) References ( edit ) ITU allocations list Telephone numbers in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telephone_numbers_in_Japan&oldid=856458588 '' Categories : Telephone numbers by country Telephone numbers in Japan Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans 日本 語 اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 10 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many digits in a japanese cell phone number
[ "Special numbers are three digits long\nGeographic numbers are 10 digits long\n0x0 Non-geographic numbers are 10 -or- 11 digits long.\n0xx0 Non-geographic numbers are 10 digits long" ]
[ "10 -or- 11 digits long" ]
8189429205058280032
Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)
Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) Last Man Standing Genre Sitcom Created by Jack Burditt Starring Tim Allen Nancy Travis Alexandra Krosney Molly Ephraim Kaitlyn Dever Christoph Sanders Héctor Elizondo Amanda Fuller Flynn Morrison Jordan Masterson Jonathan Adams Composer ( s ) Monte Montgomery Carl Thiel Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 130 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tim Allen Becky Clements Marty Adelstein Shawn Levy Richard Baker Rick Messina John Pasquin Kevin Abbott Michael Shipley Matt Berry Tim Doyle Jack Burditt ( season 1 ) Producer ( s ) John Amodeo Cinematography Donald A. Morgan Editor ( s ) Pamela J. Marshall Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps - Adelstein Productions Double Wide Productions / NestEgg Productions ( season 1 ) Mr. Big Shot Fancy - Pants Productions ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lyonsberry Productions ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) -- March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) External links Website Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen as a senior employee of a sporting goods store in Denver , Colorado , who is a married father of three daughters . The series includes his interactions with family , neighbors , and coworkers . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Television , the series originally ran on ABC from 2011 to 2017 for six seasons , and entered syndication in 2015 . Despite being ABC 's second - highest rated sitcom for the 2016 -- 17 season , it was revealed in May 2017 that the network had declined to renew Last Man Standing for a seventh season . Media publications reported that ABC was unwilling to cover the production costs for a seventh season on behalf of 20th Century Fox Television . One year later , the studio 's sibling network Fox announced it had picked up the show for a seventh season , which is set to premiere on September 28 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development and casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Cancellation 4.4 Revival on Fox 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 Syndication 8 Broadcast 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Mike Baxter , a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver , Colorado , whose world is filled with his wife , three daughters , grandson , and the young men married to or dating his daughters . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Tim Allen as Mike Baxter : Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores . He fervently supports `` traditional '' American values , is a Protestant and is politically conservative . Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve , the youngest and most athletic daughter , and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own . He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries , including school work , hunting and playing sports . Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man 's young slow - witted employee Kyle ( who later becomes his son - in - law ) , and with Ryan , his politically liberal son - in - law married to his oldest daughter , and the father of Mike 's grandson , Boyd . The video blog or `` vlog '' that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to rant about his political views . Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan , and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT . Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter , Mike 's wife : Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing , or `` fracking '' . In season four , Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to go back to college to become a high school science teacher . After being fired as a teacher due to budget cuts , Vanessa begins her own tutoring business . Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five , when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president , mainly because she thinks it will advance women 's causes . She is shown drinking wine frequently , and is also frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it . She is a graduate of Ohio State University with a Master of Science degree in Physics and a PhD in Geology . Vanessa often makes attempts to be politically correct , but only highlights how uncomfortable she is trying to relate to people of other races . Despite this , she and her African - American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along . Vanessa 's humor includes bad puns , which irritate Mike and the girls no end . Amanda Fuller ( seasons 2 -- present ) and Alexandra Krosney ( season 1 ) as Kristin Beth Baxter , the oldest daughter : Kristin , unlike her father , espouses liberal political views and her views with regard to Christianity seem ambiguous . During her senior year of high school , Kristin became pregnant with her son , Boyd . She was a single mother living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale . She began to reconcile with Boyd 's father , Ryan Vogelson , in season three , and the two get married between seasons four and five . Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two . In season four , she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man . Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism , despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified . Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show 's first season ( despite being nearly two years younger than Molly Ephraim , playing Kristin 's younger sister ) ; Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons . Molly Ephraim ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) and Molly McCook ( recurring , season 7 ) as Amanda Elaine `` Mandy '' Baxter - Anderson , the middle daughter : Mandy is not as academic as her sisters ( and she has a penchant for cutting class and ignoring homework ) , but she excels in social situations . Interested in fashion ( and little else ) , she was one of the most popular girls at her high school . Mandy is very confident and creative , demonstrating traits found in her father . She can be lazy , conceited , selfish , insulting , and delinquent -- she drinks underage , ignores all driving laws , shoplifts from Outdoor Man , there are many implications that she smokes weed , and she has been caught staying out all night -- but occasionally she displays moments of generosity and caring . She started dating Kyle in season 2 . As of season three , she attends a local college and works at the diner where Kristin used to work . Later that same season , she begins an online clothing business , selling her self - designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents ' house . Kyle asks her to marry him in season 5 , the 100th episode . She marries Kyle in season six , but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home . Up until she turned 21 , a running gag on the show was Mike , Vanessa , and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy 's hand , usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse . Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter , ( series regular , seasons 1 -- 6 ; recurring , season 7 ) the youngest daughter : Eve is intelligent and athletic , and generally has the same interests as Mike , including camping , sports , guns , and the military . She also has conservative views like Mike . She is Mike 's favorite daughter , and excels at her hobbies . She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys ' football team as their placekicker . She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters . Eve also shares her father 's sense of humor , and her sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy . Eve is an excellent student , whose only weak subject is art , though she did have to change math classes to escape a prejudiced teacher . Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point . Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful , which seriously depresses her , so in season six , Eve decides to take a `` personal year '' rather than immediately attend college . She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money , but this proves to be unfruitful . During her gap year , Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs , and is accepted . Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson , a young employee at Outdoor Man : Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy . Kyle idolizes Mike , having grown up without a father figure . Kyle takes care of his grandmother who has dementia , and it is implied he grew up in her home . Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him . Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five , and marrying Mandy in season six . Héctor Elizondo as Edward `` Ed '' Alzate , Mike 's longtime business partner : Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike , who helped turn the shop into the 20 - store Outdoor Man chain . Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike , but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values . Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice . Having been divorced four times , Ed 's suggestions are rarely helpful . He also has 5 daughters . Ed is a Vietnam veteran , although he saw no combat in Vietnam , stating that he was a clerk in Saigon . He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork . Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair , most often from Mike . It is revealed in season 6 that Ed has early onset dementia . Flynn Morrison ( regular , seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Jet Jurgensmeyer ( recurring , season 7 ) and Evan and Luke Kruntchev ( recurring , season 1 ) as Boyd Baxter , Kristin 's son : Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd , and affectionately views him as the son he never had . Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised . Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather . Jordan Masterson ( regular , seasons 2 -- present ) and Nick Jonas ( guest star , season 1 ) as Ryan Vogelson , Boyd 's Canadian father : Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant , he returned to be involved in Boyd 's upbringing , and eventually the two reconciled and got engaged ( at the end of season 3 ) . Ryan holds liberal views , both politically and philosophically , and he and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values , especially when it comes to child - rearing . Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion , hunting culture and nationalism , however , neither Mike nor Kristin agree with this approach . His vegan diet , views on discipline , and what Mike sees as his oversensitivity are an affront to Mike 's beliefs , but Ryan generally enjoys being a thorn in Mike 's side . On rare occasions , Ryan and Mike agree on what is best for Boyd , but this usually puts them at odds with Kristin or Vanessa . Mike comes to reluctantly respect and like his son - in - law for standing up for what he believes and for being a loving husband and father . Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee ( regular , seasons 4 -- present ; recurring , seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor : Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man . Chuck is an African - American , and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes , and they regularly exchange barbs as if they do n't like each other . In reality , they are good friends , despite being unwilling to admit it . Vanessa sees through their heated exchanges , often telling them to `` get a room '' . Chuck is married to Carol and they have a son , Brandon , who is the same age as Eve . Recurring ( edit ) Robert Forster as Bud Baxter ( seasons 1 , 3 -- 4 ) , Mike 's widower father who is initially in the construction business , but later opens a marijuana store ( `` Bud 's Buds '' ) after it becomes legal in Colorado . Christina Moore as April ( seasons 1 & 3 ) , Vanessa 's air - headed and immature younger sister . She is always asking for money . Danielle Bisutti as Michelle ( season 1 ) , Vanessa 's friend and next - door neighbor ; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app . Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Chuck 's wife and Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor . She is also Vanessa 's best friend . Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open - minded around her , but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol . Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) , the Baxters ' Guatemalan - born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business . The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen . Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Eve 's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend . Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Kristin 's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works . Thomas also had a cameo as `` Randy '' ( a nod to his Home Improvement character ) in the season 4 episode `` Helen Potts '' , with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson . Tye Sheridan as Justin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) , Eve 's fellow Jr . ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend . The two break up in season 4 . Zachary Gordon as Andrew ( season 3 ) , Eve 's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend . Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) , Ed 's meddling younger girlfriend , whom he meets near the end of season three . Ed routinely has to put her in her place , particularly when she shows up at the store and tries to get involved in running his business . Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5 , but the two patch things up and reunite . Jay Leno as Joe Leonard ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) , a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike . Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man , servicing ATVs and snowmobiles . Travis Tope as Rob ( season 6 ) , Eve 's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder . He 's a recovering alcoholic , which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him . Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series , including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen 's previous series , Home Improvement . ( Episode numbers in parentheses ) Paul F. Tompkins as Chester McAllister Cassandra Peterson as Elvira Nick Jonas as Ryan in his first appearance Tony Hawk as himself Jamie - Lynn Sigler as Gabriella Alzate , one of Ed 's five daughters ( not including the war baby ) Andrew Daly as Mr. Peckem Kim Kardashian as herself Tony Stewart as himself Mike Rowe as Jimmy Baxter , Mike 's younger brother Frankie Muniz as Richard , who works at the bank where Mike and his brother Jimmy go to ask for a loan Melanie Paxson as Liz Richard Karn as Bill McKendree . Karn portrayed Al Borland , co-worker and friend to Tim Allen 's character on Home Improvement Si Robertson as Uncle Ray Willie Robertson as Brody Michael Gross as Mr. Hardin Patricia Richardson as Helen Potts , the Baxters ' widowed neighbor . Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor , the wife of Tim Allen 's character in Home Improvement Jere Burns as Victor Vogelson , Ryan 's estranged father Blake Clark as Clark , the owner of a club in which Eve performed . Clark played Harry Turner , Tim 's friend and owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement Robin Roberts as Teresa , a tank mechanic and Persian Gulf War veteran Reba McEntire as Billie Cassidy , Mike 's mountain - climbing former girlfriend Bill Engvall as Reverend Paul , the new pastor of the Baxter family 's church . Nancy Travis played Bill 's wife Susan on three seasons of The Bill Engvall Show . Brad Leland as Wayne Sizemore Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Last Man Standing episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 24 October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) ABC 18 November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) 22 September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) April 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 5 22 September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) 6 22 September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC 's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up . In January 2011 , ABC green - lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man . On February 18 , Tim Allen , who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning , officially joined the project in the lead role . At the end of March , Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen 's `` smart and loving wife who does n't miss much '' . Soon thereafter , Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen 's character . Filming ( edit ) On May 13 , 2011 , ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011 -- 2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing . On May 17 , 2011 , ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern / 7 Central . It debuted on October 11 , 2011 , with the first two episodes airing in a one - hour premiere . On November 3 , 2011 , the series was picked up for a full season of twenty - two episodes . On January 12 , 2012 , the order was increased to twenty - four episodes . On May 11 , 2012 , ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012 -- 2013 season in November . On June 11 , 2012 , Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series . Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production . Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott , who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season . Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt , who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes . Unlike Burditt , who is no longer credited as an executive producer , Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire . Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC 's Friday night lineup for the 2012 -- 2013 primetime television season . On November 8 , 2012 , Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full - time , after a stint in rehab , and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country . On June 11 , 2012 , it was announced that Alexandra Krosney ( Kristin ) was let go from the show for creative reasons . Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2 . On June 19 , 2012 , it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev , who played the role of Boyd in season 1 , would not be returning ; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2 . The character of Boyd was also age - advanced from two years old to five years old . Jordan Masterson plays Ryan , Boyd 's father , in a recurring role beginning in season 2 . The role was previously played by Nick Jonas , who guest - starred in one episode in season 1 . The second season initially received a 13 - episode order . ABC announced on November 12 , 2012 , that an additional three scripts had been ordered . On November 27 , five more episodes were ordered to bring the second - season episode total to 18 . On May 10 , 2013 , the series was renewed for a third season , which premiered on September 20 , 2013 , and ended on April 25 , 2014 , after 22 episodes . On May 10 , 2014 , ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season , which premiered on October 3 , 2014 . Allen and Elizondo guest - starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela . On May 10 , 2015 , ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season . Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC , which with the help of Shark Tank and 20 / 20 has become the top network among adults 18 -- 49 for the night . Leading off Friday night for ABC , the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18 -- 49 and 8.2 million viewers overall , according to Nielsen 's Live + 7 estimates . On May 13 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for a sixth season , which premiered on September 23 , 2016 . Cancellation ( edit ) On May 10 , 2017 , ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons , despite the series being the second-most - watched ABC sitcom during the 2016 -- 17 season ( based on Live + 7 figures ) , with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season . A representative for 20th Century Fox Television said cancellation decisions are made by ABC . `` This was a scheduling decision , '' wrote Jori Arancio , senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios . ABC and its production partner for the show , 20th Century Fox Television , typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season ; however , the network decided to cancel the show without doing so . Also , the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show , in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production , had expired after six seasons . Had the series been renewed for a seventh season , ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing 's production costs , which the network was unwilling to do . The cancellation was met with outrage from the show 's fans , many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show . It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen ( who is also a real - life Republican ) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , that being a Republican in Hollywood is `` like 1930s Germany . You got ta be real careful around here , you know . You 'll get beat up if you do n't believe what everybody believes . '' His comment was widely criticized , especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany . A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23 , 2017 . In a conference call with reporters earlier in May , ABC president Channing Dungey stated , `` Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me , because it was a steady performer . Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday , it was just kind of that 's where we landed . '' Dungey cited studio ownership , future creative direction , ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision . A year later , the petition 's signatures had grown to 438,000 . Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation , tweeting on May 16 , 2017 : `` Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years . '' On May 20 , 2017 , Howard Kurtzman , president of 20th Century Fox Television , reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show . `` We 're starting to explore that , '' Kurtzman said . `` ... ( Fox Co-President ) Jonnie ( Davis ) and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it . '' Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season ; another home was not quickly found , however . In August 2017 , Allen expressed his appreciation for support by the show 's fans to bring it back , and said the talent behind the show had much more to add . Revival on Fox ( edit ) On May 3 , 2018 , Allen tweeted that a return `` just might be a reality '' and prompted the show 's supporters to `` keep it up '' . The same day , TVLine reported that Fox was `` poised to '' resurrect Last Man Standing for the 2018 -- 19 TV season , adding that Tim Allen is `` officially on board '' . Deadline Hollywood reported that Fox was in talks for another season , but it was `` by no means a sure thing '' , suggesting it would depend on whether the actors could be re-signed `` at reasonable salaries '' . On May 11 , 2018 , Fox TV 's CEOs and chairmen announced that Fox had officially picked up Last Man Standing for a seventh season . Dana Walden , chairman of Fox Television Group , later hinted that the return of Last Man Standing was in part a response to the huge success of the Roseanne reboot on ABC earlier in 2018 : `` Obviously , I think everyone took a good , hard look at the performance of Roseanne . It did so well , and it certainly did remind us that we have a huge , iconic comedy star in our Fox family in Tim Allen . '' On July 2 , Fox announced that , in addition to Allen , series regulars Nancy Travis , Amanda Fuller , Hector Elizondo , Christoph Sanders , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams have all signed on to appear in the season 7 reboot . Molly Ephraim and Flynn Morrison both opted not to return for the new season . Their roles ( `` Mandy '' and `` Boyd '' , respectively ) will be recast ahead of the new season . Kaitlyn Dever , who recently signed on to play a lead role in the 2019 Netflix miniseries Unbelieveable , is in negotiations to return as `` Eve '' in a recurring role . On August 6 , 2018 , it was announced that Molly McCook and Jet Jurgensmeyer would be taking over the roles of `` Mandy '' and `` Boyd '' , respectively . The show will air in the same Friday night time slot as it did on ABC for the sixth season ; if it is renewed for an eighth season , it will be forced to move to a new time slot , as Fox has signed an agreement to air WWE SmackDown on Friday nights beginning in fall 2019 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) ( L to R ) Last Man Standing stars Héctor Elizondo , Tim Allen and Christoph Sanders Last Man Standing received generally negative reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , season one holds an approval rating of 15 % based on 33 reviews , and an average rating of 4.14 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Last Man Standing is a thoroughly middling sitcom relying on jokes that feel alternately dated or hostile . The first season received an 80 % from the audience on the site and the second season received a 79 % . '' On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The Hollywood Reporter called the series `` a predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting . '' Los Angeles Times : `` The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed , but most have no traction ; they slide right off you , and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another . '' Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show : `` When I look at the now - rounded softness of Tim Allen , and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes , it 's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series . '' Season two of the series holds an approval rating of 40 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Entertainment Weekly commented : `` I think it 's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family , in which the prejudice was built around real jokes . '' The A.V. Club : `` The problem with Last Man Standing 's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première , which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I 've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that do n't need to be pushed , as if it thinks what made ( Norman ) Lear 's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about . '' Philly.com wrote about season three : `` The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen , Last Man Standing on ABC , is a thoroughly traditional , absolutely charming sitcom . ( ... ) Last Man is both economical and efficient , getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players . '' The series is particularly popular among conservatives , many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family , another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies . A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans . Ratings ( edit ) ABC 's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18 -- 49 rating . That was 9 % better than the 3.2 adults 18 -- 49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time - slot the previous year ( which was two weeks earlier in the season ) . Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0 , down about 38 % from its first - season premiere , but up about 18 % from the previous season 's finale . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Network No. of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( million ) Live + DVR viewers Date Premiere viewers ( million ) Premiere 18 -- 49 rating / share Date Finale viewers ( million ) Finale 18 -- 49 rating / share Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ABC 24 October 11 , 2011 12.93 3.4 / 10 May 8 , 2012 6.62 1.7 / 5 2011 -- 12 50 9.12 9.76 Friday 8 : 00 pm 18 November 2 , 2012 8.07 2.0 / 7 March 22 , 2013 7.85 1.6 / 6 2012 -- 13 53 7.93 8.34 22 September 20 , 2013 6.67 1.5 / 6 April 25 , 2014 6.10 1.4 / 6 2013 -- 14 58 7.17 7.92 22 October 3 , 2014 6.91 1.3 / 5 April 17 , 2015 6.16 1.1 / 5 2014 -- 15 60 8.18 8.52 5 22 September 25 , 2015 6.26 1.1 / 5 April 22 , 2016 5.94 1.0 / 4 2015 -- 16 56 7.96 TBA 6 22 September 23 , 2016 5.95 1.1 / 5 March 31 , 2017 6.06 1.1 / 5 2016 -- 17 41 8.06 TBA 7 Fox TBA September 28 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 2018 -- 19 TBA TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Comedy '' , but lost to CBS 's 2 Broke Girls . Year Association Nominee / episode Outcome 2011 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Comedy Last Man Standing Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Tim Allen Nominated TV Guide Magazine 's Fan Favorites Awards Favorite Comeback Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actress Kaitlyn Dever Nominated 2013 Environmental Media Awards Television Episodic Comedy `` Mother Fracker '' Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2014 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series Donald A. Morgan -- `` Eve 's Boyfriend '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2015 ASCAP Screen Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won Home media ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date Last Man Standing : The Complete First Season 24 May 13 , 2014 Last Man Standing : The Complete Second Season 18 Last Man Standing : The Complete Third Season 22 October 28 , 2014 Last Man Standing : The Complete Fourth Season 22 October 5 , 2015 Last Man Standing : The Complete Fifth Season 22 June 26 , 2018 Last Man Standing : The Complete Sixth Season 22 Syndication ( edit ) On September 3 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC Family ( now Freeform ) had obtained syndication rights to the series , which began airing episodes on September 28 , 2015 . As of 2018 , Freeform no longer airs the series . On May 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Hallmark Channel had obtained the rights to the sitcom , and they aired the series from January 2016 until December 31 , 2017 . On September 4 , 2015 , the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes . The series also joined WGN America on April 30 , 2018 . Five seasons were available for streaming on Netflix . Currently , all six seasons are available for streaming on Hulu . Broadcast ( edit ) Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S. ; on Fox8 , Network Ten and Eleven ( previously aired on One ) in Australia ; City in Canada ; and TV3 in New Zealand . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it premiered on October 9 , 2012 on Sky One , which aired the first three seasons before dropping it due to low ratings ; the show was bought by E4 , where it premiered on March 13 , 2017 ; Channel 4 then reran the program on Sunday mornings from July until September 2017 ; in 2018 , 5STAR acquired the show for reruns . In Israel , it airs on yes Comedy . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Since becoming series regulars in season 4 , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams are only credited for the episodes in which they appear . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates : ' Empire ' , ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' , Recast ' Lethal Weapon ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ham Radio in Hollywood : Comedian Tim Allen Stars as Radio Amateur on New TV Show '' . American Radio Relay League . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Shake - Up : 2 Major Roles Being Recast Ahead of Season 7 '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Alexandra Krosney Exits Last Man Standing , Role Recast '' . tvline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's Mandy Recast : Molly McCook Replaces Molly Ephraim '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing EP Laments That ' Unfortunate ' Cast Departure '' . TV Line . TV Line . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Vince Calandra ( writer ) & Victor Gonzalez ( director ) ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Rediscover America '' . Last Man Standing . Season 4 . Episode 3 . ABC . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Lands ' Man Up ' Comedy From Writer Jack Burditt Which May Star Tim Allen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , January 19 '' . The Futon Critic . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` NBC orders Ron Moore pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Home Improvement Redux : Tim Allen Returns to ABC Roots With Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Commits To ABC Comedy Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Nabs ABC Sitcom Pilot '' . AolTV . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis lands lead in Tim Allen 's ABC pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis Gets Female Lead In ABC 's Tim Allen Pilot , Jere Burns Joins NBC Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis joins ABC Tim Allen pilot '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Hector Elizondo joins Tim Allen project '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ; Hibberd , James ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` ABC picks up Tim Allen comedy , renews ' Happy Endings ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` ABC 2011 -- 12 Primetime Schedule Announced '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates : Late Starts for ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Man Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Picks Up Full Seasons of ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Happy Endings ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` ABC orders more of ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : Private Practice , ' Body of Proof ' Renewed ; ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Scandal ' & ' Apt 23 ′ Renewed Too ; ' GCB ' Canceled '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Tim Doyle Joins ABC 's ' Last Man Standing ' As New Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2012 ) . `` Nastaran Dibai To Run ' Malibu Country ' , Kevin Abbott Rejoins ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello . `` Last Man Standing Drops Alexandra Krosney -- Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` TV Castings -- Chicago Fire , Last Man Standing , Arrow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 2 retools family dynamic and ages up the kid -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Last Man Standing Recasts Role -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Comedies ' Malibu Country ' & ' Last Man Standing ' Get Orders For More Scripts '' . deadline.com on November 12 , 2012 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Get 5 More Episodes Each '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : ABC Orders Season 3 '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Sets Premiere Dates for 2013 -- 2014 Including ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Once Upon A Time In Wonderland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' renewed for 4th season '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Guest Stars on ' Cristela ' in ' Last Man Standing ' Crossover Episode ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing renewed for season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( 2015 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : Season 5 Greenlit by ABC -- Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TV Series . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Canceled By ABC After 6 Seasons '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despite High Ratings , ABC Cancels Trump - Friendly Sitcom ' Last Man Standing ' '' . May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Paula . `` ' LAST MAN STANDING ' CANCELED WITH 8.1 M VIEWERS : FANS BOYCOTT ABC OVER TIM ALLEN 'S CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIAN ROLE '' . Inquisitir . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ; Gajewski , Ryan . `` Did Tim Allen 's Nazi Germany Joke Help Kill ' Last Man Standing ' ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blasting News '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Breaks Silence on Cancellation of `` Last Man Standing '' as Petition Clears 140,000 + Signatures `` . Tribuist.com . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Resurrected At Fox For Season 7 With Original Cast Led By Tim Allen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` Tim Allen lashes out at ABC after ' Last Man Standing ' cancellation '' . AOL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AOL.com '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : 20th Century Fox TV Will Seek New Home for Tim Allen Comedy '' . Variety.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' ratings put pressure on networks to revive conservative show ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Allen teases ' Last Man Standing ' return '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Revival Eyed at Fox , Tim Allen Officially on Board '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Eyes Resurrection At Fox With Star Tim Allen Set to Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Allen 's Last Man Standing Is Returning to TV 1 Year After Cancellation '' . People . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' resurfaces at Fox , a year after ABC canceled it '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen . `` Tim Allen 's ' Last Man Standing ' returns -- this time on Fox 's fall schedule '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is n't Returning for ' Last Man Standing ' Season 7 ? Two Roles Are Being Recast '' . cheatsheet.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Shake - Up : 2 Major Roles Being Recast Ahead of Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Tim ' Last Man Standing ' Regulars Molly Ephraim , Flynn Morrison Exit Ahead of Season 7 , Roles to Be Recast '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Fox and WWE Close Five - Year Deal to Bring ' SmackDown ' to Network '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Traina , Jimmy ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cord cutting , millennials ca n't stop Vince McMahon and WWE '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing ( 2011 ) -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' : Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : Tim Allen returns to TV , no ' Home Improvement ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' : Season premiere reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's second season was the weirdest sitcom season since ' Til Death '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lots of funny business all over TV '' . Philly.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 favorite TV shows of Democrats and Republicans '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Last Man , ' ' NCIS , ' ' 90210 , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ringer , ' ' Body Of Proof ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 Full Season Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Preliminary Broadcast Cable Finals Broadcast Finals ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Malibu Country ' Finales Rise , ' Grimm ' Flat , ' Touch ' Up , Plus NCAA Tournament Preliminary Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2012 -- 13 Season ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Hannibal ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up , ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Last Man Standing ' or ' The Neighbors ' '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Blue Bloods ' , ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' , ' Hannibal ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Primetime TV Series 2013 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List -- Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2013 - 14 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Raising Hope ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tope Viewership Gains - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' , ' Shark Tank ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 - 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' + ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Awards Past and present '' . The Environmental Media Association . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ASCAP Screen Music Awards '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Fall 2015 Schedule with Last Man Standing ; Girl Meets World Tackles Asperger 's Syndrome in Upcoming Episode -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Acquires Last Man Standing for 2016 ; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows ( Week of May 18 , 2015 ) -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` ABC Primetime Schedule 2011 '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` FOX8 premieres : Sept / Oct '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing -- Shows -- TV3 '' . MediaWorks . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Sky1 Acquires UK Rights To ABC 's Comedy Series ' Last Man Standing ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E4 buys Last Man Standing '' . Chortle . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . 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who plays the oldest sister on last man standing
[ "Amanda Fuller (seasons 2–present[3]) and Alexandra Krosney (season 1) as Kristin Beth Baxter, the oldest daughter: Kristin, unlike her father, espouses liberal political views and her views with regard to Christianity seem ambiguous. During her senior year of high school, Kristin became pregnant with her son, Boyd. She was a single mother living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale. She began to reconcile with Boyd's father, Ryan Vogelson, in season three, and the two get married between seasons four and five. Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two. In season four, she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man. Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism, despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified. Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show's first season (despite being nearly two years younger than Molly Ephraim, playing Kristin's younger sister); Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons.[4]" ]
[ "Amanda Fuller" ]
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Evil Queen (Disney)
Evil Queen ( Disney ) - wikipedia Evil Queen ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search Evil Queen Disney 's Hollywood Studios ' artwork Reflection of Evil showing the character in both of her forms from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs First appearance Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Created by Walt Disney and Joe Grant ( design ) Art Babbit ( animation ) Brothers Grimm ( original fairy tale ) Portrayed by Anne Francine ( musical ) Jane Curtin ( 50th anniversary TV special ) Various ( Disney 's World on Ice ) Kathy Najimy ( Descendants ) Voiced by Lucille La Verne ( original film ) Eleanor Audley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) June Foray ( Disney on Parade ) Janet Waldo ( 1974 ) Eda Reiss Merin ( 1990 ) Louise Chamis ( 1992 -- 2001 ) Susanne Blakeslee ( 2001 -- present ) Information Aliases Evil Queen , Wicked Queen , Queen Grimhilde , Witch , Wicked Witch , Old Witch , Witch Queen , Queen - witch , Old Hag , Snow White 's stepmother Occupation Sorceress / witch Queen dowager / regnant Spouse ( s ) The King ( deceased ) Children Snow White ( stepdaughter ) Evie ( daughter ; in Descendants only ) Nationality Bavarian The Evil Queen , also known as the Wicked Queen or just the Queen , and sometimes instead identified by her given name as Queen Grimhilde , is the primary antagonist in Disney 's 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and a villain character in the extended Disney 's Snow White franchise . She is based on the Evil Queen character from the European fairy tale `` Snow White '' . In the film , similar to the Brothers Grimm story , the Evil Queen is cold , cruel , and extremely vain , and obsessively desires to remain the `` fairest in the land '' . She becomes madly envious over the beauty of her stepdaughter , Princess Snow White , as well as the attentions of the Prince from another land ; such love triangle element is one of Disney 's changes to the story . This leads her to plot the death of Snow White and ultimately on the path to her own demise , which in the film is indirectly caused by the Seven Dwarfs . The film 's version of the Queen character uses her dark magic powers to actually transform herself into an old woman instead of just taking a disguise like in the Grimms ' story ; this appearance of hers is commonly referred to as the Wicked Witch or alternatively as the Old Hag or just the Witch . The Queen dies in the film , but lives on in a variety of non-canonical Disney works . The film 's version of the Queen was created by Walt Disney and Joe Grant , and originally animated by Art Babbit and voiced by Lucille La Verne . Inspiration for her design came from the characters of Queen Hash - a-Motep from She and Princess Kriemhild from Die Nibelungen . The Queen has since been voiced by Eleanor Audley , June Foray , Janet Waldo , Eda Reiss Merin , Louise Chamis and Susanne Blakeslee , and was portrayed live by Anne Francine ( musical ) , Jane Curtin ( 50th anniversary TV special ) , and Olivia Wilde ( Disney Dream Portraits ) , Kathy Najimy ( Descendants ) , and in an alternative version , by Lana Parrilla ( Once Upon a Time ) . This version of the classic fairy tale character has been very well received by film critics and the public , and is considered one of Disney 's most iconic and menacing villains . Besides in the film , the Evil Queen has made numerous appearances in Disney attractions and productions , including not only these directly related to the tale of Snow White , such as Fantasmic ! , The Kingdom Keepers and Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , sometimes appearing in them alongside Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty . The film 's version of the Queen has also become a popular archetype that influenced a number of artists and non-Disney works . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1.1 Storyline 1.2 Conception , design and portrayal 1.3 Abandoned concepts 2 Other appearances 2.1 Attractions 2.2 Film and television 2.3 Books 2.4 Theatrical shows 2.5 Games 2.6 Comics 2.7 Merchandise 3 In Once Upon a Time 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception and popularity 4.2 Cultural impact 4.3 Homage cameos and parodies 5 See also 6 References In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( edit ) Main article : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) Storyline ( edit ) The Queen in her secret lair in an illustration by the Brothers Hildebrandt In `` another land , far away , '' `` many , many years ago , '' about the time of fairy tales of castles , knights , fair maidens , romance , magic and witches , '' a mysterious and icily beautiful woman with magical powers ( a 1938 promotional brochure suggests she is able to work her witchcraft having sold `` herself body and soul to the bad spirits '' of the Harz mountains ) has gained her royal position by seducing and marrying the widowed King , giving her rule over his kingdom before he died . `` From that time on the cruel Queen ruled all alone , her every word was law , and all trembled in mortal fear of her anger . '' The vain Queen owned a magical mirror with which she could look upon whatever she wished . The Magic Mirror shows a haunted , smokey face of her familiar demon which replies to the Queen 's requests . She regularly asks the mirror who is the fairest in the realm ( `` Magic mirror on the wall , who is the fairest one of all ? '' which is often misquoted as `` Mirror mirror on the wall , who is the fairest of them all '' ) , and the mirror would always reply that she is . One day , however , the mirror tells her that there is a new fairest woman in the land , her 14 - year - old stepdaughter , Princess Snow White . She became obsessively jealous of the princess ' emerging beauty , therefore turning her into a scullery maid in her own home . After observing the handsome Prince from another kingdom singing a love song to Snow White , the proud Queen , in a jealous rage , commands her faithful Huntsman , Humbert , to take the princess deep into the forest and kill her . He is ordered to bring back her heart in a box to prove that he had done so . But Humbert can not bear to kill the young princess upon realizing that she is impervious to harm , so he tells Snow White of the Queen 's plot and tells her to run away and never to come back . To escape the penalty , he comes back with a pig 's heart and gives it to the Queen . When she questions her mirror , it again replies that Snow White is the fairest in the land , and that she is living at the cottage of the Seven Dwarfs , revealing that the box contains the heart of a pig . The Dwarfs are fearful of the Queen 's black magic but decide to take in Snow White anyway . The Witch ( right ) offering a poisoned apple to Snow White in Gustaf Tenggren 's inspirational art for the film Furious that Humbert tricked her , the Queen decides that first Snow White shall die by her own hand and at any cost . She goes down the dungeon to her secret room where she practices her dark magic , complete with a pet raven that `` knows all her secrets , '' and in desperation uses her spellbook and cauldron to mix a potion that transforms her into a hag . Her beauty is shrouded in ugliness and age , though presumably reversible . She then conjures a poison apple , which will cause `` the Sleeping Death '' , and proceeds to leave the castle via a moat boat . She is sure that no one would know or perform the counter-curse to her spell , and believes the Dwarfs would bury her rival alive , thinking her dead . The Queen comes to the cottage , followed by two vicious vultures , and finds Snow White baking a pie for Grumpy the dwarf . Somehow Snow White 's animal friends realize that the old hag is the Queen . After an unsuccessful attempt to warn Snow White by attacking the Queen , they go to warn the Dwarfs of the Queen 's arrival . The Queen tricks the princess into letting her inside the cottage and eating the bewitched apple , telling her that it is a magic wishing apple . Snow White takes a bite and falls to the floor , apparently dead . The Queen rejoices in her victory , but is soon discovered by the angry Seven Dwarfs , who grab pickaxes and chase her deep into the forest as a great storm begins . She climbs up into the mountains , where she gets trapped upon a precipice that overlooks a seemingly bottomless canyon . She tries to push down a large boulder to crush the approaching Dwarfs . Before she can do so , a lightning bolt strikes between her and the boulder , destroying the precipice and sending the Queen ( along with the boulder ) down the cliff to her death , screaming while she falls to the jagged rocks below ( this scream was reused in Sleeping Beauty when Maleficent is stabbed in the heart by the Sword of Truth ) . As the Dwarfs look wide - eyed over the cliff 's edge , they can not see her , but the vultures descend into the chasm . The Queen 's dark reign is over , and her castle is then taken over and the revived Snow White and the Prince who broke the spell . ( A 1936 pre-release Good Housekeeping novelization by Dorothy Ann Blank , a member of the film 's story team , affirms that the Queen in fact dies : `` Far below , in a chasm as dark as her own wicked soul , lay the body of the hateful Queen . No magic would ever bring her to life again . '' ) Conception , design and portrayal ( edit ) Early concepts for the film called for a `` fat , batty , cartoon type , self - satisfied '' Queen . However , Walt Disney became concerned that such an approach would make the character seem less plausible . Sensing that more time was needed for the development of the Queen , he advised that attention be paid exclusively to `` scenes in which only Snow White , the Dwarfs , and their bird and animal friends appear . '' Disney further developed the main plot himself ( Ollie Johnston said the film 's story was based on the idea that the Queen 's character was going to murder `` another drawing '' and Disney decided to make it appear believable ) , finding a dilemma in the characterization of the Queen , whom he envisioned as a mixture of Lady Macbeth and the Big Bad Wolf , and decided to set on `` a high collar stately beautiful type '' whose `` beauty is sinister , mature , plenty of curves -- she becomes ugly and menacing when scheming . '' According to the 1993 Disney Classics series of trading cards , `` she is really two characters , the beautiful evil Queen and the grotesquely evil witch . '' Statue of Uta von Ballenstedt at the Naumburg Cathedral in Naumburg Joan Crawford c. 1930 The Queen 's appearance was inspired by the `` ageless ice goddess '' character of Queen Ayesha ( `` She who must be obeyed '' ) from the 1935 film She , played by Helen Gahagan . The Queen was originally to be named Grimhilde ( but who is never actually named in the film ) , was also modeled in part on Princess Kriemhild in the 1924 film Die Nibelungen . It is also possible that the Queen 's looks may have been inspired by the faces of Joan Crawford and Gale Sondergaard ; her costume and figure may have been inspired by a column statue at the Naumburg Cathedral depicting Uta von Ballenstedt , the wife of Eckard II , Margrave of Meissen who was widely regarded as the most beautiful woman of Medieval Germany . Also noted was her resemblance to two 1930s American movie stars from Europe , Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich . The Queen and Snow White were refined by Grim Natwick and Norm Ferguson , who would often override Walt Disney 's instructions . As in the case of other characters for the film , the Queen 's appearance had to be approved by Albert Hurter before being finalised . One pre-final version of the queen had her wear a looser hood and a different crown and the edge of her cape was fur trimmed , as it can be seen in Gustaf Tenggren 's pictures . None of Art Babbit 's lead animation work on the character was rotoscoped and the animators were noted to prefer to draw the Queen over Snow White `` because she was more real and complex as a woman , more erotic , and driven to desperate acts by her magic mirror . '' The character , however , turned out to be especially problematic for the animators , as she had to be `` regally beautiful , with confined but graceful movements , '' and `` the experiments on her lovely cruel mouth and eyes alone represent drawings enough to fill a paper house . '' The sequence of her transformation in particular was the film 's toughest to visualise using trick effects , especially since Disney insisted on showing how the Queen felt as she changed . Alcázar of Segovia in 2011 According to a description in her card in the Disney Villains set , `` the Witch 's ugliness symbolises the evil disguised by the Queen 's beauty . '' Her castle might have been inspired by Spain 's Alcázar of Segovia and the throne she is uses has a peacock motif to symbolise her extreme vanity . The Queen is clad mostly in black and other `` negative '' dark colors , providing a contrast to Snow White 's bright colorful wardrobe , and has `` shiny black hair '' under her hood . Her royal costume was painted with specially developed paints made to look like satin for her collar and like velvet for her robe . The Queen 's music tracks were created with low celio notes , basses , and bassoons ; the scribblings in her book of spells were written in Italian . Notably , the Queen was the first character to ever speak in an animated feature film . She was voiced by Lucille La Verne , who achieved her voice change for the role of the Witch by removing her false teeth . Joe Grant , who contributed the design for her Witch form , noticed La Verne 's changing attitude and posture when voicing the Queen and Witch , and sketched these poses and her body language down for animation reference . He also said he based the Witch 's concept art on a woman who lived across the street from him . The character 's foreign dubbing voice actresses included Jiřina Petrovická in Czechoslovakia , Clara Pontoppidan , Kirsten Rolffes , Lise Ringheim in Denmark , Rauni Luoma and Seela Sella in Finland , Claude Gensac in France , Dagny Servaes in Germany , Ilus Vay in Hungary , Tina Lattanzi and Dina Romano in Italy , Tanie Kitabayashi in Japan , Blanca de Castejón and Cristina Montt in Mexico , Zinaida Sharko in Russia , and Helena Brodin , Hjördis Petterson and Lil Terselius in Sweden . The Queen was also the first character to meet death in a Disney film . As part of elimination of the original story 's more gruesome aspects , and to make Snow White seem more a `` nice girl '' , the Wicked Queen is no longer cannibalistic and her destruction was made `` just as certain but more merciful '' than in the original story , where she is forced to dance to her death in red - hot iron shoes on her feet as an invited guest at Snow White 's wedding . Snow White 's role in the Queen 's demise is removed , and the Queen `` dies more neatly and quickly , '' as justice is served without resorting to killing or torture . She also invites her own downfall while pushing the boulder , and her fate is only suggested rather than shown . One of the Witch 's animators was Ward Kimball , whom Walt Disney also let to draw the two vultures watching her fall `` to make it a little easier '' for him , as Kimball has been reassigned after his own sequence was cut from the film , since Disney thought these additional dwarfs gag scenes would distract from `` the real drama '' of the tension between Snow White and her wicked stepmother that was supposed to drive the film . Abandoned concepts ( edit ) A gargoyle ornament in the Queen 's dungeon in Snow White 's Scary Adventures The original outline of the story featured the Queen 's attempt to kill Snow White with a poisoned comb , an element taken from the Grimms ' version of the tale ( the Dwarfs would arrive in time to remove it ) . The envious Queen would also decide to take possession of Snow White 's attractive young suitor , the 18 - year - old Prince ( described in a press kit as `` every woman 's dream man '' ) for herself , offering him an opportunity to share the throne with her through a marriage . With the Prince refusing to marry her , the Queen would have him captured by her guards and taken to her dungeon to be suspended in chains in a torture chamber . She would later visit him there and used her sorcery to taunt him by bringing the dungeon 's skeletons ( also chained to the walls ) to life and making them dance , identifying one skeleton as `` Prince Oswald '' , only for the Prince to defy her again . She then has him given to the torturers , described as `` the Nubians '' , and `` exits with a dirty laugh . '' According to production story - meeting notes from October 1934 , `` Queen wants to marry Prince , but he refuses to acknowledge ' that she is the fairest in the land , ' since he has seen Snow White . '' It is written in story notes that the Queen has magical power only over her own domain , which is the castle . Another note states about their meeting in the dungeon : `` This is a sequence of gruesome comedy ― of dancing skeletons ― fantastic shadows ― witchcraft and deviltry . '' The name Prince Oswald was an inside joke reference to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit . The Queen was originally intended to have seven black panthers guarding the entrance to her secret room with the Mirror ; a concept art of the Queen walking a pet panther can be seen in The Walt Disney Family Museum and at Disney California Adventure . The books Snow White : Magic Mirror Book and The Complete Story of Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs reveal that the Huntsman was afraid to disobey a command to kill Snow White because the Queen 's might feed him to her panthers or shrink him magically `` to the size of a walnut '' . In one 1937 novelization , the Queen vows the Huntsman would pay dearly for allowing her stepdaughter to escape , but first she would deal with Snow White herself . In another version , the Huntsman would too be dragged to the dungeon when the Queen finds out that he has betrayed her , and the Queen might smash her own Mirror in anger . Later , after transforming herself , she decides to punish the Prince for having scorned her . She informs the Prince of her plan to have the Dwarfs bury Snow White alive and then leaves him to his death , still chained and trapped in a subterranean chamber filling with water to slowly drown . She then makes her way to the Dwarfs ' cottage with the poisoned apple , while birds and forest animals were to help the Prince escape the Queen 's minions and find his horse as would race to try and save Snow White . This plotline described above was not used in the final film , although it was carried out to the drawing and cel stage , and several inspirational sketch pictures of the dungeon scenes were drawn by Ferdinand Hovarth . It is said that Disney `` knew that the Queen would have to look scary without being too scary . '' Some skeletons are briefly featured in the finished film in the other parts of the dungeon , except in Australia 's censored original theatrical release version . Similar motifs and scenes were later used in Sleeping Beauty and Aladdin . Elements of this sub-plot have also made their way into some other Disney 's Snow White fiction and visitor attractions . Other appearances ( edit ) Attractions ( edit ) The Queen 's castle at Fantasyland The Queen is a primary character in the Disneyland rides Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( first opened in 1955 ) , where she is seen more than any other character in all four versions of the ride , recreating a number of scenes from the film , sometimes including the torture chamber from an abandoned concept , with `` a few skeletons of her past victims . '' In one new scene , she turns into a hag while standing in front of the mirror ( back to the visitors ) and intoning : `` Magic Mirror on the wall , with this disguise I 'll fool them all ! '' She also appears in her hag form at the roller coaster Seven Dwarfs Mine Train , first opened in 2014 . The Evil Queen scowling by the light of an apple during Hong Kong Disneyland 's , Villains Night Out ! parade , premiering in 2016 . The Evil Queen with the wizard Jafar from Aladdin during Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party in 2012 The Queen in her lair with magic books and a figure of the demon Chernabog from Fantasia at Share A Dream Come True Parade in 2008 In the Disney Villains Mix and Mingle and Mickey 's Boo - to - You Halloween Parade shows during Magic Kingdom 's Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party , the Queen is one of the villains led by Maleficent that appear during the Cinderella Castle Forecourt Stage . Susanne Blakeslee voiced the Queen at 2001 's Share A Dream Come True Parade , where she could be seen transform herself into a hag . The Wicked Queen is one of the `` favourite '' villains included in Magic Kingdom Park 's special pre-parade procession `` It 's Good to be Bad '' a night before the annual Main Street Electrical Parade . One event featured a giant interactive mirror and included the Queen and two other `` Divas of Evil '' , Maleficent and Cruella de Vil . She also prominently appears at Villains Unleashed party , a separately ticketed event at Disney 's Hollywood Studios that was introduced in 2014 . In the interactive gallery Walt Disney : One Man 's Dream , the Queen appears alongside Maleficent and Judge Frollo in the villains ' act of the show , where she seems to be the leader of the trio . On the cruise ship Disney Fantasy , the Queen , appearing with her raven , is one of the seven suspects ( and sometimes the culprit ) in the interactive gallery Midship Detective Agency 's story `` The Case of The Plundered Paintings '' . Film and television ( edit ) The Queen is featured in some Disney television specials like Our Unsung Villains ( 1956 ) and Disney 's Greatest Villains ( 1977 ) . Segments of the Queen 's appearance are also shown in Disney 's Halloween Treat ( 1982 ) and in A Disney Halloween ( 1983 ) . She makes small cameo appearances in the animated series Disney 's House of Mouse , voiced by Susanne Blakeslee ( where she is seen sitting with Lady Tremaine in her queen form , and with Madam Mim and Witch Hazel in her witch form ) and in the films Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) and Runaway Brain ( 1995 ) , shown there in her witch form . In the live - action television special Disney 's Golden Anniversary of Snow White ( 1987 ) , the Queen is played by Jane Curtin in a parodic scenario . She casts a spell on Grumpy in an attempt to get him to persuade the other Dwarfs to retire and destroy the original film after the 50 years . After the failure of this , her Mirror convinces her to finally quit `` this whole curse business '' and focus on her current career as a television horror host . The Queen ( voiced by Susanne Blakeslee ) is the main villain in the 2005 direct - to - video animated film Once Upon a Halloween , but appears only in the Witch version despite misleading cover art ( furthermore , only her shadow is shown ) . In it , the Queen plots to conquer Halloween and asks her cauldron to show several villains to which one of them helps her in her plan . The cauldron also explains its origins as it is one of the cauldrons formerly owned by the three witches from The Black Cauldron . Eventually , the cauldron turns against the Wicked Queen and makes her vanish into nothingness . In Mike Disa 's and Evan Spiliotopoulos ' abandoned pitch for the DisneyToons ' Snow White prequel film The Seven Dwarfs , a beautiful girl named Narcissa appears to aid the dwarfs against an evil wizard , who would be eventually revealed as her father whom she would betray and trap him inside a mirror . Narcissa steals the ancient magic secrets of the Olden Dwarfs , marries and then murders Snow White 's father , and `` begins her reign as the Evil Queen , with the damned soul of her own father forever encased in the Magic Mirror as her slave . Thus , the dwarfs must live in hiding to protect their families from the Queen 's vengeance . '' Three computer - animated sequels to The Seven Dwarfs `` were to follow the title characters return home to families and friends after the Evil Queen 's death in Snow White . '' In a 2015 Disney Channel Original Movie titled Descendants , the aged Evil Queen ( played by Kathy Najimy ) is among a host of other villains who have been imprisoned on a forbidden Isle of the Lost , and her daughter Evie ( played by Sofia Carson ) is among their offspring who are allowed to return into the kingdom to attend school alongside the offspring of iconic Disney heroes ( Evie 's father is unidentified . ) . The Evil Queen is portrayed as Maleficent 's closest confident and best friend . Its title image features the iconic red apple of the Evil Queen , which was also prominently featured in a teaser trailer . Carson was cast to return as Evie in Descendants 2 . In Justin Merz 's and Evan Daugherty 's script for the live - action spin - off Rose Red , currently in development , Snow White 's sister Rose Red is going to `` join Grumpy and the fellow Dwarves on a journey to find the Evil Queen and break her curse . '' Books ( edit ) In the 1949 audiobook release , the Queen ( voiced by Eleanor Audley ) wears a yellow dress and a red cape . She tells the Huntsman to take Snow White to the forest and leave her there to die . In the end of the book , after being chased by the dwarfs , the Queen dies when she slips while climbing the mountain and falls into the sea . The novel Fairest of All : A Tale of the Wicked Queen by Serena Valentino , published by Disney Press in 2009 , tells a story much more sympathetic to the Queen than most other Disney media . The book shows how the Queen became the villain from the film , much in the style of The Killing Joke , with the Magic Mirror , here possessed by the spirit of her abusive father , having been a corrupting influence . According to the book , her mother was a witch and the King died in a war against another kingdom prior to the events of the film . After her husband 's death , the Queen slowly descends into madness . By the end of novel , Snow White gets the mirror and the Queen becomes the spirit inside the mirror after her death in the film . The Queen is one of the Overtakers , villains of The Kingdom Keepers novel series . She was introduced in 2011 in the fourth book of the saga , Power Play , alongside Cruella De Vil . Like Maleficent , she is very powerful and is able to cast almost any spell with a flick of her finger ; she can also transform herself and other characters . In Power Play , when Maleficent and Chernabog are captured by the Keepers , the Queen becomes the new leader of the Overtakers . One chapter in Todd Strasser 's 1993 Disney 's the Villains Collection / Stories from the Films is dedicated to Snow White and the Queen . She is also a subject of one of the illustrated books in the Disney Princess series My Side of the Story , titled Snow White / The Queen ( 2004 ) , which portrays her as a misunderstood positive character . Melissa de la Cruz wrote the Descendants prequel novel Isle of the Lost . In that book , it is revealed that the Evil Queen once tried to overthrow Maleficent as the ruler of the Isle . Theatrical shows ( edit ) The Queen with her magic cauldron during Fantasmic ! show in 2013 As in the film , the Queen character is featured in 1979 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs musical version , played by Anne Francine . In the Disney on Ice reenactment of the movie in 1986 - 1987 , and then in 1994 -- 1997 and again in 2000 -- 2001 , she was voiced by Louise Chamis and played by various skaters beginning with Melanie Scott in 1986 - 1987 , and including Elena Koteneva , who was substituted by Davina Lee - Gooding in 1995 . Francine also played her in the 1980 stage play and television program Snow White Live and Chamis voiced her in Disneyland 's Snow White -- An Enchanting Musical in 2004 and 2006 . The Evil Queen was also featured in Disney Live 's Three Classic Fairy Tales in the section based on the film . In the night - time fireworks and visual hydrotechnic show Fantasmic ! , first played in 1992 , the Queen , voiced by Louise Chamis , is the main villain and the leader of all the Disney Villains . She is introduced in the second act , when her Magic Mirror ( voiced by Tony Jay ) tells her that there are now three princesses ( Snow White , Ariel and Belle ) fairer than her . Enraged , the Queen transforms herself into a hag and uses the Mirror and her cauldron to summon various `` all the forces of evil '' in the form of a collection of Disney villains to come to her aid . They include Maleficent , who transforms into a dragon . ( In the Tokyo DisneySea version , she also traps Mickey inside her mirror . ) At the climax of the show , Mickey is able to defeat the dragon and vanquish all the villains with a magic sword . The Witch is the last to die , transforming back into the Queen before she is destroyed . In the Disney Dream cruise ship show Villains Tonight ! , first played in 2010 , Hades calls forth Disney 's most powerful villains for help to regain his evil . The Queen , changing from the Witch form , denies his invitation since Hades also invited Maleficent , her rival for Hades ' affections and for the status of `` the most evil in the land '' . The Queen claims not to be Hades ' girlfriend , but they just had `` an interesting weekend '' on Castaway Cay . In the end , the Queen and Maleficent put their differences aside as all villains should stick together and advise Hades to find evil within himself , and not from others . Games ( edit ) The Witch is an antagonist in the unreleased Snow White game for the Atari 2600 . In 2001 's Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs for the Game Boy Color , the players need to solve a puzzle minigame for the Queen to consult her mirror , and later guide a deer to warn the Dwarfs and then lead the Dwarfs in pursuit of the Witch before he can go to her castle . The Queen is one of the four Disney Villains that appear in 1999 video game Disney 's Villains ' Revenge , voiced by Louise Chamis . Jiminy Cricket and the player venture into the worlds of the stories to restore the happy endings . In the altered ( and game 's final ) story , where there is no Prince , the Queen ( appearing in both of her forms ) has built a lair resembling her poisoned apple inside the scary wood , and has put Snow White to eternal sleep in her dungeon and intends to do the same to the Seven Dwarfs . The player needs to correctly mix ingredients for several potions including the True Love Potion to magically summon the Prince and save the day . It is followed by the fight with the Queen where she tries to get away and the player has to reflect her magic ball spells , until she retreats to her lair . There , while asking her mirror , she suddenly transforms into a hag and the mirror breaks . In 2010 's video game Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep , the Queen ( voiced by Kyoko Satomi in Japanese and Susanne Blakeslee in English ) appears in the Dwarf Woodlands world . She recruits the protagonist Terra to kill Snow White and bring back her heart in return for allowing him to use the Magic Mirror to locate Master Xehanort . Terra , like the huntsman , ultimately does not go through with this , and the Queen , learning of his betrayal , forces the Mirror to consume him , but Terra manages to fight the Mirror off and the Queen reluctantly gives him the information he looks for . She later appears briefly in Ventus 's scenario , where she crosses paths with him on her way to poison Snow White . She drops the poisoned apple , which Ventus returns to her . She notices Ventus 's Keyblade and muses that Terra threatened her with a similar weapon . She is then only briefly mentioned in Aqua 's storyline , when the Magic Mirror tells Aqua that the Queen is dead and he is no longer under her control . In 2013 's free - to - play mobile game Snow White : Queen 's Return ( also known as Seven Dwarfs : The Queen 's Return ) , an uncanonical continuation of the film , the Queen has survived the fall at the climax of the film because there was a lake at the bottom of the abbyss . She then reverted to her youthful form and , seeking revenge , cast an evil curse on Snow White as well as the dwarfs and their entire forest . The game 's updates were supposed to allow the players to `` meet ( and defeat ) '' the Queen , adding quests involving a search for her hideout to `` help the Dwarfs rid the enchanted forest of the evil queen , '' but the story was ultimately left unresolved as the game was discontinued in May 2014 . A 2014 weekly challenge in Disney Infinity : Toy Box included `` Mirror Mirror '' obstacle course that pit Snow White against the Evil Queen in a race for the poisonous apple . Downloadable Queen - themed avatar costumes were made available for the users of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles . A webcam browser game Become Your Inner Villain hosted on Disneyland Resort 's Facebook page enables the player turn into one of four villains including the Evil Queen . Her dungeon and laboratory ( complete with the Mirror ) are featured in the online game Aaah - Choo . In the 1990 video game Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse , an old witch named Mizrabel takes the of the Evil Queen after draining the youth from Minnie Mouse . In 2012 's Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion , the previously defeated Mizrabel returns to transform into various Disney villains , including the Queen , before setting on Maleficent . In 2013 's HD remake of Castle of Illusion , Mizrabel looks like a cross between the Queen and Maleficent in her youthful form and professes her ambition to be `` the fairest of them all '' . The Evil Queen is also featured in a number of traditional games , albeit usually as a mere obstacle for the players . She is , however , playable in some of them , such as Snow White and the Severn Dwarfs Game in the Disneykins franchise and Disney Villains Collector 's Edition Monopoly . Jim Razzi 's 1985 children 's gamebook Snow White in the Enchanted Forest ( Choose Your Own Adventure : Walt Disney # 1 ) features the Prince - like character 's confrontations with evil Queen as she is searching for Snow White , who is hiding with the Dwarfs , to `` put an end to her , once and for all ! '' In it , she has much greater powers than in the film , including being able to instantly change between her hag and queen forms at will , magically disappear in a cloud of smoke , change herself into an animal and back , and turn others into animals with magic beams from her hands . Comics ( edit ) The 1937 -- 1938 film tie - in serial comic strip `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' written by Merrill De Maris , one of the writers of the film , is centred primarily around the relationship between Snow White and the Queen . It further explores the source of the Queen 's descent into a murderous envy , as she learns that the Prince came to her castle seeking the most beautiful woman in all the world and is shocked when he says he meant Snow White . Like in the abandoned film concept , the Queen ( here actually named Grimhilde ) has the Prince arrested . In her Witch form , she later tells the captive Prince that she is going to get rid of Snow White and make him hers , while the Prince is defiant and calls her a `` miserable hag '' . This scene is followed by his escape from prison , in much less dramatic circumstances than the film 's drowning concept . The film was also adapted into an other comics including in 1969 , 1983 , and 1991 . There is a number of comics set in the film 's world . One early comic Pamuk Prenses ile Sevimli Prens ( 1942 ) tells of the further adventures of Snow White and Prince Charming , the Witch returns to put a spell on the latter . In one American 1944 sequel comic , the dead Queen 's castle is taken over by her brother , the Wicked Prince . Later comics usually feature the Queen in her Witch incarnation , often with her still trying to eliminate either Snow White ( `` The Seven Dwarfs and Thumper '' , `` No Ritmo Da Bruxa '' , `` A Maçã Superenfeitiçada '' , `` Kerstverhaal '' ) or the dwarfs ( `` The Enchanted Mountain '' , `` Halloween '' ) . Such stories include Jack Bradbury 's stand - alone 1958 comics Mystery of the Missing Magic and A New Adventure of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . In the comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - Queen '' , the Witch shrinks all the dwarfs except of Dopey who manages to save his brothers . In `` A Pirate 's Tale '' ( aka `` The Pirate '' ) , the greedy old Witch transforms herself into a rat as she plans to steal a treasure and turn the dwarfs into cheese and eat them , but Dopey destroys her with a cat . Usually under the alias the Witch , she often comes back to interact ( usually to antagonize , but sometimes also to occasionally cooperating with protagonistic characters ) with other Disney characters . She has appeared in the comics of April , May and June , the Beagle Boys , Br'er Rabbit , Chip ' n Dale , Donald Duck & Mickey Mouse , Goofy , Huey , Dewey , and Louie , Jiminy Cricket , José Carioca , Mickey & Minnie Mouse , Li'l Bad Wolf , Tinker Bell , the Three Little Pigs , and the fellow witches such as Madam Mim from The Sword in the Stone , Witch Hazel from Trick or Treat , and Magica De Spell ( especially in Brazilian comics ) . She also starred in the 1970s - 1980 's comic book series The Big Bad Wolf & The Wicked Witch , including `` Mirror Mirror '' , `` Witch Switch '' , `` The Apple Caper '' , `` The High - Hopping Wolf '' , `` Double Trouble '' , and `` Getting the Boot '' . Several comics include the Witch kidnapping another Disney character , either to be her slave or to exchange them for something , until they are rescued . Example of this include her abducting , besides Snow White ( `` Diamond Dust Dilemma '' , `` The Weather Witch '' ) , such characters as Chip ' n ' Dale ( `` Witch Convention '' , ) , Tinker Bell ( `` Pixie Dust Dilemma '' `` The Big Bust - out '' ) , and Dumbo characters ( `` Dumbo '' . `` The Chips Are Flying '' , `` A Witch in Time '' ) . The Witch also captures Dumbo in `` Dumbo l'échappe belle '' , but is defeated by Mickey and Br'er Bear and imprisoned by the Dwarfs . In `` The Gingerbread House '' , the Witch captures the Wicked Witch of the West 's children Witch Child and Warlock whom Magica De Spell was tasked to look after . Another recurring motif is the Witch 's attempts to turn characters into gold , for example Pinocchio ( `` The Magic Brew '' ) or all the forest animals ( `` Get Rich Witch '' ) . She may also simply try to steal the treasures , from either the Dwarfs ( `` Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs '' , `` Verjongingsdrank '' ) or other characters ( `` Black Magic Menace '' , `` Pursuit of Plunder '' ) . In the prequel story Battle of Wits and Witches , the Queen turns into the hag to steal a diamond from the Dwarfs but is foile by Mickey and Goofy . She also repeatedly attempts to ruin Christmas , like in `` The Golden Christmas Tree '' , where she lures Huey , Dewey and Louie to her lair use their tear drops in a magic potion to destroy all the Christmas trees in the world , and in `` Delivery Problems '' where she plots to put Santa Claus ' reindeer to sleep . In the Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories parody of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , `` The Wizard of Bahs '' by Vic Lockman and Strobl , the Witch is unexpectedly turned into an old tree trunk by Daisy Duck while her castle turns to sand . In `` The Captured Castle '' , the Witch captures Cinderella 's castle , and in `` It 's Snow Joke '' she turns Dale 's snow dragon alive . In `` The Magic Spell '' Chip ' n ' Dale steal her flying powder . The Witch 's Magic Wand is obtained by Goofy in `` Magic - Mender '' and stolen by the Big Bad Wolf in `` The Magic Wand '' . In `` The Haunted House Caper '' , the Witch turns Donald Duck 's into a haunted one , a story continued in `` 13 Blackcat Road '' . In O Sindicato Das Bruxas , José Carioca fights against her syndicate of witches . In `` The Washed - up Witch '' , where she ends up deprived of her powers and accepting Scrooge McDuck 's offer to become his private secretary . In `` The Sitter Solution '' , Mickey hires the Witch as a babysitter for Morty and Ferdie . Many stories , notably usually featuring the Queen in her youthful form , have been first published in Italian Disney digest comic series , in particular in Topolino . They include `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Evil Witch '' ( I Sette Nani e la Strega Malvagia ) , `` Snow White and the Broken Mirror '' ( Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Spell of the Queen '' ( I Sette Nani e l'incantesimo della regina ) , `` Snow White and the Castle of Four Winds '' ( Biancaneve al castello dei quattro venti ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Heroic Antieve '' ( I Sette Nani e l'eroica antivigilia ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Brew of Seven Herbs '' ( I Sette Nani e l'infuso delle sette erbe aka `` The Seven Herbs Spell ! '' ) , `` Snow White and the Silver Rose '' ( Biancaneve e la rosa d'argento ) , and `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Joker Wizard '' ( I Sette Nani e il mago burlone ) , among others . For instance , `` Snow White and the Shattered Mirror '' ( Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto ) , has the old Witch , terminally ill , discover she has only one day to live , but she refuses to accept her destiny and finds a way to conquer death . In `` Goofy the Magician and the Seven Dwarfs '' ( Pippo mago ei Sette Nani ) , the Queen 's four goon henchmen attack the dwarfs and steal their treasure but then decide to keep it for themselves and Grimhilde seeks help from the wizard Abracadabro to stop their run ; eventually , it is the Prince who defeats the robbers . `` Donald Fracasse : ( Paperin Fracassa ) is a parody of the adventure film Captain Fracasse in which Snow White is blinded by the Queen and Donald Duck needs to heal her . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and Christmas in Danger '' ( I Sette Nani e il Natale in pericolo ) the Queen goes to steal a comet stardust as the last ingredient for her spell to destroy Snow White . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Covenant of the Queen '' ( I Sette Nani e il patto della regina ) , she conjures the demon Shadow Lord Oren and makes a pact with him to take the soul of Snow White . She once again attempts to eliminate Snow White with the help of seven evil dwarfs , but in doing so she burns ends up burning all of her vital energy and Oren takes her with him . `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Christmas Fairy '' ( I Sette Nani e la fatina di Natale ) presents a scenario in which the Queen successfully casts a forever - sleep enchantement on Snow White , but while trying to zap Dopey she accidentally falls victim of her own witchcraft and the Christmas fairy , freed from her prison , saves Snow White . In Italian comics , the Queen is usually wearing a red robe . She is also often shown using a crystal ball to spy on the good characters . Many of the Topolino Snow White comics were the works of Romano Scarpa . His 1986 comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and King Arbor 's Crystal '' ( I Sette Nani e il cristallo di Re Arbor ) provides explanation how the Queen would have survived her apparent death in the film ( as some branches and bushes eased the fall and she was rescued by her loyal guards ) and why she could not change back to her normal self ( as her castle was burned down by the Huntsman and her book of magic is gone ) . In this story , Grimhilde ( Grimilde ) enlists the aid of her great admirer and past suitor , the evil King Arbor of Vegetalia , in a plot to use a magic crystal device to swap her old body with Snow White 's . The intrigue is foiled by the dwarves who destroy the crystal , and the resigned Arbor allows the Witch to live with her , saying he will try to remember she was `` the most beautiful among queens '' . The uneasy relationship between Grimhilde and Abor continued in the comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Fountainhead '' ( I Sette nani e la fonte meravigliosa ) , in which she desperately attempts to regain her youth , but instead only turns into a childlike version of her Witch form for a short time . Other comics by Romano Scarpa have the Queen in her youthful form . In the three - part `` Snow White and the Green Flame '' ( Biancaneve e verde fiamma ) , the Queen flies on a broom to the great gathering of witches , who declare that her inability to deal with just a little girl and few dwarfs has disgraced them all and she should be punished for this according to the laws of Hell . The Queen begs the High Witch for mercy and is given a magic wand with the power of transformation , but if she would not succeed this time she will be turned into a magic broom for a more `` honorable '' witch to fly . The Queen uses the wand to gain trust of Snow White and turn her a figurine , than takes the princess ' form to ambush the dwarfs and do the same with them , and waits for the Prince 's arrival to kill him . Only Dopey escapes and eventually manages to outwit the Queen , using her want to restore his friends and transform her into a figurine , which later turns into a broom when her sentence is carried over . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Throne of Diamonds '' ( I Sette Nani e il trono di diamanti ) , Jiminy Cricket is deeply enamored by the Queen 's beauty and attempts to convince her to become good , but the Queen refuses to be redeemed and orders her soldiers to steal the throne the Dwarfs make for Snow White in a plot to turn her rival into an old woman . Eventually , the Queen is defeated by another witch Tardona and Snow White is saved . `` Snow White and the Chained Fairy '' ( I Sette Nani e la fata incatenata ) , sees the dwarfs struggle to free the fairy Fawn who was captured by the Queen in an underground cavern for saving Snow White when Grimhilde flew to strike down the princess with a thunderbolt . She takes on many forms trying to thwart them in various ways , and one - by - one the dwarfs sacrifice their lives , until only Dopey remains but he manages to get hold of magical water that brings back all of them to life . The freed fairy 's magic makes the cavern collapse down on the helpless Queen to make sure she will never hurt anyone again . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Birtch Ring '' ( I Sette Nani e l'anello di betulla by Romano Scarpa ) , the Queen learns about the eight Dwarf named Ginger ( Zenzero ) , who has left the his companions to go in search of fortune traveling the world , and transforms into a pixie named Fagottina to send him home and sow discord among his brothers . The Queen also transforms into a pixie , named Fogliolina , in `` Snow White and Easter in the Woods '' ( Biancaneve e la Pasqua nel bosco ) , where , after her attempt to kill Snow White with magic is foiled by woodland creatures , she is so enraged that she calls upon the infernal powers to `` take her '' and her castle burns into flames and crumbles around her . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Wolf 's Cliff '' ( I Sette Nani e la balza del lupo ) , she sends three of her bandit minions ( Bragia , Sghembo and Schidione ) to kidnap Snow White . `` Snow White and the Bewitched Dress '' ( Biancaneve e l'abito stregato ) has the Queen magically disguise herself as an old gypsy to give Snow White a cursed dress and capture her , then start her work on the spell to rid of the dwarfs and all the forest creatures . But Dopey infiltrates her castle , frees Snow White , and locks up the Queen in her laboratory set ablaze , after which the whole castle is consumed by fire and explodes after the dwarf and the princess escape . The Queen also appears as one of the villains in the 2005 Disney manga series Kilala Princess by Rika Tanaka and Nao Kodaka , where the protagonists Rei and Kilala Reno find themselves in the world of Snow White , and meet and befriend the princess . They go the Queen 's castle to ask the Magic Mirror how to find Kilala 's friend Erika , but discover the Queen is still alive ( and even commanding the two vultures , as well as wolves ) as she appears and demands Kilala 's magical tiara . The children try to flee but are attacked by wolves and locked up in the dungeon , where the Queen transforms into the Witch and prepares to turn Kilala into an ugly creature . Snow White appears and agrees to sacrifice herself to save them , but Kilala stops her at last moment before she can eat a poison apple ; Rei then attacks the Queen , who falls into her cauldron , turns into a vulture , and flies away in a defeat . Merchandise ( edit ) The character was also featured in a wide variety of Disney merchandise , such as in the Designer Villains `` stylized and fashion - forward '' series of limited edition dolls and make - up products , or the Wickedly Beautiful entry in the Beautifully Disney collection of cosmetic products . Various other such merchandise include many dolls , figurines / statuettes , costumes , clothing items , watches / clocks / mirrors , key chains / blanks , mugs , other tableware , bags / purses / suitcases , containers , prints / posters / cards / stickers , pins / buttons / magnets , holiday ornaments , plush toys , puzzles , other beauty products , and so forth . In one issue of Disney Adventures in 1997 , the Evil Queen appeared on the cover attempting to woo Will Smith . One hand - made figure costing $2,000 was the most expensive out of 200,000 items being sold at the Disney World shopping village in 1985 . During an auction in 1988 , an animation cel from the iconic scene of the Queen holding her heart box sold for a record - setting price of $30,000 . In 1997 , another cel from the same scene sold for $21,275 and a cel of the Witch offering an apple to Snow White realized $13,800 . Another cel showing the Queen reading her spellbook sold for $8,050 in an earlier in auction in 1995 . In 2015 , a Hag cell was sold on an aution for $48,000 . In Once Upon a Time ( edit ) Main article : Regina Mills An almost entirely alternate take on the character of the Evil Queen is Regina Mills , the main antagonist in the first season of the 2011 ABC live - action TV series Once Upon a Time where she is played by Lana Parrilla . Regina is the mayor of the idyllic town of Storybrooke , Maine , but is secretly the Evil Queen of legend , having cursed many beloved fairytale characters to live in a land without magic , where they will never get their happy endings . The show is not directly based on the Disney animated films , but is inspired by them and makes many references to them . One of its episodes is titled `` The Evil Queen '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception and popularity ( edit ) The Disney version of the character was very well received by film critics , even as some were disturbed ( columnist Dorothy Kilgallen for instance urged Disney to not make future villains as scary as the Witch ) . Stephen Hunter included her being `` cool '' among the `` wonderful truths about Snow White . '' Janet Maslin wrote the film 's Snow White `` exists only to be victimized by her wicked stepmother - a far more interesting character . The image of the wicked Queen ( initially conceived as a raven - haired glamour girl , and the epitome of late - 1930s sophistication ) who drinks an aging potion and then shrivels , sprouting warts and claws , turning before our eyes from a sexy , voluptous creature into a freightening old crone , must leave as powerful an impression on the audience as Snow White 's chirpy feminity . '' Similarly , Roger Ebert wrote Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was `` not so much about Snow White as it was about the Seven Dwarfs and the Evil Queen , '' opining this was the reason it has remained `` the ultimate animated masterpiece '' by 2001 instead of having been forgotten soon after its premiere in 1937 . Morgan McMichaels dressed as the Queen in 2015 Feminism academic Camille Paglia said that she used to be transfixed by this `` temperamental diva bitch '' , due to the contrast with the ideal of womanhood that she had been presented to as a child : `` Mary , this silent mother ; and here was the witch queen who has this weird dialogue in the mirror and it did n't have to be charitable and it did n't have to be nice . I thought she was fabulous . '' Likewise , Lana Parrilla , who later herself played the Evil Queen in Once Upon A Time , said that whenever she watched Disney 's Snow White as a young girl she rooted for and `` loved the evil queen ― every time the evil queen came on , I was like ' OK ! ' She was just so fascinating to me . '' Author Deborah Lipp wrote : `` As I 've said before and will doubtless say again , given a choice of being Snow White ( helpless , sweet , voiceless ) and the Wicked Queen , with the cool castle and the magic and the minions , give me my Magic Mirror now ! '' Film director John Waters said he too rooted for the evil queen to win , and Chay Yew said that if he were a Disney character , he would be the evil queen from Snow White . Once Upon the Time co-creator Adam Horowitz said that his earliest Disney memory was seeing a re-release of Disney 's Snow White when he was `` terrified by the Evil Queen while also being unable to look away and that stuck with me through the years . '' Similarly , fashion designer and Angelina Jolie 's Maleficent collaborator Stella McCartney said : `` My favorite Disney film was Snow White . I remember growing up watching ( it ) and being completely freaked out by that scene where the evil queen becomes the old witch and she makes the poison apple . '' Film maker and actor Terry Gilliam listed the film 's Queen among his eight favourite villains , commenting how `` truly strange '' is that `` vanity and beauty are what she 's all about , yet the identity she assumes when she becomes the old beggar woman is practically the ugliest in all the kingdom . '' Fairy tale lecturer Jack Zipes alike noted that `` it is somewhat strange that the queen believes the mirror , for the picture of Snow White reveals that she is a pretty pubescent red - cheeked ordinary girl while the queen is a stunning beautiful mature woman who might easily win a beauty contest . '' Jim Lentz , Director of Animation Art at Heritage Auctions , said in 2015 : `` The Evil Queen is , to this day , one of the great villains of cinema , and she was at her terrifying best when she became the Old Hag and set off to destroy Snow White . '' According to film maker and actor Brad Bird , back in 1937 `` they had to re-upholster the seats in a very large movie palace in New York because little kids were peeing on the seats when the witch came on in Snow White . '' The Queen ranked as tenth in the American Film Institute 's 2003 list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time , being the highest - ranked animated villain . When Walt Disney Parks and Resorts held their 2011 Disney Villains popularity poll for Wicked Gooey Apple Awards ( named after the Queen 's poison apple ) , the Evil Queen came first and won in three out of five categories : `` Sinister Stylings '' ( for the most fashionable villain ) , `` Curses ! Foiled Again ! '' ( for the villain who received the best comeuppance ) , and the ultimate `` Unfairest of Them All '' ( for the most evil villain ) . Jeff Kurtti 's 2005 book Disney Villains : The Top Secret Files ranks her as `` the greatest villain of them all '' . In 2013 , the Queen was among the 20 terrifying kids ' movie characters by Digital Spy , commenting that `` Julia Roberts and Charlize Theron may have taken a stab at this role in two competing 2012 blockbusters , but they did n't get anywhere near the kind of creepiness of Disney 's evil Queen , '' as well as among ten scariest Disney villains of all time by entertainment.ie . In 2014 , E ! ranked `` the original head bitch in charge '' as the seventh top Disney Villain , while WatchMojo.com ranked her as the ninth top Disney animated villain and the fifth greatest female movie villain of all time . Nerdist put the Disney Villainesses `` starting in 1937 with the Evil Queen '' at top spot in a 2015 ranking of `` most bad ass '' female villains in pop culture , while Gay Times ranked her third among the `` top five wicked women of Disney '' and MTV listed her as one of the nine Disney Villains who were `` way better than the good guys . '' That same year , Moviepilot included her among the seven most terryfying and evil Disney Villains as `` she may be the prettiest woman in the list , but sadly , that beautiful facade covers an ugly and wicked soul , '' while Gulf News , ranking her as the second greatest Disney Villain , commented she `` still stands today - 78 years after the release of the first movie , '' as the most evil personality that Disney has ever created . Moviepilot also proposed `` Disney could give Snow White the Maleficent treatment and make a version telling the story through the Evil Queen 's perspective , '' suggesting she should be played by Megan Fox . In 2016 , The Frisky described her and Maleficent as `` two of the best - realized female villains in movie history . '' Cultural impact ( edit ) French model and TV host Solweig Rediger - Lizlow dressed as the Queen at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival According to Maria Tatar , an academic specializing in children 's literature , the film turned `` the evil queen into a figure of gripping narrative energy and makes Snow White ( the character ) so dull that she requires a supporting cast of seven to enliven her scenes . Ultimately it is the stepmother 's disruptive , disturbing , and divisive presence that invests the film with a degree of fascination that has facilitated its widespread circulation and that has allowed it to take such powerful hold in our own culture . '' Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peter credited the Queen 's character 's influence in changing the popular visual image of witches in film and other fiction as specifically female , more often young and attractive than old and ugly , and dressed in a characteristically defining costume . A part of Maila Nurmi 's inspiration for her character of Vampira came from Nurmi being fascinated by the Queen after watching Disney 's Snow White at the age of 14 . When she was cast for the 1939 's The Wizard of Oz as the Wicked Witch of the West , Gale Sondergaard ( who herself has earlier served as one of inspirations for Disney ) insisted on playing a glamorous vision of the character , similar to the Disney 's interpretation of the Queen from Snow White ; when Sondergaard 's idea was rejected by producers Mervyn LeRoy and Arthur Freed in favor of making the Wicked Witch ugly , she withdrew from the project and Margaret Hamilton was cast instead . Still , the similarities between the two films , including the porteayals on their respective witch characters , were such that The Wizard of Oz was at one point advertised as `` Snow White with live actors . '' The Queen inspired main antagonist characters in the otherwise unrelated titles , such as the stepmother queen in the Russian animated film The Wild Swans ( 1962 ) , the Witch Queen in the Spanish film Tom Thumb and Little Red Riding Hood ( 1962 ) , the goddess Venus in the anime version of Unico , Queen Admira in the American film The Hugga Bunch ( 1985 ) , and the queen of the witches in the video game Curse of Enchantia ( 1992 ) . Lady Macbeth in Orson Welles ' 1948 Macbeth resembles the Queen in her costume , make - up , and even the manner of her death ; Lady Macbeth was also visually based on the Queen in a 1982 comic book adaptation . The evil Queen Bavmorda from 1988 's film Willow bears a resemblance too , so much that Cinefantastique editor Frederick S. Clarke described her as `` simply Snow White 's Wicked Queen , right down to her hooded costume . '' Robin Wood has drawn a connection between the looks of the Witch and of the Emperor in the Star Wars franchise ( which eventually also became a Disney property ) . According to the designer Steve Brown , the Queen 's old Witch form served as an inspiration for the main character Witch Queen in his 1985 video game Cauldron . Brigitte Nielsen said she has also based her role as the Black Witch ( who also kidnaps a prince character out of jealously for a princess ) in the 1992 Italian film Fantaghirò 2 on Disney 's `` Grimilde '' ( an Italian name for the Queen in the comics ) . The Wicked Queen with several other Disney villains , including Maleficent and the Queen of Hearts An official Disney.com blog Oh My Disney stated the Evil Queen has been `` the original Disney villain , and we 're really not exaggerating . '' According to The Daily Telegraph , La Verne 's role as the Queen `` was credited as the model for such future villains as Ursula in The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) and Scar in The Lion King ( 1994 ) . '' Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty inherited a number of characteristics from the Queen , including the cowl , high collar , billowing cloak , arched eyebrows , cruel lips , and raven familiar . An abandoned concept from Snow White was that the Queen kidnap the Prince and lock him in her dungeon ; similarly , in Sleeping Beauty , Maleficent kidnaps Prince Philip . Lady Bane , a vain evil sorceress from Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears , too bears a similarity to the Evil Queen in her costume and character . Four wicked witches of the East , West , North and South , resembling the Witch from Disney 's Snow White , are also the villains Mickey has to kill to save Disneyland in 1988 's Mickey Mouse : The Computer Game . The first names for the magic - wielding antagonist couple The Glooms in Disney XD 's own series The 7D ( 2014 ) ― set in a timeframe before the Seven Dwarfs first met Snow White ― might have been inspired by the Evil Queen character 's alternate name `` Grimhilde '' , with the bumbling warlock husband named `` Grim '' and the determined witch wife named `` Hildy '' . The Queen 's character design from the film was also used in some other Snow White adaptations , such as for the Queen in the Turkish film Pamuk Prenses ve Yedi Cüceler ( 1970 ) . Queen Naga in Italian erotic comic books Biancaneve was at first loosely based on the Disney version , as was its Snow White 's character . Susan Sarandon 's character of Queen Narissa in Disney 's own Enchanted ( 2007 ) , had her characteristics , powers , and physical features were inspired by the Queen from the film and by Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty . Early on into the project , Enchanted was actually supposed to be a direct - to - video animated sequel to Disney 's Snow White ( with a working title of `` Snow White 2 '' ) in which Narissa ( back then often misspelled as `` Noriss '' ) was the evil Queen 's sister who would kidnap six of the dwarfs to lure Snow White , the Prince , and their 13 - year - old daughter Rose aided by Dopey , into a trap . When Filmation announced their own animated sequel to the fairy tale , the studio was sued by Disney until Filmation promised their characters would not resemble the ones from the Disney film ; the settlement stated there could not be a `` wicked witch '' character in the film which instead was made to feature the Queen 's brother in a vendetta to avenge her death ( the title was also changed , from Snow White in the Land of Doom to Happily Ever After ) . The Queen 's castle was used prominently in the advertising of the film ( acting as the backdrop of the film 's poster ) . Later Disney fairy tales , including Cinderella , Sleeping Beauty , The Little Mermaid , Beauty and the Beast and Aladdin , feature similarly fantastical castles and palaces , and often these buildings act as centrepieces or backdrops for the movies ' posters . A fairy tale castle stands at the centre of each Disney theme park , and the image of the castle is used in the logo for Buena Vista International . Homage cameos and parodies ( edit ) The `` Disney Villainess Squad '' cosplayers at WonderCon 2010 The character has also made several parodic cameo and homage appearances in non-Disney media . In the 1945 radio program This Is My Best , the Queen uttered a curse so dreadful that the Magic Mirror shattered into a thousand pieces and where the Queen once stood was nothing but a heap of ashes from which black spiders crawled and scuffled off into the night . In Woody Allen 's live - action film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) , Alvy mentions that when he saw Disney 's Snow White , he was attracted to the Queen while all the other children had a crush on Snow White . This is followed by an animated sequence of the Wicked Queen , resembling Annie and voiced by Diane Keaton , talking to the cartoon version of the daydreaming Alvy , but turns out that even the Queen scolds him ; Alvy attributes it to her having her period mood , to which the Queen reminds him she is just a cartoon character . The Queen was referenced when she appeared as a villain in an issue of Italian horror comic book series Dylan Dog in 1988 . In The Simpsons episode `` Four Great Women and a Manicure '' ( 2009 ) , the Queen escapes the dwarves after poisoning Snow White , only to be lynched by a mob of angry woodland creatures . In the U.S. Acres two - part cartoon `` Snow Wade and the 77 Dwarves '' , Lanolin appears as the Wicked Queen with a costume is based off the Disney version . In the Family Guy 2009 episode `` Road to the Multiverse '' , Herbert appears as the disguised Queen . The Muppet Show character Miss Piggy is the Queen in the 2010 parody comic book miniseries Muppet Snow White . Cassie Scerbo played the Evil Queen in the 2013 YouTube parody music video Cell Block Tango . The Queen also appears in Counting Scars , Oh My Disney 's Halloween 2014 parody music video of OneRepublic 's `` Counting Stars '' . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to the Evil Queen . The Queen from `` Snow White '' in the original fairy tale , and in other derivative works Disney portal Cartoon portal Fictional characters portal Film in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reflection of Evil Ink & Paint Cel Release at Disney 's Hollywood Studios `` Disney Parks Blog '' . 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CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Descendants News : Melissa De La Cruz Writing PREQUEL , Get A SNEAK PEEK Of Kristen Chenoweth as Maleficent ( SEE PIC ) : The Eye : Fashion & Style '' . Fashionnstyle.com . July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Radio City back on track with live fairy tales , The Spokesman - Review , October 25 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Snow White on Ice '' . The Montreal Gazette . September 6 , 1986 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glenmont Native A Prince in Fine ' Snow White on Ice ' '' . Schenectady Gazette . September 10 , 1986 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White , 7 Dwarfs Deliver a Magical Show '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . January 22 , 1987 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Evil Queen wicked on Ice '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . February 28 , 1995 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Disney iOS Games '' . Arcadesushi.com . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White : The Queen 's Return -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming update : What to expect ? Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile game '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com. April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Restoring Witch Rock Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . `` Finding and Restoring Queen 's Alchemy Lab Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tijdlijnfoto 's -- Seven Dwarfs : The Queen 's Return '' . Facebook . April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Infinity '' . Infinity.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Interactive Support -- Disney Universe -- Downloadable Costumes : Villains Pack ( PlayStation ® 3 , Xbox 360 ® ) '' . Help.disney.com . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Snow White Evil Queen : Home & Kitchen '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Become your Inner Villain ! `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs -- Aaah Choo ! Disney Games '' . Games.disney.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion - Test Nintendo 3DS - Nintendo Master '' . Nintendo-master.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Tek Toothbrush ' Snow White ' Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 Parker Brothers Snow White Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 Milton Bradley Snow White Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs Game Board Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Board Game '' . BoardGameGeek.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Délivrez Minnie ! '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 21 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Castle Labyrinth '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Name the Characters Word Puzzle '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` En nu naar het kasteel ! '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Disneykin Snow White Game from Royal Gelatin '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villains Collector 's Edition Monopoly ® Game Board Games '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG001 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG018 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG019 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG020 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE FAIREST ... AND THE SCARIEST OF THEM ALL : The 1937 Merrill De Maris Comic Book '' . Kennetti.fi . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Branca de Neve '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1969 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blanche Neige et les sept nains '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pamuk Prenses ile Sevimli Prens '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 30 , 1942 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EsquiloScans '' . EsquiloScans . December 20 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The wicked prince '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1944 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Snow White 's Christmas Surprise '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Christmas Spell '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Snow White 's Sinister Christmas Gift '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1944 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No Ritmo Da Bruxa '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1974 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Maçã Superenfeitiçada '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1977 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kerstverhaal '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Enchanted Mountain '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery of the Missing Magic '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A New Adventure of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - queen '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : `` Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - Queen '' 1958 Sunday Comic `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Pirate '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Seven Dwarfs 1949 Four Color Comic ( A Pirate 's Tale ) '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasyland '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Castle for Christmas '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Enchanted Forest '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Matter of Luck '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Snake Skin Belt '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1971 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Mal Me Quer , Bem Me Quer '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Assalto Cheio De História '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 23 , 1986 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Le cauchemard de Halloween '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` 75 jaar '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bad Deed Club 's Annual Picnic '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bewitched Dolls '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Wee Witches '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Undercover Candy Caper '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Crime Convention '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 9 , 1968 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Seven Dwarfs ' Diamond Mine Job '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1973 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bad Guys At The Ball '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 27 , 2004 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Kite Tail '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Hoodwinked Helper '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Ranchin ' Rabbit '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1969 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House Guests '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Too Few Clues '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Too Many Witches '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Dull Kinda Danger '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Shock Treatment '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1953 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Magic Beanstalk '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The House Guest '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Outwitting the Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1979 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Bewitched Tree '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Fly Guys '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Vacationland '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Lost Jingle - Jangle '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1981 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Witch Tricks '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` L'incredibile avventura di Topolino '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 25 , 1985 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e l'incredibile naniversario '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 7 , 1988 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Hotel Transylvania '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 15 , 2004 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Party Monsters '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 4 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` La voce del popolo '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e la saga burocratica '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` February Foolery '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1957 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Pickpocket '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Case of the Weird Web '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Black Pearl Ring '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1971 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Spaghetti and Goofballs '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` He Went Thataway '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Qui , Quo , Qua e il `` meeting '' dei miti `` . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` La buona stella di Paperino '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 16 , 1989 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Paperino in : `` La storia ( in ) finita '' `` . Coa.inducks.org . December 29 , 1991 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glitter Bug '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e la dimensione F '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 17 , 1991 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Inimiga Do Natal '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 12 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Youth Machine '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e l'enigma di Cartunia '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 19 , 1995 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Haunting '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1956 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . ( ( cite web url = https://coa.inducks.org/story.php?c=W+WDC+269-04 title = A Wolf at the Door publisher = Coa.inducks.org date = February 1 , 1963 accessdate = August 27 , 2016 ) ) Jump up ^ `` The Grounded Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Guardian Pixie '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1976 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonderful Magic Lamp '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Broom Boom '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Clan Bake '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Bait '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` As Bruxas '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1972 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Presidente Das Bruxas '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 13 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Feitiço Virou Contra A Feiticeira '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 16 , 1973 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bruxo Não Entra '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1976 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` As Feiticeiras '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1977 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Má Magali '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Organized Grime '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1964 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Toimituksen noitanurkka '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 2 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Um Amor De Presente '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Feitiço Das Manchas Na Cara '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Paramales A Você '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1983 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Bandido Do Ano '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1983 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Tremendo Som '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1985 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mirror Mirror '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Switch '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1979 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Caper '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The High - Hopping Wolf '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Double Trouble '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting the Boot '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Dust Dilemma '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Weather Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Convention '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1959 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pixie Dust Dilemma '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bust - out '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1945 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chips Are Flying '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Witch in Time '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dumbo l'échappe belle '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 70.049 Dumbo E'Lchappe Belle '' . DisneylandRecords.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Gingerbread House '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Get Rich Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Verjongingsdrank '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Magic Menace '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1967 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Wits and Witches '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1967 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Christmas Tree '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 30 , 1948 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delivery Problems '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 13 , 1990 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Bahs '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Snow ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : `` Wizard of Bahs '' - Walt Disney Comic , April 1966 `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Captured Castle '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Snow Joke '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic Spell '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Magic - Mender '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic Wand '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Haunted House Caper '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1967 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Blackcat Road '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1968 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` O Sindicato Das Bruxas '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 23 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Washed - up Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1957 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Alex . `` Why The 7 Dwarfs Were Slaves Of Scrooge McDuck '' . Cracked.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James E. Daniels ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` J.E. Daniels ' Animated Topics & Headlines : Disney Comics Crossover '' . Jedaniels-adventures.blogspot.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sitter Solution '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The evil queen '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 25 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'incantesimo della regina '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve al castello dei quattro venti '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'eroica antivigilia '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 7 nani e l'infuso delle 7 erbe '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biancaneve e la rosa d'argento '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il mago burlone '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 15 , 1967 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pippo mago ei Sette Nani '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il Natale in pericolo '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 17 , 1989 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il patto della regina '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il patto della Regina '' . Digilander.iol.it . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la Fatina di Natale '' . Digilander.iol.it . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la fatina di Natale '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : `` Snow White and the Green Flame Ruby '' by Romano Scarpa ( 1953 ) `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 Nani e il cristallo di Re Arbor '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il cristallo di re Arbor '' . Artnet.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Luca Boschi . `` Sul set di Romano Scarpa '' . Lo Spazio Bianco . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 Nani e la fonte meravigliosa '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Overview of Romano Scarpa 's Snow White Comics '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e verde fiamma '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 14 , 1994 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e verde fiamma , l'esordio di Romano Scarpa su Topolino '' . Fumettologica . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il trono di diamanti '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la fata incatenata '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'anello di betulla '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 nani e l'anello di betulla Archives - Romano Scarpa '' . Romano Scarpa . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e la Pasqua nel bosco '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 22 , 1962 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la balza del lupo '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e l'abito stregato '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 29 , 1964 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellman , Victoria ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Little Mermaid 's Ursula gets new tiny waistline Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beautifully Disney Collections By Disney '' . Disneyparksmerchandise.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evil Queen Classic Doll -- 12 ' ' Dolls '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villain Classics Evil Queen Doll : Toys & Games '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Snow White EVIL QUEEN Barbie Doll -- Limited Edition Great Villains 4th in Series ( 1998 ) : Toys & Games '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Evil Queen ~ 12 '' Doll -- Disney Princess Classic Doll Collection : Toys & Games `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Evil Queen Disney Villains Designer Collection Doll : Toys & Games '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Vintage Disney Snow White the Evil Queen 12 '' Fashion Doll : Toys & Games `` . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Snow White 's Evil Queen : Toys & Games '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ' ' The One That Started Them All ' ' Figurine by Jim Shore Figurines & Keepsakes '' . Disney Store . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . `` Evil Queen Figurine By Disney Showcase Haute - Couture Disney Figurines '' . Disney Store . June 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WDCC Snow White Evil Queen : Enthroned Evil -- Collectible Figurines '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` WDCC Evil Queen Bring Back Her Heart -- Collectible Figurines '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Grand Jester Studios Evil Queen Figurine , 8 - Inch -- Collectible Figurines '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Funko Pop ! Snow White Evil Queen Grimhilde Vinyl Figure : Toys & Games '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Parks Wicked Queen from Snow White Figurine Ornament NEW '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Snow White Evil Queens Statue Set by David Kracov & EFX : Patio , Lawn & Garden '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney -- Snow White & The Severn Dwarfs -- Wicked Queen -- Figure 4 ' ' : Toys & Games '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Snow White Exclusive 3 inch PVC Figurine Wicked Queen : Toys & Games '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Std Size Women ( 12 -- 14 ) -- Disneys TM Snow White EVIL Queen Costume : Adult Sized Costumes : Clothing '' . Amazon.com . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Leg Avenue Costumes Disney 3Pc. Evil Queen Includes Dress Belt and Crown Head Piece : Clothing '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Halloween The Wicked Queen ( Snow White ) -- Card Face Mask -- Licensed Pr ... : Toys & Games '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` 250180 Evil Queen Hat : Sun Hats : Clothing '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Princesses and Villains on Pinterest 73 Pins '' . Pinterest.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . `` Evil Queen Tank '' . WetSeal . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . `` Villainous Tees and Pockets of Disney Character Coming to Disney Parks This Fall `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . `` Disney Snow White Evil Queen Pullover Top '' . Hot Topic . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . `` Disney Snow White Evil Queen Crew Socks 2 Pair '' . Hot Topic . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Missy Fashion T Shirt Villains Beware : Clothing '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Parks Evil Queen ' ' Wicked Princess ' ' Snow White Hooded Sweatshirt Jacket : Clothing '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evil Queen Watch for Adults -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Watches '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Celebrating ' Artists Among Us ' at the Disneyland Resort `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Women 's VL2001 Evil Queen Silver Dial Silver - Tone Charm Watch : Watches '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Hallmark Disney Especially Evil DYG9714 Evil Queen Desk Mirror : Other Products : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Buckle Down Disney 's Snow White Evil Queen Grimhilde Seatbelt Keychain : Clothing '' . Amazon.com . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Villains `` Evil Queen '' Keychain / Dangler -- Limited Availability : Toys & Games `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Evil Queen Kwikset KW1 House Key Disney New -- Home Decor Products '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evil Queen Mug -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Drinkware '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Evil Queen Mug -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Drinkware '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Evil Queen as Hag Mug -- ' ' Candy Cauldron ' ' Drinkware '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Evil Queen Coffee Mug Snow White & Dwarfs : Kitchen & Dining '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Hallmark Disney Especially Evil DYG9717 Evil Queen Before / After Coffee Mug : Villains Mug : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Store The Queen Coffee Mug Cup Snow Snow Villains : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . 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( hide ) Snow White by the Brothers Grimm Disney franchise Gold - Tree and Silver - Tree Snow - White - Fire - Red The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights Standalone films Snow White ( 1902 ) Snow White ( 1916 ) Betty Boop in Snow - White ( 1933 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs ( 1943 ) The Seven Dwarfs to the Rescue ( 1951 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1955 ) Snow White and the Three Stooges ( 1961 ) Snow White ( 1962 ) A Snow White Christmas ( 1980 ) Neberte nám princeznú ( 1981 ) Snow White ( 1987 ) Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) Snow White ( 1995 ) Snow White : A Tale of Terror ( 1997 ) Snow White : The Fairest of Them All ( 2001 ) 7 Dwarves -- Men Alone in the Wood ( 2004 ) Snow White : The Sequel ( 2007 ) Sydney White ( 2007 ) Happily N'Ever After 2 : Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple ( 2009 ) Blanche Neige ( 2009 ) Grimm 's Snow White ( 2012 ) Mirror Mirror ( 2012 ) Blancanieves ( 2012 ) Charming ( 2017 ) The Huntsman film series Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) The Huntsman : Winter 's War ( 2016 ) Television series The 10th Kingdom ( miniseries ) The Charmings ( sitcom ) The Legend of Snow White ( anime series ) Prétear ( anime series ) Once Upon a Time ( drama series ) Sofia the First ( TV series ) ( `` The Enchanted Feast '' ) ( Season 2 , Episode 27 ) The 7D ( TV series ) Stage Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1912 play ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( musical ) A Snow White Christmas ( musical ) Other media Fables ( comics ) Mira , Mirror ( novel ) Mirror Mirror ( novel ) Red as Blood ( short story ) Schneewittchen ( opera ) Seven Dwarfs Mine Train ( attraction ) Snow White ( comic strip ) Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( attraction ) Snow White Grotto ( attraction ) Snow White : Happily Ever After ( video game ) `` Snow , Glass , Apples '' ( short story ) The Serpent 's Shadow ( novel ) Fairest ( novel ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories ( short story collection ) Amada Anime Series : Super Mario Bros. ( OVA ) The Wolf Among Us ( video game ) Ballet The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Characters Snow White Snow White ( Disney ) Mary Margaret Blanchard The Queen Evil Queen ( Disney ) Regina Mills Queen of Fables The Seven Dwarfs The Magic Mirror The King The Huntsman Prince Charming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evil_Queen_(Disney)&oldid=798810750 '' Categories : Animated human characters Characters in the Disney animated features canon Disney comics characters Disney 's Snow White Female characters in animation Fictional alchemists Fictional characters who use magic Fictional characters introduced in 1937 Fictional German people Fictional murderers Fictional shapeshifters Fictional queens Fictional witches Kingdom Hearts characters Narcissism in fiction Queen ( Snow White ) Video game bosses Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN CS1 errors : invisible characters Good articles Use mdy dates from August 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 23 : 29 . 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what happened to the witch in snow white
[ "In the film, similar to the Brothers Grimm story, the Evil Queen is cold, cruel, and extremely vain, and obsessively desires to remain the \"fairest in the land\". She becomes madly envious over the beauty of her stepdaughter, Princess Snow White, as well as the attentions of the Prince from another land; such love triangle element is one of Disney's changes to the story. This leads her to plot the death of Snow White and ultimately on the path to her own demise, which in the film is indirectly caused by the Seven Dwarfs. The film's version of the Queen character uses her dark magic powers to actually transform herself into an old woman instead of just taking a disguise like in the Grimms' story; this appearance of hers is commonly referred to as the Wicked Witch or alternatively as the Old Hag or just the Witch. The Queen dies in the film, but lives on in a variety of non-canonical Disney works." ]
[ "The Queen dies in the film" ]
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48 Hrs.
48 Hrs . - Wikipedia 48 Hrs . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see 48 Hours . 48 Hrs . Theatrical release poster Directed by Walter Hill Produced by Lawrence Gordon Joel Silver Written by Roger Spottiswoode Walter Hill Larry Gross Steven E. de Souza Starring Nick Nolte Eddie Murphy Annette O'Toole Music by James Horner Cinematography Ric Waite Edited by Freeman A. Davies Mark Warner Billy Weber Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date December 10 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 10 ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $12 million Box office $78.9 million 1.2 million admissions ( France ) 48 Hrs. is a 1982 American action comedy film directed by Walter Hill . It is Joel Silver 's first film as a film producer . The screenplay was written by Hill , Roger Spottiswoode , Larry Gross , Steven E. de Souza , and Jeb Stuart . The film stars Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy ( in his film debut and Golden Globe Award - nominated role ) as a cop and convict , respectively , who team up to catch two cop - killers , Albert Ganz and Billy Bear , played respectively by James Remar and Sonny Landham . The title refers to the amount of time they have to solve the crime . It is often credited as being the first film in the `` buddy cop '' genre , which included the subsequent films Beverly Hills Cop , Lethal Weapon , and Rush Hour . A sequel , Another 48 Hrs. , was released on June 8 , 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing and casting 3.2 Shooting 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Remake 6 Soundtrack 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Convicted thief Albert Ganz is working as part of a road gang in California , when a big Native American man named Billy Bear drives up in a pickup truck and asks for water to cool off his truck 's overheating radiator . Ganz and Billy exchange insults and proceed to stage a fight with each other , wrestling in a river , and when the guards try to break up the fight , Billy slips a gun to Ganz , and Billy and Ganz kill two of the three guards and flee the scene . Two days later , Ganz and Billy kill Henry Wong ( John Hauk ) , an associate of theirs . Later that same day , Inspector Jack Cates of the San Francisco Police Department 's criminal investigation bureau joins two of his friends and co-workers Detective Algren and Detective Van Zant at the Walden Hotel to check out a man named G.P. Polson , who is in room 27 . Jack waits downstairs while Algren and Van Zant head to room 27 , where it turns out that G.P. Polson is Ganz . He kills Van Zant and Algren , and escapes with Billy , taking Jack 's revolver . The police station issues Jack a new pistol and fellow cop Ben Kehoe tells Jack about Ganz 's former partner Reggie Hammond , who is in prison with 6 months to go on a three - year sentence for armed robbery . Jack manages to work alone in the search for Ganz and then visits Reggie at the prison . Jack gets Reggie a 48 - hour leave from the prison so Reggie can help Jack find Ganz and Billy . Reggie leads Jack to an apartment where Ganz 's last remaining associate Luther lives . When Jack looks around , Luther shoots at him and refuses to be interrogated , so Jack puts him in jail . That night , Reggie leads Jack to Torchy 's , a redneck hangout where Billy used to be a bartender . Reggie , on a challenge from Jack , shakes the bar down , single - handedly bringing the crowd under his control . They get a lead on Billy 's old girlfriend , but this also leads nowhere , as the girlfriend says she threw Billy out . Reggie confesses that he , Ganz , Billy Bear , Luther and Wong had robbed a drug dealer of $500,000 some years earlier and that the money was ( and remains ) stashed in the trunk of Reggie 's car in a downtown parking garage . Instead of splitting the money , Ganz sold Reggie out , resulting in his incarceration . It was also the reason why Ganz and Billy took Luther 's girlfriend Rosalie : they wanted Luther to get Reggie 's money in exchange for her safe return . However , Luther goes and gets the car , and Jack and Reggie tail him to a Muni station where Ganz comes to get the money . Luther , however , recognizes Jack , and Ganz and Billy escape , while Reggie chases after Luther . Left with nothing , Jack ends up going back to the police station and waits for Reggie to call . Jack goes to Vroman 's , in the Fillmore district , to find Reggie , who has tracked Luther to a hotel across the street . Jack , humbled , apologizes for continuously berating and insulting Reggie . He lends Reggie some money to pay for a hotel room to have sex with a girl he 's met , but as he leaves the club with her , he sees Luther leave the hotel . Luther gets onto a stolen bus driven by Billy and hands over the money to Ganz , who shoots Luther and presumably Rosalie . Ganz spots Jack and Reggie following them , and a car chase / gunfight ensues , which ends when Billy forces Jack 's Cadillac through the window of a Cadillac showroom . At this point following a heated verbal thrashing from Jack 's boss Haden , Jack and Reggie are ready to resign themselves to the fact that they failed to catch Ganz . At a local bar , Jack wonders if Billy might go back to see his girl and use her place as a hideout . Jack and Reggie force their way inside and after a brief confrontation Reggie shoots Billy . Ganz escapes into a maze of alleyways , capturing Reggie , before being killed by Jack . Finally , Jack takes Reggie to go see the girl he had met earlier at Vromans . Jack leaves the money in Reggie 's car , but asks for a loan on another Cadillac when he gets out a changed man . Jack disapproves and takes Reggie back to prison . Cast ( edit ) Nick Nolte as Jack Cates Eddie Murphy as Reggie Hammond James Remar as Albert Ganz David Patrick Kelly as Luther Sonny Landham as Billy Bear Brion James as Ben Kehoe Annette O'Toole as Elaine Marshall Frank McRae as Captain Haden Kerry Sherman as Rosalie Jonathan Banks as Detective Algren Margot Rose as Casey Denise Crosby as Sally Olivia Brown as Candy Production ( edit ) Writing and casting ( edit ) Lawrence Gordon came up with the original idea for the film . The premise had the Governor of Louisiana 's daughter kidnapped by a criminal , who strapped dynamite to her head and threatened to blow her up in 48 hours if the ransom was not met . The meanest cop goes to the worst prison in the state and gets out the most vicious criminal for his knowledge of the kidnapper who was his cellmate . Walter Hill says Gordon may have had the idea as far back as 1971 and a few writers worked on the project . In 1975 Gordon was making Hard Times with writer - director Walter Hill and editor Roger Spottiswoode . Spottiswoode wanted to direct and Hill suggested he break in by writing a script . He did a draft of 48 Hours supervised by Hill for Columbia Pictures , who had financed 48 Hours . Later Tracy Keenan Wynn worked on the script The film moved from Columbia to Paramount , who wanted to do a draft for Clint Eastwood . They hired Hill to rewrite the script with Eastwood as the criminal . He did so `` but when I turned it in I said that I did n't think it would work , '' Hill said , adding `` that the best idea would be to make Richard Pryor the criminal and have someone like Eastwood play the cop . Back in ' 78 or ' 79 no one seemed to think this was such a good idea . '' Eastwood ended up playing a criminal in Escape from Alcatraz instead . As a result , 48 Hrs . went into limbo for two years . However Gordon and his co-producer Joel Silver did not forget the project . Gordon called Hill and asked him if he would make the film with Nick Nolte as Cates . `` Paramount felt that the combination of Nick Nolte and a good black actor would be commercial , '' said Hill . `` What happened is very simple : Richard Pryor is now an enormous movie star , and that 's changed everybody 's mind about black lead players . '' From the start , Hill envisioned a more improvisational film than he 'd ever before created . `` The story is traditional urban thriller : two terrible guys are out there and have to be brought down , '' he said . `` But even though I enjoy working in genres , the point is always to explode them or give them a transfusion . So I made a very conscious decision to go with the elements of personality of the two players , rather than be overly genuflective to the narrative . Thrusting a white policeman and a black convict together carries so much gravity that we did n't have to beat the white - black thing to death . If it works , it 's because of the actors ' personalities . '' Hill 's first choice after Richard Pryor was Gregory Hines . When he was not available , Hill 's then - girlfriend Hildy Gottlieb recommended her client , Eddie Murphy , then best known for his work on Saturday Night Live . The character of Reggie Hammond was originally named Willie Biggs , but Eddie Murphy felt that was too stereotypical of a black man 's name and changed it to Reggie Hammond . Stephen De Souza worked on the script for a few weeks after Eddie Murphy was cast . Critic Michael Sragow says `` The producers recommended de Souza to Hill because they thought he 'd be good at adding a light touch to the action . Hill did n't find de Souza fast enough or his style of comic writing appropriate to the movie ; he thought the writer contributed gags instead of personality touches ( very few of which were used ) , and he just did n't develop the rapport with de Souza that he 'd later have with Gross . '' Hill brought on Larry Gross to work on the script three weeks prior to shooting . He told Gross `` I 've been working this fella and while I like em I know it 's not gon na work out ... '' and called the film `` a shaggy dog story . Defiant Ones plus chuckles . '' Sragow says , `` Hill has been known throughout his career for defining character through action rather than psychological badinage , but he knew that this movie would be more of a character piece than a plot picture , and he wanted a writer who 'd challenge his own habits and assumptions . Throughout filming , Hill joked that he waved the flag called `` myth and archetype '' - trying to play off the folkloric expectations an audience might have for a big blonde hero like Nick Nolte - while Larry Gross waved a flag called `` social and psychological realism . '' The writers ' relationship became so symbiotic that Gross often found Hill coming down on the side of S&PR and Gross defending the prerogatives of M&A . '' Gross says his main contributions were : the idea that Reggie Hammond wanted badly to have sex after three years in prison ; Nick Nolte having a relationship with his girlfriend that mirrored the frustration Eddie was having ; improving `` the nuances of the relationships between Nick and his girl , his boss and the killers . The killers were sharpened up and made more interesting ... Whenever Walter could invent a monologue for one of the women ( all bit parts ) , he would . '' Gross thought Hill has received `` a bum rap on the woman question . '' `` One of the things I think makes 48 HRS . really more interesting than the average kind of movie like this , '' says its co-writer , `` is that , although women play relatively small roles in the narrative , they kind of haunt everyone 's imagination . The film really is sort of a screwball comedy about men and women trying to get together and not getting together , even though it is a very conventional gangster piece . `` People had this perception of Walter being melancholy , '' Gross said . `` And now that he 's made this film no one thinks he 's melancholy any more . '' Shooting ( edit ) Filming started 17 May 1982 . Murphy started a few weeks after principal photography began because he was finishing up a season of Saturday Night Live . The shoot went well but Hill ran into problems with studio executives . Michael Eisner , then head of Paramount , was worried that the film was not funny enough . Hill and his co-screenwriter , Larry Gross wrote more material tailored to Nolte 's and Murphy 's personalities . By Hill 's account , they rewrote Murphy 's character right to the very last day of shooting . Executives also found the footage of the gunfight in the hotel to be too violent and were worried that it would kill the film 's humor . They told Hill that he would never work for Paramount again as a result . In 2008 , co-writer Larry Gross 's contemporaneous diary of his days on set was published on the MovieCityNews website . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) 48 Hrs . was the seventh highest - grossing film of 1982 . It grossed $4,369,868 in its opening weekend and $78,868,508 overall at the domestic box office . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2015 ) 48 Hrs . received critical acclaim , and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1982 . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 92 % `` fresh '' rating , based on 38 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Marking an auspicious feature film debut for Eddie Murphy , 48 Hrs. is a briskly paced action comedy that succeeds largely due to the outstanding chemistry between its two leads '' . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 71 out of 100 , based on 8 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In 2007 , the staff at IGN named the movie the third greatest buddy cop film . Accolades ( edit ) 48 Hrs . was nominated and won several critical awards . Walter Hill won the Grand Prix award at the Cognac Festival du Film Policier . Eddie Murphy was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Acting Debut - Male . The film 's screenplay was nominated by the Edgar Allan Poe Awards for Best Motion Picture . James Horner also won an award for his score at the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards . Remake ( edit ) In 2017 , the Safdie brothers announced they will helm the film and co-write the script with Jerrod Carmichael . Soundtrack ( edit ) In January 2011 , Intrada Records released the world premiere recording of James Horner 's score and songs from the movie in a limited edition run of 5000 units . This was the first official release of the score ; previous pressings from Europe were unofficial bootlegs with music from other James Horner film scores . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Main Titles '' James Horner 5 : 13 2 . `` Jack Leaves Elaine 's Apartment '' James Horner 1 : 10 3 . `` The Walden Hotel '' James Horner 4 : 14 4 . `` Aerobics '' James Horner 4 : 12 5 . `` Subway Station '' James Horner 5 : 43 6 . `` Subway Chase '' James Horner 1 : 54 7 . `` Luther 's Blues '' James Horner 2 : 00 8 . `` The Alley '' James Horner 5 : 23 9 . `` The Boys Are Back In Town '' The BusBoys 2 : 40 10 . `` 48 Hrs . '' The BusBoys 3 : 16 11 . `` Love Songs Are For Crazies '' The BusBoys 3 : 48 12 . `` New Shoes '' The BusBoys 3 : 34 13 . `` Torchy 's Boogie '' Ira Newborn 3 : 00 See also ( edit ) 1980s portal Film portal List of American films of 1982 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Box Office Information for 48 Hrs . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Information for 48 Hrs . '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Box office figures for Walter Hill films in France at Box Office Story ^ Jump up to : McGilligan , Patrick ( June 2004 ) . `` Walter Hill : Last Man Standing '' . Film International . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Sragow , Michael ( Mar -- Apr 1983 ) . `` Ghostwriters '' . Film Comment ( 19.2 ed . ) . p. 9 - 18 , 80 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( 19 September 2007 ) . `` Hildy Gottlieb Rejoins ICM in MP Talent '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MCN : The 48 Hr Journals , Pt 10 '' . Moviecitynews.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` MCN : The 48 Hr Journals , Pt 1 '' . moviecitynews.com . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ LA CLIPS Honing the plot on Hill 's 48 HRS . Deans , Laurie . The Globe and Mail ( Toronto , Ont ) 24 Dec 1982 : E. 3 . Jump up ^ `` MCN : The 48 Hr Journals , Pt 2 '' . moviecitynews.com . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MCN : The 48 Hr Journals , Pt 3 '' . moviecitynews.com . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office and Business Information for 48 Hrs . '' . IMDb . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Information for 48 Hrs . '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on 2 July 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Films of 1982 '' . AMC FilmSite.org . Archived from the original on 24 July 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1982 ... on DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1982 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1982 '' . IMDb . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 48 Hrs . '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 48 Hrs . Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Buddy Cop Films '' . IGN . NewsCorp . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 48 Hrs. : Award Wins and Nominations '' . IMDb . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dry , Jude ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Josh and Benny Safdie to Remake ' 48 Hours ' With Jerrod Carmichael '' . Indiewire . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 48 Hrs ( Intrada Special Collection ) '' . Jump up ^ `` 48 Hrs - SoundtrackCollector.com details '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : 48 Hrs . 48 Hrs . on IMDb 48 Hrs . at AllMovie 48 Hrs . at Box Office Mojo 48 Hrs . at Rotten Tomatoes Larry Gross ' 48 Hrs . Diaries , Part 1 , Part 2 , Part 3 , Part 4 , Part 5 , Part 6 , Part 7 , Part 8 , Part 9 , and Part 10 Films directed by Walter Hill Hard Times ( 1975 ) The Driver ( 1978 ) The Warriors ( 1979 ) The Long Riders ( 1980 ) Southern Comfort ( 1981 ) 48 Hrs. ( 1982 ) Streets of Fire ( 1984 ) Brewster 's Millions ( 1985 ) Crossroads ( 1986 ) Extreme Prejudice ( 1987 ) Red Heat ( 1988 ) Johnny Handsome ( 1989 ) Another 48 Hrs. ( 1990 ) Trespass ( 1992 ) Geronimo : An American Legend ( 1993 ) Wild Bill ( 1995 ) Last Man Standing ( 1996 ) Supernova ( 2000 ) Undisputed ( 2002 ) Broken Trail ( 2006 ) Bullet to the Head ( 2012 ) The Assignment ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=48_Hrs.&oldid=823798429 '' Categories : 1982 films English - language films 1980s action comedy films 1980s buddy films 1980s criminal comedy films American action comedy films American buddy cop films American criminal comedy films American films Buddy comedy films Films scored by James Horner Films directed by Walter Hill Films produced by Joel Silver Films set in San Francisco Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films shot in San Francisco Paramount Pictures films Police detective films Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles to be expanded from November 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 13 : 52 . 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when did the movie 48 hours come out
[ "48 Hrs. is a 1982 American action comedy film directed by Walter Hill. It is Joel Silver's first film as a film producer. The screenplay was written by Hill, Roger Spottiswoode, Larry Gross, Steven E. de Souza, and Jeb Stuart." ]
[ "1982" ]
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Samma dynasty
Samma dynasty - wikipedia Samma dynasty For other uses , see Samma . Coordinates : 24 ° 44 ′ 46.02 '' N 67 ° 55 ′ 27.61 '' E  /  24.7461167 ° N 67.9243361 ° E  / 24.7461167 ; 67.9243361 The Samma dynasty سما راڄ 1351 -- 1524 Flag Samma Kingdom at its greatest extent Capital Thatta Common languages Sindhi Kutchi Gujarati in Halar Arabic ( liturgical language ) Religion Islam Hinduism Government Monarchy Jam Samma dynasty begins 1351 Samma dynasty ends 1524 Area 1500 500,000 km ( 190,000 sq mi ) Population 1500 4000000 Preceded by Succeeded by Soomra dynasty Arghun dynasty Today part of Pakistan Afghanistan India The Samma dynasty ( Sindhi : سمن جو راڄ ‎ , Urdu : سلسله سماں ‎ ) was a Muslim Rajput power on the Indian Subcontinent , that ruled in Sindh , Kutch , Saurastra and parts of Punjab and Balochistan from c. 1351 to c. 1524 CE , with their capital at Thatta in modern Pakistan ; before being replaced by the Arghun dynasty . The Samma dynasty has left its mark in Sindh with magnificent structures including the necropolis of and royalties in Thatta . Contents 1 Background 2 Beginnings 3 History 3.1 Jam Unar 3.2 Jam Salahuddin 3.3 Jam Ali Sher 3.4 Jam Fateh Khan bin Jam Sikandar 3.5 Jam Taghlak 3.6 Jam Sikandar 3.7 Jam Nizamuddin I 3.8 Jam Sanjar 3.9 Jam Nizamuddin II 3.10 Jam Feruzudin 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources Background ( edit ) Tomb at Uch Sharif Before the Samma dynasty took control , the Sindh was ruled by the Soomra , first as nominal vassals of the Fatimid Caliphate of Cairo , later as vassals of the Delhi Sultanate , which reached its greatest extent under Muhammad bin Tughluq ( c. 1300 -- 1351 ) . The Sammas , a Rajput tribe , gained control of Thatta in the southern Sindh from the Sumras around 1335 , and expanded their territory northward to Bhakkar and beyond . In 1361 - 62 , Firuz Shah Tughlaq of Delhi Sultanate , invaded Sindh and again brought Sammas under his suzerainty . Throughout the period of the Samma dynasty , Turkic groups were pushing down from the northwest , including those led by Timur ( Tamerlane ) who sacked Delhi in 1398 . Sindh remained under control of Khizr Khan , founder of Sayyid dynasty , who was an who was an appointed governor of Sindh and Multan provinces by Timur on his behalf . Sammas remained under Sayyid dynasty till 1451 . Later Sammas were finally defeated by the Arghun dynasty , who had been displaced from Kandahar in Afghanistan by Babur , in 1519 -- 1520 . Beginnings ( edit ) Information about the early years of the Samma dynasty is very sketchy . We know from Ibn Battuta that in 1333 the Sammas were in rebellion , led by the Rajput founder of the dynasty , Jam Tamachi Unar . The Sammas overthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 and the last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of Gujarat , under the protection of Muhammad bin Tughluq , the sultan of Delhi . Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha , possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras . With this , the Sammas became independent . The next sultan , Firuz Shah Tughlaq attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367 , unsuccessfully , but with reinforcements from Delhi he later obtained Banbhiniyo 's surrender . The Samma dynasty overtook the Sumra dynasty and ruled Sindh during 1365 -- 1521 . Around that time , the Sindhi Swarankar community returned from Kutch to their home towns in Sindh , and some settled empty land on the banks of Sindhu River near Dadu , Sindh . By the end of year 1500 , nearly the entire Sindhi Swarankar community had returned to Sindh . This period marks the beginning of Sufistic thought and teachings in Sindh . For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again . Later , as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent . During most of period of Samma rule , the Sindh was politically and economically tied to the Gujarat Sultanate , with occasional periods of friction . Coins struck by the Samma dynasty show the titles `` Sultan '' and `` Shah '' as well as `` Jam '' , the Jadeja rulers of western Gujarat also part of Samma tribe and directly descended from Jam Unar , the first Samma sultan of Sindh . Even the Chudasama Rajputs of Gujarat are also part of Samma tribe , who are still Hindu , and distributed in Junagadh District and Bhal Region of Gujarat . History ( edit ) Sultans of Sindh Samma Dynasty `` History of Delhi Sultanate '' by M.H. Syed Jam Unar ( 1336 - 1339 ) Jam Junan ( 1339 - 1352 ) Jam Banhabina ( 1352 - 1367 ) Jam Tamachi ( 1367 - 1379 ) Jam Salahuddin ( 1379 - 1389 ) Jam Nizamuddin I ( 1389 - 1391 ) Jam Ali Sher ( 1391 - 1398 ) Jam Karn ( 1398 ) Jam Fath Khan ( 1398 - 1414 ) Jam Tughluq ( 1414 - 1442 ) Jam Mubarak ( 1442 ) Jam Sikandar ( 1442 - 1444 ) Jam Raidhan ( 1444 - 1453 ) Jam Sanjar ( 1453 - 1461 ) Jam Nizamuddin II ( 1461 - 1508 ) Jam Feruzudin ( 1508 - 1527 ) The Samma dynasty took the title `` Jam '' , the equivalent of `` King '' or `` Sultan '' , because they claimed to be descended from Jamshid . This is almost certainly fictitious . The main sources of information on the Samma dynasty are Nizammud - din , Abu - ' l - Fazl , Firishta and Mir Ma'sum , all lacking in detail , and with conflicting information . A plausible reconstruction of the chronology is given in the History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed , at right . Jám Unar ( edit ) Main article : Jam Unar Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by Ibn Battuta , the famous traveller from North Africa ( Ibn Battuta visited Sindh in 1333 , and saw Samma 's rebellion against Delhi government ) . Jam Unar , the Samma chief , taking advantage of the strained relation between the Soomra and the Sultanate of Delhi , defeated the last Soomra ruler , son of Dodo , and established Samma rule . Jám Saláhuddín ( edit ) Jám Saláhuddìn bin Jám Tamáchí was the successor of his father Jám Tamáchí . He put down revolts in some parts of the country , by sending forces in those directions and punished the ringleaders . Some of these unruly bands fled to Kachh , to which place Jám Saláhuddín pursued them , and in every engagement that took place he defeated them and ultimately subjugated them . He died after a reign of 11 years . Jám Alí Sher ( edit ) Jám Alí Sher bin Jám Tamáchí ruled the country very discreetly . Tamáchí 's other sons Sikandar and Karn , and Fateh Khán son of Sikandar , who had brought ruin on the last Jám , were now conspiring against Jám Alísher . They were therefore looking for an opportunity to fall upon him while he was out enjoying the moonlight as usual . They spent their time in the forests in the vicinity of the town . One Friday night , on the 13th of the lunar month , they took a band of cut - throats with them , and with naked swords attacked Jám Alísher who had come out in a boat to enjoy the moonlight on the quiet surface of the river and was returning home . They killed him , and red - handed they ran to the city , where the people had no help for it but to place one of them , Karan , on the vacant throne . The reign of Jám Alí Sher lasted for seven years . Jám Fateh Khán bin Jám Sikandar ( edit ) Jám Karan was succeeded by his nephew Jám Fateh Khán bin Sikandar . He ruled quietly for some time and gave satisfaction to the people in general . About this time , Mirza Pir Muhammad one of Amir Timur 's grandsons came to Multan and conquered that town and Uch . As he made a long stay there , most of the horses with him died of a disease and his horsemen were obliged to move about as foot - soldiers . When Amir Timur heard of this , he sent 30,000 horses from his own stables to his grandson to enable him to extend his conquests . Pir Muhammad , being thus equipped , attacked those of the zamindars who had threatened to do him harm and destroyed their household property . He then sent a messenger to Bakhar calling the chief men of the place to come and pay respects to him . But these men fearing his vengeance left the place in a body and went to Jesalmer . Only one solitary person , Sayyed Abulghais , one of the pious Sayyeds of the place , went to visit the Mirzá . He interceded for his town - people in the name of his great grandfather , the Prophet , and the Mirzá accepted his intercession . Mirzá Pír Muhammad soon went to Delhi , which place he took and where he was crowned as king . Multan remained in the hands of Langáhs , and Sind in those of the Sammah rulers as before . Jám Taghlak ( edit ) Jám Taghlak was fond of hunting and left his brothers to administer the affairs of state at Sehwán and Bakhar . In his reign some Balóch raised the standard of revolt in the outskirts of Bakhar , but Jám Taghlak marched in the direction and punished their ring - leaders and appointed an outpost in each parganah to prevent any future rebellion of the kind . He died after a reign of 28 years . Jám Sikandar ( edit ) Jám Sikandar bin Jám Taghlak was a minor when he succeeded his father to the throne . The governors of Sehwán and Bakhar shook off their yoke , and prepared to take offensive steps . Jám Sikandar was obliged to march out from Tattá to Bakhar . When he came as far as Nasarpúr , a man by name Mubárak , who during the last Jám 's reign had made himself celebrated for acts of bravery , proclaimed himself king under the name of Jám Mubárak . But as the people were not in league with him , he was driven away within 3 days and information sent to Jám Sikandar , who made peace with his opponents and hastened to Tattá . After a year and a half , he died . Jám Nizámuddín I ( edit ) After Jam Salahuddin 's death , the nobles of the state put his son Jám Nizámuddín I bin Jám Saláhuddín on the throne . Jam Nizamuddin ruled for only a few months . His first act of kindness was the release of his cousins Sikandar , Karn and Baháuddín and Ámar , who had been placed in captivity by the advice of the ministers . He appointed every one of them as an officer to discharge administrative duties in different places , while he himself remained in the capital , superintending the work done by them and other officials in different quarters of the country . Before long , however , his cousins , very ungratefully made a conspiracy among themselves and stealthily coming to the capital attempted to seize him . But Jám Saláhuddín learning their intention in time , left the place at the dead of night with a handful of men and made his escape to Gujrat . In the morning , men were sent after him , but before any information could be brought about him , the people summoned Alísher , son of Jám Tamáchí , who was living in obscurity , and raised him to the throne . Meanwhile , Jám Nizámuddín also died in his flight and his cousins too being disappointed in every thing , lived roving lives . Jám Sanjar ( edit ) Main article : Jam Sanjar On Ráinah 's death , Sanjar ( Radhan ) Sadr al - Din became the Jám of Sind . He is said to have been a very handsome person , and on that account was constantly attended by a large number of persons , who took pleasure in remaining in his company . It is believed that before his coming to the throne , a pious fakír had been very fond of him ; that one day Sanjar informed him that he had a very strong desire to become the king of Tattá though it should be for not more than 8 days ; and that the fakír had given him his blessings , telling him that he would be the king of the place for 8 years . Jám Sanjar ruled the country very wisely . Under no ruler before this had the people of Sind enjoyed such ease of mind . He was very fond of the company of the learned and the pious . Every Friday he used to distribute charities and had fixed periodical allowances for those who deserved the same . He increased the pay of responsible officers . One Kází Maarúf , who had been appointed by the late rulers to be the Kází of Bakhar , was in the habit of receiving bribes from the plaintiffs as well as from the defendants . When this fact came to the notice of Jám Sanjar , he sent for the Kází and asked him about it . The Kází admitted the whole thing . `` Yes '' said he `` I do demand something from the plaintiffs as well as the defendants , and I am anxious to get something from the witnesses too , but before the case closes , they go away and I am disappointed in that . '' Jám Sanjar could not help laughing at this . The Kází continued `` I work in the court for the whole day and my wife and children die of hunger at home , because I get very little pay . '' Jám Sanjar increased his pay and issued general orders for the increase of every government post of importance . Jám Nizámuddín II ( edit ) Main article : Jam Nizamuddin II Jám Nizámuddín II ( 866 -- 914AH , 1461 -- 1508AD ) was the most famous Sultan of the Samma or Jamot dynasty , which ruled in Sindh and parts of Punjab and Balochistan ( region ) from 1351 - 1551 CE . He was known by the nickname of Jám Nindó . His capital was at Thatta in modern Pakistan . The Samma Sultanate reached the height of its power during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II , who is still recalled as a hero , and his rule as a golden age . Shortly after his accession , he went with a large force to Bhakkar , where he spent about a year , during which time he extirpated the freebooters and robbers who annoyed the people in that part of the country . After that , for a period of forty - eight years he reigned at Tatta with absolute power . In the last part of Jám Nindó 's reign , after 1490 CE , a Mughul army under Shah Beg Arghun came from Kandahar and fell upon many villages of Chundooha and Sideejuh , invading the town of Ágrí , Ohándukah , Sibi Sindichah and Kót Máchián . Jám Nindó sent a large army under his Vazier Darya Khan ( 1 ) , which , arriving at the village known by the name of Duruh - i - Kureeb , also known as Joolow Geer or Halúkhar near Sibi , defeated the Mughuls in a pitched battle . Sháh Beg Arghun 's brother Abú Muhammad Mirzá was killed in the battle , and the Mughuls fled back to Kandahár , never to return during the reign of Jám Nizámuddín ( 2 ) . Jam Nizamuddin 's death was followed by a war of succession between the cousins Jam Feroz and Jam Salahuddin . Jám feruzudin ( edit ) Main article : Jám Feróz Coin during the rule of Jam Feraz Jam Feruz bin Jam Nizam was the last ruler of the Samma dynasty of Sindh . Jám Feróz succeeded his father Jám Nizámuddín at a minor age . Jám Feróz was a young man , and as from the commencement the management of the state affairs was in the hands of his guardian he spent his time in his harem and seldom went out . But he was fearful of his ministers . As a precautionary measure he enlisted in his service Kíbak Arghún and a large number of men belonging to the tribes of Mughuls , who had during his reign , left Sháhbeg Arghún and came to Tattá . Jám Feróz gave them the quarter of the town , called Mughal - Wárah to live in . He secretly flattered himself for his policy in securing the services of intrepid men to check Daryá Khán , but he never for a minute imagined what ruin these very men were destined to bring on him . For , it was through some of these men that Sháhbeg Arghún was induced to invade and conquer Sind in 926 AH ( 1519 AD ) at the Battle of Fatehpur ( 1519 ) , which resulted in the displacement of the Sammah dynasty of rulers by that of Arghún . Legacy ( edit ) Tombs at Makli The rise of Thatta as an important commercial and cultural centre was directly related to Jam Ninda 's patronage and policies . At the time the Portuguese took control of the trading centre of Hormuz in 1514 CE , trade from the Sindh accounted for nearly 10 % of their customs revenue , and they described Thatta as one of the richest cities in the world . Thatta 's prosperity was based partly on its own high - quality cotton and silk textile industry , partly on export of goods from further inland in the Punjab and northern India . However , the trade declined when the Mughals took over . Later , due to silting of the main Indus channel , Thatta no longer functioned as a port . The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the Indo - Islamic architectural style . Thatta is famous for its necropolis , which covers 10 square km on the Makli Hill . It assumed its quasi-sacred character during Jam Ninda 's rule . Every year thousands perform pilgrimage to this site to commemorate the saints buried here . The graves testify to a long period when Thatta was a thriving center of trade , religion and scholarly pursuits . See also ( edit ) List of Sunni Muslim dynasties References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Muslim India before the Mughals , I.H. Qureshi , The Cambridge History of Islam , Vol . 2A , ed . P.M. Holt , Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis , ( Cambridge University Press , 1980 ) , 26 . Jump up ^ Census Organization ( Pakistan ) ; Abdul Latif ( 1976 ) . Population Census of Pakistan , 1972 : Larkana . Manager of Publications . Jump up ^ Population Census of Pakistan , 1972 : Jacobabad ^ Jump up to : Directions in the History and Archaeology of Sindh by M.H. Panhwar ^ Jump up to : ( History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed ( p240 ) , 2005 ISBN 978 - 8 - 12611 - 830 - 4 ) Jump up ^ The Hindu - The world 's largest necropolis Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Hormuz '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 694 . Jump up ^ ( The Global World of Indian Merchants , 1750 - 1947 : Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama by Claude Markovits , 2000 ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62285 - 1 ) Jump up ^ Archnet.org : Thattah Archived 2012 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates text from the work A History of Sind by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg , a publication now in the public domain . Islamic culture - Page 429 , by Islamic Culture Board The History and Culture of the Indian People - Page 224 , by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti Searchlights on Baloches and Balochistan , by Mir Khuda Bakhsh Marri The Delhi Sultanate , by Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi , Ramesh Chandra Majumdar , Asoke Kumar Majumdar , A.D. Pusalker Babar , by Radhey Shyam Indo - Arab relations : an English rendering of Arab oʾ Hind ke taʾllugat , by Syed Sulaiman Nadvi , Sayyid Sulaimān Nadvī , M. Salahuddin Muslim Kingship in India , by Nagendra Kumar Singh The Indus Delta country : a memoir , chiefly on its ancient geography and history , by Malcolm Robert Haig The Samma kingdom of Sindh : historical studies , by G̲h̲ulāmu Muḥammadu Lākho , University of Sind . Institute of Sindology History of Sindh Periods Indus Valley Civilization Sindhu Kingdom Ror dynasty Rai dynasty Brahman dynasty Caliphate Habbari dynasty Soomra dynasty Samma dynasty Arghun dynasty Tarkhan dynasty Mughal Empire Kalhora dynasty Talpur dynasty Bombay Presidency British period Capitals Mohenjo - daro Debal Aror Banbhore Mansura ( Brahmanabad ) Umer Kot Agham Kot Thatta Khudabad Hyderabad Karachi People Hoshu Sheedi Dollah Darya Khan Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Wars & battles Battle of Rasil Battle of Halani Battle of Miani Battle of Hyderabad Battle of Fatehpur Battle of Khari Khabarlo Battle of Kachhi Battle of Jhok Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samma_dynasty&oldid=856222092 '' Categories : History of Sindh Sindhi tribes Samma tribes Lunar dynasty Samma dynasty Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Former country articles categorised by government type Articles containing Sindhi - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català فارسی हिन्दी پنجابی Simple English سنڌي اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 18 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the longest serving samma ruler in sindh was
[ "\n\nSultans of SindhSamma Dynasty\"History of Delhi Sultanate\" by M. H. Syed\n\n\n\n\nJam Unar (1336-1339)\nJam Junan (1339-1352)\nJam Banhabina (1352-1367)\nJam Tamachi (1367-1379)\nJam Salahuddin (1379-1389)\nJam Nizamuddin I (1389-1391)\nJam Ali Sher (1391-1398)\nJam Karn (1398)\nJam Fath Khan (1398-1414)\nJam Tughluq (1414-1442)\nJam Mubarak (1442)\nJam Sikandar (1442-1444)\nJam Raidhan (1444-1453)\nJam Sanjar (1453-1461)\nJam Nizamuddin II (1461-1508)\nJam Feruzudin (1508-1527)\n\n" ]
[ "Jam Nizamuddin II" ]
-6525790351590074994
Latavius Murray
Latavius Murray - wikipedia Latavius Murray This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Voxxx109 ( talk contribs ) at 05 : 41 , 28 August 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 05 : 41 , 28 August 2017 by Voxxx109 ( talk contribs ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Latavius Murray Murray at the 2016 Pro Bowl , during his time with the Oakland Raiders No. 25 Minnesota Vikings Position : Running back Personal information Date of birth : ( 1990 - 01 - 18 ) January 18 , 1990 ( age 27 ) Place of birth : Natick , Massachusetts Height : 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Weight : 230 lb ( 104 kg ) Career information High school : Syracuse ( NY ) College : UCF NFL Draft : 2013 / Round : 6 / Pick : 181 Career history Oakland Raiders ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2017 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career highlights and awards Pro Bowl ( 2015 ) First - team All - C - USA ( 2012 ) Career NFL statistics as of 2016 Rushing yards : 2,278 Rushing average : 4.2 Rushing TDs : 20 Receiving yards : 639 Receiving average : 7.0 Receiving TDs : 0 Player stats at NFL.com Latavius Murray ( born January 18 , 1990 ) is an American football running back for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Central Florida and was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the sixth round of the 2013 NFL Draft . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College career 2.1 College career statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Oakland Raiders 3.1. 1 2013 season 3.1. 2 2014 season 3.1. 3 2015 season 3.1. 4 2016 season 3.2 Minnesota Vikings 3.3 NFL career statistics 4 References 5 External links Early years Born in Titusville , Florida , Murray attended Natick High School in New York , where he was a three - sport athlete in football , basketball , and track . In football , Murray was All - league and All - Central New York selection in three straight seasons . In his sophomore year , he was third - team All - state honoree following a 1,609 - yard , 14 - touchdown season . He garnered first - team All - state honors as a junior , rushing for 2,030 yards and 30 touchdowns . In his final year , he was named the 2007 Gatorade Football Player of the Year in the state of New York after rushing for 2,194 yards with 28 touchdowns on offense , while also recording 78 tackles , three forced fumbles and two interceptions on defense . He also was named as the Class D Player of the Year and First - Team All - State by the NYSSWA . Regarded as a three - star recruit , Murray was ranked as the No. 5 prospect in the state of Florida by Rivals.com , No. 6 according to Scout.com . He chose UCF over scholarship offers from Boston College , Maryland , and Syracuse , among others . US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight 40 Commit date Latavius Murray Running Back Nedrow , New York Onondaga Central 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 223 lb ( 101 kg ) 4.64 Sep 28 , 2007 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : N / A Overall recruiting rankings : Scout : 132 ( RB ) Rivals : NR ( OLB ) , NR ( National ) , 5 ( Massacusets ) ‡ Refers to 40 yard dash Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height , weight and 40 time . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` 2008 UCF Football Commitments '' . Rivals.com . `` 2008 UCF Football Recruiting Commits '' . Scout.com . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . `` 2008 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . College career Murray played his college ball at the University of Central Florida . Murray tore his ACL during the offseason after his freshman year while playing basketball . In his redshirt sophomore season , he was named Conference USA Championship MVP and also was named AutoZone Liberty Bowl MVP for his performance against Georgia in which he rushed for 104 yards and scored the game - winning touchdown . Following the conclusion of his junior season , he was selected as the team 's MVP and offensive player of the year . In his senior season , he was an All - C - USA First Team selection and was named to Phil Steele 's All - C - USA First Team . He was named to the College Football Performance Awards All - Purpose Trophy Watch List and also was selected to the College Football Performance Awards Special Teams Watch List . He was named to the Doak Walker Award Watch List . He finished his college career with a total of 2,424 rushing yards , 37 rushing touchdowns , 50 receptions , 524 receiving yards and 6 receiving touchdowns . College career statistics Season Rushing Receiving Kick return Att Yards Avg Yds / G TD Rec Yards Avg TD Ret Yards Avg TD 2008 46 132 2.9 16.5 3 1 4 4.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 2010 111 330 5.7 45.5 11 5 47 9.4 1 2 15 7.5 0 2011 98 695 5.6 45.7 8 17 242 14.2 1 1 69 69.0 1 2012 198 1,106 5.6 100.5 15 27 231 8.6 4 0 0 0.0 0 NCAA career totals 453 2,424 5.4 53.8 37 50 524 10.5 6 3 84 28.0 1 Source : sports-reference.com Professional career Murray was regarded as a sixth to seventh round selection according to CBSSports.com . Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad BP 6 ft 2 ⁄ in ( 1.90 m ) 223 lb ( 101 kg ) 4.38 s 1.48 s 2.56 s 4.36 s 6.81 s 36 in ( 0.91 m ) 10 ft 4 in ( 3.15 m ) 22 reps All values from Central Florida Pro Day . Murray was not invited to the NFL Combine , but garnered much attention with an impressive performance at Central Florida 's Pro Day . Murray weighed in at 6 - foot - 2 5 / 8 and 223 pounds , ran the 40 - yard dash in 4.4 and 4.38 seconds , registered a 10 - foot - 4 broad jump and a 36 - inch vertical jump , ran 4.36 seconds in the short shuttle and 6.81 seconds in the 3 - cone . Oakland Raiders Murray was selected by the Oakland Raiders with the 181st overall pick in the sixth round of the 2013 NFL Draft . 2013 season The Oakland Raiders signed Murray to a four - year , $2.26 million contract on June 6 , 2013 . It also included $106,200 guaranteed and a signing bonus of $106,200 . On August 27 , 2013 , before the start of the regular season , Murray was placed on injured reserve , ending his rookie season . 2014 season After being third on the depth chart for the first half of the season behind veterans Darren McFadden and Maurice Jones - Drew , the Raiders turned to Murray in Week 11 to provide a spark after ineffectiveness by McFadden and Jones - Drew all year . He responded by totaling 59 yards on 7 touches against the San Diego Chargers . On November 20 , 2014 , he finished with 4 carries for 112 rushing yards and 2 rushing touchdowns , marking his first career touchdown against the Kansas City Chiefs . It also marked the first rushing touchdown the Chiefs defense allowed all season and his 90 - yard touchdown marked the longest rush for the Raiders that year . The solid performance by Murray contributed to the Raiders ' first victory of the 2014 season . After having success on his first three attempts , he suffered a concussion on his fourth carry and was taken out of the game . He returned to play against the San Francisco 49ers in week 14 and finished the game with 23 carries for 76 rushing yards . The next week , he earned his first career start against the Chiefs and had 12 rushing attempts for 59 yards . In week 16 , he gained 86 yards on 16 carries and had his second consecutive start against the Buffalo Bills . He remained the starting running back for the last three games of the season and finished his first year with 82 carries , 424 rushing yards , 2 rushing touchdowns in 15 games . 2015 season Murray entered the season as the Raiders ' number one tailback and was expected by the Raiders to receive the majority of the carries after the retirement of Maurice Jones - Drew and the departure of Darren McFadden . As expected , he began the season as the Raiders ' starting running back and had 11 attempts for 44 yards in the season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals . In a week 3 contest , Murray finished the game with a career - high 139 yards on 26 carries and added a touchdown in a win over the Cleveland Browns . On December 24 , 2015 , Murray became the first Raider to reach the 1,000 - yard mark rushing , since Darren McFadden in 2010 . His performance of 79 yards on 19 carries , 38 yards on 5 receptions and a rushing touchdown , helped edge a victory over the San Diego Chargers with a final score of 23 -- 20 on a Thursday night in overtime . 2016 season Murray finished the regular season playing in 14 games and rushing for 788 yards and a career - high 12 rushing touchdowns . Murray 's pass protecting ability was rated third best in the NFL among running backs . Minnesota Vikings On March 16 , 2017 , Murray signed a three - year contract with the Minnesota Vikings . In his opening statement to Vikings fans , Murray stated on his Instagram account : `` There was n't a thought in my mind to try and wear or ask for the No. 28 . I have too much respect for Adrian Peterson and so much respect for what he 's done and what he means to this organization . '' During his first press conference as a Viking , Murray announced that he would be wearing No. 25 in honor of his best friend , who had died in 2016 . On March 22 , 2017 , it was revealed Murray underwent ankle surgery . NFL career statistics Team Season G Rushing Receiving Fumbles Att Yds Avg TD Long Rec Yds Avg TD Long Fum Lost 2014 Oakland Raiders 15 82 424 5.2 2 90T 17 143 8.4 0 46 1 0 2015 Oakland Raiders 16 266 1,066 4.0 6 54 41 232 5.7 0 23 4 1 2016 Oakland Raiders 14 195 788 4.0 12 42 33 264 8.0 0 39 2 1 Career totals 45 543 2,278 4.3 20 90 91 639 7.0 0 46 7 2 Source : NFL.com References ^ Jump up to : `` UCF Knights profile '' . ucfathletics.com . Jump up ^ `` ONONDAGA 'S MURRAY JOINS FIRST TEAM ALL - STATE '' . highbeam.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rivals '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thanks to mom , Latavius carries UCF Jump up ^ `` UCF 's Latavius Murray caps comeback season with MVP award '' . commercialappeal.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UCF Defeats SMU in Conference USA Football Championship , 17 - 7 UCF RB Latavius Murray Earns MVP Honors '' . conferenceusa.com . Jump up ^ `` 2011 UCF Football Award Winners '' . ucf.edu . Jump up ^ `` Six UCF players named to All - Conference USA first team '' . orlandosentinel.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Steele 's Postseason All - CUSA Team '' ( PDF ) . philsteele.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` UCF Football 's Murray , McDuffie , Hall Named to CFPA Special Teams Watch List '' . knightnews.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UCF RB Latavius Murray named to 2012 Doak Walker Award watch list '' . cfnews13.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latavius Murray College Statistics '' . sports-reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Latavius Murray , RB '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Latavius Murray - Central Florida , RB : 2013 NFL Draft Scout Player Profile '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Latavius Murray Pro Day Jump up ^ `` Raiders Take UCF RB Latavius Murray in 6th '' . April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sportrac.com . `` Oakland Raiders / Latavius Murray contract '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 NFL Roster Cuts : Tracking teams down to 75 Tuesday '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Jerry ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Raiders may have found new weapon in Latavius Murray '' . www.mercurynews.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Carr - led Raiders shock Chiefs to end losing streak at 16 '' . ESPN . 20 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Murray hits 1,000 yards rushing , beating the Chargers in OT '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Is Latavius Murray a fit for Vikings ' offense ? Jump up ^ Smith , Eric ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Vikings Sign Running Back Latavius Murray '' . Vikings.com . Jump up ^ `` Latavius Murray signs with Minnesota Vikings '' . NFL.com . March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latavius Murray on Instagram '' . Jump up ^ `` Vikings announce Latavius Murray will wear No. 25 '' . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Vikings announce Latavius Murray underwent surgery '' . NFL . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . External links Minnesota Vikings bio Oakland Raiders bio Central Florida Knights bio ESPN Profile ( show ) Oakland Raiders 2013 NFL draft selections D.J. Hayden Menelik Watson Sio Moore Tyler Wilson Nick Kasa Latavius Murray Mychal Rivera Stacy McGee Brice Butler David Bass ( show ) Minnesota Vikings current roster Active roster 1 Marshall Koehn 2 Kai Forbath 3 Mitch Leidner 4 Ryan Quigley 5 Teddy Bridgewater 6 Taylor Heinicke 7 Case Keenum 8 Sam Bradford 9 Taylor Symmank 11 Laquon Treadwell 12 Rodney Adams 13 Stacy Coley 14 Stefon Diggs 15 Isaac Fruechte 16 Cayleb Jones 17 Jarius Wright 18 Michael Floyd 19 Adam Thielen 20 Mackensie Alexander 21 Jerick McKinnon 22 Harrison Smith 23 Terence Newman 24 Jabari Price 25 Latavius Murray 26 Trae Waynes 27 Jayron Kearse 29 Xavier Rhodes 30 C.J. Ham 31 Sam Brown 32 Antone Exum 33 Dalvin Cook 34 Andrew Sendejo 35 Marcus Sherels 36 Tre Roberson 37 Terrell Sinkfield 38 Horace Richardson 39 Jack Tocho 40 Kentrell Brothers 41 Anthony Harris 42 Ben Gedeon 44 Terrell Newby 47 Kevin McDermott 48 Bronson Hill 50 Eric Wilson 51 Edmond Robinson 54 Eric Kendricks 55 Anthony Barr 56 Elijah Lee 58 Noor Davis 59 Emmanuel Lamur 60 Ifeadi Odenigbo 61 Joe Berger 62 Nick Easton 63 Dylan Bradley 63 Danny Isidora 64 Willie Beavers 64 Tashawn Bower 65 Pat Elflein 66 Sam McCaskill 66 Freddie Tagaloa 67 Zac Kerin 68 T.J. Clemmings 69 Rashod Hill 71 Riley Reiff 72 Mike Remmers 73 Sharrif Floyd 74 Austin Shepherd 75 Alex Boone 76 Chunky Clements 76 Aviante Collins 78 Jeremiah Sirles 79 Reid Fragel 81 Moritz Böhringer 82 Kyle Rudolph 83 R.J. Shelton 84 Bucky Hodges 85 Nick Truesdell 86 Kyle Carter 87 Josiah Price 89 David Morgan II 90 Will Sutton 91 Stephen Weatherly 92 Tom Johnson 93 Shamar Stephen 94 Jaleel Johnson 95 Datone Jones 96 Brian Robison 97 Everson Griffen 98 Linval Joseph 99 Danielle Hunter Reserve lists 42 Bishop Sankey ( IR ) 57 Shaan Washington ( IR ) AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latavius_Murray&oldid=797607563 '' Categories : Living people 1991 births People from Onondaga , New York Players of American football from New York ( state ) American football running backs UCF Knights football players Oakland Raiders players Minnesota Vikings players Unconferenced Pro Bowl players Hidden categories : Minnesota Vikings currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia
where did latavius murray go to high school
[ "Born in Titusville, Florida, Murray attended Natick High School in New York, where he was a three-sport athlete in football, basketball, and track. In football, Murray was All-league and All-Central New York selection in three straight seasons. In his sophomore year, he was third-team All-state honoree following a 1,609-yard, 14-touchdown season. He garnered first-team All-state honors as a junior, rushing for 2,030 yards and 30 touchdowns. In his final year, he was named the 2007 Gatorade Football Player of the Year in the state of New York after rushing for 2,194 yards with 28 touchdowns on offense, while also recording 78 tackles, three forced fumbles and two interceptions on defense.[1] He also was named as the Class D Player of the Year[1] and First-Team All-State by the NYSSWA.[2]" ]
[ "Natick High School in New York" ]
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The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963
The Watsons go to Birmingham -- 1963 - wikipedia The Watsons go to Birmingham -- 1963 Jump to : navigation , search The Watsons Go to Birmingham -- 1963 Author Christopher Paul Curtis Country United States Genre Realistic fiction , Juvenile fiction , Historical fiction Publication date 1995 / 1997 / 2000 OCLC 32133739 LC Class PZ7. C94137 Wat 1995 The Watsons Go to Birmingham -- 1963 ( 1995 ) is a historical - fiction novel by Christopher Paul Curtis . First published in 1995 , it was reprinted in 1997 . It tells the story of a loving African - American family living in the town of Flint , Michigan , in 1963 . When the oldest son ( Byron ) begins to get into a bit of trouble , the parents decide he should spend the summer and possibly the next school year with Grandma Sands in Birmingham , Alabama . The entire family travels there together by car , and during their visit , tragic events take place . The book was adapted for a TV movie of the same name , produced in 2013 and aired on the Hallmark Channel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and setting 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Author information 5 Adaptations 6 References 7 External links Background and setting ( edit ) The book takes place from approximately January to October 1963 , a turbulent time during the Civil Rights Movement . The Watson family is fictional , but the characters are based on members of the author 's family , including himself , and many of the events in the first half of the book are based on events from the author 's childhood . Events later in the story center on the historic 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham , soon after the civil rights protests had gained negotiation with white city leaders for integration . KKK members bombed the church on September 15 , 1963 , killing four girls and injuring many more . In the novel , the incident is depicted as occurring a bit earlier than the historical date , allowing the Watson family to still be on summer vacation in Birmingham when it took place . The bombing was a catalyst for increased activity in the Civil Rights Movement and work on voter registration in Mississippi , during Freedom Summer of 1964 . Plot ( edit ) The novel is a first - person account narrarated by Kenny Watson , who lives in Flint , Michigan with his parents , Daniel and Wilona Watson , his older brother Byron , and younger sister Joetta . The opening chapters establish Kenny as a very bright and shy 4th grader who has difficulty making true friends until Rufus Fry arrives in town from Arkansas . Rufus is also bullied by the students at Clark Elementary for his `` country '' clothes and accent , making Kenny reluctant to befriend him at first , but they are soon inseparable . Kenny is alternatively bullied and protected by his 13 year old brother Byron , whom he calls `` an official teenage juvenile delinquent '' . Byron has been retained twice because he often skips school and is still in 6th grade . He invents a series of `` fantastic adventures '' which constantly get him into trouble and include playing with matches in the house , abusing his parent 's credit at the corner grocery store to buy himself treats , and getting a `` conk '' hairstyle against his parents ' orders . Daniel and Wilona eventually become so frustrated with their inability to `` straighten out '' Byron that they decide to send him to Birmingham , Alabama to live with Grandma Sands ( Wilona 's mother ) for at least the summer and possibly an entire year . As soon as the school year concludes , the Watsons ready their car ( `` the Brown Bomber '' ) and embark on a roadtrip from Flint to Birmingham to deliver Byron . Kenny had been looking forward to the `` battle royal '' between his grandma and Byron , but is disappointed when just a few sharp words from the `` old , old '' lady have Byron speaking respectfully and generally behaving himself , causing Kenny to seek out his own `` adventures '' . Grandma Sands had warned the children to avoid a particular local swimming hole because of a dangerous `` whirlpool '' , which Kenny misheard as `` Wool Pooh '' due to her thick Alabama accent . Kenny wants to swim there anyway , and is frustrated when Byron and Joetta refuse to go along . Ignoring the warnings of both Grandma Sands and Byron , Kenny jumps into the seemingly tranquil pool and edges deeper and deeper water until he loses his footing and almost drowns . Remembering his grandmother 's words , he imagines that a strange monster he thinks is the mysterious `` Wool Pooh '' swam up from below to grab his ankle and pull him under . Byron returns and jumps in to save Kenny just in time . He later insists that there was nothing else in the water , but Kenny is convinced that the Wool Pooh actually exists . Shortly afterwards , a bomb goes off at a nearby church where Joetta is attending Sunday school . ( This was the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , a real historical event . ) Kenny wanders into the still - smoking church in the immediate aftermath looking for his sister , but instead sees the Wool Pooh in the smoke clinging to a torn girl 's shoe that looks like Joetta 's . In shock , he walks back to Grandma Sands ' house without anyone noticing that he had been at the church , and he 's again shocked and confused to find Joetta already there . She claims that it was Kenny who had called her away from the church and led her home , and she does not even know that a bombing had taken place right after she 'd left Sunday school . As soon as they realize that Joetta is safe , the Watsons decide to immediately return home to Flint , trying to avoid explaining the full implications of what has happened to the children . Kenny is unable to process the events in Birmingham and avoids his family and friends over the ensuing weeks , instead spending many hours hiding behind the sofa . Byron eventually coaxes him out and gets Kenny to talk about what happened , which finally brings a flood of tears from Kenny . Encouraging his little brother to `` keep on stepping '' , Byron explains that although the world is not perfect , he has to keep moving on . Characters ( edit ) Kenneth Bernard `` Kenny '' Watson - The main character and narrator of the story , the younger of the two sons of the Watsons . Kenny is ten years old . He is an excellent / intelligent student with many capability , which makes him the target of bullying at Clark Elementary School . Wilona Sands Watson - Usually called `` Momma '' . She 's the wife of Daniel and the mother of the three children . A native of Birmingham , she slips into a thick Southern accent when mad or excited , and she complains about Flint 's harsh winters . She is strict and overprotective but loves her kids . Daniel Watson - The husband of Wilona and father of the three children . He 's known for having a good sense of humor and is referred to as `` Dad '' . Byron `` Daddy Cool '' Watson - Older brother of Kenny and Joey . He is considered the `` God '' of Clark Elementary School . He bullies smaller kids along with his best friend Buphead . He is known for being a terrible student and is also known for breaking the rules and being a rebel . Byron is thirteen . Joetta `` Joey '' Watson - Younger sister of Byron and Kenny . She follows the rules and is very religious . Joey has a special relationship with Byron . She is five . Buphead - Byron 's best friend , who is also an `` official delinquent , '' helps Byron bully many kids , including Kenny , although Byron and Buphead stand up for Kenny and Rufus when they 're being bullied by Larry . Grandma Sands - Grandmother of Kenny , Byron , and Joey , mother of Wilona , and mother - in - law of Daniel . She is supposed to be very strict . Seen by Wilona , Kenny , Byron , Joey , and Daniel when they arrived in Birmingham . Laughs like an evil witch . Grandma Sands walks with a cane due to having a stroke . Her husband died before the book began . Rufus Fry - Kenny 's new best friend and Cody 's big brother . His family moves to Flint from the South . He and his little brother Cody befriend Kenny . Cody Fry - Rufus 's little brother . Rufus and Cody come from a poor Southern African - American family . Lawrence `` Larry '' Dunn - the school bully in Kenny and Rufus 's class , until Byron teaches him a lesson for stealing Kenny 's winter gloves . Mr. Robert - a dear friend of Grandma Sands . Mr. Robert started helping Grandma Sands out around the house after her husband died . It 's hinted that Grandma Sands has a crush on Mr. Robert . Mrs. Davidson - is the religious next - door neighbor of the Watsons . Joey goes to church with Mrs. Davidson three times a week . Sometimes Wilona makes Kenny go to Sunday School with Joey . LJ Jones - a former playmate of Kenny who stole lots of Kenny 's toy dinosaurs . Author information ( edit ) The Watsons Go to Birmingham -- 1963 was Christopher Paul Curtis ' first novel , earning him a Newbery Honor , a Coretta Scott King ( wife of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr . ) Honor , and the Golden Kite Award . Curtis also wrote the Newbery Award - winning novel Bud , Not Buddy ; Elijah of Buxton , and The Mighty Miss Malone . Adaptations ( edit ) In 2013 , a television film based on the book premiered on the Hallmark Channel , starring Anika Noni Rose , Wood Harris , Latanya Richardson , Skai Jackson and David Alan Grier . The movie adapted the story by condensing and trimming events and characters from Flint in the first half of the novel and adding new scenes showing Kenny and Byron helping local youths organize Civil Rights events in Birmingham . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newbery Medal and Honor Books , 1922 -- Present , American Library Association , retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 Jump up ^ Coretta Scott King Book Award Complete List of Recipients -- by Year , American Library Association , retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 External links ( edit ) Random House 's page on the book Alabama church marks bombing anniversary The Watsons Go to Birmingham at Hallmark Channel The Watsons Go to Birmingham on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Watsons_Go_to_Birmingham_ -- _1963&oldid = 842364898 '' Categories : 1995 American novels American children 's novels Newbery Honor - winning works Golden Kite Award - winning works Novels by Christopher Paul Curtis Novels set in Alabama 1963 in fiction Novels set in Michigan Culture of Birmingham , Alabama Flint , Michigan Books about African - American history 1995 children 's books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 00 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the watsons go to birmingham who is mr robert
[ "Mr. Robert - a dear friend of Grandma Sands. Mr. Robert started helping Grandma Sands out around the house after her husband died. It's hinted that Grandma Sands has a crush on Mr. Robert." ]
[ "a dear friend of Grandma Sands" ]
1098489750846450632
Moderate
Moderate - Wikipedia Moderate Look up moderate in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . A political moderate is a person in the center category of the left -- right political spectrum . Contents 1 History 2 Political position 3 Religious position 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Aristotle favoured conciliatory politics dominated by the centre rather than the extremes of great wealth and poverty or the special interests of oligarchs and tyrants . Political position ( edit ) Further information : Centrism Part of the Politics series Party politics Political spectrum Left - wing Far - left Centre - left Centre Centre - left Radical centre Centre - right Right - wing Centre - right Far - right Party platform Extremist Radical Progressive Reformist Liberal Moderate Syncretic Third Position Conservative Reactionary Traditionalist Party system Non-partisan One - party Dominant - party Two - party Multi-party Coalition Hung parliament Confidence and supply Minority government Rainbow coalition Grand coalition Full coalition National unity government Majority government Lists Ruling parties by country Political parties by UN geoscheme Political ideologies Politics portal In recent years , the term `` political moderates '' has gained traction as a buzzword . The existence of the ideal moderate is disputed because of a lack of a moderate political ideology . Voters who describe themselves as centrist often mean that they are moderate in their political views , advocating neither extreme left - wing politics nor right - wing politics . Gallup polling has shown American voters identifying themselves as moderate between 35 -- 38 % of the time over the last 20 years . Voters may identify with moderation for a number of reasons : pragmatic , ideological or otherwise . It has even been suggested that individuals vote for centrist parties for purely statistical reasons . Religious position ( edit ) In religion , the moderate position is centered and opposed to liberalism or conservatism . For example in Christianity , moderates in evangelicalism would oppose the ideas of Christian right and Christian fundamentalism , as well as liberal Christians oppose the idea of Christian left . For Islam , moderates oppose the extreme views of Islamic extremism and Islamic fundamentalism . See also ( edit ) Centrism Disadvantages of the Electoral College for third parties in the United States Independent ( politician ) Independent ( voter ) Moderate Party ( disambiguation ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aristotle , Sir Ernest Barker , R.F. Stalley ( 1998 ) , Politics , Oxford University Press , p. xxv , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283393 - 8 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Saad , Lydia ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Conservatives Remain the Largest Ideological Group in U.S. '' Gallup . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Enelow and Hinich ( 1984 ) . `` Probabilistic Voting and the Importance of Centrist Ideologies in Democratic elections '' . The Journal of Politics . Southern Political Science Association . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Clarke , The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion , Oxford University Press , UK , 2011 , p. 512 Calhoon , Robert McCluer ( 2008 ) , Ideology and social psychology : extremism , moderation , and contradiction , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 73416 - 5 This article about a political term is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Moderates are a political party that are neither left or right . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moderate&oldid=864637608 '' Categories : Political terminology Political term stubs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی Français Hrvatski Igbo Norsk nynorsk Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 14 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where do moderates fall on the political spectrum
[ "A political moderate is a person in the center category of the left–right political spectrum.\n" ]
[ "center" ]
7204935632403465665
Surface Pro 4
Surface Pro 4 - wikipedia Surface Pro 4 Surface Pro 4 Developer Microsoft Product family Surface Type 2 - in - 1 detachable Generation 4th Release date October 26 , 2015 Introductory price $899 ( £ 749 ) Operating system Windows 10 Pro CPU Intel Skylake low - voltage dual - core : m3 - 6Y30 900 MHz up to 2.2 GHz , 4 MB cache , 4.5 W i5 - 6300U 2.4 up to 3.0 GHz , 3 MB cache , 15 W i7 - 6650U 2.2 up to 3.4 GHz , 4 MB cache , 15 W Memory 4 GB , 8 GB , or 16 GB Storage PCI - Express SSD : 128 GB , 256 GB , 512 GB , or 1 TB Display 12.3 inches ( 31 cm ) 2736x1824 ( 267ppi ) PixelSense display with 3 : 2 aspect ratio Graphics m3 : Intel HD graphics 515 i5 : Intel HD graphics 520 i7 : Intel Iris 540 graphics 292.1 millimetres ( 11.50 in ) ( width ) 201.42 millimetres ( 7.930 in ) ( height ) 8.45 millimetres ( 0.333 in ) ( depth ) Weight m3 : 766 grams ( 1.689 lb ) i5 : 786 grams ( 1.733 lb ) i7 : 786 grams ( 1.733 lb ) Predecessor Surface Pro 3 Successor Surface Pro ( 5th generation ) This article is part of a series on the Microsoft Surface Surface Go Surface Pro Pro 2 Pro 3 Pro 4 Pro ( 2017 ) Surface Book Surface Laptop Surface Studio Surface Hub Accessories Surface Pen Covers Dock Dial The Surface Pro 4 is the fourth - generation Surface - series 2 - in - 1 detachable , designed , developed , marketed , and produced by Microsoft . The Surface Pro 4 was announced on October 6 , 2015 alongside the Surface Book . In the U.S. and Canada , the Surface Pro 4 was released on October 26 , 2015 . The Surface Pro 4 is an update over its predecessor , featuring Skylake CPUs , more RAM and SSD options and a 12.3 - inch display with a greater resolution . At the same time , the device is compatible with most of its predecessor 's accessories . The device 's successor , the 2017 Surface Pro , was announced in May 2017 , ahead of a release the following month . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 2.3 Accessories 3 Issues 4 Reception 5 Timeline 6 References History ( edit ) The Surface Pro 4 was announced on October 6 , 2015 alongside the Surface Book . Both devices were available for pre-order the following day and available for customers beginning on October 26 , 2015 . The device initially exhibited failure to sleep properly , which drained the battery very quickly . Microsoft subsequently developed a fix that was made available on February 17 , 2016 . Features ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The Surface Pro 4 is the same size as the Surface Pro 3 , but has a thinner screen bezel which allows for a display of a slightly greater size of 12.3 inches ( 31 cm ) . The screen resolution is also greater than the Surface Pro 3 's , at 2736x1824 at 267 PPI , with the same aspect ratio of 3 : 2 and 10 - point multi-touch . The chassis is 0.03 inches ( 0.76 mm ) thinner and 0.03 pounds ( 14 g ) lighter than the Surface Pro 3 . The cooling system of the 2 - in - 1 has been redesigned and dubbed hybrid liquid cooling system . It includes heat pipes with a flowing liquid , which is meant to avoid the use of the internal fan when the device is used for less demanding tasks such as web browsing . All Surface Pro 4 models feature 6th - generation Skylake Intel Core processors -- m3 , i5 or i7 -- which are more powerful and run cooler over its Intel Core Haswell predecessors found in the Surface Pro 3 and 2 . The maximum clock rate of the most powerful CPU option ( i7 - 6650U ) is also greater at 2.2 GHz , with up to 3.4 GHz in the Turbo Boost mode . The m3 - powered model is completely fanless . RAM and SSD options available are 4 , 8 , 16 GB and 128 , 256 , 512 , 1024 GB respectively ; the top options are two times as capacious compared to top options of the Surface Pro 4 's two recent predecessors . The common traits , inherited from the previous - generation Surface Pro 3 , are a continuous kickstand , magnesium casing with a silver - colored back side , 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac Wi - Fi radio , Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy , full - size USB 3.0 port , microSD card reader , headset jack , Mini DisplayPort , Cover Port , and a renamed SurfaceConnect , a port on the side to connect a wall charger , Docking Station or Surface Dock accessories . hide Surface Pro 4 Configuration Options Price Tier ( USD ) CPU Integrated GPU RAM Internal Storage 899 Intel Core m3 - 6Y30 ( 0.9 to 2.2 GHz ) HD 515 4 GB 128 GB 999 Intel Core i5 - 6300U ( 2.4 to 3.0 GHz ) HD 520 1299 8 GB 256 GB 1499 16 GB 1699 8 GB 512 GB 1899 16 GB 1599 Intel Core i7 - 6650U ( 2.2 to 3.4 GHz ) Iris 540 8 GB 256 GB 1799 16 GB 2199 512 GB 2699 1 TB Software ( edit ) All Surface Pro 4 models come with a 64 - bit version of Windows 10 Pro and a Microsoft Office 30 - day trial . Windows 10 comes pre-installed with Mail , Calendar , People , Xbox ( app ) , Photos , Movies and TV , Groove , and Microsoft Edge . With Windows 10 , a `` Tablet mode '' is available when the Type Cover is detached from the device . In this mode , all windows are opened full - screen and the interface becomes more touch - centric . The device also has a Windows Hello - compatible camera . It combines the use of a regular and infrared cameras to authenticate the user . Accessories ( edit ) The Surface Pro 4 is backward compatible with all accessories of its predecessor . At the Windows 10 Devices Event on October 6 , 2015 , alongside new Surface 2 - in - 1s , new accessories were announced . The Surface Dock is a redesigned docking accessory in a brick form factor . It is compatible with all past and future Surface models with a SurfaceConnect side port , previously used to connect a wall charger or Docking Station accessory : Surface Pro 3 , 4 and Surface Book . The Surface Dock will have 2 Mini DisplayPorts , 1 Gigabit Ethernet , 4 USB 3.0 , and 1 audio out ports . Although Surface Pro 4 is backward compatible with Type Cover accessory of Surface Pro 3 , an attachable keyboard which doubles as a screen protector , the Surface Pro 4 Type Cover has been announced with and without a fingerprint ID sensor . The new Type Cover is thinner and lighter than its predecessor , has improved magnetic stability for lap use , a mechanical keyboard with improved key spacing , as well as a larger touchpad . An updated version of Surface Pen is included with the Surface Pro 4 , which has 1024 levels of pressure sensitivity and is heavier with a rubberized tip . However , the new pen has only one button on the side rather than the previous pen 's two . There is a eraser on the end that doubles as a button , which may perform different tasks , like opening the OneNote app or activating Cortana , and can be customized using the Surface App . Issues ( edit ) The Surface Pro 4 is known to have wide spread flicker issues with the display named as Flickergate after the independent website flickergate.com which was set up by the affected users after getting no fix from Microsoft . Microsoft 's spokesperson acknowledged the issue stating : `` We are aware that some customers have experienced a screen flicker on Surface Pro 4 and are monitoring the situation closely . Customers impacted by this should contact Microsoft support . '' Microsoft has stated that bad batteries , pens and Type Covers may be repaired under warranty . Reception ( edit ) The Surface Pro 4 received generally positive reviews from technology critics . Most praise a sharper and larger display compared to the one found in the predecessor , redesigned cooling system , improved technical specifications , and an improved Type Cover . The common disadvantages found by reviewers were that the Type Cover is still a separate purchase , the relatively modest performance of the Intel Core m3 chip , and modest battery life . Timeline ( edit ) Source : Microsoft Devices Blog References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Surface Pro 4 announced with new Surface Pen , starts at $899 '' . The Verge . Jump up ^ `` Here are the details of the Surface Book and Surface Pro 4 chips , and why they matter '' . Jump up ^ `` ARK Intel Core m3 Specifications '' . Jump up ^ `` ARK Intel Core i5 Specifications '' . Jump up ^ `` ARK Intel Core i7 Specifications '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Surface Pro 4 -- Power Through Your Day '' . October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surface Pro 5 release date , news and rumors Jump up ^ Microsoft Unveils the Surface Pro 4 With a 12.3 - inch Display Jump up ^ Surface Pro 4 , Surface Book ' sleep ' fix coming soon ( early 2016 ) Jump up ^ Microsoft Patches Surface Book And Surface Pro 4 Sleep Issue Jump up ^ `` Surface Pro 4 tablet models '' . November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heslip , Ken ( 6 October 2015 ) . `` Microsoft 's new Surface Pen now available for pre-order '' . WinBeta . Jump up ^ Guim , Mark ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` 3 essential shortcuts you should know for the new Surface Pen '' . Windows Central . Jump up ^ Coppock , Mark ( 16 December 2015 ) . `` You can now customize the Surface Pen buttons on your Surface Book and Surface Pro '' . WinBeta . Jump up ^ Microsoft has no response to Surface Pro 4 screen flickers Computerworld Jump up ^ `` Surface Pro 4 owners are putting their tablets in freezers to fix screen flickering issues # flickergate '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` We are 1800 + customers who lost $2.8 + Millions due to faulty / defective Microsoft Surface Pro 4 devices '' . Flicker Gate . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` $14 bn tax hit , Surface Pro screens keep dying -- but it 's not all good news at Microsoft '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Microsoft promises fixes for several long - standing Surface problems Computerworld Jump up ^ Devindra , Hardawar ( 21 November 2015 ) . `` Surface Pro 4 review : Yes , it can really replace your laptop '' . Engadget.com . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Davies , Chris ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` Surface Pro 4 Review '' . SlashGear.com . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Joe ( 8 November 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Surface Pro 4 review '' . TechRadar.com . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Preceded by Surface Pro 3 Surface Pro 4 4th generation Succeeded by Surface Pro ( 2017 ) Windows - powered tablet computers and 2 - in - 1 PCs Windows 10 available Acer Iconia Tab W500 Iconia Tab W510 Iconia W700 Asus Transformer VivoTab Dell XPS 12 HP Envy X2 Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 11S Yoga 13 Lynx ThinkPad ThinkPad Helix ThinkPad Tablet 2 ThinkPad 8 ThinkPad 10 ThinkPad Yoga Microsoft Surface Pro Surface Pro 2 Surface Pro 3 Surface 3 Surface Pro 4 Surface Book Surface Pro ( 5th generation ) Surface Book 2 Surface Go Samsung Ativ Ativ Q Galaxy TabPro S Galaxy Book Huawei MateBook Windows RT Asus VivoTab RT Dell XPS 10 Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 11 Nokia Lumia 2520 Surface Surface 2 Samsung Ativ Tab Microsoft History Outline People Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W. Thompson ( Chairman ) Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Dina Dublon Maria Klawe David Marquardt Charles Noski Helmut Panke Mason Morfit John W. Stanton Senior leadership team Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Scott Guthrie Amy Hood ( CFO ) Terry Myerson Harry Shum Phil Spencer Corporate VPs Gabe Aul ( VP ) Joe Belfiore Richard Rashid ( SVP ) S. Somasegar ( SVP ) Divisions Engineering groups Mobile Skype unit Digital Crimes Unit Garage Press Research Studios . NET Foundation Outercurve Foundation Estates Microsoft Redmond campus Microsoft Talo Microsoft Algeria Microsoft Egypt Microsoft India Microsoft Japan Product families Operating systems Windows Software Office Servers Visual Studio Hardware HoloLens Surface Xbox Web properties Azure Bing Channel 9 CodePlex Developer Network MSN Mixer Office.com OneDrive Outlook.com Store TechNet Conferences Build Inspire MIX PDC TechEd WinHEC Campaigns Where do you want to go today ? ( 1994 ) Champagne ( 2002 ) Mojave Experiment ( 2006 ) I 'm a PC ( 2008 ) Scroogled ( 2012 ) Criticism Bundling of Microsoft Windows Clippy iLoo Internet Explorer Microsoft Bob _NSAKEY Windows XP Vista 10 Litigation Alcatel - Lucent v. Microsoft Apple v. Microsoft European Union Microsoft competition case Microsoft v. Lindows Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoft Microsoft v. Shah United States v. Microsoft ( 2001 antitrust case ) Microsoft Ireland case Acquisitions 6Wunderkinder Altamira Software AltspaceVR aQuantive Azyxxi The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks Beam Bungie Calista Technologies Colloquis Connectix Consumers Software Danger Farecast FASA Studio Fast Search & Transfer Firefly Forethought GIANT Company Software GreenButton Groove Networks High Heat Major League Baseball Hotmail Jellyfish.com LinkedIn LinkExchange Lionhead Studios Maluuba Massive Incorporated Mobile Data Labs Mojang Nokia Devices and Services Onfolio Pando Networks Perceptive Pixel PlaceWare Powerset ProClarity Rare Revolution Analytics ScreenTonic Secure Islands Simplygon Skype Sunrise Atelier SwiftKey Winternals Software Teleo Telekinesys Research Tellme Networks Twisted Pixel Games Vermeer Technologies Visio Corporation Vivaty VoloMetrix VXtreme WebTV Networks Xamarin Yammer Yupi Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface_Pro_4&oldid=846796066 '' Categories : Microsoft Surface Tablet computers introduced in 2015 2 - in - 1 PCs Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 한국어 Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 23 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what type of ssd is in the surface pro 4
[ "Surface Pro 4\n\nDeveloper\nMicrosoftProduct family\nSurfaceType\n2-in-1 detachableGeneration\n4thRelease date\nOctober 26, 2015[1]Introductory price\n$899 (£749)Operating system\nWindows 10 ProCPU\nIntel Skylake low-voltage dual-core:[2]m3-6Y30900 MHz up to 2.2 GHz, 4 MB cache, 4.5 W[3]i5-6300U2.4 up to 3.0 GHz, 3 MB cache, 15 W[4]i7-6650U2.2 up to 3.4 GHz, 4 MB cache, 15 W[5]Memory\n4 GB, 8 GB, or 16 GB[6]Storage\nPCI-Express SSD: 128 GB, 256 GB, 512 GB, or 1 TB[6]Display\n12.3 inches (31 cm) 2736x1824 (267ppi) PixelSense display with 3:2 aspect ratio[6]Graphics\nm3: Intel HD graphics 515[6]\ni5: Intel HD graphics 520[6]\n\ni7: Intel Iris 540 graphics[6]Dimensions\n292.1 millimetres (11.50 in) (width)201.42 millimetres (7.930 in) (height)8.45 millimetres (0.333 in) (depth)[6]Weight\nm3: 766 grams (1.689 lb)[6]\ni5: 786 grams (1.733 lb)[6]\n\ni7: 786 grams (1.733 lb)[6]Predecessor\nSurface Pro 3Successor\nSurface Pro (5th generation)[7]" ]
[ "128 GB, 256 GB, 512 GB, or 1 TB" ]
3331961013797406253
Paddington (film)
Paddington ( film ) - wikipedia Paddington ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Paddington UK theatrical release poster Directed by Paul King Produced by David Heyman Screenplay by Paul King Story by Paul King Hamish McColl Based on Paddington Bear by Michael Bond Starring Hugh Bonneville Sally Hawkins Julie Walters Jim Broadbent Peter Capaldi Nicole Kidman Ben Whishaw Music by Nick Urata Cinematography Erik Wilson Edited by Mark Everson Production company StudioCanal Heyday Films TF1 Films Production Distributed by StudioCanal Release date 28 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 28 ) Running time 95 minutes Country United Kingdom France Language English Budget € 38.5 million ( $50 -- 55 million ) Box office $268 million Paddington is a 2014 live - action animated comedy film written and directed by Paul King from a story by King and Hamish McColl and produced by David Heyman . Based on the stories of the character Paddington Bear created by Michael Bond , the film stars Ben Whishaw as the voice of the title character , with Hugh Bonneville , Sally Hawkins , Julie Walters , Jim Broadbent , Peter Capaldi , and Nicole Kidman in live - action roles . The film tells the story of the eponymous character Paddington , an anthropomorphic bear who migrates from the jungles of Peru to the streets of London , where he is adopted by the Brown family . Kidman plays the role of a taxidermist , who attempts to add him to her collection . A British and French venture produced by StudioCanal , TF1 Films Production , and Heyday Films , principal photography began in September 2013 , before wrapping in June 2014 . Colin Firth was originally set to voice the role of Paddington , before dropping out in post-production and being replaced by Whishaw . The film was released in the United Kingdom on 28 November 2014 to critical acclaim and grossed $268 million worldwide on a € 38.5 ( ~ $55 ) million budget . The film received two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards : Best British Film and Best Adapted Screenplay . A sequel , titled Paddington 2 , was released on 10 November 2017 , with King returning as director and screenwriter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Video game 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Classification 6.2 Box office 6.3 Critical response 6.4 Accolades 7 Franchise 7.1 Sequels 7.2 Television series 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the deep jungles of darkest Peru , British geographer Montgomery Clyde happens upon a previously unknown species of bear . He is about to shoot it to take back a specimen to the United Kingdom when another bear playfully takes his gun away . He learns that this family of bears is intelligent and can learn English , and that they have a deep appetite for marmalade . He names them Lucy and Pastuzo . As he departs , he throws his hat to Pastuzo and tells the bears that they are always welcome should they wish to go to London . Several years later , the two bears are living in harmony with their nephew when an earthquake strikes their home , forcing them to seek shelter underground . After being trapped by a falling tree , Uncle Pastuzo is unable to reach the shelter in time and dies from his injuries . The next morning , Uncle Pastuzo 's hat is found by his nephew . Aunt Lucy encourages her nephew to go and find solace in London , and stows him away on a cargo ship , after which she says she will move into the Home for Retired Bears . The young bear reaches London 's Paddington Station , where he meets the Brown family , who take him home temporarily and name him after the station . Henry Brown , the father and a devoted risk analyst , does not believe a word of why he 's here and is adamant that Paddington stay only one night while they find a place for him to live permanently , but his wife Mary - a story illustrator - and their two children find him endearing , as does family relative and housekeeper Mrs. Bird . Paddington thinks he can find a home with the explorer who found Aunt Lucy and Uncle Pastuzo , but does not know his name . Since there seems to be no word of his expedition anywhere on the Internet , Mary takes Paddington to Mr. Gruber , an antique shop owner who discovers that the hat bears the stamp of the Geographers Guild , but the Guild says that it never sent a member to explore darkest Peru . With the help of Henry , Paddington infiltrates the Geographers Guild archives and discovers an expedition to Peru was undertaken by Montgomery Clyde . He uses the city 's phone books to track the addresses of all the `` M. Clydes '' in London . Meanwhile , the hateful museum taxidermist Director Millicent Clyde captures , kills , and stuffs exotic animals to house in the Natural History Museum . When she becomes aware of Paddington , she immediately sets out to hunt him down . The Brown family departs for the day , leaving Paddington home alone . Scheming with the Browns nosy next - door neighbor Mr. Curry , Millicent sneaks in and attempts to capture Paddington ; he manages to defend himself , but inadvertently starts a fire in the kitchen in the process . Disbelieving Paddington 's statement of Millicent 's capture attempt , Henry states that he must move into a new home as soon as possible and Mary reluctantly agrees . Feeling unwanted at the Browns , Paddington leaves and attempts to track down Montgomery Clyde himself . He finally locates the house , only to learn that Clyde died years ago , and that Millicent is his daughter . She resents her father for losing his job and membership with the museum ; out of a change of heart , he refused to bring a valuable Peruvian bear specimen home , even though it would have made his family wealthy . Millicent is determined to succeed where her father failed and capture a Peruvian bear so she can become rich and famous herself . She tranquilizes Paddington and prepares to stuff him , but when Mr. Curry discovers her true intentions , he informs the Brown family and they rush to save Paddington . They rescue him , and Paddington subdues Millicent by throwing a marmalade sandwich at her which Uncle Pastuzo left in his hat for emergencies . This attracts a huge flock of pigeons , distracting her , as Mrs. Bird opens a roof hatch and pushes her off the roof , trapping her on a flagpole . In the aftermath , the Browns allow Paddington to move in with their family and Millicent is sentenced to community service at the petting zoo her father opened after he lost his job . Paddington writes to Aunt Lucy saying he is happy and has finally found a home . Cast ( edit ) Ben Whishaw as the voice of Paddington Bear Hugh Bonneville as Henry Brown Sally Hawkins as Mary Brown Madeleine Harris as Judy Brown Samuel Joslin as Jonathan Brown Julie Walters as Mrs. Bird Nicole Kidman as Millicent Clyde Theresa Willson as Young Millicent Jim Broadbent as Samuel Gruber Peter Capaldi as Mr. Curry Imelda Staunton as the voice of Aunt Lucy Michael Gambon as the voice of Uncle Pastuzo Tim Downie as Montgomery Clyde Simon Farnaby as Barry Matt Lucas as Joe Matt King as Andre the Thief Geoffrey Palmer as Head geographer Michael Bond as the Kindly Gentleman Production ( edit ) The film was first announced in September 2007 , with David Heyman producing and Hamish McColl writing the screenplay . Further developments were not made until September 2013 , when filming began and Heyman announced the casting of Colin Firth as Paddington . With a budget of € 38.5 million ( $50 -- 55 million ) , Paddington is the most expensive film produced by the French production company StudioCanal . Principal photography and production began on 13 September 2013 . In June 2014 , after principal photography had wrapped , Firth voluntarily dropped out of the film , after the studio decided his voice was not suitable for Paddington . The role was recast the following month , with Ben Whishaw signing on to voice the title role . Paddington was created using a combination of computer - generated imagery ( by the British company Framestore ) and animatronics . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Paddington Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released 13 January 2015 Genre Soundtrack Length 53 : 40 Label Decca Records Nick Urata composed the film 's soundtrack . Gwen Stefani and Pharrell Williams were commissioned to write a song for the film 's American release , which turned into `` Shine '' . All music composed by Nick Urata , except where noted . No . Title Performer Length 1 . `` Marmalade Harvest '' Nick Urata 1 : 43 2 . `` Journey from Peru '' Nick Urata 2 : 22 3 . `` London Is the Place for Me '' D Lime featuring Tobago Crusoe 2 : 39 4 . `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' James Brown 2 : 47 5 . `` Arrival in London '' Nick Urata 1 : 51 6 . `` This Will Do Nicely '' Nick Urata 1 : 22 7 . `` Duel with Facilities '' Nick Urata 2 : 13 8 . `` The Letter Home '' Nick Urata 2 : 57 9 . `` Millicent 's Lab '' Nick Urata 1 : 49 10 . `` Gruber 's Story '' Nick Urata 0 : 38 11 . `` Thief Chase '' Nick Urata 1 : 49 12 . `` Born to Be Wild '' Steppenwolf 3 : 29 13 . `` Bear Bath '' Nick Urata 1 : 41 14 . `` Hello '' Lionel Richie 4 : 08 15 . `` The Explorer 's Film '' Nick Urata 2 : 45 16 . `` Millicent Invasion '' Nick Urata 1 : 53 17 . `` Gerrard Street '' D Lime featuring Tobago Crusoe 2 : 33 18 . `` Ringing Doorbells '' Nick Urata 1 : 57 19 . `` Museum Chase '' Nick Urata 4 : 15 20 . `` Blow Wind Blow '' D Lime featuring Tobago Crusoe 1 : 59 21 . `` Escape from Millicent '' Nick Urata 2 : 29 22 . `` Savito '' D Lime featuring Tobago Crusoe 2 : 01 23 . `` He Is Family '' Nick Urata 1 : 20 24 . `` Epilogue '' Nick Urata 1 : 10 Total length : 53 : 40 Release ( edit ) Video Game ( edit ) A video game based on the film , titled Paddington : Adventures in London was released on 11 August 2015 for Nintendo 3DS and is published by Kids ' Mania . Home Media ( edit ) Paddington was released on Blu - ray , DVD and streaming on 23 March 2015 in the UK , and on 28 April 2015 in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Classification ( edit ) In November 2014 the British Board of Film Classification ( BBFC ) gave the film a PG certificate for its UK release and advised parents that the film contained `` dangerous behaviour , mild threat , mild sex references ( and ) mild bad language . '' Paul King , the film 's director , told BBC reporter Tim Muffett : `` I 'm not surprised about that ( the PG certificate ) but I do n't think it 's a PG for sexiness . That I would find very odd . '' Paddington 's creator , Michael Bond , said he was `` totally amazed '' at the BBFC 's advice . After the film 's distributor challenged the certification , the BBFC revised the wording of its parental guidance , replacing `` mild sex references '' with `` innuendo . '' It also further qualified the `` mild bad language '' as `` infrequent '' , saying it referred to `` a single mumbled use of ' bloody ' . '' Box office ( edit ) Paddington was released on 28 November 2014 in the United Kingdom , where it took in $8 million ( £ 5.1 million ) on its opening weekend , and topped the box office for two weeks . It was StudioCanal 's highest opening and the second - highest 2014 family film debut in the country behind The Lego Movie . For the week ending 9 December 2014 it topped the box office in France . For the week ending 24 December 2014 it topped the box office in Australia . The film was released in the United States by TWC - Dimension on 16 January 2015 . The film opened to third place in its first weekend , earning $19.0 million , behind American Sniper and The Wedding Ringer , and closed with a total of $76.3 million . It opened at no. 1 at the Japan box office in January 2016 with $1.1 million and went on to gross $5.7 million . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes sampled 144 reviews and judged 98 % of them to be positive with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site states that `` Paddington brings a beloved children 's character into the 21st century without sacrificing his essential charm , delivering a family - friendly adventure as irresistibly cuddly as its star . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating generally favourable reviews . According to CinemaScore , audiences gave the film a grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Upon its UK release , Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film four out of five stars , saying : `` the new CGI - live - action Paddington Bear could easily have been another garish , cheapo Brit - movie . Instead , writer - director Paul King ... and co-writer Hamish McColl have created a charming and sweet - natured family film , full of wit and fun , skewed towards young children but cheekily speckled with sly gags pitched at the older audience . '' Geoffrey Macnab of The Independent called it a `` film of considerable charm but one undermined by a very bitty and flimsy screenplay . Writer - director Paul King has more flair for comic set - pieces than he does for sustained narrative . '' Indiewire said critics were `` pleasantly surprised '' and that the film was `` hailed for its warm - heartedness and playful sense of humor ... and Whishaw 's charming performance '' . Guy Lodge of Variety praised it for `` honouring the everyday quirks of Bond 's stories , while subtly updating their middle - class London milieu '' . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , saying : `` It 's a relief to report that the final film is actually quite charming , thoughtful and as cuddly as a plush toy , albeit one with a few modern gizmos thrown in . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a B , saying : `` If the film seems head - and - shoulders above the average effects - driven family - matinee flick , it 's because it never gives the impression that it 's trying to be anything more ( or less ) than good - natured and fun to watch . '' Jason Clark of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A - , saying : `` A gloriously whimsical big - screen debut that 's closer to the madcap spirit of the Muppets and the lovingly rendered style of a Wes Anderson film than to standard multiplex family fodder . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three out of four stars , saying : `` Paddington 's journey from South America to London is just droll enough for adults -- qualifying as a gentle parable about xenophobia -- and exuberant enough for the youngest viewers . '' Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film three out of five stars , saying : `` Paddington is , ultimately , about how a newcomer can become part of a family , and about how good manners and marmalade can get you out of any tricky situation -- delightful messages , at any age . '' Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars , saying : `` It 's a relief to say that -- as films based on fictional animals go -- Paddington is better than merely bearable . '' Barbara VanDenburgh of The Arizona Republic gave the film three and a half stars out of five , saying : `` Paddington is a mostly smart update loaded with charm , and it preserves enough of the fuzzy feelings for purists to walk away with a smile . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film four out of five stars , saying : `` An irresistible charmbomb . The in - jokes are verbal and visual , managing to reference themes as diverse as immigration and insider trading . It 's all very droll and quietly , memorably dazzling . '' Sandie Angulo Chen of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars , saying : `` Because of its adorable protagonist , laugh - out - loud gags and touching premise , Paddington succeeds in a way most CGI / live - action hybrids do not . '' Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review , saying : `` Artfully and cleverly , the sweet spirit of that young bear from darkest Peru and his many London misadventures materializes brilliantly on screen in the very good hands of writer - director - conjurer Paul King . '' Mary Houlihan of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying : `` This is a charming film whose underlying message of tolerance and acceptance strikes a palpable chord in today 's world -- both for children and adults . '' Jocelyn Noveck of the Associated Press gave the film a positive review , saying : `` For parents looking for a film that 'll please them and their kids in equal measure , Paddington is -- as Goldilocks would say in that other bear story -- just right . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B+ , saying : `` Paddington is an absolute delight , visually inventive , thoroughly goofy and goosed by a mix of dry British wit and pratfall shenanigans . '' Accolades ( edit ) Event Recipient ( s ) Result 68th British Academy Film Awards Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film David Heyman and Paul King Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Paul King Nominated 20th Empire Awards Best British Film David Heyman and Paul King Nominated Best Comedy Film David Heyman and Paul King Won 41st Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film David Heyman and Paul King Nominated 2015 South Bank Sky Arts Award Best Film David Heyman and Paul King Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards BAFTA Kids ' Vote - Feature Film Paddington Nominated Feature Film David Heyman and Paul King Won Movieguide Awards Best Movie for Families Paddington Nominated Franchise ( edit ) Main article : Paddington ( film series ) Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Paddington 2 A sequel to the film was released on 10 November 2017 in the United Kingdom . David Heyman returned to produce . Paul King returned to direct and co-wrote the sequel with Simon Farnaby . A third film has also been confirmed . Television series ( edit ) On 9 October 2017 , it was announced that StudioCanal were producing a TV series based on the films , set to launch in either late 2018 or early 2019 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Paddington ( 2014 ) '' . Allmovie . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paddington ( 2014 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paddington ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paddington '' ( in French ) . AlloCiné.fr. 31 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paddington ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` Bear Necessity : Ben Whishaw To Voice CG ' Paddington ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( 15 November 2013 ) . `` TWC - Dimension Sets ' Paddington ' For December 2014 Release '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Kidman : Paddington film is too vicious for my children to see '' . The Daily Telegraph . 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jun/28/michael-bond-obituary Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` WB bears down on ' Paddington ' film '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( 13 September 2013 ) . `` Colin Firth is Paddington Bear '' . Empire . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Decant , Charles ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` '' Paddington '' : Canal+ va produire le film le plus cher de son histoire `` . ozap.com ( in French ) . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Producer David Heyman to Adapt ' Paddington Bear ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( 28 November 2014 ) . `` ' Paddington ' : Potential Game - Changer For Studiocanal ; Euro Major Bares Ambition '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paddington Starts Principal Photography , Full Cast Announced '' . ComingSoon.net. 13 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( 17 June 2014 ) . `` Colin Firth leaving as voice of ' Paddington ' movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great campaign ads to feature in new Paddington film '' . VisitBritain ( Press release ) . 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bond , Michael ( 6 March 2014 ) . `` Paddington Bear ( helped by Colin Firth and Nicole Kidman ) goes to Hollywood '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score ' Paddington ' '' . filmmusicreporter.com. 17 September 2014 . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Paddington : Adventures in London - Nintendo 3DS : Video Games '' . Jump up ^ `` Paddington Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Paddington film : BBFC changes advice about ' sex references ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` All aboard the Paddington express to UK box office supremacy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paddington gets bear hug from UK cinema audiences '' . BBC . 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` ' Paddington ' Gives Studio Canal Its Biggest Ever UK Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOffice France 03 - 09 Décembre 2014 '' . JP 's Box - Office ( in French ) . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( 15 October 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' and ' Hot Tub Time Machine 2 ' pushed to early 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 16 -- 18 , 2015 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paddington '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paddington Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 27 November 2014 ) . `` Paddington review -- charming and cheeky '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Macnab , Geoffrey ( 27 November 2014 ) . `` Paddington , film review : Choppy and episodic '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Max ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` ' Paddington ' Reviews : An Unexpected Delight '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Paddington ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` ' Paddington ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( 13 January 2015 ) . `` Review : Paddington is a sweet , playful take on a children 's classic '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jason . `` Paddington Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 14 January 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' leaves a warm and fuzzy feeling '' . USA Today . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Moira ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' : A sometimes - sticky bear who will stick with you '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Demara , Bruce ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Paddington is better than bearable fun for youngsters : review '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ VanDenburgh , Barbara ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Paddington ' one well - looked - after bear '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 14 January 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' Movie Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Chen , Sandie Angulo ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' movie review : A classic stuffed bear brings home plenty of laughter '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Paddington ' brings irresistible bear to life '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Houlihan , Mary ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' : Charming family film bears watching '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Noveck , Jocelyn ( 14 January 2015 ) . `` Review : Sweet , clever and cuddly , ' Paddington ' is just right '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Tom ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Witty ' Paddington ' will bring smiles to kids and adults '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( 8 February 2015 ) . `` BAFTA Film Awards 2015 : Full list of winners '' . NME . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosser , Michael . `` Imitation Game leads Empire Awards nominations '' . Screen International . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen . `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog '' . Empire . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` ' Interstellar ' wins Film , Director at Empire Awards '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2015 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . 2015 . Jump up ^ De Semlyen , Phil ( 18 October 2016 ) . `` Paddington 2 starts shooting with Hugh Grant and Brendan Gleeson aboard '' . Empire . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Paddington 2 : Producer David Heyman Provides an Update on the Sequel '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John & Keslassy , Elsa ( 10 May 2016 ) . `` Cannes : ' Paddington 2 ' Sets Production Date '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Barnes , Henry ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` Back fur more : Paddington films set for third installment '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/mipcom-studiocanal-paddington-animated-tv-series-1202584183/ External links ( edit ) Paddington on IMDb Paddington at Rotten Tomatoes Paddington at Box Office Mojo Paddington at Metacritic Paddington Bear by Michael Bond Television series Paddington Paddington Bear The Adventures of Paddington Bear Film Paddington Paddington 2 Empire Award for Best Comedy Team America : World Police ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) Hot Fuzz ( 2008 ) Son of Rambow ( 2009 ) In the Loop ( 2010 ) Four Lions ( 2011 ) The Inbetweeners Movie ( 2012 ) Ted ( 2013 ) Alan Partridge : Alpha Papa ( 2014 ) Paddington ( 2015 ) Spy ( 2016 ) The Greasy Strangler ( 2017 ) Films directed by Paul King Bunny and the Bull ( 2009 ) Paddington ( 2014 ) Paddington 2 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paddington_(film)&oldid=834499764 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films Paddington Bear 2010s comedy films British films British children 's comedy films British comedy films British children 's fantasy films Films about bears Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by David Heyman Films set in London Films set in Peru Films shot in London French films French children 's films French comedy films French fantasy films Heyday Films films Performance capture in film StudioCanal films Films about immigration to Europe Films directed by Paul King ( director ) Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use British English from July 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played the villain in the first paddington
[ "Paddington is a 2014 live-action animated comedy film written and directed by Paul King from a story by King and Hamish McColl and produced by David Heyman. Based on the stories of the character Paddington Bear created by Michael Bond, the film stars Ben Whishaw as the voice of the title character, with Hugh Bonneville, Sally Hawkins, Julie Walters, Jim Broadbent, Peter Capaldi, and Nicole Kidman in live-action roles. The film tells the story of the eponymous character Paddington, an anthropomorphic bear who migrates from the jungles of Peru to the streets of London, where he is adopted by the Brown family. Kidman plays the role of a taxidermist, who attempts to add him to her collection." ]
[ "Nicole Kidman" ]
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Major League Baseball postseason
Major League Baseball postseason - wikipedia Major League Baseball postseason Jump to : navigation , search `` Major League Baseball playoffs '' redirects here . For tie - breaker games , see List of Major League Baseball tie - breakers . Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The Major League Baseball postseason is an elimination tournament held after the conclusion of the MLB regular season . As of 2012 , the playoffs for each league -- American and National -- consist of a one - game wild - card playoff between two wild card teams , two best - of - five Division Series ( LDS ) featuring the wild - card winner and the winner of each division , and finally the best - of - seven League Championship Series ( LCS ) . The winners of the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) and the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) play each other in the best - of - seven World Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format history 1.1 Before 1969 : One round 1.2 1969 -- 1993 : Two rounds 1.3 1994 -- 2011 : Three rounds 1.4 2012 -- present : Expanded wild card 2 Home - field advantage 2.1 World Series 2.2 League Championship Series 2.3 Division Series 3 Postseason bonuses 3.1 How the Bonus Pool is determined 3.2 How much the winner and loser receives from each pool 3.3 How the team 's share of the pool is divided 4 See also 5 References Format history ( edit ) Before 1969 : one round ( edit ) Major League Baseball is the oldest of America 's major professional sports organizations , with roots dating back to the 1870s . As such , it is steeped in tradition . The final series to determine its champion has been called the `` World Series '' ( originally `` World 's Championship Series '' and then `` World 's Series '' ) as far back as the National League 's contests with the American Association starting at the beginning of the 1880s . In 1903 , the two modern Major League Baseball leagues began annual postseason play with a one - round system in which the American League team with the best record faced the National League team with the best record in a best - of - seven series ( in 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 it was best - of - nine ) called the World Series ; however , there was no 1904 Series because the National League Champion , the New York Giants , refused to play . This single - tiered approach persisted through 1968 , even with the expansions of 1961 -- 1962 that expanded both leagues to 10 teams . 1969 -- 1993 : two rounds ( edit ) In 1969 , both leagues expanded to twelve teams , which made it more difficult to compete for a league championship because there were more teams competing for the AL and NL pennants . In addition , a team would play other clubs in its own region of the country more than clubs in the rest of the country , creating an unbalanced schedule that in some years could give a team from one region an advantage in fighting for a single pennant . To remedy this , and imitating the other major sports ' long - standing playoff traditions , Major League Baseball split each league into Eastern and Western divisions , creating four divisions overall and no worse than a sixth - place finish for any team in any division until later expansions in 1977 and 1993 . This created a new postseason round , which was dubbed the League Championship Series ( LCS ) , a best - of - five series . In 1985 the LCS was expanded to a best - of - seven series . Under this system , it was possible for one of the best teams in a league to be left out of the postseason if it did n't win its division . Most notably , in 1993 , the Atlanta Braves and San Francisco Giants finished with the two best records in the majors , with 104 and 103 wins , respectively . However , since both teams played in the National League West , the Giants missed the postseason by a single game . The baseball players ' strike of 1981 uniquely -- for this era -- added another round to the postseason . Because the strike split the season into two roughly equal halves , the division winners of each half of the 1981 season first met in a best - of - five Division Series . The winners of the division series then progressed to the league championship series , with the remainder of the postseason following a similar format to other years in this era . 1994 -- 2011 : three rounds ( edit ) Major League Baseball went through a realignment in 1994 , when both the American and National leagues expanded to three divisions : Eastern , Central , and Western . To avoid a playoff with an odd number of divisional winners , the league added a wild card playoff spot to each league , imitating the original post-merger NFL system . The wild - card for each league would be the team with the best record which did not win their division , eliminating a circumstance where a team with the second - best record in the entire league would miss the playoff because of not winning its division . This new format doubled the postseason contenders in each league from two to four , and from four teams overall to eight . The addition of a second wild card spot would come in 2012 . The additional teams meant another elimination round was necessary . This new round would become the new first round of the postseason , the best - of - five Division Series . This term had first been used for the extra round required in 1981 due to the `` split - season '' scheduling anomaly following the midseason baseball players strike . This format was in place for the 1994 season , but that year 's players ' strike canceled the postseason . The format was realized on the field in 1995 . Under this format , in the two Divisional Series , the wild card team played the divisional champion outside its own division that had the better record , with the remaining two teams playing each other in the second Division Series for each league . The two Division Series winners from each league go on to play each other in the League Championship Series . As with the previous postseason format , the winners of each League Championship Series met in the World Series . 2012 -- present : expanded wild card ( edit ) The logo for the 2016 Major League Baseball postseason . With the adoption of the new collective bargaining agreement in November 2011 , baseball commissioner Bud Selig announced that a new playoff system would begin within two years ; the change was ultimately put into place in 2012 . The format chosen was the one - game Wild - card playoff . Under this format , a second wild card team has been added to each league , i.e. , the team with the second - highest win total in each league among non-division winners . The two wild card teams play in a one - game playoff after the end of the regular season , with the winner advancing to the Division Series . The divisional champions qualify for the Division Series just as in the previous format ; however , under the expanded wild card format the winner of the one - game wild card playoff faces the top - seeded divisional champion in the Division Series , regardless of whether the two teams are in the same division , while the second - and third - seeded divisional champions play each other in the other Division Series . The format for placement in the League Championship Series and World Series remains . Home - field advantage ( edit ) World Series ( edit ) The World Series used several different formats in its early years . Initially it generally followed an alternating home - and - away pattern , except that if a seventh game was possible , its site was determined by coin toss prior to the sixth game . In 1924 the Series began using a 2 - 3 - 2 format , presumably to save on travel costs , a pattern that has continued to this day with the exception of a couple of the World War II years when wartime travel restrictions compelled a 3 - 4 format ( used in 1943 and 1945 , but not in the 1944 series , which was all in the same stadium in St. Louis ) . From the start of the 2 - 3 - 2 format through the 2002 season , home - field advantage generally alternated between leagues each year . Prior to the 1994 strike , the National League champion received home - field advantage in even - numbered years and the American League champion in odd - numbered years ; these were reversed for 1995 -- 2002 ( because 1994 would have been the NL 's turn to have home - field , but the World Series was cancelled by the aforementioned strike ) . That changed starting in 2003 . The 2002 All - Star Game had ended in a tie , much to the displeasure of both fans and sportswriters who complained about a lack of intensity and competitiveness on the part of the players . This hit especially close to home for Commissioner Bud Selig , as the game had been played in his home city of Milwaukee , Wisconsin . In response , to give some real meaning to the game , in 2003 MLB began assigning home - field advantage in the World Series to the winner of that year 's All - Star Game , which is typically held in mid-July . Following the acceptance of a new collective bargaining agreement after the 2016 season , home - field advantage in the World Series will no longer be tied to the outcome of the All - Star Game , but will instead go to the team with the better regular - season record . League Championship Series ( edit ) Until 1998 , the LCS alternated home - field advantage with a 2 - 3 format in the best - of - 5 era ( 1969 -- 84 ) and a 2 - 3 - 2 format when it went to best - of - 7 ( 1985 -- present ) . Since 1998 the team with the better record has had this advantage , except that in no case can the wild card ever secure the extra home game , regardless of regular - season records . Division Series ( edit ) Until 1998 , the Division Series rotated which of the three division champions would not have home - field advantage , with the wild card never having it . Now the two division winners with the best records in each league have home field , with the least - winning divisional winner and the wild card not having home field . The DS used a 2 - 3 format until 1998 and now uses a 2 - 2 - 1 format . This is seen as a more fair distribution of home - field advantage because previously under the 2 - 3 format , the team hosting the first two games had absolutely no chance of winning the series at home . With the current 2 - 2 - 1 format however , both teams have the home - field advantage in a sense . While one team gets to host three games ( including the critical first and last game ) , the other team does get two chances out of three ( games 3 and 4 ) of winning the series on its home field . With the adoption of the expanded playoff format in 2012 , the five - game Division Series began with two home games for the lower seeds , followed by up to three home games for the higher seeds . This one - year change eliminated a travel day prior to a decisive Game 5 of a Division Series and was necessary because the 2012 regular - season schedule was announced before the agreement on the new postseason was reached . For 2013 , the Division Series returned to the 2 - 2 - 1 format that was used from 1998 to 2011 . Postseason bonuses ( edit ) There are three factors that determine the actual amount of bonus money paid to any individual player : ( 1 ) the size of the bonus pool ; ( 2 ) their team 's success in the season / post-season ; and ( 3 ) the share of the pool assigned to the individual player . How the bonus pool is determined ( edit ) There is a separate pool for each series -- the Wild Card games , the Division Series , the League Championship Series , and the World Series . The players ' bonus pool is funded with 60 % of the gate receipts for each of the Wild Card games , the first three games of each Division Series , the first four games of each LCS and the first four games of the World Series ; limiting the funding for the pool to these games , the minimum number in each series , removes incentive to extend the series for merely fiscal sake . The value of the gate is determined by the size of the venues , the amount of high - priced premium seating in the venues , the number of games played in the series and whether the games sell out . Ticket prices for each series are set by MLB , not the home teams , so they are relatively uniform across baseball . How much the winner and loser receives from each pool ( edit ) The World Series winner gets 36 % , the World Series loser gets 24 % , both League Championship Series losers get 12 % , the four Division Series losers get 3.25 % , and the two Wild Card playoff losers get 1.5 % . How the team 's share of the pool is divided ( edit ) The division of the team 's share of the pool is voted upon by the players who have been on the team during the entire regular season , in a meeting chaired by their union representative . This meeting follows the trade deadline on July 31 . Players who have been with the team for the full season automatically receive a full share . At the meeting , the full - season players vote on whether anyone else -- including players who have not been with the team for the full season , coaches , and trainers -- is to be granted a full share , less than a full share , a cash award , or no share . After the World Series , the pool of money is split according to the shares determined in the vote . There is no limit to the number of shares that may be granted , but a greater number of shares dilutes the value of each share , and consequently the amount each player is awarded . As an example , playoff - pool full - share holders for the St. Louis Cardinals received US $362,183.97 ( equivalent to $430,280 in 2016 ) each when the team won the World Series in 2006 . See also ( edit ) Major League Baseball postseason teams Babe Ruth Award ( best player in the postseason ; since 2007 ) `` Esurance MLB Awards '' Best Major Leaguer , Postseason List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks Major League Baseball Wild Card Games ( ALWC and NLWC ) Division Series Criticism of Division Series scheduling American League Division Series ( ALDS ) National League Division Series ( NLDS ) MLB division winners National League pennant winners 1876 -- 1968 American League pennant winners 1901 -- 68 League Championship Series National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) World Series List of World Series champions Climax Series ( NPB ) Professional baseball References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( August 7 , 1981 ) . `` Owners Approve a Plan to Split Baseball Season '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Addition of Wild Card berths finalized for 2012 '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` CBA ending All - Star link to World Series ' home - field advantage '' . ESPN.com . December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Economics Of Postseason Baseball '' . Jump up ^ `` Rockies vote 44 full shares from playoff pool '' . ( hide ) Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_postseason&oldid=805998460 '' Categories : Major League Baseball playoffs and champions World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 00 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the playoff format for the nlcs
[ "The Major League Baseball postseason is an elimination tournament held after the conclusion of the MLB regular season. As of 2012, the playoffs for each league—American and National—consist of a one-game wild-card playoff between two wild card teams, two best-of-five Division Series (LDS) featuring the wild-card winner and the winner of each division, and finally the best-of-seven League Championship Series (LCS). The winners of the American League Championship Series (ALCS) and the National League Championship Series (NLCS) play each other in the best-of-seven World Series." ]
[ "a one-game wild-card playoff between two wild card teams, two best-of-five Division Series (LDS) featuring the wild-card winner and the winner of each division, and finally the best-of-seven League Championship Series (LCS)" ]
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List of Goosebumps books
List of Goosebumps books - wikipedia List of Goosebumps books Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of books from the Goosebumps book series written by R.L. Stine and published by Scholastic . The first book , Welcome to Dead House was published in July 1992 . Various spin - off series were written by Stine , including Goosebumps Series 2000 ( published from 1998 to 2000 ) , Goosebumps Gold ( which was never released ) , Give Yourself Goosebumps ( 1995 to 2000 ) , Goosebumps HorrorLand ( 2008 to 2012 ) and Goosebumps Most Wanted ( 2012 to 2016 ) . More than 400 million Goosebumps books have been sold , making it the bestselling series of all time for several years . At one point , Goosebumps sold 4 million books a month . A movie based on the books came out October 16 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Goosebumps Original Series ( 1992 - 1997 ) 2 Tales to Give You Goosebumps ( 1994 - 1997 ) 3 Give Yourself Goosebumps ( 1995 - 2000 ) 4 Goosebumps Presents ( 1996 - 1998 ) 5 Goosebumps Haunted Library ( 1996 ) 6 Goosebumps Autobiographies ( 1997 - 1998 ) 7 Goosebumps Triple Header ( 1997 - 1998 ) 8 Goosebumps Series 2000 ( 1998 - 2000 ) 9 Goosebumps Gold ( Planned 2001 ) 10 Goosebumps Graphix ( 2006 - 2015 ) 11 Goosebumps HorrorLand ( 2008 - 2012 ) 12 Goosebumps Most Wanted ( 2012 - 2016 ) 13 Goosebumps SlappyWorld ( 2017 - 20 ? ) 14 Goosebumps : The Movie books ( 2015 ) 15 Misc . Goosebumps books 16 Goosebumps Monster Editions ( 1995 - 1997 ) 17 References 18 External links Goosebumps original series ( 1992 - 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : Goosebumps ( Original series ) A few titles are now out - of - print , but most of the original series books ( all but five : 24 , 47 , 60 , 61 and 62 ) were reprinted by Scholastic between September 2003 and June 2007 . In addition , 22 books were reissued from May 2008 to November 2011 as part of the Classic Goosebumps series to accompany the Goosebumps HorrorLand series . # Title Original published date Reprint collection Pages ISBN 01 Welcome to Dead House July 1992 Classic Goosebumps # 13 Monster Edition # 1 `` Retro Collecters Tin '' 123 ISBN 0 - 590 - 45365 - 3 02 Stay Out of the Basement July 1992 Monster Edition # 1 Classic Goosebumps # 22 122 ISBN 0 - 590 - 45366 - 1 03 Monster Blood September 1992 Classic Goosebumps # 3 Monster Blood Collection 25th Anniversary Tin 128 ISBN 0 - 590 - 45367 - X 04 Say Cheese and Die ! November 1992 Classic Goosebumps # 8 Monster Edition # 1 Retro Collecters Tin 132 ISBN 0 - 590 - 45368 - 8 05 The Curse of the Mummy 's Tomb January 1993 Classic Goosebumps # 6 132 ISBN 0 - 590 - 45369 - 6 06 Let 's Get Invisible ! March 1993 Classic Goosebumps # 24 139 ISBN 0 - 590 - 45370 - X 07 Night of the Living Dummy May 1993 Classic Goosebumps # 1 Living Dummy Collection Monster Edition # 2 Retro Collecters Tin 134 ISBN 0 - 590 - 46617 - 8 08 The Girl Who Cried Monster May 1993 None 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 46618 - 6 09 Welcome to Camp Nightmare July 1993 Classic Goosebumps # 14 Campfire Collection Fright Light Edition 136 ISBN 0 - 590 - 46619 - 4 10 The Ghost Next Door August 1993 Classic Goosebumps # 29 Monster Edition # 3 124 ISBN 0 - 590 - 46619 - 4 11 The Haunted Mask September 1993 Classic Goosebumps # 4 Retro Collecters Tin 121 ISBN 0 - 590 - 49446 - 5 12 Be Careful What You Wish For ... October 1993 Classic Goosebumps # 7 121 ISBN 0 - 590 - 49447 - 3 13 Piano Lessons Can Be Murder November 1993 None 124 ISBN 0 - 590 - 49448 - 1 14 The Werewolf of Fever Swamp December 1993 Classic Goosebumps # 11 Creepy Creatures 123 ISBN 0 - 590 - 49449 - X 15 You Ca n't Scare Me ! January 1994 Classic Goosebumps # 17 120 ISBN 0 - 590 - 49450 - 3 16 One Day at HorrorLand February 1994 Classic Goosebumps # 5 Terror Trips Retro Collecters Tin 123 ISBN 0 - 590 - 47738 - 2 17 Why I 'm Afraid of Bees March 1994 25th Anniversary Tin 117 ISBN 0 - 590 - 47739 - 0 18 Monster Blood II April 1994 Monster Blood Collection 121 ISBN 0 - 590 - 47740 - 4 19 Deep Trouble May 1994 Classic Goosebumps # 2 Terror Trips 117 ISBN 0 - 590 - 47741 - 2 20 The Scarecrow Walks at Midnight June 1994 Classic Goosebumps # 16 Creepy Creatures 122 ISBN 0 - 590 - 47742 - 0 21 Go Eat Worms ! July 1994 None 119 ISBN 0 - 590 - 47743 - 9 22 Ghost Beach August 1994 Classic Goosebumps # 15 Scary Summer Ghost Edition # 3 119 ISBN 0 - 590 - 47744 - 7 23 Return of the Mummy September 1994 Classic Goosebumps # 18 118 ISBN 0 - 590 - 47745 - 5 24 Phantom of the Auditorium October 1994 Classic Goosebumps # 20 126 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48354 - 4 25 Attack of the Mutant November 1994 None 117 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48355 - 2 26 My Hairiest Adventure December 1994 None 122 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48350 - 1 27 A Night in Terror Tower January 1995 Classic Goosebumps # 12 '' 25th Anniversary Tin 129 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48351 - X 28 The Cuckoo Clock of Doom February 1995 None 118 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48352 - 8 29 Monster Blood III March 1995 Monster Blood Collection 126 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48347 - 1 30 It Came from Beneath the Sink ! April 1995 None 112 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48348 - X 31 Night of the Living Dummy II May 1995 Classic Goosebumps # 25 Living Dummy Collection Monster Edition # 2 120 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48349 - 8 32 The Barking Ghost June 1995 Monster Edition # 3 117 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48344 - 7 33 The Horror at Camp Jellyjam July 1995 Classic Goosebumps # 9 Scary Summer Fright Light Edition 128 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48345 - 5 34 Revenge of the Lawn Gnomes August 1995 Classic Goosebumps # 19 Scary Summer 119 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48346 - 3 35 A Shocker on Shock Street September 1995 Classic Goosebumps # 23 Terror Trips 117 ISBN 0 - 590 - 48340 - 4 36 The Haunted Mask II October 1995 None 124 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56873 - 6 37 The Headless Ghost November 1995 None 113 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56874 - 4 38 The Abominable Snowman of Pasadena December 1995 Classic Goosebumps # 27 Creepy Creatures 127 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56875 - 2 39 How I Got My Shrunken Head January 1996 Classic Goosebumps # 10 119 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56876 - 0 40 Night of the Living Dummy III February 1996 Classic Goosebumps # 26 Living Dummy Collection Monster Edition # 2 125 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56877 - 9 41 Bad Hare Day March 1996 None 117 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56878 - 7 42 Egg Monsters from Mars April 1996 None 115 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56879 - 5 43 The Beast from the East May 1996 25th Anniversary Tin 118 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56880 - 9 44 Say Cheese and Die -- Again ! June 1996 None 115 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56881 - 7 45 Ghost Camp July 1996 Campfire Collection Fright Light Edition 118 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56882 - 5 46 How to Kill a Monster August 1996 None 112 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56883 - 3 47 Legend of the Lost Legend September 1996 25th Anniversary Tin 122 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56884 - 1 48 Attack of the Jack - O ' - Lanterns October 1996 None 113 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56885 - X 49 Vampire Breath November 1996 Classic Goosebumps # 21 114 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56886 - 8 50 Calling All Creeps ! December 1996 None 116 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56887 - 6 51 Beware , the Snowman January 1997 None 113 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56888 - 4 52 How I Learned to Fly February 1997 None 123 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56889 - 2 53 Chicken , Chicken March 1997 None 112 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56890 - 6 54 Do n't Go to Sleep ! April 1997 None 118 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56891 - 4 55 The Blob That Ate Everyone May 1997 Classic Goosebumps # 28 114 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56892 - 2 56 The Curse of Camp Cold Lake June 1997 Campfire Collection 114 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56893 - 0 57 My Best Friend Is Invisible July 1997 None 114 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56894 - 9 58 Deep Trouble II August 1997 None 113 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56895 - 7 59 The Haunted School September 1997 None 120 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56897 - 3 60 Werewolf Skin October 1997 None 125 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39053 - 8 61 I Live in Your Basement ! November 1997 None 111 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39986 - 1 62 Monster Blood IV December 1997 None 118 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39987 - X Tales to Give you Goosebumps ( 1994 - 1997 ) ( edit ) # Title Original published date Pages ISBN 01 Tales to Give You Goosebumps October 1994 144 ISBN 0 - 590 - 62836 - 4 This book includes the following short stories : The House of No Return , Teacher 's Pet , Strained Peas , Strangers in the Woods , Good Friends , How I Won My Bat , Mr. Teddy , Click , Broken Dolls , and A Vampire in the Neighborhood . 02 More Tales to Give You Goosebumps July 1995 144 ISBN 0 - 590 - 26602 - 0 This book includes the following short stories : The Werewolf 's First Night , P.S. Do n't Write Back , Something Fishy , You Gotta Believe Me ! , Suckers ! , Dr. Horror 's House of Video , The Cat 's Tale , Shell Shocker , Poison Ivy and The Spirit of the Harvest Moon . 03 Even More Tales to Give You Goosebumps June 1996 125 ISBN 0 - 590 - 73909 - 3 This book includes the following short stories : The Chalk Closet , Home Sweet Home , Do n't Wake Mummy , I 'm Telling ! , The Haunted House Game , Change for the Strange , The Perfect School , For the Birds , Aliens in the Garden and The Thumbprint of Doom . 04 Still More Tales to Give You Goosebumps January 1997 125 ISBN 0 - 590 - 73908 - 5 This book includes the following Halloween - themed short stories : Pumpkin Juice , Attack of the Tattoo , The Wish , An Old Story , The Scarecrow , Awesome Ants , Please Do n't Feed the Bears , The Goblin 's Glare , Bats About Bats and The Space Suit Snatcher . 05 More & More Tales to Give You Goosebumps June 1997 144 ISBN 0 - 590 - 23795 - 0 This book includes the following short stories : The Haunted Guitar , Tune In Tomorrow , Live Bait , Something Strange About Marci , The Ghost Sitter , Fun with Spelling , Matt 's Lunch Box , Stuck in 1957 , Mirror , Mirror on the Wall and What 's Cooking ? . 06 More & More & More Tales to Give You Goosebumps October 1997 144 ISBN 0 - 590 - 36683 - 1 This book includes the following Christmas - themed short stories : Do n't Sit on the Gronk , Nutcracker Nightmare , The Ice Vampire , A Holly Jolly Holiday , Why I Hate Jack Frost , Marshmallow Surprise , Monster on the Ice , The Double - Dip Horror , Santa 's Helpers and Attack of the Christmas Present . Give Yourself Goosebumps ( 1995 - 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : Give Yourself Goosebumps # Title Original published date Pages ISBN 01 Escape from the Carnival of Horrors July 1995 135 ISBN 0 - 590 - 55323 - 2 02 Tick Tock , You 're Dead ! November 1995 135 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56645 - 8 03 Trapped in Bat Wing Hall December 1995 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 56646 - 6 04 The Deadly Experiments of Dr. Eeek February 1996 130 ISBN 0 - 590 - 67318 - 1 05 Night in Werewolf Woods April 1996 133 ISBN 0 - 590 - 67319 - X 06 Beware of the Purple Peanut Butter June 1996 135 ISBN 0 - 590 - 67320 - 3 07 Under the Magician 's Spell July 1996 135 ISBN 0 - 590 - 67321 - 1 08 The Curse of the Creeping Coffin August 1996 132 ISBN 0 - 590 - 84765 - 1 09 The Knight in Screaming Armor September 1996 136 ISBN 0 - 590 - 84766 - X 10 Diary of a Mad Mummy October 1996 136 ISBN 0 - 590 - 84767 - 8 11 Deep in the Jungle of Doom November 1996 136 ISBN 0 - 590 - 84768 - 6 12 Welcome to the Wicked Wax Museum December 1996 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 84772 - 4 13 Scream of the Evil Genie January 1997 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 84773 - 2 14 The Creepy Creations of Professor Shock February 1997 135 ISBN 0 - 590 - 84774 - 0 15 Please Do n't Feed the Vampire ! March 1997 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93477 - 5 16 Secret Agent Grandma April 1997 131 ISBN 0 - 590 - 84775 - 9 17 Little Comic Shop of Horrors May 1997 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93483 - X 18 Attack of the Beastly Babysitter June 1997 136 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93485 - 6 19 Escape from Camp Run - For - Your - Life July 1997 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93489 - 9 20 Toy Terror : Batteries Included August 1997 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93492 - 9 21 The Twisted Tale of Tiki Island September 1997 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93500 - 3 22 Return to the Carnival of Horrors October 1997 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 21062 - 9 23 Zapped in Space November 1997 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39774 - 5 24 Lost in Stinkeye Swamp December 1997 134 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39775 - 3 25 Shop Till You Drop ... Dead ! January 1998 133 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39776 - 1 26 Alone in Snakebite Canyon March 1998 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39997 - 7 27 Checkout Time at the Dead - End Hotel April 1998 140 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39998 - 5 28 Night of a Thousand Claws June 1998 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 40034 - 7 29 Invaders from the Big Screen July 1998 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 40289 - 7 30 You 're Plant Food ! September 1998 136 ISBN 0 - 590 - 41974 - 9 31 The Werewolf of Twisted Tree Lodge November 1998 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 46306 - 3 32 It 's Only a Nightmare December 1998 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 76785 - 2 33 It Came from the Internet ! February 1999 135 ISBN 0 - 590 - 51665 - 5 34 Elevator to Nowhere March 1999 136 ISBN 0 - 590 - 51670 - 1 35 Hocus - Pocus Horror April 1999 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 51673 - 6 36 Ship of Ghouls May 1999 137 ISBN 0 - 590 - 51723 - 6 37 Escape from Horror House July 1999 135 ISBN 0 - 590 - 51682 - 5 38 Into the Twister of Terror August 1999 133 ISBN 0 - 590 - 51706 - 6 39 Scary Birthday to You September 1999 140 ISBN 0 - 590 - 99390 - 9 40 Zombie School November 1999 N / A ISBN 0 - 590 - 99397 - 6 41 Danger Time January 2000 135 ISBN 0 - 439 - 12186 - 8 42 All - Day Nightmare February 2000 137 ISBN 0 - 439 - 13530 - 3 Special Edition 01 Into the Jaws of Doom February 1998 N / A ISBN 0 - 590 - 39777 - X 02 Return to Terror Tower May 1998 136 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39999 - 3 03 Trapped in the Circus of Fear August 1998 131 ISBN 0 - 590 - 41920 - X 04 One Night in Payne House October 1998 135 ISBN 0 - 590 - 43378 - 4 05 The Curse of the Cave Creatures January 1999 136 ISBN 0 - 590 - 18734 - 1 06 Revenge of the Body Squeezers June 1999 134 ISBN 0 - 590 - 51674 - 4 07 Trick or ... Trapped ! October 1999 135 ISBN 0 - 590 - 99393 - 3 08 Weekend at Poison Lake December 1999 135 ISBN 0 - 590 - 99652 - 5 Goosebumps Presents ( 1996 - 1998 ) ( edit ) The books in the original Goosebumps series that were made into episodes of the Goosebumps television series were subsequently rereleased in a series called Goosebumps Presents . The main difference between the books in this series and their original publications is that the Goosebumps Presents editions contained photos from the corresponding episodes . 18 books were released from 1996 - 1998 . # Title Original published date Pages ISBN 01 The Girl Who Cried Monster February 1996 57 ISBN 0 - 590 - 74586 - 7 02 The Cuckoo Clock of Doom May 1996 56 ISBN 0 - 590 - 74587 - 5 03 Welcome to Camp Nightmare July 1996 68 ISBN 0 - 590 - 74588 - 3 04 Return of the Mummy September 1996 64 ISBN 0 - 590 - 74589 - 1 05 Night of the Living Dummy II November 1996 56 ISBN 0 - 590 - 74590 - 5 06 My Hairiest Adventure December 1996 64 ISBN 0 - 590 - 82519 - 4 07 The Headless Ghost December 1996 64 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93954 - 8 08 Be Careful What You Wish for January 1997 59 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93955 - 6 09 Go Eat Worms ! February 1997 56 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93959 - 9 10 Bad Hare Day March 1997 57 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93960 - 2 11 Let 's Get Invisible ! April 1997 58 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93968 - 8 12 Attack of the Mutant May 1997 63 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93969 - 6 13 Ghost Beach June 1997 59 ISBN 0 - 590 - 29994 - 8 14 You Ca n't Scare Me ! July 1997 60 ISBN 0 - 590 - 30663 - 4 15 Monster Blood August 1997 60 ISBN 0 - 590 - 30547 - 6 16 Attack of the Jack - o ' - Lanterns October 1997 58 ISBN 0 - 590 - 37511 - 3 17 Calling All Creeps ! December 1997 64 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39058 - 9 18 Revenge of the Lawn Gnomes February 1998 64 ISBN 0 - 590 - 46441 - 8 Goosebumps Haunted library ( 1996 ) ( edit ) # Title Original published date Pages ISBN N / A Goosebumps Haunted Library October 1996 NA This Halloween special edition collection includes the following mini stories : Bad Dog , Do n't Make Me Laugh and The Halloween Game . Each story was originally available separately in bags of Frito - Lay chips and Coca - Cola . Goosebumps autobiographies ( 1997 - 1998 ) ( edit ) # Title Original published date Pages ISBN 01 It Came From Ohio ! My Life as a Writer , by R.L. Stine April 1997 144 ISBN 978 - 0 - 590 - 36674 - 8 A best - selling author tells kids everything they ever wanted to know about him -- and Goosebumps ! What was R.L. Stine like as a kid ? How did he start writing books ? Where does he get all his scary ideas ? These and many more questions are answered in this humorous , fast - paced biography . 02 It Came From New Jersey ! My Life as an Artist , by Tim Jacobus February 1998 59 ISBN 978 - 0 - 590 - 10853 - 9 Packed with 30 full - color pictures of Tim Jacobus ' art , this book gives fans an inside look at a day in his life , highlights his road to `` Goosebumps '' stardom , and gives budding artists a six - step lesson on drawing `` Goosebumps '' spokeskeleton , Curly . Goosebumps triple header ( 1997 - 1998 ) ( edit ) # Title Original published date Pages ISBN 01 Three Shocking Tales of Terror , Book 1 November 1997 144 ISBN 0 - 590 - 35007 - 2 This book includes the following short stories : Ghost Granny , Spin the Wheel of Horror and Teenage Sponge Boys from Outer Space . 02 Three Shocking Tales of Terror , Book 2 May 1998 176 ISBN 0 - 590 - 76252 - 4 This book includes the following short stories : Ghoul School , The Revenge and The Mummy with My Face . Goosebumps Series 2000 ( 1998 - 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : Goosebumps Series 2000 # Title Original published date Pages ISBN 01 Cry of the Cat January 1998 119 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39988 - 8 02 Bride of the Living Dummy February 1998 122 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39990 - X 03 Creature Teacher March 1998 125 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39989 - 6 04 Invasion of the Body Squeezers : Part 1 April 1998 119 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39991 - 8 05 Invasion of the Body Squeezers : Part 2 May 1998 120 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39992 - 6 06 I Am Your Evil Twin June 1998 126 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39993 - 4 07 Revenge R Us July 1998 118 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39994 - 2 08 Fright Camp August 1998 144 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39995 - 0 09 Are You Terrified Yet ? September 1998 112 ISBN 0 - 590 - 39996 - 9 10 Headless Halloween October 1998 114 ISBN 0 - 590 - 76781 - X 11 Attack of the Graveyard Ghouls November 1998 121 ISBN 0 - 590 - 76783 - 6 12 Brain Juice December 1998 144 ISBN 0 - 590 - 76784 - 4 13 Return to HorrorLand January 1999 120 ISBN 0 - 590 - 18733 - 3 14 Jekyll and Heidi February 1999 117 ISBN 0 - 590 - 68517 - 1 15 Scream School March 1999 117 ISBN 0 - 590 - 68519 - 8 16 The Mummy Walks April 1999 119 ISBN 0 - 590 - 68520 - 1 17 The Werewolf in the Living Room May 1999 116 ISBN 0 - 590 - 68521 - X 18 Horrors of the Black Ring June 1999 108 ISBN 0 - 590 - 68522 - 8 19 Return to Ghost Camp July 1999 112 ISBN 0 - 590 - 68523 - 6 20 Be Afraid -- Be Very Afraid ! August 1999 118 ISBN 0 - 590 - 68524 - 4 21 The Haunted Car September 1999 118 ISBN 0 - 590 - 68529 - 5 22 Full Moon Fever October 1999 121 ISBN 0 - 590 - 68530 - 9 23 Slappy 's Nightmare November 1999 112 ISBN 0 - 590 - 68535 - X 24 Earth Geeks Must Go ! December 1999 114 ISBN 0 - 590 - 68537 - 6 25 Ghost in the Mirror January 2000 110 ISBN 0 - 439 - 13535 - 4 Goosebumps Gold ( planned 2001 ) ( edit ) One of two book series by R.L. Stine that were planned to be released some time in 2001 ( the other being The Nightmare Room ) , these books appeared on series illustrator Tim Jacobus 's website and marketing sites but unlike The Nightmare Room series , were never released . In this series , Stine intended to write a sequel to The Haunted Mask II ( The Haunted Mask Lives ! ) , a sequel to Welcome to Dead House ( Happy Holidays from Dead House ) and a sequel to Slappy 's Nightmare ( Slappy New Year , a title later used for a Goosebumps HorrorLand book , though Stine has stated that the plot of the Gold and Horrorland books is completely different . ) . Goosebumps graphix ( 2006 - 2015 ) ( edit ) This series features artists ' interpretations of select books into graphic novels . This series begun when R.L Stine starting receiving letters from fans asking him to write more Goosebumps books . # Title Original published date Pages ISBN 01 Creepy Creatures September 1 , 2006 144 ISBN 0 - 439 - 84124 - 0 This book includes the following graphic novel adaptations : The Werewolf of Fever Swamp adapted by Gabriel Hernandez , The Scarecrow Walks at Midnight adapted by Greg Ruth , and The Abominable Snowman of Pasadena adapted by Scott Morse . 02 Terror Trips March 1 , 2007 144 ISBN 0 - 439 - 85780 - 5 This book includes the following graphic novel adaptations : Deep Trouble adapted by Amy Kim Ganter , One Day at HorrorLand adapted by Jill Thompson and A Shocker on Shock Street adapted by Jamie Tolagson . 03 Scary Summer July 1 , 2007 144 ISBN 0 - 439 - 85782 - 1 This book includes the following graphic novel adaptations : The Horror at Camp JellyJam adapted by Kyle Baker , Ghost Beach adapted by Ted Naifeh and Revenge of the Lawn Gnomes adapted by Dean Haspiel . 04 Slappy 's Tales of Horror August 25 , 2015 176 ISBN 0 - 545 - 83595 - X This book includes the following graphic novel adaptations : A Shocker on Shock Street adapted by Jamie Tolagson , The Werewolf of Fever Swamp adapted by Gabriel Hernandez , Ghost Beach adapted by Ted Naifeh and Night of the Living Dummy adapted by Dave Roman . Goosebumps HorrorLand ( 2008 - 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Goosebumps HorrorLand # Title Original published date Pages ISBN N / A Welcome to HorrorLand : A Survival Guide October 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) 137 ISBN 0 - 545 - 09008 - 3 N / A Goosebumps HorrorLand : Write Your Fright 2009 ( 2009 ) 64 ISBN 0 - 545 - 33295 - 8 01 Revenge of the Living Dummy April 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) 128 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91869 - 3 02 Creep from the Deep April 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) 137 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91870 - 7 03 Monster Blood for Breakfast ! June 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 01 ) 137 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91871 - 5 04 The Scream of the Haunted Mask August 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 01 ) 139 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91872 - 3 05 Dr. Maniac vs. Robby Schwartz October 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 01 ) 132 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91873 - 1 06 Who 's Your Mummy ? January 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) 133 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91874 - X 07 My Friends Call Me Monster January 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) 138 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91875 - 8 08 Say Cheese - And Die Screaming ! March 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 01 ) 160 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91876 - 6 09 Welcome to Camp Slither April 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 15 ) 133 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91877 - 4 10 Help ! We Have Strange Powers ! April 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 15 ) 133 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91878 - 2 11 Escape From HorrorLand June 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 01 ) 132 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91879 - 0 12 The Streets of Panic Park July 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) 136 ISBN 0 - 439 - 91880 - 4 13 When the Ghost Dog Howls January 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 16194 - 0 14 Little Shop of Hamsters March 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 16195 - 9 15 Heads , You Lose ! May 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 01 ) 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 16196 - 7 16 Weirdo Halloween : Special Edition July 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) 192 ISBN 0 - 545 - 16197 - 5 17 The Wizard of Ooze September 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 01 ) 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 16198 - 3 18 Slappy New Year ! November 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 16199 - 1 19 The Horror at Chiller House January 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 16200 - 9 Hall of Horrors 01 Claws ! March 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 28933 - 5 02 Night of the Giant Everything May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 28935 - 1 03 The Five Masks of Dr. Screem : Special Edition July 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 01 ) 192 ISBN 0 - 545 - 28936 - X 04 Why I Quit Zombie School October 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 01 ) 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 28932 - 7 05 Do n't Scream ! January 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 28937 - 8 06 The Birthday Party of No Return April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 132 ISBN 0 - 545 - 28938 - 6 Goosebumps Most Wanted ( 2012 - 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Goosebumps Most Wanted # Title Original published date Pages ISBN N / A Wanted : The Haunted Mask July 1 , 2012 240 ISBN 978 - 0 - 545 - 41793 - 8 01 Planet of the Lawn Gnomes October 1 , 2012 125 ISBN 0 - 545 - 41798 - 8 02 Son of Slappy January 1 , 2013 134 ISBN 0 - 545 - 41799 - 6 03 How I Met My Monster April 1 , 2013 140 ISBN 0 - 545 - 41800 - 3 04 Frankenstein 's Dog July 30 , 2013 136 ISBN 0 - 545 - 41801 - 1 05 Dr. Maniac Will See You Now September 24 , 2013 136 ISBN 0 - 545 - 41802 - X 06 Creature Teacher : The Final Exam February 25 , 2014 133 ISBN 0 - 545 - 62773 - 7 07 A Nightmare on Clown Street February 24 , 2015 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 62774 - 5 08 Night of the Puppet People September 29 , 2015 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 62775 - 3 09 Here Comes the Shaggedy February 23 , 2016 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 82547 - 4 10 Lizard of Oz September 27 , 2016 160 ISBN 0 - 545 - 82547 - 4 Special Edition 01 Zombie Halloween June 25 , 2014 174 ISBN 0 - 545 - 62773 - 7 02 The 12 Screams of Christmas September 30 , 2014 192 ISBN 978 - 0 - 545 - 62777 - 1 03 Trick or Trap July 28 , 2015 174 ISBN 0 - 545 - 62773 - 7 04 The Haunter June 26 , 2016 174 ISBN 9780545627788 Goosebumps SlappyWorld ( 2017 - 20 ? ) ( edit ) Main article : Goosebumps SlappyWorld # Title Original published date Pages ISBN 01 Slappy Birthday to You February 28 , 2017 160 ISBN 1 - 338 - 06828 - 8 02 Attack of the Jack June 27 , 2017 160 ISBN 1 - 338 - 06836 - 9 03 I Am Slappy 's Evil Twin September 26 , 2017 160 ISBN 1 - 338 - 06839 - 3 04 Please Do Not Feed the Weirdo February 27 , 2018 160 ISBN 1 - 338 - 06847 - 4 05 Escape From Shudder Mansion June 26 , 2018 160 ISBN 1 - 338 - 22299 - 6 06 The Ghost of Slappy September 25 , 2018 160 ISBN 1 - 338 - 22301 - 1 Goosebumps : the movie books ( 2015 ) ( edit ) These books were released as tie ins to Goosebumps starring Jack Black , Dylan Minnette , Odeya Rush , and Ryan Lee . # Title Original published date Pages ISBN N / A The Movie Novel August 25 , 2015 144 ISBN 0 - 545 - 82124 - X N / A Night of the Living Monsters August 25 , 2015 48 ISBN 0 - 545 - 82254 - 8 N / A Slappy 's Revenge August 25 , 2015 96 ISBN 0 - 545 - 82125 - 8 N / A Monster Survival Guide August 25 , 2015 96 ISBN 0 - 545 - 82126 - 6 N / A Activity Book August 25 , 2015 96 ISBN 0 - 545 - 83609 - 3 Misc . Goosebumps books ( edit ) # Title Original published date Pages ISBN N / A Goosebumps : Official Collector 's Caps Book June 1995 48 ISBN 0 - 590 - 60265 - 9 N / A Goosebumps : Holiday Collector 's Caps Book November 1995 48 ISBN 0 - 590 - 69778 - 1 N / A Goosebumps Live on Stage : Screams in the Night August 1998 94 ISBN 0 - 545 - 10165 - 4 N / A How to Draw Goosebumps September 2010 32 ISBN 0 - 545 - 24895 - 7 Goosebumps Monster editions ( 1995 - 1997 ) ( edit ) # Title Original published date Pages ISBN N / A Monster Blood Pack September 1995 128 , 121 , 126 ISBN 0 - 590 - 53770 - 9 This carded package includes the paperback copies of Monster Blood , Monster Blood II and Monster Blood III . This set also includes a mini vile of green Monster Blood . N / A Monster Edition # 1 October 1995 390 ISBN 0 - 590 - 50995 - 0 This hardcover set includes the following Goosebumps books : Welcome to Dead House , Stay Out of the Basement and Say Cheese and Die ! . This book also contains a scream sound effect feature when opened . N / A Monster Edition # 2 October 1996 404 ISBN 0 - 590 - 93371 - X This hardcover set includes the following Goosebumps books : Night of the Living Dummy , Night of the Living Dummy II and Night of the Living Dummy III . The front cover also contains a light - up feature . N / A Fright Light Edition May 1997 394 ISBN 0 - 590 - 34119 - 7 This hardcover set includes the following Goosebumps books : Welcome to Camp Nightmare , The Horror at Camp Jellyjam and Ghost Camp . The binding also contains a built - in light feature . N / A Monster Edition # 3 September 1997 394 ISBN 0 - 590 - 36673 - 4 This hardcover set includes the following Goosebumps books : The Ghost Next Door , Ghost Beach and The Barking Ghost . This book also contains a scream sound effect feature when opened . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ White , Michael ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` Sony Acquires Movie Rights to ` Goosebumps ' Children 's Books '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved on November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foerstel , Herbert . `` Banned in the U.S.A. : a reference guide to book censorship in schools and public libraries '' . Greenwood Press , 2002 . p. 222 . Jump up ^ Dugan , Jeanne ( November 4 , 1996 ) . `` GOOSEBUMPS : THE THING THAT ATE THE KIDS ' MARKET '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved on November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goosebumps '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parachute Publishing and HarperCollins Children 's Books Announce a New Publishing Deal With Best - selling Author R.L. Stine '' . Findarticles.com. 2000 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Goosebumps Gold Series '' . Timjacobus.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Children 's and young adult literature portal Horror fiction portal Official website at Scholastic Press ( hide ) R.L. Stine Goosebumps Book series Original series Give Yourself Goosebumps Series 2000 HorrorLand Most Wanted SlappyWorld Individual books The Haunted Mask TV special The Werewolf of Fever Swamp A Night in Terror Tower One Day at HorrorLand Creepy Creatures Other Tim Jacobus Film TV series episodes Audiobooks Video games Slappy the Dummy Scholastic The Haunting Hour The Haunting Hour : Chills in the Dead of Night Nightmare Hour The Haunting Hour : Do n't Think About It R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour : The Series episodes Mostly Ghostly Who Let the Ghosts Out ? Have You Met My Ghoulfriend ? One Night in Doom House Further bibliography Point Horror The Babysitter Fear Street book series The New Girl Superstitious Nightmare Hour Dangerous Girls Rotten School Fear Red Rain Twilight Zone : 19 Original Stories on the 50th Anniversary ( `` The Wrong Room '' story ) Further filmography Eureeka 's Castle When Good Ghouls Go Bad The Nightmare Room Haunted Lighthouse Eye Candy Monsterville : Cabinet of Souls Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Goosebumps_books&oldid=817166252 '' Categories : Goosebumps Lists of children 's books Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 16 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the first goosebumps book come out
[ "This is a list of books from the Goosebumps book series written by R. L. Stine and published by Scholastic. The first book, Welcome to Dead House was published in July 1992. Various spin-off series were written by Stine, including Goosebumps Series 2000 (published from 1998 to 2000), Goosebumps Gold (which was never released), Give Yourself Goosebumps (1995 to 2000), Goosebumps HorrorLand (2008 to 2012) and Goosebumps Most Wanted (2012 to 2016). More than 400 million Goosebumps books have been sold,[1] making it the bestselling series of all time for several years.[2] At one point, Goosebumps sold 4 million books a month.[3] A movie based on the books came out October 16, 2015.[4]" ]
[ "July 1992" ]
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List of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir episodes
List of Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir episodes - Wikipedia List of Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir episodes Jump to : navigation , search Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir is a French CGI action / adventure animated series produced by Zagtoon and Method Animation . The series features two Parisian teenagers , Marinette Dupain - Cheng and Adrien Agreste , who transform into the superheroes Ladybug and Cat Noir , respectively , to protect the city from supervillains . Prior to its debut in France on 19 October 2015 on TF1 , the series was first shown in South Korea on 1 September 2015 on EBS1 . In the United States , the series debuted on Nickelodeon on 6 December . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the show premiered on 30 January 2016 on Disney Channel . On 20 November 2015 , producer Jeremy Zag announced that a second and third season were in progress . On 20 December 2016 , Zag announced that Netflix had acquired the U.S. video - on - demand streaming rights to Miraculous for seasons 1 - 3 , including the English premiere of the Christmas Special . The second season premiered in France on TF1 's TFOU block on 26 October 2017 , and other channels throughout Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- present ) 3 Specials 4 Webisodes 4.1 Miraculous Secrets 4.2 Tales from Paris 5 Home media 6 Notes 7 References Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 19 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) ( France ) 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) ( U.S. ) 30 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) ( France ) 22 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) ( U.S. ) 26 26 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) ( France ) 30 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) ( Netflix ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season English Title French Title Directed by Written by Original air date ( France ) U.S. air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Stormy Weather '' `` Climatika '' Thomas Astruc Fred Lenoir 19 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 20 December 2015 101 1.47 Marinette Dupain - Cheng is babysitting a child named Manon when her best friend Alya visits her . Alya tells Marinette that her crush , Adrien Agreste , is having a photoshoot nearby and takes them to see him . Meanwhile , Aurore Borell has just lost to her competitor , Mireille Jattée , to become the next weather forecaster . Infuriated , she becomes influenced by the villain Hawk Moth and turns into ' Stormy Weather ' , a villain who controls the weather . When Stormy wreaks havoc on Paris and interrupts the photoshoot , Marinette transforms into her secret super-hero persona , ' Ladybug ' . At the same time , Adrien transforms into his secret super-hero persona , ' Cat Noir ' . Together , they work to defeat Stormy , but are oblivious to each other 's identities . This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 September 2015 as episode 1 . `` The Bubbler '' `` Le Bulleur '' Thomas Astruc Thomas Astruc Sébastien Thibaudeau 20 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 6 December 2015 109 1.40 It is Adrien 's birthday and Marinette is struggling to give him the present she made for him . When Adrien 's father wo n't allow Adrien to have a birthday party , his best friend Nino becomes angry about how unfair he 's being towards Adrien . Claiming that all parents want to stop kids from having fun , Nino becomes influenced by Hawk Moth 's power and turns into ' Bubbler ' , a villain who sends all the parents into outer space through his bubbles . This episode was first shown in South Korea on 8 September 2015 as episode 2 . `` The Pharaoh '' `` Le Pharaon '' Thomas Astruc Cédric Bacconnier 21 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 10 January 2016 115 1.11 Marinette accidentally drops her history textbook while transformed as Ladybug . Alya , who happened to be at the scene , trying to film Ladybug in action , picks up the book , and speculates that Ladybug could be a Parisian collégienne . Marinette starts to panic when she finds out , and by Tikki 's suggestion , brings Alya to visit a new Pharaoh exhibition at the Louvre , in order to try to get the book back . As they arrive , Alix 's brother , Jalil , is discussing with his father about how one of the exhibitions on display is a resurrection spell . He believes that it could work , and wants to try it out , but Jalil 's father gets angry and claims that such an important historical artifact can not be misused . Angry that his father does not believe him , Jalil becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the Pharaoh , a villain with Egyptian god powers who intends to bring back Nefertiti . In this episode , we are told that there was a long line of Ladybugs going back over 5,000 years with Marinette being the latest Ladybug . This episode was first shown in South Korea on 13 October 2015 as episode 7 . `` Lady Wifi '' Thomas Astruc Sébastien Thibaudeau 22 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 17 January 2016 103 1.43 Alya is out to expose Ladybug 's true identity when she finds Chloé with Ladybug 's yo - yo and mask . When Alya attempts to take a photo of Chloé 's open locker for evidence , Chloé accuses her of invasion of privacy , and has the principal suspend her . Alya becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Lady Wifi , a villain whose smartphone can fire different icons such as pause and lock , who can travel through wifi - serviced phones , and who stops at nothing to expose Ladybug , including invading Chloé 's apartment . This episode was first shown in South Korea on 6 October 2015 as episode 6 . 5 5 `` Timebreaker '' `` Chronogirl '' Thomas Astruc Sébastien Thibaudeau Michaël Delachenal 23 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) 27 December 2015 116 1.17 Marinette 's parents are celebrating their twentieth anniversary , leaving Marinette to take care of one of her father 's special cake orders . However , she gets a call from Alya , who reminds her to bring a banner she made for a race between two of her classmates , Alix and Kim , and she rushes off to Trocadéro . Alix has received a family heirloom pocket watch for her fifteenth birthday , and passes it to Alya to safeguard it for her while racing . However , during the race , the watch passes hands multiple times , before it is dropped by Chloé onto the ground and skated over by Alix , destroying the watch . Angry at her friends , Alix becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Timebreaker , a speedy villain who freezes people with a touch to get energy to travel back through time . This episode was first shown in South Korea on 22 September 2015 as episode 4 . 6 6 `` Mr. Pigeon '' `` M. Pigeon '' Thomas Astruc Guillaume Mautalent Sébastien Oursel 23 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) 13 December 2015 106 1.09 A fashion competition is to be held at Marinette 's school where the winner will have their derby hat worn by none other than Adrien Agreste . Marinette is determined to win in the hope that Adrien will then notice her . Meanwhile , Officer Roger , a police officer , orders Xavier Ramier , a pigeon - loving man , to stop feeding the pigeons and to leave the park . Dejected , Xavier becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into `` Mr. Pigeon '' , a villain who controls massive flocks of pigeons . This episode was first shown in South Korea on 29 September 2015 as episode 5 . 7 7 `` The Evillustrator '' `` Le Dessinateur '' Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet 26 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 24 January 2016 102 1.18 Nathaniel is daydreaming in class of being a superhero who is rescuing his crush , Marinette , from `` Stormy Weather '' and `` Lady Wifi '' . Soon embarrassed by Chloé for his comic drawings of his daydream , he becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the `` Evillustrator '' , a villain whose drawings come to life . This episode was shown in South Korea on 27 October 2015 as episode 9 . 8 8 `` Rogercop '' Thomas Astruc Denis Bardiau 27 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 31 January 2016 111 1.18 During Career Day in Marinette 's class , Chloé loses an expensive bracelet and accuses Marinette of stealing it , as she had just slipped over Chloé 's bag . Mr Bourgeois , Chloé 's father , orders Officer Roger , Sabrina 's father , to arrest Marinette and search her belongings . Officer Roger , however , refuses , saying that he can not do that , unless there is evidence Marinette stole Chloé 's bracelet , as it is against the law . As a result , Mr. Bourgeois , who is the Mayor of Paris , fires Officer Roger . Angry at the mayor for asking him to disobey the law and firing him , Roger becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into `` Rogercop '' , a RoboCop - themed villain who wants to bring justice to those who break the law . This episode was first shown in South Korea on 20 October 2015 as episode 8 . 9 9 `` Copycat '' `` L'Imposteur '' Thomas Astruc Sébastien Thibaudeau Pascal Boutboul 28 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 3 January 2016 108 1.29 Attempting to ask Adrien out to the movies over the phone , Marinette instead accidentally leaves behind an embarrassing voicemail and rushes to delete it before he listens to it . Meanwhile , an artist named Theo is revealing a statue in the park , which he built in honor of Ladybug and Cat Noir . He has a crush on Ladybug and is looking forward to seeing her at the unveiling event , but only Cat Noir ends up arriving . After the event , Cat Noir insinuates to Theo that he and Ladybug are a couple . Feeling rejected and upset , Theo becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Copycat , a villain who is able to become an exact replica of Cat Noir . This episode was first shown in South Korea on 15 September 2015 as episode 3 . 10 10 `` Dark Cupid '' `` Dislocœur '' Thomas Astruc Régis Jaulin 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) 7 February 2016 105 1.27 It 's Valentine 's Day and love is in the air ! After reading a love poem thrown away by Adrien , Marinette comes to the conclusion that the poem is about her , making her ecstatic even though the poem was originally intended for Ladybug . Meanwhile one of her classmates , Kim , is planning to ask his crush to be his Valentine . Marinette , in her love - sick daze , encourages Kim to go for it . When Kim sees his crush -- Chloé -- he is humiliated and rejected cruelly . Heartbroken , Kim is influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Dark Cupid , a villain whose arrows can replace true love and friendship with pure hate and mean - spiritedness . One of his targets is Cat Noir , who turns into Ladybug 's enemy , just as he was about to confess his love to her . 11 11 `` Horrificator '' Thomas Astruc Fred Lenoir 30 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) 21 February 2016 117 1.13 Nino is filming a movie in his classroom for a film contest , but Mylène , his classmate and one of the actors , is unsure about her ability as the leading actress , as she is easily frightened . After many failed attempts of shooting a single scene , Chloé makes fun of her fright and Mylène flees the classroom in tears . Disappointed in herself , Mylène becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Horrificatior , a monster who scares people and feeds on their fear . 12 12 `` Darkblade '' `` Le Chevalier Noir '' Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Léonie de Rudder 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 28 February 2016 114 1.06 After finding out that Chloé has been blackmailing people from running against her as the class representative , Marinette decides to nominate herself for the position . Wanting to prevent Marinette from winning , Chloé organizes an autograph session by rock musician Jagged Stone to bribe her classmates into voting for her . When Marinette finds out about the autograph session and leaves her home to intervene , Chloé sends Sabrina to Marinette 's home , in hopes of finding something humiliating which can be used against Marinette . Meanwhile , Armand D'Argencourt , Collège Françoise - Dupont 's fencing teacher , has just lost the Paris mayoral elections by a landslide defeat . In anger and humiliation , he becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into `` Darkblade '' , an armored black knight , who zaps people and knights them , transforming them into an army of armored knights to take over Paris . This episode was first shown in South Korea on 17 November 2015 as episode 12 . The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016 . 13 13 `` The Mime '' `` Le Mime '' Thomas Astruc Thomas Astruc François Charpiat Michaël Delachenal Karine Lollichon Sébastien Thibaudeau 13 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) 7 May 2016 119 N / A Alya shows Marinette a video she recorded of Ladybug talking to her , but Marinette accidentally deletes it . Before Alya finds out , Marinette steals her phone and frantically tries to re-create the footage . Meanwhile , Mylène 's father , Fred Haprèle , is getting his first major performance at the Eiffel Tower . However , his partner Chris deliberately makes him late , and convinces their manager Sarah ( named Josiane in French version ) to let Chris take the lead role instead . Disheartened , Fred becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the `` Mime '' , a supervillain who can pantomime anything to make it reality . Guest star : Josiane Balasko as herself in French version This episode was first shown in South Korea on 24 November 2015 as episode 13 . The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 26 March 2016 . 14 14 `` Kung Food '' Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir 10 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) 10 September 2016 125 N / A Marinette 's great uncle , the world - renowned Chinese chef Wang Cheng , visits Paris to participate in a cooking show called The Greatest Chef in the World . Before the competition begins , Marinette and Adrien run into Chloé , who is on the judges ' panel . Chloé mocks Cheng for being a foreigner , and in retaliation , Marinette fires back with her own insults . Chloé sabotages Cheng 's famous Celestial Soup , causing him to get poor results in front of the judges . Confused and upset , Cheng becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into `` Kung Food '' , a villain who enslaves those who had eaten his ruined soup and who plans to cook Chloé in the soup . The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 2 April 2016 . 15 15 `` Gamer '' `` Le Gamer '' Thomas Astruc Morade Rahni 17 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) 24 September 2016 112 N / A Collège Françoise - Dupont is sending two students to represent them at a video game tournament , where they will compete with other schools in a fighting game known as Ultimate Mega Strike III . After Marinette notices that Adrien is one of the potential candidates , she participates in the selections in order to be able to team up with Adrien . She manages to defeat another candidate , her classmate Max , who has been training for the tournament for a whole year and was looking forward to participating . Angry about all his gaming training gone to waste , Max becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the `` Gamer '' , a villain who uses a pyramid - shaped mecha - like ship , from the Ultimate Mega Strike III game that zaps people and objects , turning them into green `` experience point '' balls , which upgrades his ship . The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 18 April 2016 16 16 `` Animan '' Thomas Astruc Cédric Perrin Jean - Christophe Hervé 24 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 13 August 2016 113 N / A Nino develops a crush on Marinette so Adrien tries to help him by asking her out to the zoo . Marinette , however , thinks Adrien is asking her out and happily accepts . When at the zoo , Nino and Marinette are the only ones to show up ; Adrien and Alya , at the same time , are hiding out in bushes nearby , helping the two talk to each other by instructing them via earpiece . Meanwhile , Marinette 's classmate Kim mocks the new black panther in the zoo , claiming to the zookeeper , Otis , that he can run faster than it . Enraged by his remarks , Otis becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into `` Animan '' , a supervillain who can shape - shift into any animal he desires including extinct species . The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 12 April 2016 . 17 17 `` Antibug '' Thomas Astruc Sébastien Thibaudeau 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 15 October 2016 124 0.96 Chloé is being harassed by something invisible , and Adrien and Marinette are immediately on the case . After talking with the concierge of the Grand Paris hotel , where Chloé lives , they discover Chloé had a fight with Sabrina , and had claimed that Sabrina is no longer her friend and is completely invisible to her . Heartbroken over her words , Sabrina was influenced by Hawk Moth , turning into the `` Vanisher '' . As Ladybug and Cat Noir fight the Vanisher , who has just shown up , Chloé decides to join in , donning a fake Ladybug costume . However , this only causes the fight to get more difficult and Ladybug forces Chloé to leave , claiming that she is endangering everyone by staying . Chloé tries to tell Ladybug that the akuma is in Sabrina 's rose brooch , but Ladybug does not listen , thinking that she is lying . Only when Chloé has left the scene does Ladybug realize that Chloé was right all along , but despite this , Ladybug does not apologize to Chloé . Feeling betrayed by her idol , Chloé becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into `` Antibug '' , a darker , opposite version of Ladybug . The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 21 April 2016 . 18 18 `` The Puppeteer '' `` La Marionnettiste '' Thomas Astruc Sébastien Thibaudeau 7 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 07 ) 8 October 2016 118 0.99 Marinette is babysitting Manon . They are playing with hand - crafted dolls that Marinette made herself , Marinette playing as Ladybug and Cat Noir and Manon playing as Lady Wifi , Rogercop and Evillustrator . Because Marinette always plays as the Ladybug and Cat Noir dolls , Manon laments that Marinette always wins and bursts into tears . Feeling guilty , Marinette allows Manon to borrow her Ladybug doll . However , Nadja Chamack , Manon 's mother , does not want her to borrow it , as she complains that Manon already has too many toys ; they get into a dispute , resulting in the Ladybug doll getting torn . Despite that , Manon still wants to borrow the Ladybug doll , so she asks Marinette for it behind her mother 's back . Marinette hesitates and decides on a compromise instead , allowing her to borrow the Lady Wifi doll instead . Chamack notices Manon playing with the new doll and becomes angry that Manon had defied her instructions so she confiscates it from her . Upset , Manon becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the `` Puppeteer '' , a villain who can control the people Marinette 's dolls are based on . The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 20 April 2016 . 19 19 `` Reflekta '' Thomas Astruc Sophie Lodwitz Eve Pisler 21 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 1 October 2016 121 0.91 At class picture day , Marinette 's classmate Juleka is hesitant about participating , as she believes that she is under a curse where any picture she is in will have her face covered . Wanting to be closer to Adrien in the photo , Chloé has her friend Sabrina lock Juleka in the bathroom while she takes her place in the centre of the photo , beside Adrien . Believing that she 'll always stay cursed and unnoticed , Juleka becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Reflekta , a flamboyant villain who can zap people into making them look exactly like her . The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 19 April 2016 . 20 20 `` Guitar Villain '' `` Guitar Vilain '' Thomas Astruc Sébastien Thibaudeau 28 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 28 ) 3 September 2016 120 N / A Rock musician Jagged Stone has problems with his manager , who wants to change the look of his new album 's cover and make him record a duet with XY , a hot new music artist who replaced Stone at the number - one position on the music charts . Although they agree on a compromise on the cover by having Marinette design it , Stone is later offended when he sees Marinette 's first design ( insisted on by his producer ) and further enraged when he watches a interview given by XY , who arrogantly claims that technology matters more than music , rock ' n ' roll is no longer in style , and that Stone was no match for him . Enraged , Stone becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into `` Guitar Villain '' ( a reference to the title of `` guitar hero '' given to legendary guitarists in France ) , a wild musician with a pet dragon , who influences people into headbanging and dancing uncontrollably by playing his guitar . The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 14 April 2016 . 21 21 `` Pixelator '' `` Numéric '' Thomas Astruc Guillaume Mautalent Sébastien Oursel 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 27 August 2016 107 N / A Marinette 's class is visiting the Grand Paris hotel , as part of a program to try out some of the jobs that the staff do in the hotel on a daily basis , when rock idol Jagged Stone arrives . While Jagged is checking in , an overly - obsessed fan named Vincent Aza sneaks in behind him and tries to take a picture with Stone , but he is swiftly kicked out of the hotel by Jagged 's assistant , and warned to never approach Stone again . Angry at being shunned by his idol , Vincent becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into `` Pixelator '' , a supervillain who uses a head - mounted telescopic camera to take photos of people , making them vanish and trapping them in a white empty space by `` digitising '' them into living portraits that appear on his apartment wall . This episode was first shown in Quebec , Canada on 3 March 2016 . This English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 25 April 2016 . 22 22 `` Princess Fragrance '' `` Princesse Fragrance '' Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Léonie De Rudder 20 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) 14 May 2016 104 N / A Marinette 's classmate Rose is excited about Prince Ali 's visit to Paris , but is caught at school spraying perfume on her fan letter and using a cellphone in class . Tikki feels ill , so Marinette plans to take her to a healer , but when Marinette trips on the stairs , Tikki is picked up by Chloe , who plans to give Tikki as a plush toy gift to Prince Ali . Chloe tears up Rose 's letter , telling Rose that Prince Ali has no interest in her . Hurt , Rose is influenced by Hawk Moth and becomes `` Princess Fragrance '' , a villain whose perfume spray makes people serve her , and who desires to have Prince Ali for herself . The untransformed Marinette must recover Tikki and stop Princess Fragrance from taking over all of Paris . This episode was first shown in Quebec , Canada on 13 March 2016 . The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 22 April 2016 . 23 23 `` Simon Says '' `` Jackady '' Thomas Astruc Fred Lenoir 27 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 27 ) 20 August 2016 110 0.86 Nino is a contestant in a game show called The Challenge , where he has to get Mayor Bourgeois to dance . Despite being invited to see Nino , Marinette is grounded by her parents for missing too many classes at school , not knowing that she had been working as Ladybug . As Nino completes his challenge , the next contestant , a hypnotist named Simon Grimault ( Jacques Grimeau in French version ) , is given the challenge to hypnotize Adrien 's father Gabriel Agreste . However , Gabriel refuses to participate in the challenge , causing Simon to fail . Angry that he was not given the chance to at least try , Simon becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into `` Simon Says '' ( Jackady in French version ) , an extravagant villain who can hypnotize someone by throwing playing cards at them . This episode was first shown in Quebec , Canada on 6 March 2016 . The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 13 April 2016 . 24 24 `` Volpina '' Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Léonie de Rudder 3 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) 22 October 2016 126 0.96 Adrien discovers a book in his father 's safe with pictures of the different Miraculous heroes and steals it to learn more . Later , a new student named Lila arrives who claims to be good friends with Ladybug in order to wow Adrien . Jealous and upset by Lila 's lies , Marinette begins to tail her , during which time she watches Lila steal the Miraculous book from Adrien . Tikki notices the cover design and insists upon taking the book for further study . Lila then tells Adrien that she is descended from the Miraculous holder Volpina , prompting Marinette to transform into Ladybug and call Lila on her lies in front of Adrien . Embarrassed , Lila runs off and becomes influenced by Hawk Moth , who transforms her into `` Volpina '' , a superhero with the power to create illusions , with the hope that she can gain Ladybug and Cat Noir 's trust and betray them . The plan fails , though Hawk Moth is not concerned , proclaiming that his `` big day '' is at hand . Afterwards , Tikki 's suspicions about the book are confirmed : it is the long - lost book of lore that contains coded secrets about the Miraculouses . She then brings Marinette to meet the Great Guardian , Master Fu . This episode was first shown in Quebec , Canada on 19 March 2016 . The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 26 April 2016 . 25 25 `` Ladybug & Cat Noir - Origins , Part 1 '' `` Ladybug et Chat Noir ( Origines - Partie 1 ) '' Thomas Astruc Thomas Astruc Quentin Sébastien Thibaudeau 30 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 6 August 2016 122 0.97 A prequel of the series . It 's Marinette 's first day of school . Hawk Moth captures a butterfly kwami named Nooroo and forces his allegiance . Hawk Moth 's butterfly brooch allows him to give someone a superpower they desire and to make that person obey his will . He plans on using his new powers for evil purposes , intending to create villains to lure the heroes out to fight them , so he can steal their Miraculouses and gain absolute power . Master Fu , a 186 - year - old Chinese man , is notified of Hawk Moth 's capture of Nooroo through Wayzz , his own kwami , a turtle . However , he is too old to fight anymore , so he pretends to be a weak old man , travelling Paris to find suitable charges for the Black Cat and Ladybug Miraculouses , hoping they can stop Hawk Moth and free Nooroo . He is helped by Marinette when he crosses a road and is almost hit by a car , and Adrien when he pretends to have fallen down . As school is dismissed , Ivan and Kim , two of Marinette 's classmates , have a dispute , after Kim sends Ivan an offensive message on paper . Upset and angry , Ivan becomes Hawk Moth 's first ever victim , turning into `` Stone Heart '' , a giant rock monster who grows in size after taking damage . Master Fu learns of this , and has no choice but to quickly deploy both the Black Cat and Ladybug Miraculouses , sending them to Adrien and Marinette . Marinette and Adrien both find a small box in their room , and after touching them , are quickly greeted by Tikki and Plagg . Both kwamis give their charges a quick explanation ; soon Marinette and Adrien transform into Ladybug and Cat Noir and rush to stop Stone Heart . Despite their lack of experience and poor fighting skills , they manage to defeat `` Stone Heart '' and free the akuma . However , Ladybug forgets to purify the akuma after the fight ; it flies off , duplicating itself and infecting many people , turning them into immobilised Stone Hearts . The episode ends as Marinette learns of her fatal mistake , and in her despair , thinking that she can not do her job as Ladybug , removes her earrings and puts them away under her dressing table , causing Tikki to disappear . This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 March 2016 as episode 14 . The French version of this episode was first shown in Quebec , Canada on 4 March 2016 as episode 21 . The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016 . 26 26 `` Stoneheart - Origins , Part 2 '' `` Cœur de pierre ( Origines - Partie 2 ) '' Thomas Astruc Thomas Astruc Quentin Sébastien Thibaudeau 30 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 6 August 2016 123 0.97 The next morning , Marinette brings her earrings to school and slips them into Alya 's bag , still upset for forgetting to purify the akuma and convinced Alya would be a better Ladybug . Adrien sneaks to school , desperate to leave his house and make friends . Questioned by his classmates , nobody believes Ivan when he claims not to remember anything ; he storms off in anger when Chloé mocks him . Marinette comforts Ivan ; encouraged by her , Ivan sings Mylène a love song , but accidentally scares her off . Ivan turns into `` Stone Heart '' again with Hawk Moth 's akuma , and takes control of his duplicates around Paris , which come to life . Stone Heart breaks into the classroom , grabs Chloé and Mylène and runs off , summoning his duplicates . Adrien rushes to stop Stone Heart as Alya takes chase to film the battle ; Marinette runs after her , wanting to pass her the earrings . Stone Heart 's duplicates catch Cat Noir as he saves Alya from being crushed by a flying car . Marinette has no choice but to transform ; breaking Cat Noir out , they rush to Trocadéro . Ladybug catches Chloé when Stone Heart throws her towards Pont d'Iéna from the Eiffel Tower 's lower deck . A swarm of akumas fly out of Stone Heart 's mouth , forming Hawk Moth 's face , who declares that Paris will be spared if Ladybug and Cat Noir 's Miraculouses are surrendered . Ladybug refuses , stating that Hawk Moth is the one at wrong , and cleanses the akuma cloud . Hawk Moth orders Stone Heart to take their Miraculouses ; he and his duplicates begin to climb the Eiffel Tower . Ladybug climbs to the top of the tower , using her yo - yo to make Mylène kiss Stone Heart 's chest ; surprised , he drops the paper ball the akuma is in . Ladybug crushes it and cleanses the akuma . After her magic cleans up the damage , Ladybug passes Mylène Ivan 's song lyrics . Mylène hugs Ivan ; Ladybug and Cat Noir run off to transform back . Later , Adrien 's father allows him to go to school while Marinette stands up to Chloé , retaking her seat . That evening after school , it 's raining outside ; Adrien hands Marinette his umbrella , and the two share an intimate moment before parting ways . Master Fu and Wayzz watch from afar , satisfied with their decision to give them the Miraculouses . This episode was first shown in Quebec , Canada on 5 March 2016 as episode 22 . The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 7 April 2016 . Season 2 ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season English Title French Title Directed by Written by Original air date ( France ) Netflix release date Prod . code 27 `` The Collector '' `` Le Collectionneur '' Thomas Astruc Wilfried Pain Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau 26 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 30 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 201 Master Fu explains to Marinette his role as a Guardian of the Miraculouses ; due to a mistake he made in the past , their temple was wiped out , and the Butterfly and Peacock Miraculouses were lost . He suspects that whoever owned the Miraculous book must be Hawk Moth , sending Marinette into a panic at the thought that it could be Adrien . Meanwhile , Gabriel grounds Adrien for stealing and losing the book . When Marinette learns the book was Gabriel 's , she suspects he may be Hawk Moth instead . Meanwhile , Hawk Moth unleashes an akuma , but then de-transforms into Gabriel and then akumatizes himself into `` The Collector '' , a supervillain who throws a book around to capture anything it touches into his book . After Ladybug and Cat Noir eventually defeat him and transform him back to Gabriel , Master Fu is not so sure he is cleared of being Hawk Moth . Master Fu captures the contents of the book onto a smartphone , and Marinette returns the book to Gabriel , who reveals that he obtained the book during an overseas trip with his wife and that it is his last memento of her . He rescinds Adrien 's grounding and shares a hug with him and Adrien returns to school to the joy of his classmates . Gabriel returns to his secret lair and transforms into Hawk Moth , having fooled the heroes and vowing to get their Miraculouses . The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 4 November 2017 . 28 `` Despair Bear '' `` Doudou Vilain '' Thomas Astruc Jun Violet Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Nolwenn Pierre Sébastien Thibaudeau 27 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) TBA TBA After a false fire alarm prank forces the entire student body except for Chloé to do chores as punishment , Adrien tells Chloé she must be nicer to people if she wants them to remain friends . Chloé 's butler Jean has her host a party for everyone and tells her to be nice as what her old teddy bear would do . During the party , Chloé tries her best , but when she sees Adrien dancing with Marinette , she loses her temper and Jean accidentally embarrasses her when he reveals her teddy bear , leading Chloé to berate and fire him . Feeling rejected , Jean becomes influenced by Hawk Moth , and turns into `` Despair Bear '' , a villain who has the ability to control anyone he hugs . The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 11 November 2017 . 29 `` Prime Queen '' `` Audimatrix '' Thomas Astruc Christelle Abgrall Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau 29 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) TBA TBA Marinette has to babysit Manon , but realizes Ladybug has to interview for a television show , so she invites Alya over and excuses herself to help her parents downstairs . Realizing she needs higher television ratings , host Nadja Chamack resorts to asking about Ladybug and Cat Noir 's supposed romantic relationship , which causes Ladybug to depart , dragging Cat Noir in tow . Heartbroken , Nadja becomes influenced by Hawk Moth , and turns into `` Prime Queen '' , who has to ability to teleport through television screens and posters ; she creates a show in order to capture the two heroes . The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 18 November 2017 . 30 `` Befana '' `` La Béfana '' Thomas Astruc Benoît Boucher Thomas Astruc Mélanie Duval Sébastien Thibaudeau 30 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) TBA TBA Marinette is excited because today is her birthday . Not only that , but her grandmother Gina Dupain is also visiting . Despite being excited to visit Marinette , Gina is surprised to see how much Marinette has grown up , but is saddened when Marinette does mostly new things . While hanging out , Marinette heads to where her friends planned her surprise party and ditches Gina . Hurt and rejected , Gina becomes influenced by Hawk Moth , and turns into `` Befana '' , a villain with the ability to turn people who do bad things into coal and those who do good into angels , who become her servants , with a gun filled with candy she wanted to give Marinette . The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 25 November 2017 . 31 5 `` Riposte '' Thomas Astruc Jun Violet Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau 1 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) TBA TBA A new student , Kagami Tsurugi , the daughter of a famous fencer , arrives at school and challenges Adrien to show everyone she 's the best fencer . After a duel , Marinette , not wanting Adrien to be second best and not sure how the battle ended , due to Kagami chasing Adrien around and battling fiercely and roughly , declares Adrien the winner , much to Kagami 's dismay and humiliation , causing her to depart from the school . Feeling down , Kagami becomes influenced by Hawk Moth , and turns into `` Riposte '' , a samurai villain with the power to slice and cut anything in half with one armed sword . The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 2 December 2017 . 32 6 `` Robostus '' `` Robustus '' Thomas Astruc Wilfried Pain Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau 3 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) TBA TBA When Max builds Markov , a miniature robot capable of real human emotions , he is hesitant to even reveal him . After helping prevent a computer virus from wiping the school 's servers , Principal Damocles instead confiscates Markov thinking that he 's a toy . Markov becomes influenced by Hawk Moth , and turns into `` Robostus '' , a villain capable of giving life to mechanical devices . When Hawk Moth tells Robustus to bring him the Miraculous , he mistakenly informs him of their power to grant wishes . Markov takes Max with him in his new megasized body to the Paris Stadium , where he ambushes Ladybug and Cat Noir . When Robustus is about to gain the heroic duo 's Miraculouses , he reveals he will take them for their power to grant any wish ; only for Max , wanting his friend back , to free Ladybug and Cat Noir , who capture and de-evilize Markov . Marinette returns to Master Fu , who elaborates the Miraculouses ' ability to grant wishes . Due to the universe needing to maintain balance who ever is granted a wish , someone else must lose the very thing wished for , such as Markov becoming human meant another would lose their humanity in return . Marinette promises Master Fu to not allow this , and to continue guarding her own Miraculous . The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 9 December 2017 . 33 7 TBA `` Gigantitan '' Thomas Astruc Christelle Abgrall Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau 26 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) TBA TBA Today is a great day for Marinette : she and her friends Mylène , Rose , Juleka , Alix and , of course , Alya , have come up with a flawless plan to help Marinette propose a romantic stroll to Adrien . But nothing is going as planned and Adrien 's bodyguard , annoyed by the girls , becomes Hawk Moth 's target . However , while the latter tries to akumatize him , the Gorilla calms down . The akuma then transforms a young child , who is on his way and upset at not having his candy , into Gigantitan , a giant villain . 34 8 `` The Dark Owl '' `` Le Hibou Noir '' Thomas Astruc Jun Violet Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) TBA TBA Mr. Damocles , the school principal , starts characterizing his favorite hero Knightowl and acts like him as well . However , while performing , he becomes the laughing stock of the school when Ladybug and Cat Noir thought he was trying to become a hero and tried to perform a stunt that went horribly wrong . Humiliated and enraged , Damocles becomes akumatized and turns into Dark Owl , the actual superhero , and traps the heroes in a chamber to reveal their true identities . Not ready to know each other 's identity yet , they de-transform with their eyes closed as Ladybug gives Hawk Moth fake Miraculouses , unaware that Tikki and Plagg start to meet each other and begin to know the identities of one another , but Ladybug and Cat Noir do not . This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on December 5 , 2017 35 9 TBA `` Glaciator '' Thomas Astruc Wilfried Pain Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau 14 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) TBA TBA Marinette , Alya and her other friends go to eat some ice cream together at André , a famous glacier in Paris . According to a legend , the couple who eats an ice cream at André 's place will love each other forever ! Marinette hopes that Adrien will be there , but he did not come . For a good reason : he transformed into Cat Noir to prepare a candlelight dinner for Ladybug . Disappointed by the absence of Adrien , Marinette refuses to eat the ice cream André gave her . Collapsed , the glacier becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Glaciator , a giant ice cream snowman monster with the power that transforms people into ice cream and they start to melt ! Ladybug and Cat Noir must not get cold feet if they want to stop him . This episode was scheduled to premiere on TFOU on December 17 , 2017 , but it did not air due to production issues . 36 10 TBA `` Sapotis '' Thomas Astruc Jun Violet Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau 21 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) TBA TBA Marinette helps Alya babysit Ella and Etta , Alya 's twin sisters , and the twins are making things difficult for their sister and her friend . When they keep staying up and refuse to go to bed , Alya forbids them from going to amusement park tomorrow and takes away one of their hats . Fighting over one hat , the twins become influenced by Hawk Moth and turn into Sapotis , a set of small but totally unpredictable monsters that multiply and cause havoc . When Ladybug and Cat Noir get quickly overwhelmed by thousands of small monsters and need some help , Alya receives the Fox Miraculous from Ladybug and she becomes a fox - themed superhero named Rena Rouge . After the battle , Alya reluctantly returns the Fox Miraculous to Ladybug and decides to keep the details of her adventure a secret . Specials ( edit ) No . English Title French Title Directed by Written by Original air date ( France ) U.S. release date Prod . code S1 `` A Christmas Special '' `` Pire Noël '' Thomas Astruc Thomas Astruc Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau 11 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 20 December 2016 ( Netflix ) TBA While preparing for Christmas Eve , Adrien is about to spend his first Christmas without his mother . Thinking that his father does not want to celebrate the holidays this year , Adrien turns into Cat Noir and leaves his home to sing his anger in snowy Paris . When his father discovers that Adrien is not in his room , he becomes extremely worried . Hearing the news , Marinette transforms into Ladybug and finds Adrien , who has reverted back to his normal self , in the company of a Santa . Ladybug thinks the Santa is akumatized and wants to trouble Adrien , so she pushes him away . Scorned , the Santa actually becomes a victim of Hawk Moth as `` Santa Claws '' , who plans to make this Christmas the worst in the history of Paris . The special is done in a musical format , with various characters breaking into song throughout the episode . Webisodes ( edit ) A series of webisodes , Miraculous : La Webserie , was released by TF1 . They can also be found on the official YouTube channel of the cartoon . They contain clips from various episodes and are usually narrated by Marinette , who writes in her diary , or by the others . Nick also released the English version on their website as Miraculous Secrets ( also A Miraculous Message ) , as well as on YouTube . A 2D - animated series of webisodes was also released , titled Miraculous : Tales from Paris ( Miraculous , une journée à Paris ) . Miraculous secrets ( edit ) No . English title ( web title / title card ) French title Original release date ( France ) English release date ( U.S. ) W1 `` Cat Noir as seen by Marinette '' `` Chat Noir vu par Marinette '' 5 October 2016 24 September 2016 Marinette writes about having Cat Noir as a superhero partner in her diary . W2 `` Marinette and Adrien '' `` Marinette et Adrien '' 5 October 2016 24 September 2016 Marinette writes about her feelings for Adrien in her diary and decides to make him the scarf seen in `` The Bubbler '' . W3 `` Marinette 's Double Life '' `` La double vie de Marinette ( The double life of Marinette ) '' 5 October 2016 24 September 2016 Marinette talks about her superhero life as Ladybug W4 `` My Birthday Party '' `` Ma fête d'anniversaire ( The Birthday Party ) '' 5 October 2016 24 September 2016 Marinette talks about her classmates while wondering whom to invite to her birthday party W5 `` Marinette and Alya '' `` Marinette et Alya '' 5 October 2016 24 September 2016 Marinette talks about her friendship with Alya and what they like to do together W6 `` Marinette in Paris / The City of Paris / A Miraculous message from Marinette : Paris ! '' `` Marinette et Paris ( Marinette and Paris ) '' 12 October 2016 17 December 2015 Marinette talks about her favorite monuments in Paris , including the Louvre , the Trocadéro and the Eiffel Tower . W7 `` Marinette and Fashion / A Miraculous message from Marinette : Fashion ! '' `` Marinette et la mode '' 20 October 2016 8 January 2016 When asked about her career plans , Marinette talks about being a fashion designer , what she has designed , and what inspires her . W8 `` Ladyblog / Alya 's Ladyblog / A Miraculous message from Alya '' `` Ladyblog '' 27 October 2016 22 January 2016 Alya talks about her Ladyblog website . W9 `` Adrien 's Double Life / A Miraculous message from Adrien '' `` La double vie d'Adrien '' 27 October 2016 29 January 2016 Adrien talks about his life as a teenage model , the son of a rich and famous fashion designer , and his excitement about being a student . He also talks about life as Cat Noir . W10 `` Ladybug as seen by Adrien / Adrien 's Love Letter / A Miraculous message from Adrien : Love Letter ! '' `` Ladybug vue par Adrien ( Ladybug seen by Adrien ) '' 3 November 2016 9 January 2016 Adrien brainstorms some ideas in writing a love letter to Ladybug , and ends up crumpling it and tossing it in the garbage . Tales from Paris ( edit ) No . English title ( web title / title card ) French title Original release date ( France ) English release date ( U.S. ) T1 `` The Notebook '' `` Le carnet '' 3 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) ( TF1 ) 18 January 2017 Marinette , Alya , and Juleka cheer up Rose after Chloe makes fun of her notebook . T2 `` Inspiration '' `` Inspiration '' 3 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) ( TF1 ) 26 January 2017 Marinette works on a design for a dress to wear to a school dance . T3 `` Repetition '' `` Répétition '' 30 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) ( ( TF1 ) 15 February 2017 Tikki helps Marinette practise asking out Adrien . T4 `` Busy Day '' `` Grosse journée '' 3 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) ( TF1 ) 16 March 2017 Marinette helps her parents in the bakery . T5 `` Homework Essay '' `` L'exposé '' 3 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) ( TF1 ) 3 April 2017 Marinette has to make a presentation on a person who inspires her . Home media ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , the first DVD , featuring seven episodes from season one , with both English and French audio tracks , was released on 3 May 2016 by Shout ! Factory . Another DVD , subtitled Spots On ! , which contains six episodes , was released on 30 August 2016 . A third DVD , Be Miraculous , which contains seven episodes ( including the two - part prequel ) , was released on 10 January 2017 . A fourth DVD , It 's Ladybug was released on 11 April 2017 . DVD title Season Episodes Release date Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir 7 List ( show ) `` The Bubbler '' `` Mr. Pigeon '' `` Stormy Weather '' `` Timebreaker '' `` Copycat '' `` The Pharaoh '' `` Lady Wifi '' 3 May 2016 Miraculous : Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir : Spots On ! 6 List ( show ) `` The Evillustrator '' `` Rogercop '' `` Dark Cupid '' `` Horrificator '' `` Darkblade '' `` The Mime '' 30 August 2016 Miraculous : Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir : Be Miraculous 7 List ( show ) `` Ladybug & Cat Noir ( Origins , Part 1 ) '' `` Stone Heart ( Origins , Part 2 ) '' `` Animan '' `` Simon Says '' `` Pixelator '' `` Guitar Villain '' `` Kung Food '' 10 January 2017 Miraculous : Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir : It 's Ladybug 6 List ( show ) `` Gamer '' `` Antibug '' `` The Puppeteer '' `` Refletka '' `` Princess Fragrance '' `` Volpina '' 11 April 2017 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ladybug et Chat Noir ( Origines - Partie 1 ) '' . Miraculous : Les Aventures de Ladybug et Chat Noir . Season 1 . Episode 22 ( in French ) . 4 March 2016 . Event occurs at 02 : 40 . Télé - Québec . Encore jeune ! Je n'ai que cent - quatre - vingt - six ans ! ( Still young ! I am only 186 years old ! Jump up ^ In the Christmas special , Santa , or Père Noël ( lit . Father Christmas ) is akumatized into Pire Noël ( lit . `` worst Christmas '' ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Miraculous va enchanter TFou ! sur TF1 '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ 글로벌 공동 제작 애니메이션 ' 레이디 버그 ' EBS 세계 최초 방송 ( 9 월 1 일 오후 7 시 ) ( EBS to be the First in the World to Broadcast Ladybug , a Multinational Animated Co-Production ( from 1 September at 7 pm ) ) ( Press release ) ( in Korean ) . Educational Broadcasting System . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stormy Weather '' . TV Guide UK . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Zag , Jeremy ( 20 November 2015 ) . `` season 2 and 3 in progress 😊 😀 👍 '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ZAG . `` ZAG 's Miraculous TM Ladybug Takes Flight This Christmas On Netflix '' . prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ season 2 interview tvmag ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous -- Geschichten von Ladybug und Cat Noir S02E01 : Der Collector ( The Collector ) -- fernsehserien.de '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Astruc ‏ , Thomas . `` @ ClalaPurpl3 26 per season '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - miraculous : tales of ladybug and cat noir on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous : Les Aventures de Ladybug et Chat Noir '' . Télé - Québec ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.09. 01 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 1 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TFou : Miraculous , les aventures de Ladybug et Chat Noir '' . tf1.fr. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.20. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.09. 08 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 8 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 6 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.10. 13 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 13 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 10 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.10. 06 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 6 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.09. 22 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 22 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 27 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.09. 29 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 29 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.13. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 13 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.10. 27 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 27 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 24 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.10. 20 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 20 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.31. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.09. 15 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 15 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 3 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : Dark Cupid '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miraculous - Les aventures de Ladybug et Chat Noir - Dislocoeur '' . TFOU ( in French ) . TF1 Group . Archived from the original on 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : Horrificator '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miraculous - Les aventures de Ladybug et Chat Noir - Horrificator '' . TFOU ( in French ) . TF1 Group . Archived from the original on 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.11. 17 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 17 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous Tales Of Ladybug And Cat Noir - Series 1 Ep 12 Ladybug And Cat Noir - Origins Part 1 : ABC iview '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous Tales Of Ladybug And Cat Noir - The Evillustrator -- 4 : 20pm Thursday , March 31 2016 '' . ABC3 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2017 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Coming up on ABC3 : Roger Cop 4 : 20pm Friday , April 01 ; Horrificator 4 : 20pm Monday , April 04 ; Dark Cupid 4 : 20pm Tuesday , April 05 ; Ladybug And Cat Noir - Origins Part 1 4 : 20pm Wednesday , April 06 ; 4 : 20pm Thursday , April 07 ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : Darkblade '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous '' . tfou.fr . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 28 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolife ( 8 March 2016 ) . 101 PUR 100 # 23 Thomas Astruc & Wilfried Pain ( Miraculous Ladybug ) . Interview with Davy Mourier . Retrieved 14 March 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Thomas Astruc ( @ thomas_astruc ) ( 2 October 2015 ) . `` Today we had a very special miraculer on # miraculousladybug set . Much love to Josiane Balasko who dubbed herself '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 16 March 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.11. 24 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 24 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : The Mime '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir ( Kung Food ) on Disney Channel HD , Sat 2 Apr 8 : 29am - TV Guide UK TV Listings '' . TVGuide.co.uk. 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : Kung Food '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC3 -- Miraculous Tales Of Ladybug And Cat Noir - Guitar Villain -- 4 : 20pm Thursday , April 14 2016 '' . ABC3 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2017 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Coming up on ABC3 : Kung Food 4 : 20pm Friday , April 15 ; The Bubbler 9 : 40pm Friday , April 15 ; Gamer 4 : 20pm Monday , April 18 ; Reflekta 4 : 20pm Tuesday , April 19 ; The Puppeteer 4 : 20pm Wednesday , April 20 Jump up ^ `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : The Gamer '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC3 -- Miraculous Tales Of Ladybug And Cat Noir - Ladybug And Cat Noir - Origins Part 1 -- 4 : 20pm Wednesday , April 06 2016 '' . ABC3 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2017 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Coming up on ABC3 : 4 : 20pm Thursday , April 07 ; The Mime 4 : 20pm Friday , April 08 ; Stormy Weather 9 : 40pm Friday , April 08 ; Darkblade 4 : 20pm Monday , April 11 ; Animan 4 : 20pm Tuesday , April 12 Jump up ^ `` Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : Animan '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC3 -- Miraculous Tales Of Ladybug And Cat Noir - Antibug -- 4 : 20pm Thursday , April 21 2016 '' . ABC3 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2017 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Coming up on ABC3 : Princess Fragrance 4 : 20pm Friday , April 22 ; Copycat 9 : 50pm Friday , April 22 ; Pixelator 4 : 20pm Monday , April 25 ; Volpina 4 : 20pm Tuesday , April 26 ; Timebreaker 9 : 45pm Friday , April 29 Jump up ^ `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : Anitibug '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.15. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : The Puppeteer '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.8. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miraculous Tales Of Ladybug And Cat Noir - Series 1 Ep 23 Reflekta : ABC iview '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . zap2it.com . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas Astruc ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Is Guitar Villain by any chance a pun on the game Guitar Hero ? '' . Tumblr . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . In response to the ask , Astruc posted a link to the guitar hero page on the French Wikipedia . Jump up ^ `` Miraculous Tales Of Ladybug And Cat Noir - Series 1 Ep 20 Guitar Villain : ABC iview '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : Guitar Villain '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : Pixelator '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shows - ABC ME '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir : Princess Fragrance '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miraculous Tales Of Ladybug And Cat Noir - Series 1 Ep 18 Simon Says : ABC iview '' . archive.org. 21 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ABC3 -- Miraculous Tales Of Ladybug And Cat Noir -- Simon Says ; 4 : 20pm Wednesday , April 13 2016 '' . ABC3. 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2017 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Coming up on ABC3 : Guitar Villain 4 : 20pm Thursday , April 14 ; Kung Food 4 : 20pm Friday , April 15 ; The Bubbler 9 : 40pm Friday , April 15 ; Gamer 4 : 20pm Monday , April 18 ; Reflekta 4 : 20pm Tuesday , April 19 Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.20. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tweets concerning the Kwami names : @ trashUlater ( 27 September 2015 ) . `` @ Thomas_Astruc How were Tikki 's and Plagg 's name decided ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 7 March 2016 -- via Twitter . Thomas Astruc ( @ thomas_astruc ) ( 27 September 2015 ) . `` @ trashUlater The rule : every kwami must have a short name and a double letter in it '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 7 March 2016 -- via Twitter . Thomas Astruc ( @ thomas_astruc ) ( 27 September 2015 ) . `` @ trashUlater Tikki means happiness in language I ca n't remember . Plagg , obviously , is based on plague in english '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 7 March 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ avatartagg ( 1 March 2015 ) . `` Me : ( earlier ) What is the right spelling for the purple kwami 's name '' . Tumblr . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Me : ( earlier ) What is the right spelling for the purple kwami 's name . TA : Nooroo TA : And Wayzz for the green one . Me : Thanks ! Jump up ^ `` EBS 편성 정보 2015.11. 24 '' . ebs.co.kr ( in Korean ) . EBS. 1 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Kimberly ( 27 February 2016 ) . `` Biracial Diversity in Animation : Thomas Astruc Scores Big with Miraculous Ladybug '' . Literatigurl . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ladybug et Chat Noir ( Origines - Partie 1 ) Télé - Québec '' . telequebec.tv ( in French ) . Télé - Québec . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zahn , James ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` '' Miraculous '' things on the way for Ladybug and Cat Noir ... '' The Rock Father . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . zap2it.com . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.6. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cœur de pierre ( Origines - Partie 2 ) Télé - Québec '' . telequebec.tv ( in French ) . Télé - Québec . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous Tales Of Ladybug And Cat Noir - Series 1 Ep 13 : ABC iview '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . zap2it.com . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ lefigaro.fr ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` Thomas Astruc : `` Avec Miraculous , nous savons où nous voulons aller '' `` . lefigaro.fr . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ DisneyChannelUK ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` Miraculous - Season 2 Exclusive Sneak Peek : Ladybug Vs Cat Noir ? ! - Official Disney Channel UK '' . Retrieved 14 November 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ TFOU ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` # Miraculous Rendez - vous vendredi 27 octobre sur # tfou pour un nouvel épisode # inédit de Miraculous # saison2 ! Découvrez tout de suite en exclusivité la bande annonce de l'épisode `` Doudou Vilain '' '' ( # Miraculous See you Friday 27 October on # tfou for a new episode # unreleased from miraculous # saison2 ! Discover right now in exclusivity the trailer of the episode `` Doudou naughty '' ) ( in French ) . Retrieved 31 October 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ DisneyChannelUK ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Miraculous - Season 2 Exclusive Sneak Peek : Remove your Miraculous - Official Disney Channel UK '' . Retrieved 23 November 2017 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Miraculous -- Geschichten von Ladybug und Cat Noir S02E02 : Prime Queen ( Prime Queen ) -- fernsehserien.de '' . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ TFOU ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` # Miraculous # saison2 Découvrez un nouvel épisode inédit de la saison 2 de Miraculous dimanche 29 octobre sur # TFOU . En exclusivité , voici la bande annonce '' ( # Miraculous # saison2 Discover a new episode of the season 2 of miraculous Sunday 29 October on # tfou . In exclusivity , here is the trailer ) ( in French ) . Retrieved 31 October 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ DisneyChannelUK ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` Miraculous - Season 2 Exclusive Sneak Peek : Cat Noir Saves the Day - Official Disney Channel UK '' . Retrieved 23 November 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` What 's On TV - Disney Channel UK '' . Disney Channel UK . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ TFOU ( 29 October 2017 ) . `` Miraculous 🐞 Lady bug et Chat noir vous donnent rendez - vous lundi 30 octobre pour l'épisode inédit `` La Béfana '' de la saison 2 . Découvrez le teaser en exclusivité juste ici ⬇ '' ( Miraculous 🐞 Lady Bug and black cat give you an appointment Monday 30 October for the new episode `` La Befana '' of season 2 . Discover the teaser in exclusivity right here ) ( in French ) . Retrieved 31 October 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ DisneyChannelUK ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` Miraculous - Season 2 Exclusive Sneak Peek : Riposte - Official Disney Channel UK '' . Retrieved 16 January 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ TFOU ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` # Miraculous ! 🐞 Ne manquez pas l'épisode inédit `` Riposte '' de la saison 2 de Miraculous le 1er novembre à 9h25 ! '' ( # Miraculous ! 🐞 Do n't miss the new episode `` Riposte '' of season 2 of miraculous on November 1ST AT 9 PM ! ) ( in French ) . Retrieved 31 October 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ DisneyChannelUK ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Miraculous - Season 2 SNEAK PEEK : I Wanna Be Like You ! - Official Disney Channel UK '' . Retrieved 16 January 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ TFOU ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` # Miraculous 🐞 Retrouvez la bande annonce du prochain épisode # inédit de la saison 2 `` Robostus '' diffusé le vendredi 3 novembre à 9h25 sur # TFOU ! '' ( # Miraculous 🐞 Discover the trailer of the next episode # unreleased from season 2 `` Robostus '' aired on Friday , 3 November AT 9 pm on # tfou ! ) . Retrieved 2 November 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ TFOU ( 24 November 2017 ) . `` # Miraculous # inédit Rendez - vous dimanche 26 novembre pour un nouvel épisode inédit de la saison 2 des aventures de Ladybug et Chat noir `` Gigan Titan '' vers 9h10 sur # TFOU '' ( # Miraculous # inéditSee you Sunday 26 November for a new episode of the 2 season of the adventures of ladybug and black cat `` Gigan Titan '' around 9 h10 on # tfou ) ( in French ) . Retrieved 24 November 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ France , Miraculous . `` # TF1 a répondu '' Hibou Noir '' à @ MiraculousMX tandis que moi j'ai eu `` Gigantitan '' donc l'épisode du Dimanche 26 Novembre à 9h15 sera une suprise ! # MiraculousLadybugpic.twitter.com/ZRQz3V69e2 `` . twitter.com . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prodigiosa : Las Aventuras De Ladybug . Temporada 2 . Episodio 13 '' . movistarplus.es . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TFOU '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ France , Be Miraculous . `` ( NEWS ) Le nom du prochain épisode de # MiraculousLadybug est '' GLACIATOR '' ! Il sera diffusé le Dimanche 17 Décembre sur # TFOU vers 9h15 . Restez Connectés ! `` . twitter.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ France , Be Miraculous . `` @ TF1 a donné des explications en ce qui concerne la non-diffusion de l'épisode GLACIATOR , merci à eux pour cette réponse . # MiraculousLadybugpic.twitter.com/CQ32XXQau7 '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TFOU '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ TFOU ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Retrouvez la Bande annonce du nouvel épisode de la saison 2 de Miraculous `` Sapotis '' diffusé dimanche à 9h15 sur # TFOU ! '' ( Find the trailer for the new episode of the 2 season of miraculous `` Sapotis '' aired Sunday at 9 on # tfou ! ) ( in French ) . Retrieved 16 January 2018 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ EZRAY ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` MIRACULOUS LADYBUG CHRISTMAS SPECIAL ! ! ! '' . Retrieved 15 December 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Dimanche 11 décembre sur TFOU , Miraculous `` Pire Noël '' ! `` . tf1.fr. 22 November 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Web Série - Miraculous - TFOU '' . tfou.fr . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watch Free Miraculous TV Show Videos & Clips - Nick.com '' . www.nick.com . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The City of Paris '' . www.nick.com. 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marinette and Fashion '' . www.nick.com. 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alya 's Ladyblog '' . www.nick.com. 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adrien 's Double Life '' . www.nick.com. 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adrien 's Letter to Ladybug '' . www.nick.com. 9 January 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Shout ! Factory . `` Miraculous : Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir '' . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 29 February 2016 ) . `` Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir - ' Volume 1 ' of the Nickolodeon - Aired Show on DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Shout ! Factory . `` Miraculous : Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir : Spots On ! '' . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miraculous : Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir : Be Miraculous '' . shoutfactory.com . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Miraculous:_Tales_of_Ladybug_%26_Cat_Noir_episodes&oldid=828227672 '' Categories : Lists of French animated television series episodes Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes Lists of children 's television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016 Use dmy dates from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles containing French - language text Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Episode lists with incorrectly formatted alternate air dates Episode list using the default LineColor Episode lists with unformatted air dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 09 : 04 . 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when will miraculous ladybug season 2 episode 7 air
[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nEnglish Title\nFrench Title \nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date (France) \nNetflix release date \nProd.\ncode \n\n\n27\n1\n\"The Collector\"\n\"Le Collectionneur\"\nThomas Astruc[7]\nWilfried Pain\nThomas Astruc\nMatthieu Choquet\nFred Lenoir\nSébastien Thibaudeau[7]\n26 October 2017 (2017-10-26)[81]\n30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)\n201\n\n\n\nMaster Fu explains to Marinette his role as a Guardian of the Miraculouses; due to a mistake he made in the past, their temple was wiped out, and the Butterfly and Peacock Miraculouses were lost. He suspects that whoever owned the Miraculous book must be Hawk Moth, sending Marinette into a panic at the thought that it could be Adrien. Meanwhile, Gabriel grounds Adrien for stealing and losing the book. When Marinette learns the book was Gabriel's, she suspects he may be Hawk Moth instead. Meanwhile, Hawk Moth unleashes an akuma, but then de-transforms into Gabriel and then akumatizes himself into \"The Collector\", a supervillain who throws a book around to capture anything it touches into his book. After Ladybug and Cat Noir eventually defeat him and transform him back to Gabriel, Master Fu is not so sure he is cleared of being Hawk Moth. Master Fu captures the contents of the book onto a smartphone, and Marinette returns the book to Gabriel, who reveals that he obtained the book during an overseas trip with his wife and that it is his last memento of her. He rescinds Adrien's grounding and shares a hug with him and Adrien returns to school to the joy of his classmates. Gabriel returns to his secret lair and transforms into Hawk Moth, having fooled the heroes and vowing to get their Miraculouses.\n\nThe English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 4 November 2017.[citation needed]\n\n\n\n\n28\n2\n\"Despair Bear\"\n\"Doudou Vilain\"\nThomas Astruc\nJun Violet\nThomas Astruc\nMatthieu Choquet\nFred Lenoir\nNolwenn Pierre\nSébastien Thibaudeau\n27 October 2017 (2017-10-27)[83]\nTBA\nTBA\n\n\n\nAfter a false fire alarm prank forces the entire student body except for Chloé to do chores as punishment, Adrien tells Chloé she must be nicer to people if she wants them to remain friends. Chloé's butler Jean has her host a party for everyone and tells her to be nice as what her old teddy bear would do. During the party, Chloé tries her best, but when she sees Adrien dancing with Marinette, she loses her temper and Jean accidentally embarrasses her when he reveals her teddy bear, leading Chloé to berate and fire him. Feeling rejected, Jean becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into \"Despair Bear\", a villain who has the ability to control anyone he hugs.\n\nThe English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 11 November 2017.[82]\n\n\n\n\n29\n3\n\"Prime Queen\"\n\"Audimatrix\"\nThomas Astruc[85]\nChristelle Abgrall\nThomas Astruc\nMatthieu Choquet\nFred Lenoir\nSébastien Thibaudeau[85]\n29 October 2017 (2017-10-29)[86]\nTBA\nTBA\n\n\n\nMarinette has to babysit Manon, but realizes Ladybug has to interview for a television show, so she invites Alya over and excuses herself to help her parents downstairs. Realizing she needs higher television ratings, host Nadja Chamack resorts to asking about Ladybug and Cat Noir's supposed romantic relationship, which causes Ladybug to depart, dragging Cat Noir in tow. Heartbroken, Nadja becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into \"Prime Queen\", who has to ability to teleport through television screens and posters; she creates a show in order to capture the two heroes.\n\nThe English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 18 November 2017.[84]\n\n\n\n\n30\n4\n\"Befana\"\n\"La Béfana\"\nThomas Astruc\nBenoît Boucher\nThomas Astruc\nMélanie Duval\nSébastien Thibaudeau\n30 October 2017 (2017-10-30)[89]\nTBA\nTBA\n\n\n\nMarinette is excited because today is her birthday. Not only that, but her grandmother Gina Dupain is also visiting. Despite being excited to visit Marinette, Gina is surprised to see how much Marinette has grown up, but is saddened when Marinette does mostly new things. While hanging out, Marinette heads to where her friends planned her surprise party and ditches Gina. Hurt and rejected, Gina becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into \"Befana\", a villain with the ability to turn people who do bad things into coal and those who do good into angels, who become her servants, with a gun filled with candy she wanted to give Marinette.\n\nThe English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 25 November 2017.[87][88]\n\n\n\n\n31\n5\n\"Riposte\"\nThomas Astruc\nJun Violet\nThomas Astruc\nMatthieu Choquet\nFred Lenoir\nSébastien Thibaudeau\n1 November 2017 (2017-11-01)[91]\nTBA\nTBA\n\n\n\nA new student, Kagami Tsurugi, the daughter of a famous fencer, arrives at school and challenges Adrien to show everyone she's the best fencer. After a duel, Marinette, not wanting Adrien to be second best and not sure how the battle ended, due to Kagami chasing Adrien around and battling fiercely and roughly, declares Adrien the winner, much to Kagami's dismay and humiliation, causing her to depart from the school. Feeling down, Kagami becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into \"Riposte\", a samurai villain with the power to slice and cut anything in half with one armed sword.\n\nThe English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 2 December 2017.[90]\n\n\n\n\n32\n6\n\"Robostus\"\n\"Robustus\"\nThomas Astruc\nWilfried Pain\nThomas Astruc\nMatthieu Choquet\nFred Lenoir\nSébastien Thibaudeau\n3 November 2017 (2017-11-03)[93]\nTBA\nTBA\n\n\n\nWhen Max builds Markov, a miniature robot capable of real human emotions, he is hesitant to even reveal him. After helping prevent a computer virus from wiping the school's servers, Principal Damocles instead confiscates Markov thinking that he's a toy. Markov becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into \"Robostus\", a villain capable of giving life to mechanical devices. When Hawk Moth tells Robustus to bring him the Miraculous, he mistakenly informs him of their power to grant wishes. Markov takes Max with him in his new megasized body to the Paris Stadium, where he ambushes Ladybug and Cat Noir. When Robustus is about to gain the heroic duo's Miraculouses, he reveals he will take them for their power to grant any wish; only for Max, wanting his friend back, to free Ladybug and Cat Noir, who capture and de-evilize Markov. Marinette returns to Master Fu, who elaborates the Miraculouses' ability to grant wishes. Due to the universe needing to maintain balance who ever is granted a wish, someone else must lose the very thing wished for, such as Markov becoming human meant another would lose their humanity in return. Marinette promises Master Fu to not allow this, and to continue guarding her own Miraculous.\n\nThe English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 9 December 2017.[92]\n\n\n\n\n33\n7\nTBA\n\"Gigantitan\"\nThomas Astruc\nChristelle Abgrall\nThomas Astruc\nMatthieu Choquet\nFred Lenoir\nSébastien Thibaudeau\n26 November 2017 (2017-11-26)[94][95]\nTBA\nTBA\n\n\nToday is a great day for Marinette: she and her friends Mylène, Rose, Juleka, Alix and, of course, Alya, have come up with a flawless plan to help Marinette propose a romantic stroll to Adrien. But nothing is going as planned and Adrien's bodyguard, annoyed by the girls, becomes Hawk Moth's target. However, while the latter tries to akumatize him, the Gorilla calms down. The akuma then transforms a young child, who is on his way and upset at not having his candy, into Gigantitan, a giant villain.\n\n\n34\n8\n\"The Dark Owl\"\n\"Le Hibou Noir\"\nThomas Astruc\nJun Violet\nThomas Astruc\nMatthieu Choquet\nFred Lenoir\nSébastien Thibaudeau\n10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)[97]\nTBA\nTBA\n\n\n\nMr. Damocles, the school principal, starts characterizing his favorite hero Knightowl and acts like him as well. However, while performing, he becomes the laughing stock of the school when Ladybug and Cat Noir thought he was trying to become a hero and tried to perform a stunt that went horribly wrong. Humiliated and enraged, Damocles becomes akumatized and turns into Dark Owl, the actual superhero, and traps the heroes in a chamber to reveal their true identities. Not ready to know each other's identity yet, they de-transform with their eyes closed as Ladybug gives Hawk Moth fake Miraculouses, unaware that Tikki and Plagg start to meet each other and begin to know the identities of one another, but Ladybug and Cat Noir do not.\n\nThis episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on December 5, 2017[96]\n\n\n\n\n35\n9\nTBA\n\"Glaciator\"\nThomas Astruc\nWilfried Pain\nThomas Astruc\nMatthieu Choquet\nFred Lenoir\nSébastien Thibaudeau\n14 January 2018 (2018-01-14)[100]\nTBA\nTBA\n\n\n\nMarinette, Alya and her other friends go to eat some ice cream together at André, a famous glacier in Paris. According to a legend, the couple who eats an ice cream at André's place will love each other forever! Marinette hopes that Adrien will be there, but he did not come. For a good reason: he transformed into Cat Noir to prepare a candlelight dinner for Ladybug. Disappointed by the absence of Adrien, Marinette refuses to eat the ice cream André gave her. Collapsed, the glacier becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Glaciator, a giant ice cream snowman monster with the power that transforms people into ice cream and they start to melt! Ladybug and Cat Noir must not get cold feet if they want to stop him.\n\nThis episode was scheduled to premiere on TFOU on December 17, 2017, but it did not air due to production issues.[98][99]\n\n\n\n\n36\n10\nTBA\n\"Sapotis\"\nThomas Astruc\nJun Violet\nThomas Astruc\nMatthieu Choquet\nFred Lenoir\nSébastien Thibaudeau\n21 January 2018 (2018-01-21)[101]\nTBA\nTBA\n\n\nMarinette helps Alya babysit Ella and Etta, Alya's twin sisters, and the twins are making things difficult for their sister and her friend. When they keep staying up and refuse to go to bed, Alya forbids them from going to amusement park tomorrow and takes away one of their hats. Fighting over one hat, the twins become influenced by Hawk Moth and turn into Sapotis, a set of small but totally unpredictable monsters that multiply and cause havoc. When Ladybug and Cat Noir get quickly overwhelmed by thousands of small monsters and need some help, Alya receives the Fox Miraculous from Ladybug and she becomes a fox-themed superhero named Rena Rouge. After the battle, Alya reluctantly returns the Fox Miraculous to Ladybug and decides to keep the details of her adventure a secret.\n\n" ]
[ "26 November 2017" ]
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Trader Joe's
Trader Joe 's - Wikipedia Trader Joe 's Jump to : navigation , search Trader Joe 's Type Private Industry Retail ( grocery ) Founded 1958 ; 59 years ago ( 1958 ) ( as Pronto Market ) 1967 ( 1967 ) ( as Trader Joe 's ) Pasadena , California , United States Founder Joe Coulombe Headquarters Monrovia , California , US Number of locations 467 ( as of August 4 , 2017 ) Key people Dan Bane , Chairman & CEO Products Private label staple foods , organic foods and specialty products Revenue US $ 13 billion ( 2015 ) Number of employees 38,000 + Website www.traderjoes.com Trader Joe 's is an American chain of grocery stores based in Monrovia , California , owned by a German private equity family trust . By 2015 , it was a competitor in `` fresh format '' grocery stores in the United States . As of June 23 , 2017 , Trader Joe 's had 467 stores nationwide in 41 states and in Washington , D.C. Trader Joe 's was founded by Joseph `` Joe '' Coulombe . From 1979 , it was owned by German entrepreneur Theo Albrecht until his death in 2010 , when ownership passed to his heirs . The company has offices in Monrovia , California , and Boston , Massachusetts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Crew member compensation 3 Locations 4 Products 5 Criticism 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Store in Hadley , Massachusetts ( 2007 ) Trader Joe 's is named after its founder , Joe Coulombe . The chain began in 1958 as a Greater Los Angeles area chain of Pronto Market convenience stores . The original Pronto Markets were so similar to 7 - Eleven that Coulombe felt the competition with 7 - Eleven would be ruinous . Coulombe is said to have developed the idea of the Trader Joe 's South Seas motif while on vacation in the Caribbean . The Tiki culture fad of the 1950s and 1960s was fresh in the cultural memory , and Trader Vic 's was at its height with 25 locations worldwide . He had noticed that Americans were traveling more and returning home with tastes for food and wine they had trouble satisfying in supermarkets of the time . The first store branded as `` Trader Joe 's '' opened in 1967 . This store , on Arroyo Parkway in Pasadena , California , remains in operation . In the first few decades of operation , some of the stores offered fresh meats provided by butchers who leased space in the stores . Trader Joe 's at one time had sandwich shops , freshly cut cheese and freshly squeezed orange juice . Germany 's Theo Albrecht bought the company in 1979 as a personal investment for his family . Coulombe was succeeded as CEO by John Shields in 1987 . Under his leadership the company expanded beyond California , moving into Arizona in 1993 and into the Pacific Northwest two years later . In 1996 , the company opened its first stores on the East Coast : in Brookline and Cambridge both outside Boston . Shields retired in 2001 when Dan Bane succeeded him as CEO after being the President of the Western Division . When Bane became CEO there were 156 stores in 15 states . Trader Joe 's , Saugus , Massachusetts BusinessWeek reported that Trader Joe 's quintupled the number of its stores between 1990 and 2001 , and multiplied its profits by ten . Supermarket News estimated Trader Joe 's sales for 2015 at $13 billion , and placed Trader Joe 's 21st on the list of `` SN 's Top 75 Retailers for 2016 . '' In 2016 , Fortune magazine estimated Trader Joe 's sales per square foot of floor space to be $1,750 -- more than double that generated by Whole Foods Market . In February 2016 , due to customer feedback Trader Joe 's announced the following goals regarding cage - free eggs `` to have all the eggs they sell in western states ( CA , OR , WA , AZ , NM and CO ) come from cage - free suppliers by 2020 and all the eggs we sell nationally to come from cage - free suppliers by 2025 . '' The May 2009 issue of Consumer Reports ranked Trader Joe 's the second - best supermarket chain in the United States ( after Wegmans ) . In June 2009 , MSN Money released its third annual Customer Service Hall of Fame survey results . Trader Joe 's ranked second in customer service . Although Ethisphere magazine listed Trader Joe 's among its most ethical companies in the United States from 2008 to 2010 , Trader Joe 's did not make the list in 2011 . In 2014 , Consumer Reports again ranked Trader Joe 's a top - scoring supermarket chain . Crew member compensation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Trader Joe 's compensates its crew well . Store managers ( `` Captains '' ) have earnings in the six figures and supervisory crew ( `` Mates '' ) can start at $45,000 - $75,000 per year . Crew members are reviewed twice a year and on average have the potential to receive a 7 % - 10 % annual increase . The company provides a great retirement plan and currently contributes 10 % of annual salary to eligible crew , and the plan allows crew to save pre-tax dollars towards their own retirement . Medical , dental and vision plans are offered to eligible crew at a low cost ( currently $75 / month ) . All crew members obtain a 10 % discount on all products available at the store and paid time - off that increases with tenure . Locations ( edit ) Trader Joe 's is known for its unusual store locations -- this Trader Joe 's store in Cobble Hill , Brooklyn , New York , is in a converted bank building . As of February 16 , 2017 , Trader Joe 's had 464 stores in the United States with stores being added regularly . Most locations averaged between 10,000 and 15,000 sq ft ( 1,400 m ) . In February 2008 , BusinessWeek reported that the company had the highest sales per square foot of any grocer in the United States . Two - and - a-half years later , Fortune magazine estimated sales to be $1,750 in merchandise per square foot , more than double the sales generated by Whole Foods . Each location is designed to represent its respective area . Every store has its own crew members that create artwork to represent the surrounding neighborhood . Some store locations have their own `` find the mascot '' and kids can obtain a prize when they tell a crew where it is `` hiding '' . Trader Joe 's is a tiki - nautical themed establishment but locational stores may include props to blend into the local area ; for example , a surf theme for a store near the beach . Legend even says that some locations have a rather peculiar initiation where they have their employees `` walk the plank '' . Products ( edit ) Interior of Trader Joe 's in the Alabama Theatre in Houston While a typical grocery store may carry 50,000 items , Trader Joe 's stocks about 4,000 items , 80 % of which bear one of its own brand names . Trader Joe 's describes itself as `` your neighborhood grocery store . '' Products include gourmet foods , organic foods , vegetarian foods , unusual frozen foods , imported foods , domestic and imported wine and beer ( where local law permits ) , `` alternative '' food items , and staples such as bread , cereal , eggs , dairy , coffee , and produce . Non-food items include personal hygiene products , household cleaners , vitamins , pet food , plants , and flowers . Many of the company 's products are environmentally friendly . In October 2007 , amid customer concerns , Trader Joe 's began to phase out foods imported from China , and from February to April 2008 , Trader Joe 's phased out single - ingredient products from China because of customer concerns . Between 2012 and 2013 , Trader Joe 's moved from 15th on Greenpeace 's CATO ( Carting Away the Oceans ) scale to third by removing six unsustainable species of fish from its shelves and getting involved in efforts to protect the Bering Sea Canyons . Trader Joe 's discontinues individual products based on customer reactions more often than larger grocery chains to free up space for new items . Some products are exclusive to certain regions ( ex . midwest , east coast ) of the United States depending on availability and popularity . Trader Joe 's sells many items under its own private labels , at a significant discount to brand - name equivalents , and requires its brand - name suppliers not to publicize this business relationship . Trader Joe 's labels are sometimes named in accordance with the ethnicity of the food in question , such as `` Trader Jose 's '' ( Mexican food ) , `` Baker Josef 's '' ( flour and bagels ) , `` Trader Giotto 's '' ( Italian food ) , `` Trader Joe - San 's '' ( Japanese food ) , `` Trader Ming 's '' ( Asian food ) , `` JosephsBrau '' ( beer ) , and `` Trader Jacques ' '' ( French food and soaps ) . By selling almost all of its products under its own labels , Trader Joe 's `` skips the middle man '' and buys directly from both local and international small - time vendors . Two Buck Chuck for sale at Trader Joe 's Trader Joe 's is the exclusive retailer of Charles Shaw wine , popularly known as `` Two Buck Chuck '' because of its original $1.99 price tag in California ( local prices vary ) . Of the wine selection at Trader Joe 's , Coloumbe has said , `` We built Trader Joe 's on wine first , then food . I tasted 100,000 wines , and most were n't wonderful . They were submitted to us by desperate vintners . '' Along with Charles Shaw , Trader Joe 's is known for stocking a very large selection of California and New World wines . Trader Joe 's has said its private - label products contain no artificial flavors , no artificial preservatives , no colors derived from anything other than naturally available products , no genetically modified ingredients , no partially hydrogenated oils ( adding trans fat ) , and no MSG . In addition , its private label dairy products use milk from cows not given the artificial growth hormone rBST . Trader Joe 's also has a `` Fearless Flyer '' that showcases new products or highlighted products of the month . The flyer is sent out periodically to homes upon request with no charge , and is available in - store . The company sends out `` E-Flyers '' that are only accessible online . Both flyers include stories about new products , a description , and even recipes . Criticism ( edit ) February 2012 protest at Trader Joe 's Headquarters in Monrovia , California From an article titled `` Trader Joe 's Gets it Easy ? '' : The chain ranked low on Greenpeace 's sustainable seafood report card . The packaging is excessive , with even the produce sealed in plastic . The business model forces consumers to buy in quantities large enough to encourage waste . And most of Trader Joe 's products are made on equipment shared with everything you might be allergic to ( dairy , nuts ) or philosophically opposed to eating ( dairy , meat ) . -- Cameron Scott , San Francisco Chronicle , 2013 The retailer has been characterized as `` notoriously secretive '' and has been criticized for a lack of transparency by management about the sources of products such as organic milk . In September 2013 , in response to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) , Trader Joe 's explained that it would require part - time employees to work an average of 30 hours per week to qualify for medical insurance ( with free coverage for basic dental and vision care still available for all Crew Members who work an average of 15 hours or more per week ) . Part - time employees not qualifying would now be eligible for the less expensive plans available under the ACA ( but available only to those whose employers do not offer them an insurance plan ) . Those working full - time were unaffected . In June 2017 , Trader Joe 's launched the `` puff dog '' , a roll of spiced sausage meat wrapped in puff pastry , which it claimed to have invented . Social media and British and Commonwealth media pointed out that the sausage roll was a traditional British savoury snack , where bakery - chain Greggs sells around 2.5 million sausage rolls per week . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Where in the dickens you can find a Trader Joe 's ? '' ( PDF ) . Trader Joe 's . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kowitt , Beth ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Inside the secret world of Trader Joe 's '' . Fortune . CNN.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trader Joe 's CO Inc '' . Manta . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theo Albrecht , Jr. & family '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Ashley ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` How Trader Joe 's Sells Twice As Much As Whole Foods '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Is Slowly Killing Traditional Supermarkets '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Larry ( April 26 , 2004 ) . `` Trader Joe 's : The Trendy American Cousin '' . BusinessWeek and www.traderjoes.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) . '' Trader Joe 's . Retrieved on April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardetta , Dave ( September 2011 ) . `` Enchanted Aisles '' . Los Angeles . Jump up ^ `` For Trader Joe 's , a New York Taste Test '' , The New York Times , March 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Trader Joe 's targets ' educated ' buyer '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Associated Press . August 30 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Supermarket News 2001 Jump up ^ `` SN 's Top 75 Retailers for 2016 '' . Supermarket News . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Announcements Trader Joe 's '' . Traderjoes.com. 2016 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Kathie ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` Consumer Reports ranks top supermarkets '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Companies that treat you right '' , MSN Money , June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 World 's Most Ethical Companies '' . Ethisphere. 2008 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 World 's Most Ethical Companies '' . Ethisphere Magazine . April 2009 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World 's Most Ethical Companies '' . Ethisphere Magazine . April 2010 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wegmans , Trader Joe 's , Publix , Costco & Sprouts Top Consumer Reports Supermarket Ratings '' . Consumer Reports . March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The American Way of Aldi , Deutsche Welle , January 16 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Jerry ( February 12 , 2008 ) . `` Trader Joe 's halting some Chinese imports '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Carting Away the Oceans 7 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why does TJ 's frequently discontinue products ? '' . Trader Joe 's . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thayer , Warren ( June 1 , 2002 ) . `` Trader Joe 's is not your ' average Joe ! ' With perhaps 85 % of sales coming from private label , this secretive bi-coastal chain has a playful -- and highly effective -- formula . '' . Private Label Buyer . Jump up ^ Franson , Paul . `` The Origins of Trader Joe 's and Why Americans Do n't Drink More Wine '' . Novus Vinum . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 15 secrets Trader Joe 's shoppers should know '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cameron Scott , `` Trader Joe 's Gets It Easy ? '' , San Francisco Chronicle , March 26 , 2009 . Accessed March 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Julia Moskin , `` For Trader Joe 's , a New York Taste Test '' , The New York Times , March 8 , 2006 . Accessed March 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Tracy Moore , `` That Not - So Fresh Feeling : Why Is Trader Joe 's Tight - Lipped About Its Food Sources ? '' , The Nashville Scene , May 24 , 2010 , quoting a report in Sustainable Industries magazine . Accessed March 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ MSN Money , May 2 , 2013 Archived May 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Denver Nicks ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Trader Joe 's Explains why its cutting health benefits for part timers '' . The Washington Post ( reprinted at swampland.time.com ) . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-40392410 External links ( edit ) Los Angeles portal Companies portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trader Joe 's . Official website `` Meet the original Joe '' , Fortune Magazine , August 23 , 2010 VIAF : 136249237 Supermarket chains in the United States Kroger Baker 's Supermarkets City Market Dillons Food 4 Less Foods Co . Fred Meyer Fry 's Food & Drug Gerbes Super Markets Harris Teeter Jay C King Soopers Kroger Owen 's Pay Less Super Markets QFC Ralphs Roundy 's ( Pick ' n Save , Mariano 's , Metro Market , Copp 's ) Ruler Foods Scott 's Smith 's Albertsons Acme Markets Albertsons Amigos Carrs Haggen Jewel - Osco Lucky Market Street Pavilions Randalls Safeway Shaw 's and Star Market Super Saver Tom Thumb United Supermarkets Vons SuperValu County Market Cub Farm Fresh Hornbacher 's Shop ' n Save Shoppers Ahold Delhaize Food Lion Giant - Carlisle Giant - Landover Hannaford Brothers Company Martin 's Food Markets Stop & Shop Southeastern Grocers BI-LO Fresco y Más Harveys Supermarkets Winn - Dixie Wakefern PriceRite ShopRite The Fresh Grocer Other national chains Target Walmart Regional chains Asian GW Supermarket H Mart Hong Kong Supermarket Island Pacific Supermarket Lion Supermarket Marina Food Marukai Corporation U.S.A. Mitsuwa Marketplace Nijiya Market Seafood City Shun Fat Supermarket Tawa 99 Ranch Market 168 Market Uwajimaya Hispanic Bravo El Ahorro Supermarket Fiesta Foods Fiesta Mart La Perla Tapatía Supermarkets Más Club Mi Pueblo Food Center Supermercados Teloloapan Vallarta Supermarkets Organic Earth Fare Natural Grocers Sprouts Farmers Market Trader Joe 's Whole Foods Market Wholesale BJ 's Wholesale Club Cash & Carry Costco Sam 's Club Conventional Acme Fresh Market Aldi Amigo Balducci 's Bashas ' Best Market Big Y Boyer 's Food Markets , Inc . Bristol Farms Brookshire Brothers Brookshire Grocery Company Buehler Food Markets Inc . C - Town Supermarkets Central Market D&W Fresh Market Dave 's Markets Dean & DeLuca DeMoulas Market Basket Dierbergs Markets Don Quijote Times Supermarkets Dorothy Lane Market Easy - Way Store Econofoods Family Fare Fairway Market Fareway Festival Foods Festival Foods ( Minnesota ) Food Giant Food City Foodarama FoodLand Foodtown Pathmark Gelson 's Gerland Corporation Giant Eagle Grand Mart Gristedes Grocery Outlet Harmons Harps Food Stores H-E-B Heinen 's Fine Foods Highland Park Market Homeland Houchens Hugo 's Hy - Vee IGA Ingles Inserra Supermarkets Jerry 's Foods Jungle Jim 's International Market Karns Quality Foods Key Food Super Fresh The Food Emporium King Kullen Kings Super Markets Kuhn 's Quality Foods Lewis Food Town Lidl Lowe 's Market Lowes Foods Lund Food Holdings Magruder 's Marc 's Market Basket Market of Choice Marsh Supermarkets Martin 's Super Markets Meijer Met Foods Miracle Mart Mollie Stone 's Markets Morton Williams New Seasons Market Niemann Foods No Frills Supermarkets Nugget Markets PCC Community Markets Petrini 's Piggly Wiggly Piggly Wiggly Carolina Co . Pink Dot Price Chopper / Price Mart Price Chopper Supermarkets Publix Pueblo Raley 's Supermarkets Red Owl Redner 's Markets Remke Markets Rice Epicurean Markets Ridley 's Family Markets Roche Bros . Rosauers Supermarkets Rouses Russ 's Market Save - A-Lot Save Mart Supermarkets SaveRite Schnucks Scolari 's Food and Drug Seafood City Sedano 's Sellers Bros . Sendik 's Food Market Sentry Foods Seven Mile Market Shop ' n Save Smart & Final SpartanNash Stanley Stores Star Market Stater Bros . Stew Leonard 's Strack & Van Til Straub 's Markets Sullivan Family of Companies Foodland Hawaii Supermercados Econo Supermercados Selectos Super Dollar Discount Foods Super One Foods Super Saver Foods ( B&R Stores ) The Fresh Market Tops Friendly Markets United Grocery Outlet URM Stores Valu King Victory Supermarkets Village Market Food Center Weaver Street Market Wegmans Weis Markets Westborn Market Western Beef WinCo Foods Woodman 's Markets Yoke 's Fresh Market Zabar 's Zupan 's Markets Defunct banners A-Mart A&P Food Basics Pathmark Waldbaum 's ABCO Foods Alpha Beta Andronico 's AppleTree Markets Belle Foods Big Bear Stores Big Star Markets Bloom Bottom Dollar Food Bruno 's Buttrey Food & Drug Byrd 's Carter 's Foods Chatham Clemens Markets Colonial Stores Dahl 's Foods Daniel Reeves Stores David 's Supermarkets Davis Food City Delchamps Deskins Dick 's Supermarket Dominick 's Eagle Food Centers Eberhard 's Eisner Food Stores Farmer Jack Felpausch Finast Fisher Foods Food Fair Food World Food - a-rama Fresh & Easy Furr 's Genuardi 's Giant Open Air Glen 's Markets Grand Union Hamady Brothers Henry 's Farmers Market Hills Supermarkets Hinky Dinky Jitney Jungle Johnnie 's Foodmaster Kessel Food Markets Laneco Marketside Mars Minyard Food Stores National Supermarkets National Tea Omni Superstore Penn Fruit Penn Traffic Pick - N - Pay Supermarkets Plus Purity Supreme Quality Markets QFI Red Food Reid 's Schaffer Stores Company Seaway Food Town Seessel 's Simon David Skaggs Companies Southern Family Markets Sunflower Farmers Market Sunflower Market Super Duper Sweetbay Supermarket Tidyman 's Twin Valu Ukrop 's Super Markets Warehouse Economy Outlet Weingarten 's Wild Oats Markets Xpect Discounts List of supermarket chains in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trader_Joe%27s&oldid=800591782 '' Categories : Trader Joe 's Retail companies established in 1958 Health food stores Companies based in Los Angeles County , California Privately held companies in the United States Privately held companies based in California Food retailers of the United States 1958 establishments in California Supermarkets based in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 13 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is trader joe's based out of
[ "\nTrader Joe's\n\n\n\n\n\nType\n\nPrivate\n\n\nIndustry\nRetail (grocery)\n\n\nFounded\n1958; 59 years ago (1958) (as Pronto Market)\n1967 (1967) (as Trader Joe's)\nPasadena, California, United States\n\n\nFounder\nJoe Coulombe\n\n\nHeadquarters\nMonrovia, California, US\n\n\n\nNumber of locations\n\n467 (as of August 4, 2017)[1]\n\n\n\nKey people\n\nDan Bane, Chairman & CEO\n\n\nProducts\nPrivate label staple foods, organic foods and specialty products[2]\n\n\nRevenue\nUS$ 13 billion (2015)\n\n\n\nNumber of employees\n\n38,000+[3]\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.traderjoes.com\n\n" ]
[ "Monrovia, California, US" ]
3077732048545405550
All Summer in a Day
All Summer in a Day - wikipedia All Summer in a Day Jump to : navigation , search `` All Summer in a Day '' Author Ray Bradbury Country United States Language English Published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction Media type Magazine Publication date March 1954 Followed by `` Fahrenheit 451 '' `` All Summer in a Day '' is a science fiction short story by Ray Bradbury , first published in the March 1954 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Adaptations 2.1 Cast 3 In popular culture 4 Trivia 5 References 6 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) The story is about a class of students on Venus , which in this story is a world of constant rainstorms , where the Sun is visible for only 1 hour every seven years . ( This story was written before Mariner 2 discovered that the surface temperature on Venus is higher than the boiling point of water . ) One of the children , Margot , moved to Venus from Earth five years earlier , and she is the only one in her class to remember sunshine , since the Sun shone regularly on Earth . She describes the Sun as `` a penny '' , or `` like a fire in the stove '' , and the other children , being too young ever to have seen it themselves , do not believe her . The other students bully and ostracize her and just before the sun comes out , they lock her in a closet down a tunnel . As the Sun is about to appear , their teacher arrives to take the class outside to enjoy their one hour of sunshine and , in their astonishment and joy , they all forget about Margot . They run , play , skip , jump , and prance about , savoring every second of their newly found freedom . `` It 's much better than sun lamps ! '' one of them cries . Suddenly , a girl catches a raindrop in her hands . Thunder sounds , and they start to pick as many flowers as they can before it starts pouring again and run back inside . At this point , one of them remembers Margot , who is still locked in the closet . Ashamed , they let her out of the closet , standing frozen , embarrassed over what they have done , and unable to `` meet each other 's glances . '' The precious Sun has come and gone and , because of their despicable act , Margot , who loved the Sun the most , has missed it . Adaptations ( edit ) A 30 - minute television adaptation , originally broadcast on the PBS ' children 's series WonderWorks in 1982 . The ending is expanded to show the children atoning for their horrible act by giving Margot flowers that they picked while the Sun was out . The director of photography was Robert Elswit , who went on to become an Academy Award winning cinematographer . Cast ( edit ) Reesa Mallen as Margot Keith Coogan as William Tammy Simpson as Paula Jerry Marshak as Michael Bridget Meade as Lisa Edith Fields as Mrs. Callaghan In popular culture ( edit ) All Summer in a Day is alluded to in a description of main character Oscar Wao , from Junot Díaz 's The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao . `` Sucks a lot to be left out of adolescence , sort of like getting locked in the closet on Venus when the sun appears for the first time in a hundred years . '' Although in Bradbury 's All Summer in a Day , it comes out every seven years . The story also is referenced in chapter 22 of Karen Thompson Walker 's novel The Age of Miracles . The story is referenced in Season 3 Episode 2 of the cartoon Drawn Together when the character Toot is trapped in the closet and does n't get to experience the Wiener Man 's hot dog offerings . Trivia ( edit ) This story is about Venus and the Sun . Coincidentally , author Ray Bradbury died the same day as a very rare celestial event , a transit of Venus across the Sun . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Publication history for `` All Summer in a Day '' at Author Wars web site . `` This text is available under a Creative Commons License and may have been adapted from the All Summer in a Day bibliography at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database . '' Retrieved from http://authors.wizards.pro/books/titles/58363/all-summer-in-a-day . Jump up ^ All Summer In A Day Pt. 3 on YouTube Jump up ^ The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao , Junot Díaz , pg. 23 Jump up ^ Coleman , Loren ( 2012 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Martian Author Dies During Venus Transit '' . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . External links ( edit ) All Summer in a Day title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Resources for finding the story Ray Bradbury Bibliography Novels The Martian Chronicles ( 1950 ) Fahrenheit 451 ( 1953 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1957 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1962 ) The Halloween Tree ( 1972 ) Death Is a Lonely Business ( 1985 ) A Graveyard for Lunatics ( 1990 ) Green Shadows , White Whale ( 1992 ) From the Dust Returned ( 2001 ) Let 's All Kill Constance ( 2002 ) Farewell Summer ( 2006 ) Short stories `` The Scythe '' ( 1943 ) `` The Lake '' ( 1944 ) `` Frost and Fire '' ( 1946 ) `` The Million Year Picnic '' ( 1946 ) `` The Small Assassin '' ( 1946 ) `` I See You Never '' ( 1947 ) `` Fever Dream '' ( 1948 ) `` The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl '' ( 1948 ) `` The Long Years '' ( 1948 ) `` Mars Is Heaven ! '' ( 1948 ) `` Dark They Were , and Golden - Eyed '' ( 1949 ) `` The Exiles '' ( 1949 ) `` Marionettes , Inc . '' ( 1949 ) `` The Long Rain '' ( 1950 ) `` The Rocket '' ( 1950 ) `` There Will Come Soft Rains '' ( 1950 ) `` The Veldt '' ( 1950 ) `` Ylla '' ( 1950 ) `` Embroidery '' ( 1951 ) `` The Fog Horn '' ( 1951 ) `` Here There Be Tygers '' ( 1951 ) `` The Pedestrian '' ( 1951 ) `` The April Witch '' ( 1952 ) `` A Sound of Thunder '' ( 1952 ) `` The Wilderness '' ( 1952 ) `` The Flying Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` The Golden Kite , the Silver Wind '' ( 1953 ) `` The Meadow '' ( 1953 ) `` The Murderer '' ( 1953 ) `` Sun and Shadow '' ( 1953 ) `` All Summer in a Day '' ( 1954 ) `` The Dragon '' ( 1955 ) `` The Aqueduct '' ( 1979 ) `` Banshee '' ( 1984 ) `` The Toynbee Convector '' ( 1984 ) `` Is That You , Herb ? '' ( 2003 ) Collections Dark Carnival ( 1947 ) The Illustrated Man ( 1951 ) The Golden Apples of the Sun ( 1953 ) The October Country ( 1955 ) A Medicine for Melancholy ( 1959 ) The Day It Rained Forever ( 1959 ) The Small Assassin ( 1962 ) R Is for Rocket ( 1962 ) The Machineries of Joy ( 1964 ) The Autumn People ( 1965 ) The Vintage Bradbury ( 1965 ) Tomorrow Midnight ( 1966 ) S Is for Space ( 1966 ) Twice 22 ( 1966 ) I Sing the Body Electric ( 1969 ) Ray Bradbury ( 1975 ) Long After Midnight ( 1976 ) The Fog Horn & Other Stories ( 1979 ) The Last Circus and the Electrocution ( 1980 ) The Stories of Ray Bradbury ( 1980 ) The Fog Horn and Other Stories ( 1980 ) Dinosaur Tales ( 1983 ) A Memory of Murder ( 1984 ) The Toynbee Convector ( 1988 ) Classic Stories 1 ( 1990 ) Classic Stories 2 ( 1990 ) The Parrot Who Met Papa ( 1991 ) Selected from Dark They Were , and Golden - Eyed ( 1991 ) Quicker Than the Eye ( 1996 ) Driving Blind ( 1997 ) Ray Bradbury Collected Short Stories ( 2001 ) One More for the Road ( 2002 ) Bradbury Stories : 100 of His Most Celebrated Tales ( 2003 ) The Cat 's Pajamas : Stories ( 2004 ) A Sound of Thunder and Other Stories ( 2005 ) The Dragon Who Ate His Tail ( 2007 ) Summer Morning , Summer Night ( 2007 ) A Pleasure to Burn ( 2010 ) The Collected Stories of Ray Bradbury ( 2011 , 2014 ) Plays The Meadow ( 1947 ) The Flying Machine : A One - Act Play for Three Men ( 1953 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit and Other Plays ( 1972 ) Pillar of Fire and Other Plays ( 1975 ) The Martian Chronicles ( 1986 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit ( 1986 ) Fahrenheit 451 ( 1986 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1988 ) The Veldt ( 1988 ) Adaptations It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Moby Dick ( 1956 screenplay ) `` I Sing the Body Electric '' ( 1962 ) The Picasso Summer ( 1969 ) The Illustrated Man ( 1969 ) The Martian Chronicles ( 1980 miniseries ) The Electric Grandmother ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Bradbury 13 ( radio series , 1983 - 84 ) The Ray Bradbury Theater ( TV series , 1985 - 86 , 1988 - 92 ) The Halloween Tree ( 1993 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1997 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit ( 1998 ) A Sound of Thunder ( 2005 ) Ray Bradbury 's Chrysalis ( 2008 ) The Whispers ( 2015 ) Miscellaneous Futuria Fantasia ( 1939 - 1940 ) The Mummies of Guanajuato ( 1978 ) Zen in the Art of Writing ( 1990 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 2003 book ) Related Spaceship Earth Bradbury Landing Ray Bradbury Award Fuck Me , Ray Bradbury Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Summer_in_a_Day&oldid=814830969 '' Categories : 1954 short stories Short stories by Ray Bradbury Venus in fiction Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction Science fiction short stories Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 04 : 57 . About Wikipedia
who are the main characters in all summer in a day
[ "\nReesa Mallen as Margot\nKeith Coogan as William\nTammy Simpson as Paula\nJerry Marshak as Michael\nBridget Meade as Lisa\nEdith Fields as Mrs. Callaghan\n", "\nReesa Mallen as Margot\nKeith Coogan as William\nTammy Simpson as Paula\nJerry Marshak as Michael\nBridget Meade as Lisa\nEdith Fields as Mrs. Callaghan\n", "\nReesa Mallen as Margot\nKeith Coogan as William\nTammy Simpson as Paula\nJerry Marshak as Michael\nBridget Meade as Lisa\nEdith Fields as Mrs. Callaghan\n", "\nReesa Mallen as Margot\nKeith Coogan as William\nTammy Simpson as Paula\nJerry Marshak as Michael\nBridget Meade as Lisa\nEdith Fields as Mrs. Callaghan\n", "\nReesa Mallen as Margot\nKeith Coogan as William\nTammy Simpson as Paula\nJerry Marshak as Michael\nBridget Meade as Lisa\nEdith Fields as Mrs. Callaghan\n", "\nReesa Mallen as Margot\nKeith Coogan as William\nTammy Simpson as Paula\nJerry Marshak as Michael\nBridget Meade as Lisa\nEdith Fields as Mrs. Callaghan\n" ]
[ "Margot", "William", "Paula", "Michael", "Lisa", "Mrs. Callaghan" ]
2948358370886901977
List of the longest-running West End shows
List of the longest - running West End shows - wikipedia List of the longest - running West End shows Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of long running shows ( 3,000 performances or more ) in the West End , a well known professional theatre district in London . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References List ( edit ) Unless otherwise states , the number of performances listed is for the original West End production of the show . M denotes a musical , P denotes a straight play , R denotes a revue , D denotes a dance musical , and S denotes a special case . An asterisk indicates an announced closing date for a currently - running show . All currently - running shows are updated as of 8 January 2018 , unless otherwise stated . # Title Genre Opening date Closing date Performances The Mousetrap 25 November 1952 27,174 Currently running at the St. Martin 's Theatre 6 October 1952 -- Production premiere at the Theatre Royal , Nottingham 25 November 1952 -- Opened in the West End at the New Ambassadors Theatre 13 September 1957 -- Longest - running West End play 12 April 1958 -- Longest - running West End show overall , 2239 performances 9 December 1964 -- 5,000 performances 23 March 1974 -- Closed for 2 days to transfer to the St. Martin 's Theatre , retaining initial run status 17 December 1976 -- 10,000 performances 16 December 2000 -- 20,000 performances 18 November 2012 - 25,000 performances 1965 & 1999 -- Sets , costumes and props replaced Les Misérables 8 October 1985 13,341 Currently running at the Queen 's Theatre Opened at the Royal Shakespeare Company 's Barbican Theatre . Transferred to the Palace Theatre on the West End on 5 December 1985 . Transferred to the Queen 's Theatre in April 2004 , where it is still running . The Phantom of the Opera 9 October 1986 13,008 Currently running at Her Majesty 's Theatre The Woman in Black 7 June 1989 11,704 Currently running at Fortune Theatre Blood Brothers 28 July 1988 10 November 2012 10,013 6 Cats 11 May 1981 11 May 2002 8,949 Opened in London at the New London Theatre The show closed on its 21st anniversary , where it was broadcast in Covent Garden for those who could n't acquire a ticket It held the record for longest running West End Musical for four years before it was overtaken by Les Misérables , the current record holder . 7 Mamma Mia ! 6 April 1999 7,871 Currently running at Novello Theatre This is the longest running jukebox musical Opened at the Prince Edward Theatre Moved to the Prince of Wales Theatre on 9 June 2004 Moved to Novello Theatre in September 2012 8 The Lion King 19 October 1999 7,634 Currently running at Lyceum Theatre 9 Starlight Express 27 March 1984 12 January 2002 7,406 10 No Sex Please , We 're British 3 June 1971 16 January 1987 6,761 11 Stomp 25 September 2002 7 January 2018 6,512 Opened at the Vaudeville Theatre Moved to the Ambassadors Theatre on 27 September 2007 12 Chicago 18 October 1997 1 September 2012 6,187 This is the longest running revival Show opened at the Adelphi Theatre Moved to the Cambridge Theatre in April 2006 Moved to the Garrick Theatre in November 2011 13 Buddy -- The Buddy Holly Story 12 October 1989 3 March 2002 5,140 Opened at the Victoria Palace Theatre Moved to the Strand Theatre ( now the Novello Theatre ) in October 1995 14 Wicked 27 September 2006 4,746 Currently running at Apollo Victoria Theatre 15 We Will Rock You 25 September 2002 31 May 2014 4,659 16 Billy Elliot the Musical 11 May 2005 9 April 2016 4,566 17 Miss Saigon 20 September 1989 30 October 1999 4,264 18 Jersey Boys 18 March 2008 26 March 2017 3,787 19 Thriller - Live 26 January 2009 3,745 Currently running at Lyric Theatre 20 The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) 7 March 1996 3 April 2005 3,744 21 The 39 Steps 14 September 2006 5 September 2015 3,731 22 Jesus Christ Superstar 9 August 1972 23 August 1980 3,357 23 Me and My Girl 12 February 1985 16 January 1993 3,303 This is a revival of the 1937 musical . 24 Evita 21 June 1978 18 February 1986 3,176 Oh ! Calcutta ! which opened in the West End on 30 September 1970 and closed in either January or February 1980 , would have approximately 3,800 performances , but no closing date is known , so proper ranking can not be made . The next longest running play is There 's a Girl in My Soup ( 1966 -- 1973 ) . The next longest running musical is Oliver ! ( 1960 -- 1966 ) . See also ( edit ) Long - running musical theatre productions List of the longest - running Broadway shows Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the show 's official Facebook . Source Jump up ^ Exact number came from musicalheaven.com and This Is Theatre ; 2900 given by Society of London Theatre is an estimate . Jump up ^ The Duchess Theatre 's next production was Private Lives , which was reviewed in The Times on 8 March 1980 ; therefore Oh ! Calcutta ! must have closed in the first two months of 1980 . References ( edit ) `` Longest running shows in West End history '' . Society of London Theatre . 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_longest-running_West_End_shows&oldid=823615474 '' Categories : West End musicals West End plays West End theatre Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 09 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the longest running musical in uk
[ "\n\n#\nTitle\nGenre\nOpening\ndate\nClosing\ndate\nPerformances\nComment\n\n\n1\nThe Mousetrap\nP\n25 November 1952\n\n27,174\nCurrently running at the St. Martin's Theatre\n\n6 October 1952 – Production premiere at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham\n25 November 1952 – Opened in the West End at the New Ambassadors Theatre\n13 September 1957 – Longest-running West End play\n12 April 1958 – Longest-running West End show overall, 2239 performances\n9 December 1964 – 5,000 performances\n23 March 1974 – Closed for 2 days to transfer to the St. Martin's Theatre, retaining initial run status\n17 December 1976 – 10,000 performances\n16 December 2000 – 20,000 performances\n18 November 2012 - 25,000 performances\n1965 & 1999 – Sets, costumes and props replaced\n\n\n\n\n2\nLes Misérables\nM\n8 October 1985\n\n13,341\nCurrently running at the Queen's Theatre\n\nOpened at the Royal Shakespeare Company's Barbican Theatre.\nTransferred to the Palace Theatre on the West End on 5 December 1985.\nTransferred to the Queen's Theatre in April 2004, where it is still running.\n\n\n\n\n3\nThe Phantom of the Opera\nM\n9 October 1986\n\n13,008\nCurrently running at Her Majesty's Theatre\n\n\n4\nThe Woman in Black\nP\n7 June 1989\n\n11,704\nCurrently running at Fortune Theatre\n\n\n5\nBlood Brothers\nM\n28 July 1988\n10 November 2012\n10,013\n\n\n\n6\nCats\nM\n11 May 1981\n11 May 2002\n8,949\nOpened in London at the New London Theatre\n\nThe show closed on its 21st anniversary, where it was broadcast in Covent Garden for those who couldn't acquire a ticket\nIt held the record for longest running West End Musical for four years before it was overtaken by Les Misérables, the current record holder.\n\n\n\n\n7\nMamma Mia!\nM\n6 April 1999\n\n7,871\nCurrently running at Novello Theatre\n\nThis is the longest running jukebox musical\nOpened at the Prince Edward Theatre\nMoved to the Prince of Wales Theatre on 9 June 2004\nMoved to Novello Theatre in September 2012\n\n\n\n\n8\nThe Lion King\nM\n19 October 1999\n\n7,634\nCurrently running at Lyceum Theatre\n\n\n9\nStarlight Express\nM\n27 March 1984\n12 January 2002\n7,406\n\n\n\n10\nNo Sex Please, We're British\nP\n3 June 1971\n16 January 1987\n6,761\n\n\n\n11\nStomp\nD\n25 September 2002\n7 January 2018\n6,512\nOpened at the Vaudeville Theatre\n\nMoved to the Ambassadors Theatre on 27 September 2007\n\n\n\n\n12\nChicago\nM\n18 October 1997\n1 September 2012\n6,187\nThis is the longest running revival\n\nShow opened at the Adelphi Theatre\nMoved to the Cambridge Theatre in April 2006\nMoved to the Garrick Theatre in November 2011\n\n\n\n\n13\nBuddy – The Buddy Holly Story\nM\n12 October 1989\n3 March 2002\n5,140\nOpened at the Victoria Palace Theatre\n\nMoved to the Strand Theatre (now the Novello Theatre) in October 1995\n\n\n\n\n14\nWicked\nM\n27 September 2006\n\n4,746\nCurrently running at Apollo Victoria Theatre\n\n\n15\nWe Will Rock You\nM\n25 September 2002\n31 May 2014\n4,659\n\n\n\n16\nBilly Elliot the Musical\nM\n11 May 2005\n9 April 2016\n4,566\n\n\n\n17\nMiss Saigon\nM\n20 September 1989\n30 October 1999\n4,264\n\n\n\n18\nJersey Boys\nM\n18 March 2008\n26 March 2017\n3,787\n\n\n\n19\nThriller - Live\nR\n26 January 2009\n\n3,745\nCurrently running at Lyric Theatre\n\n\n20\nThe Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged)\nP\n7 March 1996\n3 April 2005\n3,744\n\n\n\n21\nThe 39 Steps\nP\n14 September 2006\n5 September 2015\n3,731 [note 1]\n\n\n\n22\nJesus Christ Superstar\nM\n9 August 1972\n23 August 1980\n3,357\n\n\n\n23\nMe and My Girl\nM\n12 February 1985\n16 January 1993\n3,303\nThis is a revival of the 1937 musical.\n\n\n24\nEvita\nM\n21 June 1978\n18 February 1986\n3,176 [note 2]\n\n\n" ]
[ "The Mousetrap" ]
8193847104463285972
Elinor "Ellie" Walker
Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker - wikipedia Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Jump to : navigation , search Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Ellie Walker portrayed by Elinor Donahue First appearance `` Ellie Comes to Town '' , ( October 24 , 1960 ) Last appearance `` The Guitar Player Returns '' , ( May 15 , 1961 ) Created by Sheldon Leonard Portrayed by Elinor Donahue Information Gender Female Occupation Pharmacist Family Fred Walker , uncle Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker is a fictional character in the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show . She is notable for being Andy Taylor 's first regular girlfriend seen on the show . Ellie makes 12 appearances in the first season . Despite the paucity of her appearances , she was intended as a series regular . Unlike girlfriends that would follow , her portrayer , Elinor Donahue , is given opening credit billing , alongside Andy Griffith . Elinor Donahue was an established television star and had just finished her tour of duty as Betty `` Princess '' Anderson in the popular 1950s sitcom , Father Knows Best when she joined The Andy Griffith Show . Producers believed her name would have `` drawing power '' and gave her top billing in the opening credits with stars Andy Griffith , Ron Howard and Don Knotts . The only other performer to receive top billing during the course of the series ' run was Frances Bavier ( Aunt Bee ) who began to appear in the opening credits in the 1965 - 1966 season after Don Knotts left the series . Donahue 's wardrobe in the show was created by Mr. Burt of Encino , who received a nod in the closing credits . Donahue was dining out with her mother and three - year - old son when Mr. Burt approached her table and offered to provide the wardrobe . She approved Mr. Burt 's designs and brought him to the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Ellie and Andy 3 Ellie 's adventures 4 Closure 5 Episodes 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Ellie is a graduate of Bernard University and is a pharmacist . She takes up residence in Mayberry to assist her uncle , Fred Walker , at his pharmacy . Opie becomes Ellie 's first friend in Mayberry when the two playfully make faces at each other through the glass window of the pharmacy 's front door . Ellie is an intelligent woman with a good deal of spunkiness and a strong sense of fair play . Ellie and Andy ( edit ) After a short and somewhat turbulent getting acquainted period , Ellie and Mayberry sheriff Andy Taylor date and become steadies . In the episode `` Cyrano Andy '' , Ellie and Andy are instrumental in bringing Andy 's deputy Barney Fife and Mayberry townswoman , Thelma Lou together as romantic partners . The two couples often double date . Ellie 's adventures ( edit ) In her first appearance , `` Ellie Comes to Town '' , Ellie refuses to dispense pills to Emma Brand without a prescription . Emma is unable to offer a prescription and black lists Ellie . Unknown to Ellie , her uncle regularly placated Emma with sugar pills . When Ellie discovers the ploy , she gives Emma the pills she demands . Emma then accepts Ellie into her good graces . In a later episode , Ellie runs for town council and faces stiff resistance from the menfolk of Mayberry who can not abide the idea of a woman holding a man 's position . With a good word or two from Andy however , the men change their minds and Ellie is elected . In another episode , Ellie introduces a muddy looking farmer 's daughter to makeup , perfume , hairdos , and attractive dresses . In the only Christmas episode in the show 's run , Ellie and Andy sing `` Away in a Manger '' with guitar accompaniment . Closure ( edit ) After twelve appearances in the first season , Ellie disappeared with no explanation offered the audience . It has long been rumored , however , that Ellie abandoned her Uncle 's pharmacy and Andy Taylor to run away with Jim Lindsey and become a groupie of Bobby Fleet and his Band with a Beat . The last appearance of Ellie Walker strangely coincided with the episode where Jim Lindsey returned to Mayberry after becoming a famous guitarist with Bobby Fleet 's band . At the end of `` The Guitar Player Returns '' ( 15 May 1961 ) , Jim Lindsey reunites with Bobby Fleet to tour with his band , and neither Ellie , nor Jim , is ever seen again . Of course , the good people of Mayberry would never speak about such a scandal , and thus no explanation could be offered for Ellie 's sudden departure . Over the years Donahue offered multiple explanations for her departure from the show . In one she believed that she and Griffith lacked the chemistry to make their on - screen romantic relationship credible and she decided to leave . Griffith later admitted that it was his own fault because he had a hard time showing affection on - screen , and as a result , the relationship did n't appear real or believable . However , Griffith 's character showed no such problems with the arrival of the Helen Crump character in the 1964 season . A more credible story that Donahue relayed was that she was undergoing personal problems during her year on the show and simply lacked confidence in the quality of her performance . She asked the producers to release her from her contract , which they did . Donahue also admitted that she was a little hurt that they agreed so readily . Episodes ( edit ) Ellie Comes to Town ( 24 October 1960 ) Irresistible Andy ( 31 October 1960 ) Andy the Matchmaker ( 14 November 1960 ) Ellie for Council ( 12 December 1960 ) Christmas Story ( 19 December 1960 ) The Horse Trader ( 9 January 1961 ) The Beauty Contest ( 23 January 1961 ) Mayberry on Record ( 13 February 1961 ) Cyrano Andy ( 6 March 1961 ) The New Doctor ( 27 March 1961 ) Ellie Saves a Female ( 17 April 1961 ) The Guitar Player Returns ( 15 May 1961 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Andy Griffith Show , The Guitar Player Returns '' , Trivia , IMDB , January 8 , 2018 Donahue , E. In the Kitchen with Elinor Donahue , 1998 . ( ISBN 1 - 88895 - 292 - X ) External links ( edit ) Elinor Donahue on IMDb 1998 interview Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elinor_%22Ellie%22_Walker&oldid=828275618 '' Categories : The Andy Griffith Show characters Fictional characters from North Carolina Fictional characters introduced in 1960 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played ellie walker on andy griffith show
[ "Elinor \"Ellie\" Walker is a fictional character in the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show. She is notable for being Andy Taylor's first regular girlfriend seen on the show. Ellie makes 12 appearances in the first season. Despite the paucity of her appearances, she was intended as a series regular. Unlike girlfriends that would follow, her portrayer, Elinor Donahue, is given opening credit billing, alongside Andy Griffith." ]
[ "Elinor Donahue" ]
-3317007270437602908
Frosty's Winter Wonderland
Frosty 's winter Wonderland - wikipedia Frosty 's winter Wonderland Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( November 2017 ) Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Cover of the 1992 VHS release by Warner Home Video . Based on `` Frosty the Snowman '' by Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins Written by Romeo Muller Directed by Arthur Rankin Jr . Jules Bass Starring Dennis Day Paul Frees Jackie Vernon Shelley Winters Narrated by Andy Griffith Music by Maury Laws Country of origin United States Japan Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Arthur Rankin Jr . Jules Bass Cinematography Toru Hara Tsuguyuki Kubo Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Rankin / Bass Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Original release December 2 , 1976 Chronology Preceded by Frosty the Snowman Followed by Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July Frosty 's Winter Wonderland is a 1976 animated Christmas television special and a sequel to the 1969 special Frosty the Snowman , produced by Rankin / Bass Productions . It returns writer Romeo Muller and actor Jackie Vernon as the voice of Frosty , while Andy Griffith stars as the narrator . The special premiered on ABC on December 2 , 1976 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production credits 4 Television rights 5 Home video 6 Culture 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Years have passed since Frosty left for the North Pole , but kept his promise to the children that he would be back again someday . When he hears the news about the first snowfall of the season , he comes back to the children . The children are excited to hear about Frosty 's return and are overjoyed when he comes back to play with them , but then Jack Frost sees the fun that the children are having with Frosty and becomes jealous of him . When he learns the origin of Frosty and his magic silk hat which brought the snowman to life when placed on his head , Jack decides to steal it from Frosty so the children will love him more . But that night , while Frosty and the children were ice - skating at the frozen pond , Jack unknowingly and mistakenly captures the male horse 's old hat with his ability to blow snowy winds . Believing it to be Frosty 's hat , he disappears with it . Despite the fun he has , Frosty becomes sad and lonely at the end of each day when the children go home for the night , making him cry for the first time . To cheer him up , the kids , with his help , build a snow wife the next day ( suggested names included Cleopatra , Cornflakes , Ermintrude , and Minny Ha - Ha ) and name her Crystal , but she is not alive like how he is . The children try placing a horse 's bonnet on her head but to no avail . Meanwhile , Jack soon looks upon the stolen hat from the male horse and discovers he was tricked . Realizing that Frosty was the cause of his failure , he swears revenge on him . Late that night , Frosty presents Crystal with a bouquet of frost flowers . His gift of love brings her to life , and she says his trademark line : `` Happy Birthday '' . The two joyously frolic through the snow , until Jack uses a gust of icy wind which blows Frosty 's hat off , turning him back to his lifeless state and taunting Crystal that he is gone for good . To prove Jack wrong , she sculpts a corsage out of snow , places it on Frosty 's chest and gives him a kiss which immediately brings him back to life . Befuddled by his reanimation , Jack throws Frosty 's hat back on his head . Frosty and Crystal run through the town announcing their wedding to the children . The children gather together with Parson Brown , the local preacher , in town to marry them . Parson Brown says that he ca n't perform the ceremony , as he can only legally marry real people . Everyone is dejected until Parson Brown suggests they build a `` snow parson '' with his assistance . After the parson is built , Parson Brown states that `` A parson is not a parson ' til he holds the Good Book in his hand . '' He places his Bible into the snow parson 's hand , and like Frosty and Crystal , he is magically brought to life . Jack witnesses this and decides to spoil the wedding with a blizzard . Crystal decides to reason with him and asks for him to be the best man at the wedding ( after all , she says , the whole wedding should be wintry , and so it would only be appropriate for him to be the best man ) . Finally feeling appreciated , Jack agrees . The wedding goes on without a hitch , to the song `` Winter Wonderland '' . Frosty , Crystal , and Jack have fun with the children all winter , but they notice the weather is starting to grow warm again . Jack decides to make it so that winter lasts forever and Frosty and Crystal can stay . As the overly long winter continues , Parson Brown decides to talk with everyone . He tells them that winter can never last forever , or the trees will never sprout leaves and flowers will never grow . Frosty , Crystal , and Jack are saddened , but acknowledge it 's time for them to leave . They once again head for the train to the North Pole ( But not before one last skate through town ) . Frosty and Crystal say their goodbyes to the same traffic cop Frosty encountered in the first special ( who is no longer surprised by Frosty 's sentience ) , who wishes them off only to swallow his whistle in shock again when he hears he has married . All traces of winter melt away , but everyone remembered that the winter wonderland was a good memory and good memories can never die , so the narrator said . Because everyone knows that on one not so faraway day , that first snowflake will fall . The scene then shows Jack Frost up in a tree . And in a few months , the whole town becomes a winter wonderland again . The special ends with the narrator saying to the viewers , `` May all your winters be wonderful . '' And Frosty and Crystal responding , `` And frosty , too ! '' Cast ( edit ) Dennis Day -- Parson Brown , Snow Parson Paul Frees -- Jack Frost , Traffic Cop Andy Griffith -- Himself ( Narrator ) Shelly Hines -- Elsie 's brother Manfreed Olea -- Child Eric Stern -- Child Barbara Jo Ewing -- Elsie The Wee Winter Singers -- Children Jackie Vernon -- Frosty Shelley Winters -- Crystal ( Also credited as Mrs. Frosty ) Production credits ( edit ) Producers / Directors -- Arthur Rankin , Jr. , Jules Bass Writer -- Romeo Muller Based on the Song `` Frosty the Snowman '' -- Steve Nelson , Jack Rollins © 1951 Hill & Range Songs `` Winter Wonderland '' -- Dick Smith , Felix Bernard © 1934 Bregman Vocco and Conn , Inc . Sound -- John Curcio , Don Hahn , Dave Iveland , Tom Clack Animation -- Toru Hara , Tsuguyuki Kubo Key Animation -- Kazuyuki Kobayashi Background Design -- Minoru Nishida Design -- Paul Coker , Jr . Music Arranger / Conductor -- Maury Laws © 1976 Rankin / Bass Productions , Inc . Television rights ( edit ) The rights to this special are held by Warner Bros. Television Distribution , which licenses the show to Freeform . The latter airs the special annually on its `` 25 Days of Christmas '' marathon . Because the ownership of the television rights to the Rankin / Bass library was split into two parts ( one including all productions prior to 1974 and one including all productions from that point onward ) after the company 's dissolution in 1987 , Frosty 's Winter Wonderland was separated from the original Frosty the Snowman special . The telecast rights to the original are now held by CBS , who produced a companion sequel of its own , Frosty Returns , with a totally different cast , style and production staff . Home Video ( edit ) Frosty 's Winter Wonderland was first released on a compilation VHS tape with the 1981 special The Leprechauns ' Christmas Gold by Vestron Video 's Lightning Video label in 1985 . The same double - feature release was also available in Australia in the late 1980s . Warner Home Video distributed the special for its second VHS release in 1992 , and also released it on DVD in 2004 paired with the 1974 special ' Twas the Night Before Christmas . The DVD was re-released in 2011 . Culture ( edit ) In the 1998 Warner Bros. film Jack Frost , Charlie Frost ( Joseph Cross ) shows his father Jack Frost ( Michael Keaton ) some scenes from the special while changing television channels . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Frosty 's Winter Wonderland at The Internet Movie Database Rankin / Bass Productions Television specials Return to Oz Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show The Ballad of Smokey the Bear Cricket on the Hearth Mouse on the Mayflower The Little Drummer Boy Frosty the Snowman The Mad , Mad , Mad Comedians Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town Here Comes Peter Cottontail The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye : The Emperor 's New Clothes Mad Mad Mad Monsters Willie Mays and the Say - Hey Kid Red Baron That Girl in Wonderland ' Twas the Night Before Christmas The Year Without a Santa Claus The First Christmas : The Story of the First Christmas Snow The First Easter Rabbit Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Rudolph 's Shiny New Year The Little Drummer Boy , Book II The Easter Bunny Is Comin ' to Town The Hobbit Nestor , the Long - Eared Christmas Donkey The Stingiest Man in Town Jack Frost Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July The Return of the King Pinocchio 's Christmas The Leprechaun 's Christmas Gold The Flight of Dragons The Coneheads The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus The Wind in the Willows Santa Baby ! Feature films Willy McBean and his Magic Machine The Daydreamer The Wacky World of Mother Goose Mad Monster Party ? King Kong Escapes Marco The Last Dinosaur The Bermuda Depths The Bushido Blade The Ivory Ape The Last Unicorn The Sins of Dorian Gray The King and I Television series The New Adventures of Pinocchio Tales of the Wizard of Oz The King Kong Show The Smokey Bear Show The Tomfoolery Show The Reluctant Dragon and Mr. Toad Show The Jackson 5ive Show The Osmonds Kid Power Festival of Family Classics ThunderCats SilverHawks TigerSharks Karate Kat The Comic Strip Jack Frost Characters Jack Frost ( Marvel ) Film Jack Frost ( 1964 ) Jack Frost ( 1997 ) Jack Frost ( 1998 ) Jack Frost 2 : Revenge of the Mutant Killer Snowman ( 2000 ) The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) Television Frosty 's Winter Wonderland ( 1976 ) Jack Frost ( 1979 ) Video games Jack Bros. ( 1995 ) Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game ( 2012 ) Literature `` The Frost King '' The Runaway Shadows See also Jack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frosty%27s_Winter_Wonderland&oldid=816001916 '' Categories : 1976 films 1976 animated films 1976 in American television 1976 television specials 1970s American animated films 1970s American television specials 1970s animated short films 1970s fantasy films American Broadcasting Company television specials American Christmas films American children 's animated fantasy films Animated television specials Christmas television specials Films directed by Jules Bass Films directed by Arthur Rankin Jr . Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films scored by Maury Laws Frosty the Snowman television specials Rankin / Bass Productions television specials Topcraft Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2010 All articles lacking sources Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the name of frosty the snowman's wife
[ "Despite the fun he has, Frosty becomes sad and lonely at the end of each day when the children go home for the night, making him cry for the first time. To cheer him up, the kids, with his help, build a snow wife the next day (suggested names included Cleopatra, Cornflakes, Ermintrude, and Minny Ha-Ha) and name her Crystal, but she is not alive like how he is. The children try placing a horse's bonnet on her head but to no avail. Meanwhile, Jack soon looks upon the stolen hat from the male horse and discovers he was tricked. Realizing that Frosty was the cause of his failure, he swears revenge on him. Late that night, Frosty presents Crystal with a bouquet of frost flowers. His gift of love brings her to life, and she says his trademark line: \"Happy Birthday\". The two joyously frolic through the snow, until Jack uses a gust of icy wind which blows Frosty's hat off, turning him back to his lifeless state and taunting Crystal that he is gone for good. To prove Jack wrong, she sculpts a corsage out of snow, places it on Frosty's chest and gives him a kiss which immediately brings him back to life. Befuddled by his reanimation, Jack throws Frosty's hat back on his head." ]
[ "Crystal" ]
4484207724015452269
History of rugby union matches between England and New Zealand
History of rugby union matches between England and New Zealand - wikipedia History of rugby union matches between England and New Zealand Jump to : navigation , search The national rugby union teams of England and New Zealand have been playing each other in Test match rugby since 1905 , and have contested a total of 38 Test matches since . The first meeting between the two nations was on 2 December 1905 , when the All Blacks were in England as part of their European and North America tour . The All Blacks won 15 -- 0 with their points coming from five tries , of which four were scored by winger Duncan McGregor . Their next meeting was on the All Blacks ' Invincibles tour of 1924 -- 25 . The match was most notable for the sending off of All Black lock Cyril Brownlie , who became the first player to ever be sent off in a Test match . In 1936 England defeated the All Blacks for the first time when England winger Prince Alexander Obolensky scored two tries during a 13 -- 0 victory at Twickenham Stadium . The All Blacks have never lost more than two consecutive matches to England , and have dominated the rivalry between the teams . Of the 40 matches between them , New Zealand have won 32 and England 7 , whilst one match was drawn . In 2008 the Hillary Shield was introduced as the trophy to be contested in matches between the two teams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Overall 1.2 Records 2 History 3 Hillary Shield 4 Results 5 References 6 External links Summary ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Details Played Won by England Won by New Zealand Drawn England points New Zealand points In England 24 5 18 321 470 In New Zealand 15 13 0 210 354 Neutral venue 0 0 29 45 Overall 40 7 32 560 969 Records ( edit ) Note : Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set . Record England New Zealand Longest winning streak 2 ( 9 Nov 2002 -- 12 Jun 2004 ) 9 ( 12 Jun 2004 -- 1 Dec 2012 ) Largest points for Home 38 ( 1 December 2012 ) 64 ( 20 June 1998 ) Away 27 ( 14 June 2014 ) 45 ( 18 June 1995 ) Largest winning margin Home 17 ( 1 December 2012 ) 42 ( 20 June 1998 ) Away 6 ( 15 September 1973 ) 26 ( 29 November 2008 ) History ( edit ) A century of New Zealand dominance has been punctuated by infrequent England victories . The 17 point margin in 2012 eclipsed the 13 - 0 win in 1936 . Out of the blue England visited NZ in 1973 and won the test match 16 - 10 , their first win in New Zealand . Ten years later they pulled off the first home win in 48 years by 15 - 9 and repeated the feat ten years later by the same score . They won back to back victories in 2002 and 2003 . One of the 1997 matches resulted in a 26 all draw . The rest of the matches have been won by New Zealand . The highest margin was 42 points in 1998 in Dunedin when England sent a depleted touring side to New Zealand . The teams have met three times in World Cups , with New Zealand winning all three matches . Hillary shield ( edit ) Main article : Hillary Shield Since 2008 , the winner of New Zealand -- England Test matches have been awarded the Hillary Shield . The shield is only contested in non-World Cup matches , and is named in honour of Sir Edmund Hillary -- the first person to reach the summit of Mount Everest . It was also conceived to recognise the links between New Zealand and England . When the shield was unveiled in 2008 by New Zealand 's Prime Minister at the time , Helen Clark , and Hillary 's widow , Lady June Hillary , Clark said of Hillary `` He was part of a British expedition when he conquered Mt Everest shortly after the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II '' . Results ( edit ) No . Date Venue Score Winner Competition 40 8 November 2014 Twickenham , London 21 -- 24 New Zealand 2014 Autumn International 39 21 June 2014 Waikato Stadium , Hamilton 36 -- 13 New Zealand 2014 England tour of New Zealand 38 14 June 2014 Forsyth Barr Stadium , Dunedin 28 -- 27 New Zealand 37 7 June 2014 Eden Park , Auckland 20 -- 15 New Zealand 36 16 November 2013 Twickenham , London 22 -- 30 New Zealand 2013 Autumn International 35 1 December 2012 Twickenham , London 38 -- 21 England 2012 Autumn International 34 6 November 2010 Twickenham , London 16 -- 26 New Zealand 2010 Autumn International 33 21 November 2009 Twickenham , London 6 -- 19 New Zealand 2009 Autumn International 32 29 November 2008 Twickenham , London 6 -- 32 New Zealand 2008 Autumn International 31 21 June 2008 AMI Stadium , Christchurch 44 -- 12 New Zealand English tour of New Zealand 30 14 June 2008 Eden Park , Auckland 37 -- 20 New Zealand 29 5 November 2006 Twickenham , London 20 -- 41 New Zealand 2005 Autumn International 28 19 November 2005 Twickenham , London 19 -- 23 New Zealand 2005 New Zealand Grand Slam Tour 27 19 June 2004 Eden Park , Auckland 36 -- 12 New Zealand 2004 English Tour of Australasia 26 12 June 2004 Carisbrook , Dunedin 36 -- 3 New Zealand 25 14 June 2003 Westpac Stadium , Wellington 13 -- 15 England 2003 English Tour of Australasia 24 9 November 2002 Twickenham , London 31 -- 28 England 2002 Autumn International 23 9 October 1999 Twickenham , London 16 -- 30 New Zealand 1999 Rugby World Cup Pool B 22 27 June 1998 Eden Park , Auckland 40 -- 10 New Zealand 1998 English Summer Tour 21 20 June 1998 Carisbrook , Dunedin 64 -- 22 New Zealand 20 6 December 1997 Twickenham , London 26 -- 26 draw 1997 New Zealand Grand Slam Tour 19 22 November 1997 Old Trafford , Manchester 8 -- 25 New Zealand 18 18 June 1995 Newlands , Cape Town 45 -- 29 New Zealand 1995 Rugby World Cup Semi-final 17 27 November 1993 Twickenham , London 15 -- 9 England 1993 New Zealand tour of Britain 16 3 October 1991 Twickenham , London 12 -- 18 New Zealand 1991 Rugby World Cup Pool A 15 8 June 1985 Athletic Park , Wellington 42 -- 15 New Zealand 1985 English tour of New Zealand 14 1 June 1985 Lancaster Park , Christchurch 18 -- 13 New Zealand 13 19 November 1983 Twickenham , London 15 -- 9 England 1983 New Zealand November Tour 12 24 November 1979 Twickenham , London 9 -- 10 New Zealand 1979 New Zealand November Tour 11 25 November 1978 Twickenham , London 6 -- 16 New Zealand 1978 New Zealand November Tour 10 15 September 1973 Eden Park , Auckland 10 -- 16 England 1973 English Tour 9 6 January 1973 Twickenham , London 0 -- 9 New Zealand 1972 - 73 All Blacks Tour 8 4 November 1967 Twickenham , London 11 -- 23 New Zealand 1967 All Blacks Tour 7 4 January 1964 Twickenham , London 0 -- 14 New Zealand 1963 - 64 All Blacks Tour 6 1 June 1963 Lancaster Park , Christchurch 9 -- 6 New Zealand 1963 English tour of Australasia 5 25 May 1963 Eden Park , Auckland 21 -- 11 New Zealand 30 January 1954 Twickenham , London 0 -- 5 New Zealand 1953 - 54 All Blacks Tour 4 January 1936 Twickenham , London 13 -- 0 England 1935 - 36 All Blacks Tour 3 January 1925 Twickenham , London 11 -- 17 New Zealand 1924 - 25 All Blacks Tour 2 December 1905 Crystal Palace , London 0 -- 15 New Zealand The Original All Blacks tour References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE 1905 / 06 ' ORIGINALS ' '' . rugbymuseum.co.nz . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Cyril Brownlie at AllBlacks.com Jump up ^ Trevett , Claire ( 23 October 2008 ) . `` All Blacks vs England game to commemorate Sir Edmund Hillary '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` New Zealand v England Head to Head '' . allblacks.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17 . `` Pick and Go Test match results database '' . lassen.co.nz . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17 . ( hide ) Head - to - head records of Tier 1 rugby union national teams Argentina Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Australia Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales England Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales France Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Ireland Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Italy Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales New Zealand Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Scotland Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales South Africa Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Wales Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_England_and_New_Zealand&oldid=798322102 '' Categories : England national rugby union team New Zealand national rugby union team Rugby union rivalries Sports rivalries in New Zealand Sports rivalries in the United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 06 : 41 . 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who won the rugby between england and new zealand
[ "\n40\n8 November 2014\nTwickenham, London\n21 – 24\n New Zealand\n2014 Autumn International\n" ]
[ "New Zealand" ]
-3419048058363764201
List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita
List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP ( nominal ) per capita - wikipedia List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP ( nominal ) per capita Jump to : navigation , search This is a list and map of European states by GDP per capita . Contents ( hide ) 1 Map of sovereign states in Europe by 2017 GDP nominal per capita based on USD exchange rate 2 List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP ( nominal ) per capita 2017 3 See also 4 References Map of sovereign states in Europe by 2017 GDP nominal per capita based on USD exchange rate ( edit ) The map data is for year 2017 using IMF data ( WEO April 2018 Edition ) GDP nominal per capita - current international dollar 105 803 74 940 80 590 53 217 56 444 48 345 55 707 70 638 46 016 70 332 43 582 44 549 39 869 39 734 31 984 28 358 24 976 23 654 27 250 18 637 21 161 20 152 19 840 17 664 16 730 15 547 10 608 13 822 10 757 13 138 15 531 10 511 5 760 8 064 5 474 5 148 4 582 2 582 2 279 7 647 8 840 3 860 4 098 4 140 5,899 Arctic Ocean Barents Sea Bay of Biscay Black Sea Azov Sea Caspian Sea Celtic Sea Greenland Sea Baffin Bay Gulf of Cadiz Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Sea North Atlantic Ocean North Sea Norwegian Sea Strait of Gibraltar List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP ( nominal ) per capita 2017 ( edit ) The `` IMF '' column includes data for the year 2017 for members of the International Monetary Fund The `` World Bank '' column includes data for the year 2016 from the World Bank Data across columns are not comparable as they may refer to different years . All data are in United States dollars . Note : To sort the table in descending order , click on the little square next to the column you wish sorted four times . Country Rank IMF 2017 Rank WB 2016 Albania 101 4,582 95 4,147 Austria 14 47,289 13 44,177 Belarus 88 5,760 88 4,989 Belgium 18 43,582 17 41,096 Bulgaria 73 8,064 71 7,351 Bosnia and Herzegovina 95 5,148 91 4,709 Croatia 44 13,138 56 12,091 Cyprus 28 24,976 32 23,324 Czech Republic 37 20,152 35 18,267 Denmark 9 56,444 8 53,418 Estonia 38 19,840 37 17,575 European Union - n / a - n / a Europe - - - 24,969 Finland 15 46,016 14 43,090 France 21 39,869 23 36,855 Germany 17 44,549 16 41,936 Greece 39 18,637 36 18,104 Hungary 51 15,531 51 12,665 Iceland 5 70,332 5 59,977 Ireland 70,638 61,607 Italy 25 31,984 27 26,939 Kosovo - n / a - 3,661 Latvia 50 15,547 47 14,118 Liechtenstein - n / a - - Lithuania 44 16,730 45 14,880 Luxembourg 105,803 102,831 Macedonia 92 5,474 86 5,237 Malta 31 27,250 28 25,058 Moldova 133 2,279 132 1,900 Montenegro 77 7,647 77 6,701 Netherlands 12 48,345 12 45,295 Norway 74,940 70,813 Poland 55 13,822 53 12,372 Portugal 35 21,161 34 19,813 Romania 61 10,757 59 9,474 Russia 62 10,608 61 8,748 San Marino - n / a - - Serbia 87 5,899 84 5,348 Slovakia 42 17,664 39 16,496 Slovenia 34 23,654 32 21,305 Spain 29 28,358 24 28,523 Sweden 11 53,217 10 51,600 Switzerland 80,590 78,812 Turkey 63 10,511 56 10,788 Ukraine 129 2,582 126 2,186 United Kingdom 22 39,734 18 39,899 Armenia 115 3,860 108 3,606 Azerbaijan 109 4,140 101 3,877 Georgia 110 4,098 102 3,854 Kazakhstan 70 8,840 70 7,510 See also ( edit ) List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP ( PPP ) per capita International organisations in Europe List of European countries by budget revenues List of European countries by budget revenues per capita References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IMF GDP nominal per capita - international dollar '' . Jump up ^ `` IMF GDP nominal per capita - international dollar '' . Jump up ^ GDP per capita ( current US $ ) retrieved on 01 July 2017 Jump up ^ `` IMF ( WEO April 2018 Edition ) GDP nominal per capita - international dollar '' . Jump up ^ `` World Bank ( 01 July 2017 Edition ) GDP nominal per capita - international dollar '' . 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About Wikipedia
which country has the highest gdp per capita in europe
[ "\n\nCountry\nRank\nIMF[4] 2017\nRank\nWB[5] 2016\n\n\n Albania\n101\n4,582\n95\n4,147\n\n\n Austria\n14\n47,289\n13\n44,177\n\n\n Belarus\n88\n5,760\n88\n4,989\n\n\n Belgium\n18\n43,582\n17\n41,096\n\n\n Bulgaria\n73\n8,064\n71\n7,351\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n95\n5,148\n91\n4,709\n\n\n Croatia\n44\n13,138\n56\n12,091\n\n\n Cyprus\n28\n24,976\n32\n23,324\n\n\n Czech Republic\n37\n20,152\n35\n18,267\n\n\n Denmark\n9\n56,444\n8\n53,418\n\n\n Estonia\n38\n19,840\n37\n17,575\n\n\n European Union\n-\nn/a\n-\nn/a\n\n\n Europe\n-\n-\n-\n24,969\n\n\n Finland\n15\n46,016\n14\n43,090\n\n\n France\n21\n39,869\n23\n36,855\n\n\n Germany\n17\n44,549\n16\n41,936\n\n\n Greece\n39\n18,637\n36\n18,104\n\n\n Hungary\n51\n15,531\n51\n12,665\n\n\n Iceland\n5\n70,332\n5\n59,977\n\n\n Ireland\n4\n70,638\n4\n61,607\n\n\n Italy\n25\n31,984\n27\n26,939\n\n\n Kosovo\n-\nn/a\n-\n3,661\n\n\n Latvia\n50\n15,547\n47\n14,118\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n-\nn/a\n-\n-\n\n\n Lithuania\n44\n16,730\n45\n14,880\n\n\n Luxembourg\n1\n105,803\n1\n102,831\n\n\n Macedonia\n92\n5,474\n86\n5,237\n\n\n Malta\n31\n27,250\n28\n25,058\n\n\n Moldova\n133\n2,279\n132\n1,900\n\n\n Montenegro\n77\n7,647\n77\n6,701\n\n\n Netherlands\n12\n48,345\n12\n45,295\n\n\n Norway\n3\n74,940\n3\n70,813\n\n\n Poland\n55\n13,822\n53\n12,372\n\n\n Portugal\n35\n21,161\n34\n19,813\n\n\n Romania\n61\n10,757\n59\n9,474\n\n\n Russia\n62\n10,608\n61\n8,748\n\n\n San Marino\n-\nn/a\n-\n-\n\n\n Serbia\n87\n5,899\n84\n5,348\n\n\n Slovakia\n42\n17,664\n39\n16,496\n\n\n Slovenia\n34\n23,654\n32\n21,305\n\n\n Spain\n29\n28,358\n24\n28,523\n\n\n Sweden\n11\n53,217\n10\n51,600\n\n\n Switzerland\n2\n80,590\n2\n78,812\n\n\n Turkey\n63\n10,511\n56\n10,788\n\n\n Ukraine\n129\n2,582\n126\n2,186\n\n\n United Kingdom\n22\n39,734\n18\n39,899\n\n\n Armenia\n115\n3,860\n108\n3,606\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n109\n4,140\n101\n3,877\n\n\n Georgia\n110\n4,098\n102\n3,854\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n70\n8,840\n70\n7,510\n\n" ]
[ "Luxembourg" ]
-4334489583045717714
Highest-paid NBA players by season
Highest - paid NBA players by season - wikipedia Highest - paid NBA players by season Michael Jordan , who earned $33,140,000 in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season , attempts a slam dunk at the old Boston Garden . The highest - paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty - million - dollar range . In this twelve - year span , Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000 , which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player , during the 2003 -- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest - paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons . Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,140,000 , which still stands as the most any NBA player has earned on a 1 year contract , Jordan also holds the record for the second largest 1 year contract at $30,140,000 in the 1996 - 97 season . Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013 -- 14 season began . LeBron James became the third in the 2016 -- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40 - Million per year when he signed a record 5 - year contract worth $201 - Million in 2017 , starting with $34,682,550 in the 2017 - 18 season and ending with the largest earnings in the 2021 - 22 season with a record payout of $45,780,966 . Beginning in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season , the NBA 's first salary cap was introduced . The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season . However , the NBA uses a `` soft '' salary cap , which means that significant `` salary exceptions '' allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players . The salary cap is determined during the offseason , but as stated earlier , it is liable to change . An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the `` soft cap '' . The Larry Bird exception , more commonly known as Bird Rights , allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years . Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary . Next , the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent ( s ) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA . Finally , the rookie player exception allows any NBA team to sign their first - round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA . Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league - assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years . According to 2010 -- 11 NBA season game performance , the league 's best players were not its highest - paid players . Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All - NBA Teams . Out of those ten players chosen that year , Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game 's ten highest - paid during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . Contents 1 2010s 1.1 2018 -- 2019 1.2 2017 -- 2018 1.3 2016 -- 2017 1.4 2015 -- 2016 1.5 2014 -- 2015 1.6 2013 -- 2014 1.7 2012 -- 2013 1.8 2011 -- 2012 1.9 2010 -- 2011 1.10 2009 -- 2010 2 2000s 2.1 2008 -- 2009 2.2 2007 -- 2008 2.3 2006 -- 2007 2.4 2005 -- 2006 2.5 2004 -- 2005 2.6 2003 -- 2004 2.7 2002 -- 2003 2.8 2001 -- 2002 2.9 2000 -- 2001 2.10 1999 -- 2000 3 1990s 3.1 1998 -- 1999 3.2 1997 - 1998 3.3 1996 - 1997 3.4 1995 - 1996 4 See also 5 References 2010s 2018 -- 2019 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $37,457,154 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $35,665,000 Oklahoma City Thunder Chris Paul $35,654,150 Houston Rockets LeBron James $35,654,150 Los Angeles Lakers Blake Griffin $31,873,932 Detroit Pistons Gordon Hayward $31,214,295 Boston Celtics Kyle Lowry $31,000,000 Toronto Raptors James Harden $30,570,000 Houston Rockets Paul George $30,560,700 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley Jr . $30,521,115 Memphis Grizzlies 2017 -- 2018 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $30,769,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers / Detroit Pistons Kyle Lowry $28,903,704 Toronto Raptors Mike Conley Jr . $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies Russell Westbrook $28,299,399 Oklahoma City Thunder James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors 2016 -- 2017 LeBron James became the third player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season , after Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant . Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley Jr . $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers 2015 -- 2016 Kobe Bryant , who spent his entire 20 - year career in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform , was the highest - paid player in the league from the 2009 -- 10 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2015 -- 16 season . Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers LeBron James $22,970,500 Cleveland Cavaliers Carmelo Anthony $22,875,000 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $22,359,364 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $22,192,730 Miami Heat Chris Paul $21,468,695 Los Angeles Clippers Kevin Durant $20,158,622 Oklahoma City Thunder Derrick Rose $20,093,064 Chicago Bulls Dwyane Wade $20,000,000 Miami Heat LaMarcus Aldridge $19,689,000 San Antonio Spurs 2014 -- 2015 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,500,000 Los Angeles Lakers Amar'e Stoudemire $23,410,988 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $23,180,790 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $22,458,401 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $21,436,271 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $20,644,400 Miami Heat LeBron James $20,644,400 Cleveland Cavaliers Chris Paul $20,068,563 Los Angeles Clippers Deron Williams $19,754,465 Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gay $19,317,326 Sacramento Kings 2013 -- 2014 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $22,721,381 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $21,679,893 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $21,466,718 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $21,388,953 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $20,513,178 Houston Rockets Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat 2012 -- 2013 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $20,907,128 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $19,948,799 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $19,752,645 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $19,444,503 New York Knicks Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat Chris Paul $18,668,431 Los Angeles Clippers 2011 -- 2012 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,244,493 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $21,247,044 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $21,164,619 San Antonio Spurs Rashard Lewis $21,136,631 Washington Wizards Dirk Nowitzki $19,092,873 Dallas Mavericks Pau Gasol $18,714,150 Los Angeles Lakers Carmelo Anthony $18,518,574 New York Knicks Amar'e Stoudemire $18,217,705 New York Knicks Elton Brand $18,160,355 Philadelphia 76ers Dwight Howard $18,091,770 Orlando Magic 2010 -- 2011 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $24,806,250 Los Angeles Lakers Rashard Lewis $19,573,711 Washington Wizards Tim Duncan $18,835,381 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $18,832,044 Boston Celtics Michael Redd $18,300,000 Milwaukee Bucks Andrei Kirilenko $17,823,000 Utah Jazz Pau Gasol $17,823,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gilbert Arenas $17,730,694 Washington Wizards Yao Ming $17,686,100 Houston Rockets Zach Randolph $17,666,666 Memphis Grizzlies 2009 -- 2010 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,034,375 Los Angeles Lakers Jermaine O'Neal $23,016,000 Miami Heat Tracy McGrady $22,843,124 New York Knicks Tim Duncan $22,183,220 San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Dirk Nowitzki $19,795,714 Dallas Mavericks Paul Pierce $19,795,712 Boston Celtics Ray Allen $18,776,860 Boston Celtics Rashard Lewis $18,010,791 Orlando Magic Michael Redd $17,040,000 Milwaukee Bucks 2000s 2008 -- 2009 Kevin Garnett was the highest - paid player during the 2008 -- 09 , 2007 -- 08 , and 2006 -- 07 seasons ; he relinquished that position to Shaquille O'Neal for two seasons , but was also the highest - paid player during the 2003 -- 04 , 2002 -- 03 , 2001 -- 02 , and 2000 -- 01 seasons . Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $24,751,934 Boston Celtics Jason Kidd $21,372,000 Dallas Mavericks Jermaine O'Neal $21,372,000 Toronto Raptors Kobe Bryant $21,262,500 Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Allen Iverson $20,840,625 Detroit Pistons Stephon Marbury $20,840,625 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $20,598,704 San Antonio Spurs Tracy McGrady $20,370,437 Houston Rockets Ray Allen $18,388,430 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 2008 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $23,751,934 Boston Celtics Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Jason Kidd $19,728,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $19,728,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $19,490,625 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $19,014,188 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $19,012,500 Denver Nuggets Stephon Marbury $19,012,500 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $18,257,750 Houston Rockets Baron Davis $16,440,000 Golden State Warriors 2006 -- 2007 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $21,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Jason Kidd $18,084,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $18,084,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $17,718,750 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $17,429,673 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $17,184,375 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $17,184,375 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $16,901,500 Houston Rockets Grant Hill $16,901,500 Orlando Magic 2005 -- 2006 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Allan Houston $19,125,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $19,125,000 Philadelphia 76ers Kevin Garnett $18,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Allen Iverson $16,453,125 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $16,453,125 New York Knicks Jason Kidd $16,440,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $16,440,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $15,946,875 Los Angeles Lakers Michael Finley $15,937,500 Dallas Mavericks 2004 -- 2005 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $27,696,430 Miami Heat Dikembe Mutombo $19,485,719 New Jersey Nets / Houston Rockets Allan Houston $17,531,250 New York Knicks Chris Webber $17,531,250 Sacramento Kings Kevin Garnett $16,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Jason Kidd $14,796,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $14,796,000 Indiana Pacers Shareef Abdur - Rahim $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Ray Allen $14,625,000 Seattle SuperSonics Anfernee Hardaway $14,625,000 New York Knicks Zydrunas Ilgauskas $14,625,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Allen Iverson $14,625,000 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $14,625,000 New York Knicks Latrell Sprewell $14,625,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antoine Walker $14,625,000 Atlanta Hawks 2003 -- 2004 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $28,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $26,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Rasheed Wallace $18,000,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $17,895,000 New York Knicks Allan Houston $15,937,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $15,937,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Latrell Sprewell $13,500,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antonio McDyess $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns 2002 -- 2003 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $25,200,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $23,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Shawn Kemp $21,500,000 Orlando Magic Juwan Howard $20,625,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $19,727,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $19,250,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $16,200,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $16,105,000 New Jersey Nets Chris Webber $14,343,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $13,500,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2001 -- 2002 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $22,400,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $21,428,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $18,756,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $18,750,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $18,083,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $17,500,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $14,400,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $14,315,000 Philadelphia 76ers Gary Payton $12,926,000 Seattle SuperSonics Shawn Kemp $12,770,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2000 -- 2001 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $19,600,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $19,285,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $16,879,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $16,875,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $16,685,000 Houston Rockets Karl Malone $15,750,000 Utah Jazz Dikembe Mutombo $14,422,000 Philadelphia 76ers Patrick Ewing $14,000,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $13,196,000 San Antonio Spurs Scottie Pippen $13,151,000 Portland Trail Blazers 1999 -- 2000 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $17,142,000 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $16,806,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $15,004,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $15,000,000 Washington Wizards Scottie Pippen $14,795,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $14,000,000 Utah Jazz Larry Johnson $11,910,000 New York Knicks Gary Payton $11,020,000 Seattle SuperSonics Rasheed Wallace $10,800,000 Portland Trail Blazers Shawn Kemp $10,780,000 Cleveland Cavaliers 1990s 1998 -- 1999 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,500,000 New York Knicks Shaquille O'Neal $17,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $14,841,000 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $14,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $13,130,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $13,125,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $12,943,000 Houston Rockets Dikembe Mutombo $11,218,000 Atlanta Hawks Jayson Williams $11,000,000 New Jersey Nets Scottie Pippen $11,000,000 Houston Rockets 1997 - 1998 Player Salary Team Michael Jordan $33,140,000 Chicago Bulls Patrick Ewing $20,500,000 New York Knicks Horace Grant $14,285,714 Orlando Magic Shaquille O'Neal $12,857,143 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $12,397,440 San Antonio Spurs Alonzo Mourning $11,254,800 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $11,250,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $11,156,000 Houston Rockets Gary Payton $10,514,688 Seattle SuperSonics Dikembe Mutombo $9,615,187 Atlanta Hawks 1996 - 1997 Player Salary Team Michael Jordan $30,140,000 Chicago Bulls Horace Grant $14,857,000 Orlando Magic Reggie Miller $11,250,000 Indiana Pacers Shaquille O'Neal $10,714,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gary Payton $10,212,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $9,952,000 San Antonio Spurs Juwan Howard $9,750,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $9,655,000 Houston Rockets Alonzo Mourning $9,380,000 Miami Heat Dennis Rodman $9,000,000 Chicago Bulls 1995 - 1996 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,724,000 New York Knicks Clyde Drexler $9,810,000 Houston Rockets David Robinson $7,700,000 San Antonio Spurs Chris Webber $7,000,000 Washington Bullets Joe Dumars $6,881,000 Detroit Pistons Danny Manning $6,833,000 Phoenix Suns A.C. Green $6,473,000 Phoenix Suns Shaquille O'Neal $5,700,000 Orlando Magic Derrick Coleman $5,476,000 Philadelphia 76ers Sean Elliott $5,333,000 San Antonio Spurs See also National Basketball Association portal Business and economics portal List of highest paid Major League Baseball players List of player salaries in the NHL List of salaries References Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant to Become NBA 's Second Ever $30 - Million Player '' . aolnews.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History '' . insidehoops.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Explained '' . about.com . Jump up ^ `` Mid Level Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ `` Bi-annual Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` The NBA 's Highest - Paid Players '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` 2018 / 19 NBA Player Salaries '' . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 / 18 NBA Player Salaries '' . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA 's 25 highest - paid players for the 2016 - 17 season '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2015 - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2014 - 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2013 - 2014 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2012 - 2013 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2011 - 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2010 - 2011 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2009 - 2010 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2008 - 2009 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salaries '' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2007 - 2008 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2006 - 2007 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 - 2006 salaries '' . eskimo.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 - 2005 NBA salaries '' . eskimo.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2003 - 2004 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2002 - 2003 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2001 - 2002 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2000 - 2001 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1999 - 2000 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1998 - 1999 '' . Eskimo.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1997 - 1998 '' . Eskimo.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1996 - 1997 '' . Eskimo.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1995 - 1996 '' . Eskimo.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Entire career with one franchise Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2018 -- 19 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highest-paid_NBA_players_by_season&oldid=865761781 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Employee compensation in the United States Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 00 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who has the biggest nba contract right now
[ "\n\n\nPlayer [7]\nSalary\nTeam\n\n\nStephen Curry\n$37,457,154\nGolden State Warriors\n\n\nRussell Westbrook\n$35,665,000\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n\nChris Paul\n$35,654,150\nHouston Rockets\n\n\nLeBron James\n$35,654,150\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n\nBlake Griffin\n$31,873,932\nDetroit Pistons\n\n\nGordon Hayward\n$31,214,295\nBoston Celtics\n\n\nKyle Lowry\n$31,000,000\nToronto Raptors\n\n\nJames Harden\n$30,570,000\nHouston Rockets\n\n\nPaul George\n$30,560,700\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n\nMike Conley Jr.\n$30,521,115\nMemphis Grizzlies\n" ]
[ "Stephen Curry" ]
4679833730152969478
Chris Sullivan (actor)
Chris Sullivan ( actor ) - Wikipedia Chris Sullivan ( actor ) For other people with the same name , see Christopher Sullivan . Chris Sullivan Sullivan at the 2017 Heroes and Villains Fan Fest ( 1980 - 07 - 19 ) July 19 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Palm Springs Alma mater Loyola Marymount University ( BFA Theatre Arts 2002 ) Occupation Actor , musician Years active 2006 -- present Height 6 ft 4 in ( 193 cm ) Weight 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Television The Knick , This Is Us Spouse ( s ) Rachel Sullivan Website sullynyc.com Chris Sullivan ( born July 19 , 1980 ) is an American actor and musician . He is known for playing Taserface in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . He first gained attention for his portrayal of Tom Cleary on the Cinemax drama The Knick . He played Benny Hammond in Stranger Things and currently stars as Toby on the NBC drama This Is Us . He has starred in single episodes of various TV series : A Gifted Man ( 2012 ) , Elementary , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , and The Americans ( 2013 ) . He also played Sprit in the 2008 Sundance Film Festival nominated movie North Starr , and appeared in such films as The Normal Heart and The Drop ( 2014 ) , the latter with The Knick co-star Jeremy Bobb . Much of Sullivan 's early stage experience came in Chicago , where he received improv training at the iO Theater . Among his Chicago stage experiences were in the cast of Defending the Caveman at the Lakeshore Theater and the cast of The Ballad of Emmett Till at the Goodman Theatre . After appearing in the original Broadway cast of Lombardi , Sullivan joined the long - running revival of Chicago in 2011 . Contents 1 Filmography 1.1 Film 1.2 Television 1.3 Stage 2 References 3 External links Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 North Starr Sprit 2008 Sugar Loud Cook Short film 2012 Death and the Red Dress Smitty Short film 2014 The Drop Jimmy 2016 Morgan Dr. Darren Finch 2016 Imperium Andrew Blackwell 2016 Live by Night Brendan Loomis 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Taserface Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Pleading Guilty Rash Television film 2011 Weekends at Bellevue Officer Mike Television film 2012 A Gifted Man Biker Episode : `` In Case of a Bolt from the Blue '' 2013 Elementary Todd Clarke Episode : `` The Red Team '' 2013 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Eddy Galtin Episode : `` Monster 's Legacy '' 2013 The Americans Assassin Episode : `` Mutually Assured Destruction '' 2014 The Normal Heart Mike the Tech Television film 2014 Peter Pan Live ! Noodler Television film 2014 Where 's This Party ? Tristan Barlow Web series ; 1 episode 2014 -- 2015 The Knick Tom Cleary Main role ; 19 episodes 2016 Stranger Things Benny Hammond Episodes : `` The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` The Weirdo on Maple Street '' 2016 -- present This Is Us Toby Damon Main role 2017 Curb Your Enthusiasm Husband # 1 Episode : `` Fatwa ! '' Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2010 -- 2011 Lombardi Jim Taylor Original 2011 -- 2012 Chicago Amos Hart Replacement 2012 -- 2013 Nice Work If You Can Get It Duke Mahoney Original 2016 Hadestown Hermes Original Source : References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Outcomes : Chris Sullivan '' . Loyola Marymount University . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Sullivan '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Sullivan Talks THE KNICK , How He Views Tom Cleary , the Uniform , His Folk Band , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Sullivan '' . IMDbPro . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinds , Julie ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` The best show you 're not watching is ' The Knick ' '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eramo , Steve ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` Survival Instinct : Interview with The Knick 's Chris Sullivan '' . The Morton Report . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Knick ' Starring Clive Owen & Directed by Steven Soderbergh to Premiere August 8 on Cinemax '' . TV by the Numbers . July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians ' star Chris Sullivan fondly recalls Chicago stage days '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( The Ballad of Emmett Till `` Artist Bios : Chris Sullivan ( Bio as of May 2008 ) '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Goodman Theatre . May 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Broadway 's Chicago Welcomes Chris Sullivan June 20 '' . Playbill . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Resume -- Chris SullivaN '' . sullynyc.com . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Sullivan Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chris Sullivan . Official website Chris Sullivan on IMDb Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour 2017 Poldark Ruby Bentall Caroline Blakiston Christian Brassington Ellise Chappell Beatie Edney Jack Farthing Sean Gilder John Nettles Luke Norris Heida Reed Harry Richardson Eleanor Tomlinson Aidan Turner Josh Whitehouse Gabriella Wilde Tom York Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) ISNI : 0000 0000 0149 7099 This article about an American television actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Sullivan_(actor)&oldid=848495264 '' Categories : Living people American male television actors 1980 births American television actor stubs Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Use mdy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 08 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who did chris sullivan play in guardians of the galaxy 2
[ "Chris Sullivan (born July 19, 1980[citation needed]) is an American actor and musician. He is known for playing Taserface in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. He first gained attention for his portrayal of Tom Cleary on the Cinemax drama The Knick.[3][5][6][7] He played Benny Hammond in Stranger Things and currently stars as Toby on the NBC drama This Is Us.\n" ]
[ "Taserface" ]
8385697293954980020
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue - wikipedia Adipose tissue Jump to : navigation , search `` Adipose '' redirects here . For the fictional creature from Doctor Who , see List of Doctor Who universe creatures and aliens ( 0 -- 9 , A -- G ) § Adipose . See also : Fat Adipose tissue is one of the main types of connective tissue . In biology , adipose tissue / ˈædɪˌpoʊs / ( listen ) , body fat , or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes . In addition to adipocytes , adipose tissue contains the stromal vascular fraction ( SVF ) of cells including preadipocytes , fibroblasts , vascular endothelial cells and a variety of immune cells such as adipose tissue macrophages . Adipose tissue is derived from preadipocytes . Its main role is to store energy in the form of lipids , although it also cushions and insulates the body . Far from being hormonally inert , adipose tissue has , in recent years , been recognized as a major endocrine organ , as it produces hormones such as leptin , estrogen , resistin , and the cytokine TNFα . The two types of adipose tissue are white adipose tissue ( WAT ) , which stores energy , and brown adipose tissue ( BAT ) , which generates body heat . The formation of adipose tissue appears to be controlled in part by the adipose gene . Adipose tissue -- more specifically brown adipose tissue -- was first identified by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in 1551 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomical features 1.1 Mice 1.2 Obesity 1.3 Visceral fat 1.3. 1 Epicardial fat 1.4 Subcutaneous fat 1.5 Marrow fat 1.6 Ectopic fat 2 Physiology 2.1 Brown fat 2.2 Beige fat and WAT browning 2.3 Genomics and bioinformatics tools to study browning 2.4 Genetics 2.5 Physical properties 3 Body fat meter 4 Animal studies 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Anatomical features ( edit ) In humans , adipose tissue is located beneath the skin ( subcutaneous fat ) , around internal organs ( visceral fat ) , in bone marrow ( yellow bone marrow ) , intermuscular ( Muscular system ) and in the breast tissue . Adipose tissue is found in specific locations , which are referred to as adipose depots . Apart from adipocytes , which comprise the highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue , other cell types are present , collectively termed stromal vascular fraction ( SVF ) of cells . SVF includes preadipocytes , fibroblasts , adipose tissue macrophages , and endothelial cells . Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels . In the integumentary system , which includes the skin , it accumulates in the deepest level , the subcutaneous layer , providing insulation from heat and cold . Around organs , it provides protective padding . However , its main function is to be a reserve of lipids , which can be oxidised to meet the energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from sugars , although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself . Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles . Under normal conditions , it provides feedback for hunger and diet to the brain . Mice ( edit ) The obese mouse on the left has large stores of adipose tissue . It is unable to produce the hormone leptin , resulting in obesity . For comparison , a mouse with a normal amount of adipose tissue is shown on the right . Mice have eight major adipose depots , four of which are within the abdominal cavity . The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males ; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen , surrounding the kidney , and , when massive , extend into the pelvis . The mesenteric depot forms a glue - like web that supports the intestines and the omental depot ( which originates near the stomach and spleen ) and - when massive - extends into the ventral abdomen . Both the mesenteric and omental depots incorporate much lymphoid tissue as lymph nodes and milky spots , respectively . The two superficial depots are the paired inguinal depots , which are found anterior to the upper segment of the hind limbs ( underneath the skin ) and the subscapular depots , paired medial mixtures of brown adipose tissue adjacent to regions of white adipose tissue , which are found under the skin between the dorsal crests of the scapulae . The layer of brown adipose tissue in this depot is often covered by a `` frosting '' of white adipose tissue ; sometimes these two types of fat ( brown and white ) are hard to distinguish . The inguinal depots enclose the inguinal group of lymph nodes . Minor depots include the pericardial , which surrounds the heart , and the paired popliteal depots , between the major muscles behind the knees , each containing one large lymph node . Of all the depots in the mouse , the gonadal depots are the largest and the most easily dissected , comprising about 30 % of dissectible fat . Obesity ( edit ) In an obese person , excess adipose tissue hanging downward from the abdomen is referred to as a panniculus . A panniculus complicates surgery of the morbidly obese individual . It may remain as a literal `` apron of skin '' if a severely obese person quickly loses large amounts of fat ( a common result of gastric bypass surgery ) . This condition can not be effectively corrected through diet and exercise alone , as the panniculus consists of adipocytes and other supporting cell types shrunken to their minimum volume and diameter . Reconstructive surgery is one method of treatment . Visceral fat ( edit ) See also : Abdominal obesity Visceral fat or abdominal fat ( also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat ) is located inside the abdominal cavity , packed between the organs ( stomach , liver , intestines , kidneys , etc . ) . Visceral fat is different from subcutaneous fat underneath the skin , and intramuscular fat interspersed in skeletal muscles . Fat in the lower body , as in thighs and buttocks , is subcutaneous and is not consistently spaced tissue , whereas fat in the abdomen is mostly visceral and semi-fluid . Visceral fat is composed of several adipose depots , including mesenteric , epididymal white adipose tissue ( EWAT ) , and perirenal depots . Visceral fat is often expressed in terms of its area in cm ( VFA , visceral fat area ) . An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity , or `` belly fat '' , in which the abdomen protrudes excessively . New developments such as the Body Volume Index ( BVI ) are specifically designed to measure abdominal volume and abdominal fat . Excess visceral fat is also linked to type 2 diabetes , insulin resistance , inflammatory diseases , and other obesity - related diseases . Likewise , the accumulation of neck fat ( or cervical adipose tissue ) has been shown to be associated with mortality . Several studies have suggested that visceral fat can be predicted from simple anthropometic measures , and predicts mortality more accurately than body mass index or waist circumference . Men are more likely to have fat stored in the abdomen due to sex hormone differences . Female sex hormone causes fat to be stored in the buttocks , thighs , and hips in women . When women reach menopause and the estrogen produced by the ovaries declines , fat migrates from the buttocks , hips and thighs to the waist ; later fat is stored in the abdomen . High - intensity exercise is one way to effectively reduce total abdominal fat . One study suggests at least 10 MET - hours per week of aerobic exercise is required for visceral fat reduction . Epicardial fat ( edit ) Epicardial adipose tissue ( EAT ) is a particular form of visceral fat deposited around the heart and found to be a metabolically active organ that generates various bioactive molecules , which might significantly affect cardiac function . Marked component differences have been observed in comparing EAT with subcutaneous fat , suggesting a depot specific impact of stored fatty acids on adipocyte function and metabolism . Subcutaneous fat ( edit ) See also : Body fat percentage Micro-anatomy of subcutaneous fat Most of the remaining nonvisceral fat is found just below the skin in a region called the hypodermis . This subcutaneous fat is not related to many of the classic obesity - related pathologies , such as heart disease , cancer , and stroke , and some evidence even suggests it might be protective . The typically female ( or gynecoid ) pattern of body fat distribution around the hips , thighs , and buttocks is subcutaneous fat , and therefore poses less of a health risk compared to visceral fat . Like all other fat organs , subcutaneous fat is an active part of the endocrine system , secreting the hormones leptin and resistin . The relationship between the subcutaneous adipose layer and total body fat in a person is often modelled by using regression equations . The most popular of these equations was formed by Durnin and Wormersley , who rigorously tested many types of skinfold , and , as a result , created two formulae to calculate the body density of both men and women . These equations present an inverse correlation between skinfolds and body density -- as the sum of skinfolds increases , the body density decreases . Factors such as sex , age , population size or other variables may make the equations invalid and unusable , and , as of 2012 , Durnin and Wormersley 's equations remain only estimates of a person 's true level of fatness . New formulae are still being created . Marrow fat ( edit ) Marrow fat , also known as marrow adipose tissue ( MAT ) , is a poorly understood adipose depot that resides in the bone and is interspersed with hematopoietic cells as well as bony elements . The adipocytes in this depot are derived from mesenchymal stem cells ( MSC ) which can give rise to fat cells , bone cells as well as other cell types . The fact that MAT increases in the setting of calorie restriction / anorexia is a feature that distinguishes this depot from other fat depots . Exercise regulates MAT , decreasing MAT quantity and diminishing the size of marrow adipocytes . The exercise regulation of marrow fat suggests that it bears some physiologic similarity to other white adipose depots . Moreover , increased MAT in obesity further suggests a similarity to white fat depots . Ectopic fat ( edit ) Ectopic fat is the storage of triglycerides in tissues other than adipose tissue , that are supposed to contain only small amounts of fat , such as the liver , skeletal muscle , heart , and pancreas . This can interfere with cellular functions and hence organ function and is associated with insulin resistance in type - 2 diabetes . It is stored in relatively high amounts around the organs of the abdominal cavity , but is not to be confused as visceral fat . The specific cause for the accumulation of ectopic fat is unknown . The cause is likely a combination of genetic , environmental , and behavioral factors that are involved in excess energy intake and decreased physical activity . Substantial weight loss can reduce ectopic fat stores in all organs and this is associated with an improvement of the function of that organ . In the latter case , non-invasive weight loss interventions like diet or exercise have the ability to decrease ectopic fat ( particularly in heart and liver ) in children and adults with overweight or obesity . Physiology ( edit ) Free fatty acids are liberated from lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) and enter the adipocyte , where they are reassembled into triglycerides by esterifying it onto glycerol . Human fat tissue contains about 87 % lipids . There is a constant flux of FFA ( Free Fatty Acids ) entering and leaving adipose tissue . The net direction of this flux is controlled by insulin and leptin -- if insulin is elevated , then there is a net inward flux of FFA , and only when insulin is low can FFA leave adipose tissue . Insulin secretion is stimulated by high blood sugar , which results from consuming carbohydrates . In humans , lipolysis ( hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids ) is controlled through the balanced control of lipolytic B - adrenergic receptors and a2A - adrenergic receptor - mediated antilipolysis . Fat cells have an important physiological role in maintaining triglyceride and free fatty acid levels , as well as determining insulin resistance . Abdominal fat has a different metabolic profile -- being more prone to induce insulin resistance . This explains to a large degree why central obesity is a marker of impaired glucose tolerance and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease ( even in the absence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension ) . Studies of female monkeys at Wake Forest University ( 2009 ) discovered that individuals suffering from higher stress have higher levels of visceral fat in their bodies . This suggests a possible cause - and - effect link between the two , wherein stress promotes the accumulation of visceral fat , which in turn causes hormonal and metabolic changes that contribute to heart disease and other health problems . Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed for the harvesting of adult stem cells from adipose tissue , allowing stimulation of tissue regrowth using a patient 's own cells . In addition , adipose - derived stem cells from both human and animals reportedly can be efficiently reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells without the need for feeder cells . The use of a patient 's own cells reduces the chance of tissue rejection and avoids ethical issues associated with the use of human embryonic stem cells . A growing body of evidence also suggests that different fat depots ( i.e. abdominal , omental , pericardial ) yield adipose - derived stem cells with different characteristics . These depot - dependent features include proliferation rate , immunophenotype , differentiation potential , gene expression , as well as sensitivity to hypoxic culture conditions . Adipose tissue is the greatest peripheral source of aromatase in both males and females , contributing to the production of estradiol . Adipose derived hormones include : Adiponectin Resistin Plasminogen activator inhibitor - 1 ( PAI - 1 ) TNFα IL - 6 Leptin Estradiol ( E2 ) Adipose tissues also secrete a type of cytokines ( cell - to - cell signalling proteins ) called adipokines ( adipocytokines ) , which play a role in obesity - associated complications . Perivascular adipose tissue releases adipokines such as adiponectin that affect the contractile function of the vessels that they surround . Brown fat ( edit ) Main article : Brown adipose tissue Brown fat or brown adipose tissue ( BAT ) is a specialized form of adipose tissue important for adaptive thermogenesis in humans and other mammals . BAT can generate heat by `` uncoupling '' the respiratory chain of oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria through tissue - specific expression of uncoupling protein 1 ( UCP1 ) . BAT is primarily located around the neck and large blood vessels of the thorax , where may effectively act in heat exchange . BAT is robustly activated upon cold exposure by the release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerves that results in UCP1 activation . BAT activation may also occur in response to overfeeding . UCP1 activity is stimulated by long chain fatty acids that are produced subsequent to β - adrenergic receptor activation . UCP1 is proposed to function as a fatty acid proton symporter , although the exact mechanism has yet to be elucidated . In contrast , UCP1 is inhibited by ATP , ADP , and GTP . Attempts to simulate this process pharmacologically have so far been unsuccessful . Techniques to manipulate the differentiation of `` brown fat '' could become a mechanism for weight loss therapy in the future , encouraging the growth of tissue with this specialized metabolism without inducing it in other organs . Until recently , brown adipose tissue was thought to be primarily limited to infants in humans , but new evidence has now overturned that belief . Metabolically active tissue with temperature responses similar to brown adipose was first reported in the neck and trunk of some human adults in 2007 , and the presence of brown adipose in human adults was later verified histologically in the same anatomical regions . Beige fat and WAT browning ( edit ) Morphology of three different classes of adipocytes Browning of WAT , also referred to as `` beiging '' , occurs when adipocytes within WAT depots develop features of BAT . Beige adipocytes take on a multilocular appearance ( containing several lipid droplets ) and increase expression of uncoupling protein 1 ( UCP1 ) . In doing so , these normally energy - storing adipocytes become energy - releasing adipocytes . The calorie - burning capacity of brown and beige fat has been extensively studied as research efforts focus on therapies targeted to treat obesity and diabetes . The drug 2 , 4 - dinitrophenol , which also acts as a chemical uncoupler similarly to UCP1 , was used for weight loss in the 1930s . However , it was quickly discontinued when excessive dosing led to adverse side effects including hyperthermia and death . β3 agonists , like CL316 , 243 , have also been developed and tested in humans . However , the use of such drugs has proven largely unsuccessful due to several challenges , including varying species receptor specificity and poor oral bioavailability . Cold is a primary regulator of BAT processes and induces WAT browning . Browning in response to chronic cold exposure has been well documented and is a reversible process . A study in mice demonstrated that cold - induced browning can be completely reversed in 21 days , with measurable decreases in UCP1 seen within a 24 - hour period . A study by Rosenwald et al. revealed that when the animals are re-exposed to a cold environment , the same adipocytes will adopt a beige phenotype , suggesting that beige adipocytes are retained . Transcriptional regulators , as well as a growing number of other factors , regulate the induction of beige fat . Four regulators of transcription are central to WAT browning and serve as targets for many of the molecules known to influence this process . These include peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor gamma ( PPARγ ) , PR domain containing 16 ( PRDM16 ) , peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha ( PGC - 1α ) , and Early B - Cell Factor - 2 ( EBF2 ) . The list of molecules that influence browning has grown in direct proportion to the popularity of this topic and is constantly evolving as more knowledge is acquired . Among these molecules are irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 ( FGF21 ) , which have been well - studied and are believed to be important regulators of browning . Irisin is secreted from muscle in response to exercise and has been shown to increase browning by acting on beige preadipocytes . FGF21 , a hormone secreted mainly by the liver , has garnered a great deal of interest after being identified as a potent stimulator of glucose uptake and a browning regulator through its effects on PGC - 1α . It is increased in BAT during cold exposure and is thought to aid in resistance to diet - induced obesity FGF21 may also be secreted in response to exercise and a low protein diet , although the latter has not been thoroughly investigated . Data from these studies suggest that environmental factors like diet and exercise may be important mediators of browning . Genomics and bioinformatics tools to study browning ( edit ) Due to the complex nature of adipose tissue and a growing list of browning regulatory molecules , great potential exists for the use of bioinformatics tools to improve study within this field . Studies of WAT browning have greatly benefited from advances in these techniques , as beige fat is rapidly gaining popularity as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes . DNA microarray is a bioinformatics tool used to quantify expression levels of various genes simultaneously , and has been used extensively in the study of adipose tissue . One such study used microarray analysis in conjunction with Ingenuity IPA software to look at changes in WAT and BAT gene expression when mice were exposed to temperatures of 28 and 6 ° C. The most significantly up - and downregulated genes were then identified and used for analysis of differentially expressed pathways . It was discovered that many of the pathways upregulated in WAT after cold exposure are also highly expressed in BAT , such as oxidative phosphorylation , fatty acid metabolism , and pyruvate metabolism . This suggests that some of the adipocytes switched to a beige phenotype at 6 ° C. Mössenböck et al. also used microarray analysis to demonstrate that insulin deficiency inhibits the differentiation of beige adipocytes but does not disturb their capacity for browning . These two studies demonstrate the potential for the use of microarray in the study of WAT browning . RNA sequencing ( RNA - Seq ) is a powerful computational tool that allows for the quantification of RNA expression for all genes within a sample . Incorporating RNA - Seq into browning studies is of great value , as it offers better specificity , sensitivity , and a more comprehensive overview of gene expression than other methods . RNA - Seq has been used in both human and mouse studies in an attempt characterize beige adipocytes according to their gene expression profiles and to identify potential therapeutic molecules that may induce the beige phenotype . One such study used RNA - Seq to compare gene expression profiles of WAT from wild - type ( WT ) mice and those overexpressing Early B - Cell Factor - 2 ( EBF2 ) . WAT from the transgenic animals exhibited a brown fat gene program and had decreased WAT specific gene expression compared to the WT mice . Thus , EBF2 has been identified as a potential therapeutic molecule to induce beiging . Chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing ( ChIP - seq ) is a method used to identify protein binding sites on DNA and assess histone modifications . This tool has enabled examination of epigenetic regulation of browning and helps elucidate the mechanisms by which protein - DNA interactions stimulate the differentiation of beige adipocytes . Studies observing the chromatin landscapes of beige adipocytes have found that adipogenesis of these cells results from the formation of cell specific chromatin landscapes , which regulate the transcriptional program and , ultimately , control differentiation . Using ChIP - seq in conjunction with other tools , recent studies have identified over 30 transcriptional and epigenetic factors that influence beige adipocyte development . Genetics ( edit ) Main article : Genetics_of_obesity § Genes The thrifty gene hypothesis ( also called the famine hypothesis ) states that in some populations the body would be more efficient at retaining fat in times of plenty , thereby endowing greater resistance to starvation in times of food scarcity . This hypothesis , originally advanced in the context of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance , has been discredited by physical anthropologists , physiologists , and the original proponent of the idea himself with respect to that context , although according to its developer it remains `` as viable as when ( it was ) first advanced '' in other contexts . In 1995 , Jeffrey Friedman , in his residency at the Rockefeller University , together with Rudolph Leibel , Douglas Coleman et al. discovered the protein leptin that the genetically obese mouse lacked . Leptin is produced in the white adipose tissue and signals to the hypothalamus . When leptin levels drop , the body interprets this as a loss of energy , and hunger increases . Mice lacking this protein eat until they are four times their normal size . Leptin , however , plays a different role in diet - induced obesity in rodents and humans . Because adipocytes produce leptin , leptin levels are elevated in the obese . However , hunger remains , and -- when leptin levels drop due to weight loss -- hunger increases . The drop of leptin is better viewed as a starvation signal than the rise of leptin as a satiety signal . However , elevated leptin in obesity is known as leptin resistance . The changes that occur in the hypothalamus to result in leptin resistance in obesity are currently the focus of obesity research . Gene defects in the leptin gene ( ob ) are rare in human obesity . As of July , 2010 , only 14 individuals from five families have been identified worldwide who carry a mutated ob gene ( one of which was the first ever identified cause of genetic obesity in humans ) -- two families of Pakistani origin living in the UK , one family living in Turkey , one in Egypt , and one in Austria -- and two other families have been found that carry a mutated ob receptor . Others have been identified as genetically partially deficient in leptin , and , in these individuals , leptin levels on the low end of the normal range can predict obesity . Several mutations of genes involving the melanocortins ( used in brain signaling associated with appetite ) and their receptors have also been identified as causing obesity in a larger portion of the population than leptin mutations . In 2007 , researchers isolated the adipose gene , which those researchers hypothesize serves to keep animals lean during times of plenty . In that study , increased adipose gene activity was associated with slimmer animals . Although its discoverers dubbed this gene the adipose gene , it is not a gene responsible for creating adipose tissue . Pre-adipocytes are undifferentiated fibroblasts that can be stimulated to form adipocytes . Recent studies shed light into potential molecular mechanisms in the fate determination of pre-adipocytes although the exact lineage of adipocyte is still unclear . Physical properties ( edit ) Adipose tissue has a density of ~ 0.9 g / ml . Thus , a person with more adipose tissue will float more easily than a person of the same weight with more muscular tissue , since muscular tissue has a density of 1.06 g / ml . Body fat meter ( edit ) See also : Bioelectrical impedance analysis A body fat meter is a widely available tool used to measure the percentage of fat in the human body . Different meters use various methods to determine the body fat to weight ratio . They tend to under - read body fat percentage . In contrast with clinical tools , one relatively inexpensive type of body fat meter uses the principle of bioelectrical impedance analysis ( BIA ) in order to determine an individual 's body fat percentage . To achieve this , the meter passes a small , harmless , electric current through the body and measures the resistance , then uses information on the person 's weight , height , age , and sex to calculate an approximate value for the person 's body fat percentage . The calculation measures the total volume of water in the body ( lean tissue and muscle contain a higher percentage of water than fat ) , and estimates the percentage of fat based on this information . The result can fluctuate several percentage points depending on what has been eaten and how much water has been drunk before the analysis . Animal studies ( edit ) Within the fat ( adipose ) tissue of CCR2 deficient mice , there is an increased number of eosinophils , greater alternative Macrophage activation , and a propensity towards type 2 cytokine expression . Furthermore , this effect was exaggerated when the mice became obese from a high fat diet . Gallery ( edit ) Diagrammatic sectional view of the skin ( magnified ) . White adipose tissue in paraffin section Electronic instrument of body fat meter See also ( edit ) Adipose differentiation - related protein Adiposopathy Apelin Bioelectrical impedance analysis -- a method to measure body fat percentage . Body Volume Index -- a method to measure abdominal volume and abdominal fat . Blubber -- an extra thick form of adipose tissue found in some marine mammals . 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ISBN 978 - 1 - 4223 - 5243 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shell E ( January 1 , 2002 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Hunger '' . The Hungry Gene : The Inside Story of the Obesity Industry . Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4223 - 5243 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pelleymounter MA , Cullen MJ , Baker MB , Hecht R , Winters D , Boone T , et al. ( July 1995 ) . `` Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob / ob mice '' . Science . 269 ( 5223 ) : 540 -- 43 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 269 ... 540P . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7624776 . PMID 7624776 . Jump up ^ Ravussin E , Smith SR ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 11 : Role of the Adipocyte in Metabolism and Endocrine Function '' . In Weir GC , Jameson JL , De Groot LJ . Endocrinology Adult and Pediatric . Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity ( 6th ed . ) . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 22154 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morris DL , Rui L ( December 2009 ) . `` Recent advances in understanding leptin signaling and leptin resistance '' . American Journal of Physiology . 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Jump up ^ `` Body fat scales review and compare '' . 10 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Bolus WR , Gutierrez DA , Kennedy AJ , Anderson - Baucum EK , Hasty AH ( October 2015 ) . `` CCR2 deficiency leads to increased eosinophils , alternative macrophage activation , and type 2 cytokine expression in adipose tissue '' . Journal of Leukocyte Biology . 98 ( 4 ) : 467 -- 77 . doi : 10.1189 / jlb. 3HI0115 - 018R . PMC 4763864 . PMID 25934927 . Further reading ( edit ) MeSH A10. 165.114 Stock MJ , Cinti S ( 2003 ) . `` Adipose Tissue / Structure and Function of Brown Adipose Tissue '' . Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition . p. 29 . doi : 10.1016 / B0 - 12 - 227055 - X / 00008 - 0 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 227055 - 0 . Vernon RG , Flint DJ ( 2003 ) . `` Adipose Tissue / Structure and Function of White Adipose Tissue '' . 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External links ( edit ) Adipose tissue photomicrographs ( hide ) Connective tissue Physiology Soft tissue Fibrosis Scarring Composition Cells Resident Fibroblast Fibrocyte Reticular cell Tendon cell Adipocyte Melanocyte Wandering cells Mast cell Macrophage Extracellular matrix Ground substance Tissue fluid Fibers Collagen fibers Reticular fibers COL3A1 Elastic fibers Elastin Fibrillin FBN1 FBN2 FBN3 EMILIN1 Elaunin Classification Proper Loose Reticular Adipose Brown White Dense Dense irregular connective tissue Submucosa Dermis Dense regular connective tissue Ligament Tendon Aponeurosis Embryonic Mucoid Mesenchymal Specialized Cartilage Bone GND : 4154224 - 1 NDL : 00570882 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adipose_tissue&oldid=828238112 '' Categories : Obesity Connective tissue Endocrine system Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2012 Pages with login required references or sources Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Pangasinan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 10 : 54 . 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where is adipose tissue found in the skin
[ "Most of the remaining nonvisceral fat is found just below the skin in a region called the hypodermis.[26] This subcutaneous fat is not related to many of the classic obesity-related pathologies, such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke, and some evidence even suggests it might be protective.[27] The typically female (or gynecoid) pattern of body fat distribution around the hips, thighs, and buttocks is subcutaneous fat, and therefore poses less of a health risk compared to visceral fat.[28]" ]
[ "in a region called the hypodermis" ]
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Driver's license
Driver 's license - wikipedia Driver 's license Jump to : navigation , search `` Driving permit '' redirects here . In some countries , this term could also mean Learner 's permit . Not to be confused with Vehicle licence or Pilot licensing and certification . A license from Spain , in the format of the European driving licence A driver 's license is an official document permitting a specific individual to operate one or more types of motorized vehicles , such as a motorcycle , car , truck , or bus on a public road . The term driver 's license is American English ; the Canadian English equivalent is driver 's licence , and in British English it is driving licence . In this article , the American terminology and spelling is used except where the section refers specifically to British practice . The laws relating to the licensing of drivers vary between jurisdictions . In some jurisdictions , a license is issued after the recipient has passed a driving test , while in others , a person acquires a license before beginning to drive . Different categories of license often exist for different types of motor vehicles , particularly large trucks and passenger vehicles . The difficulty of the driving test varies considerably between jurisdictions , as do factors such as age and the required level of practice . In some international agreements the wording driver 's permit is used , for instance in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Driver 's licenses used for identification purposes 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 Japan 2.3 North America 2.4 South America 3 Licenses for different categories of vehicles 3.1 Africa 3.1. 1 Egypt 3.1. 2 Ghana 3.1. 3 Kenya 3.1. 4 Morocco 3.1. 5 Nigeria 3.1. 6 South Africa 3.1. 7 Tanzania 3.2 Asia 3.2. 1 Hong Kong 3.2. 2 India 3.2. 3 Indonesia 3.2. 4 Israel 3.2. 5 Lebanon 3.2. 6 Malaysia 3.2. 7 Pakistan 3.2. 8 Singapore 3.2. 9 South Korea 3.2. 10 Sri Lanka 3.2. 11 Vietnam 3.3 European Economic Area 3.3. 1 Austria 3.3. 2 Belgium 3.3. 3 Bulgaria 3.3. 4 Croatia 3.3. 5 Cyprus 3.3. 6 Denmark 3.3. 7 Finland 3.3. 8 France 3.3. 9 Germany 3.3. 10 Greece 3.3. 11 Iceland 3.3. 12 Ireland 3.3. 13 Italy 3.3. 14 The Netherlands 3.3. 15 Norway 3.3. 16 Poland 3.3. 17 Romania 3.3. 18 Spain 3.3. 19 Sweden 3.3. 20 United Kingdom 3.4 Rest of Europe 3.4. 1 Albania 3.4. 2 Azerbaijan 3.4. 3 Macedonia 3.4. 4 Russia 3.4. 5 Switzerland 3.4. 6 Turkey 3.5 North America 3.5. 1 Canada 3.5. 2 Barbados 3.5. 3 Costa Rica 3.5. 4 El Salvador 3.5. 5 Jamaica 3.5. 6 Mexico 3.5. 7 Trinidad and Tobago 3.5. 8 United States 3.6 Oceania 3.6. 1 Australia 3.6. 2 Cook Islands 3.6. 3 New Zealand 3.7 South America 3.7. 1 Brazil 3.7. 2 Peru 4 Organ donations 5 International and interstate considerations 5.1 Issues when moving permanently from one country or one state to another 5.1. 1 Australia 5.1. 2 Canada 5.1. 3 France 5.1. 4 Germany 5.1. 5 Hong Kong 5.1. 6 Singapore 5.1. 7 Sweden 5.1. 8 United Kingdom 5.1. 9 United States 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The world 's first license to drive a motor vehicle , issued to Karl Benz upon his request . Karl Benz , inventor of the modern automobile , had to receive written permission from the Grand Ducal authorities to operate his car on public roads in 1888 after residents complained about the noise and smell of his Motorwagen . Up until the start of the 20th century , European authorities issued licenses to drive motor vehicles similarly ad hoc , if at all . Mandatory licensing for drivers came into force on 1 January 1904 after the Motor Car Act 1903 received royal assent in the United Kingdom . Every car owner had to register their vehicle with their local government authority and be able to prove registration of their vehicle on request . The minimum qualifying age was set at 17 . The licence gave its holder ' freedom of the road ' with a maximum 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) speed limit . Compulsory testing was introduced in 1934 , with the passing of the Road Traffic Act . Prussia , then a state within the German Empire , introduced compulsory licensing on September 29 , 1903 . A test on mechanical aptitude had to be passed and the Dampfkesselüberwachungsverein ( `` steam boiler supervision association '' ) was charged with conducting these tests . In 1910 , the German imperial government mandated the licensing of drivers on a national scale , establishing a system of tests and driver 's education requirements that was adopted in other countries . In 1909 , the Convention with Respect to the International Circulation of Motor Vehicles recognize the need of qualifications , examination , and authorization for international driving . In 1929 , the notion of International Driving Permit is addressed by international Convention . In 1949 , the United Nations defined a convention on road traffic that standardised rules on roads , occupants , rules , signs , driver 's licenses and such . It address the notion of driving license for a number of countries , under the wording `` driving permit '' and declares that its color should be pink . Screenshot of Annex 6 of the `` Convention on Road Traffic '' volume 125 of Geneva convention 1949 In 1968 , the Convention on road traffic , ratified in 1977 , further updated these agreements . Other countries in Europe also introduced driving tests during the twentieth century , the last of them being Belgium where , until 1977 , it was possible to purchase and hold a license without having to undergo a driving test . As automobile - related fatalities soared in North America , public outcry provoked legislators to begin studying the French and German statutes as models . On August 1 , 1910 , North America 's first licensing law for motor vehicles went into effect in the US state of New York , though it initially applied only to professional chauffeurs . In July 1913 , the state of New Jersey became the first to require all drivers to pass a mandatory examination before receiving a license . Driver 's licenses used for identification purposes ( edit ) Many countries , including Australia , New Zealand , Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States , have no national identification cards . As many people have driver 's licenses , they are often accepted as de facto proof of identity . Non-drivers can apply for equally valid state - issued identification - only cards . Most identity cards and driver 's licenses are credit card size -- the `` ID - 1 '' size and shape defined in ISO / IEC 7810 . Europe ( edit ) Many European countries require drivers to produce their license on demand when driving . Some European countries require adults to carry proof of identity at all times , but a driving license is not valid for identification in every European country . In the United Kingdom most drivers are not required to carry their licence . A driver may be required by a constable or vehicle examiner to produce their licence , but may provide it in a specified police station within seven days ; the police issue a form for this purpose . In Denmark , Finland , Norway , Spain and Sweden , the driver 's license number is the same as the citizen 's ID number . Banks and authorities use the same number for customer databases , making the licence fully useful for identification purposes . Asia ( edit ) In Hong Kong a driving license carries the same number as the holder 's ID card , but has no photograph . Upon inspection both must be presented . Plans to make the newly phased in Smart ID contain driving license information have been shelved . Similarly , the Saudi Arabian government require all drivers to carry an ID card in addition to a license and present them whenever requested . In Saudi Arabia using a license instead is only permitted if the request is made for on - site inspection / identification purposes , especially at checkpoints . Expatriates may be requested to present their visas as well . In Japan , South Korea , and Singapore driving license cards are widely used as identification . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Japan Japanese driver 's licenses bear one of the following 3 colors on the expiration date . Green New Drivers ( First license in Japan ) Valid for 2 to 3 years . Drivers with under one year of driving experience are required to display a `` Shoshinsha mark '' ( Young Leaf Mark ) on their vehicle . This holds true if the driver acquires a license for a different class of vehicle , regardless of the length of driving experience on their previous license . However , such a mark does not indicate necessarily the color on the driver 's license . A driver with a young leaf mark on their car could very well be a gold driver . This is because the gold status does not disappear with a change in vehicle class . Blue Drivers who have fewer than 5 years of clean driving history or who do not have a clean driving record but more than 5 years of driving history . Valid for 3 to 5 years depending on age , violation history , etc . Gold In addition to the regular license , the Gold Driver 's License ( ゴールド 免許 , Gōrudo Menkyo ) , or Superior Drivers License ( 優良 運転 者 免許 証 , Yūryō Untensha Menkyoshō ) , is a special designation of license given to `` superior drivers '' ( 優良 運転 者 ) in Japan . Holders of such licenses can be identified by the gold band printed over the expiration date of their driver 's license . Superior Driver 's License , ( Gold License ) The Gold License is granted to any driver who , at the point of license renewal , has at least five years of clean driving history ( no driving infractions ) . According to implications in the Road Traffic Laws Reforms that took place on May 10 , 1995 , all such licenses are marked with a gold band over the license 's expiration date as well as the word 優良 printed in black , below . Those who hold a gold license have the added benefit of qualifying for the Superior Drivers Course at the time of renewal , a significantly shorter and less - expensive renewal process . In some cases , they can bypass the main license center and have their license renewed at a separate Superior Drivers License Renewal Center . Moreover , because such license holders are proven to have been free of accidents and moving violations for at least five years , they are deemed low - risk and qualify for optional car insurance discounts . To qualify , drivers must be accident and violation - free for 5 years and 41 days prior to their birthday on their license 's expiration . The period in which the license holder 's driving history is reviewed begins on the 40th day prior to their birthday of that year . Should the license holder be deemed to qualify , they will receive a decision in the mail with the word 優良 printed on it . Even the so - called `` Paper Drivers '' who hold licenses but never drive , who technically are without violation or accident , can lose their eligibility to obtain a gold license for several reasons including if their car is used by a drunk driver or to support drunk driving in any way . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , driver 's licenses are issued by the states and provinces ( or territories ) , respectively , and do not look the same nationwide . They are also used as a de facto or government - issued identification document for the holder . Most government issuers of driver 's licenses also provide a government - issued identification card with similar attributes to a driver 's license to those residents within their jurisdictions who do not have or maintain a valid driver 's license , making it easier for them to do things such as open a bank account , and perform any other activities that require official identification . Identification cards serve as government - issued photo ID but do not enable a person to operate a motor vehicle , a fact typically noted on the ID via the phrase ' Not a driver 's license ' or similar wording . This type of photo ID is referred to as a Photo card in some jurisdictions ( for example , Ontario Photo Card ) . Government - issued ID cards are also issued to out - of - state residents e.g. college students enrolled in an institution of higher education outside their state of residence e.g. a domiciled Texas resident enrolled at UCLA where the individual retains their Texas driver license and holds a California state issued ID card ( as mentioned above e.g. bank account and financial affairs ) ; also applicable to those who own business assets and not domiciled in a state or city as a resident e.g. one domiciled in Los Angeles and owns either a business or real estate property in Florida ) . In the United States no individual can hold two valid driver licenses , e.g. a Texas and California driver license held simultaneously , since some U.S. states do not collect personal income taxes e.g. Texas , Florida while California has a personal state income tax . South America ( edit ) In Venezuela , the driver 's license number is the same as the citizen 's ID number . The number of a driving license issued by the Dominican Republic has the same number as the holder 's Dominican Republic ID card . Licenses for different categories of vehicles ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a number of countries ( including the United States , New Zealand , Australia , UK , Ireland and sometimes Canada as well ) people who drive commercially are required to have special licenses . The cost of taking the series of tests and examinations to obtain these licenses usually means that an employer would subsidize his or her drivers . Africa ( edit ) Egypt ( edit ) Egyptian citizens are entitled to a driver 's license once they have reached the age of 18 . To obtain their licenses , applicants must pass a driving test as well as several computer tests . In order to pass , all a person had to do was drive six meters forward and then reverse six meters . However , the test was updated to make it more difficult , now the applicant has to answer 8 out of 10 correct answers in a computer test , then pass a forward & reverse S - track test in addition to an assessment of parking skills . Ghana ( edit ) Main article : Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority ( Ghana ) Driver 's licensing in Ghana is conducted by the nation 's Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority . The legal driving age is 18 . Kenya ( edit ) The legal driving age is 18 years old . The license must include : Id number Name Date of issue Class of vehicle Morocco ( edit ) The legal driving age of Moroccan citizens is 18 . Nigeria ( edit ) In Nigeria , the minimum age to qualify for a driver 's license is 18 . The applicant would first attend training at an accredited driving school . Then , the driving school will then present the applicant to a Vehicle Inspection Officer ( VIO ) for a driving test. Upon passing the driving test and the applicant would obtain a certificate of proficiency from the VIO. The applicant then completes a driver 's licence application form at the Driver 's Licence Centre ( DLC ) or download the form online. Afterwards he pays a license fee online or at the Bank and presents his application form to the Board of Internal Revenue ( BIR ) Officer and VIO at the DLC for endorsement . After all these he proceeds to the Federal Road Safety Corps ( FRSC ) Officer at the DLC for biometric data capture. He is given a temporary driver 's licence which is valid for 60 days . He picks up original driver 's licence at the BIR Office after 60 days . South Africa ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in South Africa The minimum driving age in South Africa is 17 , when you may drive with an adult whom holds a valid driving license , after passing your learners license theory test . At 18 you can obtain a driving license after passing the road test . Small motorcycles may be driven from the age of 16 . To obtain a license , applicants must pass a written or computer - based test to obtain a learner 's license , and then pass a road test to obtain the driving license . Categories for licenses include CODE B ( normal vehicles ) , CODE C1 ( LDV ) , CODE EC ( heavy trucks ) , CODE A ( motorcycle ) . The learners license theory test will contain three sets of questions with multiple answer options ; you will have to select the correct answer . Some driving license test centres use computers for the test , whereas other centres require you to complete the test using a test paper and pen . Tanzania ( edit ) Driver 's licenses are issued by the Tanzania Revenue Authority . The legal driving age for motor vehicles is 18 and for motorcycles is 16 . Asia ( edit ) Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Hong Kong The minimum driving age in Hong Kong is 16 for mopeds under 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) , and 18 for cars and motorcycles . Access to motorcycles producing more than 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) is restricted to riders aged 18 and above . The Regional Transport Office ( Driver Licencing Offices ) issue their own driving licences . Drivers are legally obliged to carry a valid driving license whilst driving , and must be produced if required to do so by a police officer . People above a certain age have to undergo strict medical tests in order to obtain a license that has limited validity and requires renewal after a certain period . India ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in India The minimum driving age in India is 16 for mopeds under 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) , and 18 for cars and motorcycles . Access to motorcycles producing more than 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) is restricted to riders aged 18 and above . The Regional Transport Office ( RTO / RTA ) issue their own driving licences in various states . Drivers are legally obliged to carry a valid driving license in India whilst driving , and must be produced if required to do so by a police officer . In India , people aged 50 or more , have to undergo strict medical tests in order to obtain a license that has limited validity and requires renewal every five years . A commercial driving license is valid for 3 years and requires to be renewed . Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Indonesia Front side of the Indonesian Driving License card `` A '' class for driving normal 4 wheel car / jeep vehicle Rear / back side of the Indonesian driving license card In Indonesia , to drive a motor vehicle , one must own a legal Indonesian Driving License which is called ( Surat Izin Mengemudi ) or SIM in Indonesian . It is a card which legally permits one to drive a motor vehicle . In Indonesia , there are classes for each driving license for which is allowed to drive a type of motor vehicle : A -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed not exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) A Public ( A UMUM ) - to drive commercial vehicles and goods carrier to the amount of weight that is allowed does not exceed 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) B1 -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) B1 Public ( B1 UMUM ) - to drive passenger vehicles and general freight allowed amount of weight over 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) B2 - to drive heavy equipment vehicles , towing vehicles , or motor vehicles with attractive patch or trailer train individuals with severe or patches are allowed to train more than 1,000 kg ( 2,200 lb ) trailer / s B2 Public ( B2 UMUM ) - to drive commercial vehicles for towing or pull cart trailer with heavy patch that are allowed to train more than 1,000 kg trailer C -- to drive motorcycles ( two - wheeled motor vehicle ) D -- special vehicle for disabled person The classes above are also allowed by the age of the driver according to the class of the driving license . The ages are accordingly issued to the different classes of the driver 's choice : 17 years old for issue of Driving License class : A , C , and D 20 years old for issue of Driving License class : B1 21 years old for issue of Driving License class : B2 Israel ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Israel Lebanon ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Lebanon Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Malaysia The front side of a typical Malaysian driver 's license . The minimum age for obtaining driving license varies between 16 and 21 , although there is a concern about teenage driving safety . As of November 2011 , any drivers could renew their license on his or her birthday , rather than expiry date . Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Pakistan The minimum age for eligibility for learner 's permit is 18 years ; as the driver 's information is saved against the Computerized National ID Card number which is issued at the age of 18 . The License Issuing Authorities vary to each district and work under the relative District Police . New credit card format driving license has been introduced . The license bears the digital photo , signature and blood group information of card holder . The record of violation is stored automatically in the database . To obtain a driving license one must register for the learner 's permit at any of the local District Police 's designated license offices and after 42 days can apply for test for a regular full license . The test phase consists of a theory based test followed by a short practical test . Only the ones who pass the theory test are allowed to take the practical test . The whole test stage is a single day process where both the tests are to be taken the same day . The driving license currently issued holds basic information of the Driver including Name , Father 's Name , Date of birth , Address , Authorized Vehicle Types , Emergency Contact , Blood Group , Fingerprint Impression , Driver Photo . The license also has a magnetic strip though its viability is yet to be made public . Singapore ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Singapore Driving licences in Singapore are issued by the traffic police . The minimum age to obtain a provisional driving licence ( PDL ) , which allows the holder to practise driving while under the supervision of an authorised driving instructor , is 18 . A provisional driving licence is obtained once the individual has passed the basic theory test . PDL holders are then required to sit for and pass the final theory test before they are allowed to sit for the practical driving test . Once they have passed the practical driving test , they are issued with a driving licence which allows for driving without supervision , though new drivers are required to display probationary plates when driving for the first year after their licence is issued . South Korea ( edit ) In South Korea , one must be holding a driving license called `` 운전 면허증 '' or an international driving license . The International driving license is valid for 1 years starting from the date of entry . If one is going to stay in South Korea longer than a year , it is necessary to change the international license to a local license by visiting the police office or driving license testing center . For South Korean driving license , there are classes for each driving license for which is allowed to drive a type of motor vehicle : Type 1 ( 1 종 ) -- Commercial Vehicles Large ( 대형 ) -- A license which allows one to drive every vehicle except trailers and wreckers . It allows one to drive cargo truck , passenger bus , construction equipment for commercial purposes . Normal ( 보통 ) -- Allows one to drive a vehicle with less than 15 seats , an emergency motor vehicle with less than 12 seats , a cargo truck with a load limit of 12 tonnes , a construction equipment which weighs less than 3 tonnes ( does n't include trailers and wreckers ) , a special motor vehicle which weighs less than 10 tonnes ( does n't include trailers and wreckers ) . Small ( 소형 ) -- Allows one to drive a vehicle with three wheels and a motorcycle . Type 2 ( 2 종 ) -- Non-Commercial Vehicles Normal ( 보통 ) -- Allows one to drive a vehicle with less than 10 seats , a cargo truck with a load limit of 4 tonnes , a special motor vehicle which weighs less than 3.5 tonnes ( does n't include trailers and wreckers ) . Small ( 소형 ) -- Allows one to drive a motorcycle . Practice Licence Type 1 ( 1 종 ) -- Allows one to drive a vehicle with less than 15 seats , a cargo truck with a load limit of 12 tonnes , when the driver is driving with somebody with a licence which is n't a practice licence . Type 2 ( 2 종 ) -- Allows one to drive a vehicle with less than 10 seats , a cargo truck with a load limit of 4 tonnes , when the driver is driving with somebody with a licence which is n't a practice licence . Besides the type of the licence , the licence may have a special condition . Depending on the special condition given , the driver must satisfy the condition below to be able to drive . Drving a vehicle without satisfying the given condition is considered as unlicensed driving . A -- Automatic Transmission Only B -- Drive with prosthetic hand or arm C -- Drive with prosthetic leg D -- Wear hearing aid when driving E -- Drive with Hearing - Impaired Sign + Convex Mirror I -- Drive a car with a gas pedal located in the left . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Sri Lanka New E-Smart Card driving licenses are available in Sri Lanka . These cards are intended for the use in the proposed `` Point System '' . In Sri Lanka , a driving license is the official document which authorizes its holder to operate various types of motor vehicles on public roads . They are administered by the Department of Motor Traffic ( DMT ) . The minimum age is 18 years for all vehicle types . Vietnam ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Vietnam In Vietnam , to drive a vehicle , one must own a legal Vietnamese Driving License which is called `` bằng lái '' . It is a card which legally permits one to drive a motor vehicle . In Vietnam , there are classes for each driving license for which is allowed to drive a type of motor vehicle : A -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . B1 -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed not exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . B1 is issued to drivers who are younger than 21 years old . B1 license is valid for 5 years . B2 - to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed not exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . B2 license is identical to B1 license but issued for drivers who are 21 years old or older . B2 license is valid for 10 years . C -- to drive motorcycles ( two - wheeled motor vehicle ) D -- special vehicle for disabled person The classes above are also allowed by the age of the driver according to the class of the driving license . The ages are accordingly issued to the different classes of the driver 's choice : 17 years old for issue of Driving License class : A , C 20 years old or younger for issue of Driving License class : B1 21 years old for issue of Driving License class : B2 European Economic Area ( edit ) Main article : European driving licence Driver 's licenses within the European Union are subdivided into different categories . The European Union has adopted a common format for driving licenses within all 31 European Economic Area member states ( EU , Iceland , Liechtenstein and Norway ) , and a common set of driving license categories . They were introduced to replace the 110 different plastic and paper driving licenses . The common format with the same information in the same place on all licenses allows the driving license to be understood , even if it is in a different language . The system for handling the penalty points remains different in each country , for the existence of points , initial number of points , revolving , and number of points removed ( or added ) for each penalty . Austria ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Austria Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Belgium Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Bulgaria Croatia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Croatia Cyprus ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Cyprus Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Denmark Finland ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Finland France ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in France Germany ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Germany Greece ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Greece Iceland ( edit ) The minimum age for getting a driver 's license in Iceland is 17 for a B class license , a B class license will qualify a person to drive low powered motorcycles ( 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) two stroke or equivalent , for more powerful bikes one will have to obtain an A class license ) , Tractors , ATVs and Automobiles that do not exceed a GVWR of 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) or 8 passengers . The minimum age in Iceland to get a C1 class ( vehicles up to 7,500 kg ( 16,500 lb ) GVWR ) is 18 , for a C class ( vehicles exceeding 7,500 kg ) one will have to have obtained a 12 - point license ( obtainable without getting a ticket for a whole year ) and have reached the age of 21 years . The minimum age in Iceland for a D1 class license is 21 years old and D class ( and DE class ) license is 23 years old , the same rules apply as with a C / CE class license . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Ireland Italy ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Italy The Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in the Netherlands Norway ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Norway The minimum age for getting a driver 's license in Norway is 16 for A1 , T ( tractor ) , 18 for A-C and 21 for D . The driver 's licenses are always revoked when he / she has reached an age of 100 . Poland ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Poland Romania ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Romania The minimum age for obtaining a driver 's license in Romania is 18 ( `` Minimum legal age in Romania '' ) Spain ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Spain Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Sweden United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in the United Kingdom The minimum driving age in the United Kingdom is 16 for mopeds under 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) , and 17 for cars and motorcycles . Access to motorcycles producing more than 25 kW ( 34 hp ) is restricted to riders with two years experience or aged 21 . The British Overseas Territories and the British Crown dependencies issue their own driving licences . There is no legal requirement for a non-professional driver to carry a driving licence in the UK whilst driving , although it must be produced at a police station within seven days , if required to do so by a police officer . In the United Kingdom , one must hold a Passenger Carrying Vehicle ( PCV ) licence to drive a vehicle with more than eight passenger seats for hire or reward , or a Large Goods Vehicle ( LGV ) licence to drive a vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Weight ( Maximum Authorized Mass ) in excess of 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . Licences and Driver Certificate of Professional Competence qualification cards must be carried whilst driving vehicles in such categories . Special licences are also required in order to transport hazardous materials . Rest of Europe ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Albania Azerbaijan ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Azerbaijan Macedonia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in the Republic of Macedonia Russia ( edit ) Driving licence. 2014 The Russian Empire was one of the first countries to create a driving licence . Russia 's first licences were issued in 1900 by Saint Petersburg authorities , and Russia joined an international convention in 1909 . However , due to relatively small number of cars , the attempts to create a standardised Russian licence were rather sporadic and limited to major urban areas . No comprehensive system of driver licensing was present until 1936 , when the Soviet government organised and standardised traffic and driving regulations , with the statewide system regulated by specialised police authorities . Russia employs a system of driver 's licenses very similar to the EU standard . Since 2014 there are 14 main categories that require a driving licence : A , A1 , B , B1 , C , C1 , D , D1 , BE , CE , C1E , DE , D1E , M and two additional categories : Tm ( tram ) and Tb ( trolleybus ) . The current licence style , introduced in 1999 , is a laminated plastic card similar to the European driving licence card in dimensions and outward appearance , with the bearer 's photo and name ( in Latin and Cyrillic scripts ) to the left , place / date of issue , allowed categories and signature to the right . The reverse of the card features a detailed list of allowed categories in Russian . Older booklet - style licenses are also occasionally seen although they are no longer issued and are increasingly rare as a result . The Russian driving license is also sometimes supplemented by a special card called `` временное разрешение '' ( temporary permission ) , which serves for registering offense points and as a temporary licence if the primary licence has been seized by the authorities for serious traffic offences . This supplement has been abolished and reinstated a countless number of times as the views of the traffic police change . The legal driving age within the Russian Federation is 18 years ( 16 for motorcycles ( A1 and M categories only , not A ) and 20 for buses ) and to obtain a licence one must be physically fit to drive ( including certificates of mental fitness and no record of substance abuse ) . One must also pass a test administered at a local traffic police authority and pay a fee . Tests are divided into theory and practice . The theory test is usually a computerized multiple - choice test on various traffic rules . Twenty multiple - choice questions are asked , only two incorrect answers allowed for a passing grade . A road test is then administered which includes a demonstration of basic driving skills ( steering , slope starting for manual transmission vehicles and backing - up ) , obstacle course as well as a skills examination for road driving . Four minor errors are allowed for the road driving examination -- the obstacle course is pass - fail . The number of retries is unlimited . Switzerland ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Even though Switzerland is a EFTA member state , it is not a member of the European Economic Area . Switzerland has , however , generally adopted much of the harmonised EU legislation with regard to driving licences . Swiss licences can be exchanged in most EEA countries . Switzerland has , since the 2000s , used the EU system of vehicle categories and issued EEA - style credit - card licences . To apply for a car driving licence ( category B ) , the applicant must be 18 years old . They must first attend first aid courses , and pass an eyesight test . Passing a theory exam is required to receive a learner 's permit valid for two years . This allows holders to drive a car only if accompanied by an adult aged 23 or more who has had a full driving licence for a minimum of three years . Before passing the practical exam , the candidate must attend 10 hours of theory lessons on `` sensibilisation ( familiarisation ) to road traffic '' . Practical driving lessons are not legally required , but are considered a de facto prerequisite for passing the practical exam taken with a government official Driving Test Examiner . Upon succeeding the practical exam , a probationary driving licence is issued for three years . To obtain the full , unlimited , driving licence after these three years , the candidate must not commit a serious traffic offence , and attend two days of further driving training . For motorcycles and heavier vehicles , the regulations are different , and some agrarian vehicles can be driven without a licence . As of 2011 , a 45 - minute driving lesson costs around CHF 90 , while the various fees and theoretical instruction costs associated with getting a car driving licence can amount to up to CHF 600 , without counting the costs for the two days of further training . The theoretical exam must be taken in either German , French or Italian . In some cantons it is possible to take it in English . Turkey ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Turkey Turkey has been an associate member since 1963 , and application to accede to the European Economic Community , the predecessor of the European Union ( EU ) , was made on 14 April 1987 . Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for full membership on 12 December 1999 , at the Helsinki summit of the European Council . On 1 January 2016 new Turkish laws concerning driving licences were implemented . The changes are intended to bring Turkey more in line with existing EU driving regulations and concern all road users in Turkey . A foreign national can drive in Turkey with an EU license for 6 months . After 6 months he / she has to change it to a Turkish licence . Application can be made to any Traffic Registration office , and the foreign driving licences will not be returned to holders . Instead they will be sent to the issuing authority of the country of origin i.e. for British nationals , DVLA . The DVLA says that expats can drive in the UK on a Turkish licence for up to 12 months , and if they wish to settle back in the UK , the Turkish license can be exchanged for a UK license . In Turkey you must be at least 18 years old in order to drive a car and at least 17 to drive a motorbike . The driving test comprises a practical and theory test , which has been recently made tougher in order to meet European Union regulations . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Main article : Driver 's licence in Canada The age to obtain a driver 's license in Canada varies by province , as do the necessary procedures . The minimum age for obtaining a driver 's license to drive unaccompanied in most provinces is 16 . Barbados ( edit ) In Barbados , a person 16 years or over can apply for a Learner 's Permit which allows them to drive for a specified period with an accompanying tutor . During that period they will be tested on their driving skill and their knowledge of road signs and traffic laws . On passing both the written and driving test the license is issued . Once issued a driver 's license is valid for a period of one to five years depending on which period of time the driver chooses to pay for . On the expiry of the period for which the license is issued , it will become renewable on the last day of the driver 's birth month and will again be valid for the time period for which payment is made . Visitors and non-nationals who are the holders of a valid driver 's license issued in their country of residence or origin are not allowed to drive automatically in Barbados but must go to a police station to have a temporary local driver 's license issued . The license is issued on payment of a fee and the production of the visitor 's existing license . Costa rica ( edit ) Every vehicle driver must carry a driver 's license ( Licencia de Conducir ) , which is issued by COSEVI ( Consejo de Seguridad Vial ) of the ministry of transportation and public infrastructure ( Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transporte ) . For this license to be granted there are three needed tests , practical driving ( includes driving a car in simulated streets ) , theoretical driving ( a multiple selection written test based on booklet issued by the education department or after taking a special course ) , and finally a medical test performed by a medical practitioner that tests eyesight , blood pressure and attests the presence of other diseases and behavior of the driver . Every citizen can solicit a driver 's license at age 18 , after being issued the first time , the license must be renewed after two years , and every successive occasion after five years . Foreigners may also obtain a drivers ' license if they have residency . Besides this document the driver must carry the national identity card ( Cédula de Identidad ) , however both documents use the same identification number , the national identity card being the basis of the driver 's license number . El Salvador ( edit ) All driver 's licenses are given by the government agency SERTRACEN ( Servicios de Tránsito Centroamericanos S.A. de C.V. ) . One needs a minimum of 15 years to receive a driver 's license ( a juvenile license ) . To get a new license , one needs to pass a vision test , a written test , and a driving test . These tests are given at accredited driving schools . Foreigners with a license from another country can obtain an El Salvador license if they have residency . They will also have to pass a vision test . The driver 's license number is the same as the person 's Tax ID number . El Salvador licenses ( as well as vehicle circulation cards ) contain a chip which can be read by putting the card in a chip reader . There are several categories of drivers ' licenses in El Salvador : Juvenil Particular -- License for minors , allowing them to drive cars and pickup trucks Motociclista -- Motorcycle license Particular -- License for adults , for cars , vans up to 17 passengers , and pickup trucks . Liviana -- Taxis , Light trucks up to 5 tons , and buses up to 30 passengers . Pesada -- Buses greater than 30 passengers , and trucks greater than 5 tons . Pesada T -- Trucks with more than 3 axles . Jamaica ( edit ) A citizen may obtain a learner 's permit once he or she is age 17 . A learner will get their driver 's license upon being proven competent through the results of both a written and practical test . This license expires on the holder 's fifth birthday after the date of issue . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Mexico Driving licenses in Mexico are regulated by each state , and they all have different rules and requirements . However , all state driving licenses are recognized across Mexico , and international licenses with an IDP are also recognized as well . A driver is allowed a learner 's permit at the age of 15 ( in some states ) , with the cost of approximately 100 dollars , a duration of a year , and requiring to drive with an adult at all times . At the age of 16 , the fee drops to 30 dollars , and a driving permit is issued with some usage restrictions , depending on the state ( like a curfew ) . When a driver turns 18 , he or she is allowed a full license . Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) Main article : Driver 's licenses in Trinidad and Tobago In Trinidad and Tobago , you could obtain a learner 's permit at your 17th birthday . Licenses to drive are commonly referred to in Trinidad and Tobago as Driver 's Permits . Driver 's Permits are issued by the Licensing Authority , which is governed by the Ministry of Works and Transport . In order to legally operate any motor vehicle in Trinidad and Tobago , whether it is on or off public - owned - roads , the operator of the motor vehicle must be in possession of a valid Driver 's Permit on their person and is legally endorsed for that class of vehicle . Contravention to the aforementioned could warrant a fine of up to TT $ 1,500 and imprisonment . United states ( edit ) Age requirements to receive a restricted driver 's license by US State 14 years and 3 months 15 years 15 years and 6 months 16 years 16 years and 3 - 4 months 16 years and 6 months 17 years Main article : Driver 's licenses in the United States The eligible age to first obtain a driver 's license varies substantially from state to state , from 14 years , three months , in South Dakota to 17 in New Jersey . In a majority of states one can obtain a license that allows driving without adult supervision by age 16 , after passing the requisite tests . Since the driver 's license is a commonplace document that carries much of the necessary information needed for identification , it has become the primary method of identification in the United States . In the United States , a holder of a driver 's license is typically legally allowed to operate a motor vehicle up to 26,000 pounds if no hazardous materials and no more than 16 persons ( driver included ) are in the vehicle . Most jurisdictions that grant driver 's licenses only permit the holder to operate a roadworthy vehicle consisting of four or more wheels . To operate a two - wheel motorized vehicle with a sustainable speed greater than 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) requires an endorsement on the license , typically after successful completion of a theory ( written ) and practical test . On the federal level , motor vehicles with a curb weight of GCWR of 26,001 lb ( 11,794 kg ) or more , a vehicle designed to transport 16 or more passengers ( driver included ) , or a vehicle transporting hazardous materials can only be driven by an operator carrying a Commercial Driver License ( Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 ) . Upon successful completion of theory and practical testing , endorsements can be applied to a CDL to allow legal transport of specialty types of goods : T Semi trailer Double or Triple ( Written Test ) Certain states prohibit triple trailers statewide , such as California , Florida , Michigan , and New York A Class A license is required to obtain the T endorsement P Passenger Vehicle ( Written and Driving Tests ) S School Bus ( Written and Driving Test , Background Check , Sex Offender Registry Check and P endorsement ) N Tank Truck ( Written Test ) H Hazardous materials ( Written Test and Background Check through the Transportation Security Administration ) X Combination of Tank Vehicle and Hazardous Materials ( Written Test ) W Tow truck . ( Written Test ) M Motorcycle License ( Written Test and practical ) Various state statutes also mandate that CDL must be held to operate vehicles not covered by federal statutes . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main article : Driver 's licence in Australia The minimum driving age varies between 16 and 18 years of age in different States and Territories . After the minimum age , a graduated licensing scheme operates , with state variations . Cook Islands ( edit ) A Cook Islands `` License to Drive a Motor Vehicle '' is issued at police headquarters on Rarotonga , on production of a valid license from the visitor 's home country . To use a scooter or motor cycle ( the main hire vehicles for tourists ) a short test has to be taken by anyone whose home license is only valid for cars , in which a police officer observes the applicant riding up and down the main street of the capital . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in New Zealand Since August 2011 , the minimum age to obtain a learner licence is 16 years old in New Zealand ; formerly it was 15 years old . There are three different types of drivers licence in New Zealand : learners , restricted and full licence . Learners licences allow the person to drive , with a wide number of restrictions . Restricted licenses allow driving alone between the hours of 5am to 10pm , and require the person to be 161⁄2 . Full licences are restricted to those 18 and over , or 171⁄2 years if an approved advanced driving course has been successfully completed . There are six different classes of vehicle that are licensed : Class Number Vehicle Requirements for learners licence Requirements for restricted licence Requirements for full licence Class 1 Car Must be 16 years or over Must be 161⁄2 or over , must have learners licence for at least 6 months Must be 18 or over , must have restricted licence for at least 12 months Class 2 Medium rigid vehicle Hold a full class 1 licence for at least 6 months and pass a theory test N / A 6 months on the class 2 learner licence plus a practical test , or immediately upon passing an approved course Class 3 Medium combination vehicle Get a full licence in Class 1 N / A TBA Class 4 Heavy rigid vehicle Hold a full class 2 licence for at least 6 months ( under 25 ) or 3 months ( 25 and over ) . No theory test required . Apply and pay the required fee N / A 6 months on the class 4 learner licence plus a practical test , or immediately upon passing an approved course Class 5 Heavy combination vehicle Hold a full class 4 licence for at least 6 months ( under 25 ) and pass a theory test N / A 6 months on the class 5 learner licence plus a practical test , or immediately upon passing an approved course Class 6 Motorcycle Must be 16 years or over Must be 161⁄2 or over , must have learners licence for at least 6 months Must be 18 or over and have had restricted licence for 18 months or must be ​ 17 ⁄ years or over and have had restricted licence for 12 months if an approved advanced driving course is completed South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Brazil Peru ( edit ) The minimum age for a driving license is 18 years old . It is obtained via a test in a car , a computer and the applicant must present a vision test which says they are permitted to drive Organ donations ( edit ) Licensing bureaus in many countries add an organ donation option on license forms . Sometimes a small picture of a heart or the term Organ Donor is printed on the driver 's license , to indicate that he or she has agreed to donate his or her organs in case of sudden death , such as after a collision . In the United States , this is governed by the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act . In New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland , willingness to donate organs for transplant is also listed on driver 's licenses . In Australia , the system of notating organ donation requests on licenses was replaced in July 2005 with a national registration system and the issue of special cards . In Great Britain ( England , Wales and Scotland ) , code `` 115 '' is printed on the reverse of the licence to indicate that details are on the National Health Service ( NHS ) Organ Donor Register . International and interstate considerations ( edit ) Many groups of countries have agreed to recognize driver 's licenses issued by authorities of any of its members . Examples include the European Union and the GCC , where holders of driver 's licenses issued by any member state can drive in all member states . Most countries worldwide will also recognize the licenses of citizens of foreign states wishing to drive as visitors . All EU member countries now issue licenses in a standard format , regardless of the language of the license . The International Driving Permit ( IDP ) ( sometimes erroneously called the International Driver 's License ) is a booklet which is an authorized translation of a driver 's home license into many languages ( especially languages with non-Latin scripts such as Russian , Arabic , Chinese , Japanese , Korean , etc . ) . In some cases , it is obtained from a motoring organization such as the Automobile Association or the equivalent in the driver 's home country . In other cases , it is delivered by the same government services that deliver ordinary licenses . The IDP has no validity except when used in conjunction with the driver 's own license . The existence of the IDP is necessitated by many countries refusing to recognize driver 's licenses written in foreign languages without accompanying translations . Temporary visitors from the United States to France ( less than 90 days ) are permitted to drive with a valid US state driver 's license . In addition to holding a US driver 's license , visitors are advised ( but not required ) to carry an International Driving permit , or attach a French translation to their US state driver 's license . China , at present , does not recognize IDPs and requires drivers to get an additional Chinese license before being officially allowed on all roads . Holders of foreign licenses are exempt from certain requirements when obtaining a Chinese license . A minimum driving age often exists regardless of possession of a foreign license ; an American can not drive below the local minimum age in Europe , nor can a 17 - year - old Briton drive in mainland Europe where the minimum age is 18 . Many countries have established a driver 's license exchange arrangement after reviews of the foreign jurisdiction 's licensing processes . Where standards in the other jurisdiction are comparable in areas such as medical standards , minimum driving age , and knowledge and road testing , an exchange ( or honoring ) of the foreign jurisdiction 's license may occur . This may also be called Driver 's License Reciprocity . Issues when moving permanently from one country or one state to another ( edit ) Most license - issuing authorities require holders of foreign licenses taking up residence in their jurisdiction to obtain a local driver 's license within a limited time , typically 6 months or 1 year . In most cases , the driver must follow the full local procedure for obtaining a license , but some jurisdictions have mutual recognition agreements and will exchange the foreign license for a local one without the need to undertake an additional driving test . An exception is the EU , where licenses do not need to be exchanged since the introduction of the common EU - driver 's - license scheme . Australia ( edit ) Each state in Australia has different rules for how long a visitor can drive on an international licence or a licence from a different state . For example , New South Wales allows three months whereas Victoria allows six months . Drivers that move permanently to another state must change their licence to a local state licence within the prescribed time . This is usually free . In some states , drivers with a full New Zealand licence are treated as interstate drivers . Canada ( edit ) British Columbia has a reciprocal license exchange scheme with other Canadian provinces and territories as well other countries provided the license is valid or has been expired for less than three years . Ontario If you have a ( 7L ) licensing , which is given out by British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , you are not restricted to being accompanied by a supervisor while driving in Ontario , until you get your Full License at the age of 18 . Ontario has a reciprocal license exchange scheme for Canadian provinces and territories , Canadian Forces Europe , and some other countries . Quebec has a reciprocal license exchange scheme for Canadian provinces and territories , Canadian Forces Europe , American states and other countries . France ( edit ) US state driver 's licenses can be exchanged from the 15 states below during the first year of legal residence in France : Arkansas , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Illinois , Iowa , Maryland , New Hampshire , Ohio , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Texas , Virginia and Wisconsin . If you are a resident of France ( holder of a carte de séjour or carte de residence ) , you may drive in France with a valid US state driver 's license for a one - year recognition period , beginning on the date of validity of the first carte de séjour ( exception for students who are allowed to use their driver 's license for the duration of their studies ) . In addition to having s US state driver 's license , residents are also required to attach a French translation done by a sworn translator , or expert traducteur or traducteur assermenté . Germany ( edit ) The US Embassy , supported by the American Chamber of Commerce in Germany , continues to actively press all US states , territories , and the federal district to reach an agreement on the reciprocal recognition of driver 's licenses with Germany , essentially a waiver of testing requirements . If approved , drivers from Alabama , Arizona , Arkansas , Colorado , Delaware , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Massachusetts , Maryland , Michigan , New Mexico , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , Puerto Rico , South Carolina , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , Virginia , West Virginia , Washington State , Wisconsin , and Wyoming will be exempted from road and written driving tests . If approved , drivers from Connecticut , District of Columbia , Florida , Indiana , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Nebraska , North Carolina , Oregon , Tennessee will be exempted from the road tests only . Hong Kong ( edit ) As stated on the application form for direct issue of full Hong Kong driving license ( Rev. 11 / 2008 ) , when a person has documentary evidence to the Commissioner for Transport 's satisfaction that all of the following apply , the person is eligible to direct issue of a Hong Kong license : The person has held a full driving license ( not an International Driving Permit ) for three years issued by one of the following countries or territories : Australia , Austria , Bangladesh , Belgium , Bermuda , Canada , China , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Guernsey , Iceland , India , Ireland , the Isle of Man , Israel , Italy , Japan , Jersey , Luxembourg , Macao , Malaysia , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nigeria , Norway , Pakistan , Portugal , Singapore , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , South Africa , South Korea , Namibia , Taiwan , the United Kingdom and the United States . The driving entitlement ( s ) for which one is applying must be equivalent to the class ( es ) which are authorized to drive by the issuing country or place ; and The driving license was obtained by passing the relevant driving test ( s ) in the issuing country or territory ; and Satisfies one of the three requirements below : The license was originally issued on any date during a period of residence of not less than 6 months in the country or place of issue ( entry and departure stamps on a passport , school transcript or employer 's testimonial with employment period specified are accepted as proof ) ; or The license has been issued for not less than 5 years immediately before the application ; or Hold a passport or an equivalent travel document of the country or territory in which the license was issued . Singapore ( edit ) A foreigner 18 years of age or older and holding a Work Pass / Dependent Pass / Student Pass may drive in Singapore with a valid class 3 , 3A or 2B foreign license , for a period of not more than 12 months . A Singaporean driving licence is required after 12 months . Those on short term social visits may drive with their foreign license for up to 12 months each time they enter into Singapore . For licences not written in the English language , an International Driving Permit or translation is required . Foreign licence conversion is only granted for class 2B and class 3 qualified driving licences . In order to convert your foreign licence to a Singapore driving licence , you are required to pass the Basic Theory Test ( BTT ) . Overseas theory test results are not admissible for consideration . Sweden ( edit ) Residents in Sweden having a foreign license can exchange it to a Swedish license , if it is from an EU country , an EEA country , Switzerland or Japan . Foreign licenses are valid if the holder has not been living in Sweden for more than a year ( and some more requirements ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency ( DVLA ) , which licences drivers in Great Britain ( England , Scotland and Wales ) , but not Northern Ireland , exchanges full licences issued by : Northern Ireland ( although being part of the UK , driving licences are issued by the Driver and Vehicle Agency ( DVA ) in Northern Ireland ) , Countries within the EEA and Switzerland , The British Crown dependencies ( Guernsey , Jersey and the Isle of Man ) Gibraltar and other British Overseas Territories , Australia , Barbados , the Faroe Islands , Hong Kong , Japan , Monaco , New Zealand , Singapore , South Korea , South Africa , and Zimbabwe . Canada ( by default , Canadian driver 's licences will only be exchanged for licences to drive automatic transmission cars , unless documentary evidence is provided that a manual gearbox ( shift ) test was passed in Canada ) United states ( edit ) A Driver 's License from any US state is valid for temporary use in any other US state , although most states require that a person have a license issued by their state of primary residence . Most states allow residents to convert an out - of - state license to an in - state license without any additional written or road tests . Delaware has a reciprocal license exchange for Germany , France , and Taiwan to allow holders of those licenses to obtain a Delaware license without any additional written or road tests . A District of Columbia driver 's license may be obtained while maintaining out - of - country driver 's license . D.C. driver 's licenses may vary for non-US citizens , depending on visa classification . The written test is required for non-US citizens who possess an out - of - country driver 's license . Florida has a reciprocal license agreement with South Korea , allowing South Korea licenses to be exchanged for a Florida license , and vice versa , without taking a written or road test . A New York State driver 's license may be obtained by a resident of another country . If the driver has a driver license from any nation except Canada , they must pass a written test , complete a 5 - hour pre-licensing course and pass a road test to qualify for a driver 's license . Texas does n't require drivers from Canada , France , Germany , nor Taiwan to take the written and practical tests . But drivers must still agree to a vision test . Washington State has a reciprocal license exchange , allowing holders of valid licenses from any other US state , British Columbia , Germany , South Korea , and Taiwan to exchange their license for a Washington State license without taking any written or road tests . Virginia has a reciprocal agreement with Canada , France and Germany . The knowledge and skills tests may be waived if the driver meets residency and other requirements . See also ( edit ) Commercial driver 's license Driver 's Education Learner 's permit International Driving Permit Road - traffic safety Vehicle category List of countries by minimum driving age References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lutteroth , Johanna . `` Der Lappen , der die Welt bedeutet '' . einestages ( in German ) . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Motor Car Act , 1903 - The Motor Miscellany '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Driver Education in the UK '' . 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Direct.gov.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` State of Delaware Division of Motor Vehicles - Driver 's License Over 18 FAQ 's '' . Dmv.de.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia : Department of Motor Vehicles - Services - Drivers ' Licenses - Getting Your Learners ' Permit '' . Dmv.dc.gov . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Department of Motor Vehicles - NYS DMV - NYSDMV - Driver - Vehicle '' . Nydmv.state.ny.us . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Department of Public Safety '' . xdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` WA State Licensing : Moving ? Get WA license '' . Dol.wa.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Motor Vehicles Virginia '' ( PDF ) . dmv.virginia.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Driver 's licenses . Information from the European Union in driving licences throughout the Community Drivers License General Information Office ( Japanese ) Driving licence in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Driving licence in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Driving licence in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured clear distance ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Left - and right - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured clear distance ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driver%27s_license&oldid=842670916 '' Categories : Car safety Identity documents Driving licences Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Japanese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was it required to have a driver's license
[ "Mandatory licensing for drivers came into force on 1 January 1904[2] after the Motor Car Act 1903 received royal assent in the United Kingdom. Every car owner had to register their vehicle with their local government authority and be able to prove registration of their vehicle on request. The minimum qualifying age was set at 17. The licence gave its holder 'freedom of the road' with a maximum 20 mph (32 km/h) speed limit.[3] Compulsory testing was introduced in 1934, with the passing of the Road Traffic Act.[4]" ]
[ "1 January 1904" ]
-5150532541135217854
List of Major League Baseball record holders
List of Major League Baseball record holders - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball record holders Jump to : navigation , search In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , records play an integral part in evaluating a player 's impact on the sport . Holding a career record almost guarantees a player eventual entry into the Baseball Hall of Fame because it represents both longevity and consistency over a long period of time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Batting records ( 1876 -- present ) 1.1 Career 1.2 Single - Season 2 Pitching records ( 1876 -- present ) 2.1 Career 2.1. 1 Live - ball era ( 1920 -- present ) 2.2 Single season 2.2. 1 Live - ball era ( 1920 -- present ) 3 Hitting records : single game ( 1876 -- present ) 4 Pitching records : single game ( 1876 -- present ) 5 Catcher records : career 6 Catcher records : single season 7 Other records 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Batting Records ( 1876 -- present ) ( edit ) Career ( edit ) Babe Ruth ( left ) holds the record for highest slugging percentage , and OPS while Ty Cobb ( right ) holds the records for highest batting average and most steals of home . Barry Bonds holds the most hitting records with ten , most notably the career home run and single - season home run records . Ichiro Suzuki collected 262 hits in 2004 , breaking George Sisler 's 84 - year - old record for most hits in a season . Record Player # Refs Highest batting average Ty Cobb . 3664 Most singles Pete Rose 3,215 Most doubles Tris Speaker 792 Most triples Sam Crawford 309 Most home runs Barry Bonds 762 Most grand slams Alex Rodriguez 25 Most home runs by a pitcher Wes Ferrell 38 Most grand slams by a pitcher Madison Bumgarner Oldest player to hit first home run Bartolo Colón 7004156890000000000 ♠ 42 years , 349 days old Youngest player to hit a home run Tommy Brown 7003646700000000000 ♠ 17 years , 257 days old Most runs batted in Hank Aaron 2,297 Most hits Pete Rose 4,256 Most runs scored Rickey Henderson 2,295 Highest on - base percentage Ted Williams . 482 Most stolen bases Rickey Henderson 1,406 Most steals of home Ty Cobb 54 Highest slugging percentage Babe Ruth . 690 Highest OPS Babe Ruth 1.164 Most walks Barry Bonds 2,558 Most intentional walks Barry Bonds 688 Most strikeouts Reggie Jackson 2,597 Most at - bats Pete Rose 14,555 Most total bases Hank Aaron 6,856 Most runs created Barry Bonds 2,892 Most games played Pete Rose 3,562 Single - Season ( edit ) Records Player # Season Refs Games Maury Wills 165 1962 Highest batting average Hugh Duffy . 440 1894 Most singles Ichiro Suzuki 225 Most doubles Earl Webb 67 1931 Most triples Chief Wilson 36 1912 Most home runs Barry Bonds 73 2001 Most runs batted in Hack Wilson 191 1930 Most hits Ichiro Suzuki 262 Most runs scored Billy Hamilton 192 1894 Highest on - base percentage Barry Bonds . 609 Most stolen bases Hugh Nicol Rickey Henderson 138 130 1887 1982 Highest slugging percentage Barry Bonds . 863 2001 Highest OPS Barry Bonds 1.422 Most walks Barry Bonds 232 Most strikeouts Mark Reynolds 223 2009 Most extra base hits Babe Ruth 119 1921 Fastest pitch thrown Nolan Ryan 108.5 mph Most total bases Babe Ruth 457 1921 Consecutive game hitting streak Joe DiMaggio 56 1941 Most at - bats Jimmy Rollins 716 2007 Pitching Records ( 1876 -- present ) ( edit ) Career ( edit ) Cy Young , the Major League record holder for most career wins , losses , innings pitched , and complete games . Record Player # Most wins Cy Young 511 Most losses Cy Young 316 Lowest E.R.A. Ed Walsh 1.82 Most no - hitters Nolan Ryan 7 Most strikeouts Nolan Ryan 5,714 Most shutouts Walter Johnson 110 Most pickoffs Steve Carlton 144 Most innings pitched Cy Young 7,354 2⁄3 Most hit batsmen Gus Weyhing 278 Most home runs allowed Jamie Moyer 522 Most complete games Cy Young 749 Lowest WHIP Addie Joss . 968 Most saves Mariano Rivera 652 Highest win -- loss percentage Spud Chandler 71.7 % Most games Jesse Orosco 1,252 Most consecutive scoreless innings pitched Orel Hershiser 59 Live - ball era ( 1920 -- present ) ( edit ) ( if different from overall records ) Record Player # Most wins Warren Spahn 363 Most losses Nolan Ryan 292 Lowest earned - run average Mariano Rivera 2.21 Most shutouts Warren Spahn 63 Most innings pitched Phil Niekro 5,404 1⁄3 Most complete games Warren Spahn 382 Lowest WHIP Mariano Rivera 1.004 Single season ( edit ) Record Player # Season Most wins Old Hoss Radbourn 59 1884 Most losses John Coleman 48 1883 Lowest E.R.A. Tim Keefe 0.86 1880 Most strikeouts Matt Kilroy 513 1886 Most shutouts George Bradley Pete Alexander 16 1876 1916 Most innings pitched Will White 680 1879 Most complete games Will White 75 1879 Lowest WHIP Pedro Martínez . 7373 2000 Most saves Francisco Rodríguez 62 2008 Highest win / loss percentage Roy Face 94.7 % 1959 Most hits allowed John Coleman 772 1883 Most earned runs allowed John Coleman 291 1883 Live - ball era ( 1920 -- present ) ( edit ) ( if different from all - time records ) Record Player # Season Jim Bagby , Sr . Lefty Grove Denny McLain 31 1920 1931 1968 Most losses Paul Derringer 27 1933 Most 1938 Most runs by a team Dodgers Harrisburg 20 Hitting Records : Single game ( 1876 -- present ) ( edit ) Most hits in a nine - inning game : 7 by Wilbert Robinson , June 10 , 1892 , and Rennie Stennett , September 16 , 1975 . Most hits in an extra-inning game : 9 , Johnny Burnett , July 10 , 1932 . Most total bases in a nine - inning game : 19 ( 4 home runs , a double and a single ) , Shawn Green , May 23 , 2002 . Pitching records : single game ( 1876 -- present ) ( edit ) Most home runs allowed : 7 , Charlie Sweeney , June 12 , 1886 Most strikeouts : 21 , Tom Cheney , September 12 , 1962 ( 16 innings ) Most strikeouts in a nine - inning game : 20 by Kerry Wood , Roger Clemens ( twice ) , and Max Scherzer Most consecutive home runs allowed : 4 by Paul Foytack , July 31 , 1963 , Chase Wright , April 22 , 2007 , Dave Bush , August 11 , 2010 , and Michael Blazek , July 27 , 2017 Oldest pitcher to win a game : Jamie Moyer , age 49 years , 151 days , May 16 , 2012 Oldest pitcher to win a game : Jamie Moyer , age 49 , pitching for the Colorado Rockies in 2012 Catcher Records : Career ( edit ) Most runners caught stealing : 810 , Gary Carter Most stolen bases allowed : 1,498 , Gary Carter Most stolen - base attempts : 2,308 , Gary Carter Highest caught - stealing % : 57.40 % , Roy Campanella Most pickoffs : 81 , Iván Rodríguez Most games caught : 2,427 , Iván Rodríguez Most caught no hitters : 4 , Jason Varitek , May 19 , 2008 and Carlos Ruiz , July 25 , 2015 . Note : Pre-1950 stolen - base data is incomplete ; career leaders shown from 1950 to present . Catcher Records : Single Season ( edit ) Most runners caught stealing : Jody Davis , 89 ( 1986 ) Most stolen bases allowed : Mike Piazza , 155 ( 1996 ) Highest caught - stealing % : Mike LaValliere , 72.73 % ( 1993 ) Most no - hitters caught : 2 , Carlos Ruiz ( 2010 ) ( List of Major League Baseball no - hitters ) Both of Ruiz 's no - hitters were by Roy Halladay ; the second was in Game 1 of the National League Division Series , Halladay 's first career postseason start . In 1914 , Yankees catcher Les Nunamaker threw out three runners in the same inning . Other Records ( edit ) Most World Series wins ( as a manager ) : 7 , Casey Stengel , Joe McCarthy Most pennants won : 10 , Casey Stengel , John McGraw Most World Series appearances ( as a manager ) : 10 , Casey Stengel Most World Series appearances ( as a team ) : 40 , New York Yankees Most World Series titles ( as a team ) : 27 , New York Yankees Most regular season wins ( as a team ) : 116 , Seattle Mariners , Chicago Cubs Most MVP Awards won : 7 , Barry Bonds Most Grand Slams By a Pitcher in One Season : Tony Cloninger , Madison Bumgarner , 2 Most Consecutive Games Played : 2,632 , Cal Ripken , Jr . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball single - game records List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Prior to 1898 , a player was credited with a stolen base if he took an extra base on a base hit by another player . For example , a baserunner is on first base and the batter singles to right field . If the baserunner reaches second base , then proceeds to take third , he would be credited with a stolen base . The single - season record under modern rules is 130 by Rickey Henderson in 1982 . Jump up ^ Even though Hershiser 's 59 consecutive scoreless innings occurred completely within the 1988 season , other pitchers have had streaks spanning more than one season . Thus , it is necessary to put the record over a career . Jump up ^ Randy Johnson pitched 20 strikeouts working 9 innings in an 11 - inning game . Since the game went over 9 innings , his performance is not officially considered a record References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Singles '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Doubles '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Triples '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Total Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Mets Pitcher Bartolo Colon Becomes Oldest Player to Hit First Home Run Jump up ^ `` Home Run Records by Age '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Runs Batted In '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Runs Scored '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for On - Base % '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Stolen Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Slugging % '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for On - Base Plus Slugging '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Bases on Balls '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Intentional Bases on Balls '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Strikeouts '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for At Bats '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Total Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Runs Created '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Games Played '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Batting average '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Singles '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Doubles '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Triples '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Runs Batted In '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Runs Scored '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for On - Base % '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Stolen Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Slugging % '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for On - Base Plus Slugging '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Bases on Balls '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Intentional Bases on Balls '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Total Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for At Bats '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Records for hits at Baseball Almanac Jump up ^ `` Strikeout Records by Pitchers including Career Strikeouts , Single Season Strikeouts and Strikeouts in a Game Records , by Baseball Almanac '' . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders &Records for Caught Stealing as C - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders &Records for Stolen Bases Allowed as C - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders &Records for Caught Stealing % - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.retrosheet.org/Research/WeigandJ/Rating%20The%20Catchers.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/Gm_c_career.shtml Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders &Records for Caught Stealing as C - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders &Records for Stolen Bases Allowed as C - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders &Records for Caught Stealing % - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WordPress.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) All - time records at Baseball-Reference.com Unbreakable Baseball Records -- slideshow by Life magazine Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_record_holders&oldid=836572696 '' Categories : Major League Baseball records Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 16 : 24 . About Wikipedia
who struck out the most in a season
[ "\n\nRecords\nPlayer\n#\nSeason\nRefs\n\n\nGames\nMaury Wills\n165\n1962\n\n\n\nHighest batting average\nHugh Duffy\n.440\n1894\n[21]\n\n\nMost singles\nIchiro Suzuki\n225\n2004\n[22]\n\n\nMost doubles\nEarl Webb\n67\n1931\n[23]\n\n\nMost triples\nChief Wilson\n36\n1912\n[24]\n\n\nMost home runs\nBarry Bonds\n73\n2001\n\n\n\nMost runs batted in\nHack Wilson\n191\n1930\n[25]\n\n\nMost hits\nIchiro Suzuki\n262\n2004\n[26]\n\n\nMost runs scored\nBilly Hamilton\n192\n1894\n[27]\n\n\nHighest on-base percentage\nBarry Bonds\n.609\n2004\n[28]\n\n\nMost stolen bases[a]\nHugh Nicol\nRickey Henderson\n138\n130\n1887\n1982\n[29]\n\n\nHighest slugging percentage\nBarry Bonds\n.863\n2001\n[30]\n\n\nHighest OPS\nBarry Bonds\n1.422\n2004\n[31]\n\n\nMost walks\nBarry Bonds\n232\n2004\n[32]\n\n\nMost strikeouts\nMark Reynolds\n223\n2009\n\n\n\nMost extra base hits\nBabe Ruth\n119\n1921\n[33]\n\n\nFastest pitch thrown\nNolan Ryan\n108.5 mph\n1974\n\n\n\nMost total bases\nBabe Ruth\n457\n1921\n[34]\n\n\nConsecutive game hitting streak\nJoe DiMaggio\n56\n1941\n\n\n\nMost at-bats\nJimmy Rollins\n716\n2007\n[35]\n\n" ]
[ "Mark Reynolds" ]
-4652560023195087602
Ages of consent in Europe
Ages of consent in Europe - Wikipedia Ages of consent in Europe Jump to : navigation , search Age of consent by country -- 14 -- 15 -- 16 -- 17 -- 18 The ages of consent vary by jurisdiction across Europe . The ages of consent are currently set between 14 and 18 . The vast majority of countries set their ages in the range of 14 to 16 ; only five countries , Cyprus ( 17 ) , Ireland ( 17 ) , Malta ( 18 ) , Turkey ( 18 ) and Vatican City ( 18 ) , do not fit into this pattern . The laws can also stipulate the specific activities that are permitted or differentially specify the age at which a given sex can participate . Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject . The highlighted age is that at which , or above which , an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is also at or above that age . In 2014 , the self - declared state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus lifted the ban on sodomy , decriminalizing homosexual sex . All jurisdictions in Europe have an equal and gender - neutral age limit . The below is a list of all jurisdictions in Europe as listed in List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 International obligations 2 Consent by age 3 Albania 4 Andorra 5 Armenia 6 Austria 6.1 History 7 Azerbaijan 8 Belarus 9 Belgium 9.1 History 10 Bosnia and Herzegovina 11 Bulgaria 12 Croatia 12.1 History 13 Cyprus 13.1 History 13.2 Akrotiri and Dhekelia 14 Czech Republic 14.1 History 15 Denmark 15.1 History 16 Estonia 16.1 History 17 Finland 17.1 History 17.1. 1 Åland Islands 18 France 18.1 History 19 Georgia 20 Germany 20.1 History 21 Greece 22 Hungary 22.1 History 23 Iceland 23.1 History 24 Ireland 24.1 History 25 Italy 26 Kazakhstan 27 Kosovo 28 Latvia 28.1 History 29 Liechtenstein 30 Lithuania 30.1 History 31 Luxembourg 32 Republic of Macedonia 33 Malta 34 Moldova 35 Monaco 36 Montenegro 36.1 History 37 Netherlands 37.1 History 38 Northern Cyprus 38.1 History 39 Norway 39.1 History 39.2 Svalbard 40 Poland 40.1 History 41 Portugal 41.1 History 42 Romania 42.1 History 43 Russia 43.1 History 44 San Marino 45 Serbia 45.1 History 46 Slovak Republic 46.1 History 47 Slovenia 47.1 History 48 Spain 48.1 History 49 Sweden 49.1 History 50 Switzerland 51 Turkey 51.1 History 52 Ukraine 53 United Kingdom ( and dependencies ) 53.1 England and Wales 53.1. 1 History 53.2 Scotland 53.2. 1 History 53.3 Northern Ireland 53.3. 1 History 53.4 Akrotiri and Dhekelia 53.5 Gibraltar 53.5. 1 History 53.6 Guernsey ( including Alderney , Herm and Sark ) 53.6. 1 History 53.7 Isle of Man 53.7. 1 History 53.8 Jersey 53.8. 1 History 54 Vatican City 55 See also 56 References 57 Further reading 58 External links International obligations ( edit ) Neither the European Union nor the Council of Europe have suggested any specific age of consent , and there has not been any effort so far to standardize the age across member states . However , most countries in Europe now have binding legal obligations in regard to the sexual abuse of children under 18 . The Lanzarote Convention , which came into effect in 2011 , obligates the countries that ratify it to criminalize certain acts concerning children under 18 , such as the involvement of such children in prostitution and pornography . Other acts that must be criminalized include : `` Engaging in sexual activities with a child ( child is defined in Article 3 as `` person under the age of 18 years '' ) where : Use is made of coercion , force or threats ; or Abuse is made of a recognised position of trust , authority or influence over the child , including within the family ; or Abuse is made of a particularly vulnerable situation of the child , notably because of a mental or physical disability or a situation of dependence . '' The age of consent is called `` the legal age for sexual activities '' and must be chosen by states at the age they see fit . ( No specific age is recommended . ) As of December 2016 , the convention has been ratified by 42 states , while another 5 states have signed but not yet ratified the convention . In the European Union ( EU 28 ) , there is a directive regarding the sexual abuse of children under 18 , known as `` Directive 2011 / 92 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography '' . Consent by age ( edit ) Age Countries ( links are to sections on this page ) 14 Albania , Andorra , Austria , Bulgaria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Estonia , Germany , Hungary , Italy , Liechtenstein , Macedonia , Montenegro , Portugal , San Marino , Serbia 15 Croatia , Czech Republic , Denmark , France , Greece , Iceland , Monaco , Poland , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Sweden 16 Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Belgium , Finland , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kosovo , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Moldova , Netherlands , Northern Cyprus , Norway , Russia , Spain , Switzerland , Ukraine , United Kingdom 17 Cyprus , Ireland 18 Malta , Turkey , Vatican City Some of these countries , however , have laws which offer increased protection for children who have reached the age of consent , but are still minors , for example by enacting laws which stipulate that it is illegal to engage in sexual acts with such children under exploitative circumstances ( such laws exist in e.g. Austria , Denmark , Germany , Liechtenstein , Portugal ) . These laws can be found mostly in the countries which have a lower age of consent . As of 2014 , 15 is the most common age of consent in the European Union . Albania ( edit ) Since 2001 , the age of consent in Albania is 14 , regardless of gender and sexual orientation . In the case of a girl , however , sex is illegal if she is over 14 but has not reached `` sexual maturity '' , as provided by article 100 of the criminal code . Andorra ( edit ) The age of consent in Andorra is 14 , as specified by Article 147 of the penal code , which reads : `` Whoever carries out a sexual act with a person younger than fourteen years ... shall be punished with imprisonment for between three months and three years . '' Armenia ( edit ) The age of consent in Armenia is 16 . Article 141 . Sexual acts with a person under 16 . Sexual intercourse or other sexual acts with a person obviously under 16 , by a person who reached 18 years of age , in the absence of elements of crime envisaged in Articles 138 , 139 or 140 of this Code , is punished with correctional labor for the term of up to 2 years , or with imprisonment for the term of up to 2 years . Austria ( edit ) The general age of consent in Austria is 14 , as specified by Section 206 of the penal code . ( The term unmündig is specified in Section 74 of the penal code . ) Paragraph 4 of Section 206 defines a close - in - age exception of max . three years . However , Section 207b of the penal code contains an exception to the general age of consent : if one of the partners is younger than 16 years of age and `` not sufficiently mature to understand the significance of the act '' , then the act is punishable . The offence `` initiating sexual contacts with minors under 14 through the use of computer system '' is punishable by two years imprisonment ( Section 208a Penal Code ) . History ( edit ) The Austrian Criminal Code previously specified 18 as the age of consent for male homosexual sex in which the other partner was aged 14 -- 18 , while no equivalent provision existed for heterosexual sexual conduct ; this was Section 209 of the Criminal Code . In November 1996 , an amendment was put before the Austrian Parliament to remove Section 209 ; but the vote ended in a draw , and the amendment failed to pass . In July 1998 , a similar amendment was put forward ; it was voted down by the conservative majority . Section 209 came into force when homosexuality between males became legal in 1971 . On 24 June 2002 , the Austrian Constitutional Court ruled that Section 209 was unconstitutional . The Section was later repealed on 14 August 2002 . On 9 January 2003 , the European Court of Human Rights held , in L & V v Austria , that Section 209 violated Articles 8 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights . Azerbaijan ( edit ) The age of consent in Azerbaijan is 16 . Article 152 Sexual intercourse with the person below the age of 16 years , as well as the same offences linked with satisfaction of sexual passion in perverted forms shall be punished by imprisonment up to 3 years . Belarus ( edit ) The age of consent in Belarus is 16 , as specified by Articles 168 and 169 , which read : `` Sexual relations , sodomy , lesbian acts or other actions of sexual character of an adult , reached eighteen years of age , with a person who obviously has not reached sixteen years of age , at absence of attributes of the crimes stipulated by articles 166 and 167 present codes , are punished by restriction of freedom of two years to four years or by imprisonment of two years to five years . '' and `` Dissolute actions accomplished by a person , reached eighteen years of age , concerning a person who obviously has not reached sixteen years of age , at absence of attributes of the crimes stipulated by articles 166 , 167 and 168 present codes , are punished by arrest of about six months or imprisonment of one year to three years . '' Belgium ( edit ) The age of consent in Belgium is 16 , as specified by Article 372 of the Criminal Code ( Code pénal / Strafwetboek ) , which reads : `` Any indecent assault committed without violence or threat on the person or with the assistance of the person of a child of either sex , aged less than sixteen , shall be punished by imprisonment ( of five years to ten years ) . History ( edit ) The Belgian Criminal Code previously specified an age of consent of 18 for homosexual sex . This provision - Article 372bis - was added in 1965 and repealed in 1985 . Bosnia and herzegovina ( edit ) Sexual activity with children younger than 14 is illegal under Article 207 , which prohibits sexual acts with a `` child '' , and a `` child '' is defined in Article 2 ( 8 ) as a person under 14 . However , Article 209 mentions a `` juvenile '' who is defined in Article 2 ( 9 ) as a person under 18 , although it is not clear if this article refers only to sexual acts performed in view of a minor under 18 or if it can be used also to punish sexual acts performed with the minor : Article 207 , Sexual Intercourse with a Child : ( 1 ) Whoever performs sexual intercourse or equivalent sexual act on a child , shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between one and eight years . Article 208 , Meaning of Terms as Used in This Code : ( 8 ) A child , as referred to in this Code , is a person who has not reached fourteen years of age . Article 209 , Satisfying Lust in the Presence of a Child or Juvenile : Whoever , in the presence of a child or juvenile , performs acts aimed at satisfying his own lust or the lust of a third person , or whoever induces a child to submit to such acts in his presence or in the presence of a third person , shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between three months and three years . Article 205 : ( 2 ) prohibits sexual intercourse with a juvenile ( defined as a person under 18 ) by `` abuse of position '' . Bulgaria ( edit ) The age of consent in Bulgaria is 14 , as specified by Articles 149 and 151 ( 1 ) . However Article 151 ( 2 ) has a provision for those who are over 14 and do `` not understand the characteristics or the importance of the act . '' Art . 151 . ( 1 ) A person who has sexual intercourse with a person who has not completed the age of 14 years , insofar as the act does not constitute a crime under Article 152 , shall be punished by deprivation of liberty for two to six years . Art . 149 . ( 1 ) A person who performs an act for the purpose of arousing or satisfying sexual desire , without copulation , with a person under 14 years of age , shall be punished for lewdness by deprivation of liberty for one to six years . Croatia ( edit ) The age of consent for all sexual conduct in Croatia under the new Criminal Code in force since 1 January 2013 is 15 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender , regulated by Article 158 . ( 1 ) Whoever performs sexual intercourse with a child under fifteen years of age or induces a child to commit sexual intercourse with a third person , shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of one to ten years . ( 2 ) Whoever commits lewd act with a child under fifteen years of age or induces a child to commit lewd act on itself or with a third person , shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between six months and five years . However , there is a close - in - age exemption of three years . History ( edit ) Before the year 2013 , the legal age of consent in Croatia was 14 . Homosexual acts were illegal until 1977 , when Croatia , then as a Yugoslav Federal Republic , changed its Penal Code . Age of consent was equalised in 1998 . Cyprus ( edit ) The age of consent for all sexual conduct in Cyprus under the 2002 Criminal Code is 17 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . History ( edit ) Until 1998 , homosexual acts between men were entirely forbidden under Section 171 ( 1929 ) . In 1989 , Alecos Modinos , president of the Cypriot Gay Liberation Movement , brought a case to the European Court of Human Rights . In 1993 , the Court held that the prohibition of homosexual acts was a violation of Article 8 . In January 1995 , the Cypriot Government introduced a Bill in the Cypriot Parliament that would have abolished the ban . Strong opposition from the Orthodox Church meant the Bill stalled when referred to the Parliament 's Legal Affairs Committee . The European Commission repeated its warning that Cyprus must follow the Court 's ruling . In May 1997 , again a government measure to repeal the ban failed because of the strength of the opposition . In April 1998 , the Council of Europe set a deadline for compliance of 29 May 1998 and on 21 May 1998 , the House of Representatives voted 36 to 8 in favour legalising homosexual acts . However it was set at 18 while heterosexual acts remained at 16 . In 2002 , under pressure from the EU the parliament finally ended the disparate provisions and changed the age of consent to 17 for both heterosexual and homosexual acts , under the revised Criminal Code . Akrotiri and dhekelia ( edit ) For both of these Sovereign Base Areas ( British military enclaves ) on the island of Cyprus , the age of consent is 16 . Czech Republic ( edit ) The age of consent in the Czech Republic is 15 . Additionally , the section of the new Czech penal code 40 / 2009 Sb . about `` crimes against family and children '' contains § 202 which criminalizes a `` seducing to sexual intercourse '' aimed at persons under 18 years with any promise or provide of payment , benefit / privilege or profit for a sexual intercourse , masturbation , exposure or similar behavior . This regulation was added to the old Czechoslovak penal code ( 140 / 1961 Sb . ) adopted by the Czech Republic as § 217a by the amendment Czech act No. 218 / 2003 Sb . efficient since 2004 January 1 . This also cover cases when there is any kind of trust / dependence , for example , teacher - student , employer - employee , etc . History ( edit ) The historic age limit in the Austrian Empire was 14 years by § 128 of the empire Penal Code from 1852 . Homosexual sexual intercourse ( as well as intercourses with animals ) were generally criminalized as `` crime against nature '' by § 131 . The Austrian Penal Code was not replaced in Czechoslovakia before 1950 . The Czechoslovak Penal Code 86 / 1950 Sb. in § 239 elevated the limit to 15 years . Almost identic regulation contained Czechoslovak penal code 140 / 1961 Sb. , which in § 242 reads : `` A person who has coitus with a person younger fifteen ( 15 ) years of age or who sexually abuses such a person by other way shall be sentenced to imprisonment for at least one and at most eight years . '' The new Czech Penal Code ( 40 / 2009 Sb. , efficient since 2010 January 1 ) contents a similar regulation in § 187 . Around 2008 and 2009 , lowering of the limits of criminal responsibility as well as sexual restriction from 15 to 14 years was proposed by the Ministry of Justice and passed in Parliament within the new Penal Code 40 / 2009 Sb . efficient since 2010 January 1 . Both changes were criticized . Before its efficiency , the amendment act 306 / 2009 Sb . changed both limits back to 15 years . Until 1961 , homosexual sexual intercourses were generally illegal in Czechoslovakia . The Czechoslovak 140 / 1961 Sb . Penal Code , introduced in that year , contained still a crime `` Sexual intercourse with a person of identic sex '' ( § 244 ) but affected only a person older 18 years which have an intercourse with a person younger 18 years . Between adult persons , payment receipt or provision and public nuisance were reasons for criminalization . In 1990 , the whole § 244 was removed by the Czechoslovak act 175 / 2009 Sb . efficient since 2009 - 07 - 01 . Denmark ( edit ) The age of consent in the Kingdom of Denmark is 15 as specified by Section 222 : § 222 . Whoever has sexual intercourse with a child under the age of 15 , shall be punished by imprisonment for up to 8 years , unless the situation is covered by § 216 paragraph 2 . In determining the penalty , it shall be an aggravating circumstance if the perpetrator has gained intercourse by exploiting his physical or mental superiority . Section 223 , part 1 , reads : `` Any person who has sexual intercourse with any child under 18 , who is said person 's adopted child , stepchild or foster child , or who is entrusted to said person for education or upbringing , will be liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding four years . '' This applies , e.g. , to teachers . Further , part 2 of § 223 establishes that the same punishment is applicable to any person found to have grossly exploited their age - and experience based superiority over a person under the age of 18 to seduce said minor into intercourse . The laws in the Faroe Islands and Greenland are equivalent although regulated in separate penal codes for these autonomous countries . History ( edit ) Male homosexual acts were legalised in Denmark ( lesbianism was never illegal ) with an age of consent set at 18 , after a major reform of the Penal Code in 1930 ; At the same time the age of consent for heterosexual acts were raised from 12 to 15 . In 1976 , the age of consent was equalised at 15 for all acts . But sex with a child under the age of 12 gives double punishment , and sex with a minor at 15 , 16 and 17 is illegal for a person in charge of this child . Until 1866 , interaction `` against nature '' ( anal intercourse ) was punishable with the stakes . However , until the late 18th century the rule was never used , and , when it came into rule , the convicts were always pardoned to 7 years in jail : exactly the punishment introduced in the Penal Code 1866 but now only for homosexual acts . In 1969 , Denmark became the first country to legalise pictorial pornography , but this did not include specific laws related to the age of people participating in the production . Consequently , the legal age of consent ( 15 ) equaled the limit for pornography produced within the country , but material produced in other countries ( where the Danish consent law does not apply ) was not covered and therefore legal . In 1980 it became illegal to sell , spread or possess pornography involving children under the age of 15 , regardless of country of origin ( Danish Penal Code § 235 ) . The limit was later changed to 18 years , which is the standing law today , although it remains legal for a person over the age of 15 to take their own nude photos , as long as they are only shared with friends ( for example , with a boy / girlfriend ) , the receiver explicitly has received the right to possess them , and they are not shared or spread further . In the period between the legalisation of pornography and the 1980 amendment to the Danish Penal Code , some companies ( infamously Color Climax ) exploited the lack of age restrictions on material produced in other countries . Estonia ( edit ) The age of consent in Estonia is 14 , as specified by Section 145 ( sexual intercourse with a child ) , which reads : `` An adult person who engages in sexual intercourse with a person of less than 14 years of age shall be punished by up to 5 years ' imprisonment . '' Section 141 defines rape as `` Sexual intercourse with a person against his or her will by using force or taking advantage of a situation in which the person is not capable of initiating resistance or comprehending the situation '' ; and Section 147 reads : Section 147 . Inability of person of less than 10 years to comprehend Within the meaning of the offences provided for in this Division , a person is deemed to be incapable to comprehend if he or she is less than 10 years of age . History ( edit ) Until 1992 , male homosexual sex was illegal , the Estonian SSR Penal Code , Article 118 , forbidding `` anal intercourse between men '' . Due to regaining independence from USSR in 1991 , the age of consent for male homosexual intercourse was fixed at 16 , whereas the age for heterosexual intercourse was 14 . The age of consent was equalised in 2001 when the law was amended , specifying an age of 14 for sexual intercourse . Finland ( edit ) The age of consent in Finland is 16 , as specified by Section 6 ( 1 ) ( Sexual abuse of a child ) , which reads : `` A person who has sexual intercourse with a child younger than sixteen years of age ... shall be sentenced for sexual abuse of a child to imprisonment for at most four years . '' The sexual act may not be punishable if `` there is no great difference in the ages or the mental and physical maturity of the persons involved '' . The age is 18 when in connection with a person who has some formal power over the young person , like a school teacher . History ( edit ) Until 1971 , homosexual acts were prohibited . After decriminalisation , the age of consent was set to 18 for homosexual acts , and 16 for heterosexual acts . In 1999 , the age of consent was equalised to 16 for all sexual acts . Åland Islands ( edit ) According to the Åland Treaty , Finnish federal law is applied as the minimum standard . The age of consent is therefore 16 . France ( edit ) The age of consent in France is 15 , as specified by Article 227 - 25 of the Penal Code , which reads : `` The fact of the commission without violence , constraint , threat or surprise of a sexual offence by an adult on the person of a minor under fifteen years of age is punished by five years ' imprisonment and a fine of € 75,000 . '' Article 227 - 22 prohibits the `` organisation by an adult of meetings involving indecent exposure or sexual relations knowing that minors are present or participating '' . ( Minors refers to under 18s ; the text of the article can be subject to interpretation ) . Article 227 - 22 - 1 prohibits the `` soliciting of a minor under the age of fifteen , or a person pretending to be such minor , for sexual purposes through the use of a computer system '' . Article 227 - 27 prohibits sexual relations with minors over age 15 ( aged 15 , 16 or 17 ) `` 1 ° where they are committed by an ascendant or by any other person having a legal or factual authority over the victim ; 2 ° where they are committed by a person abusing the authority conferred by his functions . '' Further information : French petition against age of consent laws History ( edit ) Male homosexual acts were illegal until 1791 , when the ancient sodomy laws were dropped from the Criminal Code of that year . This continued to be the case under the Napoleonic Code of 1810 . The age of consent was set at 11 in 1832 , at 13 in 1863 . In 1942 , the age of consent for homosexual acts was set at 21 , while that for heterosexual acts was still 13 . The latter was increased to 15 in 1945 . In 1974 , the age for homosexual acts was lowered to 18 . In 1982 , it was lowered to 15 , in line with that for heterosexual acts . Georgia ( edit ) The age of consent in Georgia is 16 as per Georgian Penal Code Art . 140 , and Art . 141 . Germany ( edit ) The age of consent in Germany is 14 , as long as a person over the age of 21 does not exploit a 14 - to 15 - year - old person 's lack of capacity for sexual self - determination , in which case a conviction of an individual over the age of 21 requires a complaint from the younger individual ; being over 21 and engaging in sexual relations with a minor of that age does not constitute an offense by itself . Otherwise the age of consent is 16 , although provisions protecting minors against abuse apply until the age of 18 ( under Section 182 ( 1 ) , it is illegal to engage in sexual activity with a person under 18 `` by taking advantage of an exploitative situation '' ) . As specified by Sections 176 ( Sexual abuse of children ) and 182 ( Sexual abuse of youths ) of the Penal Code , which read : § 176 : `` ( 1 ) Whoever commits sexual acts on a person under fourteen ( 14 ) years of age ( a child ) or allows them to be committed on themself by the child , shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to ten years ( ... ) '' § 180 : `` ( 1 ) Whoever abets the commission of sexual acts of a person under sixteen years of age on or in front of a third person or sexual acts of a third person on a person under sixteen years of age : by acting as an intermediary ; or by furnishing or creating an opportunity , shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine . ( ... ) '' § 182 : `` ( 2 ) A person over twenty - one years of age who abuses a person under sixteen years of age , in that he : 1 . commits sexual acts on the person or allows them to be committed on himself by the person ; or 2 . induces the person to commit sexual acts on a third person or to allow them to be committed on the person by a third person , and thereby exploits the victim 's lack of capacity for sexual self - determination , shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine . ( ... ) The act shall only be prosecuted upon complaint , unless the prosecuting authority considers ex officio that it is required to enter the case because of the special public interest therein . ( ... ) The court may dispense with punishment pursuant to these provisions if , in consideration of the conduct of the person against whom the act was directed , the wrongfulness of the act is slight . '' History ( edit ) The current rules for age of consent in Germany were set following a post-reunification penal law reform in 1994 . The ages of 14 and 16 had been relevant since the coming into force of the Criminal Code for the German Empire in 1872 : Under § 176 , sexual acts with children under 14 were illegal and have been always since . Under § 182 , seduction of an `` unblemished girl under the age of 16 '' was prosecuted upon complaint of parents or legal guardian only . In West Germany the latter rule was kept , with minor changes in 1973 : Unblemishedness was no longer required , and the court could refrain from punishment if the offender was under 21 years of age . The German Democratic Republic , by contrast , created a new socialist criminal code in 1968 . Under § 149 , sexual acts with persons of the opposite sex between the ages of 14 and 16 were punishable if the victim 's `` moral immaturity '' was exploited by using `` gifts , the promise of benefits or similar '' methods of persuasion `` to initiate intercourse or actions similar to intercourse '' . Male homosexuality had been illegal under § 175 regardless of age since 1872 . Female homosexuality was not prosecuted . In West Germany , male homosexuality was legalized in 1969 . The age of consent was set to 21 years and in 1973 reduced to 18 years . Offenders could be only men 18 or older , and courts could refrain from punishment if the offender was not yet 21 . In East Germany , the criminal code was supplemented in 1957 by a provision that allowed the waiving of prosecution if no harm had been done to socialist society by the unlawful act . Concerning § 175 , this meant that male homosexual acts were now almost prosecuted only if they involved minors , which meant persons under 18 . The new criminal code of 1968 officially legalized homosexuality and in § 151 , which now was gender - neutral , criminalized only homosexual acts of adults with minors . In 1987 the GDR supreme court ruled homosexuality was a variant of sexual behaviour just as heterosexuality . In 1989 § 151 was repealed and § 149 amended to include any sexual orientation . After German reunification , according to the Unification Treaty of 1990 , the § 149 code section stayed in force for the territory of the former GDR , and West German § 175 and § 182 were not enacted here . The need for gender - and sexual - orientation - neutrality and for a new balancing of sexual self - determination and youth protection was also being seen by West German lawmakers . In the ensuing 1994 reform , the minimum age of 14 for all of Germany was kept , and in building on legal traditions of both states , sexual acts committed by a person above 21 with a minor under 16 involving exploitation of the minor 's individual lack of capacity for sexual self - determination were made punishable in new § 182 . § 175 was abolished . In general , the need for complaint of the former West German law was kept , but in case of special public interest the offence was made prosecutable ex officio as had been the case in East German law . Greece ( edit ) The age of consent in Greece is 15 . The general provision for age of consent in Greece is 15 as specified by Article 339 , as well as Articles 337 , 348B of the Greek Penal Code . In 2015 , along with the legalization of same - sex civil unions , Article 347 which provided a further prohibition of seducing a male under 17 if the actor is a male adult was repealed , therefore equalising age of consent for homosexual acts . There are also several other prohibitions regarding positions of authority and acts of lewdness , as specified by Articles 342 and 343 . Furthermore , there is a close - in - age exemption of 3 years age difference for indecent acts between persons younger than 15 . Hungary ( edit ) The age of consent in Hungary is 14 . A close - in - age exemption allows sexual acts from age 12 if the older party is under 18 . The new criminal code in force since 1 July 2013 reads : `` The person who has completed eighteenth year has sexual intercourse with a person who has not yet completed his / her fourteenth year , commits a felony and shall be punishable with imprisonment from one year to five years '' . `` The person who has sexual intercourse with a person who has not yet completed his / her twelfth year , commits a felony and shall be punishable with imprisonment from five years to ten years '' . History ( edit ) Until 1961 homosexual acts were illegal . After decriminalisation the age of consent for homosexual acts was 20 and remained so until 1978 . From then until 1999 the age of consent for such acts was 18 , as specified by Section 199 . In 2002 the Hungarian Constitutional Court repealed Section 199 and the age of consent for homosexual acts was lowered to 14 in line with heterosexual acts . Iceland ( edit ) The age of consent in Iceland is 15 , as specified by Section 202 of the Icelandic Penal Code , which reads : `` Anyone who has carnal intercourse or other sexual intimacy with a child younger than 15 years shall be subject to imprisonment for at least 1 year and up to 15 years . '' History ( edit ) The age of consent was raised from 14 to 15 in 2007 . Ireland ( edit ) The age of consent in Ireland is 17 , in relation to vaginal , oral , or anal sex , and vaginal or anal penetration . This gives it one of the highest ages of consent in the European Union . Relevant offences are found in the Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act 2017 , which amended the Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act 2006 . Sentences are longer for offences on children under 15 , for repeat offences and where the offender is an authority - figure such as a close relative or teacher . In the case of offenses with children aged 15 and 16 , the relevant statute , Sexual act with child under 17 years of age , provides that `` 8 ) Where , in proceedings for an offence under this section against a child who at the time of the alleged commission of the offence had attained the age of 15 years but was under the age of 17 years , it shall be a defence that the child consented to the sexual act of which the offence consisted where the defendant -- ( a ) is younger or less than 2 years older than the child , ( b ) was not , at the time of the alleged commission of the offence , a person in authority in respect of the child , and ( c ) was not , at the time of the alleged commission of the offence , in a relationship with the child that was intimidatory or exploitative of the child . '' History ( edit ) Prior to the 1922 independence of the Irish Free State , the law in Ireland was that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( see the UK history section ) . Anal sex was illegal under the Offences against the Person Act 1861 , while the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 criminalised `` Defilement of girl between thirteen and sixteen years of age '' , with more severe penalties for `` Defilement of girl under thirteen years of age '' . The 1930 Carrigan Report into child sex abuse and underage prostitution recommended raising the age of consent to 18 years . The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1935 raised the age to 17 , with more severe penalties under age 15 , and disallowed a defence of mistake . The law on child sex abuse , including the age of consent , was the subject of a 1989 consultation paper and 1990 report by the Law Reform Commission ( LRC ) . The Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act 1993 decriminalised male homosexual acts and created offences of `` Buggery of persons under 17 years of age '' and `` Gross indecency with males under 17 years of age '' . In 2006 , the 1935 law was struck out when the Supreme Court found that its prohibition of the mistake defence violated a defendant 's Constitutional rights . The Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act 2006 , quickly passed within the scope of the Supreme Court 's judgment , replaced the 1935 and 1993 offences with the current ones . The exemption for girls under 17 was recommended by the LRC and the Director of Public Prosecutions who felt `` it would be wrong to stigmatise mothers and pregnant girls of 15 or 16 years of age as if they were either the victims of violent rape or they had committed a crime '' . While this was controversial , the Minister pointed out that the previous law had not criminalised any sex act by a girl under 17 . The 2006 report of the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Child Protection recommended changing the age of consent to 16 , and 18 with a person in authority . It advised that close - in - age cases should remain criminalised , but with more lenient guidelines for sentencing . It also recommended wider publicity of the age limits . Most of the changes were implemented in 2017 , although the age of consent remained 17 . Italy ( edit ) The age of consent in Italy is 14 years , with a close - in - age exception that allows those aged 13 and older to engage in sexual activity with partners who are under the age of 18 , provided that the age gap between them is less than 3 years . The age of consent rises to 16 if one of the participants has some kind of influence on the other ( e.g. teacher , tutor , adoptive parent , etc . ) . Not knowing that the victim is underage is not a legal defense , except when it was unavoidable ignorance . If the minor involved is under the age of 11 , the crime can be punished even without a complaint and the punishment is aggravated . It is also illegal to perform sexual acts in the presence of a minor aged less than 14 with the intent of allowing the minor to witness the acts , even if they do not take an active part . See also related Wikisource articles from the Italian Criminal Code ( in Italian ) . See also more related articles from Interpol . Kazakhstan ( edit ) The age of consent in Kazakhstan is 16 , according to article 122 of the Crime Criminal Code . Article 122 . Sexual Intercourse and Other Actions of a Sexual Character with a Person Under Sixteen Years of Age Sexual intercourse , sodomy , or lesbianism or other acts of sexual nature , with a person who did not reach sixteen years of age , the guilty party being aware of that fact , shall be punished by restriction of freedom for a period up to three years , or by detention under arrest for a period up to six months , or deprivation of freedom for a period up to five years . Kosovo ( edit ) The age of consent in Kosovo is 16 . Article 228 of the Penal Penalty Code states that `` Term ' Consent ' means the voluntary agreement of a person who has reached the age of sixteen years to engage in the sexual act in question '' , and Article 230 states that , 1 . Whoever subjects another person to a sexual act without such person 's consent shall be punished by imprisonment of two ( 2 ) to ten ( 10 ) years `` . Latvia ( edit ) The age of consent in Latvia is 16 . The main legislation is specified by the Latvian Criminal Law , Section 161 ( Acts of a sexual nature with a Person who has not Attained the Age of Sixteen Years ) , which translated reads : `` Committing a sexual , anal or oral act or another unnatural sexual act of gratification , or other acts of a sexual nature committed in physical contact with the victim 's body , if it was done with a person who has not attained the age of sixteen years and if such offence has been committed by a person who has attained the age of majority , is punished by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to five years , or short - term imprisonment , or community service , or a fine and probationary supervision for a period of up to five years . '' Sections 159 and 160 provide harsher penalties for rape and forcible sexual assault of juveniles . History ( edit ) Until 1992 , male homosexual acts were illegal under Section 124.1 of the Latvian Criminal Code . This provision was repealed by the Latvian Parliament in 1992 and the age of consent for male homosexual acts was set at 18 . In 1998 , the Latvian Parliament adopted a new Criminal Code that contained a complex system of sexual offences : the age of consent for all sexual acts other than vaginal intercourse was 14 ; for vaginal intercourse it was 16 ( with a close - in - age exemption that allowed 14 and 15 year olds to have sex with a person under 18 ) . In 2001 , the law was amended to clarify the situation and confirm that the age of consent was 16 for all acts ( only a person aged 18 or older can be punished for having sex with a 14 -- 15 year old ) . Liechtenstein ( edit ) The age of consent in Liechtenstein is 14 . Sexual activity with 14 -- 15 year olds is generally legal , but it can still be punished if sexual access to these children has been obtained by exploiting their lack of sexual self - determination . Lithuania ( edit ) The age of consent in Lithuania is 16 , as specified by the Lithuanian Criminal Code § 151.1 , introduced by the bill of 2 July 2010 . Previously the age of consent was set to 14 according to the Lithuanian Criminal Code § 153 prohibiting any sexual molestation or sexual relationships with a minor under 14 years . The age of consent ( 14 ) was not set directly in this article of the Lithuanian criminal code , though . It has been established by the Lithuanian case law . This meant that both heterosexual and homosexual acts were allowed once a child had reached the age of 14 . There was ( and remains ) an exception to this rule : § 151.1 ( 3 ) of the Lithuanian Criminal Code prohibits parents , guardians , or other people who are ex officio directly responsible for the upbringing and supervision of a child to have any relationships of sexual kind with the child , if he or she has not yet reached the age of 18 . History ( edit ) Until 1993 , male homosexual acts were prohibited under the Lithuanian Criminal Code , Article 1221 , which was repealed in that year . The new law set an age of consent of 17 for male oral and anal intercourse , 16 for other male homosexual acts , and 14 for lesbian and heterosexual acts . In 2004 , the law was amended to equalise the age of consent at 14 for all sexual acts ; the age of consent was raised to 16 in 2010 , regardless of gender and sexual orientation . Luxembourg ( edit ) The age of consent in Luxembourg is 16 , as specified by the Luxembourgish Penal Code , Article 372 , which reads : `` All indecent assaults on modesty committed without violence or threat , by a person or by aiding the person , of a child of either sex , aged less than sixteen , will be punished by imprisonment of one to five years . The penalty will be imprisonment of five to ten years if the child was less than eleven years old . '' Republic of Macedonia ( edit ) Article 188 ( 1 ) of the Criminal Code of Macedonia prohibits sexual conduct with a `` child '' and a `` child '' is defined by Article 71 as a person under 14 . Article 188 ( 1 ) A person who commits statutory rape or some other sexual act upon a child shall be punished with imprisonment of six months to five years . However , Article 197 prohibits an adult living in an extra-marital community with a Juvenile under 16 . Extra-marital life with a juvenile Article 197 ( 1 ) An adult who lives in an extra-marital community with a juvenile who has reached the age of fourteen years , but not the age of sixteen , shall be punished with imprisonment of three months to three years . Article 189 ( 2 ) prohibits sexual acts with a Juvenile under 18 `` who was entrusted to '' the offender `` for study , education , custody or care '' . Article 192 prohibits both procuring a Juvenile for sexual acts and enabling the performance of sexual acts with a juvenile . This could effectively make the age of consent at 18 . Article 71 defines `` Child '' as a person under 14 , while article 72 defines `` Juvenile '' as a person under 18 . Malta ( edit ) The age of consent in Malta is 18 . Sexual activity - typically by people over 18 - with people between 12 and 18 can be considered defilement of minors by lewd acts or corruption of a minor , which , at the discretion of prosecutors and the courts , depending on the circumstances , may result in a conviction . Art 201 of Chapter 9 of the Laws of Malta ( Presumption of violence in cases of carnal knowledge and indecent assault ) states : 201 . Unlawful carnal knowledge and any other indecent assault , shall be presumed to be accompanied with violence - ( a ) when it is committed on any person under twelve years of age ; ( b ) when the person abused was unable to offer resistance owing to physical or mental infirmity , or for any other cause independent of the act of the offender , or in consequence of any fraudulent device used by the offender . The punishment is imprisonment from three to nine years , with or without solitary confinement , as described in Art . 198 ( Rape or carnal knowledge with violence ) . The punishment can be increased in certain cases described in Art . 202 , such as when the person has not attained the age of nine years . Art . 204 of Chapter 9 of the Laws of Malta ( Defilement of minors ) reads : 203 . ( 1 ) Whosoever , by lewd acts , defiles a minor of either sex , shall , on conviction , be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years , with or without solitary confinement : ( ... ) A number of aggravating circumstances exist to this blanket provision including : Abuse of parental authority or tutorship , where the victim is under the age of 12 and if the offence is committed by means of threats or deceit . There is no definition of how old the offender must be : Even another minor can be guilty of this crime , although there is no evidence that any such case has ever been prosecuted . The age of majority is defined in Art 188 of Chapter 16 of the Civil Laws of Malta : 188 . ( 1 ) Majority is fixed at the completion of the eighteenth year of age . To apply Art . 203 , there are requirements : For the completed offence and apart from the formal element of the offence , there must be the lewd act ( atto di libidine ) and the actual defilement . The lewd act may be committed either on the person or in the presence of the minor . All acts which , either by their very nature or of the circumstances in which they are performed , either are directed to the indulgence of the sexual appetite , either of the agent or of the victim , and are capable of arousing sexual interest of the victim , are lewd acts for the purposes of the offence in question . The term `` defile '' must be put in context . In example : If a person is sexually mature ( even if minor ) then he / she can not be defiled . In 2008 two brothers , aged 19 and 20 , were found not guilty of defiling a girl , then aged 16 . Their sexual encounters were consensual , and it was clear that the girl had had several previous sexual adventures with several youths . In 2007 a man of 30 was found guilty of defiling a boy , then aged 14 . He had set up a situation in which the boy came to his apartment ; as a result of both childish curiosity and what the court deemed to be the guile of the adult man , the boy remained in the apartment even while man first showered and then committed the lewd acts . There are also other cases , where offenders have been found guilty even though the circumstances were not clear , such as the case of a hotel manager aged 35 with a 14 - year - old girl on holiday , three men aged 18 , 19 and 20 with three 14 - year - old girls or another hotel manager of 46 and a boy of 14 , who had encounters over a longer time . In the wording of the law there is no discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation . However , discrimination can result from selective enforcement with regard to individual cases . `` This may therefore lead to a higher incidence of cases in which the minor and the perpetrator are of the same sex , given that there may be parents who would not resort to legal proceedings should their 17 - year - old child have sexual relations with another person of the opposite sex but would do so if the person is of the same sex . '' Marriage is allowed as early as the age of 16 , which would , in theory , allow a case to arise in which a spouse press charges under this article . In practice , this problem has never arisen . The concept of age - banding employed in for example Canada is not present in the Maltese legal system and sexual activity between one partner who is 17 years old and another who is 18 years old can constitute defilement of minors , depending on the circumstances , with no exception being allowed purely on the basis of the proximity of their ages . Moldova ( edit ) The age of consent in Moldova is 16 , per Article 174 - `` Sexual intercourse with a person under 16 '' , and Article 175 - `` Perverted Actions '' . Article 174 . Sexual Intercourse with a Person under the Age of 16 ( 1 ) Sexual intercourse other than rape as well as any other acts of vaginal or anal penetration committed with a person certainly known to be under the age of 16 shall be punished by imprisonment for up to 5 years . ( 2 ) The person who committed the act set forth in par . ( 1 ) shall not be subject to criminal liability if he / she is similar to the victim in terms of age and physical and mental development . ( Art. 174 in version of Law No. 277 - XVI dated 18.12. 2008 , in force as of 24.05. 2009 ) ( Art. 174 amended by Law No. 211 - XV dated 29.05. 03 , in force as of 12.06. 03 ) Articles 171 and 172 provide harsher penalties for Rape and Violent Sexual Actions ( including physical or mental coercion ) against juveniles . Monaco ( edit ) The age of consent in Monaco is 15 . Montenegro ( edit ) The age of consent in Montenegro is 14 , as set out in Article 206 of the Criminal Code . Article 207 makes it illegal for a teacher , instructor , guardian , adoptive parent , stepfather , stepmother or other person with a similar position to abuse one 's position or authority in order to perform sexual intercourse or an equal act with a minor ( under 18 ) entrusted for teaching , education , custody and care . Article 209 ( 2 ) makes it illegal for a person to `` provide for performing debauchery , an act equal to it or some other sexual act to a minor '' . Article 216 prohibits `` Extramarital community with a minor '' Article 216 reads : ( 1 ) An adult person who lives in an extramarital community with a minor , shall be punished by an imprisonment sentence of three months to three years . ( 2 ) A parent , adoptive parent or a guardian who enables a minor to live in an extramarital community with another person or incites him / her into it shall be punished by a penalty referred to in Paragraph 1 of this Article . ' ' . History ( edit ) Montenegro decriminalized homosexual sex in 1977 , with an equal age of consent , set at 14 . Netherlands ( edit ) The age of consent in the Netherlands is 16 , as specified by the Dutch Criminal Code at Article 245 , and Article 247 which read : Art 245 : `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached sixteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than eight years or a fine of the fifth category . '' Art 247 : `` A person who , with a person whom he knows to be unconscious or physically unable to resist or to be suffering from such a degree of mental defect or mental disease that he is incapable or not sufficiently capable of exercising or expressing his will in the matter or of offering resistance , performs indecent acts , or who , with a person who has not yet reached the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years , out of wedlock , performs indecent acts , or by whom the latter is enticed into performing , or submitting to such acts , out of wedlock , with a third party , is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than six years or a fine of the fourth category . '' Close - in - age exceptions ( for consensual acts between adolescents close in age , within `` social - ethical norms '' ) are at the discretion of the prosecution . Acts such as a ménage - a-trois , or an unequal relationship , e.g. the perpetrator ( 17 ) was n't in love while the victim ( 15 ) was , can also be considered outside `` social - ethical norms '' . History ( edit ) In the 1990s , the Netherlands gained international attention due to its policies regarding the age of consent . Between 1990 and 2002 the Netherlands operated what was in effect an age of consent of 12 , subject to qualifications . The relevant law , passed in November , 1990 , permitted sexual intercourse for young people between 12 and 16 in most circumstances , but allowed a challenge by parents or by the Protection of Children if there was evidence of exploitation . Although the age of consent was often reported internationally to be 12 , this was partly misleading , because sexual acts up to 16 remained open to prosecution . The Netherlands has gained an international reputation of being extremely liberal on sexual issues , with some of this is due to exaggerated reports in foreign media and claims by foreign politicians , rather than due to reality . For instance , during the 1980s , some conservative campaigners in the US claimed that children were sold into sexual slavery at `` auctions '' held in Amsterdam ; but did not produce any evidence to support their claims . Northern Cyprus ( edit ) Northern Cyprus has an age of consent of 16 as designated in the Penal Code ( Ceza Yasası , Art . 153 & 154 ) . History ( edit ) Prior to 2014 , sodomy was illegal , the age of consent only applied to females and sexual contact with a female between the ages of 13 and 16 was a misdemeanor . As of 2014 , the age of consent is set at 16 for both males and females , sexual contact with any child under 16 regardless of gender is a felony and the ban on sodomy is lifted , thereby legalizing homosexual sex . Norway ( edit ) The age of consent in Norway is 16 , as specified by the 2005 Penal Code § 304 : which reads : `` Any person who engages in sexual acts with children under 16 years , of age shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years , if the case is not affected by § 299 . '' Aggravating circumstances as recidivism , multiple perpetrators , and unusual degree of degradation and pain , or physical harm ( including , specifically , sexually transmitted diseases ) may raise the maximum penalty . The penal code on the age of consent is three - tiered . If the child is under 14 years , § 299 of the same penal code , reads : `` Imprisonment for up to 10 years , is the punishment of any person who : a ) engages in sexual acts with children under 14 years b ) get a child under 14 years to perform sexual acts that correspond to sexual intercourse with oneself , or c ) conducts qualified sexual activity with children under 14 years . '' § 300 and § 301 of the same penal code , sets minimum penalty , of any person who engages in sexual acts with children under 14 years , to 3 year of imprisonment , and up to 21 years . If the child is between 14 and 16 years , § 302 , reads : `` Any person who has sexual intercourse with children between 14 and 16 years shall be liable to imprisonment for up to 6 years , unless the relationship is also affected by other provisions . In the same way , is those who get a child between the ages of 14 and 16 to perform sexual acts that correspond to sexual intercourse with themselves , liable to imprisonment . '' According to Chapter 1 , § 5 , of the penal code , § 299 - 306 applies also if the act was committed outside Norway and by a non-Norwegian citizen or resident . Even though one may be found guilty of violating the age of consent code , if those involved are `` about equal as regards age and development '' , the court can exercise its own discretion to suspend passing a sentence . History ( edit ) Sexual relations between two women was never explicitly criminalized , but have been prosecuted under the general indecency law of the Civil Penal Code of 1842 . In 1951 a Norwegian ministry of justice white paper recommended de-criminalization of homosexual acts in the 1903 Civil Penal Code § 213 , but this was rejected by the Norwegian Parliament ( Stortinget ) . The ban on sex between men , which also outlawed cohabitation as well as sex with animals , was repealed in 1972 ( bestiality having been recriminalized in 2008 ) . The Penal Code of 2005 , replaced the 1902 General Civil Penal Code , and was entered into force in October 1 , 2005 , Svalbard ( edit ) According to the Svalbard Treaty , Norwegian law is applied as the minimum standard . The age of consent is therefore 16 . Poland ( edit ) The age of consent in Poland is 15 , as specified by the Polish Crime Criminal Criminality Penal Code , Article 200 , which reads : `` Article 200 . § 1 . Whoever subjects a minor under 15 years of age to sexual intercourse or makes him / her submit to another sexual act or to perform such an act shall be subject to the penalty of the deprivation of liberty for a term of between 2 and 12 years . '' `` § 2 . The same punishment shall be imposed on anyone , who records pornographic material with the participation of such a person . '' History ( edit ) Poland never imposed laws against homosexuality . However , in 1876 homosexuality was criminalised by the laws of occupying countries ( see Partitions of Poland ) . In 1932 the first Polish Criminal Code after regaining independence was introduced , making the age of consent of 15 for all sexual acts , regardless of sexual orientation . Portugal ( edit ) Since September 2007 , the age of consent laws of Portugal states 14 , regardless of sexual behaviour , gender or sexual orientation , as a result of the constitutional court of Portugal ruling on constitutional protection that explicitly includes `` sexual orientation '' , formally into the Constitution of Portugal back in 2004 . Since September 2007 , the age of consent was formally equalised as part of the Penal Code of September 2007 . Although the age of consent is stipulated at 14 in Portugal , the legality of sexual acts with a minor between 14 and 16 is open to legal interpretation since the law states that it is illegal to perform a sexual act with an adolescent between 14 and 16 years old `` by taking advantage of their inexperience '' . History ( edit ) Homosexual acts were legalised for the first time in Portugal in 1852 , with an equal age of consent at that time - although homosexuality was again re-criminalised in 1912 . They were decriminalised a second time in 1982 and an age of consent was set at 16 , in line with heterosexual activities . In 1995 , a new Penal Code was introduced with `` different circumstances '' for different sexual behaviours . Since September 2007 , the age of consent , regardless of sexual behaviour , gender or sexual orientation , is 14 . See also : LGBT rights in Portugal Romania ( edit ) The new Romanian Criminal Code , which came into force on 1 February 2014 , sets a general age of consent of 15 . However , sexual acts that do not include penetration may be performed from age 13 . There is also a close - in - age exemption : the sexual acts are not punished if the age difference between the partners is less than 3 years . The law sets several other restrictions in regard to children under 13 : it is illegal for an adult to perform sexual acts in view of such a child ; to show pornographic materials to such a child or to induce the child to view sex shows ; or to solicit such a child to meet for sexual acts ( such as on - line solicitation ) . In addition , it is illegal for an adult to engage in acts of sexual penetration with an adolescent under 18 , if the adult abuses the authority or influence they have over the child in order to gain the sexual access . The relevant articles of the Criminal Code are Art . 220 , Art . 221 and Art . 222 . All these laws are gender neutral and apply regardless of the sexual orientation of those involved . History ( edit ) For a very long time , the age of consent in Romania was 14 . The Penal Code of 1864 , which followed shortly after the union of the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia , and was in force between 1865 and 1936 , set an age of consent of 14 . Under this code , Article 263 read : `` Any assault against decency , whether completed or attempted , without violence , upon the person of a child , either male or female , aged less than 14 years , shall be punished with imprisonment between two and three years . '' Article 264 defined `` assault against decency with violence '' , the equivalent of the nowadays crime of rape ( although the term `` rape '' was not used in that code ) , and stipulated that the maximum penalty should be given if the victim was under 15 years of age . In 1936 , a new criminal code came into force . Article 421 read : `` The man who has sexual intercourse with a girl under 14 years of age commits the offense of assault against decency without violence , and is punishable by imprisonment between one and three years . '' However , if aggravated factors existed ( such as pregnancy , a sexually transmitted disease , or committed by a person with a specific relation to the victim , or by several persons ) the punishment was increased . With regard to rape ( article 419 ) the victim being under 14 constituted an aggravating factor . After the installation of the communist regime , the code was modified several time , and , in 1969 , a new penal code came into effect . Nevertheless , the age of consent of 14 was maintained . Article 198 of the 1969 code read : `` Sexual intercourse with a female person who has not attained the age of 14 is punishable by imprisonment of one to five years . '' In a case of rape , similarly with the previous code , the victim being under 14 constituted an aggravating factor ( Article 197 ) . The late 1990s and the early 21st century saw major modifications to the criminal code , in an effort to modify what was seen as outdated provisions , especially as Romania prepared to enter the EU . As such , homosexuality was decriminalized , the text of several criminal offences was modified by making it gender - neutral , the age of consent was lifted to 15 ( applicable to both girls and boys ) , punishments for several sexual crimes were increased , and the stipulation that a rapist could avoid punishment after rape if he married his victim was abolished . Changes were made through Law no . 140 / 1996 , Law No. 197 / 2000 , Emergency Ordinance no . 89 / 2001 , and Emergency Ordinance no . 143 / 2002 . Nevertheless , the rapid adoption of numerous laws led to poorly drafted and contradictory texts , which have caused difficulty among the jurisprudence and doctrine , and several cases ended to the High Court of Cassation and Justice in order to clarify the interpretation of the law . Finally , a new criminal code entered into force on 1 February 2014 . Russia ( edit ) The age of consent in Russia is 16 . The age of consent changed several times in Russian history : the Criminal Code of RSFSR ( Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic ) stated `` sexual maturity '' as the age of consent ; when the Criminal Code of Russia was adopted in 1996 , the age of consent was proclaimed to be the same regardless of sexual orientation and was set to 16 years old ; in 1998 it was lowered to 14 years ; and in 2003 it was returned again to 16 years ( which is the current age of consent in Russia ) . Law of early 2012 tightened the consent laws in Articles 134 and 135 considerably . Article 134 . Sexual Intercourse and Other Actions of Sexual Character with a Person Who Has Not Reached the Age of Sixteen Years 1 . Sexual intercourse committed by a person who has reached the age of eighteen years with a person who has not reached the age of sixteen years - shall be punishable by obligatory labour for a term of up to 480 hours , or by restriction of liberty for a term of up to four years , or by compulsory labour for a term of up to four years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years , or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years . 2 . Pederasty or lesbianism in respect of a person who has not reached sixteen years of age effected by a person who has reached eighteen years of age - shall be punishable by compulsory labour for a term of up to five years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years , or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to six years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years . 3 . The deeds stipulated by Part One and Two of this Article committed to a person who has reached twelve years of age but has not reached fourteen years of age - shall be punishable with deprivation of freedom for a term of three to ten years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to fifteen years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such . 4 . The deeds stipulated by Parts One , Two or Three of this Article committed in respect of two or more persons - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of eight to fifteen years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years . 5 . The deeds provided for by Parts One , Two , Three or Four of this article made by a group of persons , by a group of persons by previous concert or by an organised group - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of twelve to twenty years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such . 6 . The deeds provided for by Part Three of this article made by a person with a previous conviction for having committed an offence against sexual integrity of a minor - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of fifteen to twenty years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years or by life imprisonment . Note . 1 . A person who for the first time has committed the crime stipulated by Part One of this Article , shall be relieved of punishment by court if it is established that such person and the action committed by him / her are no longer socially dangerous in connection with his / her entry into marriage with the victim . 2 . Where the age difference between the victim and the accused person is less than four years , the latter shall not be punishable by deprivation of liberty for the committed deed provided for by Part One of this article or by Part One of Article 135 of this Code . Article 135 . Depraved Actions 1 . The commission of lecherous actions without using violence by a person who has reached eighteen years of age in respect of a person who has not reached sixteen years of age - shall be punishable by obligatory labour for a term of up to 440 hours , or by restriction of liberty for a term of up to three years , or by compulsory labour for a term of up to five years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years , or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years . 2 . The same deed committed in respect of the person who has reached twelve years of age but has not reached fourteen years of age - shall be punishable with deprivation of freedom for a term of three to eight years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to fifteen years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such . 3 . The deeds provided for by Parts One or Two of this article made in respect of two or more persons - shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of five to twelve years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years . 4 . The acts stipulated by Parts one , two or three of this Article committed by a group of persons in preliminary collusion or by an organised group - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of seven to fifteen years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such . Federal Law No. 14 - FZ of 29 February 2012 supplemented Article 135 of this Code with part 5 5 . The deed provided for by Part Two of this article which is made by the person who has a previous conviction for having committed an offence against sexual integrity of a minor - shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of ten to fifteen years with deprivation of the right to hold definite offices or to engage in definite activities for a term of up to twenty years . Former wording : - Article 134 . Illicit Sexual Relations or Other Sexual Actions with a Person Who Has Not Reached 16 Years of Age Illicit sexual relations , pederasty , or lesbianism , committed by a person who has reached 18 years of age with a person who obviously has not reached 16 years of age , shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term of up to three years or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years . Federal Law No. 73 - FZ of 21 July 2004 amended Article 135 of the present Code Article 135 . Depraved Actions Commission of depraved actions without the use of violence by the person who has reached the age of 18 years in relations to a person who obviously has not reached 16 years of age , shall be punishable by a fine in the amount up to 300 thousand roubles , or in the amount of the wage or salary , or any other income of the convicted person for a period up to two years , or by restraint of liberty for a term of up to two years , or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years . Wording prior to 2004 : - Article 134 . Illicit Sexual Relations or Other Sexual Actions with a Person Who Has Not Attained 14 Years of Age Illicit sexual relations , pederasty , or lesbianism , committed by a person who has attained 18 years of age with a person who obviously has not attained 14 years of age , shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term of up to three years or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years . Article 135 . Depraved Actions Commission of depraved actions without the use of violence , in relations to a person who obviously has not attained 14 years of age , shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of 300 to 500 minimum wages , or in the amount of the wage or salary , or any other income of the convicted person for a period of three to five months , or by restraint of liberty for a term of up to two years , or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years . However , only a person over 18 can be charged . Charges are relatively low ( up to 4 years of prison ) , regardless of gender and `` obscene actions '' ( with even less charges ) . If the victim is not understanding the nature and consequences of the act ( due to their age being under 12 or mental abilities ) , it will be considered rape and charged much more severely ( up to 15 years of prison , or up to 20 if the victim is under 14 ) . Further reading : Criminal Code of the Russian Federation ( in Russian ) Criminal Code of the Russian Federation -- Chapter 18 ( in Russian ) LGBT rights in Russia History ( edit ) The penalty for having sex with a minor is not always applied . For example , in 2005 , Valentina Isaeva gave birth to a girl in Moscow , Russia at the age of 11 years , 10 months . The father was 19 - year - old Habibula Patahonov from Tajikistan , who rented a room in a flat where Valentina was living with her grandmother . The child 's father was sentenced conditionally for child abuse but was not jailed because he was willing to support Valentina and their daughter . San Marino ( edit ) The age of consent in San Marino is 14 , per Article 173 . It is also illegal , under Article 177 , to `` incite a minor under 18 years to sexual corruption '' . Serbia ( edit ) The age of consent in Serbia is 14 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . This is regulated by Chapter 18 ( Sexual Offences ) of the Penal Code of the Republic of Serbia and especially Article 180 ( prohibiting sexual intercourse with a child ) . Article 112 defines a child as a person under 14 years of age . Article 181 prohibits sexual intercourse with a juvenile ( defined in Article 112 as a person under 18 ) if the juvenile is entrusted for learning , tutoring , guardianship or care . Article 190 furthermore forbids cohabitation with a minor ( person under 18 ) unless a marriage is conducted . History ( edit ) From 1977 to 1994 , sexual acts between men of any age was a criminal offence in Serbia , although the law has never been applied . Then in 1994 , the age of consent was 18 just for anal sex between males ; any male performing anal sexual conduct with another male , is punishable by up to 1 year in prison , 16 for all other sexual conduct . Since 2006 , an equal age of consent came into force , regardless of sexual orientation or gender - This is regulated by the section 110 of the Penal Code of the Republic of Serbia stating that `` lewd acts '' between a male adult and a male under the age of 16 is punishable by imprisonment from 1 to 8 years . There is no specific reference to `` lewd acts '' between two females of the same offence . The province of Vojvodina , a northern province of Serbia , had decriminalized homosexuality in 1978 , thus effectively making an equal age of consent for any sexual practice regardless of sex or gender . This lasted until Vojvodina lost its law - making power in 1990 . Slovak Republic ( edit ) The age limit of sexual acts in Slovakia is 15 , as specified by the Slovak Criminal Code , Section 201 . § 201 Sexual abuse 1 . Any person , who has sexual intercourse with a person less than fifteen years of age or who subjects such person to other sexual abuse , shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of three to ten years . History ( edit ) The history before 1993 within Czechoslovakia is commons with the Czech Republic . Until 1961 , homosexual acts were prohibited , however the Criminal Code of that year decriminalised such behaviour partially . However , under Paragraph 244 , the age limit of restriction for homosexual acts was set at 18 , besides the general limit 15 years . In 1990 , the whole Paragraph 244 was repealed and the age limit became 15 for all . Slovenia ( edit ) The age of consent in Slovenia is 15 , as specified by the Slovenian Penal Code , Article 183 , Section 1 , which reads : `` ( 1 ) Whoever has sexual intercourse or performs any lewd act with a person of the same or opposite sex under the age of fifteen ( 15 ) years where there is a marked discrepancy between the maturity of the perpetrator and that of the victim shall be sentenced to imprisonment for not less than six ( 6 ) months and not more than five ( 5 ) years . '' History ( edit ) Until 1959 , male homosexual acts were prohibited , as was the case in all of former Yugoslavia . A new Penal Code was introduced in 1977 , which decriminalised homosexual acts and all discriminatory provisions were removed . In 1995 , the age of consent was set at 14 for all acts . In 1999 , the code was amended to raise the age of consent to 15 years and added the condition for `` a marked discrepancy between the maturity of the perpetrator and that of the victim ' '' . Spain ( edit ) The age of consent in Spain is 16 , under a new law which came into effect on 1 July 2015 . Spanish Criminal Code Article 183 : ( 1 ) . El que realizare actos de carácter sexual con un menor de dieciséis años , será castigado como responsable de abuso sexual a un menor con la pena de prisión de dos a seis años . Translation : Whoever performs sexual acts with a minor under sixteen years , shall be punished for sexual abuse of a minor with imprisonment of two to six years . ( 3 ) . Cuando el ataque consista en acceso carnal por vía vaginal , anal o bucal , o introducción de miembros corporales u objetos por alguna de las dos primeras vías , el responsable será castigado con la pena de prisión de ocho a doce años , en el caso del apartado 1 ... Translation : When the attack consists of bodily entry through vaginal , anal or oral , or introduction of body parts or objects for some of the first two way , the offender shall be punished with imprisonment from eight to twelve years , in the case of paragraph 1 ... There is a close - in - age exemption : El consentimiento libre del menor de dieciséis años excluirá la responsabilidad penal por los delitos previstos en este Capítulo , cuando el autor sea una persona próxima al menor por edad y grado de desarrollo o madurez Translation : The free consent of the minor under sixteen excludes criminal responsibility for crimes under this chapter , if the perpetrator is a person close in age and level of development or maturity to that minor . The age of consent rises to 18 if there is deception or abuse of a recognized position of trust , authority or influence over the minor . Spanish Criminal Code Article 182 : ( 1 ) . El que , interviniendo engaño o abusando de una posición reconocida de confianza , autoridad o influencia sobre la víctima , realice actos de carácter sexual con persona mayor de dieciséis años y menor de dieciocho , será castigado con la pena de prisión de uno a tres años . Translation : Whoever performs sexual acts with a person over sixteen and under eighteen by deception or abuse of a recognized position of trust , authority or influence , shall be punished with imprisonment of one to three years . History ( edit ) The same - sex sexual acts had been legal in Spain from 1822 to 1954 , with the exception of the offence of `` unusual or outrageous indecent acts with same - sex persons '' in the years 1928 -- 32 . However , some homosexuals were arrested under the `` Ley de Vagos y Maleantes '' ( Vagrants and Common Delinquents Law ) during the Second Spanish Republic . Homosexual acts were illegal during Francisco Franco 's regime , first with the amendment of the `` Ley de Vagos y Maleantes '' ( Vagrants and Delinquents Common Law ) in 1954 , and later with the `` Ley de Peligrosidad y Rehabilitación Social '' ( Social Law Against Danger ) in 1970 . In 1979 the Adolfo Suarez 's democratic government eliminated the homosexual acts of the `` Law of Danger and Social Rehabilitation '' ( Social Law Against Danger ) . A new Penal Code was introduced in 1995 , which specified an age of consent of 12 for all sexual acts , this was raised to 13 in 1999 , and to 16 in 2015 . Sweden ( edit ) The age of consent in Sweden is 15 , as specified by the Swedish Penal Code , Chapter 6 ( On Sexual Crimes ) . The age of fifteen is referred to several times , for example in Section 4 , which reads : `` A person who has sexual intercourse with a child under fifteen years of age or who with such a child carries out another sexual act that , having regard to the nature of the violation and the circumstances in general , is comparable to sexual intercourse , shall be sentenced for rape of a child to imprisonment for at least two and at most six years . '' There is a position of trust rule in which the age of consent is raised to 18 . The section mentioned above continues : `` The same applies to the person who carries out an act referred to in the first paragraph to a child more than fifteen years of age but less than eighteen years of age and who is offspring to the perpetrator or in the perpetrator 's care or in a similar relationship to the perpetrator , or for whose care or guardianship the perpetrator is responsible due to the decision of a government agency . '' It is not legal to have sexual intercourse with related adults either , but the sentences for that ( up to two years ) are considerably milder than those for rape of a child ( two to six years , four to ten years if aggravated ) . There is also a close in age exception ( Chapter 6 , Section 14 ) `` ... not sentenced if it is obvious that the act is no violation of the child considered the small difference in age between the person who carries out the act and the child and other circumstances . '' In a verdict of 30 March 2007 , the Supreme Court found that a 17 - year - old boy had not committed a criminal act by having sexual intercourse with a girl 14 years and 7 months old . ( Case B 415 - 07 ) The Swedish age of consent also applies if the act takes place outside Sweden but the elder person later goes to Sweden . The elder person does n't have to be a Swedish citizen or resident , but could be a tourist on a temporary visit . This is regardless of the age of consent in the country where the act took place . History ( edit ) Homosexual acts , both between men and between women , were prohibited in Sweden since 1864 , then in 1944 homosexual acts became legal - but with a higher age of consent of 18 ( 21 if the younger part was in a situation of dependency ) than for heterosexual acts , which was always set at 15 . The age of consent was finally equalized to 15 regardless of sexual orientation in 1978 . Pornography laws were softened in the 1960s . In 1965 there was a review of previous laws governing pornography depicting children as part of the `` child 's rights to sexuality '' . From 1971 to 1980 it was legal to buy , sell , and possess child pornography that featured children as young as 10 or 11 . Switzerland ( edit ) The age of consent in Switzerland is 16 , as specified by the Swiss Federal Criminal Code , Article 187 ( 1 ) . However , there exists a close - in - age exception if the difference between the ages of the participants is three years or less ( Article 187 ( 2 ) ) . Swiss Federal Criminal Code Turkey ( edit ) The age of consent in Turkey is the age of majority ( set at 18 as per Article 11 of the Turkish Civil Code ) . According to Article 104 of the Turkish Penal Code ( Türk Ceza Kanunu ) , sexual intercourse with minors aged 15 , 16 and 17 can only be prosecuted upon a complaint . However , if the offender is a person who is forbidden to marry the child by law or is a person who is obliged to take care of the child due to adoption or foster care , then the prosecution does n't require a complaint and the punishment is aggravated . Article 103 regulates any kind of sexual activity with minors under 15 ( or minors under 18 who lack the ability to understand the legal meanings and consequences of such actions ) as child sexual abuse . History ( edit ) The Ottoman Empire , a predecessor state to the Republic of Turkey , decriminalized sodomy in 1858 . The age of consent in Turkey was set at 15 for both heterosexual and homosexual sex in the 1926 penal code , but this was raised to 18 in 1953 . The new penal code of 2004 also set the age of consent for both heterosexual and homosexual sex at 18 , with some differences , such as the act of having sexual intercourse with a minor over 15 being punishable upon a complaint . Ukraine ( edit ) The age of consent in Ukraine appears to be 16 , although it is not specifically set in any one statute . Article 155 states that sexual intercourse with a sexually immature person shall be punishable . Immaturity is irrefutably presumed in those under 14 ( Art . 120CC and court rulings ) . Those under 14 are considered children in Ukrainian law , additionally those under 16 are considered minors ( generally read from all articles and court rulings ) . However , sexual acts with those under 16 that are considered debauchery can also be prosecuted under Article 156 . Article 155 -- Sexual intercourse with a sexually immature person 1 . Sexual intercourse with a sexually immature person , -- shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term up to three years or imprisonment for the same term . ' ' 2 . The same actions committed by a parent or surrogate parent , or where they caused sterility or other grave consequences , -- shall be punishable by imprisonment for a term of three to five years . Article 156 -- Debauchery of minors 1 . Debauched actions committed in regard of a person under 16 years of age , -- shall be punishable by arrest for a term up to six months , or restraint of liberty for a term up to three years . 2 . The same actions committed in regard of a young child , or by a parent or surrogate parent , -- shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term up to five years , or imprisonment for a term up to three years . United Kingdom ( and dependencies ) ( edit ) The United Kingdom consists of the jurisdictions of England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland . UK national age of consent legislation does not apply to its dependencies , but they all have it set as 16 . England and Wales ( edit ) The age of consent in England and Wales is 16 regardless of sexual orientation or gender , as specified by the Sexual Offences Act 2003 . The vast majority of law relating to sexual offences in the England and Wales is laid out in legislation under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 , of which contains upwards of 140 sections , of which around 70 of those sections relate directly to sexual offences . The main sections of the act that relate to sexual offences regarding children are sections 5 - 15 . The main 3 sections that relate to sexual activity with persons under 16 or under 13 are , If the victim is at least 13 , but under 16 , or 16 or over , Section 1 : Rape `` ( 1 ) A person ( A ) commits an offence if -- ( a ) he intentionally penetrates the vagina , anus or mouth of another person ( B ) with his penis , ( b ) B does not consent to the penetration , and ( c ) A does not reasonably believe that B consents . ( 2 ) Whether a belief is reasonable is to be determined having regard to all the circumstances , including any steps A has taken to ascertain whether B consents . ( 3 ) Sections 75 and 76 apply to an offence under this section . ( 4 ) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable , on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for life . '' If the victim is under 13 , Section 5 : Rape of a child under 13 , `` ( 1 ) A person commits an offence if -- ( a ) he intentionally penetrates the vagina , anus or mouth of another person with his penis , and ( b ) the other person is under 13 . ( 2 ) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable , on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for life . '' If the victim is at least 13 , but under 16 , and the offence does not meet the category of Section 1 `` Rape '' , Section 9 : Sexual activity with a child , `` ( 1 ) A person aged 18 or over ( A ) commits an offence if -- ( a ) he intentionally touches another person ( B ) , ( b ) the touching is sexual , and ( c ) either -- ( i ) B is under 16 and A does not reasonably believe that B is 16 or over , or ( ii ) B is under 13 . ( 2 ) A person guilty of an offence under this section , if the touching involved -- ( a ) penetration of B 's anus or vagina with a part of A 's body or anything else , ( b ) penetration of B 's mouth with A 's penis , ( c ) penetration of A 's anus or vagina with a part of B 's body , or ( d ) penetration of A 's mouth with B 's penis , is liable , on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years . ( 3 ) Unless subsection ( 2 ) applies , a person guilty of an offence under this section is liable -- ( a ) on summary conviction , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or both ; ( b ) on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years . '' Any person who engages in sexual intercourse with a person under the age 16 could be prosecuted . However this therefore means that even sexual intercourse between willing people of a similar age ( i.e. A 16 year old and a 15 year old ) could result in the older person being liable for prosecution for committing a sexual offence . Because of this , when the Sexual Offences Act 2003 was created , separate sections of the act were put in place to be used on how to appropriately prosecute a person who had sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 , depending on exactly how young a person under the age of 16 was at time the sexual intercourse took place . This therefore maintained a `` two - tier '' cut off age system regarding sexual intercourse when it involved a person under the age of 16 . Currently this depends on whether a younger person was Under 16 or Under 13 at the time of the sexual intercourse taking place , with the latter being automatically overall illegal , and the former still being illegal , but with defences due to the younger person 's older age , more flexibility in sentencing and flexibility overall whether to prosecute or not based on individual case . The age of a younger person matters substantially as under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 any sexual intercourse or any type of sexual activity with a person under the age of 13 is strictly illegal , with rape , assault by penetration and incitement offences carrying a maximum sentence of life imprisonment , and other non-penetration offences carrying a maximum sentence of 14 years depending on case . Where as if a younger person is aged between 13 -- 15 , the act does work more flexibly , as for example it is a reasonable defence by an older person to claim they thought a younger person aged 13 -- 15 was aged 16 or over at the time , or for example that two teenagers over the age of 13 were in a relationship before any sexual intercourse took place . It is rare that prosecution would be brought against persons aged 13 or over engaging in sexual intercourse / activity willingly , as long as all persons involved were of similar age , and it did not involve other matters such as violence , abuse or blackmail . However , if person A is over the age of 18 and is in a position of trust to person B who is under the age of 18 , it is illegal for A to engage in sexual activity with B. Section 47 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 makes it an offence to pay for or promise payment for sexual services of a person under 18 where the ' client ' does not reasonably believe that person is over 18 , or in any event for a person under 13 . Further reading : Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 History ( edit ) See also : LGBT rights in the United Kingdom The age of consent for heterosexual acts in England was set at 12 in 1275 during the reign of Edward I . The wording was along the lines of `` It shall be deemed illegal to ravage a maiden who is not of age '' - at the time `` of age '' being 12 . Therefore , there was technically no age of consent for the male participant . The English law became applicable in Wales following the Laws in Wales Acts ( 1536 and 1543 ) . In medieval Welsh law there was no actual equivalent of the concept of the age of consent as such , but a girl was marriageable at 12 -- 14 ( the onset of puberty ) and a fine was payable for the taking of a girl 's maidenhood by force ; the rules varied according to status and may not have been applied rigidly to commoners . A concern that young girls were being sold into brothels led Parliament to raise the age of consent to 13 in 1875 under the Offences against the Person Act 1875 . After W.T. Stead 's Maiden Tribute articles , the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 raised the age of consent to 16 . Anal intercourse , both male - male and male - female , had been illegal and punishable by death since the Buggery Act 1533 . In 1861 , parliament passed the Offences against the Person Act 1861 , which abolished the death penalty for anal intercourse . The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 extended buggery laws to outlaw any kind of sexual activity between males . It is common folklore that an amendment that would have criminalised lesbian acts was rejected by Queen Victoria because she refused to believe that some women did such things ; but it is likelier that those presenting the amendment excluded it ( as did the House of Lords 40 years later ) on the assumption that it would give women ideas . Male homosexual acts were decriminalised under the Sexual Offences Act 1967 , Section 1 , although the age of consent for such acts was set at 21 , whereas the age of consent for heterosexual acts was 16 . However , this particular legislation applied only in England and Wales . In 1994 , on the second reading of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 , the Conservative Member of Parliament Edwina Currie introduced an amendment to lower the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16 , in line with that for heterosexual acts ; the amendment was defeated by 308 votes to 280 . A compromise amendment that lowered the age of consent to 18 was accepted by 427 votes to 162 . Also during the readings were motions to equalise the age of consent to 17 for all , to maintain the age of consent for homosexual acts to 21 , and a further attempt to lower the age of consent to 16 , all of which were rejected . In 1997 , the European Court of Human Rights case of Sutherland v the United Kingdom held that a higher age of consent for homosexuals than for heterosexuals was a breach of Article 14 in conjunction with Article 8 of the Convention . In response , the Government introduced the Crime and Disorder Bill that contained a provision lowering the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16 . Though accepted by the House of Commons , the provision was rejected by the House of Lords . The Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Bill , introduced in 1998 , contained a similar provision , but once again it was rejected by the House of Lords . The Bill was reintroduced in 2000 and , despite opposition from the House of Lords , was passed under the Parliament Act 1911 ( which allows the House of Commons to overrule the House of Lords under certain circumstances ) . As the Scottish Parliament had been established prior to the reintroduction of the Bill , and the relevant legislation was a devolved issue , the consent of that Parliament under the Sewel Convention was required -- had that consent not been granted , the Scottish provisions would have had to be removed and it would not have been possible to use the Parliament Act . The Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 , became law in January 2001 throughout the UK , and thus equalized , regardless of gender , the age of consent at 16 for both heterosexual and homosexual acts ( including , for the first time , lesbian acts ) , except those taking place between a 16 -- 17 year old and someone `` in a position of trust '' ( e.g. a teacher ) , where the age of consent was raised to 18 . The Sexual Offences Act 2003 officially ended the concept of buggery in British law , as technically , heterosexual anal intercourse had still been illegal until the passing of this law . The passing of this law meant that there was no legal difference made between vaginal and anal intercourse , as well as sexual touching and newly added oral penetration and penetration by other body parts than penis or anythink else . The Act also raised the legal age for pornography and prostitution from 16 to 18 . There have been various suggestions to lower the age of consent to 14 - in 1998 the New Labour government proposed this , but despite some Left wing and Youth support this had been dropped by early 2003 as lacking support , a decade later in early 2013 the suggestion by civil servants to lower the age of consent to 14 was rejected by the Conservative led coalition as offensive ( at least under some circumstances ) and attention was drawn to the impact of recent scandals on the reception to any proposals . If the child is 13 -- 15 inclusive and the other person concerned reasonably believed that she ( usually she ) was 16 or more no offence is committed . In practice this discourages prosecution where that defence might successfully be run . If a young woman , for example , goes willingly into a pub ( saloon ) where nobody under 18 can lawfully go the prosecuting authorities will probably decide that the defendant will readily be believed if he says he thought she was 18 , let alone 16 or up . Scotland ( edit ) Since 1 December 2010 , the age of consent in Scotland is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . Before that date , it was 16 for girls ( under a statutory offence ) and 14 for boys ( the common law age of puberty ) . However , consensual sex with a girl aged between 13 and 16 is not rape , but a lesser offence ; on 1 December 2010 this has been given the specific name of `` having intercourse with an older child '' . History ( edit ) Male homosexual acts were illegal in Scotland until 1980 when they were decriminalised by the Criminal Justice ( Scotland ) Act 1980 , Section 80 , which specified an age of consent of 21 . The Criminal Law ( Consolidation ) ( Scotland ) Act 1995 lowered the age of consent of 18 and this was further lowered to 16 by the Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 described above . Male rape was recognised along with a complete overhaul of sexual offences legislation under the Sexual Offences ( Scotland ) Act 2009 ( in force from 1 December 2010 , except for sections 52 and 53 ) . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The age of consent in Northern Ireland is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender , as specified by the Sexual Offences ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2008 . The reason the age of consent was lowered from 17 to 16 in 2008 with the Order was to bring it in line with the rest of the UK ; Criminal Justice Minister Paul Goggins said there was no compelling reason for the age to be different in Northern Ireland than elsewhere . LGBT rights in the United Kingdom History ( edit ) Gay male sexual conduct was illegal in Northern Ireland until 1982 , when they were decriminalised by the Homosexual Offences ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1982 , which specified an age of consent of 21 - in line with the rest of the UK at the time . The change was a result of the judgement in the European Court of Human Rights case of Dudgeon v United Kingdom ( 1981 ) in which the ECHR held that a prohibition on homosexual acts was a breach of Article 8 of the Convention . The age of consent for gay male sexual conduct was lowered to 18 in 1994 when the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was implemented ( as to be in line with England and Wales ) . The age of consent in 2001 was then lowered to 17 for gay male sexual conduct - so that was in line with heterosexual and lesbian sexual conduct , by the Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 , Section 1 . Then in 2008 the age of consent for all individuals under an Order ( mentioned above ) was lowered to 16 so it was inline with the rest of the UK . Prior to 2008 , the age of consent in Northern Ireland was always 17 for heterosexuals and lesbian sexual conduct . Akrotiri and dhekelia ( edit ) For both of these Sovereign Base Areas ( British military enclaves ) on the island of Cyprus , the age of consent is 16 . Gibraltar ( edit ) Since 2011 , the age of consent is equal and gender - neutral at 16 in Gibraltar ( a British overseas territory ) . The gender - neutral Crimes Bill 2011 passed the Gibraltar Parliament and got assented - implementing the 2011 Supreme Court of Gibraltar decision and by repealing and updating 140 - year - old criminal laws of Gibraltar . History ( edit ) Male homosexual acts have been decriminalised in Gibraltar since 1993 , where the age of consent was higher at 18 for gay men , 16 for lesbians and heterosexuals . Anal sex was illegal for heterosexuals regardless . An equal age of consent set at 16 and legalising heterosexual anal sex happened because of a recent Supreme Court decision in 2011 , then in 2011 , under the gender - neutral Crimes Act 2011 implemented an equal and gender - neutral age of consent of 16 and legalised anal sex for heterosexuals - reflecting the Supreme Court of Gibraltar decision and by repealing and updating 140 - year - old criminal laws of Gibraltar . Guernsey ( including Alderney , Herm and Sark ) ( edit ) Since 2012 , the age of consent in the Bailiwick of Guernsey ( a Crown Dependency including Alderney , Herm and Sark ) is 16 , regardless of gender and / or sexual orientation . History ( edit ) In 1983 , male homosexual acts were decriminalised with the age of consent set at 21 ( in line with the UK at that time ) . In 1999 , the age of consent for male homosexual acts was lowered to 18 . Then in 2012 , the age of consent for male homosexual acts was equalised at 16 , regardless of gender and / or sexual orientation . Isle of man ( edit ) The age of consent in the Isle of Man , a Crown Dependency , is 16 , last amended in 2006 . History ( edit ) Prior to 1992 , sodomy was illegal , then under the Sexual Offences ( Isle Of Man ) Act 1992 ( after assent ) the age of consent was set at 21 for sodomy ( in line with the UK at that time ) . Then in 2001 , the age of consent for male homosexual acts was lowered to 18 under the Criminal Justice Act 2001 . In 2006 , under the Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2006 the age of consent was lowered to 16 , became gender - neutral for all sexual conduct , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . See also : LGBT rights in the Isle of Man Jersey ( edit ) The age of consent in the Bailiwick of Jersey , a Crown Dependency , is 16 , last amended in 2007 . History ( edit ) Prior to 1990 , sodomy was illegal in Jersey for both men and women until 1990 although the age of consent for homosexual acts other than sodomy was the same as for heterosexual acts . In 1990 , the age of consent for sodomy between consenting males was set at 21 ( the UK at that time maintained the age of consent of 21 for all homosexual acts between males ) . In 1995 , the sodomy age of consent became 18 ( under the Sexual Offences ( Jersey ) Law 1995 ) . In 2007 , the age of consent was lowered to 16 , became gender - neutral for all sexual conduct ( including sodomy ) ; regardless of sexual orientation or gender . Further reading Sexual Offences ( Jersey ) Law 2007 ( became gender - neutral for all sexual conduct , including sodomy ; regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender at 16 , effective since 2007 ) Vatican City ( edit ) Law No . VIII of 11 July 2013 , entitled `` Supplementary Laws on Criminal Law Matters '' establishes the present law for the State of Vatican City regarding criminal penalties for sexual acts with minors . Article 4 of Law No . VIII defines `` minor '' for the purposes of that law to mean `` every human being below the age of eighteen years . '' Article 8 , paragraphs 1 through 4 , establish criminal penalties for anyone who engages in sexual acts with a person below the age of 18 . Paragraph 5 of Article 8 provides an exception to this by stating that `` the offence does not exist if the sexual acts take place within a marriage . '' Canon 1083 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law states that `` A man before he has completed his sixteenth year of age and a woman before she has completed her fourteenth year of age can not enter into a valid marriage . '' Thus , in the context of this article , the age of consent in Vatican City may be considered 14 for married females who are having sexual relations with their husbands only , 16 for married males having relations with their wives only , but 18 for everyone else , whether married or not . It should also be noted that the `` Law of the Source of Law '' of the Vatican State requires that any local laws must first defer to divine law , to Papal decrees , and to canon law . As the Vatican understands divine law , even if not sanctioned with criminal penalties by the state , all sex outside of marriage is illicit regardless of the age or willingness of those who engage in it . When the Vatican City was first formed , it adopted the then - Italian age of consent of 12 as per the Lateran Treaty of 1929 . Until July 2013 it had the lowest age of consent in Europe , but after that month , when the Pope made his decree , it became the highest . 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Further reading ( edit ) Ellen , Barbara . `` Keep the age of consent at 16 -- for children 's sake '' . The Guardian . Sunday 13 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Worldwide ages of consent ( last updated 23 August 2010 ) ( hide ) Sexual ethics Human sexuality Adolescent sexuality Rainbow party Adultery Education Fetishism Incest law Miscegenation Objectification Orientation Pregnancy Abortion Prostitution law Survival sex Child sexuality Child marriage Child pornography law Child prostitution Child sex tourism Sexual abuse Child - on - child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse law Harassment Rape law Age of consent ( reform ) Africa Asia Europe North America United States Oceania South America List of topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ages_of_consent_in_Europe&oldid=807055940 '' Categories : Age of consent by continent Adolescent sexuality in Europe Minimum ages Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Catalan - language sources ( ca ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Articles with dead external links from September 2017 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014 CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Use dmy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 16 : 30 . 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what is the legal age of consent in holland
[ "The age of consent in the Netherlands is 16, as specified by the Dutch Criminal Code at Article 245,[84] and Article 247 [85] which read:" ]
[ "16" ]
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History of the Brooklyn Dodgers
History of the Brooklyn Dodgers - wikipedia History of the Brooklyn Dodgers Jump to : navigation , search `` Brooklyn Dodgers '' redirects here . For other teams named Brooklyn Dodgers , see Brooklyn Dodgers ( disambiguation ) . For the history of the team from 1958 onward , see History of the Los Angeles Dodgers . For information on the franchise in general , see Los Angeles Dodgers . Brooklyn Dodgers Team Photograph , 1913 The Brooklyn Dodgers was an American Major League baseball team , active primarily in the National League from 1884 until 1957 , after which the club moved to Los Angeles , where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team 's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city 's trolley streetcar network . The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn , each named Washington Park , and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913 . The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early Brooklyn baseball 1.1 The origin of the Dodgers 1.2 Nicknames 2 Rivalry with the Giants 2.1 `` Uncle Robbie '' and the `` Daffiness Boys '' 3 Breaking the color barrier 4 `` Wait ' til next year ! '' 5 Move to California 6 References 7 Other reading Early Brooklyn baseball ( edit ) The 1865 Atlantics were one of the first dynasties in organized baseball Brooklyn was home to numerous baseball clubs in the mid-1850s . Eight of 16 participants in the first convention were from Brooklyn , including the Atlantic , Eckford , and Excelsior clubs that combined to dominate play for most of the 1860s . Brooklyn helped make baseball commercial , as the locale of the first paid admission games , a series of three all star contests matching New York and Brooklyn in 1858 . Brooklyn also featured the first two enclosed baseball grounds , the Union Grounds and the Capitoline Grounds ; enclosed , dedicated ballparks accelerated the evolution from amateurism to professionalism . Despite the early success of Brooklyn clubs in the National Association of Base Ball Players , officially amateur until 1869 , they fielded weak teams in the succeeding National Association of Professional Base Ball Players , the first professional league formed in 1871 . The Excelsiors no longer challenged for the amateur championship after the Civil War and never entered the professional NA . The Eckfords and Atlantics declined to join until 1872 and thereby lost their best players ; the Eckfords survived only one season and the Atlantics four , with losing teams . The National League replaced the NA in 1876 and granted exclusive territories to its eight members , excluding the Atlantics in favor of the New York Mutuals who had shared home grounds with the Atlantics . When the Mutuals were expelled by the league , the Hartford Dark Blues club moved in , changed its name to The Brooklyn Hartfords and played its home games at Union Grounds in 1877 before disbanding . The origin of the Dodgers ( edit ) The team currently known as the Dodgers was formed as the Brooklyn Grays in 1883 by real estate magnate and baseball enthusiast Charles Byrne , who convinced his brother - in - law Joseph Doyle and casino operator Ferdinand Abell to start the team with him . Byrne arranged to build a grandstand on a lot bounded by Third Street , Fourth Avenue , Fifth Street , and Fifth Avenue , and named it Washington Park in honor of George Washington . The Grays played in the minor Inter-State Association of Professional Baseball Clubs that first season . Doyle became the first team manager , and they drew 6,431 fans to their first home game on May 12 , 1883 against the Trenton team . The Grays won the league title after the Camden Merritt club disbanded on July 20 and Brooklyn picked up some of its better players . The Grays were invited to join the American Association for the 1884 season . After winning the American Association league championship in 1889 , the Grays ( by then nicknamed the Bridegrooms ) moved to the National League and won the 1890 NL Championship , the only Major League team to win consecutive championships in both professional `` base ball '' leagues . They lost the 1889 World Series to the New York Giants and tied the 1890 World Series with the Louisville Colonels . Their success during this period was partly attributed to their having absorbed skilled players from the defunct New York Metropolitans and Brooklyn Ward 's Wonders . In 1899 , most of the original Baltimore Orioles stars moved to the Grays ( Bridegrooms ) along with Orioles manager Ned Hanlon who became the club 's new manager under Charles Ebbets , who had by now accumulated an 80 % share of the club . The new combined team was dubbed the `` Superbas '' by the press and would become the champions of the National League in 1899 and again in 1900 . Nicknames ( edit ) Logo of the Brooklyn Dodgers / Superbas from 1910 through 1913 The team name , Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers , was coined in 1895 . The nickname was still new enough in September 1895 that a newspaper could report that `` ' Trolley Dodgers ' is the new name which eastern baseball cranks ( fans ) have given the Brooklyn club . '' In 1895 , Brooklyn played at Eastern Park , bounded by Eastern Parkway ( now Pitkin Avenue ) , Powell Street , Sutter Avenue , Van Sinderen Street , where they had moved early in the 1891 season when the second Washington Park burned down . Some sources erroneously report that the name `` Trolley Dodgers '' referred to pedestrians avoiding fast cars on street car tracks that bordered Eastern Park on two sides . However , Eastern Park was not bordered by street - level trolley lines that had to be `` dodged '' by pedestrians . The name `` Trolley Dodgers '' implied the dangers posed by trolley cars in Brooklyn generally , which in 1892 , began the switch from horse - power to electrical power , which made them much faster , and were hence regarded as more dangerous . The name was later shortened to Brooklyn Dodgers . The `` Trolley Dodgers '' name was later adopted by the team for the 1911 and 1912 seasons , and the `` Dodgers '' name was used in 1913 . Other team names used by the franchise that finally came to be called `` the Dodgers '' were the Atlantics ( 1884 , not directly related to the earlier Brooklyn Atlantics ) , Bridegrooms or Grooms ( 1888 - 1898 ) , Ward 's Wonders , the Superbas ( 1899 - 1910 ) , and the Robins ( 1914 - 1931 ) . All of these nicknames were used by fans and newspaper sports writers to describe the team , often concurrently , but not in any official capacity . The team 's legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club . However , the `` Trolley Dodgers '' nickname was used throughout this period , along with other nicknames , by fans and sports writers of the day . The team did not use the name in a formal sense until 1932 , when the word `` Dodgers '' appeared on team jerseys . The `` conclusive shift '' came in 1933 , when both home and road jerseys for the team bore the name `` Dodgers '' . Examples of how the many popularized names of the team were used interchangeably are available from newspaper articles from the period before 1932 . A New York Times article describing a game the Dodgers played in 1916 starts out by referring to how `` Jimmy Callahan , pilot of the Pirates , did his best to wreck the hopes the Dodgers have of gaining the National League pennant '' , but then goes on to comment , `` the only thing that saved the Superbas from being toppled from first place was that the Phillies lost one of the two games played . '' Most baseball statistics sites and baseball historians generally now refer to the pennant - winning 1916 Brooklyn team as the Robins . A 1918 New York Times article used the nickname Robins in its title `` Buccaneers Take Last From Robins '' , but the subtitle of the article reads `` Subdue The Superbas By 11 To 4 , Making Series An Even Break '' . Another example of the interchangeability of different nicknames is found on the program issued at Ebbets Field for the 1920 World Series , which identifies the matchup in the series as `` Dodgers vs. Indians '' , despite the fact that the Robins nickname had been in consistent usage at this point for around six years . Rivalry with the Giants ( edit ) Main article : Dodgers -- Giants rivalry The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old . It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series , the ancestor of the Subway Series , and both played in separate cities ( the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan ) . When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season , the rivalry was easily transplanted , as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics , culture , and politics . `` Uncle Robbie '' and the `` Daffiness Boys '' ( edit ) Manager Wilbert Robinson , another former Oriole , popularly known as `` Uncle Robbie '' , restored the Brooklyn team to respectability . His `` Brooklyn Robins '' reached the 1916 and 1920 World Series , losing both , but contending perennially for several seasons . Charles Ebbets and Ed McKeever died within a week of each other in 1925 , and Robbie was named president while still field manager . Upon assuming the title of president , however , Robinson 's ability to focus on the field declined , and the teams of the late 1920s were often fondly referred to as the `` Daffiness Boys '' for their distracted , error - ridden style of play . Outfielder Babe Herman was the leader both in hitting and in zaniness . The signature Dodger play from this era occurred when three players -- Dazzy Vance , Chick Fewster , and Herman -- ended up at third base at the same time . ( The play is often remembered as Herman `` tripling into a triple play '' , though only two of the three players were declared out and Herman was credited with a double rather than a triple . ) Herman later complained that no one remembered that he drove in the winning run on the play . The incident led to the popular joke : `` The Dodgers have three men on base ! '' `` Oh , yeah ? Which base ? '' After his removal as club president , Robinson returned to managing , and the club 's performance rebounded somewhat . When Robinson retired in 1931 , he was replaced as manager by Max Carey . Although some suggested renaming the `` Robins '' the `` Brooklyn Canaries '' , after Carey , whose last name was originally `` Carnarius '' , the name `` Brooklyn Dodgers '' returned to stay following Robinson 's retirement . It was during this era that Willard Mullin , a noted sports cartoonist , fixed the Brooklyn team with the lovable nickname of `` Dem Bums '' . After hearing his cab driver ask , `` So how did those bums do today ? '' , Mullin decided to sketch an exaggerated version of famed circus clown Emmett Kelly to represent the Dodgers in his much - praised cartoons in the New York World - Telegram . Both image and nickname caught on , so much so that many a Dodger yearbook cover , from 1951 through 1957 , featured a Willard Mullin illustration of the Brooklyn Bum . Perhaps the highlight of the Daffiness Boys era came after Wilbert Robinson left the dugout . In 1934 , Giants player / manager Bill Terry was asked about the Dodgers ' chances in the coming pennant race and cracked infamously , `` Is Brooklyn still in the league ? '' Managed then by Casey Stengel , who played for the Dodgers in the 1910s and went on to greatness managing the New York Yankees , the 1934 Dodgers were determined to make their presence felt . As it happened , the season entered its final games with the Giants tied with the St. Louis Cardinals for the pennant , with the Giants ' remaining games against the Dodgers . Stengel led his Bums to the Polo Grounds for the showdown , and they beat the Giants twice to knock them out of the pennant race . The `` Gashouse Gang '' Cardinals nailed the pennant by beating the Cincinnati Reds those same two days . One key development during this era was the 1938 appointment of Leland `` Larry '' MacPhail as Dodgers ' general manager . MacPhail , who brought night games to Major League Baseball as general manager of the Reds , also started night baseball in Brooklyn and ordered the successful refurbishing of Ebbets Field . He also brought Reds voice Red Barber to Brooklyn as the Dodgers ' lead announcer in 1939 , just after MacPhail broke the New York baseball executives ' agreement to ban live baseball broadcasts , enacted because of the fear of the effect of radio calls on the home teams ' attendance . MacPhail remained with the Dodgers until 1942 , when he returned to the Armed Forces for World War II . He later became one of the Yankees ' co-owners , bidding unsuccessfully for Barber to join him in the Bronx as announcer . The first major - league baseball game to be televised was Brooklyn 's 6 -- 1 victory over Cincinnati at Ebbets Field on August 26 , 1939 . Batting helmets were introduced to Major League Baseball by the Dodgers in 1941 . Breaking the color barrier ( edit ) Jackie Robinson . For most of the first half of the 20th century , no Major League Baseball team employed a black player . A parallel system of Negro Leagues developed , but most of the Negro League players were denied a chance to prove their skill before a national audience . Jackie Robinson became the first African - American to play Major League baseball in the 20th Century when he played his first major league game on April 15 , 1947 as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers . Robinson 's entry into the league was mainly due to General Manager Branch Rickey 's efforts . The deeply religious Rickey 's motivation appears to have been primarily moral , although business considerations were also present . Rickey was a member of the Methodist Church , the antecedent denomination to the United Methodist Church of today , which was a strong advocate for social justice and active later in the Civil Rights Movement . Besides selecting Robinson for his exceptional baseball skills , Rickey also considered Robinson 's outstanding personal character , his UCLA education and rank of captain in the U.S. Army in his decision , since he knew that boos , taunts , and criticism was going to be directed at Robinson , and that Robinson had to be tough enough to withstand abuse without attempting to retaliate . The inclusion of Robinson on the team also led the Dodgers to move its spring training site . Prior to 1946 , the Dodgers held their spring training in Jacksonville , Florida . However , the city 's stadium refused to host an exhibition game with the Montreal Royals -- the Dodgers ' own farm club -- on whose roster Robinson appeared at the time , citing segregation laws . Nearby Sanford similarly declined . Ultimately , City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach agreed to host the game with Robinson on the field . The team traveled to Havana , Cuba for spring training in 1947 , this time with Robinson on the big club . Although the Dodgers ultimately built Dodgertown and its Holman Stadium further south in Vero Beach , and played there for 61 spring training seasons from 1948 through 2008 , Daytona Beach renamed City Island Ballpark to Jackie Robinson Ballpark in his honor . This event marked the continuation of the integration of professional sports in the United States , with professional football having led the way in 1946 , with the concomitant demise of the Negro Leagues , and is regarded as a key moment in the history of the American civil rights movement . Robinson was an exceptional player , a speedy runner who sparked the team with his intensity . He was the inaugural recipient of the Rookie of the Year award , which is now named the Jackie Robinson award in his honor . The Dodgers ' willingness to integrate , when most other teams refused to , was a key factor in their 1947 -- 1956 success . They won six pennants in those 10 years with the help of Robinson , three - time MVP Roy Campanella , Cy Young Award winner Don Newcombe , Jim Gilliam , and Joe Black . Robinson eventually became the first African - American elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 . `` Wait ' til next year ! '' ( edit ) After the wilderness years of the 1920s and 1930s , the Dodgers were rebuilt into a contending club first by general manager Larry MacPhail and then the legendary Branch Rickey . Led by Jackie Robinson , Pee Wee Reese , and Gil Hodges in the infield , Duke Snider and Carl Furillo in the outfield , Roy Campanella behind the plate , and Don Newcombe , Carl Erskine , and Preacher Roe on the pitcher 's mound , the Dodgers won pennants in 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , and 1953 , only to fall to the New York Yankees in all five of the subsequent World Series . The annual ritual of building excitement , followed in the end by disappointment , became a common pattern to the long suffering fans , and `` Wait ' til next year ! '' became an unofficial Dodger slogan . While the Dodgers generally enjoyed success during this period , in 1951 they fell victim to one of the largest collapses in the history of baseball . On August 11 , 1951 , Brooklyn led the National League by an enormous 131⁄2 games over their archrivals , the Giants . While the Dodgers went 26 -- 22 from that time until the end of the season , the Giants went on an absolute tear , winning an amazing 37 of their last 44 games , including their last seven in a row . At the end of the season the Dodgers and the Giants were tied for first place , forcing a three - game playoff for the pennant . The Giants took Game 1 by a score of 3 -- 1 before being shut out by the Dodgers ' Clem Labine in Game 2 , 10 -- 0 . It all came down to the final game , and Brooklyn seemed to have the pennant locked up , holding a 4 -- 2 lead in the bottom of the ninth inning . Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson , however , hit a stunning three - run walk - off home run off the Dodgers ' Ralph Branca to secure the NL Championship for New York . To this day Thomson 's home run is known as the Shot Heard ' Round The World . In 1955 , by which time the core of the Dodger team was beginning to age , `` next year '' finally came . The fabled `` Boys of Summer '' shot down the `` Bronx Bombers '' in seven games , led by the first - class pitching of young left - hander Johnny Podres , whose key pitch was a changeup known as `` pulling down the lampshade '' because of the arm motion used right when the ball was released . Podres won two Series games , including the deciding seventh . The turning point of Game 7 was a spectacular double play that began with left fielder Sandy Amorós running down Yogi Berra 's long fly ball , then throwing to shortstop Pee Wee Reese , who relayed to first baseman Gil Hodges to double up a surprised Gil McDougald to preserve the Dodger lead . Hank Bauer grounded out and the Dodgers won 2 -- 0 . Although the Dodgers lost the World Series to the Yankees in 1956 during which the Yankees pitcher Don Larsen pitched the only World Series perfect game in baseball history and the only post-season no - hitter for the next 54 years , it hardly seemed to matter . Brooklyn fans had their memory of triumph , and soon that was all they were left with -- a victory that was remembered decades later in the Billy Joel single `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' , which included the line , `` Brooklyn 's got a winning team . '' Move to California ( edit ) Real estate businessman Walter O'Malley had acquired majority ownership of the Dodgers in 1950 , when he bought the shares of team co-owners Branch Rickey and the estate of John L. Smith . Before long , O'Malley was working to buy new land in Brooklyn for a new , more accessible and better ballpark than Ebbets Field . Beloved as it was , Ebbets Field had grown old and was not well served by infrastructure , to the point where the Dodgers could not `` sell out '' the park to maximum capacity even in the heat of a pennant race , despite dominating the league from 1946 to 1957 . New York City Construction Coordinator Robert Moses , however , sought to force O'Malley into using a site in Flushing Meadows , Queens -- the eventual location of Shea Stadium , the home of the future New York Mets . Moses ' vision involved a city - built , city - owned park , which was greatly at odds with O'Malley's real - estate savvy . When O'Malley realized that he was not going to be allowed to buy a suitable parcel of land in Brooklyn , he began thinking of team relocation . O'Malley was free to purchase land of his own choosing but wanted Robert Moses to condemn one parcel of land along the Atlantic Railroad Yards in downtown Brooklyn under Title I authority , after O'Malley had bought the bulk of the land he had in mind . Title I gave the city municipality power to condemn land for the purpose of building what it calls `` public purpose '' projects . Moses ' interpretation of `` public purpose '' included public parks , public housing and public highways and bridges . What O'Malley wanted was for Moses to use Title I authority , rather than to pay market value for the land . With Title I the city via Robert Moses could have sold the land to O'Malley at a below market price . Moses refused to honor O'Malley's request and responded , `` If you want the land so bad , why do n't you purchase it with your own money ? '' Meanwhile , non-stop transcontinental airline travel had become routine during the years since the Second World War , and teams were no longer bound by much slower railroad timetables . Because of civil aviation advances , it became possible to locate teams farther apart -- as far west as California -- while maintaining the same busy game schedules . When Los Angeles officials attended the 1956 World Series looking to entice a team to move there , they were not even thinking of the Dodgers . Their original target had been the Washington Senators franchise , which moved to Bloomington , Minnesota to become the Minnesota Twins in 1961 . At the same time , O'Malley was looking for a contingency in case Moses and other New York politicians refused to let him build the Brooklyn stadium he wanted , and sent word to the Los Angeles officials that he was interested in talking . Los Angeles offered him what New York did not : a chance to buy land suitable for building a ballpark , and own that ballpark , giving him complete control over all its revenue streams . At the same time , the National League was not willing to approve the Dodgers ' move unless O'Malley found a second team to willing to join them out west , largely out of concern for travel costs . Meanwhile , Giants owner Horace Stoneham was having similar difficulty finding a replacement for his team 's antiquated home stadium , the Polo Grounds . Stoneham was considering moving the Giants to Minneapolis , but was persuaded instead to move them to San Francisco , ensuring that the Dodgers had a National League rival closer than St. Louis . So the two arch - rival teams , the Dodgers and Giants , moved out to the West Coast together after the 1957 season . The Brooklyn Dodgers played their final game at Ebbets Field on September 24 , 1957 , which the Dodgers won 2 -- 0 over the Pittsburgh Pirates . On April 18 , 1958 , the Los Angeles Dodgers played their first game in L.A. , defeating the former New York and newly relocated and renamed San Francisco Giants , 6 -- 5 , before 78,672 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Sadly , catcher Roy Campanella , left partially paralyzed in an off - season accident , was never able to play for Los Angeles . A 2007 HBO film , Brooklyn Dodgers : The Ghosts of Flatbush , is a documentary covering the Dodgers history from early days to the beginning of the Los Angeles era . In the film , the story is related that O'Malley was so hated by Brooklyn Dodger fans after the move to California , that it was said , `` If you asked a Brooklyn Dodger fan , if you had a gun with only two bullets in it and were in a room with Hitler , Stalin and O'Malley , who would you shoot ? The answer : O'Malley , twice ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T . The Encyclopedia of New York City , Second Edition , 2010 . pp. 176 - 177 Jump up ^ `` 1877 Hartford Dark Blues -- Statistics and Roster '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Philip J. ( 2006 ) . Green Cathedrals . New York , N.Y. : Walker and Company . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1562 - 3 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ The Giants and the Dodgers : four ... -- Andrew Goldblatt -- Google Boeken Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel ( 1988 ) . The Ultimate Baseball Book . Boston , USA : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 352 . ISBN 0395361451 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter Jensen . `` The Grim Reality of the Trolley Dodgers '' . Early Sports ' n Pop - Culture Blog . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sports of All Sorts '' . The Roanoke Times . September 13 , 1895 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter Jensen . `` Rail Service to Eastern Park Brooklyn '' . Early Sports ' n Pop - Culture Blog . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Straight Games '' . Brooklyn Eagle . 3 June 1888 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wants More About the Brooklyn Team and Less About Ward '' . Brooklyn Eagle . 21 April 1892 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits from the Diamond '' . Brooklyn Eagle . 12 August 1899 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Braves Win in 13th '' . New York Times . 3 June 1914 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Ball Parks '' . BrooklynBallParks.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dressed to the Nines Uniform Database '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bernado , Leonard ; Weiss , Jennifer ( 2006 ) . Brooklyn By Name : From Bedford - Stuyvesant to Flatbush Avenue , And From Ebbets Field To Williamsburg . New York : New York University Press . p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers Rout Sleepy Superbas '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1916 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers Take Last From Robins '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1918 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/store/new-york-times-baseball-history-book-nsbb.html Jump up ^ File : 1920 World Series program. jpg -- Wikimedia Commons Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vidmer , Richards ( August 16 , 1926 ) . `` Robins in Form , Win Two in Day - Take Double - Header From the Braves by 4 to 2 and 11 to 3 Before Starting West - Vance Pitches the Opener - Jess Barnes Keeps Up Victory Pace In Second - Batsmen Rouse From Their Slump '' . New York Times . p. 11 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , H. Allen ; Smith , Ira L. ( 1951 ) . Three Men on Third . Halcottsville , New York : Breakaway Books . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 891369 - 15 - 6 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey , 83 , Dies in Missouri '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( 1991 ) . Superstars and Screwballs : 100 Years of Brooklyn Baseball . New York : Dutton . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Lies , Damned Lies '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 World Series : Rare , Never - Seen '' . LIFE.com . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball '' . 2006 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Neil J. The Dodgers Move West . Jump up ^ Borzi , Pat ( June 17 , 2005 ) . `` The Giants Almost Headed Not Quite So Far West '' . New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . The next day , according to Johnson , San Francisco officials met with Stoneham . By then the Dodgers were looking hard at Los Angeles . O'Malley needed the Giants because National League owners , concerned about travel costs , would not approve only one team going across the country . Jump up ^ `` Giants 5 Dodgers 6 ( Boxscore ) '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 10 . Other reading ( edit ) D'Agostino , Dennis ; Crosby , Bonnie . Through a Blue Lens : The Brooklyn Dodgers Photographs of Barney Stein , 1937 -- 1957 . Triumph Books . Prince , Carl E. Brooklyn 's Dodgers : The Bums , the Borough , and the Best of Baseball , 1947 -- 1957 ( 2011 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780195115789.001. 0001 online Histories of teams in Major League Baseball American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals ( Part I II III IV ) West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Relocated teams Milwaukee Brewers ( 1901 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 02 ) Boston Braves ( 1870 -- 1953 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 53 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 54 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 60 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 65 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 67 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 71 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Defunct teams New York Mutuals ( 1876 ) Athletic of Philadelphia ( 1876 ) Hartford Dark Blues ( 1875 -- 76 ) St. Louis Brown Stockings ( 1876 -- 77 ) Louisville Grays ( 1876 -- 77 ) Indianapolis Blues ( 1878 ) Milwaukee Grays ( 1878 ) Syracuse Stars ( 1878 ) Cincinnati Red Stockings ( 1876 -- 79 ) Cincinnati Stars ( 1880 ) Worcester Worcesters ( 1880 -- 82 ) Providence Grays ( 1878 -- 85 ) Buffalo Bisons ( 1879 -- 85 ) Cleveland Blues ( 1879 -- 84 ) Troy Trojans ( 1879 -- 82 ) St. Louis Maroons ( 1885 -- 86 ) Kansas City Cowboys ( 1886 ) Detroit Wolverines ( 1881 -- 88 ) Indianapolis Hoosiers ( 1887 -- 89 ) Washington Nationals ( 1886 -- 89 ) Cleveland Spiders ( 1887 -- 99 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1892 -- 99 ) Louisville Colonels ( 1892 -- 99 ) Washington Senators ( 1891 -- 99 ) Los Angeles Dodgers Established in 1884 Formerly the Brooklyn Robins and the Brooklyn Dodgers Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise History in Brooklyn History in Los Angeles Seasons Award winners Records No - hitters Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Coaches Broadcasters Los Angeles Dodgers Radio Network SportsNet LA Hall of Famers Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Washington Park Eastern Park Ridgewood Park Washington Park Ebbets Field Roosevelt Stadium Proposed domed stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Dodger Stadium Spring training : Whittington Park Majestic Park Barrs Field Tinker Field Clearwater Athletic Field City Island Ball Park Gran Stadium de La Habana Holman Stadium Camelback Ranch Culture Dodger Dog The First Rick Monday saves the American flag Chavez Ravine Dodger blue `` I Love L.A. '' Roy Campanella Award Historic Dodgertown Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Nancy Bea Hilda Chester 2011 bankruptcy 42 Lore Chronicle - Telegraph Cup 1955 World Series Fernandomania Kirk Gibson 's 1988 World Series home run Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak Sandy Koufax 's perfect game `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' NL tie - breaker games / series 1946 NL tie - breaker series 1951 NL tie - breaker series 1959 NL tie - breaker series 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Rivalries San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels New York Yankees Subway Series Hall of Fame members Walter Alston Roy Campanella Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Willie Keeler Sandy Koufax Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Walter O'Malley Pee Wee Reese Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Don Sutton Dazzy Vance Zack Wheat Key personnel Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management President : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Manager : Dave Roberts World Series Championships ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 League pennants ( 23 ) American Association : 1889 National League : 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 2017 Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 ( first half ) 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Minor league affiliates AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers AA : Tulsa Drillers A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes A : Great Lakes Loons Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors Rookie : AZL Dodgers DSL Dodgers Guerrero DSL Dodgers Robinson Minor League Rosters Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1995 2000s 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Subway Series Teams American Association Brooklyn Bridegrooms American League New York Yankees National League Brooklyn Dodgers New York Giants New York Mets Stadiums Dodgers Ebbets Field Giants Polo Grounds Mets Shea Stadium Yankees Yankee Stadium Rivalries Bridegrooms -- Giants Giants -- Yankees Dodgers -- Yankees Mets -- Yankees World Series Bridegrooms -- Giants 1889 Giants -- Yankees 1921 1922 1923 1936 1937 1951 1962 Dodgers -- Yankees 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 Mets -- Yankees 2000 Histories Brooklyn Bridegrooms / Dodgers New York Giants New York Mets New York Yankees Related articles Interleague play New York City Subway Major League Baseball rivalries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Brooklyn_Dodgers&oldid=841314662 '' Categories : Brooklyn Dodgers History of Major League Baseball by team Jackie Robinson Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 02 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the dodgers move to la from brooklyn
[ "The Brooklyn Dodgers was an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues.[1]" ]
[ "1957" ]
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Close Encounters of the Third Kind
Close Encounters of the Third Kind - wikipedia Close Encounters of the Third Kind Jump to : navigation , search For the concept from which this film derives its name , see Close encounter . Close Encounters of the Third Kind Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Julia Phillips Michael Phillips Written by Steven Spielberg Starring Richard Dreyfuss Teri Garr Melinda Dillon François Truffaut Music by John Williams Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Edited by Michael Kahn Production company EMI Films Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date November 16 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 16 ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $306.1 million Close Encounters of the Third Kind is a 1977 American science fiction film written and directed by Steven Spielberg , and starring Richard Dreyfuss , Melinda Dillon , Teri Garr , Bob Balaban , Cary Guffey , and François Truffaut . It tells the story of Roy Neary , an everyday blue - collar worker in Indiana , whose life changes after an encounter with an unidentified flying object ( UFO ) . Close Encounters was a long - cherished project for Spielberg . In late 1973 , he developed a deal with Columbia Pictures for a science fiction film . Though Spielberg received sole credit for the script , he was assisted by Paul Schrader , John Hill , David Giler , Hal Barwood , Matthew Robbins , and Jerry Belson , all of whom contributed to the screenplay in varying degrees . The title is derived from Ufologist J. Allen Hynek 's classification of close encounters with aliens , in which the third kind denotes human observations of aliens or `` animate beings . '' Douglas Trumbull served as the visual effects supervisor , while Carlo Rambaldi designed the aliens . Made on a production budget of $20 million , Close Encounters was released in a limited number of cities on November 16 , 1977 and November 23 , 1977 before expanding into wide release the following month . It was a critical and financial success , eventually grossing over $300 million worldwide . The film received numerous awards and nominations at the 50th Academy Awards , 32nd British Academy Film Awards , the 35th Golden Globe Awards , the 5th Saturn Awards , and has been widely acclaimed by the American Film Institute . In December 2007 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . A Special Edition of the film , featuring additional scenes , was released theatrically in 1980 . A third cut of the film was issued on VHS and LaserDisc in 1998 ( and later DVD and Blu - ray ) . The film was remastered in 4K and re-released in theatres on September 1 , 2017 for its 40th anniversary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 1977 original album 4.1. 2 1998 Collector 's Edition 5 Themes 6 Release 6.1 Reception 6.2 Reissues and home video 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Sonoran Desert , French scientist Claude Lacombe and his American interpreter , cartographer David Laughlin , along with other government scientific researchers , discover Flight 19 , a squadron of Grumman TBM Avengers that went missing more than 30 years earlier . The planes are intact and operational , but there is no sign of the pilots . An old man who witnessed the event claimed `` the sun came out at night , and sang to him . '' They also find a lost cargo ship in the Gobi Desert named SS Cotopaxi . At an air traffic control center in Indianapolis , a controller listens as two airline flights narrowly avoid a mid-air collision with an unidentified flying object ( UFO ) , which neither pilot chooses to report , even when invited to do so . In Muncie , Indiana , 3 - year - old Barry Guiler is awakened in the night when his toys start operating on their own . Fascinated , he gets out of bed and discovers something or someone ( off - screen ) in the kitchen . He runs outside , forcing his mother , Jillian , to chase after him . Investigating one of a series of large - scale power outages , Indiana electrical lineman Roy Neary experiences a close encounter with a UFO , when it flies over his truck and lightly burns the side of his face with its bright lights . The UFO , joining a group of three other UFOs , is pursued by Neary and three police cars , but the spacecraft fly off into the night sky . Roy becomes fascinated by UFOs , much to the dismay of his wife , Ronnie . He also becomes increasingly obsessed with subliminal , mental images of a mountain - like shape and begins to make models of it . Jillian also becomes obsessed with sketching a unique - looking mountain . Soon after , she is terrorized in her home by a UFO which descends from the clouds . The presence of the UFO energy field makes every appliance in Jillian 's house malfunction and Barry is abducted by unseen beings . Lacombe and Laughlin -- along with a group of United Nations experts -- continue to investigate increasing UFO activity and strange , related occurrences . Witnesses in Dharamshala , India report that the UFOs make distinctive sounds : a five - tone musical phrase in a major scale . Scientists broadcast the phrase to outer space , but are mystified by the response : a seemingly meaningless series of numbers ( 104 44 30 40 36 10 ) repeated over and over until Laughlin , with his background in cartography , recognizes it as a set of geographical coordinates , which point to Devils Tower near Moorcroft , Wyoming . Lacombe and the U.S. military converge on Wyoming . The United States Army evacuates the area , planting false reports in the media that a train wreck has spilled a toxic nerve gas , all the while preparing a secret landing zone for the UFOs and their occupants . Meanwhile , Roy 's increasingly erratic behavior causes Ronnie to become upset and leave him , taking their three children with her , never to be seen again . When a despairing Roy inadvertently sees a television news program about the train wreck near Devils Tower , he realizes the mental image of a mountain plaguing him is real . Jillian sees the same broadcast , and she and Roy , as well as others with similar visions and experiences , travel to the site in spite of the public warnings about nerve gas . While most of the civilians who are drawn to the site are apprehended by the Army , Roy and Jillian persist and make it to the site just as dozens of UFOs appear in the night sky . The government specialists at the site begin to communicate with the UFOs by use of light and sound on a large electrical billboard controlled by a multiple - manual synthesizer . Following this , an enormous mother ship lands at the site , releasing animals and over a dozen long - missing adults and children , all from different past eras . Among these returned abductees include the missing pilots from Flight 19 and sailors from the Cotopaxi , all of whom have strangely not aged since their abductions . Barry is also returned and reunited with a relieved Jillian . The government officials decide to include Roy in a group of people whom they have selected to be potential visitors to the mothership , and hastily prepare him . As the aliens finally emerge from the mothership , they select Roy to join them on their travels . As Roy enters the mothership , one of the aliens pauses for a few moments with the humans . Lacombe uses Curwen hand signs that correspond to the five - note alien tonal phrase . The alien replies with the same gestures , smiles , and returns to its ship , which ascends into space , as Barry bids Roy goodbye . Cast ( edit ) Richard Dreyfuss as Roy Neary , an electrical lineman in Indiana who encounters and forms an obsession with unidentified flying objects . Steve McQueen was Spielberg 's first choice . Although McQueen was impressed with the script , he felt he was not right for the role as he was unable to cry on cue . Dustin Hoffman , Al Pacino and Gene Hackman turned down the part as well . Jack Nicholson turned it down because of scheduling conflicts . Spielberg explained when filming Jaws , `` Dreyfuss talked me into casting him . He listened to about 155 days ' worth of Close Encounters . He even contributed ideas . '' Dreyfuss reflected , `` I launched myself into a campaign to get the part . I would walk by Steve 's office and say stuff like ' Al Pacino has no sense of humor ' or ' Jack Nicholson is too crazy ' . I eventually convinced him to cast me . '' François Truffaut as Claude Lacombe , a French government scientist in charge of UFO - related activities in the United States . Gérard Depardieu , Philippe Noiret , Jean - Louis Trintignant and Lino Ventura were considered for the role . Internationally renowned as a film director , this was Truffaut 's only acting role in a film he did not direct as well as his only role in an English language film . During filming , Truffaut used his free time to write the script for The Man Who Loved Women . He also worked on a novel titled The Actor , a project he abandoned . Melinda Dillon as Jillian Guiler , Barry 's mother . She forms a similar obsession to Roy 's , and the two become friends . Teri Garr wanted to portray Jillian , but was cast as Ronnie . Hal Ashby , who worked with Dillon on Bound for Glory , suggested her for the part to Spielberg . Dillon was cast three days before filming began . Teri Garr as Veronica `` Ronnie '' Neary , Roy 's wife . Spielberg 's future wife Amy Irving also auditioned for the role . Cary Guffey as Barry Guiler , Jillian 's young child abducted in the middle of the film . Spielberg conducted a series of method acting techniques to help Guffey , who was cast when he was just three years old . Bob Balaban as David Laughlin , Lacombe 's assistant and English - French interpreter . They meet for the first time in the Sonoran Desert at the beginning of the film . His former position as a cartographer allows him to interpret the alien signals as coordinates leading to the meeting at Devils Tower . Josef Sommer as Larry Butler , a man who meets Roy and Jillian in Wyoming and attempts to scale Devils Tower with them . Lance Henriksen as Robert , Lacombe 's assistant Roberts Blossom as Farmer , a radical who claims to have seen Bigfoot . J. Allen Hynek makes a cameo appearance in the closing scene . Spielberg 's friends Hal Barwood and Matthew Robbins cameo as two World War II pilots returning from the mother ship . Real - life ARP technician Phil Dodds cameos as the operator of the ARP 2500 synthesizer communicating with the alien ship . Musician Jerry Garcia also makes an appearance in the crowd scene . Carl Weathers appeared as a soldier in the film . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The film 's origins can be traced to director Steven Spielberg 's youth , when he and his father watched a meteor shower in New Jersey . As a teenager , Spielberg completed the full - length science fiction film Firelight . Many scenes from Firelight would be incorporated in Close Encounters on a shot - for - shot basis . In 1970 he wrote a short story called Experiences about a lovers ' lane in a Midwestern United States farming community and the `` light show '' a group of teenagers see in the night sky . In late 1973 , during post-production on The Sugarland Express , Spielberg developed a deal with Columbia Pictures for a science fiction film . 20th Century Fox previously turned down the offer . Julia and Michael Phillips instantly signed on as producers . He first considered doing a documentary or a low - budget feature film about people who believed in UFOs . Spielberg decided `` a film that depended on state of the art technology could n't be made for $2.5 million . '' Borrowing a phrase from the ending of The Thing from Another World , he retitled the film Watch the Skies , rewriting the premise concerning Project Blue Book and pitching the concept to Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz . Katz remembered `` It had flying saucers from outer space landing on Robertson Boulevard ( in West Hollywood , California ) . I go , ' Steve , that 's the worst idea I ever heard . '' Spielberg brought Paul Schrader to write the script in December 1973 with principal photography to begin in late 1974 . However , Spielberg started work on Jaws in 1974 , pushing Watch the Skies back . With the financial and critical success of Jaws , Spielberg earned a vast amount of creative control from Columbia , including the right to make the film any way he wanted . Schrader turned in his script , which Spielberg called , `` one of the most embarrassing screenplays ever professionally turned in to a major film studio or director . It was a terribly guilt - ridden story not about UFOs at all . '' Titled Kingdom Come , the script 's protagonist was a 45 - year - old Air Force Officer named Paul Van Owen who worked with Project Blue Book . `` ( His ) job for the government is to ridicule and debunk flying saucers . '' Schrader continued . `` One day he has an encounter . He goes to the government , threatening to blow the lid off to the public . Instead , he and the government spend 15 years trying to make contact . '' Spielberg and Schrader experienced creative differences , hiring John Hill to rewrite . At one point the main character was a police officer . Spielberg `` ( found ) it hard to identify with men in uniform . I wanted to have Mr. Everyday Regular Fella . '' Spielberg rejected the Schrader / Hill script during post-production on Jaws . He reflected , `` they wanted to make it like a James Bond adventure . '' David Giler performed a rewrite ; Hal Barwood and Matthew Robbins , friends of Spielberg , suggested the plot device of a kidnapped child . Spielberg then began to write the script . The song `` When You Wish upon a Star '' from Pinocchio influenced Spielberg 's writing style . `` I hung my story on the mood the song created , the way it affected me personally . '' Jerry Belson and Spielberg wrote the shooting script together . In the end , Spielberg was given solo writing credit . During pre-production , the title was changed from Kingdom Come to Close Encounters of the Third Kind . J. Allen Hynek , who worked with the United States Air Force on Project Blue Book , was hired as a scientific consultant . Hynek felt `` even though the film is fiction , it 's based for the most part on the known facts of the UFO mystery , and it certainly catches the flavor of the phenomenon . Spielberg was under enormous pressure to make another blockbuster after Jaws , but he decided to make a UFO movie . He put his career on the line . '' USAF and NASA declined to cooperate on the film . In fact , NASA reportedly sent a 20 - page letter to Spielberg , telling him that releasing the film was dangerous . In an interview , he said : `` I really found my faith when I heard that the Government was opposed to the film . If NASA took the time to write me a 20 - page letter , then I knew there must be something happening . '' Early in pre-production , Spielberg hired the film title designer Dan Perri to design a logotype for Close Encounters . Perri , who had previously worked on The Exorcist ( 1973 ) and Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) , produced a logotype in Handel Gothic typeface , with only a script to work from . Spielberg was delighted with the result , and applied the logo to all production stationery and crew shirts . Unusually in filmmaking , Spielberg carried enough influence to maintain creative control over the film 's entire branding , and asked Perri to design the advertising campaign and title sequence for Close Encounters based on his logo . Perri later went on to design titles for a number of other major Hollywood pictures , including Star Wars ( 1977 ) , Raging Bull ( 1980 ) , and Airplane ! ( 1980 ) . Filming ( edit ) Devils Tower in Wyoming was used as a filming location Principal photography began on May 16 , 1976 , though an Associated Press report in August 1975 had suggested filming would start in late 1975 . Spielberg did not want to do any location shooting because of his negative experience on Jaws and wanted to shoot Close Encounters entirely on sound stages , but eventually dropped the idea . Filming took place in Burbank , California ; Devils Tower National Monument in Wyoming ; two abandoned World War II airship hangars at the former Brookley Air Force Base in Mobile , Alabama ; and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad depot in Bay Minette . The home where Barry was abducted is located outside the town of Fairhope , Alabama . Roy Neary 's home is at Carlisle Drive East in Mobile . The UFOs fly through the former toll booth at the Vincent Thomas Bridge , San Pedro , California . The Gobi Desert sequence was photographed at the Dumont Dunes , California , and the Dharmsala - India exteriors were filmed at the small village of Hal near Khalapur , 35 miles ( 56 km ) outside Bombay , India . The hangars in Alabama were six times larger than the biggest sound stage in the world . Various technical and budgetary problems occurred during filming . Spielberg called Close Encounters `` twice as bad and twice as expensive ( as Jaws ) '' . Matters worsened when Columbia Pictures experienced financial difficulties . Spielberg estimated the film would cost $2.7 million to make in his original 1973 pitch to Columbia , but the final budget came to $19.4 million . Columbia studio executive John Veich remembered , `` If we knew it was going to cost that much , we would n't have greenlighted it because we did n't have the money . '' Spielberg hired Joe Alves , his collaborator on Jaws , as production designer . In addition the 1976 Atlantic hurricane season brought tropical storms to Alabama . A large portion of the sound stage in Alabama was damaged because of a lightning strike . Columbia raised $7 million from three sources : Time Inc. , EMI , and German tax shelters . Cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond said that , during the time of shooting for the film , Spielberg got more ideas by watching movies every night which in turn extended the production schedule because he was continually adding new scenes to be filmed . Zsigmond previously turned down the chance to work on Jaws . In her 1991 book You 'll Never Eat Lunch in This Town Again , producer Julia Phillips wrote highly profane remarks about Spielberg , Zsigmond , and Truffaut , because she was fired during post-production due to a cocaine addiction . Phillips blamed it on Spielberg being a perfectionist . Visual effects ( edit ) Douglas Trumbull was the visual effects supervisor , while Carlo Rambaldi designed the aliens . Trumbull joked that the visual effects budget , at $3.3 million , could have been used to produce an additional film . His work helped lead to advances in motion control photography . The mother ship was designed by Ralph McQuarrie and built by Greg Jein . The look of the ship was inspired by an oil refinery Spielberg saw at night in India . Instead of the metallic hardware look used in Star Wars , the emphasis was on a more luminescent look for the UFOs . One of the UFO models was an oxygen mask with lights attached to it , used because of its irregular shape . As a subtle in - joke , Dennis Muren ( who had just finished working on Star Wars ) put a small R2 - D2 model onto the underside of the mothership . The model of the mothership is now on display in the Smithsonian Institution 's Air and Space Museum Udvar - Hazy Annex at Washington Dulles Airport in Chantilly , Virginia . Since Close Encounters was filmed anamorphically , the visual effects sequences were shot on 70 mm film to better conform with the 35 mm film used for the rest of the movie . A test reel using computer - generated imagery was used for the UFOs , but Spielberg found it would be too expensive and ineffective since CGI was in its infancy in the mid-1970s . The small aliens in the final scenes were played by local girls in Mobile , Alabama . That decision was requested by Spielberg because he felt `` girls move more gracefully than boys . '' Puppetry was attempted for the aliens , but the idea failed . However , Rambaldi successfully used puppetry to depict two of the aliens , the first being a marionette ( for the tall alien that is the first to be seen emerging from the mothership ) and an articulated puppet for the alien that communicates via hand signals with Lacombe near the end of the film . Post-production ( edit ) Close Encounters is the first collaboration between film editor Michael Kahn and Spielberg . Their working relationship has continued for the rest of Spielberg 's films . Spielberg stated that no film he has ever made since has been as hard to edit as the last 25 minutes of Close Encounters and he and Kahn would go through thousands of feet of footage just to find the right shots for the end sequence . When Kahn and Spielberg completed the first cut of the film , Spielberg was dissatisfied , feeling `` there was n't enough wow - ness '' . Pick - ups were commissioned but cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond could not participate due to other commitments . John A. Alonzo , László Kovács , and Douglas Slocombe worked on the pick - ups . Lacombe was originally to find Flight 19 hidden in the Amazon Rainforest , but the idea was changed to the Sonoran Desert . Spielberg also took 7.5 minutes out from the preview . Post-production was completed by June 1977 , too late for the film to be released as a ' summer blockbuster ' which might have been just as well , as Star Wars opened that summer . Music ( edit ) The five - note tonal phrase featured in the story . Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Original 1977 soundtrack album Film score by John Williams Released 1977 / 1998 ( Collector 's Edition ) Studio Warner Bros. Studios Length 41 mins ( Original album and cassette ) 44 mins ( re-issued cassette ) 77 mins ( Collector 's Edition CD ) Label Arista Producer John Williams John Williams chronology Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( 1977 ) Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope 1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) Jaws 2 ( 1978 ) Jaws 2 1978 Alternative cover 1998 Collector 's Edition soundtrack Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Filmtracks The score for the film was composed , conducted and produced by John Williams , who had previously worked on Spielberg 's Jaws . Williams wrote over 300 examples of the iconic five - tone motif for Close Encounters -- the five tones are used by scientists to communicate with the visiting spaceship as a mathematical language -- before Spielberg chose the one incorporated into the film 's signature theme . Spielberg called Williams ' work `` When You Wish upon a Star meets science fiction '' . Incidentally , Williams briefly included the song 's signature melody in the score at Spielberg 's behest , just before Roy Neary turns to board the mothership . Spielberg initially included Cliff Edwards ' original `` When You Wish upon a Star '' from Pinocchio in the closing credits , but after a Dallas preview where several members of the audience audibly snickered at the inclusion , the song was dropped and replaced with Williams ' orchestral version of it . The score was recorded at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . Williams was nominated for two Academy Awards in 1978 , one for his score to Star Wars and one for his score to Close Encounters . He won for Star Wars , though he later won two Grammy Awards in 1979 for his Close Encounters score ( one for Best Original Film Score and one for Best Instrumental Composition for `` Theme from Close Encounters '' ) . Much like his two - note Jaws theme , the `` five - tone '' motif for Close Encounters has since become ingrained in popular culture . Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack album was released on vinyl album ( with a gatefold sleeve ) , 8 - track tape and audio cassette by Arista Records in 1977 , with a total running time of 41 minutes ( it was later released on compact disc in 1990 ) . The soundtrack album was a commercial success , peaking at # 17 on the US Billboard album chart in February 1978 and was certified Gold by the RIAA for 500,000 copies shipped . It also peaked at # 40 in the UK album charts . Although not included on the original soundtrack album , a 7 '' single of a disco treatment of the five - note motif , titled , `` Theme from Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' , was included with the album as a free bonus item . Despite being a giveaway , Billboard chart rules at that time allowed the single itself to chart , and it peaked at # 13 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in March 1978 . The single was later added as a bonus track to the cassette . Following the release of the `` Collector 's Edition '' of the film in 1998 , a new expanded soundtrack was released on compact disc by Arista . The `` Collector 's Edition Soundtrack '' was made using 20 - bit digital remastering from the original tapes , and contained 26 tracks totalling 77 minutes of music . The CD also came with extensive liner notes including an interview with Williams . Cues were given new titles , and it also contained previously unreleased material , as well as material that was recorded but never used in the film . 1977 original album ( edit ) ( show ) Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title and Mountain Visions '' 2 . `` Nocturnal Pursuit '' 3 . `` The Abduction of Barry '' 4 . `` I Ca n't Believe It 's Real '' 5 . `` Climbing Devil 's Tower '' 6 . `` The Arrival of Sky Harbor '' ( show ) Side B No . Title Length 1 . `` Night Siege '' 2 . `` The Conversation '' 3 . `` The Appearance of the Visitors '' 4 . `` Resolution and End Titles '' 5 . `` Theme from `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' † '' † 1978 reissue - bonus track ( cassette ) , free bonus 7 '' single ( vinyl album ) . 1998 Collector 's Edition ( edit ) ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Opening : Let There Be Light '' 0 : 49 2 . `` Navy Planes '' 2 : 06 3 . `` Lost Squadron '' 2 : 23 4 . `` Roy 's First Encounter '' 2 : 41 5 . `` Encounter at Crescendo Summit '' 1 : 21 6 . `` Chasing UFOs '' 1 : 18 7 . `` False Alarm '' 1 : 42 8 . `` Barry 's Kidnapping '' 6 : 19 9 . `` The Cover - Up '' 2 : 25 10 . `` Stars and Trucks '' 0 : 44 11 . `` Forming The Mountain '' 1 : 49 12 . `` TV Reveals '' 1 : 49 13 . `` Roy and Gillian on the Road '' 1 : 10 14 . `` The Mountain '' 3 : 31 15 . `` Who Are You People ? '' 1 : 35 16 . `` The Escape '' 2 : 18 17 . `` The Escape ( Alternate Cue ) '' 2 : 40 18 . `` Trucking '' 2 : 01 19 . `` Climbing The Mountain '' 2 : 32 20 . `` Outstretch Hands '' 2 : 47 21 . `` Lightshow '' 3 : 43 22 . `` Barnstorming '' 4 : 25 23 . `` The Mothership '' 4 : 33 24 . `` Wild Signals '' 4 : 12 25 . `` The Returnees '' 3 : 45 26 . `` The Visitors / `` Bye '' / End Titles : The Special Edition ( Contains a sample of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' ) '' 12 : 32 Themes ( edit ) Film critic Charlene Engel observed Close Encounters `` suggests that humankind has reached the point where it is ready to enter the community of the cosmos . While it is a computer which makes the final musical conversation with the alien guests possible , the characteristics bringing Neary to make his way to Devils Tower have little to do with technical expertise or computer literacy . These are virtues taught in schools that will be evolved in the 21st century . '' The film also evokes typical science fiction archetypes and motifs . The film portrays new technologies as a natural and expected outcome of human development and indication of health and growth . Other critics found a variety of Judeo - Christian analogies . Devils Tower parallels Mount Sinai , the aliens as God and Roy Neary as Moses . Cecil B. DeMille 's The Ten Commandments is seen on television at the Neary household . Some found close relations between Elijah and Roy ; Elijah was taken into a `` chariot of fire '' , akin to Roy going in the UFO . Climbing Devils Tower behind the faltering Jillian , Neary exhorts Jillian to keep moving and not to look back , similar to Lot 's wife who looked back at Sodom and turned into a pillar of salt . Spielberg explained , `` I wanted to make Close Encounters a very accessible story about the everyday individual who has a sighting that overturns his life , and throws it into complete upheaval as he starts to become more and more obsessed with this experience . '' Roy 's wife Ronnie attempts to hide the sunburn caused by Roy 's exposure to the UFOs and wants him to forget his encounter with them . She is embarrassed and bewildered by what has happened to him and desperately wants her ordinary life back . The expression of his lost life is seen when he is sculpting a huge model of Devils Tower in his living room , with his family deserting him . Roy 's obsession with an idea implanted by an alien intelligence , his construction of the model , and his gradual loss of contact with his wife , mimic the events in the short story `` Dulcie and Decorum '' ( 1955 ) by Damon Knight . Close Encounters also studies the form of `` youth spiritual yearning '' . Barry Guiler , the unfearing child who refers to the UFOs and their paraphernalia as `` toys '' ( although that was unscripted , with the child being drawn to smile by being shown toys offstage ) , serves as a motif for childlike innocence and openness in the face of the unknown . Spielberg also compared the theme of communication as highlighting that of tolerance . `` If we can talk to aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , '' he said , `` why not with the Reds in the Cold War ? '' Sleeping is the final obstacle to overcome in the ascent of Devils Tower . Roy , Jillian Guiler and a third invitee , Larry Butler , climb the mountain pursued by government helicopters spraying sleeping gas . Larry stops to rest , is gassed , and falls into a deep sleep . In his interview with Spielberg on Inside the Actors Studio , James Lipton suggested Close Encounters had another , more personal theme for Spielberg : `` Your father was a computer engineer ; your mother was a concert pianist , and when the spaceship lands , they make music together on the computer '' , suggesting that Roy Neary 's boarding the spaceship is Spielberg 's wish to be reunited with his parents . In a 2005 interview , Spielberg stated that he made Close Encounters when he did not have children , and if he were making it today , he would never have had Neary leave his family and go on the mother ship . Release ( edit ) Reception ( edit ) The film was originally to be released in summer 1977 , but was pushed back to November because of the various problems during production . Upon its release , Close Encounters had a huge impact on society and became a certified box office success , grossing $116.39 million in North America and $171.7 million in foreign countries , totaling $288 million . It became Columbia Pictures ' most successful film at that time . Jonathan Rosenbaum refers to the film as `` the best expression of Spielberg 's benign , dreamy - eyed vision . '' A.D. Murphy of Variety gave a positive review but felt `` Close Encounters lacks the warmth and humanity of George Lucas 's Star Wars '' . Murphy found most of the film slow - paced , but praised the film 's climax . Pauline Kael called it `` a kid 's film in the best sense . '' Jean Renoir compared Spielberg 's storytelling to Jules Verne and Georges Méliès . Ray Bradbury declared it the greatest science fiction film ever made . Based on 46 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , 96 % ( `` Certified Fresh '' ) of the reviewers have enjoyed the film and the site 's consensus states `` Close Encounters most iconic bits ( the theme , the mashed - potato sculpture , etc . ) have been so thoroughly absorbed into the culture that it 's easy to forget that its treatment of aliens as peaceful beings rather than warmongering monsters was somewhat groundbreaking in 1977 . '' Reissues and home video ( edit ) On the final cut privilege , Spielberg was dissatisfied with the film . Columbia Pictures was experiencing financial problems , and they were depending on this film to save their company . `` I wanted to have another six months to finish off this film , and release it in summer 1978 . They told me they needed this film out immediately , '' Spielberg explained . `` Anyway , Close Encounters was a huge financial success and I told them I wanted to make my own director 's cut . They agreed on the condition that I show the inside of the mothership so they could have something to hang a ( reissue marketing ) campaign on . I never should have shown the inside of the mother ship . '' In 1979 , Columbia gave Spielberg $1.5 million to produce what became the `` Special Edition '' of the film . Spielberg added seven minutes of new footage , but also deleted or shortened various existing scenes by a total of ten minutes , so that the Special Edition was three minutes shorter than the original 1977 release . The Special Edition featured several new character development scenes , the discovery of the SS Cotopaxi in the Gobi Desert , and a view of the inside of the mothership . Close Encounters of the Third Kind : The Special Edition was released in August 1980 , making a further $15.7 million , accumulating a final $303.7 million box office gross . Roger Ebert `` thought the original film was an astonishing achievement , capturing the feeling of awe and wonder we have when considering the likelihood of life beyond the Earth ... This new version ... is , quite simply , a better film ... Why did n't Spielberg make it this good the first time ? '' The 1980 Special Edition was the version officially available for some time , until The Criterion Collection offered both versions on LaserDisc in 1990 . This triple - disc LaserDisc set also included an interactive `` Making Close Encounters '' documentary featuring interviews with Spielberg and other cast and crew involved with the film , as well as stills and script excerpts . In 1993 , the Special Edition was released on VHS and LaserDisc and did not see a further release for 14 years . In 1998 , Spielberg recut Close Encounters again for what would become the `` Collector 's Edition , '' and it was released on home video and LaserDisc . This version of the film is a re-edit of the original 1977 release with some elements of the 1980 Special Edition , but omits the mothership interior scenes as Spielberg felt they should have remained a mystery . This LaserDisc edition also includes a new 101 - minute documentary , The Making of Close Encounters , which was produced in 1997 and features interviews with Spielberg , the main cast and notable crew members . There have also been many other alternate versions of the film for network and syndicated television , as well as a previous LaserDisc version . Some of these combined all released material from the 1977 and 1980 versions . However , none of these versions were edited by Spielberg , who regards the `` Collector 's Edition '' as his definitive version of Close Encounters . The Collector 's Edition was given a limited release as part of a roadshow featuring select films to celebrate Columbia Pictures ' 75th anniversary in 1999 . It was the first time this version of the film had been shown theatrically . The director 's cut was once again released in theaters on September 1 , 2017 in tribute to the film 's 40th anniversary . It made $1.8 million in the weekend ( $2.3 million over the four - day Labor Day holiday ) , pushing its career global gross to over $306 million worldwide . Close Encounters was released on DVD in June 2001 as a two - disc set that contained the `` Collector 's Edition '' . This set contained several extra features , including the 1997 `` Making of '' documentary , a featurette from 1977 , trailers and deleted scenes that included the mothership interior from the 1980 Special Edition . Close Encounters was given a second DVD release alongside its first release on Blu - ray Disc in November 2007 for the film 's 30th anniversary . These sets contain all three official versions of the film from 1977 , 1980 and 1998 , and a new interview with Spielberg , detailing the film 's impact 30 years after its release . The set also includes the 1977 featurette , various trailers and the 1997 `` Making of '' documentary . The two - disc Blu - ray set additionally included storyboard - to - scene comparisons , an extensive photo gallery , and a `` View from Above : Editor 's Fact Track '' highlighting the differing scenes in each version of the movie . A single disc version has also been released on Blu - ray , which contains the three versions of the film along with the `` View from Above '' feature . A third DVD and second Blu - ray release for the film 's 40th anniversary had an early September 2017 release . At 145 minutes long , the presentation includes an eight minute introduction followed by the film in its 1998 cut . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for eight Oscars at the 50th Academy Awards , including Best Director , Supporting Actress ( Melinda Dillon ) , Visual Effects , Art Direction ( Joe Alves , Daniel A. Lomino , Phil Abramson ) , Original Music Score , Film Editing , and Sound ( Robert Knudson , Robert Glass , Don MacDougall and Gene Cantamessa ) . The film 's only win was for Vilmos Zsigmond 's cinematography , although the Academy honored the film 's sound effects editing with a Special Achievement Award ( Frank Warner ) . At the 32nd British Academy Film Awards , Close Encounters won Best Production Design , and was nominated for Best Film , Direction , Screenplay , Actor in a Supporting Role ( François Truffaut ) , Music , Cinematography , Editing , and Sound . Close Encounters lost the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation to Star Wars , but was successful at the Saturn Awards . There , the film tied with Star Wars for Direction and Music . Spielberg 's screenplay , Richard Dreyfuss , Melinda Dillon and the visual effects department received nominations . Close Encounters was nominated for Best Science Fiction Film . The film received four more nominations at the 35th Golden Globe Awards : Best Director ( Steven Spielberg ) ; Best Film - Drama ; Best Original Score ( John Williams ) ; and Best Screenplay ( Steven Spielberg ) . Legacy ( edit ) See also : Night Skies Shortly after the film 's release in late 1977 , Spielberg desired to do either a sequel or prequel , before deciding against it . He explained , `` The army 's knowledge and ensuing cover - up is so subterranean that it would take a creative screen story , perhaps someone else making the picture and giving it the equal time it deserves . '' When asked in 1990 to select a single `` master image '' that summed up his film career , Spielberg chose the shot of Barry opening his living room door to see the blazing orange light from the UFO . `` That was beautiful but awful light , just like fire coming through the doorway . ( Barry 's ) very small , and it 's a very large door , and there 's a lot of promise or danger outside that door . '' In 2007 , Close Encounters was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress , and was added to the National Film Registry for preservation . In American Film Institute polls , Close Encounters has been voted the 64th - greatest American film , the 31st-most thrilling , and the 58th-most inspiring . It was also nominated for the top 10 science fiction films in AFI 's 10 Top 10 and the tenth - anniversary edition of the 100 Movies list . The score by John Williams was nominated for AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores . Alongside Star Wars and Superman , Close Encounters led to the reemergence of science fiction films . In 1985 Spielberg donated $100,000 to the Planetary Society for Megachannel ExtraTerrestrial Assay . In the 1979 James Bond film Moonraker the five - note sequence is heard when a scientist punches the combination into an electronic door lock . In the South Park episode `` Imaginationland '' , a government scientist uses the five - note sequence to try to open a portal . In `` Over Logging '' , a government scientist uses the five - note sequence to try to get the central Internet router working . The `` mashed potato '' sculpture was parodied in the film UHF , the film Canadian Bacon , an episode of Spaced , an episode of The X-Files , an episode of That ' 70s Show , and an episode of The Simpsons . It was satirized in the 200th issue of Mad , July 1978 , by Stan Hart and Mort Drucker as Clod Encounters of the Absurd Kind . In 2011 , ABC aired a primetime special , Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , that counted down the best movies chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People magazine . Close Encounters of the Third Kind was selected as the # 5 Best Sci - Fi Film . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies : # 64 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills : # 31 AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores : Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers : # 58 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) : Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Science Fiction Film See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 16 , 1977 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph ( 1997 ) Steven Spielberg : A Biography Simon & Schuster pg 204 Jump up ^ Morton , Ray ( 2007 ) . Close Encounters of the Third Kind : The Making of Steven Spielberg 's Classic Film . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 710 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Librarian of Congress Announces National Film Registry Selections for 2007 '' ( Press release ) . Library of Congress . December 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Timothy J. Seppala ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Close Encounters ' returns to theaters with a 4K remaster September 1st '' . finance.yahoo.com . ^ Jump up to : Steven Spielberg , Richard Dreyfuss , Joe Alves , Melinda Dillon , Douglas Trumbull , The Making of Close Encounters of the Third Kind , 1997 , Columbia Pictures ^ Jump up to : McBride , p. 260 -- 269 ^ Jump up to : McBride , p. 280 -- 289 ^ Jump up to : McBride , p. 290 -- 294 ^ Jump up to : McBride , p. 14 -- 68 ^ Jump up to : McBride , p. 227 -- 229 Jump up ^ David Helpern ( March 1974 ) . `` At Sea with Steven Spielberg '' . Take One . pp. 47 -- 53 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : McBride , p. 270 -- 279 ^ Jump up to : Steve Poster ( January 1978 ) . `` The Mind Behind Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' . Film Comment . pp. 23 -- 29 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.rigorousintuition.ca/board2/viewtopic.php?t=29317&p=354491 Jump up ^ http://www.presidentialufo.com/old_site/carter_spielberg.htm Jump up ^ Woodward , Adam . `` Meet the designer behind your favourite movie title sequences '' . Little White Lies . Archived from the original on 12 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will . `` Dan Perri : A Career Retrospective '' . Art of the Title . Archived from the original on 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( Aug 20 , 1975 ) . `` Science Fiction Thriller Slated '' . Saskatoon Star - Phoenix . Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . Retrieved Sep 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Close Encounters of the Third Kind : The Making of Steven Spielberg 's Classic Film , Ray Morton , 2007 , Applause Books . ^ Jump up to : DVD production notes Jump up ^ McClintick , David ( 1982 , 2002 ) . Indecent Exposure , p. 162 . New York : HarperCollins . Jump up ^ Hodenfield , Chris ( January 26 , 1978 ) . `` Science Fiction in Steven Spielberg 's Suburbia '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` TRIVIA & FUN FACTS ABOUT CLOSE ENCOUNTERS OF THE THIRD KIND '' . TCM.com . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grammy Award Winners 1979 Jump up ^ RIAA - Gold & Platinum Certifications ( searchable database ) Jump up ^ UK Charts Stats ( Close Encounters soundtrack ) ^ Jump up to : Charlene Engel ( 2002 ) . `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Scarecrow Press . pp. 45 -- 56 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4182 - 7 . Jump up ^ Richard Schickel ( interviewer ) ( 2007 - 07 - 09 ) . Spielberg on Spielberg . Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruise and Steven Spielberg on `` War of the Worlds '' `` . Cinema Confidential. 2005 - 06 - 28 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Rosenbaum . `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ A.D. Murphy ( 1977 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` A Viewers ' Guide To Sci - Fi 's Greatest Hits '' . Entertainment Weekly . 1994 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 1980 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Shay , Don ( November 12 , 1990 ) . Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Criterion.com Jump up ^ `` ' Close Encounters of the Third Kind ' Returning to Theaters for 40th Anniversary '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Labor Day Weekend The Worst Since 1998 As ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Holds No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $12.9 M '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ ASIN B00003CX9G , Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( Two - Disc Collector 's Edition ) ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ `` The 50th Academy Awards ( 1978 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Thackrey Jr , Ted ( 1978 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Top Oscars Go to Dreyfuss , Diane Keaton , Annie Hall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd British Academy Film Awards '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Awards . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Registry : 1989 -- 2007 '' . National Film Registry . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Most Heart - Pounding Movies '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Most Uplifting Movies '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot Archived August 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Ballot Jump up ^ Ilya Salkind , Pierre Spengler , Superman DVD audio commentary , 2006 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ John Culhane ( 1982 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Special Effects Are Revolutionizing Film '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Trey Parker , Matt Stone ( 2007 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Imaginationland '' . South Park . Season 11 . Episode 1110 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker , Matt Stone ( 2008 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Over Logging '' . South Park . Season 12 . Episode 1206 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , UHF DVD audio commentary , 2002 , MGM Home Entertainment Jump up ^ John Swartzwelder ( writer ) , David Silverman ( director ) ( 1995 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Homie the Clown '' . The Simpsons . Season 6 . Episode 118 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Doug Gilford 's Mad Cover Site - Issue # 200 Jump up ^ Stodola , Ellen ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time ' Recap '' . TheCelebrityCafe.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Joseph McBride ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . New York City : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Ray Morton ( 2007 ) . Close Encounters of the Third Kind : The Making of Steven Spielberg 's Classic Film . Applause Theatre and Cinema Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 710 - 3 . Bob Balaban ( 2002 ) . Spielberg , Truffaut & Me : Close Encounters of the Third Kind -- An Actor 's Diary . Titan Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84023 - 430 - 5 . Steven Spielberg ; Leslie Waller ( 1977 ) . Close Encounters of the Third Kind . New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 440 - 11433 - 8 . Novelization of the film . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Close Encounters of the Third Kind CE3KONLINE Close Encounters of the Third Kind on IMDb Close Encounters of the Third Kind at the TCM Movie Database Close Encounters of the Third Kind at AllMovie Close Encounters of the Third Kind at Box Office Mojo Close Encounters of the Third Kind at Rotten Tomatoes Close Encounters of the Third Kind at The Numbers Close Encounters of the Third Kind at Filmsite.org Film in the United States portal 1970s portal Science fiction portal ( hide ) Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education VIAF : 201893706 GND : 7594089 - 9 BNF : cb164588434 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind&oldid=803128149 '' Categories : 1977 films English - language films American films 1970s science fiction films Foreign films shot in India 1998 soundtracks Alien abduction films Alien visitations in films American adventure drama films American science fiction films Arista Records soundtracks John Williams soundtracks Films adapted into comics Films based on urban legends Films set in Indiana Films set in India Films set in Indianapolis Films set in Wyoming Films shot in California Films shot in Mobile , Alabama Films shot in Wyoming Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award UFO - related media United States National Film Registry films Columbia Pictures films Film scores by John Williams Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films produced by Michael Phillips ( producer ) Films produced by Julia Phillips Screenplays by Steven Spielberg Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Duration without hAudio microformat Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 16 : 45 . 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close encounters of the third kind oscar nominations
[ "The film was nominated for eight Oscars at the 50th Academy Awards, including Best Director, Supporting Actress (Melinda Dillon), Visual Effects, Art Direction (Joe Alves, Daniel A. Lomino, Phil Abramson), Original Music Score, Film Editing, and Sound (Robert Knudson, Robert Glass, Don MacDougall and Gene Cantamessa).[42] The film's only win was for Vilmos Zsigmond's cinematography, although the Academy honored the film's sound effects editing with a Special Achievement Award (Frank Warner).[43]" ]
[ "eight Oscars" ]
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Cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex - wikipedia Cerebral cortex Jump to : navigation , search For the scientific journal , see Cerebral Cortex ( journal ) . Cerebral cortex Tissue slice from the brain of an adult macaque monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) . The cerebral cortex is the outer layer depicted in dark violet . Source : BrainMaps.org Golgi - stained neurons in the cortex Details Part of Cerebrum Identifiers Latin Cortex cerebri NeuroLex ID Cerebral cortex TA A14. 1.09. 003 A14. 1.09. 301 FMA 61830 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The cerebral cortex is the largest region of the mammalian brain and plays a key role in memory , attention , perception , cognition , awareness , thought , language , and consciousness . The cerebral cortex is the most anterior ( rostral ) brain region and consists of an outer zone of neural tissue called gray matter , which contains neuronal cell bodies . It is also divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure , but the two hemispheres are joined at the midline by the corpus callosum . At the cellular and circuit level , the cerebral cortex is characterized by two primary organizational features : across its surface it is divided into functional areas that serve various sensory , motor , and cognitive functions , and it is subdivided into several layers that organize the input and output connectivity of resident neurons . These two fundamental properties provide modular functionality . In large mammals , the cerebral cortex is usually folded , providing a greater surface area in the confined volume of the cranium . Increased surface area is thought to be important because it allows for the addition and evolution of a greater diversity of functional modules , or areas . A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus ( plural gyri ) and a groove is termed a sulcus ( plural sulci ) . These surface convolutions appear during fetal development and continue to mature after birth through the process of gyrification . In the human brain the majority of the cerebral cortex is not visible from the outside , but buried in the sulci . The cerebral cortex contains a large number of neuronal and glial cell bodies , as well as their intricate dendritic formations and axonal projections , which connect at synapses to form basic functional circuits . The cerebral cortex is entirely made of gray matter , contrasting with the underlying white matter , which consists mainly of axons traveling to and from the cortex , their myelinated sheaths , and the cell bodies of oligodendrocytes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Layers 1.2 Areas 1.3 Brodmann areas 1.4 Thickness 1.5 Folds 1.6 Blood supply and drainage 2 Development 3 Evolution 4 Function 4.1 Connections 4.2 Cortical areas 4.2. 1 Sensory areas 4.2. 2 Motor areas 4.2. 3 Association areas 5 Clinical significance 6 Other animals 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Structure ( edit ) Layers ( edit ) Cerebral cortex . ( Poirier . ) To the left , the groups of cells ; to the right , the systems of fibers . Quite to the left of the figure a sensory nerve fiber is shown . Cell body layers are labeled on the left , and fiber layers are labeled on the right . Three drawings of cortical lamination by Santiago Ramon y Cajal , each showing a vertical cross-section , with the surface of the cortex at the top . Left : Nissl - stained visual cortex of a human adult . Middle : Nissl - stained motor cortex of a human adult . Right : Golgi - stained cortex of a 11⁄2 month old infant . The Nissl stain shows the cell bodies of neurons ; the Golgi stain shows the dendrites and axons of a random subset of neurons . Micrograph showing the visual cortex ( predominantly pink ) . Subcortical white matter ( predominantly blue ) is seen at the bottom of the image . HE - LFB stain . The different cortical layers each contain a characteristic distribution of neuronal cell types and connections with other cortical and subcortical regions . There are direct connections between different cortical areas and indirect connections via the thalamus , for example . One of the clearest examples of cortical layering is the stria of Gennari in the primary visual cortex . This is a band of whiter tissue that can be observed with the naked eye in the fundus of the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe . The Stria of Gennari is composed of axons bringing visual information from the thalamus into layer four of the visual cortex . Staining cross-sections of the cortex to reveal the position of neuronal cell bodies and the intracortical axon tracts allowed neuroanatomists in the early 20th century to produce a detailed description of the laminar structure of the cortex in different species . After the work of Korbinian Brodmann ( 1909 ) the neurons of the cerebral cortex are grouped into six main layers , from outside ( pial surface ) to inside ( white matter ) : Layer I , the molecular layer , contains few scattered neurons and consists mainly of extensions of apical dendritic tufts of pyramidal neurons and horizontally oriented axons , as well as glial cells . During development Cajal - Retzius and subpial granular layer cells are present in this layer . Also , some spiny stellate cells can be found here . Inputs to the apical tufts are thought to be crucial for the ' ' feedback interactions in the cerebral cortex involved in associative learning and attention . While it was once thought that the input to layer I came from the cortex itself , it is now realized that layer I across the cerebral cortex mantle receives substantial input from ' ' matrix or M - type thalamus cells ( in contrast to ' ' core or C - type that go to layer IV ) . Layer II , the external granular layer , contains small pyramidal neurons and numerous stellate neurons . Layer III , the external pyramidal layer , contains predominantly small and medium - size pyramidal neurons , as well as non-pyramidal neurons with vertically oriented intracortical axons ; layers I through III are the main target of interhemispheric corticocortical afferents , and layer III is the principal source of corticocortical efferents . Layer IV , the internal granular layer , contains different types of stellate and pyramidal neurons , and is the main target of thalamocortical afferents from thalamus type C neurons as well as intra-hemispheric corticocortical afferents . Layer V , the internal pyramidal layer , contains large pyramidal neurons which give rise to axons leaving the cortex and running down to subcortical structures ( such as the basal ganglia ) . In the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe , layer V contains Betz cells , whose axons travel through the internal capsule , the brain stem and the spinal cord forming the corticospinal tract , which is the main pathway for voluntary motor control . Layer VI , the polymorphic or multiform layer , contains few large pyramidal neurons and many small spindle - like pyramidal and multiform neurons ; layer VI sends efferent fibers to the thalamus , establishing a very precise reciprocal interconnection between the cortex and the thalamus . That is , layer VI neurons from one cortical column connect with thalamus neurons that provide input to the same cortical column . These connections are both excitatory and inhibitory . Neurons send excitatory fibers to neurons in the thalamus and also send collaterals to the thalamic reticular nucleus that inhibit these same thalamus neurons or ones adjacent to them . One theory is that because the inhibitory output is reduced by cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex , this provides the brainstem with adjustable `` gain control for the relay of lemniscal inputs '' . The cortical layers are not simply stacked one over the other ; there exist characteristic connections between different layers and neuronal types , which span all the thickness of the cortex . These cortical microcircuits are grouped into cortical columns and minicolumns . It has been proposed that the minicolumns are the basic functional units of the cortex . In 1957 , Vernon Mountcastle showed that the functional properties of the cortex change abruptly between laterally adjacent points ; however , they are continuous in the direction perpendicular to the surface . Later works have provided evidence of the presence of functionally distinct cortical columns in the visual cortex ( Hubel and Wiesel , 1959 ) , auditory cortex , and associative cortex . Cortical areas that lack a layer IV are called agranular . Cortical areas that have only a rudimentary layer IV are called dysgranular . Information processing within each layer is determined by different temporal dynamics with that in the layers II / III having a slow 2 Hz oscillation while that in layer V having a fast 10 -- 15 Hz one . Areas ( edit ) Based on the differences in lamination the cerebral cortex can be classified into two parts , the large area of neocortex and the much smaller area of allocortex : The neocortex ( also known as the isocortex or neopallium ) is the part of the mature cerebral cortex with six distinct layers . Examples of neocortical areas include the granular primary motor cortex , also known as Brodmann area 4 , and the striate primary visual cortex , or Brodmann area 17 . The neocortex has two types of cortices , the true isocortex and the proisocortex . The proisocortex contains Brodmann areas 24 , 25 , and 32 The allocortex is the part of the cerebral cortex with less than six layers and has three regions , the paleocortex with three cortical laminae and the archicortex which has four or five , and a transitional area adjacent to the allocortex , the periallocortex . Examples of allocortex are the olfactory cortex and the hippocampus . There is a transitional area between the neocortex and the allocortex called the paralimbic cortex , where layers 2 , 3 and 4 are merged . This area incorporates the proisocortex of the neocortex and the periallocortex of the allocortex . In addition , the cerebral cortex may be classified on the basis of gross topographical conventions into four lobes ( named after the four skull bones protecting them ) : the temporal lobe , the occipital lobe , the parietal lobe , and the frontal lobe . Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Lateral surface of the cerebral cortex Medial surface of the cerebral cortex Brodmann areas ( edit ) Main article : Brodmann areas Different parts of the cerebral cortex are involved in different cognitive and behavioral functions . The differences show up in a number of ways : the effects of localized brain damage , regional activity patterns exposed when the brain is examined using functional imaging techniques , connectivity with subcortical areas , and regional differences in the cellular architecture of the cortex . Neuroscientists describe most of the cortex -- the part they call the neocortex -- as having six layers , but not all layers are apparent in all areas , and even when a layer is present , its thickness and cellular organization may vary . Scientists have constructed maps of cortical areas on the basis of variations in the appearance of the layers as seen with a microscope . One of the most widely used schemes came from Korbinian Brodmann , who split the cortex into 51 different areas and assigned each a number ( many of these Brodmann areas have since been subdivided ) . For example , Brodmann area 1 is the primary somatosensory cortex , Brodmann area 17 is the primary visual cortex , and Brodmann area 25 is the anterior cingulate cortex . Thickness ( edit ) For mammals , species with larger brains ( in absolute terms , not just in relation to body size ) tend to have thicker cortices . The range , however , is not very great ; only a factor of 7 differentiates between the thickest and thinnest cortices . The smallest mammals , such as shrews , have a neocortical thickness of about 0.5 mm ; the ones with the largest brains , such as humans and fin whales , have thicknesses of 2.3 -- 2.8 mm . There is an approximately logarithmic relationship between brain weight and cortical thickness . Cortical blood supply Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) of the brain makes it possible to get a measure for the thickness of the human cerebral cortex and relate it to other measures . The thickness of different cortical areas varies but in general , sensory cortex is thinner than motor cortex . One study has found some positive association between the cortical thickness and intelligence . Another study has found that the somatosensory cortex is thicker in migraine sufferers , though it is not known if this is the result of migraine attacks or the cause of them . A later study using a larger patient population reports no change in the cortical thickness in migraine sufferers . A genetic disorder of the cerebral cortex , whereby decreased folding in certain areas results in a microgyrus , where there are four layers instead of six , is in some instances seen to be related to dyslexia . Folds ( edit ) The cerebral cortex is folded in a way that allows a large surface area to fit within the confines of the skull . When unfolded , each cerebral hemisphere cortex has a total surface area of about 1.3 square feet ( 0.12 m ) . Blood supply and drainage ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) Blood is supplied to the cerebral cortex via the cerebral circulation . Development ( edit ) Human cortical development between 26 and 39 week gestational age The ontogenic development of the cerebral cortex is a complex and finely tuned process influenced by the interplay between genes and environment . The cerebral cortex develops from the most anterior part of the neural plate , a specialized part of the embryonic ectoderm . The neural plate folds and closes to form the neural tube . From the cavity inside the neural tube develops the ventricular system , and , from the epithelial cells of its walls , the neurons and glia of the nervous system . The most anterior ( front , or cranial ) part of the neural plate , the prosencephalon , which is evident before neurulation begins , gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres and its later cortex . Cortical neurons are generated within the ventricular zone , next to the ventricles . At first , this zone contains progenitor cells , which divide to produce glial cells and neurons . The glial fibers produced in the first divisions of the progenitor cells are radially oriented , spanning the thickness of the cortex from the ventricular zone to the outer , pial surface , and provide scaffolding for the migration of neurons outwards from the ventricular zone . The first divisions of the progenitor cells are symmetric , which duplicates the total number of progenitor cells at each mitotic cycle . Then , some progenitor cells begin to divide asymmetrically , producing one postmitotic cell that migrates along the radial glial fibers , leaving the ventricular zone , and one progenitor cell , which continues to divide until the end of development , when it differentiates into a glial cell or an ependymal cell . As the G1 phase of mitosis is elongated , in what is seen as selective cell - cycle lengthening , the newly - born neurons migrate to more superficial layers of the cortex . The migrating daughter cells become the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex . The development process is time ordered and regulated by hundreds of genes and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms . The layered structure of the mature cerebral cortex is formed during development . The first pyramidal neurons generated migrate out of the ventricular zone and subventricular zone , together with reelin producing Cajal -- Retzius neurons , from the preplate . Next , a cohort of neurons migrating into the middle of the preplate divides this transient layer into the superficial marginal zone , which will become layer one of the mature neocortex , and the subplate , forming a middle layer called the cortical plate . These cells will form the deep layers of the mature cortex , layers five and six . Later born neurons migrate radially into the cortical plate past the deep layer neurons , and become the upper layers ( two to four ) . Thus , the layers of the cortex are created in an inside - out order . The only exception to this inside - out sequence of neurogenesis occurs in the layer I of primates , in which , in contrast to rodents , neurogenesis continues throughout the entire period of corticogenesis . Depicted in blue , Emx2 is highly expressed at the caudomedial pole and dissipates outward . Pax6 expression is represented in purple and is highly expressed at the rostral lateral pole . ( Adapted from Sanes , D. , Reh , T. , & Harris , W. ( 2012 ) . Development of the Nervous System ( 3rd ed . ) . Burlington : Elsevier Science ) The map of functional cortical areas , which include primary motor and visual cortex , originates from a ' protomap ' , which is regulated by molecular signals such as fibroblast growth factor FGF8 early in embryonic development . These signals regulate the size , shape , and position of cortical areas on the surface of the cortical primordium , in part by regulating gradients of transcription factor expression , through a process called cortical patterning . Examples of such transcription factors include the genes EMX2 and PAX6 . Together , both transcription factors form an opposing gradient of expression . Pax6 is highly expressed at the rostral lateral pole , while Emx2 is highly expressed in the caudomedial pole . The establishment of this gradient is important for proper development . For example , mutations in Pax6 can cause expression levels of Emx2 to expand out of its normal expression domain , which would ultimately lead to an expansion of the areas normally derived from the caudal medial cortex , such as the visual cortex . On the contrary , if mutations in Emx2 occur , it can cause the Pax6 - expressing domain to expand and result in the frontal and motor cortical regions enlarging . Therefore , researchers believe that similar gradients and signaling centers next to the cortex could contribute to the regional expression of these transcription factors . Two very well studied patterning signals for the cortex include FGF and retinoic acid . Interestingly , if FGFs are misexpressed in different areas of the developing cortex , cortical patterning is disrupted . Specifically , when Fgf8 is increased in the anterior pole , Emx2 is downregulated and a caudal shift in the cortical region occurs . This ultimately causes an expansion of the rostral regions . Therefore , Fgf8 and other FGFs play a role in the regulation of expression of Emx2 and Pax6 and represent how the cerebral cortex can become specialized for different functions . Rapid expansion of the cortical surface area is regulated by the amount of self - renewal of radial glial cells and is partly regulated by FGF and Notch genes . During the period of cortical neurogenesis and layer formation , many higher mammals begin the process of gyrification , which generates the characteristic folds of the cerebral cortex . Gyrification is regulated by a DNA - associated protein Trnp1 and by FGF and SHH signaling Neurogenesis is shown in red and lamination is shown in blue . Adapted from ( Sur et al. 2001 ) The cerebral cortex is composed of a heterogenous population of cells that give rise to different cell types . The majority of these cells are derived from radial glia migration that form the different cell types of the neocortex and it is a period associated with an increase in neurogenesis . Similarly , the process of neurogenesis regulates lamination to form the different layers of the cortex . During this process there is an increase in the restriction of cell fate that begins with earlier progenitors giving rise to any cell type in the cortex and later progenitors giving rise only to neurons of superficial layers . This differential cell fate creates an inside - out topography in the cortex with younger neurons in superficial layers and older neurons in deeper layers . In addition , laminar neurons are stopped in S or G2 phase in order to give a fine distinction between the different cortical layers . Laminar differentiation is not fully complete until after birth since during development laminar neurons are still sensitive to extrinsic signals and environmental cues . Although the majority of the cells that compose the cortex are derived locally from radial glia there is a subset population of neurons that migrate from other regions . Radial glia give rise to neurons that are pyramidal in shape and use glutamate as a neurotransmitter , however these migrating cells contribute neurons that are stellate - shaped and use GABA as their main neurotransmitter . These GABAergic neurons are generated by progenitor cells in the medial ganglionic eminence ( MGE ) that migrate tangentially to the cortex via the subventricular zone . This migration of GABAergic neurons is particularly important since GABA receptors are excitatory during development . This excitation is primarily driven by the flux of chloride ions through the GABA receptor , however in adults chloride concentrations shift causing an inward flux of chloride that hyperpolarizes postsynaptic neurons . Evolution ( edit ) Of all the different brain regions , the cerebral cortex shows the largest evolutionary variation and has evolved most recently . In contrast to the highly conserved circuitry of the medulla oblongata , for example , which serves critical functions such as regulation of heart and respiration rates , many areas of the cerebral cortex are not strictly necessary for survival . Thus , the evolution of the cerebral cortex has seen the advent and modification of new functional areas -- particularly association areas that do not directly receive input from outside the cortex . A key theory of cortical evolution is embodied in the radial unit hypothesis and related protomap hypothesis , first proposed by Rakic . This theory states that new cortical areas are formed by the addition of new radial units , which is accomplished at the stem cell level . The protomap hypothesis states that the cellular and molecular identity and characteristics of neurons in each cortical area are specified by cortical stem cells , known as radial glial cells , in a primordial map . This map is controlled by secreted signaling proteins and downstream transcription factors . Function ( edit ) Connections ( edit ) The cerebral cortex is connected to various subcortical structures such as the thalamus and the basal ganglia , sending information to them along efferent connections and receiving information from them via afferent connections . Most sensory information is routed to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus . Olfactory information , however , passes through the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex ( piriform cortex ) . The majority of connections are from one area of the cortex to another , rather than from subcortical areas ; Braitenberg and Schüz ( 1998 ) claim that in primary sensory areas , at the cortical level where the input fibres terminate , up to 20 % of the synapses are supplied by extracortical afferents but that in other areas and other layers the percentage is likely to be much lower . Cortical areas ( edit ) Lateral surface of the human cerebral cortex Medial surface of the human cerebral cortex The cortex is commonly described as comprising three parts : sensory , motor , and association areas . Sensory areas ( edit ) The sensory areas are the cortical areas that receive and process information from the senses . Parts of the cortex that receive sensory inputs from the thalamus are called primary sensory areas . The senses of vision , audition , and touch are served by the primary visual cortex , primary auditory cortex and primary somatosensory cortex respectively . In general , the two hemispheres receive information from the opposite ( contralateral ) side of the body . For example , the right primary somatosensory cortex receives information from the left limbs , and the right visual cortex receives information from the left visual field . The organization of sensory maps in the cortex reflects that of the corresponding sensing organ , in what is known as a topographic map . Neighboring points in the primary visual cortex , for example , correspond to neighboring points in the retina . This topographic map is called a retinotopic map . In the same way , there exists a tonotopic map in the primary auditory cortex and a somatotopic map in the primary sensory cortex . This last topographic map of the body onto the posterior central gyrus has been illustrated as a deformed human representation , the somatosensory homunculus , where the size of different body parts reflects the relative density of their innervation . Areas with lots of sensory innervation , such as the fingertips and the lips , require more cortical area to process finer sensation . Motor areas ( edit ) The motor areas are located in both hemispheres of the cortex . They are shaped like a pair of headphones stretching from ear to ear . The motor areas are very closely related to the control of voluntary movements , especially fine fragmented movements performed by the hand . The right half of the motor area controls the left side of the body , and vice versa . Two areas of the cortex are commonly referred to as motor : Primary motor cortex , which executes voluntary movements Supplementary motor areas and premotor cortex , which select voluntary movements . In addition , motor functions have been described for : Posterior parietal cortex , which guides voluntary movements in space Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex , which decides which voluntary movements to make according to higher - order instructions , rules , and self - generated thoughts . Just underneath the cerebral cortex are interconnected subcortical masses of grey matter called basal ganglia ( or nuclei ) . The basal ganglia receive input from the substantia nigra of the midbrain and motor areas of the cerebral cortex , and send signals back to both of these locations . They are involved in motor control . They are found lateral to the thalamus . The main components of the basal ganglia are the caudate nucleus , the putamen , the globus pallidus , the substantia nigra , the nucleus accumbens , and the subthalamic nucleus . The putamen and globus pallidus are also collectively known as the lentiform nucleus , because together they form a lens - shaped body . The putamen and caudate nucleus are also collectively called the corpus striatum after their striped appearance . Association areas ( edit ) The association areas are the parts of the cerebral cortex that do not belong to the primary regions . They function to produce a meaningful perceptual experience of the world , enable us to interact effectively , and support abstract thinking and language . The parietal , temporal , and occipital lobes - all located in the posterior part of the cortex - integrate sensory information and information stored in memory . The frontal lobe or prefrontal association complex is involved in planning actions and movement , as well as abstract thought . Globally , the association areas are organized as distributed networks . Each network connects areas distributed across widely spaced regions of the cortex . Distinct networks are positioned adjacent to one another yielding a complex series of interwoven networks . The specific organization of the association networks is debated with evidence for interactions , hierarchical relationships , and competition between networks . In humans , association networks are particularly important to language function . In the past it was theorized that language abilities are localized in the left hemisphere in areas 44 / 45 , the Broca 's area , for language expression and area 22 , the Wernicke 's area , for language reception . However , language is no longer limited to easily identifiable areas . More recent research suggests that the processes of language expression and reception occur in areas other than just those structures around the lateral sulcus , including the frontal lobe , basal ganglia , cerebellum , and pons . Clinical significance ( edit ) There is marked cortical atrophy in Alzheimer 's disease , associated with loss of gyri and sulci in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe , and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2014 ) Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer 's disease and Lafora disease , show as a marker , an atrophy of the grey matter of the cerebral cortex . There are many neurodevelopmental abnormalities that can lead to a wide variety of behavioral and cognitive deficits . There are several situations in development in which both intrinsic and extrinsic factors can highly influence the course of nervous system formation . One very prominent intrinsic factor ( random gene mutation ) has given rise to many different classes of neurodevelopmental disorders . For example , Fragile X-Syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disease characterized by poor eye contact with others , an extreme aversion to physical / social contact , and obsessive repetition in behavioral patterns . This is an X-linked chromosomal disorder in which the FMR1 gene is found to have nearly 200 copies , instead of its intended 30 . This causes the gene to become heavily methylated , which subsequently turns off expression of FMR1 . Efficient functioning of this gene is known to play a role in localized protein synthesis at dendritic spines , which is essential for proper synaptogenesis and learning and memory function . Maternal ethanol consumption leads to death of neural crest cells which are the building blocks of certain neural tissues . Another primary example of intrinsic neurodevelopmental deficits is Rett Syndrome , which is an X-linked single gene mutation characterized by a loss of speech and hand coordination , intellectual regression and progressive loss of motor control . This disorder is thought to arise from a mutation in the MeCP2 gene , which encodes for a transcription factor associated with chromatin remodeling . Mutations in this gene have been linked to a decreased expression of the gene that codes for BDNF ( brain - derived neurotrophic factor ) , which is a common gene used in neurodevelopment . Apart from intrinsic gene mutation , there are many extrinsic ( environmental ) factors that can greatly influence the neurodevelopmental process . One of the most commonly studied factors is the effect of maternal alcohol consumption during gestation . Infants born with defects from this factor are said to have Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( FASD ) . FASD is used to describe a collection of developmental disorders associated with the consumption of alcohol whilst pregnant . The spectrum includes individuals with both extreme and mild FASD which present with a variety of neurocognitive and neurobehavioral deficits . This includes deficits is sustained and focused attention , learning and memory problems , verbal processing problems , receptive language difficulties , hyperactivity , as well as a slew of psychiatric impairments . Apoptotic cell death caused by an excess of glutamate activity and GABA withdrawal is thought to play a role in the loss of neuronal fibers critical for normal brain development . In addition to neuronal death , there is evidence suggesting that an improper formation of interneuronal connections and cell adhesion molecule malformation are also associated with FASD . Improper neuronal migration and synaptogenesis have been shown to occur is several cases of FASD , which could explain the extreme deficits in learning and memory . Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( FASD ) exhibit a range of cognitive and behavioral deficits that relate heavily to neural pathologies associated with maternal alcohol consumption . Other animals ( edit ) The cerebral cortex is derived from the pallium , a layered structure found in the forebrain of all vertebrates . The basic form of the pallium is a cylindrical layer enclosing fluid - filled ventricles . Around the circumference of the cylinder are four zones , the dorsal pallium , medial pallium , ventral pallium , and lateral pallium , which are thought respectively to give rise to the neocortex , hippocampus , amygdala , and olfactory cortex . Until recently no counterpart to the cerebral cortex had been recognized in invertebrates . However , a study published in the journal Cell in 2010 , based on gene expression profiles , reported strong affinities between the cerebral cortex and the mushroom bodies of ragworms . Mushroom bodies are structures in the brains of many types of worms and arthropods that are known to play important roles in learning and memory ; the genetic evidence indicates a common evolutionary origin , and therefore indicates that the origins of the earliest precursors of the cerebral cortex date back to the early Precambrian era . Additional images ( edit ) Motor and sensory regions of the cerebral cortex Motor and sensory regions of the cerebral cortex Cortical areas See also ( edit ) Eloquent cortex Limbic system List of regions in the human brain Subplate Brain - computer interface EMX1 Gyrification Telencephalon Central nervous system Brain References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kandel , Eric R. ; Schwartz , James H. ; Jessell , Thomas M. ( 2000 ) . Principles of Neural Science ( Fourth ed . ) . United State of America : McGraw - Hill . p. 324 . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Rakic , P ( October 2009 ) . `` Evolution of the neocortex : a perspective from developmental biology '' . Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 10 ( 10 ) : 724 -- 35 . PMC 2913577 . PMID 19763105 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn2719 . Jump up ^ Shipp , Stewart ( 2007 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Structure and function of the cerebral cortex '' . Current Biology . 17 ( 12 ) : R443 -- 9 . PMID 17580069 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2007.03. 044 . 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External links ( edit ) hier - 20 at NeuroNames Stained brain slice images which include the `` cerebral cortex '' at the BrainMaps project Webvision - The primary visual cortex Comprehensive article about the structure and function of the primary visual cortex . Webvision - Basic cell types Image of the basic cell types of the monkey cerebral cortex . Development of the Cerebral Cortex Different topics on cortical development in the form of columns written by leading scientists . Cerebral Cortex - Cell Centered Database ( hide ) Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain Frontal lobe Superolateral Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus : 11 47 - Pars orbitalis Broca 's area 44 - Pars opercularis 45 - Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial / inferior Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus / Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri / Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobe Superolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial / inferior Paracentral lobule 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus / Primary somatosensory cortex Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobe Superolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial / inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobe Superolateral Transverse temporal gyrus / Auditory cortex 41 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22 / Wernicke 's area Middle temporal gyrus 21 Superior temporal sulcus Medial / inferior Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus Interlobar sulci / fissures Superolateral Central ( frontal + parietal ) Lateral ( frontal + parietal + temporal ) Parieto - occipital Preoccipital notch Medial / inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate ( frontal + cingulate ) Collateral ( temporal + occipital ) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobe Parahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex / gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus : Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations , and some Brodmann areas span gyri . GND : 4072114 - 0 NDL : 01087199 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_cortex&oldid=800436829 '' Categories : Cerebral cortex Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Articles to be expanded from February 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles to be expanded from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 14 : 59 . 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where is the cerebral cortex located in the brain
[ "The cerebral cortex is the largest region of the mammalian brain and plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.[1] The cerebral cortex is the most anterior (rostral) brain region and consists of an outer zone of neural tissue called gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies. It is also divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure, but the two hemispheres are joined at the midline by the corpus callosum.[1]" ]
[ "most anterior (rostral) brain region" ]
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Climate of North Carolina
Climate of North Carolina - wikipedia Climate of North Carolina Jump to : navigation , search Köppen climate classification types of North Carolina . North Carolina 's climate varies from the Atlantic coast in the east to the Appalachian Mountain range in the west . The mountains often act as a `` shield '' , blocking low temperatures and storms from the Midwest from entering the Piedmont of North Carolina . Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) , except in the higher elevations of the Appalachians which have a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen Cfb ) . For most areas in the state , the temperatures in July during the daytime are approximately 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) . In January the average temperatures range near 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) . ( However , a polar vortex or `` cold blast '' can significantly bring down average temperatures , seen in the winters of 2014 and 2015 . ) Average Monthly Temperature City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Asheville 46 / 26 50 / 28 58 / 35 66 / 42 74 / 51 80 / 58 83 / 63 82 / 62 76 / 55 67 / 43 57 / 35 49 / 29 Cape Hatteras 54 / 39 55 / 39 60 / 44 68 / 52 75 / 60 82 / 68 85 / 73 85 / 72 81 / 68 73 / 59 65 / 50 57 / 43 Charlotte 51 / 32 56 / 34 64 / 42 73 / 49 80 / 58 87 / 66 90 / 71 88 / 69 82 / 63 73 / 51 63 / 42 54 / 35 Greensboro 47 / 28 52 / 31 60 / 38 70 / 46 77 / 55 84 / 64 88 / 68 86 / 67 79 / 60 70 / 48 60 / 39 51 / 31 Raleigh 50 / 30 54 / 32 62 / 39 72 / 46 79 / 55 86 / 64 89 / 68 87 / 67 81 / 61 72 / 48 62 / 40 53 / 33 Wilmington 56 / 36 60 / 38 66 / 44 74 / 51 81 / 60 86 / 68 90 / 72 88 / 71 84 / 66 76 / 54 68 / 45 60 / 38 Contents ( hide ) 1 Precipitation 1.1 Snow 2 Tropical cyclones 2.1 Rain 3 Severe weather 4 Seasonal conditions 4.1 Winter 4.2 Spring 4.3 Summer 4.4 Fall 4.5 Southern Oscillation 4.6 Changes 5 See also 6 External links 7 References Precipitation ( edit ) There is an average of forty - five inches of rain a year ( fifty in the mountains ) . July storms account for much of this precipitation . As much as 15 % of the rainfall during the warm season in the Carolinas can be attributed to tropical cyclones . Mountains usually see some snow in the fall and winter . Moist winds from the southwest drop an average of 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) of precipitation on the western side of the mountains , while the northeast - facing slopes average less than half that amount . Average Monthly Precipitation City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Asheville 2.6 inches ( 66 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 4 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.4 inches ( 86 mm ) 4 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 2.7 inches ( 69 mm ) 2.6 inches ( 66 mm ) 2.7 inches ( 69 mm ) 38.1 inches ( 970 mm ) Cape Hatteras 5.6 inches ( 140 mm ) 4.1 inches ( 100 mm ) 4.6 inches ( 120 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 4.2 inches ( 110 mm ) 4.9 inches ( 120 mm ) 6.4 inches ( 160 mm ) 5.3 inches ( 130 mm ) 5.3 inches ( 130 mm ) 4.9 inches ( 120 mm ) 4.5 inches ( 110 mm ) 56.9 inches ( 1,450 mm ) Charlotte 3.7 inches ( 94 mm ) 3.7 inches ( 94 mm ) 4.6 inches ( 120 mm ) 3 inches ( 76 mm ) 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 4.1 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 43 inches ( 1,100 mm ) Greensboro 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 4.4 inches ( 110 mm ) 4.1 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.4 inches ( 86 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 42.3 inches ( 1,070 mm ) Raleigh 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.7 inches ( 94 mm ) 2.8 inches ( 71 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 4.4 inches ( 110 mm ) 4.4 inches ( 110 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 3 inches ( 76 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 41.8 inches ( 1,060 mm ) Wilmington 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 4.3 inches ( 110 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 4.3 inches ( 110 mm ) 5.4 inches ( 140 mm ) 7.9 inches ( 200 mm ) 7 inches ( 180 mm ) 5.6 inches ( 140 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 55 inches ( 1,400 mm ) Snow ( edit ) A downed tree in Asheville , North Carolina caused by snowfall from the 1993 Storm of the Century . Snow in North Carolina is seen on a regular basis in the mountains . North Carolina averages 5 inches ( 130 mm ) of snow a year . However , this also varies greatly across the state . Along the coast , most areas register less than 2 inches ( 51 mm ) per year while the state capital , Raleigh averages 7.5 inches ( 190 mm ) . Farther west in the Piedmont - Triad , the average grows to approximately 9 inches ( 230 mm ) . The Charlotte area averages approximately 6.5 inches ( 170 mm ) . The mountains in the west act as a barrier , preventing most snowstorms from entering the Piedmont . When snow does make it past the mountains , it is usually light and is seldom on the ground for more than two or three days . However , several storms have dropped 18 inches ( 460 mm ) or more of snow within normally warm areas . The 1993 Storm of the Century that lasted from March 11 to March 15 affected locales from Canada to Central America , and brought a significant amount of snow to North Carolina . Newfound Gap received more than 36 inches ( 0.91 m ) of snow with drifts more than 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) , while Mount Mitchell measured over 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) of snow with drifts to 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) . Most of the northwestern part of the state received somewhere between 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) an 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) of snow . Another significant snowfall hit the Raleigh area in January 2000 when more than 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of snow fell . There was also a heavy snowfall totaling 18 inches ( 460 mm ) that hit the Wilmington area on December 22 - 23 , 1989 . This storm affected only the Southeastern US coast , as far south as Savannah , GA , with little to no snow measured west of I - 95 . Most big snows that impact areas east of the mountains come from extratropical cyclones which approach from the south across Georgia and South Carolina and move off the coast of North or South Carolina . These storms typically throw Gulf or Atlantic moisture over cold Arctic air at ground level , usually propelled southward from Arctic high pressure over the Northeastern or New England states . If the storms track sufficiently far to the east , snow will be limited to the eastern part of the state ( as with the December 22 - 23 , 1989 storm ) . If the cyclones travel close to the coast , warm air will get pulled into eastern North Carolina due to increasing flow off the milder Atlantic Ocean , bringing a rain / snow line well inland with heavy snow restricted to the Piedmont , foothills and mountains , as with the January 22 , 1987 storm . If the storm tracks inland into eastern North Carolina , the rain / snow line ranges between Raleigh and Greensboro . Average Monthly Snowfall City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Asheville 4.6 inches ( 12 cm ) 4.6 inches ( 12 cm ) 3 inches ( 7.6 cm ) 0.7 inches ( 1.8 cm ) - - - - - - 0.7 inches ( 1.8 cm ) 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) 15.6 inches ( 40 cm ) Cape Hatteras 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) - - - - - - - - 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) Charlotte 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) 1.7 inches ( 4.3 cm ) 1.2 inches ( 3.0 cm ) - - - - - - - 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) 0.5 inches ( 1.3 cm ) 5.5 inches ( 14 cm ) Greensboro 3.1 inches ( 7.9 cm ) 2.5 inches ( 6.4 cm ) 1.7 inches ( 4.3 cm ) - - - - - - - 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) 1.2 inches ( 3.0 cm ) 8.6 inches ( 22 cm ) Raleigh 2.2 inches ( 5.6 cm ) 2.6 inches ( 6.6 cm ) 1.3 inches ( 3.3 cm ) - - - - - - - 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) 0.8 inches ( 2.0 cm ) 7 inches ( 18 cm ) Wilmington 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) 0.5 inches ( 1.3 cm ) 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) - - - - - - - - 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) 1.9 inches ( 4.8 cm ) Tropical cyclones ( edit ) Hurricane Fran Main article : List of North Carolina hurricanes Located along the Atlantic Coast , North Carolina is no stranger to hurricanes . Many hurricanes that come up from the Caribbean Sea make it up the coast of eastern America , passing by North Carolina . Rainfall from Floyd On October 15 , 1954 , Hurricane Hazel struck North Carolina , at that time it was a category 4 hurricane within the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale . Hazel caused significant damage due to its strong winds . A weather station at Oak Island reported maximum sustained winds of 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) , while in Raleigh winds of 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) were measured . The hurricane caused 19 deaths and significant destruction . One person at Long Beach claimed that `` of the 357 buildings that existed in the town , 352 were totally destroyed and the other five damaged '' . Hazel was described as `` the most destructive storm in the history of North Carolina '' in a 1989 report . In 1996 , Hurricane Fran made landfall in North Carolina . As a category 3 hurricane , Fran caused a great deal of damage , mainly through winds . Fran 's maximum sustained wind speeds were 115 miles per hour ( 185 km / h ) , while North Carolina 's coast saw surges of 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) to 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) above sea level . The amount of damage caused by Fran ranged from $1.275 to $2 billion in North Carolina . Rain ( edit ) Heavy rains accompany tropical cyclones and their remnants which move northeast from the Gulf of Mexico coastline , as well as inland from the western subtropical Atlantic ocean . Over the past 30 years , the wettest tropical cyclone to strike the coastal plain was Hurricane Floyd of September 1999 , which dropped over 24 inches ( 610 mm ) of rainfall north of Southport . Unlike Hazel and Fran , the main force of destruction was from precipitation . Before Hurricane Floyd reached North Carolina , the state had already received large amounts of rain from Hurricane Dennis less than two weeks before Floyd . This saturated much of the Eastern North Carolina soil and allowed heavy rains from Hurricane Floyd to turn into floods . Over 35 people died from Floyd . In the mountains , Hurricane Frances of September 2004 was nearly as wet , bringing over 23 inches ( 580 mm ) of rainfall to Mount Mitchell . Tornado activity in the United States . Severe Weather ( edit ) In most years , the greatest weather - related economic loss incurred in North Carolina is due to severe weather spawned by summer thunderstorms . These storms affect limited areas , with their hail and wind accounting for an average annual loss of over US $5 million . North Carolina averages 31 tornadoes a year with May seeing the most tornadoes on average a month with 5 . June , July and August all have an average of 3 tornadoes with an increase to 4 average tornadoes a month in September . It is through September and into early November when North Carolina can typically expect to see that smaller , secondary , severe weather season . While severe weather season is technically from March through May , tornadoes have touched down in North Carolina in every month of the year . ( 1 ) . On November 28 , 1988 , an early morning F4 tornado smashed across northwestern Raleigh , continuing 84 miles further , killing 4 and injuring 157 ( http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/19881128/ ) . Seasonal conditions ( edit ) Winter ( edit ) In winter , North Carolina is somewhat protected by the Appalachian Mountains to the west . Cold fronts from Canada are typically reduced in intensity by the mountains . However , occasionally cold air can move from the north or northeast , east of the Appalachian Mountains , from Arctic high pressure systems that settle over the Northeastern or New England states . Other polar and Arctic outbreaks can cross the mountains and force temperatures to drop to about 12 ° F ( − 11 ° C ) in central North Carolina . Still , temperatures below zero degrees Fahrenheit are extremely rare outside of the mountains . The coldest ever recorded temperature in North Carolina was − 34 ° F ( − 37 ° C ) on January 21 , 1985 , at Mount Mitchell . The winter temperatures on the coast are milder due to the warming influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream . The average ocean temperature in Southport in January is still higher than the average ocean temperature in Maine during July . Snow is common in the mountains , although many ski resorts use snowmaking equipment to make sure there is always snow on their land . North Carolina 's relative humidity is highest in the winter . Spring ( edit ) Tornadoes are most likely in the spring . Major tornado outbreaks affected parts of eastern North Carolina on March 28 , 1984 , and April 16 , 2011 . The month of May experiences the greatest rise in temperatures . During the spring , there are warm days and cool nights in the Piedmont . Temperatures are somewhat cooler in the mountains and warmer , particularly at night , near the coast . North Carolina 's humidity is lowest in the spring . Summer ( edit ) Harris Lake in Highlands , North Carolina during Fall . North Carolina experiences high summer temperatures . Sometimes , cool , dry air from the north will invade North Carolina for brief periods of time , with temperatures quickly rebounding . It remains colder at high elevations , with the average summer temperature in Mount Mitchell lying at 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) . Morning temperatures are on average 20 ° F ( 12 ° C ) lower than afternoon temperatures , except along the Atlantic Coast . The largest economic loss from severe weather in North Carolina is due to severe thunderstorms in the summer , although they usually only hit small areas . Tropical cyclones can impact the state during the summer as well . Fogs are also frequent in the summer . Fall ( edit ) Fall is the most rapidly changing season temperature wise , especially in October and November . Tropical cyclones remain a threat until late in the season . The Appalachian Mountains are frequently visited at this time of year , due to the leaves changing color in the trees . Southern oscillation ( edit ) During El Niño events , winter and early spring temperatures are cooler than average with above average precipitation in the central and eastern parts of the state and drier weather in the western part . La Niña usually brings warmer than average temperatures with above average precipitation in the western part of the state while the central and coastal regions stay drier than average . Changes ( edit ) Much of North Carolina 's Outer and Inner Banks could be at or below sea level . Main article : Effects of global warming The water on North Carolina 's shores have risen 2 inches ( 50 mm ) but the reason is heavily discussed . Temperatures in North Carolina have risen too . Over the last 100 years , the average temperature in Chapel Hill has gone up 1.2 ° F ( 0.7 ° C ) and precipitation in some parts of the state has increased by 5 percent . See also ( edit ) Climate Climate change Climatology List of North Carolina hurricanes List of North Carolina weather records List of wettest known tropical cyclones in North Carolina Meteorology External links ( edit ) State Climate Office of North Carolina References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State . North Carolina Climate & Geography . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Travel Weather . North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 13 . Archived January 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ David B. Knight Robert E. Davis . Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ City-Data.com North Carolina - Climate Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Asheville , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Cape Hatteras , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Charlotte , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Greensboro , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Raleigh , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Wilmington , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Intellicast.com . `` MARCH IN THE NORTHEAST '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Environmental Modeling Center . EMC MODEL GUIDANCE FOR THE BLIZZARD of 2000 . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ American Meteorological Society . Weather and Forecasting throughout the Eastern United States . Part III : The Effects of Topography and the Variability of Winter Weather in the Carolinas and Virginia ( pg. 11 ) . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : State Climate Office of North Carolina . Research on North Carolina Severe Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 09 . Archived December 16 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ State Climate Office of North Carolina . Overview . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : State Climate Office of North Carolina . General Summary of N.C. Climate . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ NCDC Climate of North Carolina Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ North Carolina Wildlife Federation . General Climate Change in North Carolina . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 17 . Archived September 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Duke University . Climate Change and North Carolina Archived September 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 17 . Climate of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Music North Carolinians State Parks Tourist attractions Wildlife Seal of North Carolina Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Politics Sports Regions Cape Fear Coastal Plain Crystal Coast Eastern Foothills High Country Inner Banks Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Outer Banks Piedmont Piedmont Triad Sandhills Triangle Western Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Brevard Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - Varina Harrisburg Holly Springs Hope Mills Huntersville Indian Trail Kernersville Knightdale Leland Matthews Midland Mint Hill Mooresville Morehead City Morrisville Mount Pleasant Oxford Shallotte Smithfield Southern Pines Tarboro Waynesville Winterville Counties Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_North_Carolina&oldid=815465601 '' Categories : Geography of North Carolina Climate of North Carolina Climate of the United States by state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2010 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 00 : 12 . 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when does it snow in north carolina mountains
[ "There is an average of forty-five inches of rain a year (fifty in the mountains). July storms account for much of this precipitation. As much as 15% of the rainfall during the warm season in the Carolinas can be attributed to tropical cyclones.[3] Mountains usually see some snow in the fall and winter.[1] Moist winds from the southwest drop an average of 80 inches (2,000 mm) of precipitation on the western side of the mountains, while the northeast-facing slopes average less than half that amount.[4]" ]
[ "fall and winter" ]
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Ex on the Beach
Ex on the Beach - wikipedia Ex on the Beach Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent series , see Ex on the Beach ( series 8 ) . Ex on the Beach Genre Reality Created by MTV International Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 9 No. of episodes 72 Release Original network MTV International Picture format 16 : 9 1080i HDTV Original release 22 April 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Geordie Shore External links Official website Ex on the Beach is a reality television series that is broadcast on MTV . The series was first announced in February 2014 and premiered on 22 April 2014 . It features eight single men and women enjoying a summer holiday in paradise while looking for love . However , they are joined by their exes to shake things up . Each ex was there either for revenge or to rekindle their love . The show is narrated by Irish comedian Andrew Maxwell . On 12 December 2017 it was announced that Vicky Pattison , and featuring Joss Mooney , would host a spin - off show entitled `` Ex on the Beach : Body SOS '' where she will attempt to help members of the public to get into shape . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series 1.1 Series 1 ( 2014 ) 1.2 Series 2 ( 2015 ) 1.3 Series 3 ( 2015 ) 1.4 Series 4 ( 2016 ) 1.5 Series 5 ( 2016 ) 1.6 Series 6 ( 2017 ) 1.7 Series 7 ( 2017 ) 1.8 Series 8 ( 2018 ) 2 Cast 3 Other appearances 4 Ex on the Beach : Body SOS 5 International versions 6 References 7 External links Series ( edit ) See also : List of Ex on the Beach episodes Year Series Predominant Location Number of Episodes Average MTV viewers 2014 Series 1 Marbella , Spain 8 764,000 2015 Series 2 Marbella , Spain 8 712,000 Series 3 Cancun , Mexico 10 777,000 2016 Series 4 Algarve , Portugal 8 896,000 Series 5 Koh Samui , Thailand 10 800,000 2017 Series 6 Crete , Greece 10 805,000 Series 7 Bali , Indonesia 10 525,000 2018 Series 8 Marbella , Spain 8 484,000 Series 9 Series 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ex on the Beach ( series 1 ) The first series of the show was announced in February 2014 and premiered on MTV on 22 April 2014 . The series ran for eight episodes and concluded on 10 June 2014 . The official list of cast members was released on 13 March 2014 and includes four single boys : Ashley Cain , Jack Lomax , Liam Lewis and Marco Alexandre ; as well as four single girls : Chloe Goodman , Emily Gillard , Farah Sattaur and Vicky Pattison . It was announced that Geordie Shore star Vicky Pattison would be taking part in the series ; she was joined by ex-fiancé and former Geordie Shore co-star Ricci Guarnaccio as well as Australian fling Daniel Conn who featured briefly in series 6 of Geordie Shore . On 7 January 2015 , cast member Chloe Goodman entered the Celebrity Big Brother house to compete in the fifteenth series . However she became the first Housemate to be evicted . Ashley later returned for Series 2 as an ex , while Vicky returned in the third series . Liam and Chloe both returned again for Series 5 , while Ashley and Joss made appearances as exes . Ross was another cast member from this series to make a return , this time during Series 6 . Series 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ex on the Beach ( series 2 ) The second series of the show began airing on 27 January 2015 and ran for eight episodes , concluding on 17 March 2015 . This was confirmed on 23 July 2014 when it was announced that filming would begin soon , with the series airing in 2015 . The official list of cast members was released on 6 January 2015 . It included four single boys : Connor Hunter , Luke Goodfellow , Morgan Evans and Rogan O'Connor , as well as four single girls : Anita Kaushik , Kayleigh Morris , Loren Green and Melissa Reeves . It was also announced that Geordie Shore stars Charlotte Crosby and Gary Beadle would be taking part in the series . Ahead of the launch of the new series , it was confirmed that Series 1 cast member Ashley Cain would be returning for the second series as an ex . Rogan later returned for the third series , while Jess and Gary both returned for the fifth series as main cast , with Kayleigh and Melissa appearing as exes . Kayleigh also went on to appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother in 2017 , but was removed from the house on Day 13 due to threatening behaviour . In 2018 , Jess Impiazzi , an ex during this series went onto appear in the twenty - first series of Celebrity Big Brother . Series 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ex on the Beach ( series 3 ) The third series of the show began on 11 August 2015 . The official list of cast members was released on 14 July 2015 . This series was filmed in Cancun , Mexico , making this the first series to be filmed outside of Europe . They include four boys : Graham Griffiths , Jayden Robins , Kirk Norcross and Stephen Bear , and four girls : Amy Paige Cooke , Laura Alicia Summers , Megan McKenna and Megan Rees . With the announcement of the line - up it was confirmed that former Geordie Shore cast member and star of the first series , Vicky Pattison , would be making her return as an ex alongside Series 2 star Rogan O'Connor . The Only Way Is Essex cast member Kirk Norcross was also confirmed to be taking part in the series , with his ex-fiancée and Celebrity Big Brother star Cami - Li featuring as his ex . Star of Magaluf Weekender Jordan Davies was also revealed to be taking part in the series , also featuring as an ex . Megan McKenna and Jordan later returned for the fourth series . On 5 January 2016 , cast member Megan McKenna entered the Celebrity Big Brother house to compete in the seveneeth series , and on 28 July 2016 , Stephen Bear entered the house to compete in the eighteenth series where he left as the winner . Jordan Davies made another return to the show , this time during the fifth series with Jemma and Bear , and Holly also returning as an ex again . In August 2017 , both Jemma Lucy and Jordan Davies took part in the twentieth series of Celebrity Big Brother . Series 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ex on the Beach ( series 4 ) The fourth series of the show began on 19 January 2016 . This series was filmed in Portugal . The official cast list was revealed on 15 December 2015 and includes four girls : Helen Briggs , Nancy - May Turner , Naomi Hedman and Olivia Walsh , as well as four boys : Joe Delaney , Lewis Good , Youssef Hassane and Geordie Shore star Scotty T. Megan McKenna and Magaluf Weekender cast member Jordan Davies would be returning to the series as exes , having previously appeared during the previous series . Olivia later returned to the beach for the fifth series , while Kieran Lee went onto appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother , but was evicted during the final week . Series 5 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ex on the Beach ( series 5 ) The fifth series of the show began on 16 August 2016 . This series took place in Koh Samui , Thailand . The series was confirmed on 8 March 2016 after the finale of the fourth series . It was also announced that faces from the past would return for this series with `` unfinished business '' . The official list of cast members were released on 5 July 2016 . It features four boys and four girls from previous series . From the first series it includes Chloe Goodman and Liam Lewis . Geordie Shore star Gary Beadle and Jess Impiazzi return having previously appeared in the second series , while Jemma Lucy , Jordan Davies and Stephen Bear from the third series all return . Finally Olivia Walsh returns having previously appeared in series 4 . Over the course of the series they will be joined by their exes , which also include familiar faces . Series 1 's Ashley Cain will be making his third appearance on the show , while Joss Mooney also returns . Kayleigh Morris and Melissa Reeves will be back having already appeared in the second series . Holly Rickwood from Series 3 will also be back on the beach . New cast members include Lillie Lexie Gregg , Charlotte Dawson , David Hawley , Aimee Kimber , Conor Scurlock and Alex Stewart . While the series was airing , Stephen Bear took part in the eighteenth series of Celebrity Big Brother . He later went on to win the series . Kayleigh also went on to appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother in 2017 , but was removed from the house on Day 13 due to threatening behaviour . Later in the year , in August 2017 , both Jemma Lucy and Jordan Davies took part in the twentieth series of Celebrity Big Brother , who were both followed by Jess Impiazzi , who later went onto appear in the twenty - first series . Series 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ex on the Beach ( series 6 ) The sixth series of the show began on 17 January 2017 . This series was filmed on location in Crete , Greece . The series was confirmed on 2 November 2016 . The official list of cast members were released on 13 December 2016 . They include four boys ; Alex Leslie , Josh Ritchie , Ross Worsick and Sean Pratt , and four girls ; Harriette Harper , Maisie Gillespie , Zahida Allen and ZaraLena Jackson . Ross has previously appeared in the first series of the show whereas Josh featured in the first series of Love Island . With the announcement of the line - up it was also confirmed that Geordie Shore star Aaron Chalmers would be arriving on the beach as an ex as well as former The Only Way Is Essex cast member Nicole Bass . Chanelle McCleary , an ex from this series , later went onto appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother but was evicted a week before the final . Series 7 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ex on the Beach ( series 7 ) The seventh series of the show began on 20 June 2017 . This series was filmed on location on the island of Bali in Indonesia . The series was confirmed on 26 February 2017 . The cast members for the series were confirmed on 23 May 2017 which include Geordie Shore stars Chloe Ferry and Marty McKenna , Love Island contestants Max Morley and Josh Ritchie , as well as Beauty School Cop Outs cast member Savannah Kemplay . Marty and Josh had previously appeared in the third and sixth series of the show respectively . Shortly after the series it was announced that Dean Ralph and Jordan Wright had joined the cast of The Only Way Is Essex for the twenty - second series . Series 8 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ex on the Beach ( series 8 ) The eighth series of the show is expected to begin on 20 March 2018 , and was filmed in Spain . The series was confirmed in August 2017 . The cast for this series was revealed on 20 February 2018 , and includes Geordie Shore star Marnie Simpson as well as The X Factor contestant , and Stereo Kicks and Union J singer Casey Johnson . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Ex on the Beach cast members Other appearances ( edit ) In addition to appearing on Ex on the Beach , some of the cast members went on to compete in other reality TV shows including Celebrity Big Brother , Big Brother , and The Challenge . Celebrity Big Brother Chloe Goodman -- Series 15 ( 2015 ) -- Evicted Megan McKenna -- Series 17 ( 2016 ) - Evicted Stephen Bear -- Series 18 ( 2016 ) -- Winner Jemma Lucy -- Series 20 ( 2017 ) -- Sixth Jordan Davies -- Series 20 ( 2017 ) -- Evicted Jess Impiazzi -- Series 21 ( 2018 ) -- Fourth Big Brother Chanelle McCleary - Series 18 ( 2017 ) -- Evicted Kayleigh Morris -- Series 18 ( 2017 ) -- Ejected Kieran Lee -- Series 18 ( 2017 ) -- Evicted The Challenge Cast Member The Challenges Challenges Won Total Money Earned Joss Mooney Vendettas , Final Reckoning None $0 Kayleigh Morris Vendettas , Final Reckoning None $0 Melissa Reeves Vendettas , Final Reckoning None $0 Rogan O'Connor Vendettas None $0 Challenges in bold indicate the cast member was a finalist on the Challenge . Ex on the Beach : Body SOS ( edit ) On 12 December 2017 it was announced that Vicky Pattison would host a spin - off show entitled `` Ex on the Beach : Body SOS '' where she will attempt to help members of the public to get into shape . The first series began airing on 17 January 2018 and features Joss Mooney , who rose to fame by appearing in the first series of Ex on the Beach . International versions ( edit ) Country Local title Original Channel # of Seasons Premiere date Ref Sweden Ex on the Beach Kanal 5 April 6 , 2016 -- France La Revanche des ex NRJ 12 August 22 , 2016 -- October 21 , 2016 Netherlands Flanders Ex on the Beach : Double Dutch ! MTV August 28 , 2016 -- Finland Exiä rannalla Sub September 7 , 2016 -- 26 October 2016 Russia Ex on the Beach Friday ! Brazil De Férias com o Ex MTV October 13 , 2016 -- Poland Ex on the Beach MTV November 7 , 2016 -- Hungary Exek az Édenben Viasat 3 April 18 , 2017 -- May 25 , 2017 United States Ex on the Beach MTV April 19 , 2018 -- Norway Ex on the Beach TVNorge TBD México Ex on the Beach MTV August 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coming soon ! Brand New MTV Series Ex On The Beach '' . mtv.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ex On The Beach MTV UK '' . MTV UK . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` MIND BLOWN : This Is What The Ex On The Beach Narrator Looks Like '' . MTV Australia . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ex-on-the-beach/news/a845189/vicky-pattison-ex-on-the-beach-spin-off/ Jump up ^ `` MTV 's Ex On The Beach : What we 've learned about the `` sexy singles '' - TV News - Digital Spy `` . digitalspy.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Geordie Shore 's Vicky Pattison Swaps Newcastle for Paradise In ' Ex On The Beach '' . MTV UK . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` MTV 's Ex On The Beach is BACK ! '' . beamly.com . Jump up ^ `` MTV Orders New Seasons of U.K. Hits ' Ex on the Beach , ' ' Geordie Shore ' '' . Hollywoodreporter.com. 2014 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ex on the Beach : Geordie Shore 's Gaz , Charlotte sign up ! Meet the cast '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Crosby and Gaz Beadle set to join MTV 's Ex On The Beach - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ `` Ex On The Beach season 2 : Super sexy Ashley Cain is back for a second helping ! - Metro News '' . Metro . Jump up ^ `` Meet some of the new Big Brother housemates '' . 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ bbspy . `` Big Brother 2017 removes Kayleigh over ' threats of violence ' '' . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/news/g25044/celebrity-big-brother-2018-all-female-cast-gallery/ Jump up ^ `` Ex On The Beach is back for its third series in August and it has celebrity exes galore '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Ex On The Beach , Series 3 : Kirk Norcross , Vicky Pattison plus all the other sexy singles ! '' . heatworld . Jump up ^ `` Ex On The Beach : Vicky returns alongside Kirk , Cami & Jordan Davies '' . Reveal . Jump up ^ Justin Harp ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Here 's a cheeky first look at the contestants on Ex on the Beach series 4 '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Danny Walker ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Ex on the Beach series 4 CONFIRMED : MTV tease massive twist for raunchy reality show '' . mirror . Jump up ^ Ian Sandwell ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Meet the Ex on the Beach series four singles '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` MTV tease Ex On The Beach series 5 : `` Stars of the past have got unfinished business '' `` . Reveal . Jump up ^ `` Ex on the Beach cast tease the All - Star series '' . 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ex On The Beach 5 Cast Announced : Gary Beadle Will Cry After Emotional Reunion With Lillie Lexie Gregg , Jemma Lucy Has ' Unfinished Business ' - MTV UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother 2016 final : Stephen Bear is the most divisive winner ever , plus other talking points '' . Jump up ^ `` Meet some of the new Big Brother housemates '' . 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ bbspy . `` Big Brother 2017 removes Kayleigh over ' threats of violence ' '' . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/news/g25044/celebrity-big-brother-2018-all-female-cast-gallery/ Jump up ^ `` Ex on the Beach has been confirmed for a sixth series '' . 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The FULL line - up for Ex On The Beach is revealed ... and it features familiar faces from Towie , Love Island and Geordie Shore '' . 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Ex On The Beach '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy McConnell to star Ex On The Beach ... ' with Stephanie Davis ' ex Sam Reece ' '' . 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ex On The Beach Series 7 Cast Tease Major Shock As Start Date And Line - Up Confirmed - EXCLUSIVE - MTV UK '' . Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/5728069/towie-sign-up-two-new-single-castmembers-series-22/ Jump up ^ http://www.ok.co.uk/tv/ex-on-the-beach/1153632/marnie-sipmson-ex-on-the-beach-series-8-exes-geordie-shore-casey-johnson-lewis-bloor-aaron-chalmers Jump up ^ http://www.mtv.co.uk/ex-on-the-beach/news/ex-on-the-beach-8-learn-more-about-the-cast-including-geordie-shores-marnie-simpson-and-union-js-casey-johnson Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ex-on-the-beach/news/a845189/vicky-pattison-ex-on-the-beach-spin-off/ Jump up ^ Malteson , Evelina ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Här är alla deltagare i `` Ex on the beach '' `` . Expressen ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bali , Laetitia ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` La Revanche des ex ( NRJ12 ) : découvrez les portraits officiels des candidats ! ( 21 PHOTOS ) '' . Télé - Loisirs ( in French ) . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Tässä ovat kohutun Exiä rannalla - sarjan sinkut -- bloggaaja , palomies ja pelimies '' . Sub ( in Finnish ) . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Milani , Bruna ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` De Férias Com o Ex estreia com muita azaração e confusão '' . Ofuxico ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Kinane , Ruth ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` MTV 's ' Ex on the Beach ' cast to feature ' Bachelor , ' ' Vanderpump Rules , ' ' AYTO ' alumni '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Ex on the Beach on IMDb Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ex_on_the_Beach&oldid=843410732 '' Categories : 2010s British reality television series 2014 British television programme debuts British dating and relationship reality television series MTV television series English - language television programs Ex on the Beach Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use British English from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 00 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where's ex on the beach season 8 filmed
[ "The eighth series of the show is expected to begin on 20 March 2018, and was filmed in Spain. The series was confirmed in August 2017.[34] The cast for this series was revealed on 20 February 2018, and includes Geordie Shore star Marnie Simpson as well as The X Factor contestant, and Stereo Kicks and Union J singer Casey Johnson.[35]" ]
[ "Spain" ]
3983065226200076599
Kelly Marie Tran
Kelly Marie Tran - wikipedia Kelly Marie Tran American actress Kelly Marie Tran Trần Loan ( 1989 - 01 - 17 ) January 17 , 1989 ( age 29 ) San Diego , California , U.S. Nationality American Alma mater University of California , Los Angeles Occupation Actress Years active 2011 -- present Trần Loan ( born January 17 , 1989 ) , better known as Kelly Marie Tran , is an American actress . She has had roles in short films and television episodes , and came to wider attention for her role as Rose Tico in the 2017 film Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Harassment and attacks 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Tran was born on January 17 , 1989 in San Diego , California . Her parents are refugees from Vietnam who fled the country following the Vietnam War . As a child , her father was homeless and grew up on the streets of Vietnam . After moving to the United States , he worked at Burger King to support the family , and his wife worked at a funeral home . Tran attended Westview High School in San Diego and worked at a yogurt shop , Golden Spoon , in Rancho Penasquitos to earn money for head shots . Tran then graduated from University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) with a B.A. in Communications . Career ( edit ) Tran spent her early years in Los Angeles auditioning for small parts and doing improv at the Upright Citizens Brigade and The Second City . In 2013 , she starred in the web series Ladies Like Us . She also appeared in various CollegeHumor videos . In 2015 , Tran was cast as Rose Tico in Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Rose Tico is a rebel mechanic who joins up with main character Finn after the sacrifice of her oldest sister , Paige Tico ( Veronica Ngo ) , a gunner trained by Resistance commander Poe Dameron . She was unable to tell her family that she had won the role . When she went to film her scenes at Pinewood Studios in early 2016 , she said she was filming a small movie in Canada . With her role in The Last Jedi , Tran became the first Asian - American woman to play a leading role in a Star Wars film . In 2017 , she also became the first Asian woman to appear on the cover of Vanity Fair when she appeared on the cover of the summer 2017 issue with John Boyega and Oscar Isaac . Harassment and attacks ( edit ) Despite the critical and box office success of The Last Jedi , Tran received online attacks , some racist , from people who disliked the character of Rose Tico . In response to that criticism , employment discrimination attorney Anthony Nguyen praised Tran for being `` the first woman of color to be cast in a leading role in the Star Wars franchise '' . Condemning the racist attacks , Nguyen remarked that `` people of color , especially Asian - Americans , are grossly underrepresented in TV and film . '' In addition , freelance writer and journalist Nicole Karlis opined that attacks on Tran 's race and appearance reflected a fear of women who broke sexist stereotypes . In June 2018 , Tran deleted all of her posts on Instagram after months of harassment . Rian Johnson , who directed The Last Jedi , criticized her attackers . Other Star Wars fans expressed support for the actress , which Johnson indicated appreciation for . Johnson 's sentiments were co-expressed by Boyega and Mark Hamill . In August 2018 , after a prolonged stretch of silence about her harassment , Tran published a first person account in the New York Times addressing the issue . Tran stated that she had become self - conscious and for a time believed what her harassers were saying . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2011 Untouchable Jamie Short film 2011 The Rising Cost of Cosmetics Chun Hei Park Short film 2011 Impressions Alice Short film 2011 Hot Girls on the Beach Boba Chick / Student Segment : `` Great White Shark Movie '' 2012 The Cohasset Snuff Film Christine Chan Uncredited 2013 Andy 's CDs Kelly Short film 2016 XOXO Butterfly Rave Girl 2017 Star Wars : The Last Jedi Rose Tico 2019 Star Wars : Episode IX Filming Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2011 This Indie Girl Hero Girl Episode : `` Just the Way It Is '' 2012 Fabulous High Sierra Mar Student # 4 Television film 2013 -- 2015 Ladies Like Us Kelly / Larry Television series 2014 -- 2016 CollegeHumor Originals Full Asian / Kate / Kelly / Startup `` Foodler '' Girl / Melissa / Amber Television series 2014 -- 2016 Life on Normal Street Sara 3 episodes 2014 To the Bridge Lydia Pilot episode 2014 About a Boy Marguerite 2 episodes 2014 Hope & Randy Tina Television mini-series 2014 Currently Cool Jenny Episode : `` Baby Daddy Daddy Daddy '' 2015 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Teen Friend Episode : `` Thomas Middleditch Wears an Enigmatic Sweatshirt and Sweatpants with Pockets '' 2015 Ladies Like Us : The Rise of Neighborhood Watch Larry 2 episodes 2015 Adam Ruins Everything Sharon / Phone Woman 2 episodes 2015 Discount Fitness Betsy Episode : `` Goal Met '' 2016 Pub Quiz Asia Television film 2016 History of the World ... For Now Daughter Episode # 1.4 2016 Fall Into Me Eva Episode : `` British Billionaire '' 2016 Sing It ! Twinkle Twinkle Auditioner Episode : `` THE SHOW BEGINS ! '' 2018 Star Wars : Forces of Destiny Rose Tico ( voice ) Episode : `` Shuttle Shock '' 2018 Sorry for Your Loss Jules Main role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2018 23rd Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Star Wars : The Last Jedi Nominated 44th Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated 20th Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout Movie Star Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tran , Kelly Marie ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Kelly Marie Tran : I Wo n't Be Marginalized by Online Harassment '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Nữ diễn viên Kelly Marie Trần đến Việt Nam ra mắt bom tấn Star Wars '' . vietnamnet.vn . November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yam , Kimberly ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Marie Tran Wore Gown From Vietnamese Designer To ' The Last Jedi ' Premiere '' . HuffPost . Jump up ^ Yee , Lawrence ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Rose , the ' Biggest New Part ' in ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Yam , Kimberly ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Marie Tran Promotes ' The Last Jedi ' In Traditional Vietnamese Garb '' . HuffPost . Jump up ^ Jasper , Marykate ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Marie Tran , the Daughter of Refugees , Could n't Help Crying with Joy at the Last Jedi Premiere '' . The Mary Sue . ^ Jump up to : Flaherty , Keely ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Marie Tran : The Rise of Rose '' . Buzzfeed News . ^ Jump up to : Plattner , Seth ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Marie Tran Is Bringing a New Brand of Hero to Star Wars '' . Elle . Jump up ^ Rocha , Michael James ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` San Diego native joins ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' cast '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Who is Star Wars : Episode VIII actress Kelly Marie Tran ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Hiatt , Brian ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi 's New Hope : Meet ' Star Wars ' Breakout Kelly Marie Tran '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Kamp , David ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Star Wars : The Last Jedi , the Definitive Preview '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Yee , Lawrence ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Rose , the ' Biggest New Part ' in ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Truffaut - Wong , Olivia ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Star Kelly Marie Tran Is The First Asian Woman To Cover ' Vanity Fair ' & Her Appearance Could n't Matter More '' . Bustle . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna ( 19 December 2017 ) . `` Racist Attacks Against Kelly Marie Tran posted to Rose Tico 's Wookieepedia page '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Moye , David ( 27 December 2017 ) . `` Kelly Marie Tran Of ' Last Jedi ' Facing Racist , Sexist Comments Online '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney Anthony Nguyen Comments on the Racist Backlash Against Vietnamese - American Actress Kelly Marie Tran '' . Cision . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Karlis , Nicole ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Threats against Kelly Marie Tran highlight a fear of women who break sexist stereotypes '' . Salon . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Chuba , Kirsten ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Actress Kelly Marie Tran Leaves Social Media After Months of Harassment '' . Variety . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rian Johnson slams Star Wars trolls after Kelly Marie Tran quits social media '' . Jump up ^ Kitchener , Shaun . `` Star Wars fans support Kelly Marie Tran as she quits Instagram after horrific abuse '' . The Express . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Daniel . `` ' Star Wars ' Fans Support Actress Kelly Marie Tran Wipes Her Instagram After Months Of Abuse '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick . `` Star Wars Fans Show Support For ' The Last Jedi ' Star Kelly Marie Tran Following Social Media Departure '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Lam , Katherine ( 13 June 2018 ) . `` John Boyega slams ' Star Wars ' fans for harassing costars '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Clark , Travis ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Mark Hamill defends Kelly Marie Tran after online harassment and calls out ' Star Wars ' fans '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars : Mark Hamill Shares Support for ' The Last Jedi ' Co-Star Kelly Marie Tran After Social Media Deletion '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Marie Tran : I Wo n't Be Marginalized by Online Harassment '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/celebrity/star-wars-actress-kelly-marie-tran-on-how-racist-trolls-retriggered-spiral-of-self-hatred/ar-BBMe039?ocid=spartanntp External links ( edit ) Kelly Marie Tran on IMDb Kelly Marie Tran at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Marie_Tran&oldid=865981054 '' Categories : Living people 21st - century American actresses Actresses from San Diego American film actresses American television actresses American women of Vietnamese descent Upright Citizens Brigade Theater performers 1989 births University of California , Los Angeles alumni Victims of cyberbullying Actresses of Vietnamese descent Hidden categories : Articles with short description Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 13 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the last jedi with the actress who played rose
[ "Trần Loan (born January 17, 1989), better known as Kelly Marie Tran, is an American actress.[1][2][3] She has had roles in short films and television episodes, and came to wider attention for her role as Rose Tico in the 2017 film Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[4]\n" ]
[ "Trần Loan (born January 17, 1989), better known as Kelly Marie Tran" ]
-1847407279332610925
Everybody Wants to Rule the World
Everybody Wants to Rule the World - wikipedia Everybody Wants to Rule the World Jump to : navigation , search `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' Single by Tears for Fears from the album Songs from the Big Chair B - side `` Pharaohs '' Released 22 March 1985 Format CD 7 '' 10 '' 12 '' Genre New wave Length 4 : 11 Label Phonogram ( UK ) Mercury ( US ) Vertigo ( Canada ) Songwriter ( s ) Roland Orzabal Ian Stanley Chris Hughes Producer ( s ) Chris Hughes Tears for Fears singles chronology `` Shout '' ( 1984 ) `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Head over Heels '' ( 1985 ) `` Shout '' ( 1984 ) `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Head over Heels '' ( 1985 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Everybody Wants To Rule The World '' on YouTube `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' is a song by English band Tears for Fears . Originally released in the UK on 22 March 1985 it was the band 's ninth single release in the United Kingdom and the third from their second LP Songs from the Big Chair . It was their seventh UK Top 30 chart hit , peaking at number two in April 1985 , and thus becoming the group 's highest - charting UK single . In the US , it was the lead single from the album and gave the band their first Billboard Hot 100 number - one hit on 8 June 1985 , remaining there for two weeks . It also reached number one on both the Hot Dance Club Play and Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales charts in the US . The song has since become the pinnacle of Tears for Fears ' chart success . In 1986 , the song won `` Best Single '' at the Brit Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Awards and accolades 3 B - side : `` Pharaohs '' 4 Music video 5 Formats and track listings 5.1 7 '' single 5.2 Double 7 '' pack 5.3 10 '' single 5.4 12 '' single 5.5 12 '' Urban Mix 6 Credits and personnel 6.1 Tears for Fears 6.2 Additional personnel 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications and sales 8 Everybody Wants to Run the World 8.1 Charts 9 Remixes 10 Lorde version 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Background and composition ( edit ) `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' was somewhat of an afterthought during the recording of Songs from the Big Chair . According to Roland Orzabal , he initially regarded the song as a lightweight that would not fit with the rest of the album . Originally , the lyrics of the song were `` everybody wants to go to war '' , which Orzabal felt was lacklustre . It was producer Chris Hughes who convinced him to try recording it , in a calculated effort to gain American chart success . It was written and recorded in two weeks and was the final track to be added to the Songs from the Big Chair album . The shuffle beat was alien to our normal way of doing things . It was jolly rather than square and rigid in the manner of ' Shout ' , but it continued the process of becoming more extrovert . -- Roland Orzabal The concept is quite serious -- it 's about everybody wanting power , about warfare and the misery it causes . -- Curt Smith `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' is a new wave song set in the key of D major with a time signature and a tempo of 112 beats per minute . The band have stated that the driving shuffle rhythm was influenced by Simple Minds `` Waterfront '' , released in 1983 . As was the case with the three hit singles from Tears for Fears ' debut LP The Hurting , the song featured bassist Curt Smith on lead vocals . Awards and accolades ( edit ) In 1986 , the song won `` Best Single '' at the Brit Awards . Band member and co-writer Roland Orzabal argued that the song deserved to win the Ivor Novello International Hit of the Year award , claiming that the winner -- `` 19 '' by Paul Hardcastle -- was not an actual song , but only a `` dialogue collage '' . In 2015 , 30 years after its release , the song was honoured at the annual BMI Awards in London for achieving 6 million radio airplays . B - side : `` pharaohs '' ( edit ) `` Pharaohs '' is the B - side to the `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' single . It is a slower , largely instrumental variation of `` Everybody Wants To Rule The World '' , featuring a recording of BBC Radio 4 announcer Brian Perkins reading the Shipping Forecast for the sea lanes around the United Kingdom ( see below ) . The title of the song is a play on the name of the Faroe Islands ( `` Faroes '' ) , one of the places referenced in the forecast . This is one of the few songs in the Tears for Fears catalogue on which founding member Curt Smith shares a writing credit . The song has since been included in the band 's 1996 B - sides and rarities collection Saturnine Martial & Lunatic , as well as the remastered and deluxe edition reissues of Songs from the Big Chair . `` Pharaohs '' is also included on the Groove Armada compilation album Back to Mine . No matter how horrifying the conditions may really be , the voice reading the shipping forecast is deliberately calm and relaxed . Recorded at the Wool Hall for the B - side of ' Everybody ' in a calm and relaxed way . -- Chris Hughes `` Pharaohs '' shipping forecast read by Brian Perkins ( BBC Radio 4 , c. 1984 ) : There are warnings of gales in Viking , Forties , Cromarty , Forth , Fisher , Dover , Wight , Portland , Plymouth , Finisterre , Sole , Lundy , Fastnet , Shannon , Rockall , Malin , Hebrides , Bailey , Fair Isle , Faroes and Southeast Iceland . The general synopsis at one eight double - O : low just north of Viking , nine double - seven , moving steadily east - northeast . Low 300 miles south of Iceland . Atlantic low forming , moving steadily northeast . A ridge of high pressure has swayed between North and South Utsire . The area forecast for the next twenty - four hours . Viking , Forties , Cromarty , Forth . Music video ( edit ) The promotional clip for `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' , filmed in early 1985 , was the third Tears for Fears clip directed by music video producer Nigel Dick . It features Curt Smith driving an antique Austin - Healey 3000 sports car around numerous Southern California locales , including Salton Sea and Cabazon . Interspersed with these clips are shots of the full band performing the song in a London studio . Along with the clip for `` Shout '' , the `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' video had a big hand in helping establish Tears for Fears in America , due to its heavy amount of play on the music video channel MTV . Formats and track listings ( edit ) The single was released on a wide variety of formats in the United Kingdom , including a standard 7 `` , a 7 '' double pack , two separate 12 '' versions , and a 10 '' single . 7 '' single ( edit ) `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ( 4 : 11 ) `` Pharaohs '' ( 3 : 42 ) Double 7 '' pack ( edit ) Disc one `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ( 4 : 11 ) `` Pharaohs '' ( 3 : 42 ) Disc two `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World ( Urban Mix ) '' ( 6 : 06 ) `` Interview Excerpt '' ( 7 : 30 ) 10 '' single ( edit ) `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ( 4 : 11 ) `` Pharaohs '' ( 3 : 42 ) 12 '' single ( edit ) `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World ( Extended Version ) '' ( 5 : 43 ) `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ( 4 : 11 ) `` Pharaohs '' ( 3 : 42 ) 12 '' Urban Mix ( edit ) `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World ( Urban Mix ) '' ( 6 : 06 ) `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World ( Instrumental ) '' ( 4 : 26 ) Credits and personnel ( edit ) Tears for Fears ( edit ) Roland Orzabal -- guitar , keyboards , vocals Curt Smith -- bass guitar , lead vocals Ian Stanley -- keyboards , LinnDrum programming Manny Elias -- drums Additional personnel ( edit ) Neil Taylor -- second guitar solo Chris Hughes -- producer , drums , MIDI programming Dave Bascombe -- engineer Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 18 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales US Billboard Top Rock Tracks US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 36 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 31 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 19 Italy ( FIMI ) 86 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 31 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Single Chart ) 24 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Cash Box Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Everybody Wants to Run the World ( edit ) `` Everybody Wants to Run the World '' Single by Tears for Fears Released 1986 Format 7 '' 12 '' Genre New wave Length 4 : 30 Label Phonogram Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Roland Orzabal Ian Stanley Chris Hughes Producer ( s ) Tears for Fears Tears for Fears singles chronology `` I Believe ( A Soulful Re-Recording ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Everybody Wants to Run the World '' ( 1986 ) `` Mothers Talk '' ( 1986 ) `` I Believe ( A Soulful Re-Recording ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Everybody Wants to Run the World '' ( 1986 ) `` Mothers Talk '' ( US Remix ) ( 1986 ) `` Everybody Wants to Run the World '' is a re-recording of the `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' . The reworked single was released in 1986 to promote the Sport Aid campaign , a charitable event held to raise money for famine relief in Africa . It was a success in the UK Singles Chart , becoming the band 's sixth top 5 hit , peaking at number 5 in June 1986 . The song also reached number 4 in Ireland . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Remixes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' has seen relatively few remixes . Extended , instrumental , and `` urban mix '' versions were done by producer Chris Hughes for inclusion on the single 's various 7 '' and 12 '' releases . The only other remix of note was one done by electronica act The Chosen Few , included on the 2004 reissue of the greatest hits compilation Tears Roll Down ( Greatest Hits 82 -- 92 ) . A version labelled as the 7 '' version is included on the 2006 remaster of Songs from the Big Chair , but is actually the album version . Lorde version ( edit ) `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' Song by Lorde from the album The Hunger Games : Catching Fire -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released 2013 Length 2 : 35 Label Republic Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Roland Orzabal Ian Stanley Chris Hughes The Hunger Games : Catching Fire -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack track listing 12 tracks `` Atlas '' `` Silhouettes '' `` Elastic Heart '' `` Lean '' `` We Remain '' `` Devil May Cry '' `` Who We Are '' `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World `` Gale Song '' `` Mirror '' `` Capitol Letter '' `` Shooting Arrows at the Sky '' New Zealand singer Lorde recorded a cover of the song for The Hunger Games : Catching Fire -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack in addition to the Epix promo for the premiere of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire . The cover was produced by Peter Shurkin and Natalie Baartz with arrangement by Michael A. Levine and Lucas Cantor . It was later used in the cinematic trailer of Assassin 's Creed Unity at E3 2014 , the `` Rule the World '' trailer celebrating the fifteenth anniversary of the Creative Assembly 's Total War video game series , promotional videos for the new network BBC First and 2015 BBC TV series Banished , the 2014 ABC show How to Get Away with Murder , season 4 of Homeland , season 1 finale of The Royals , in Sky Sports F1 's coverage of the 2014 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix and in the trailer for the 2014 film Dracula Untold . Her cover appeared on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 14 . It reached number 53 in Australia , number 65 in the UK , number 93 in France , and number 27 on the US Hot Rock Songs chart . Chart ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 53 France ( SNEP ) 93 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 65 US Billboard Hot Rock Songs 27 See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1985 List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1985 List of number - one dance singles of 1985 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 1985 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles from the 1980s ( New Zealand ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melody Maker . London , England . 16 March 1985 . p. 3 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Vigeland , Tess ; Margolis , Jacob ( 26 November 2014 ) . `` Tears for Fears reissue `` Songs from the Big Chair , '' 30 years on `` . Scpr.org . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- Tears For Fears ' ' Songs From The Big Chair ' Hits # 1 '' . RTTNews . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney ( 24 April 2014 ) . `` My favorite ' 80s New Wave song is ... '' USA Today . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Iwasaki , Scott ( 26 April 1996 ) . `` Orzabal , Tears for Fears plan May 2 show at Abravanel Hall '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everybody Wants To Rule the World By Tears for Fears -- Digital Sheet Music '' . BMG Rights Management . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Sean ( 1999 ) . Songs From the Big Chair ( CD insert ) . Tears for Fears . Jump up ^ `` Graham Gouldman and Top Songwriters Honored at 2015 BMI London Awards '' . Broadcast Music , Inc. 19 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 306 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Tears For Fears -- Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Tears For Fears -- Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda ( 2000 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Mississauga , Ontario : Music Data Canada . p. 384 . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 9378 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0533 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Tears For Fears -- Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Tears For Fears -- Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1985 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Tears For Fears - Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Tears For Fears -- Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Tears For Fears -- Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( T ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Tears For Fears -- Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tears for Fears -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JUNE 8 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 17 September 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1985 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 's Top 100 Singles of 1985 '' . RPM . Vol. 43 no . 16 . 28 December 1985 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1985 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1985 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1985 '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications . 18 January 1986 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1985 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Tears for Fears -- Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts : 1966 -- 2006 . Wellington : Dean Scapolo and Maurienne House . ISBN 978 - 1877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Tears for Fears -- Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Everybody Wants to Rule the World in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Everybody Wants to Run the World '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , Brenna ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Is Lorde 's ' Catching Fire ' Track An 80 's Cover ? '' . MTV News . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Unity trailer '' . Newshub. 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ARIA Report '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Pandora Archive. 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Ellwood , Gregory ( 27 June 2014 ) . `` ' Dracula Untold 's new trailer needs a Lorde cover to rule the world '' . HitFix . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Lorde -- Everybody Wants To Rule The World '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Lorde -- Everybody Wants To Rule The World '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Various Artists -- The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Review at AllMusic Curt Smith discusses Everybody Wants To Rule The World -- RetroRewind interview Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Lyrics of the rewritten song for the Sports Aid campaign at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Tears for Fears Roland Orzabal Curt Smith Ian Stanley Manny Elias Studio albums The Hurting Songs from the Big Chair The Seeds of Love Elemental Raoul and the Kings of Spain Everybody Loves a Happy Ending Live albums Secret World Live in Paris Compilations Tears Roll Down ( Greatest Hits 82 -- 92 ) Saturnine Martial & Lunatic Shout : The Very Best of Tears for Fears Rule The World - The Greatest Hits Singles `` Suffer the Children '' `` Pale Shelter '' `` Mad World '' `` Change '' `` The Way You Are '' `` Mothers Talk '' `` Shout '' `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' `` Everybody Wants to Run the World '' `` Head over Heels '' `` I Believe ( A Soulful Re-Recording ) '' `` Mothers Talk ( US Remix ) '' `` Sowing the Seeds of Love '' `` Woman in Chains '' `` Advice for the Young at Heart '' `` Famous Last Words '' `` Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams '' `` Laid So Low ( Tears Roll Down ) '' `` Break It Down Again '' `` Cold '' `` Goodnight Song '' `` Elemental '' `` Raoul and the Kings of Spain '' `` God 's Mistake '' `` Secrets '' `` Falling Down '' `` Closest Thing to Heaven '' `` Everybody Loves a Happy Ending / Call Me Mellow '' `` Secret World '' `` Ready Boy and Girls ? ( EP ) '' `` I Love You But I 'm Lost '' Video / DVD releases The Videosingles In My Mind 's Eye Scenes from the Big Chair Sowing the Seeds Going to California Tears Roll Down ( Greatest Hits 82 -- 92 ) Secret World ( Live in Paris ) Related articles Discography Graduate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everybody_Wants_to_Rule_the_World&oldid=821472702 '' Categories : 1985 songs 1985 singles 1986 singles Tears for Fears songs Lorde songs Patti Smith songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Brit Award for British Single Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Phonogram Records singles Mercury Records singles Vertigo Records singles Republic Records singles Songs written by Ian Stanley Songs written by Roland Orzabal The Hunger Games music Song recordings produced by Chris Hughes ( record producer ) Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from June 2012 Use British English from June 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2015 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart making named ref Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 18 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where was everybody wants to rule the world filmed
[ "The promotional clip for \"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\", filmed in early 1985, was the third Tears for Fears clip directed by music video producer Nigel Dick. It features Curt Smith driving an antique Austin-Healey 3000 sports car around numerous Southern California locales, including Salton Sea and Cabazon. Interspersed with these clips are shots of the full band performing the song in a London studio. Along with the clip for \"Shout\", the \"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\" video had a big hand in helping establish Tears for Fears in America, due to its heavy amount of play on the music video channel MTV.", "The promotional clip for \"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\", filmed in early 1985, was the third Tears for Fears clip directed by music video producer Nigel Dick. It features Curt Smith driving an antique Austin-Healey 3000 sports car around numerous Southern California locales, including Salton Sea and Cabazon. Interspersed with these clips are shots of the full band performing the song in a London studio. Along with the clip for \"Shout\", the \"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\" video had a big hand in helping establish Tears for Fears in America, due to its heavy amount of play on the music video channel MTV." ]
[ "numerous Southern California locales, including Salton Sea and Cabazon", "a London studio" ]
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Tubercle
Tubercle - wikipedia Tubercle For the lip feature , see Cupid 's bow . This view of the cactus Mammillaria marksiana shows its pattern of prominent tubercles , with the spines emanating from each tubercle 's tip . In anatomy , a tubercle is any round nodule , small eminence , or warty outgrowth found on external or internal organs of a plant or an animal . Contents 1 In plants 2 In animals 3 In humans 3.1 Mouth 3.2 Bones 3.3 Lungs 3.4 Ears 3.5 Genitals 3.6 Brain 4 See also 5 References 6 External links In plants ( edit ) A tubercle is generally a wart - like projection , but it has slightly different meaning depending on which family of plants or animals it is used to refer to . In the case of certain orchids and cacti , it denotes a round nodule , small eminence , or warty outgrowth found on the lip . They are also known as podaria ( singular podarium ) . When referring to some members of the pea family , it is used to refer to the wart - like excrescences that are found on the roots . In mycology , a tubercle is used to refer to a mass of hyphae from which a mushroom is made . In animals ( edit ) Nudibranch Phyllidia varicosa , clearly showing the yellow tubercles on the dorsum When it is used in relation to certain dorid nudibranchs such as Peltodoris nobilis , it means the nodules on the dorsum of the animal . These tubercles in nudibranchs can present themselves in different ways : each tubercle in a single rounded , conical or angular form , each tubercle in a compound form of two or more levels , tubercles in amalgamated clusters or as tubercles forming or joined by a ridge . Tubercles found on the leading edge of humpback whale 's flippers were demonstrated to improve fluid flow over the flipper 's surface , exhibiting the tubercle effect of fluid dynamics . Skin impression from the abdomen of the duck - billed dinosaur Edmontosaurus annectens , showing tubercular scales In dinosaurs , a tubercle is a general term for the scales seen in skin impressions . In duck - billed dinosaurs , for example , three main types of tubercles are defined : small tubercles with no definite arrangement ( ground tubercles ) ; larger , polygonal tubercles ( pavement tubercles ) up to 1 cm ( 0.4 in ) in diameter , which are grouped into clusters separated by ground tubercles ; and limpet - shaped conical scutes . In humans ( edit ) Within the human body there are numerous sites where tubercles develop . On bones , they are usually eminences used for muscle connections . Larger tubercles are also known as tuberosities . Within the lungs and on the genitals , tubercles are pathological . Mouth ( edit ) Tubercles are usually found behind the last molar in the upper jaw , covered by the gum . Surgery can be done to make tubercles less prominent . Bones ( edit ) Apophysis ossification : 1 -- epiphyseal ossification centre ; 2 -- diaphysis ; 3 -- apophyseal ossification centre The humerus of the upper arm has two tubercles , the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle . These are situated at the proximal end of the bone , that is the end that connects with the scapula . The greater / lesser tubercule are located from the top of the acromion laterally and inferiorly . The radius has two , the radial tuberosity and Lister 's tubercle . The most prominent tubercle of the tibia , a leg bone which is more commonly known as the shinbone or shankbone , is the tibial tuberosity . The tibial tuberosity is located on the tibia 's anterior surface , distal to the medial condyle . It creates a bony prominence just below the patella , and can be easily located with the fingers . It creates an attachment point for the ligamentum patellae , or patellar ligament . Other tubercles of the tibia include the medial intercondylar tubercle , the lateral intercondylar tubercle , and Gerdy 's tubercle . On a rib , tubercle is an eminence on the back surface , at the junction between the neck and the body of the rib . It consists of an articular and a non-articular area . The lower and more medial articular area is a small oval surface for articulation with the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae which gives attachment to the head . The higher , non-articular area is a rough elevation which gives attachment to the ligament of the tubercle . The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs . Lungs ( edit ) Main article : Tuberculosis Tubercles are nodules that contain caseous necrosis , which form in the lungs as a result of an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the patients with tuberculosis . Granulomas form in the infected tissue and undergo necrosis in the centre . Tubercles are also known as tuberculous nodules . The affected parts develop lesions in the form of small nodules called tubercles , from which the disease gets its name . Ears ( edit ) Around the sixth week of gestation , six swellings of tissue called the hillocks of Hiss arise around the area that will form the ear canal . These eventually coalesce to form the outer ear . Darwin 's tubercle , is a minor malformation of the junction of the fourth and fifth hillocks of Hiss . It is found in a substantial minority of people and takes the form of a cartilaginous node or bump on the rim of their outer ear , which is thought to be the vestige of a joint that allowed the top part of the ancestral ear to swivel or flop down over the opening to the ear . Genitals ( edit ) The genital tubercle is a small bump that eventually develops into a penis or a clitoris on a human fetus . Brain ( edit ) The septotubercular tract can be found in the human , as well as in the sheep brain . It is found nearby the septohypothalamic tract . Its function to the brain is ambiguous at this point . Also the tuberculum sellae is found at the base of the skull , which holds the hypophysis . See also ( edit ) Areolar glands , sebaceous glands surrounding the nipple References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Leading - edge tubercles delay stall on humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) flippers , DS Miklosovic , MM Murray , LE Howle , FE Fish , Physics of Fluids ( 1994 - present ) 16 ( 5 ) , L39 - L42 , 2004 Jump up ^ Lull , Richard Swann ; Wright , Nelda E. ( 1942 ) . Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America . Geological Society of America Special Paper 40 . Geological Society of America . pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ `` What is Tuberosity Reduction ? '' , Colgate World of Care Jump up ^ Laura Spinney ( 19 May 2008 ) . `` Five things humans no longer need '' . NewScientist.com news service . Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 . External links ( edit ) Tubercle at Cactus-Art.biz Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tubercle&oldid=825694787 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Human anatomy Animal anatomy Plant morphology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Italiano Қазақша Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 21 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
gerdy’s tubercle is a bony feature of which bone
[ "The most prominent tubercle of the tibia, a leg bone which is more commonly known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the tibial tuberosity. The tibial tuberosity is located on the tibia's anterior surface, distal to the medial condyle. It creates a bony prominence just below the patella, and can be easily located with the fingers. It creates an attachment point for the ligamentum patellae, or patellar ligament. Other tubercles of the tibia include the medial intercondylar tubercle, the lateral intercondylar tubercle, and Gerdy's tubercle.[citation needed]\n" ]
[ "the tibia" ]
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Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce
Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce - wikipedia Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom ( season 3 ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Bossing Up ( season 4 ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Ever After ( season 5 ) Based on Girlfriends ' Guides series by Vicki Iovine Developed by Marti Noxon Starring Lisa Edelstein Beau Garrett Necar Zadegan Paul Adelstein Janeane Garofalo Alanna Ubach Retta Composer ( s ) Robert Duncan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marti Noxon Vicki Iovine Meryl Poster Robert Duncan McNeill Liz Kruger Craig Shapiro Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Tiny Pyro Productions Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Bravo Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) -- July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) External links Official website Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom in season 3 , Girlfriends ' Guide to Bossing Up in season 4 , and Girlfriends ' Guide to Ever After in season 5 ) is an American comedy - drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo . Based on the Girlfriends ' Guides book series by Vicki Iovine , the series revolves around Abby McCarthy , a self - help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce . Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby . Beau Garrett and Necar Zadegan co-star . Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast . She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach . Paul Adelstein co-starred as a main cast member for the first two seasons , before being reduced to a recurring character for the third and fifth seasons . Retta recurred during the show 's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3 . Produced by Universal Cable Productions , it is the first original scripted series for Bravo . A 13 - episode first season was ordered by the network , which premiered on December 2 , 2014 . The show debuted to 1.04 million viewers . Critical reception for the series has initially been generally positive , with particular praise towards Edelstein 's performance and the series ' quality over the reality series on Bravo . The show was eventually renewed for a second season , which premiered on December 1 , 2015 . On April 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Bravo had renewed the show for a third , fourth and fifth season . On August 5 , 2016 , it was announced that the fifth season would be the show 's last . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Ratings 4 Broadcast 4.1 Home media and streaming 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lisa Edelstein as Abby McCarthy , a self - help book author in her early 40s in Los Angeles . Her marriage has recently ended , throwing both her personal and professional lives into serious disarray . Beau Garrett as Phoebe Conte , a recent divorcée and former model . Up until now she has been a typical free spirit but she is now seeking a more stable life . Necar Zadegan as Delia Banai , a divorce attorney who represents Abby in her divorce . She struggles with career and personal life balance . Paul Adelstein as Jake Novak , Abby 's husband from whom she is recently separated . He is a director with a limited amount of success and has up until now lived in Abby 's shadow . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring seasons 3 & 5 ) Janeane Garofalo as Lyla Straley , Abby 's friend , a divorcée and entertainment lawyer . A bitter custody battle with her ex causes her to flee California for Portland in the middle of season 1 . ( season 1 , episodes 1 -- 7 ) Alanna Ubach as Jo Hernandez - Frumpkis , Abby 's best friend from college who comes to live with her in LA . She is recently separated from her husband after finding out he had a second family . ( season 1 , episode 8 -- season 5 ) Retta as Barbara Sawyer , Abby 's co-worker at SheShe , who later becomes her business partner . ( seasons 3 -- 5 ; recurring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Julianna Guill as Becca Riley , Jake 's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show Patrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy , Abby 's brother J. August Richards as Ford , husband to Abby 's brother Warren Christie as Will , Abby 's new boyfriend Brian Markinson as Albert , Delia 's boss and long - time fling . Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon Matthew Glave as Gordon Beech , Delia 's client with whom she starts an affair Brandon Jay McLaren as Marco , Phoebe 's love interest Aaron Staton as JD , Phoebe 's love interest Jean Smart as Katherine Miller , Abby 's editor Mark Valley as Dr. Harris , Abby 's love interest Maury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis , Jo 's ex-husband Will Kemp as Scott , the vegan confectioner at Jo 's bakery Megan Hilty as Charlene , Frumpkis ' new girlfriend Charles Mesure as Ralf , Phoebe 's ex-husband James Lesure as Mike Brady , Charlie 's baseball coach Daisy Betts as Gemma Alison Thornton as Zooey Hernandez Frumpkis Guest ( edit ) Carrie Fisher as Cat Suke Kaiser as Kori Wingo , Phoebe 's former boss Bernadette Peters as Annie Laverne Cox as Adele Northrop Victor Webster as Carl , a male escort who Abby spends the night talking to Barry Bostwick as George , Abby 's dad Lesley Ann Warren as Dina , Abby 's mom Malcolm Jamal Warner as Darrell Kathie Lee Gifford as herself Hoda Kotb as herself Kyle Richards as herself Jessica Clark as Merete Denise Richards as Temple Hampton , Will 's new girlfriend Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 13 December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 7 January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 6 August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 5 6 June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Edelstein and Garofalo 's performances were praised by the critics . Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce was met with generally positive reviews from television critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from critics , the series received an average score of 69 , based on 21 reviews . Lori Rackl of Chicago Sun - Times gave the episode a 4 star rating ( out of 4 stars ) , calling it `` a sometimes hilarious , sometimes heartbreaking story about an L.A. - based self - help author '' and added that the first two episodes `` reveal a much more nuanced , poignant tale , punctuated by some genuinely funny scenes . '' LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the series a grade of `` A - '' , calling it `` a very solid drama '' that should be on HBO or Showtime . Ferguson also praised the characters and the series 's messiness , writing `` Visually , it 's almost flawless ( there 's one obvious green - screen moment in the pilot , but it 's not Ringer level ) , but every character here is deeply flawed . '' Los Angeles Times 's Mary McNamara lauded the series ' cast 's portrayal of the characters and deemed the series `` smartly acted , crisply written and willing to address all manner of issues -- marriage , betrayal , family economics , friendship , even the pitfalls of public domesticity -- in gratifyingly complex ways . '' Brian Lowry , writing for Variety , applauded the series ' cast and material , noting how it sticks to the network 's demographic while maintaining a level of quality . Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the series `` a smart , solid examination of just how messy relationships are and how hard it is to make them work . '' Slate 's Willa Paskin highlighted Edelstein 's portrayal of the lead character , describing her as `` very well cast , both commanding and nurturing enough to seem like the ideal advice - giver '' and noted that the series has `` a satisfying and complex take on social dynamics in friendship and romance . '' Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times praised Edelstein and Garofalo as `` one reason '' the show is entertaining and found the comic side of the series `` a lot more fun . '' Time 's writer James Poniewozik praised the writing and Edelstein 's `` sympathetic '' performance , noting that the latter `` grounds a show that often otherwise plays like young - adult fiction for actual adults . '' However , Poniewozik opined that `` there 's one lesson Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce has ( over ) learned from its Bravo peers : that there 's no reality so compelling that it ca n't be sweetened with a little Photoshop . '' David Hinckley , writing for the New York Daily News , highlighted the series ' best moments as those showing the messy side of marital discourse while heralding Edelstein 's performance as `` memorably moving . '' Margaret Lyons of Vulture was critical of the several aspects of the series , including the characters Abby and Lyla 's attitude on giving their spouses child support , but found the series to be its best `` at its nastiest . '' Ratings ( edit ) No. in Episode title Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 demo rating Viewership ( millions ) Ref series season Rule No. 23 : Never Lie to the Kids December 2 , 2014 Tuesdays 10 : 00 P.M. 0.5 1.04 Rule No. 174 : Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour December 9 , 2014 0.4 0.85 Rule No. 47 : Always Take Advantage of `` Me '' Time December 16 , 2014 0.3 0.70 Rule No. 426 : Fantasyland : A Great Place to Visit December 23 , 2014 0.3 0.77 5 5 Rule No. 21 : Leave Childishness to Children December 30 , 2014 0.4 0.87 6 6 Rule No 33 : When in Doubt , Run Away January 6 , 2015 0.4 0.87 7 7 Rule No. 67 : Do n't Kill the Princess January 13 , 2015 0.4 0.77 8 8 Rule No. 17 : Ask the Answer Lady January 20 , 2015 0.3 0.69 9 9 Rule No. 32 : F - You , Rob Frumpkis January 27 , 2015 0.4 0.91 10 10 Rule No. 3 : Do n't Stand in the Doorway February 3 , 2015 0.3 0.74 11 11 Rule No. 46 : Keep the Holidays Low Key February 10 , 2015 0.4 0.83 12 12 Rule No. 92 : Do n't Do the Crime If You Ca n't Do the Time February 17 , 2015 0.4 0.74 13 13 Rule No. 101 : Know When It 's Time to Move On February 24 , 2015 0.3 0.79 Broadcast ( edit ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce premiered in the United States on Bravo on December 2 , 2014 , in Canada on Slice on January 9 , 2015 , and in the United Kingdom on Lifetime UK on September 15 , 2015 . Home Media and streaming ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 13 , 2015 . On November 1 , 2015 season 1 of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce became available to stream in the US for Netflix subscribers . The show is also available from electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes , Amazon Instant Video , and Vudu . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Orders 13 Episodes of Scripted Drama ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' Starring Lisa Edelstein '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Picks Up Marti Noxon 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' As First Scripted Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' Renewed for Season Four + Bravo Greenlights Three New Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Season 2 of Bravo 's Scripted Series ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' To Premiere December 1 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' gets 3 - season renewal at Bravo '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' to End After Season 5 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2016 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' Adds ' Rake 's Necar Zadegan As New Regular '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alanna Ubach Joins Bravo 's ' Girlfriends Guide To Divorce ' , Matthew Glave & Virginia Williams To Recur '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Promotes Retta to Series Regular in Season 3 '' . TV Line . TVLine Media , LLC . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' to End After Season 5 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` GIRLFRIENDS ' GUIDE TO DIVORCE ( BRAVO ) '' . The Futun Critic . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo found a keeper with great new series ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago : Tim Knight . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 31 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , LaToya ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce is Bravo 's beautifully messy introduction to scripted drama '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago : The Onion , Inc . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Review ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' marries Bravo to good TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Austin Beutner . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' '' . Variety . Los Angeles . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` TV review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide ' is surprisingly good '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis : Ray Farris. Lee Enterprises . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Lowbrow and Delectable '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Divvying Up Perks , Pity , Scorn and Snark '' . The New York Times . New York City : Dean Baquet . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : The Image - Conscious Uncoupling of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce '' . Time . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday TV : One for the Family ( Toy Story ) and One for Adults ( Girlfriends ' Guide ) '' . TV Guide . Radnor : CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Bravo 's First Scripted Series , Is At Its Best When It 's At Its Nastiest '' . New York . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Benched ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Ink Master ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Moonshiners ' The Little Couple ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars '' Tops Heated Race `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : History 's `` Pawn Stars '' Holds Onto Crown `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce to premiere on Slice in Canada '' . The TV Watercooler . http://google.com/+JeevanBrar . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lifetime UK Acquires ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' , Sets September Premiere - TVWise '' . TVWise . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce : Season 1 , 2015 - 10 - 13 , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Olivia ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` What 's New On Netflix This Weekend : ' Manson Family Vacation ' , November Titles , And More '' . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Season 1 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Season 1 Episode - Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU - Watch Movies '' . www.vudu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . 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who plays abby's mother on girlfriends guide to divorce
[ "Lesley Ann Warren as Dina, Abby's mom" ]
[ "Lesley Ann Warren" ]
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North Carolina
North Carolina - wikipedia North Carolina This is the current revision of this page , as edited by NewYorkActuary ( talk contribs ) at 23 : 00 , 28 August 2017 ( updating for 2016 population estimates ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 23 : 00 , 28 August 2017 by NewYorkActuary ( talk contribs ) ( updating for 2016 population estimates ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state of North Carolina . For other uses , see North Carolina ( disambiguation ) . `` The Old North State '' redirects here . For the song of the same name , see The Old North State ( song ) . State of North Carolina Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Old North State ; Tar Heel State Motto ( s ) : Esse quam videri : `` To be , rather than to seem '' ( official ) ; First in Flight : First in Freedom Official language English Spoken languages As of 2000 English 90.70 % Spanish 6.18 % Demonym North Carolinian ( official ) ; Tar Heel ( colloquial ) Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro Charlotte metro area Area Ranked 28th Total 53,819 sq mi ( 139,390 km ) Width 170 miles ( 261 km ) Length 560 miles ( 901 km ) % water 9.5 Latitude 33 ° 50 ′ N to 36 ° 35 ′ N Longitude 75 ° 28 ′ W to 84 ° 19 ′ W Population Ranked 9th Total 10,146,788 ( 2016 est . ) Density 208.7 / sq mi ( 80.6 / km ) Ranked 15th Median household income $50,797 ( 38th ) Elevation Highest point Mount Mitchell 6,684 ft ( 2037 m ) Mean 700 ft ( 210 m ) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean sea level Before statehood Province of North Carolina Admission to Union November 21 , 1789 ( 12th ) Governor Roy Cooper ( D ) Lieutenant Governor Dan Forest ( R ) Legislature General Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Richard Burr ( R ) Thom Tillis ( R ) U.S. House delegation 10 Republicans 3 Democrats ( list ) Time zone Eastern : UTC - 5 / - 4 ISO 3166 US - NC Abbreviations NC , N.C. Website www.nc.gov ( show ) North Carolina state symbols The Flag of North Carolina The Seal of North Carolina Living insignia Bird Cardinal Butterfly Eastern tiger swallowtail Fish Red Drum Flower Flowering Dogwood Insect Western honeybee Marsupial Virginia Opossum ( state marsupial ) Tree Longleaf Pine Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Dance Clogging Food Scuppernong grape , sweet potato Fossil Megalodon teeth Gemstone Emerald Mineral Gold Rock Granite Song `` The Old North State '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2001 Lists of United States state symbols Wikivoyage has a travel guide for North Carolina . North Carolina ( / ˌnɔːrθ kærəˈlaɪnə / ( listen ) ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south , Tennessee to the west , Virginia to the north , and the Atlantic Ocean to the east . North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U.S. states . The state is divided into 100 counties . The capital is Raleigh . The most populous municipality is Charlotte , which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City . The state has a wide range of elevations , from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet ( 2,037 m ) at Mount Mitchell , the highest point in North America east of the Mississippi River . The climate of the coastal plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean . Most of the state falls in the humid subtropical climate zone . More than 300 miles ( 500 km ) from the coast , the western , mountainous part of the state has a subtropical highland climate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 2 History 2.1 Native Americans , lost colonies , and permanent settlement 2.2 Colonial period and Revolutionary War 2.3 Antebellum period 2.4 American Civil War 3 Demographics 3.1 Ethnicity 3.2 Languages 3.3 Religion 3.4 Most populated counties 3.5 Major cities 3.6 Largest combined statistical areas 4 Economy 5 Transportation 6 Government and politics 7 Education 7.1 Primary and secondary education 7.2 Colleges and universities 8 Media 9 Sports 10 Tourism 11 Recreation 12 Arts and culture 12.1 Music 12.2 Shopping 12.3 Cuisine and agriculture 12.4 Ships named for the state 12.5 State parks 12.6 State symbols 12.7 Armed forces installations 13 See also 14 References 15 Primary sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of North Carolina Köppen climate types of North Carolina North Carolina topographic map . North Carolina 's three topographic regions are evident : the Appalachian Mountains in brown , the Piedmont in yellow , and the Atlantic Coastal Plain in green . The Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the Blue Ridge Parkway . Deer in the Eno River as it flows through the Piedmont region of North Carolina View at end of Cherohala Skyway near Tellico Plains North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south , Georgia on the southwest , Tennessee on the west , Virginia on the north , and the Atlantic Ocean on the east . The United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region . North Carolina consists of three main geographic regions : the Atlantic coastal plain , occupying the eastern portion of the state ; the central Piedmont region , and the Mountain region in the west , which is part of the Appalachian Mountains . The coastal plain consists of more specifically - defined areas known as the Outer Banks , a string of sandy , narrow barrier islands separated from the mainland by sounds or inlets , including Albemarle Sound and Pamlico Sound , the tidewater region , the native home of the venus flytrap , and the inner coastal plain , where longleaf pine trees are native . So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the `` Graveyard of the Atlantic '' ; more than 1,000 ships have sunk in these waters since records began in 1526 . The most famous of these is the Queen Anne 's Revenge ( flagship of the pirate Blackbeard ) , which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718 . The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line , the elevation at which waterfalls first appear on streams and rivers . The Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the state 's most populous region , containing the six largest cities in the state by population . It consists of gently rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges . Small , isolated , and deeply eroded mountain ranges and peaks are located in the Piedmont , including the Sauratown Mountains , Pilot Mountain , the Uwharrie Mountains , Crowder 's Mountain , King 's Pinnacle , the Brushy Mountains , and the South Mountains . The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet ( 91 m ) in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) in the west . The western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range . Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains , Blue Ridge Mountains , and Black Mountains . The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States , and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet ( 2,037 m ) , the highest point east of the Mississippi River . Cullasaja Falls in Macon County North Carolina has 17 major river basins . The five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico , while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean . Of the 17 basins , 11 originate within the state of North Carolina , but only four are contained entirely within the state 's border -- the Cape Fear , the Neuse , the White Oak , and the Tar -- Pamlico basin . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of North Carolina Snow in Old Fort , North Carolina caused by the 2009 Blizzard Graveyard Fields in autumn A rainy day at Charlotte Motor Speedway Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state , with the mountain area being coolest year - round . The climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream , especially in the coastal plain . These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast , where temperatures only occasionally drop below the freezing point at night . The coastal plain averages around 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) of snow or ice annually , and in many years , there may be no snow or ice at all . The Atlantic Ocean exerts less influence on the climate of the Piedmont region , which has hotter summers and colder winters than along the coast , though the average daily maximum is still below 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) in most locations . North Carolina experiences severe weather in both summer and winter , with summer bringing threat of hurricanes , tropical storms , heavy rain , and flooding . Destructive hurricanes that have hit North Carolina include Hurricane Fran , Hurricane Floyd , and Hurricane Hazel , the latter being the strongest storm ever to make landfall in the state , as a Category 4 in 1954 . Hurricane Isabel ranks as the most destructive of the 21st century . North Carolina averages fewer than 20 tornadoes per year , many of them produced by hurricanes or tropical storms along the coastal plain . Tornadoes from thunderstorms are a risk , especially in the eastern part of the state . The western Piedmont is often protected by the mountains , which tend to break up storms as they try to cross over ; the storms will often re-form farther east . A phenomenon known as `` cold - air damming '' often occurs in the northwestern part of the state , which can weaken storms but can also lead to major ice events in winter . In April 2011 , the worst tornado outbreak in North Carolina 's history occurred . Thirty confirmed tornadoes touched down , mainly in the Eastern Piedmont and Sandhills , killing at least 24 people . Monthly normal high and low temperatures ( Fahrenheit ) for various North Carolina cities . City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Asheville 47 / 27 51 / 30 59 / 35 68 / 43 75 / 51 81 / 60 84 / 64 83 / 63 77 / 56 68 / 45 59 / 36 49 / 29 Boone 42 / 21 45 / 23 52 / 29 61 / 37 69 / 46 76 / 54 79 / 58 78 / 57 72 / 50 63 / 39 54 / 31 45 / 24 Cape Hatteras 52 / 39 54 / 40 59 / 45 66 / 53 74 / 61 81 / 69 85 / 74 84 / 73 80 / 69 72 / 60 64 / 51 56 / 43 Charlotte 51 / 30 55 / 33 63 / 39 72 / 47 79 / 56 86 / 64 89 / 68 88 / 67 81 / 60 72 / 49 62 / 39 53 / 32 Fayetteville 52 / 31 56 / 32 64 / 39 73 / 47 80 / 56 87 / 65 90 / 70 89 / 69 83 / 63 74 / 49 63 / 40 54 / 32 Greensboro 48 / 30 52 / 32 61 / 39 70 / 47 78 / 56 85 / 65 88 / 69 86 / 68 80 / 61 70 / 49 61 / 40 51 / 32 Raleigh 51 / 30 54 / 32 63 / 40 72 / 48 80 / 57 87 / 66 90 / 70 88 / 69 82 / 62 73 / 50 64 / 41 54 / 32 Wilmington 56 / 36 60 / 38 66 / 44 74 / 52 81 / 60 87 / 69 90 / 73 88 / 71 84 / 66 76 / 55 68 / 45 59 / 38 ( hide ) Climate data for North Carolina ( 1980 - 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 49.9 ( 9.9 ) 53.7 ( 12.1 ) 61.8 ( 16.6 ) 71 ( 22 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 85.2 ( 29.6 ) 88.1 ( 31.2 ) 86.8 ( 30.4 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) 52.5 ( 11.4 ) 70.17 ( 21.23 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 28.4 ( − 2 ) 30.9 ( − 0.6 ) 37.2 ( 2.9 ) 45.2 ( 7.3 ) 54 ( 12 ) 63 ( 17 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 58.9 ( 14.9 ) 47.2 ( 8.4 ) 38.3 ( 3.5 ) 30.8 ( − 0.7 ) 47.21 ( 8.4 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.7 ( 94 ) 3.5 ( 89 ) 4.2 ( 107 ) 3.5 ( 89 ) 3.8 ( 97 ) 4.3 ( 109 ) 4.8 ( 122 ) 4.7 ( 119 ) 4.3 ( 109 ) 3.3 ( 84 ) 3.3 ( 84 ) 3.5 ( 89 ) 46.9 ( 1,192 ) Source : USA.com History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of North Carolina Ceremony of Secotan warriors in North Carolina . Watercolour painted by English colonist John White in 1585 . A plaque to commemorate the first indigenous person who was converted to Christianity , Manteo at the Roanoke Colony Dr. M. T. Pope ( after whom the Pope House Museum was named ) , a prominent citizen of Raleigh , 1900 The North Carolina Museum of History , Raleigh Woodland - culture American Indians were in the area around 1000 BCE ; starting around 750 CE , Mississippian - culture Indians created larger political units with stronger leadership and more stable , longer - term settlements . During this time , important buildings were constructed as pyramidal , flat - topped buildings . By 1550 , many groups of American Indians lived in present - day North Carolina , including Chowanoke , Roanoke , Pamlico , Machapunga , Coree , Cape Fear Indians , Waxhaw , Waccamaw , and Catawba . Juan Pardo explored the area in 1566 -- 1567 , establishing Fort San Juan in 1567 at the site of the Native American community of Joara , a Mississippian culture regional chiefdom in the western interior , near the present - day city of Morganton . The fort lasted only 18 months ; the local inhabitants killed all but one of the 120 men Pardo had stationed at a total of six forts in the area . A later expedition by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe followed in 1584 , at the direction of Sir Walter Raleigh . In June 1718 , the pirate Blackbeard ran his flagship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge , aground at Beaufort Inlet , North Carolina , in present - day Carteret County . After the grounding her crew and supplies were transferred to smaller ships . In November , after appealing to the governor of North Carolina , who promised safe - haven and a pardon , Blackbeard was killed in an ambush by troops from Virginia . In 1996 Intersal , Inc. , a private firm , discovered the remains of a vessel likely to be the Queen Anne 's Revenge , which was added to the US National Register of Historic Places . North Carolina became one of the English Thirteen Colonies and with the territory of South Carolina was originally known as the Province of Carolina . The northern and southern parts of the original province separated in 1729 . Originally settled by small farmers , sometimes having a few slaves , who were oriented toward subsistence agriculture , the colony lacked cities or towns . Pirates menaced the coastal settlements , but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed . Growth was strong in the middle of the 18th century , as the economy attracted Scots - Irish , Quaker , English and German immigrants . The colonists generally supported the American Revolution , as the number of Loyalists was smaller than in some other colonies . During colonial times , Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722 , and New Bern was selected as the capital in 1766 . Construction of Tryon Palace , which served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon , began in 1767 and was completed in 1771 . In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital , as its central location protected it from coastal attacks . Officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital , the city was named after Sir Walter Raleigh , sponsor of Roanoke , the `` lost colony '' on Roanoke Island . North Carolina made the smallest per - capita contribution to the war of any state , as only 7,800 men joined the Continental Army under General George Washington ; an additional 10,000 served in local militia units under such leaders as General Nathanael Greene . There was some military action , especially in 1780 -- 81 . Many Carolinian frontiersmen had moved west over the mountains , into the Washington District ( later known as Tennessee ) , but in 1789 , following the Revolution , the state was persuaded to relinquish its claim to the western lands . It ceded them to the national government so that the Northwest Territory could be organized and managed nationally . After 1800 , cotton and tobacco became important export crops . The eastern half of the state , especially the Tidewater region , developed a slave society based on a plantation system and slave labor . Many free people of color migrated to the frontier along with their European - American neighbors , where the social system was looser . By 1810 , nearly 3 percent of the free population consisted of free people of color , who numbered slightly more than 10,000 . The western areas were dominated by white families , especially Scots - Irish , who operated small subsistence farms . In the early national period , the state became a center of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy , with a strong Whig presence , especially in the West . After Nat Turner 's slave uprising in 1831 , North Carolina and other southern states reduced the rights of free blacks . In 1835 the legislature withdrew their right to vote . On May 20 , 1861 , North Carolina was the last of the Confederate states to declare secession from the Union , 13 days after the Tennessee legislature voted for secession . Some 125,000 North Carolinians served in the military ; 20,000 were killed in battle , the most of any state in the Confederacy , and 21,000 died of disease . The state government was reluctant to support the demands of the national government in Richmond , and the state was the scene of only small battles . With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 , the Reconstruction Era began . The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen . A Republican Party coalition of black freedmen , northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags controlled state government for three years . The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870 , in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls , to suppress black voting . Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876 , when the Red Shirts , a paramilitary organization that arose in 1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party , helped suppress black voting . More than 150 black Americans were murdered in electoral violence in 1876 . Democrats were elected to the legislature and governor 's office , but the Populists attracted voters displeased with them . In 1896 a biracial , Populist - Republican Fusionist coalition gained the governor 's office . The Democrats regained control of the legislature in 1896 and passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation of public facilities . Voters of North Carolina 's 2nd congressional district elected a total of four African - American congressmen through these years of the late 19th century . Political tensions ran so high that a small group of white Democrats in 1898 planned to take over the Wilmington government if their candidates were not elected . In the Wilmington Insurrection of 1898 , more than 1,500 white men attacked the black newspaper and neighborhood , killed numerous men , and ran off the white Republican mayor and aldermen . They installed their own people and elected Alfred M. Waddell as mayor , in the only coup d'état in United States history . In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution , with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state . Exclusion from voting had wide effects : it meant that black Americans could not serve on juries or in any local office . After a decade of white supremacy , many people forgot that North Carolina had ever had thriving middle - class black Americans . Black citizens had no political voice in the state until after the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to enforce their constitutional rights . It was not until 1992 that another African American was elected as a US Representative from North Carolina . As in the rest of the former Confederacy , North Carolina had become a one - party state , dominated by the Democratic Party . Impoverished by the Civil War , the state continued with an economy based on tobacco , cotton and agriculture . Towns and cities remained few in the east . A major industrial base emerged in the late 19th century in the western counties of the Piedmont , based on cotton mills established at the fall line . Railroads were built to connect the new industrializing cities . The state was the site of the first successful controlled , powered and sustained heavier - than - air flight , by the Wright brothers , near Kitty Hawk on December 17 , 1903 . In the first half of the 20th century , many African Americans left the state to go North for better opportunities , in the Great Migration . Their departure changed the demographic characteristics of many areas . North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression , but the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers . After World War II , the state 's economy grew rapidly , highlighted by the growth of such cities as Charlotte , Raleigh , and Durham in the Piedmont . Raleigh , Durham , and Chapel Hill form the Research Triangle , a major area of universities and advanced scientific and technical research . In the 1990s , Charlotte became a major regional and national banking center . Tourism has also been a boon for the North Carolina economy as people flock to the Outer Banks coastal area and the Appalachian Mountains anchored by Asheville . By the 1970s , spurred in part by the increasingly leftward tilt of national Democrats , conservative whites began to vote for Republican national candidates and gradually for more Republicans locally . The Greensboro Sit - ins played a crucial role in the Civil Rights Movement to bring full equality to American blacks . Native Americans , lost colonies , and permanent settlement ( edit ) See also : Native Americans in the United States , Joara , Roanoke Island , and Fort Raleigh National Historic Site Map of the coast of Virginia and North Carolina , drawn 1585 -- 1586 by Theodor de Bry , based on map by John White of the Roanoke Colony North Carolina was inhabited for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of prehistoric indigenous cultures . Before 200 AD , they were building earthwork mounds , which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes . Succeeding peoples , including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by 1000 AD in the Piedmont , continued to build or add on to such mounds . In the 500 -- 700 years preceding European contact , the Mississippian culture built large , complex cities and maintained far - flung regional trading networks . Its largest city was Cahokia , located in present - day Illinois near the Mississippi River . Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region include the Carolina Algonquian - speaking tribes of the coastal areas , such as the Chowanoke , Roanoke , Pamlico , Machapunga , Coree , and Cape Fear Indians , who were the first encountered by the English ; the Iroquoian - speaking Meherrin , Cherokee , and Tuscarora of the interior ; and Southeastern Siouan tribes , such as the Cheraw , Waxhaw , Saponi , Waccamaw , and Catawba . Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara , a regional chiefdom near present - day Morganton . Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540 . In 1567 Captain Juan Pardo led an expedition to claim the area for the Spanish colony and to establish another route to protect silver mines in Mexico . Pardo made a winter base at Joara , which he renamed Cuenca . His expedition built Fort San Juan and left a contingent of 30 men there , while Pardo traveled further , and built and garrisoned five other forts . He returned by a different route to Santa Elena on Parris Island , South Carolina , then a center of Spanish Florida . In the spring of 1568 , natives killed all but one of the soldiers and burned the six forts in the interior , including the one at Fort San Juan . Although the Spanish never returned to the interior , this effort marked the first European attempt at colonization of the interior of what became the United States . A 16th - century journal by Pardo 's scribe Bandera and archaeological findings since 1986 at Joara have confirmed the settlement . John White returns to find the colony abandoned . In 1584 , Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh , for whom the state capital is named , for land in present - day North Carolina ( then part of the territory of Virginia ) . It was the second American territory which the English attempted to colonize . Raleigh established two colonies on the coast in the late 1580s , but both failed . The fate of the `` Lost Colony '' of Roanoke Island remains one of the most widely debated mysteries of American history . Virginia Dare , the first English child to be born in North America , was born on Roanoke Island on August 18 , 1587 ; Dare County is named for her . As early as 1650 , settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound . By 1663 , King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent ; it generally established North Carolina 's borders . He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665 , a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions . In 1710 , owing to disputes over governance , the Carolina colony began to split into North Carolina and South Carolina . The latter became a crown colony in 1729 . In the 1700s , a series of smallpox epidemics swept the South , causing high fatalities among the Native Americans , who had no immunity to the new disease ( it had become endemic in Europe ) . According to the historian Russell Thornton , `` The 1738 epidemic was said to have killed one - half of the Cherokee , with other tribes of the area suffering equally . '' Colonial period and Revolutionary War ( edit ) See also : Province of Carolina , Province of North Carolina , and American Revolutionary War Reconstructed royal governor 's mansion Tryon Palace in New Bern After the Spanish in the 16th century , the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English colonists who migrated south from Virginia . The latter had grown rapidly and land was less available . Nathaniel Batts was documented as one of the first of these Virginian migrants . He settled south of the Chowan River and east of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655 . By 1663 , this northeastern area of the Province of Carolina , known as the Albemarle Settlements , was undergoing full - scale English settlement . During the same period , the English monarch Charles II gave the province to the Lords Proprietors , a group of noblemen who had helped restore Charles to the throne in 1660 . The new province of `` Carolina '' was named in honor and memory of King Charles I ( Latin : Carolus ) . In 1712 , North Carolina became a separate colony . Except for the Earl Granville holdings , it became a royal colony seventeen years later . A large revolt happened in the state in 1711 known as Cary 's Rebellion . Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina , or the Low Country and uplands , affected the political , economic , and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century . The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands . The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots - Irish , English , and German Protestants , the so - called `` cohee '' . Arriving during the mid - to late 18th century , the Scots - Irish from what is today Northern Ireland were the largest non-English immigrant group before the Revolution ; English indentured servants were overwhelmingly the largest immigrant group before the Revolution . During the American Revolutionary War , the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the British Crown , because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain . The English , Welsh , Scots - Irish , and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence from Britain . Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants , hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage . In the early years the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid . Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a lifelong status . Most of the free colored families formed in North Carolina before the Revolution were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free African or African - American men . Because the mothers were free , their children were born free . Many had migrated or were descendants of migrants from colonial Virginia . As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in Great Britain , planters imported more slaves , and the state 's legal delineations between free and slave status tightened , effectively hardening the latter into a racial caste . The economy 's growth and prosperity was based on slave labor , devoted first to the production of tobacco . On April 12 , 1776 , the colony became the first to instruct its delegates to the Continental Congress to vote for independence from the British Crown , through the Halifax Resolves passed by the North Carolina Provincial Congress . The dates of both of these events are memorialized on the state flag and state seal . Throughout the Revolutionary War , fierce guerrilla warfare erupted between bands of pro-independence and pro-British colonists . In some cases the war was also an excuse to settle private grudges and rivalries . A major American victory in the war took place at King 's Mountain along the North Carolina -- South Carolina border ; on October 7 , 1780 , a force of 1000 mountain men from western North Carolina ( including what is today the state of Tennessee ) and southwest Virginia overwhelmed a force of some 1000 British troops led by Major Patrick Ferguson . Most of the soldiers fighting for the British side in this battle were Carolinians who had remained loyal to the Crown ( they were called `` Tories '' or Loyalists ) . The American victory at Kings Mountain gave the advantage to colonists who favored American independence , and it prevented the British Army from recruiting new soldiers from the Tories . 1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford The road to Yorktown and America 's independence from Great Britain led through North Carolina . As the British Army moved north from victories in Charleston and Camden , South Carolina , the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia prepared to meet them . Following General Daniel Morgan 's victory over the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17 , 1781 , southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina , and away from the latter 's base of supply in Charleston , South Carolina . This campaign is known as `` The Race to the Dan '' or `` The Race for the River . '' In the Battle of Cowan 's Ford , Cornwallis met resistance along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan 's Ford on February 1 , 1781 , in an attempt to engage General Morgan 's forces during a tactical withdrawal . Morgan had moved to the northern part of the state to combine with General Greene 's newly recruited forces . Generals Greene and Cornwallis finally met at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in present - day Greensboro on March 15 , 1781 . Although the British troops held the field at the end of the battle , their casualties at the hands of the numerically superior Continental Army were crippling . Following this `` Pyrrhic victory '' , Cornwallis chose to move to the Virginia coastline to get reinforcements , and to allow the Royal Navy to protect his battered army . This decision would result in Cornwallis ' eventual defeat at Yorktown , Virginia , later in 1781 . The Patriots ' victory there guaranteed American independence . Antebellum period ( edit ) On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution . In 1840 , it completed the state capitol building in Raleigh , still standing today . Most of North Carolina 's slave owners and large plantations were located in the eastern portion of the state . Although North Carolina 's plantation system was smaller and less cohesive than that of Virginia , Georgia , or South Carolina , significant numbers of planters were concentrated in the counties around the port cities of Wilmington and Edenton , as well as suburban planters around the cities of Raleigh , Charlotte , and Durham in the Piedmont . Planters owning large estates wielded significant political and socio - economic power in antebellum North Carolina , which was a slave society . They placed their interests above those of the generally non-slave - holding `` yeoman '' farmers of western North Carolina . In mid-century , the state 's rural and commercial areas were connected by the construction of a 129 - mile ( 208 km ) wooden plank road , known as a `` farmer 's railroad '' , from Fayetteville in the east to Bethania ( northwest of Winston - Salem ) . Map of the roads and railroads of North Carolina , 1854 Besides slaves , there were a number of free people of color in the state . Most were descended from free African Americans who had migrated along with neighbors from Virginia during the 18th century . The majority were the descendants of unions in the working classes between white women , indentured servants or free , and African men , indentured , slave or free . After the Revolution , Quakers and Mennonites worked to persuade slaveholders to free their slaves . Some were inspired by their efforts and the language of the Revolution to arrange for manumission of their slaves . The number of free people of color rose markedly in the first couple of decades after the Revolution . On October 25 , 1836 , construction began on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad to connect the port city of Wilmington with the state capital of Raleigh . In 1849 the North Carolina Railroad was created by act of the legislature to extend that railroad west to Greensboro , High Point , and Charlotte . During the Civil War , the Wilmington - to - Raleigh stretch of the railroad would be vital to the Confederate war effort ; supplies shipped into Wilmington would be moved by rail through Raleigh to the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia . During the antebellum period , North Carolina was an overwhelmingly rural state , even by Southern standards . In 1860 only one North Carolina town , the port city of Wilmington , had a population of more than 10,000 . Raleigh , the state capital , had barely more than 5,000 residents . While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than in some Southern states , according to the 1860 census , more than 330,000 people , or 33 % of the population of 992,622 , were enslaved African Americans . They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater . In addition , 30,463 free people of color lived in the state . They were also concentrated in the eastern coastal plain , especially at port cities such as Wilmington and New Bern , where a variety of jobs were available . Free African Americans were allowed to vote until 1835 , when the state revoked their suffrage in restrictions following the slave rebellion of 1831 led by Nat Turner . Southern slave codes criminalized willful killing of a slave in most cases . American Civil War ( edit ) Main article : North Carolina in the American Civil War Further information : American Civil War Union captures Fort Fisher , 1865 In 1860 , North Carolina was a slave state , in which one - third of the population was enslaved . This was a smaller proportion than in many Southern states . The state did not vote to join the Confederacy until President Abraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state , South Carolina , becoming the last or second - to - last state to officially join the Confederacy . The title of `` last to join the Confederacy '' has been disputed ; although Tennessee 's informal secession on May 7 , 1861 , preceded North Carolina 's official secession on May 20 , the Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until June 8 , 1861 . North Carolina was the site of few battles , but it provided the Confederacy with at least 125,000 troops , which is far more than any other state did . Approximately 40,000 of those troops died : more than half of disease , the remainder from battlefield wounds and from starvation . North Carolina also supplied about 15,000 Union troops . Elected in 1862 , Governor Zebulon Baird Vance tried to maintain state autonomy against Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Richmond . Sculpture of Confederate soldier Silent Sam , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , by John Wilson After secession , some North Carolinians refused to support the Confederacy . Some of the yeoman farmers in the state 's mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War , while some covertly supported the Union cause during the conflict . Approximately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North Carolina enlisted in the Union Army and fought for the North in the war . Two additional Union Army regiments were raised in the coastal areas of the state , which were occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863 . Numerous slaves escaped to Union lines , where they became essentially free . Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern Virginia , the Confederacy 's most famous army . The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville , which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman 's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865 . In April 1865 , after losing the Battle of Morrisville , Johnston surrendered to Sherman at Bennett Place , in what is today Durham . North Carolina 's port city of Wilmington was the last Confederate port to fall to the Union , in February 1865 , after the Union won the nearby Second Battle of Fort Fisher , its major defense downriver . Bennett Place historic site in Durham The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina , in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861 . At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 , the 26th North Carolina Regiment participated in Pickett / Pettigrew 's Charge and advanced the farthest into the Northern lines of any Confederate regiment . During the Battle of Chickamauga , the 58th North Carolina Regiment advanced farther than any other regiment on Snodgrass Hill to push back the remaining Union forces from the battlefield . At Appomattox Court House in Virginia in April 1865 , the 75th North Carolina Regiment , a cavalry unit , fired the last shots of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War . For many years , North Carolinians proudly boasted that they had been `` First at Bethel , Farthest at Gettysburg and Chickamauga , and Last at Appomattox . '' Demographics ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 393,751 -- 1800 478,103 21.4 % 1810 556,526 16.4 % 1820 638,829 14.8 % 1830 737,987 15.5 % 1840 753,419 2.1 % 1850 869,039 15.3 % 1860 992,622 14.2 % 1870 1,071,361 7.9 % 1880 1,399,750 30.7 % 1890 1,617,949 15.6 % 1900 1,893,810 17.1 % 1910 2,206,287 16.5 % 1920 2,559,123 16.0 % 1930 3,170,276 23.9 % 1940 3,571,623 12.7 % 1950 4,061,929 13.7 % 1960 4,556,155 12.2 % 1970 5,082,059 11.5 % 1980 5,881,766 15.7 % 1990 6,628,637 12.7 % 2000 8,049,313 21.4 % 2010 9,535,471 18.5 % Est. 2016 10,146,788 6.4 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2016 estimate Main article : Demographics of North Carolina The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of North Carolina was 10,146,788 on July 1 , 2016 , a 6.4 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . Of the people residing in North Carolina , 58.5 % were born in North Carolina , 33.1 % were born in another US state , 1.0 % were born in Puerto Rico , U.S. Island areas , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) , and 7.4 % were born in another country . As of 2011 , 49.8 % of North Carolina 's population younger than age 1 were minorities . Ethnicity ( edit ) Demographics of North Carolina covers the varieties of ethnic groups that reside in North Carolina , along with the relevant trends . The state 's racial composition in the 2010 Census : White : 68.5 % ( 65.3 % non-Hispanic white , 3.2 % White Hispanic ) Black or African American : 21.5 % Latin and Hispanic American of any race : 8.4 % Some other race : 4.3 % Multiracial American : 2.2 % Asian American : 2.2 % Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander : 1 % North Carolina Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 2010 White 75.6 % 72.1 % 68.5 % Black 22.0 % 21.6 % 21.4 % Asian 0.8 % 1.4 % 2.2 % Native 1.2 % 1.2 % 1.3 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- 0.1 % 0.1 % Other race 0.5 % 2.3 % 4.3 % Two or more races -- 1.3 % 2.3 % As of 2011 , 49.8 % of North Carolina 's population younger than age 1 were minorities ( meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white ) . Languages ( edit ) As of 2010 , 89.66 % ( 7,750,904 ) of North Carolina residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 6.93 % ( 598,756 ) spoke Spanish , 0.32 % ( 27,310 ) French , 0.27 % ( 23,204 ) German , and Chinese ( which includes Mandarin ) was spoken as a main language by 0.27 % ( 23,072 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 10.34 % ( 893,735 ) of North Carolina 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . Top 15 Non-English Languages Spoken in North Carolina Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 6.93 % French 0.32 % German 0.27 % Chinese ( including Mandarin ) 0.27 % Vietnamese 0.24 % Arabic 0.17 % Korean 0.16 % Tagalog 0.13 % Hindi 0.12 % Gujarati , Russian , and Hmong ( tied ) 0.11 % Italian and Japanese ( tied ) 0.08 % Cherokee 0.01 % Religion ( edit ) Religious affiliation Christian 84 % Evangelical Protestant 41 % Mainline Protestant 21 % Black Protestant 13 % Roman Catholic 9 % Buddhist 1 % Other religions 2 % Irreligious 12 % Do n't know / refuse 1 % Data as of 2008 North Carolina residents , like those of other Southern states , since the colonial era have historically been overwhelmingly Protestant , first Anglican , then Baptist and Methodist . By the late 19th century , the largest Protestant denomination was the Baptist . After the Civil War , black Baptists were not allowed in white churches , due to segregation , and set up their own independent congregations . Black Baptists went on to develop their own state and national associations , to be free of white supervision . While the Baptists in total ( counting both blacks and whites ) have maintained the majority in this part of the country ( known as the Bible Belt ) , the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths , including Judaism , Islam , Baha'i , Buddhism , and Hinduism . As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest denomination , with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 members ; the second largest was the United Methodist Church , with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches . The third was the Roman Catholic Church , with 428,000 members in 190 congregations . The fourth greatest was the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , with 186,000 members and 710 congregations ; this denomination was brought by Scots - Irish immigrants who settled the backcountry in the colonial era . The state also has a special history with the Moravian Church , as settlers of this faith ( largely of German origin ) found a home in the Winston - Salem area in the 18th and 19th centuries . Presbyterians , historically Scots - Irish , have had a strong presence in Charlotte and in Scotland County . Currently , the rapid influx of northerners and immigrants from Latin America is steadily increasing ethnic and religious diversity : the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in the state has increased , as well as general religious diversity . The second - largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina after Baptist traditions is Methodism , which is strong in the northern Piedmont , especially in populous Guilford County . There are also a substantial number of Quakers in Guilford County and northeastern North Carolina . Many universities and colleges in the state have been founded on religious traditions , and some currently maintain that affiliation , including : Belmont Abbey College ( Catholic ) Bennett College for Women ( United Methodist Church ) Campbell University ( Baptist ) Catawba College ( United Church of Christ ) Chowan University ( Baptist ) Davidson College ( Presbyterian ) Duke University ( Historically Methodist ) Elon University ( United Church of Christ ) Gardner -- Webb University ( Cooperative Baptist Fellowship ) Greensboro College ( Methodist ) Guilford College ( Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) ) High Point University ( United Methodist Church ) Lees - McRae College ( Presbyterian ) Lenoir - Rhyne University ( Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ) Livingstone College ( African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church ) Louisburg College ( United Methodist Church ) Mars Hill University ( Christian ) Methodist University ( United Methodist Church ) Montreat College ( Christian ) University of Mount Olive ( Baptist ) North Carolina Wesleyan College ( United Methodist Church ) William Peace University ( Presbyterian ) Pfeiffer University ( Methodist ) Queens University of Charlotte ( Presbyterian ) St. Andrews Presbyterian College ( Presbyterian ) Saint Augustine 's College ( Episcopal ) Salem College ( Moravian Church ) Shaw University ( Baptist ) Wake Forest University ( Historically Baptist ) Warren Wilson College ( Historically Presbyterian ) Wingate University ( Historically Baptist ) The state also has several major seminaries , including the Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Wake Forest , and the Hood Theological Seminary ( AME Zion ) in Salisbury . Most populated counties ( edit ) See also : List of counties in North Carolina In 2016 , the US Census Bureau released 2015 population estimate counts for North Carolina 's counties . Mecklenburg County has the largest population , while Wake County has the second largest population in North Carolina . Major cities ( edit ) See also : List of municipalities in North Carolina In 2016 , the US Census Bureau released 2015 population estimate counts for North Carolina 's cities with populations above 70,000 . Charlotte has the largest population , while Raleigh has the highest population density of North Carolina 's largest cities . Largest cities or towns in North Carolina Source : Rank Name County Pop . Charlotte Raleigh 1 Charlotte Mecklenburg 827,097 Greensboro Durham 2 Raleigh Wake 451,066 3 Greensboro Guilford 285,342 4 Durham Durham 257,636 5 Winston - Salem Forsyth 241,218 6 Fayetteville Cumberland 201,963 7 Cary Wake 159,769 8 Wilmington New Hanover 115,933 9 High Point Guilford 110,268 10 Greenville Pitt 90,597 Largest Combined Statistical areas ( edit ) Charlotte skyline North Carolina has three major Combined Statistical Areas with populations of more than 1.6 million ( U.S. Census Bureau 2015 estimates ) : Metrolina : Charlotte -- Gastonia -- Salisbury , North Carolina - South Carolina -- population 2,583,956 The Research Triangle : Raleigh -- Durham -- Chapel Hill , North Carolina -- population 2,117,103 The Piedmont Triad : Greensboro -- Winston - Salem -- High Point , North Carolina -- population 1,642,506 Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of North Carolina See also : North Carolina locations by per capita income North Carolina has a very diverse economy because of its great availability of hydroelectric power , its pleasant climate , and its wide variety of soils . The state ranks third among the South Atlantic states in population , but leads the region in industry and agriculture . North Carolina leads the nation in the production of tobacco , textiles , and furniture . Charlotte , the state 's largest city , is a major textile and trade center . According to a Forbes article written in 2013 Employment in the `` Old North State '' has gained many different industry sectors . See the following article summary : science , technology , energy and math , or STEM , industries in the area surrounding North Carolina 's capital have grown 17.9 percent since 2001 , placing Raleigh - Cary at No. 5 among the 51 largest metro areas in the country where technology is booming . In 2010 North Carolina 's total gross state product was $424.9 billion , while the state debt in November 2012 , according to one source , totalled US $2.4 bn , while according to another , was in 2012 US $57.8 bn . In 2011 the civilian labor force was at around 4.5 million with employment near 4.1 million . The working population is employed across the major employment sectors . The economy of North Carolina covers 15 metropolitan areas . In 2010 , North Carolina was chosen as the third - best state for business by Forbes Magazine , and the second - best state by Chief Executive Officer Magazine . North Carolina is the leading US state in production of flue - cured tobacco and sweet potatoes , and is second in production of pigs and hogs , trout , and turkeys . In the three most recent USDA surveys ( 2002 , 2007 , 2012 ) , North Carolina also ranked second in Christmas tree production . Based on American Community Survey 2010 - 2014 data , North Carolina 's median household income was $46,693 . It ranked forty first out of fifty states plus the District of Columbia for median household income . North Carolina had the fourteenth highest poverty rate in the nation at 17.6 % . 13 % of families were below the poverty line . Transportation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Transportation in North Carolina A North Carolina license plate . Transportation systems in North Carolina consist of air , water , road , rail , and public transportation including intercity rail via Amtrak and light rail in Charlotte . North Carolina has the second - largest state highway system in the country as well as the largest ferry system on the east coast . North Carolina 's airports serve destinations throughout the United States and international destinations in Canada , Europe , Central America , and the Caribbean . In 2013 Charlotte Douglas International Airport ranked as the 23rd busiest airport in the world . North Carolina has a growing passenger rail system with Amtrak serving most major cities . Charlotte is also home to North Carolina 's only light rail system known as the Lynx . Government and Politics ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Government of North Carolina and Politics of North Carolina North Carolina statewide election results Year Office Republican Democratic Other 2016 Governor 48.8 % 2,298,880 49.0 % 2,309,157 2.2 % 102,977 President 49.8 % 2,362,631 46.2 % 2,189,316 4.0 % 189,617 Senate 51.1 % 2,395,376 45.4 % 2,128,165 3.6 % 167,592 2014 Senate 48.8 % 1,423,259 47.3 % 1,377,651 3.9 % 114,371 2012 Governor 54.6 % 2,440,707 43.2 % 1,931.580 2.2 % 96,008 President 50.4 % 2,270,395 48.4 % 2,178,391 1.3 % 56,586 2010 Senate 54.8 % 1,458,046 43.1 % 1,145,074 2.1 % 56,959 2008 Governor 46.9 % 2,001,168 50.3 % 2,146,189 2.9 % 121,584 President 49.4 % 2,128,474 49.7 % 2,142,651 0.9 % 39,664 Senate 44.2 % 1,887,510 52.7 % 2,249,311 3.2 % 135,149 2004 Governor 42.9 % 1,495,021 55.6 % 1,939,154 1.5 % 52,513 President 56.0 % 1,961,166 43.6 % 1,525,849 0.4 % 13,992 Senate 51.6 % 1,791,450 47.0 % 1,632,527 1.4 % 48,105 2002 Senate 53.6 % 1,248,664 45.0 % 1,047,983 1.5 % 34,534 2000 Governor 46.3 % 1,360,960 52.0 % 1,530,324 1.7 % 50,778 President 56.0 % 1,631,163 43.2 % 1,257,692 0.8 % 22,407 1998 Senate 47.0 % 945,943 51.2 % 1,029,237 1.8 % 36,963 1996 Governor 42.8 % 1,097,053 56.0 % 1,436,638 1.3 % 32,494 President 48.7 % 1,225,938 44.0 % 1,107,849 7.2 % 182,020 Senate 52.6 % 1,345,833 45.9 % 1,173,875 1.4 % 36,748 1992 Governor 43.2 % 1,121,955 52.7 % 1,368,246 4.1 % 104,983 President 43.4 % 1,134,661 42.7 % 1,114,042 13.9 % 363,147 Senate 50.4 % 1,297,892 46.3 % 1,194,015 3.3 % 85,984 Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . North Carolina State Legislative Building The government of North Carolina is divided into three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . These consist of the Council of State ( led by the Governor ) , the bicameral legislature ( called the General Assembly ) , and the state court system ( headed by the North Carolina Supreme Court ) . The state constitution delineates the structure and function of the state government . North Carolina has 13 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and two seats in the U.S. Senate . North Carolina 's party loyalties have undergone a series of important shifts in the last few years : While the 2010 midterms saw Tar Heel voters elect a bicameral Republican majority legislature for the first time in over a century , North Carolina has also become a Southern swing state in presidential races . Since Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter 's comfortable victory in the state in 1976 , the state had consistently leaned Republican in presidential elections until Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state in 2008 . In the 1990s , Democrat Bill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in 1992 and also only narrowly lost the state in 1996 . In the early 2000s , Republican George W. Bush easily won the state by over 12 points , but by 2008 , demographic shifts , population growth , and increased liberalization in heavily populated areas such as the Research Triangle , Charlotte , Greensboro , Winston - Salem , Fayetteville , and Asheville , propelled Barack Obama to victory in North Carolina , the first Democrat to win the state since 1976 . In 2012 , North Carolina was again considered a competitive swing state , with the Democrats even holding their 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte . However , Republican Mitt Romney ultimately eked out a 2 - point win in North Carolina , the only 2012 swing state that Obama lost , and one of only two states ( along with Indiana ) to flip from Obama in 2008 to the GOP in 2012 . In 2012 , the state elected a Republican Governor ( Pat McCrory ) and Lieutenant Governor ( Dan Forest ) for the first time in more than two decades , while also giving the Republicans veto - proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate . Several U.S. House of Representatives seats also flipped control , with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats ' four . In the 2014 mid-term elections , Republican David Rouzer won the state 's Seventh Congressional District seat , increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10 - 3 in favor of the GOP . Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary Education ( edit ) See also : List of school districts in North Carolina and List of high schools in North Carolina A lesson at Kituwah Academy on the Qualla Boundary in North Carolina . The language immersion school , operated by the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians , teaches the same curriculum as other state primary schools , but the Native American Cherokee language is the medium of instruction from pre-school on up and students learn it as a first language . Such schools have proven instrumental in the preservation and perpetuation of the Cherokee language . Elementary and secondary public schools are overseen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction . The North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction is the secretary of the North Carolina State Board of Education , but the board , rather than the superintendent , holds most of the legal authority for making public education policy . In 2009 , the board 's chairman also became the `` chief executive officer '' for the state 's school system . North Carolina has 115 public school systems , each of which is overseen by a local school board . A county may have one or more systems within it . The largest school systems in North Carolina are the Wake County Public School System , Charlotte - Mecklenburg Schools , Guilford County Schools , Winston - Salem / Forsyth County Schools , and Cumberland County Schools . In total there are 2,425 public schools in the state , including 99 charter schools . North Carolina Schools were segregated until the Brown v. Board of Education trial and the release of the Pearsall Plan . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Further information : List of colleges and universities in North Carolina and List of universities in North Carolina by enrollment In 1795 , North Carolina opened the first public university in the United States -- the University of North Carolina ( now named the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) . More than 200 years later , the University of North Carolina system encompasses 17 public universities including North Carolina State University , North Carolina A&T State University , North Carolina Central University , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , East Carolina University , Western Carolina University , Winston - Salem State University , the University of North Carolina at Asheville , the University of North Carolina at Charlotte , the University of North Carolina at Pembroke , UNC Wilmington , Elizabeth City State University , Appalachian State University , Fayetteville State University , and UNC School of the Arts , and . Along with its public universities , North Carolina has 58 public community colleges in its community college system. The largest university in North Carolina is currently North Carolina State University , with more than 34,000 students . Duke Chapel at Duke University Old Well at UNC - Chapel Hill Memorial Bell Tower at NC State Wait Chapel at Wake Forest University The Joyner Library clock tower at East Carolina University The New Quad at UNC Charlotte The Fountain at University of North Carolina at Greensboro North Carolina is also home to many well - known private colleges and universities , including Duke University , Wake Forest University , Pfeiffer University , Lees - McRae College , Davidson College , Barton College , North Carolina Wesleyan College , Elon University , Guilford College , Livingstone College , Salem College , Shaw University ( the first historically black college or university in the South ) , Laurel University , Meredith College , Methodist University , Belmont Abbey College ( the only Catholic college in the Carolinas ) , Campbell University , University of Mount Olive , Montreat College , High Point University , Lenoir - Rhyne University ( the only Lutheran university in North Carolina ) and Wingate University . Tree map depicting post-secondary education institutions in North Carolina . Each is sized by its relative share of degrees awarded . The colors noted in the key below refer to the type of institution . From left to right , these are 1 ) Public , 4 + year , 2 ) Public , 2 year 3 ) Private , not - for - profit 4 + year 4 ) Private , for - profit 4 + year , 5 ) Private , for - profit , 2 year 6 ) Private , for - profit , < 2 year 7 ) Private , non-profit , 2 year 8 ) Private , non-profit , < 2 year . Media ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) See also : Category : North Carolina media Sports ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Sports in North Carolina North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises : the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte , while the Raleigh - based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League . The Panthers and Hurricanes are the only two major professional sports teams that have the same geographical designation while playing in different metropolitan areas . The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship , having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006 . North Carolina is also home to two other top - level professional teams in less prominent sports -- the Charlotte Hounds of Major League Lacrosse and the North Carolina Courage of the National Women 's Soccer League . While North Carolina has no Major League Baseball team , it does have numerous minor league baseball teams , with the highest level of play coming from the AAA - affiliated Charlotte Knights and Durham Bulls . Additionally , North Carolina has minor league teams in other team sports including soccer and ice hockey , most notably North Carolina FC and the Charlotte Checkers , both of which play in the second tier of their respective sports . In addition to professional team sports , North Carolina has a strong affiliation with NASCAR and stock - car racing , with Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord hosting two Cup Series races every year . Charlotte also hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame , while Concord is the home of several top - flight racing teams , including Hendrick Motorsports , Roush Fenway Racing , Richard Petty Motorsports , Stewart - Haas Racing , and Chip Ganassi Racing . Numerous other tracks around North Carolina host races from low - tier NASCAR circuits as well . Golf is a popular summertime leisure activity , and North Carolina has hosted several important professional golf tournaments . Pinehurst Resort in Pinehurst has hosted a PGA Championship , Ryder Cup , two U.S. Opens , and one U.S. Women 's Open . The Wells Fargo Championship is a regular stop on the PGA Tour and is held at Quail Hollow Club in Charlotte , while the Wyndham Championship is played annually in Greensboro . College sports are also popular in North Carolina , with 18 schools competing at the Division I level . The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is headquartered in Greensboro , and both the ACC Football Championship Game ( Charlotte ) and the ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament ( Greensboro ) were most recently held in North Carolina . College basketball in particular is very popular , buoyed by the Tobacco Road rivalries between Duke , North Carolina , North Carolina State , and Wake Forest . The ACC Championship Game and the Belk Bowl are held annually in Charlotte 's Bank of America Stadium , featuring teams from the ACC and the Southeastern Conference . Additionally , the state has hosted the NCAA Men 's Basketball Final Four on two occasions , in Greensboro in 1974 and in Charlotte in 1994 . Tourism ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Biltmore Estate , Asheville Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state , including the historic Biltmore Estate . The scenic Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park are the two most visited national park and unit in the United States with over 25 million visitors in 2013 . The City of Asheville is consistently voted as one of the top places to visit and live in the United States , known for its rich art deco architecture , mountain scenery and outdoor activities , and liberal and happy residents . In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital , African American Cultural Complex , Contemporary Art Museum of Raleigh , Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU , Haywood Hall House & Gardens , Marbles Kids Museum , North Carolina Museum of Art , North Carolina Museum of History , North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences , North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame , Raleigh City Museum , J.C. Raulston Arboretum , Joel Lane House , Mordecai House , Montfort Hall , and the Pope House Museum . The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also located in the city . In the Charlotte area , amenities include the Carolina Panthers NFL football team and Charlotte Hornets basketball team , Carowinds amusement park , Charlotte Motor Speedway , U.S. National Whitewater Center , and the Discovery Place . Nearby Concord has the Great Wolf Lodge and Sea Life Aquarium . In the Conover -- Hickory area , Hickory Motor Speedway , RockBarn Golf and Spa , home of the Greater Hickory Classic at Rock Barn ; Catawba County Firefighters Museum , and SALT Block attract many tourists to Conover . Hickory which has Valley Hills Mall . The Piedmont Triad , or center of the state , is home to Krispy Kreme , Mayberry , Texas Pete , the Lexington Barbecue Festival , and Moravian cookies . The internationally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attracts visitors to its animals , plants , and a 57 - piece art collection along five miles of shaded pathways in the world 's largest - land - area natural - habitat park . Seagrove , in the central portion of the state , attracts many tourists along Pottery Highway ( NC Hwy 705 ) . MerleFest in Wilkesboro attracts more than 80,000 people to its four - day music festival ; and Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park in Greensboro is another attraction . The Outer Banks and surrounding beaches attract millions of people to the Atlantic beaches every year . The mainland northeastern part of the state , having recently adopted the name the Inner Banks , is also known as the Albemarle Region , for the Albemarle Settlements , some of the first settlements on North Carolina 's portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain . The regions historic sites are connected by the Historic Albemarle Tour . Recreation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Blue Ridge Mountains of the Shining Rock Wilderness Area Cape Hatteras National Seashore near Avon , North Carolina North Carolina provides a large range of recreational activities , from swimming at the beach to skiing in the mountains . North Carolina offers fall colors , freshwater and saltwater fishing , hunting , birdwatching , agritourism , ATV trails , ballooning , rock climbing , biking , hiking , skiing , boating and sailing , camping , canoeing , caving ( spelunking ) , gardens , and arboretums . North Carolina has theme parks , aquariums , museums , historic sites , lighthouses , elegant theaters , concert halls , and fine dining . North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizing numerous local bike paths , 34 state parks , and 14 national parks . National Park Service units include the Appalachian National Scenic Trail , the Blue Ridge Parkway , Cape Hatteras National Seashore , Cape Lookout National Seashore , Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site at Flat Rock , Fort Raleigh National Historic Site at Manteo , Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in Greensboro , Moores Creek National Battlefield near Currie in Pender County , the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail , Old Salem National Historic Site in Winston - Salem , the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail , and Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills . National Forests include Uwharrie National Forest in central North Carolina , Croatan National Forest in Eastern North Carolina , Pisgah National Forest in the northern mountains , and Nantahala National Forest in the southwestern part of the state . Arts and culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Culture of North Carolina North Carolina has rich traditions in art , music , and cuisine . The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates $1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina , supporting more than 43,600 full - time equivalent jobs and generating $119 million in revenue for local governments and the state of North Carolina . North Carolina established the North Carolina Museum of Art as the first major museum collection in the country to be formed by state legislation and funding and continues to bring millions into the NC economy . Also see this list of museums in North Carolina . One of the more famous arts communities in the state is Seagrove , the handmade - pottery capital of the U.S. , where artisans create handcrafted pottery inspired by the same traditions that began in this community more than 200 years ago . With nearly 100 shops and galleries scattered throughout the area , visitors can find everything from traditional tableware to folk and collectible art pieces and historical reproductions . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of North Carolina North Carolina boasts a large number of noteworthy jazz musicians , some among the most important in the history of the genre . These include : John Coltrane , ( Hamlet , High Point ) ; Thelonious Monk ( Rocky Mount ) ; Billy Taylor ( Greenville ) ; Woody Shaw ( Laurinburg ) ; Lou Donaldson ( Durham ) ; Max Roach ( Newland ) ; Tal Farlow ( Greensboro ) ; Albert , Jimmy and Percy Heath ( Wilmington ) ; Nina Simone ( Tryon ) ; and Billy Strayhorn ( Hillsborough ) . Fiddlin ' Bill Hensley , mountain fiddler , Asheville , 1937 North Carolina is also famous for its tradition of old - time music , and many recordings were made in the early 20th century by folk - song collector Bascom Lamar Lunsford . Musicians such as the North Carolina Ramblers helped solidify the sound of country music in the late 1920s , while the influential bluegrass musician Doc Watson also hailed from North Carolina . Both North and South Carolina are hotbeds for traditional rural blues , especially the style known as the Piedmont blues . Ben Folds Five originated in Winston - Salem , and Ben Folds still records and resides in Chapel Hill . The British band Pink Floyd is named , in part , after Chapel Hill bluesman Floyd Council . The Research Triangle area has long been a well - known center for folk , rock , metal , jazz and punk . James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill , and his 1968 song `` Carolina in My Mind '' has been called an unofficial anthem for the state . Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole , Shirley Caesar , Roberta Flack , Clyde McPhatter , Nnenna Freelon , Warren Haynes , Jimmy Herring , Michael Houser , Eric Church , Future Islands , Randy Travis , Ryan Adams , Ronnie Milsap , Anthony Hamilton , The Avett Brothers and Luke Combs . Metal and punk acts such as Corrosion of Conformity , Between the Buried and Me , and Nightmare Sonata are native to North Carolina . EDM producer Porter Robinson hails from Chapel Hill . North Carolina is the home of more American Idol finalists than any other state : Clay Aiken ( season two ) , Fantasia Barrino ( season three ) , Chris Daugherty ( season five ) , Kellie Pickler ( season five ) , Bucky Covington ( season five ) , Anoop Desai ( season eight ) , Scotty McCreery ( season ten ) , and Caleb Johnson ( season thirteen ) . North Carolina also has the most American Idol winners with Barrino , McCreery , and Johnson . In the mountains , the Brevard Music Center hosts choral , orchestral , and solo performances during its annual summer schedule . Also , see the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame . Shopping ( edit ) North Carolina has a variety of shopping choices . SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in the Carolinas , with almost 2.0 million square feet . Other major malls in Charlotte include Northlake Mall and Carolina Place Mall in nearby suburb Pineville . Other major malls throughout the state include Hanes Mall in Winston - Salem ; Crabtree Valley Mall , North Hills Mall , and Triangle Town Center in Raleigh ; Friendly Center and Four Seasons Town Centre in Greensboro ; Oak Hollow Mall in High Point ; Concord Mills in Concord ; Valley Hills Mall in Hickory ; Cross Creek Mall in Fayetteville ; and The Streets at Southpoint and Northgate Mall in Durham and Independence Mall in Wilmington , North Carolina , and Tanger Outlets in Charlotte , Nags Head , Blowing Rock , and Mebane , North Carolina . Cuisine and agriculture ( edit ) 2008 Lexington Barbecue Festival A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue . There are strong regional differences and rivalries over the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue . The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt . Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato - based sauce , and only the pork shoulder ( dark meat ) is used . Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington , home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival , which attracts over 100,000 visitors each October . Eastern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar - and - red - pepper - based sauce and the `` whole hog '' is cooked , thus integrating both white and dark meat . Krispy Kreme , an international chain of doughnut stores , was started in North Carolina ; the company 's headquarters are in Winston - Salem . Pepsi - Cola was first produced in 1898 in New Bern . A regional soft drink , Cheerwine , was created and is still based in the city of Salisbury . Despite its name , the hot sauce Texas Pete was created in North Carolina ; its headquarters are also in Winston - Salem . The Hardee 's fast - food chain was started in Rocky Mount . Another fast - food chain , Bojangles ' , was started in Charlotte , and has its corporate headquarters there . A popular North Carolina restaurant chain is Golden Corral . Started in 1973 , the chain was founded in Fayetteville , with headquarters located in Raleigh . Popular pickle brand Mount Olive Pickle Company was founded in Mount Olive in 1926 . Fast casual burger chain Hwy 55 Burgers , Shakes & Fries also makes its home in Mount Olive . Cook Out , a popular fast - food chain featuring burgers , hot dogs , and milkshakes in a wide variety of flavors , was founded in Greensboro in 1989 and has begun expanding outside of North Carolina . In 2013 , Southern Living named Durham -- Chapel Hill the South 's `` Tastiest City . '' Over the last decade , North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize - winning wine ( Noni Bacca Winery ) , internationally prized cheeses ( Ashe County ) , `` L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques : Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes , January 15 , 2010 '' international hub for truffles ( Garland Truffles ) , and beer making , as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV from 6 % to 15 % . The Yadkin Valley in particular has become a strengthening market for grape production , while Asheville recently won the recognition of being named ' Beer City USA . ' Asheville boasts the largest breweries per capita of any city in the United States . Recognized and marketed brands of beer in North Carolina include Highland Brewing , Duck Rabbit Brewery , Mother Earth Brewery , Weeping Radish Brewery , Big Boss Brewing , Foothills Brewing , Carolina Brewing Company , Lonerider Brewing , and White Rabbit Brewing Company . North Carolina has large grazing areas for beef and dairy cattle . Truck farms can be found in North Carolina . A truck farm is a small farm where fruits and vegetables are grown to be sold at local markets . The state 's shipping , commercial fishing , and lumber industries are important to its economy . Service industries , including education , health care , private research , and retail trade , are also important . Research Triangle Park , a large industrial complex located in the Raleigh - Durham area , is one of the major centers in the country for electronics and medical research Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War . Many farmers grew some tobacco , and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular . Winston - Salem is the birthplace of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company ( RJR ) , founded by R.J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies in the town . By 1914 it was selling 425 million packs of Camels a year . Today it is the second - largest tobacco company in the U.S. ( behind Altria Group ) . RJR is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc. , which in turn is 42 % owned by British American Tobacco . Ships named for the state ( edit ) USS North Carolina on permanent display in Wilmington Further information : USS North Carolina Several ships have been named after the state . Most famous is the USS North Carolina , a World War II battleship . The ship served in several battles against the forces of Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater during the war . Now decommissioned , it is part of the USS North Carolina Battleship Memorial in Wilmington . Another USS North Carolina , a nuclear attack submarine , was commissioned in Wilmington , North Carolina , on May 3 , 2008 . State parks ( edit ) Main article : List of North Carolina state parks The state maintains a group of protected areas known as the North Carolina State Park System , which is managed by the North Carolina Division of Parks & Recreation ( NCDPR ) , an agency of the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( NCDENR ) . State symbols ( edit ) ( show ) North Carolina state symbols The Flag of North Carolina The Seal of North Carolina Living insignia Bird Cardinal ( bird ) Fish Red drum Flower Flowering Dogwood Insect Western honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) Mammal Eastern Gray Squirrel Reptile Eastern Box Turtle Tree Longleaf Pine ( Pinus palustris ) Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Colors red and blue Dance Clogging Food Sweet potato Gemstone Emerald Mineral Gold Motto Esse quam videri ( `` To be , rather than to seem '' ) Rock Granite Shell Scotch bonnet ( sea snail ) Slogan First Flight ( unofficial ) Song `` The Old North State ( song ) '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2001 Lists of United States state symbols Cardinal , North Carolina state bird Dogwood , North Carolina state flower Main article : List of North Carolina state symbols State motto : Esse quam videri ( `` To be , rather than to seem '' ) ( 1893 ) State song : `` The Old North State '' ( 1927 ) State flower : Dogwood ( 1941 ) State bird : Cardinal ( 1943 ) State colors : The red and blue of the N.C. and U.S. flags ( 1945 ) State toast : `` The Tar Heel Toast '' ( 1957 ) State tree : Pine ( Pinus ) ( 1963 ) State shell : Scotch bonnet ( 1965 ) State mammal : Eastern gray squirrel ( 1969 ) State salt water fish : Red drum ( also known as the channel bass ) ( 1971 ) State insect : European honey bee ( 1973 ) State gemstone : Emerald ( 1973 ) State reptile : Eastern box turtle ( 1979 ) State rock : Granite ( 1979 ) State beverage : Milk ( 1987 ) State historical boat : Shad boat ( 1987 ) State language : English ( 1987 ) State dog : Plott Hound ( 1989 ) State military academy : Oak Ridge Military Academy ( 1991 ) State tartan : Carolina Tartan ( 1991 ) State vegetable : Sweet potato ( 1995 ) State red berry : Strawberry ( 2001 ) State blue berry : Blueberry ( 2001 ) State fruit : Scuppernong grape ( 2001 ) State wildflower : Carolina lily ( 2003 ) State Christmas tree : Fraser fir ( 2005 ) State carnivorous plant : Venus flytrap ( 2005 ) State folk dance : Clogging ( 2005 ) State popular dance : Carolina shag ( 2005 ) State birthplace of traditional pottery : The Seagrove area ( 2005 ) State sport : NASCAR ( 2011 ) Armed forces installations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Troopers of the 82nd Airborne Division training on Fort Bragg , March 2011 Fort Bragg , near Fayetteville and Southern Pines , is a large and comprehensive military base and is the headquarters of the XVIII Airborne Corps , 82nd Airborne Division , and the U.S. Army Special Operations Command . Serving as the air wing for Fort Bragg is Pope Field , also located near Fayetteville . Located in Jacksonville , Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air Station ( MCAS ) Cherry Point , MCAS New River , Camp Geiger , Camp Johnson , Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay , makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailors in the world . MCAS Cherry Point is home of the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing . Located in Goldsboro , Seymour Johnson Air Force Base is home of the 4th Fighter Wing and 916th Air Refueling Wing . One of the busiest air stations in the United States Coast Guard is located at the Coast Guard Air Station in Elizabeth City . Also stationed in North Carolina is the Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point in Southport . See also ( edit ) North Carolina portal Index of North Carolina - related articles Outline of North Carolina -- organized list of topics about North Carolina References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` State language '' . Ncga. state. nc. cus . p. § 145 - 12 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . ( a ) Purpose . English is the common language of the people of the United States of America and the State of North Carolina . This section is intended to preserve , protect and strengthen the English language , and not to supersede any of the rights guaranteed to the people by the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of North Carolina . ( b ) English as the Official Language of North Carolina . English is the official language of the State of North Carolina . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Climate and Geography '' . NC Kids Page . North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State . May 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Population Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ O'Daniel , Adam ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` So how did Charlotte become a banking center ? '' . Charlotte Business Journal . The Business Journals . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mitchell State Park '' History `` . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` K - 12 Standards , Curriculum , and Instruction '' . North Carolina State Board of Education . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regions and Divisions '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blackbeard 's Queen Anne 's Revenge Coming Back to Beaufort '' . Beach Carolina Magazine . March 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` People of North Carolina '' . North Carolina State Board of Education . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About North Carolina Mountains '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts for North Carolina 's Mountain Region '' . Economic Development Partnership of North Carolina . January 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . U.S Geological Survey . April 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 6 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina River Basins '' . North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` River Basin Interactive Map '' . NC Office of Environmental Education . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overview '' . State Climate Office of North Carolina . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Severe Weather -- Summer Storms '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ; Hurricane Research Division ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Hairr ( 2008 ) . The Great Hurricanes of North Carolina . pp. 139 -- 150 . Jump up ^ `` NOAA National Climatic Data Center '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` April 16 , 2011 North Carolina Tornado Outbreak '' . National Weather Service . February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina 's largest tornado outbreak -- April 16 , 2011 '' . US Tornadoes. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for North Carolina '' , USA.com , 2003 . Web : ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina American Indian History Time Line '' . North Carolina Museum of History . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Constance E. ( Spring 2008 ) . `` Contact and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . American Archaeology . p. 14 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History.com '' . Jump up ^ D. Moore . ( 1997 ) `` A General History of Blackbeard the Pirate , the Queen Anne 's Revenge and the Adventure '' . In Tributaries , Volume VII , 1997 . pp. 31 -- 35 . ( North Carolina Maritime History Council ) Jump up ^ North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources . `` Capitol History '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milton Ready , The Tar Heel State : A History of North Carolina ( U. of South Carolina Press , 2005 ) pp 116 , 120 Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 '' , 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission Report , North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 17 , 2000 , p. 27 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Pildes ( 2000 ) , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Patrick Gibbs ; Moore , David G. ; Beck , Jr. , Robin A. ; Rodning , Christopher B. ( March 2004 ) . `` Joara and Fort San Juan : culture contact at the edge of the world '' . Antiquity.ac.uk . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Randinelli , Tracey . Tanglewood Park . Orlando , Florida : Harcourt . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 333476 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina State Library -- North Carolina History '' . Statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Indians '' . Uncpress.unc.edu . November 16 , 1919 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Russell Thornton ( 1990 ) American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History since 1492 , University of Oklahoma Press . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2220 - X Jump up ^ Fenn and Wood , Natives and Newcomers , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Powell , North Carolina Through Four Centuries , p. 105 ^ Jump up to : Lefler and Newsome , ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Bethune , Lawrence E. `` Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775 '' . Lawrence E. Bethune 's M.U.S.I.C.s Project . ^ Jump up to : `` Ancestry of the Population by State : 1980 -- Table 3a -- Persons Who Reported a Single Ancestry Group for Regions , Divisions and States '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . ' ' Type of Ancestry Response for Regions , Divisions and States : 1980 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . Webcitation.org . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Heinegg , ' ' Free African Americans in Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Maryland and Delaware ' ' '' . Freeafricanamericans.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Seal of North Carolina '' . Netstate.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stonestreet , Ottis C. IV , The Battle of Cowan 's Ford : General Davidson 's Stand on the Catawba River and its place in North Carolina History ( CreateSpace Publishing 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4680 - 7730 - 8 p. 3 . Jump up ^ Paul Heinegg , Free African Americans in Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Maryland and Delaware , 2005 Jump up ^ John Hope Franklin , Free Negroes of North Carolina , 1789 -- 1860 , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1941 , reprint , 1991 Jump up ^ `` NC Business History -- Railroads '' . Historync.org . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Census Browser : Census Data for Year 1860 '' . University of Virginia Library . 2004 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Thomas D. ( 1999 ) . Southern Slavery and the Law , 1619 - 1860 . University of North Carolina Press . p. 172 . ISBN 0807864307 . Jump up ^ `` Center for Civic Education -- Lincoln Bicentennial with Supplemental Lesson : Timeline '' . Civiced.org . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights : Secession '' . Docsouth.unc.edu . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : June 8 '' . Memory.loc.gov. April 9 , 1959 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Facts About North Carolina '' . Classbrain.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Resident Population Data . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . census.gov . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . US Census . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Population Division , Laura K. Yax . `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Population of North Carolina : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts Jump up ^ Center for New Media and Promotions ( C2PO ) . `` 2010 Census Data '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in America : U.S. Religious Data , Demographics and Statistics -- Pew Research Center '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RLS report 2 - 22. indd '' ( PDF ) . Religions.pewforum.org . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina : Religious Traditions '' . State Membership Report . Association of Religious Data Archives . 2010 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitsell , Robin ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Religiously - Affiliated North Carolina Colleges '' . Carolina Parent . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 -- U.S Census Bureau '' . Census.gov . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` nnual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 -- U.S Census Bureau '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina ( USA ) : State , Major Cities , Towns & Places '' . City Population . May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates 2015 Combined Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GDP by State '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Local & North Carolina state news from Raleigh , NC -- NewsObserver.com '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` statedatalab.org : `` The 19th worst state '' , Truth in Accounting '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Economy at a Glance . For North Carolina . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Site Selection Rankings '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` About NC '' . State of North Carolina . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Agriculture '' . State Library of North Carolina . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` States by Total Trees Harvested '' ( PDF ) . National Christmas Tree Association . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the Census '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Population in Poverty Percentage State Rank Based on ACS 2010 - 2014 data '' . Usa.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NC Department of Transportation Article : North Carolina 's Future Rides on Us '' . NC Department of Transportation . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ World 's busiest airports by passenger traffic # 2013 statistics Jump up ^ `` 2016 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Gubernatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Senatorial General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Public Schools '' . Ncpublicschools.org . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ News & Observer : Perdue 's choice to lead state 's school system takes office ^ Jump up to : `` NC Public School Facts '' . Ncpublicschools.org . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ North Carolina School District Demographics . Proximityone.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The University of North Carolina . `` Our 17 Institutions '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NCSU . `` About NC State : Discovery begins at NC State '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stats Report Viewer '' . nps.gov . Jump up ^ `` All About Asheville '' . ashevilleguidebook.com . Jump up ^ Kate Rinsema . `` The United States ' happiest places ( infographic ) -- Holy Kaw ! '' . Holy Kaw ! . Jump up ^ igovacation.com Archived January 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... igovacation.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What To Do Across North Carolina '' . VisitNC.com. 2006 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Arts Council '' . Ncarts.org . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Museum of Art Museum Backgrounder '' ( PDF ) . Ncartmuseum.org . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` N.C. Museum of Art : Rembrandt Exhibit Pumped $13 Million Into Wake County Economy '' . SGR Today . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie ( 1999 ) . Music USA : The Rough Guide . The Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 421 - X . Jump up ^ `` Hey , James Taylor -- You 've got a ... bridge ? '' . Rome News - Tribune . May 21 , 2002 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoppenjans , Lisa ( October 2 , 2006 ) . `` You must forgive him if he 's ... '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Martha ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` James Taylor to play 5 free NC concerts for Obama '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garner , Bob ( 2007 ) . Bob Garner 's Guide to North Carolina Barbecue . John F. Blair , Publisher . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89587 - 254 - 8 . Jump up ^ Craig , H. Kent ( 2006 ) . `` What is North Carolina - Style BBQ ? '' . ncbbq.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nannie M. Tilley , The R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` USS North Carolina ' brought to life ' again '' . WRAL - TV . May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Assembly of North Carolina '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State of North Carolina '' . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR made North Carolina 's official state sport '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Primary sources ( edit ) Lefler , Hugh ( numerous editions since 1934 ) . North Carolina History Told by Contemporaries . University of North Carolina Press . Jones , H.G. ( 1984 ) . North Carolina Illustrated , 1524 -- 1984 . University of North Carolina Press . North Carolina Manual . Published biennially by the Department of the Secretary of State since 1941 . The Religion in North Carolina Digital Collection . A grant - funded project to provide digital access to publications of and about religious bodies in North Carolina . Partner institutions at Duke University , UNC - Chapel Hill , and Wake Forest University contributed the largest portion of the items in this collection , but the collection is enriched by unique materials from libraries and archives throughout North Carolina . The materials in this collection include local church histories , periodicals , clergy biographies , cookbooks , event programs , directories , and much more . Further Reading ( edit ) James , Clay ; Orr , Douglas , eds. ( 1971 ) . North Carolina Atlas : Portrait of a Changing Southern State . Christensen , Rob ( 2008 ) . The Paradox of Tar Heel Politics . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . Cooper , Christopher A. ; Knotts , H. Gibbs , eds. ( 2008 ) . The New Politics of North Carolina . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . Crow ; Jeffrey J. ; Tise , Larry E. ( 1979 ) . Writing North Carolina History . Online . Eamon , Tom ( 2014 ) . The Making of a Southern Democracy : North Carolina Politics from Kerr Scott to Pat McCrory . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . Fleer , Jack D. ( 1994 ) . North Carolina Government & Politics . Online political science textbook . Hawks , Francis L. ( 1857 ) . History of North Carolina , Volumes I and II . Kersey , Marianne M. ; Coble , Ran , eds. ( 1989 ) . North Carolina Focus : An Anthology on State Government , Politics , and Policy . 2d ed . Raleigh : North Carolina Center for Public Policy Research . Lefler , Hugh Talmage ( 1963 ) . A Guide to the Study and Reading of North Carolina History . Online . Lefler , Hugh Talmage ; Newsome , Albert Ray ( 1954 , 1963 , 1973 ) . North Carolina : The History of a Southern State . Standard textbook . Link , William A. ( 2009 ) . North Carolina : Change and Tradition in a Southern State . History by leading scholar . Luebke , Paul ( 1990 ) . Tar Heel Politics : Myths and Realities . Powell , William S. ( 1979 -- 88 ) . Dictionary of North Carolina Biography . Vol. 1 , A-C ; vol. 2 , D-G ; vol. 3 , H-K . Powell , William S. ( 1958 ) . North Carolina Fiction , 1734 -- 1957 : An Annotated Bibliography . Powell , William S. ( 1989 ) . North Carolina through Four Centuries . Standard textbook . Powell , William S. ; Mazzocchi , Jay , eds. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of North Carolina . Ready , Milton . ( 2005 ) . The Tar Heel State : A History of North Carolina . Thuesen , Sarah Caroline. ( 2013 ) . Greater Than Equal : African American Struggles for Schools and Citizenship in North Carolina , 1919 -- 1965 . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . WPA Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ) . North Carolina : A Guide to the Old North State . Famous WPA guide to every town . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutNorth Carolinaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity General Wineries , Restaurants and Tourism in the state North Carolina at DMOZ History North Carolina State Guide , from the Library of Congress The Guardian : `` US nearly detonated atomic bomb over North Carolina -- secret document '' Government and education North Carolina state government North Carolina state library Energy & Environmental Data for North Carolina USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of North Carolina North Carolina facts from US Department of Agriculture ERS North Carolina Court System official site North Carolina facts from US Census Bureau NC ECHO -- North Carolina Exploring Cultural Heritage Online North Carolina Collection , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Green ' N ' Growing : The History of Home Demonstration and 4 - H Youth Development in North Carolina -- hosted by NCSU Libraries Special Collections Research Center NC Office of Archives and History Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina Driving Through Time : The Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina The Religion in North Carolina Digital Collection Other Geographic data related to North Carolina at OpenStreetMap Preceded by New York List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Ratified Constitution on November 21 , 1789 ( 12th ) Succeeded by Rhode Island ( hide ) Topics related to North Carolina Old North State , Tar Heel State ( hide ) State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Music North Carolinians State Parks Tourist attractions Wildlife Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Politics Sports Regions Cape Fear Coastal Plain Crystal Coast Eastern Foothills High Country Inner Banks Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Outer Banks Piedmont Piedmont Triad Sandhills Triangle Western Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Waynesville Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - Varina Harrisburg Holly Springs Hope Mills Huntersville Indian Trail Kernersville Knightdale Leland Matthews Midland Mint Hill Mooresville Morehead City Morrisville Mount Pleasant Oxford Shallotte Smithfield Southern Pines Tarboro Winterville Counties Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey ( show ) Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in North Carolina State capital : Raleigh Jennifer Roberts ( Charlotte ) Nancy McFarlane ( Raleigh ) Nancy Vaughan ( Greensboro ) Bill Bell ( Durham ) Allen Joines ( Winston - Salem ) Nat Robertson ( Fayetteville ) Harold Weinbrecht ( Cary ) Bill Saffo ( Wilmington ) Bill Bencini ( High Point ) Other states AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY ( show ) Protected areas of North Carolina Federal National Parks Great Smoky Mountains National Historic Sites Carl Sandburg Home Fort Raleigh National Memorials Wright Brothers National Military Parks Guilford Courthouse National Battlefields Moores Creek National Parkways Blue Ridge Parkway ( Crabtree Falls Craggy Gardens Cumberland Knob Doughton Park E.B. Jeffress Park Julian Price Memorial Park Linville Falls Moses H. Cone Memorial Park Mount Pisgah Waterrock Knob ) National Trails Appalachian Trail Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail National Seashores Cape Hatteras Cape Lookout National Marine Sanctuary Monitor National Estuarine Research Reserve Currituck Banks Rachel Carson Masonboro Island Zeke 's Island National Forests Cherokee Croatan Nantahala Pisgah Uwharrie National Wildlife Refuges Alligator River Cedar Island Currituck Mackay Island Mattamuskeet Pea Island Pee Dee Pocosin Lakes Roanoke River Swanquarter Wilderness Areas Birkhead Mountains Catfish Lake South Ellicott Rock Joyce Kilmer - Slickrock Linville Gorge Middle Prong Pocosin Pond Pine Sheep Ridge Shining Rock Southern Nantahala Swanquarter Wilderness Study Areas Craggy Mountain Harper Creek Lost Cove Overflow Snowbird Wild and Scenic Rivers Chattooga River Horsepasture River Lumber River New River Wilson Creek State State Parks Carolina Beach Carvers Creek Chimney Rock Cliffs of the Neuse Crowders Mountain Dismal Swamp Elk Knob Eno River Fort Macon Goose Creek Gorges Grandfather Mountain Hammocks Beach Hanging Rock Haw River Jockey 's Ridge Jones Lake Lake James Lake Norman Lake Waccamaw Lumber River Mayo River Medoc Mountain Merchants Millpond Morrow Mountain Mount Mitchell New River Pettigrew Pilot Mountain Raven Rock Singletary Lake South Mountains Stone Mountain William B. Umstead State Recreation Areas Falls Lake Fort Fisher Jordan Lake Kerr Lake State Natural Areas Hemlock Bluffs Masonboro Island Mount Jefferson Occoneechee Mountain Theodore Roosevelt Weymouth Woods See also List of North Carolina State Natural Areas State Lakes Bay Tree Lake Jones Lake Lake Phelps Salters Lake Singletary Lake Lake Waccamaw White Lake State Trails Deep River French Broad River Mountains - to - Sea Yadkin River State Rivers Horsepasture River Linville River Lumber River New River State Forests Bladen Lakes DuPont Clemmons Holmes Jordan Lake Mountain Island Rendezvous Mountain Turnbull Creek Tuttle State Historic Sites Alamance Battleground Charles B. Aycock Birthplace Historic Bath Bennett Place Bentonville Battleground Brunswick Town / Fort Anderson C.S.S. Neuse and Governor Caswell Memorial Charlotte Hawkins Brown Memorial Duke Homestead Historic Edenton Fort Dobbs Fort Fisher Historic Halifax Horne Creek Living Historical Farm House in the Horseshoe North Carolina Transportation Museum President James K. Polk Historic Site Reed Gold Mine Somerset Place Stagville State Capitol Town Creek Indian Mound Tryon Palace Historic Sites & Gardens Zebulon B. Vance Birthplace Thomas Wolfe Memorial NC Coastal Reserve Kitty Hawk Woods Emily and Richardson Preyer Buckridge Buxton Woods Permuda Island Bald Head Woods Bird Island Other Nature centers List of nature centers in North Carolina ( show ) Southern United States Topics Culture Cuisine Geography Economy Government and Politics History Sports States Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Major cities Atlanta Birmingham Charleston Charlotte Columbia Dallas Fort Worth Greensboro Houston Jacksonville Little Rock Memphis Miami Nashville New Orleans Norfolk Oklahoma City Orlando Raleigh Richmond Tampa Tulsa State capitals Atlanta Austin Baton Rouge Charleston Columbia Jackson Little Rock Montgomery Nashville Raleigh Richmond Oklahoma City Tallahassee ( show ) Political divisions of the Confederate States ( 1861 -- 65 ) States Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia States in exile Kentucky Missouri Territory Arizona Indian nations Cherokee Chickasaw Choctow Creek Seminole Admitted to the Union June 20 , 1863 . Organized January 18 , 1862 . ( show ) Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations largest Associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Coordinates : 35 ° 30 ′ N 80 ° 00 ′ W  /  35.5 ° N 80 ° W  / 35.5 ; - 80 Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 127824921 LCCN : n79007042 ISNI : 0000 0001 2185 7837 GND : 4042551 - 4 SUDOC : 02812619X BNF : cb12002278d ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Carolina&oldid=797745572 '' Categories : 1789 establishments in the United States North Carolina Southern United States Spanish colonization of the Americas State of Franklin States and territories established in 1789 States of the Confederate States of America States of the East Coast of the United States States of the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 23 : 00 . 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when was north carolina added to the union
[ "\n\nState of North Carolina\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag\nSeal\n\n\n\n\n\nNickname(s): Old North State; Tar Heel State\n\n\nMotto(s): Esse quam videri: \"To be, rather than to seem\" (official); First in Flight: First in Freedom\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOfficial language\nEnglish[1]\n\n\nSpoken languages\n\nAs of 2000\n\nEnglish 90.70%\nSpanish 6.18%[2]\n\n\n\n\nDemonym\nNorth Carolinian (official);\nTar Heel (colloquial)\n\n\nCapital\nRaleigh\n\n\nLargest city\nCharlotte\n\n\nLargest metro\nCharlotte metro area\n\n\nArea\nRanked 28th\n\n\n • Total\n53,819 sq mi\n(139,390 km2)\n\n\n • Width\n170 miles (261 km)\n\n\n • Length\n560[3] miles (901 km)\n\n\n • % water\n9.5\n\n\n • Latitude\n33° 50′ N to 36° 35′ N\n\n\n • Longitude\n75° 28′ W to 84° 19′ W\n\n\n\n\n\nPopulation\nRanked 9th\n\n\n • Total\n10,146,788 (2016 est.)[4]\n\n\n • Density\n208.7/sq mi (80.6/km2)\nRanked 15th\n\n\n • Median household income\n$50,797 [5] (38th)\n\n\n\n\n\nElevation\n\n\n\n • Highest point\nMount Mitchell[6][7]\n6,684 ft (2037 m)\n\n\n • Mean\n700 ft (210 m)\n\n\n • Lowest point\nAtlantic Ocean[6]\nsea level\n\n\n\n\n\nBefore statehood\nProvince of North Carolina\n\n\nAdmission to Union\nNovember 21, 1789 (12th)\n\n\nGovernor\nRoy Cooper (D)\n\n\nLieutenant Governor\nDan Forest (R)\n\n\nLegislature\nGeneral Assembly\n\n\n • Upper house\nSenate\n\n\n • Lower house\nHouse of Representatives\n\n\n\n\n\nU.S. Senators\nRichard Burr (R)\nThom Tillis (R)\n\n\nU.S. House delegation\n10 Republicans\n3 Democrats (list)\n\n\nTime zone\nEastern: UTC -5/-4\n\n\nISO 3166\nUS-NC\n\n\nAbbreviations\nNC, N.C.\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.nc.gov\n\n" ]
[ "November 21, 1789" ]
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Middle Ages
Middle Ages - wikipedia Middle Ages Jump to : navigation , search Period of European history from the 5th through the 15th centuries This article is about medieval Europe . For a global history of the period between the 5th and 15th centuries , see Post-classical history . For other uses , see Middle Ages ( disambiguation ) . The Cross of Mathilde , a crux gemmata made for Mathilde , Abbess of Essen ( 973 -- 1011 ) , who is shown kneeling before the Virgin and Child in the enamel plaque . The figure of Christ is slightly later . Probably made in Cologne or Essen , the cross demonstrates several medieval techniques : cast figurative sculpture , filigree , enamelling , gem polishing and setting , and the reuse of Classical cameos and engraved gems . In the history of Europe , the Middle Ages ( or Medieval Period ) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century . It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery . The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history : classical antiquity , the medieval period , and the modern period . The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early , High , and Late Middle Ages . Population decline , counterurbanisation , invasion , and movement of peoples , which had begun in Late Antiquity , continued in the Early Middle Ages . The large - scale movements of the Migration Period , including various Germanic peoples , formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire . In the seventh century , North Africa and the Middle East -- once part of the Byzantine Empire -- came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate , an Islamic empire , after conquest by Muhammad 's successors . Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures , the break with classical antiquity was not complete . The still - sizeable Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power . The empire 's law code , the Corpus Juris Civilis or `` Code of Justinian '' , was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages . In the West , most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions . Monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued . The Franks , under the Carolingian dynasty , briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th century . It covered much of Western Europe but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions : Vikings from the north , Magyars from the east , and Saracens from the south . During the High Middle Ages , which began after 1000 , the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase . Manorialism , the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles , and feudalism , the political structure whereby knights and lower - status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors , were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages . The Crusades , first preached in 1095 , were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims . Kings became the heads of centralised nation states , reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant . Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism , a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason , and by the founding of universities . The theology of Thomas Aquinas , the paintings of Giotto , the poetry of Dante and Chaucer , the travels of Marco Polo , and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period and into the Late Middle Ages . The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine , plague , and war , which significantly diminished the population of Europe ; between 1347 and 1350 , the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans . Controversy , heresy , and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the interstate conflict , civil strife , and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms . Cultural and technological developments transformed European society , concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology and periodisation 2 Later Roman Empire 3 Early Middle Ages 3.1 New societies 3.2 Byzantine survival 3.3 Western society 3.4 Rise of Islam 3.5 Trade and economy 3.6 Church and monasticism 3.7 Carolingian Europe 3.8 Carolingian Renaissance 3.9 Breakup of the Carolingian Empire 3.10 New kingdoms and Byzantine revival 3.11 Art and architecture 3.12 Military and technological developments 4 High Middle Ages 4.1 Society and economic life 4.2 Rise of state power 4.3 Crusades 4.4 Intellectual life 4.5 Technology and military 4.6 Architecture , art , and music 4.7 Church life 5 Late Middle Ages 5.1 War , famine , and plague 5.2 Society and economy 5.3 State resurgence 5.4 Collapse of Byzantium 5.5 Controversy within the Church 5.6 Scholars , intellectuals , and exploration 5.7 Technological and military developments 5.8 Late medieval art and architecture 6 Modern perceptions 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Terminology and periodisation ( edit ) The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history : classical civilisation , or Antiquity ; the Middle Ages ; and the Modern Period . Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the `` Six Ages '' or the `` Four Empires '' , and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world . When referring to their own times , they spoke of them as being `` modern '' . In the 1330s , the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua ( or `` ancient '' ) and to the Christian period as nova ( or `` new '' ) . Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People ( 1442 ) . Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch 's time , and therefore added a third period to Petrarch 's two . The `` Middle Ages '' first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or `` middle season '' . In early usage , there were many variants , including medium aevum , or `` middle age '' , first recorded in 1604 , and media saecula , or `` middle ages '' , first recorded in 1625 . The alternative term `` medieval '' ( or occasionally `` mediaeval '' or `` mediæval '' ) derives from medium aevum . Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th - century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods : Ancient , Medieval , and Modern . The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476 , first used by Bruni . For Europe as a whole , 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages , but there is no universally agreed upon end date . Depending on the context , events such as Christopher Columbus 's first voyage to the Americas in 1492 , the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 , or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used . English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period . For Spain , dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516 , the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504 , or the conquest of Granada in 1492 . Historians from Romance - speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts : an earlier `` High '' and later `` Low '' period . English - speaking historians , following their German counterparts , generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals : `` Early '' , `` High '' , and `` Late '' . In the 19th century , the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the `` Dark Ages '' , but with the adoption of these subdivisions , use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages , at least among historians . Later Roman Empire ( edit ) Further information : Late Antiquity , Roman Empire , Fall of the Western Roman Empire , and Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties A late Roman sculpture depicting the four Tetrarchs , now in Venice The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the second century AD ; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories . Economic issues , including inflation , and external pressure on the frontiers combined to create the Crisis of the Third Century , with emperors coming to the throne only to be rapidly replaced by new usurpers . Military expenses increased steadily during the third century , mainly in response to the war with the Sasanian Empire , which revived in the middle of the third century . The army doubled in size , and cavalry and smaller units replaced the Roman legion as the main tactical unit . The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial , or landowning , class , and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns . More bureaucrats were needed in the central administration to deal with the needs of the army , which led to complaints from civilians that there were more tax - collectors in the empire than tax - payers . The Emperor Diocletian ( r . 284 -- 305 ) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286 ; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers , as legal and administrative promulgations in one division were considered valid in the other . In 330 , after a period of civil war , Constantine the Great ( r . 306 -- 337 ) refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital , Constantinople . Diocletian 's reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy , reformed taxation , and strengthened the army , which bought the empire time but did not resolve the problems it was facing : excessive taxation , a declining birthrate , and pressures on its frontiers , among others . Civil war between rival emperors became common in the middle of the 4th century , diverting soldiers from the empire 's frontier forces and allowing invaders to encroach . For much of the 4th century , Roman society stabilised in a new form that differed from the earlier classical period , with a widening gulf between the rich and poor , and a decline in the vitality of the smaller towns . Another change was the Christianisation , or conversion of the empire to Christianity , a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd to the 5th centuries . Map of the approximate political boundaries in Europe around 450 In 376 , the Goths , fleeing from the Huns , received permission from Emperor Valens ( r . 364 -- 378 ) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans . The settlement did not go smoothly , and when Roman officials mishandled the situation , the Goths began to raid and plunder . Valens , attempting to put down the disorder , was killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378 . As well as the threat from such tribal confederacies from the north , internal divisions within the empire , especially within the Christian Church , caused problems . In 400 , the Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire and , although briefly forced back from Italy , in 410 sacked the city of Rome . In 406 the Alans , Vandals , and Suevi crossed into Gaul ; over the next three years they spread across Gaul and in 409 crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into modern - day Spain . The Migration Period began , when various peoples , initially largely Germanic peoples , moved across Europe . The Franks , Alemanni , and the Burgundians all ended up in northern Gaul while the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes settled in Britain , and the Vandals went on to cross the strait of Gibraltar after which they conquered the province of Africa . In the 430s the Huns began invading the empire ; their king Attila ( r . 434 -- 453 ) led invasions into the Balkans in 442 and 447 , Gaul in 451 , and Italy in 452 . The Hunnic threat remained until Attila 's death in 453 , when the Hunnic confederation he led fell apart . These invasions by the tribes completely changed the political and demographic nature of what had been the Western Roman Empire . By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units , ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century . The deposition of the last emperor of the west , Romulus Augustulus , in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire . By 493 the Italian peninsula was conquered by the Ostrogoths . The Eastern Roman Empire , often referred to as the Byzantine Empire after the fall of its western counterpart , had little ability to assert control over the lost western territories . The Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory , but while none of the new kings in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of emperor of the west , Byzantine control of most of the Western Empire could not be sustained ; the reconquest of the Mediterranean periphery and the Italian Peninsula ( Gothic War ) in the reign of Justinian ( r . 527 -- 565 ) was the sole , and temporary , exception . Early Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : Early Middle Ages New societies ( edit ) Main articles : Migration Period and fall of the Western Roman Empire The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire . Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as `` invasions '' , they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire . Such movements were aided by the refusal of the Western Roman elites to support the army or pay the taxes that would have allowed the military to suppress the migration . The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho ( d . 408 ) , Aetius ( d . 454 ) , Aspar ( d . 471 ) , Ricimer ( d . 472 ) , or Gundobad ( d . 516 ) , who were partly or fully of non-Roman background . When the line of Western emperors ceased , many of the kings who replaced them were from the same background . Intermarriage between the new kings and the Roman elites was common . This led to a fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes , including the popular assemblies that allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than was common in the Roman state . Material artefacts left by the Romans and the invaders are often similar , and tribal items were often modelled on Roman objects . Much of the scholarly and written culture of the new kingdoms was also based on Roman intellectual traditions . An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities . Many of the new political entities no longer supported their armies through taxes , instead relying on granting them land or rents . This meant there was less need for large tax revenues and so the taxation systems decayed . Warfare was common between and within the kingdoms . Slavery declined as the supply weakened , and society became more rural . A coin of the Ostrogothic leader Theoderic the Great , struck in Milan , circa AD 491 -- 501 Between the 5th and 8th centuries , new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government . The Ostrogoths , a Gothic tribe , settled in Roman Italy in the late fifth century under Theoderic the Great ( d . 526 ) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths , at least until the last years of Theodoric 's reign . The Burgundians settled in Gaul , and after an earlier realm was destroyed by the Huns in 436 formed a new kingdom in the 440s . Between today 's Geneva and Lyon , it grew to become the realm of Burgundy in the late 5th and early 6th centuries . Elsewhere in Gaul , the Franks and Celtic Britons set up small polities . Francia was centred in northern Gaul , and the first king of whom much is known is Childeric I ( d . 481 ) . His grave was discovered in 1653 and is remarkable for its grave goods , which included weapons and a large quantity of gold . Under Childeric 's son Clovis I ( r . 509 -- 511 ) , the founder of the Merovingian dynasty , the Frankish kingdom expanded and converted to Christianity . The Britons , related to the natives of Britannia -- modern - day Great Britain -- settled in what is now Brittany . Other monarchies were established by the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula , the Suebi in northwestern Iberia , and the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa . In the sixth century , the Lombards settled in Northern Italy , replacing the Ostrogothic kingdom with a grouping of duchies that occasionally selected a king to rule over them all . By the late sixth century , this arrangement had been replaced by a permanent monarchy , the Kingdom of the Lombards . The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe , although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others . In Gaul for instance , the invaders settled much more extensively in the north - east than in the south - west . Slavs settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula . The settlement of peoples was accompanied by changes in languages . Latin , the literary language of the Western Roman Empire , was gradually replaced by vernacular languages which evolved from Latin , but were distinct from it , collectively known as Romance languages . These changes from Latin to the new languages took many centuries . Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire , but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavic languages to Eastern Europe . Byzantine survival ( edit ) Main articles : Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty and Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty A mosaic showing Justinian with the bishop of Ravenna , bodyguards , and courtiers . As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms , the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century . There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire ; most occurred in the Balkans . Peace with the Sasanian Empire , the traditional enemy of Rome , lasted throughout most of the 5th century . The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church , with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in Eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe . Legal developments included the codification of Roman law ; the first effort -- the Codex Theodosianus -- was completed in 438 . Under Emperor Justinian ( r . 527 -- 565 ) , another compilation took place -- the Corpus Juris Civilis . Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths , under Belisarius ( d . 565 ) . The conquest of Italy was not complete , as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian 's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests . At the Emperor 's death , the Byzantines had control of most of Italy , North Africa , and a small foothold in southern Spain . Justinian 's reconquests have been criticised by historians for overextending his realm and setting the stage for the early Muslim conquests , but many of the difficulties faced by Justinian 's successors were due not just to over-taxation to pay for his wars but to the essentially civilian nature of the empire , which made raising troops difficult . In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian 's successors . It began gradually , but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium , and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551 . In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube ; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the Eastern emperors to pay tribute . They remained a strong power until 796 . An additional problem to face the empire came as a result of the involvement of Emperor Maurice ( r . 582 -- 602 ) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute . This led to a period of peace , but when Maurice was overthrown , the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius ( r . 610 -- 641 ) controlled large chunks of the empire , including Egypt , Syria , and Anatolia until Heraclius ' successful counterattack . In 628 the empire secured a peace treaty and recovered all of its lost territories . Western society ( edit ) See also : Early medieval European dress and Medieval cuisine In Western Europe , some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with ecclesiastical than secular affairs . Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared , and while literacy remained important , it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status . In the 4th century , Jerome ( d . 420 ) dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible . By the 6th century , Gregory of Tours ( d . 594 ) had a similar dream , but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero , he was chastised for learning shorthand . By the late 6th century , the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book . Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship , but some original works were created , along with now - lost oral compositions . The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris ( d . 489 ) , Cassiodorus ( d. c. 585 ) , and Boethius ( d.c. 525 ) were typical of the age . Changes also took place among laymen , as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits . Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold . Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces . Family ties within the elites were important , as were the virtues of loyalty , courage , and honour . These ties led to the prevalence of the feud in aristocratic society , examples of which included those related by Gregory of Tours that took place in Merovingian Gaul . Most feuds seem to have ended quickly with the payment of some sort of compensation . Women took part in aristocratic society mainly in their roles as wives and mothers of men , with the role of mother of a ruler being especially prominent in Merovingian Gaul . In Anglo - Saxon society the lack of many child rulers meant a lesser role for women as queen mothers , but this was compensated for by the increased role played by abbesses of monasteries . Only in Italy does it appear that women were always considered under the protection and control of a male relative . Reconstruction of an early medieval peasant village in Bavaria Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility . Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology ; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century . Most of the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes . Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform ; some areas had greatly fragmented landholding patterns , but in other areas large contiguous blocks of land were the norm . These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies , some dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy . Land settlement also varied greatly . Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants . Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside . There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems . Unlike in the late Roman period , there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat , and it was possible for a free peasant 's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord . Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages . Although Italian cities remained inhabited , they contracted significantly in size . Rome , for instance , shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century . Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use . In Northern Europe , cities also shrank , while civic monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials . The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals . Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities , the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity . Officially they were tolerated , if subject to conversion efforts , and at times were even encouraged to settle in new areas . Rise of Islam ( edit ) Main article : Early Muslim conquests The early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad , 622 -- 632 Expansion during the Patriarchal Caliphate , 632 -- 661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate , 661 -- 750 Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Iran were in flux during the late sixth and early seventh centuries . Judaism was an active proselytising faith , and at least one Arab political leader converted to it . Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians ' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts , especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula . All these strands came together with the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad ( d . 632 ) . After his death , Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia , starting with Syria in 634 -- 635 and reaching Egypt in 640 -- 641 , Persia between 637 and 642 , North Africa in the later seventh century , and the Iberian Peninsula in 711 . By 714 , Islamic forces controlled much of the peninsula in a region they called Al - Andalus . The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-eighth century . The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks , but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and its replacement by the Abbasid Caliphate . The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe , losing control of sections of the Muslim lands . Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula , the Aghlabids controlled North Africa , and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt . By the middle of the 8th century , new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean ; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman economy . Franks traded timber , furs , swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics , spices , and precious metals from the Arabs . Trade and economy ( edit ) Main article : Medieval economic history The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean . African goods stopped being imported into Europe , first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples . By the end of the 7th century , under the impact of the Muslim conquests , African products were no longer found in Western Europe . The replacement of goods from long - range trade with local products was a trend throughout the old Roman lands that happened in the Early Middle Ages . This was especially marked in the lands that did not lie on the Mediterranean , such as northern Gaul or Britain . Non-local goods appearing in the archaeological record are usually luxury goods . In the northern parts of Europe , not only were the trade networks local , but the goods carried were simple , with little pottery or other complex products . Around the Mediterranean , pottery remained prevalent and appears to have been traded over medium - range networks , not just produced locally . The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms . Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century , when it was replaced by silver coins . The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier , while the Anglo - Saxon version was called a penny . From these areas , the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000 . Copper or bronze coins were not struck , nor were gold except in Southern Europe . No silver coins denominated in multiple units were minted . Church and monasticism ( edit ) An 11th - century illustration of Gregory the Great dictating to a secretary Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests , but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas . Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language , practices , and liturgy from the Western Church . The Eastern Church used Greek instead of the Western Latin . Theological and political differences emerged , and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm , clerical marriage , and state control of the Church had widened to the extent that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities . The formal break , known as the East -- West Schism , came in 1054 , when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other , which led to the division of Christianity into two Churches -- the Western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern branch the Eastern Orthodox Church . The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact , but the papacy was little regarded , and few of the Western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership . Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affairs and Eastern theological controversies . The register , or archived copies of the letters , of Pope Gregory the Great ( pope 590 -- 604 ) survived , and of those more than 850 letters , the vast majority were concerned with affairs in Italy or Constantinople . The only part of Western Europe where the papacy had influence was Britain , where Gregory had sent the Gregorian mission in 597 to convert the Anglo - Saxons to Christianity . Irish missionaries were most active in Western Europe between the 5th and the 7th centuries , going first to England and Scotland and then on to the continent . Under such monks as Columba ( d . 597 ) and Columbanus ( d . 615 ) , they founded monasteries , taught in Latin and Greek , and authored secular and religious works . The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West . The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria . Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life , called cenobitism , which was pioneered by Pachomius ( d . 348 ) in the 4th century . Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the Life of Anthony . Benedict of Nursia ( d . 547 ) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century , detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot . Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages , in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families , centres of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions , and bases for missions and proselytisation . They were the main and sometimes only outposts of education and literacy in a region . Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin classics were copied in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages . Monks were also the authors of new works , including history , theology , and other subjects , written by authors such as Bede ( d . 735 ) , a native of northern England who wrote in the late 7th and early 8th centuries . Carolingian Europe ( edit ) Main articles : Francia and Carolingian Empire Map showing growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814 The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia , Neustria , and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries , all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty , who were descended from Clovis . The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria . Such warfare was exploited by Pippin ( d . 640 ) , the Mayor of the Palace for Austrasia who became the power behind the Austrasian throne . Later members of his family inherited the office , acting as advisers and regents . One of his descendants , Charles Martel ( d . 741 ) , won the Battle of Poitiers in 732 , halting the advance of Muslim armies across the Pyrenees . Great Britain was divided into small states dominated by the kingdoms of Northumbria , Mercia , Wessex , and East Anglia , which were descended from the Anglo - Saxon invaders . Smaller kingdoms in present - day Wales and Scotland were still under the control of the native Britons and Picts . Ireland was divided into even smaller political units , usually known as tribal kingdoms , under the control of kings . There were perhaps as many as 150 local kings in Ireland , of varying importance . The Carolingian dynasty , as the successors to Charles Martel are known , officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III ( r . 752 -- 768 ) . A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought , and gained , authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II ( pope 752 -- 757 ) . Pippin 's takeover was reinforced with propaganda that portrayed the Merovingians as inept or cruel rulers , exalted the accomplishments of Charles Martel , and circulated stories of the family 's great piety . At the time of his death in 768 , Pippin left his kingdom in the hands of his two sons , Charles ( r . 768 -- 814 ) and Carloman ( r . 768 -- 771 ) . When Carloman died of natural causes , Charles blocked the succession of Carloman 's young son and installed himself as the king of the united Austrasia and Neustria . Charles , more often known as Charles the Great or Charlemagne , embarked upon a programme of systematic expansion in 774 that unified a large portion of Europe , eventually controlling modern - day France , northern Italy , and Saxony . In the wars that lasted beyond 800 , he rewarded allies with war booty and command over parcels of land . In 774 , Charlemagne conquered the Lombards , which freed the papacy from the fear of Lombard conquest and marked the beginnings of the Papal States . Charlemagne 's palace chapel at Aachen , completed in 805 The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history , marking a return of the Western Roman Empire , since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the Western emperors . It also marks a change in Charlemagne 's relationship with the Byzantine Empire , as the assumption of the imperial title by the Carolingians asserted their equivalence to the Byzantine state . There were several differences between the newly established Carolingian Empire and both the older Western Roman Empire and the concurrent Byzantine Empire . The Frankish lands were rural in character , with only a few small cities . Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms . Little trade existed and much of that was with the British Isles and Scandinavia , in contrast to the older Roman Empire with its trading networks centred on the Mediterranean . The empire was administered by an itinerant court that travelled with the emperor , as well as approximately 300 imperial officials called counts , who administered the counties the empire had been divided into . Clergy and local bishops served as officials , as well as the imperial officials called missi dominici , who served as roving inspectors and troubleshooters . Carolingian Renaissance ( edit ) Main article : Carolingian Renaissance Charlemagne 's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the `` Carolingian Renaissance '' . Literacy increased , as did development in the arts , architecture and jurisprudence , as well as liturgical and scriptural studies . The English monk Alcuin ( d . 804 ) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria . Charlemagne 's chancery -- or writing office -- made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule , allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe . Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy , imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains , as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches . An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying , correcting , and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics , with the aim of encouraging learning . New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced . Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language , changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the Church and government . By the reign of Charlemagne , the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin . Breakup of the Carolingian Empire ( edit ) Main articles : Holy Roman Empire and Viking Age Territorial divisions of the Carolingian Empire in 843 , 855 , and 870 Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs , but was unable to do so as only one son , Louis the Pious ( r . 814 -- 840 ) , was still alive by 813 . Just before Charlemagne died in 814 , he crowned Louis as his successor . Louis 's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and , after 829 , civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire . Eventually , Louis recognised his eldest son Lothair I ( d . 855 ) as emperor and gave him Italy . Louis divided the rest of the empire between Lothair and Charles the Bald ( d . 877 ) , his youngest son . Lothair took East Francia , comprising both banks of the Rhine and eastwards , leaving Charles West Francia with the empire to the west of the Rhineland and the Alps . Louis the German ( d . 876 ) , the middle child , who had been rebellious to the last , was allowed to keep Bavaria under the suzerainty of his elder brother . The division was disputed . Pepin II of Aquitaine ( d. after 864 ) , the emperor 's grandson , rebelled in a contest for Aquitaine , while Louis the German tried to annex all of East Francia . Louis the Pious died in 840 , with the empire still in chaos . A three - year civil war followed his death . By the Treaty of Verdun ( 843 ) , a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy , and his imperial title was recognised . Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern - day Germany . Charles the Bald received the western Frankish lands , comprising most of modern - day France . Charlemagne 's grandsons and great - grandsons divided their kingdoms between their descendants , eventually causing all internal cohesion to be lost . In 987 the Carolingian dynasty was replaced in the western lands , with the crowning of Hugh Capet ( r . 987 -- 996 ) as king . In the eastern lands the dynasty had died out earlier , in 911 , with the death of Louis the Child , and the selection of the unrelated Conrad I ( r . 911 -- 918 ) as king . The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions , migrations , and raids by external foes . The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings , who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland . In 911 , the Viking chieftain Rollo ( d.c. 931 ) received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple ( r . 898 -- 922 ) to settle in what became Normandy . The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms , especially Germany and Italy , were under continual Magyar assault until the invader 's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 . The breakup of the Abbasid dynasty meant that the Islamic world fragmented into smaller political states , some of which began expanding into Italy and Sicily , as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms . New kingdoms and Byzantine revival ( edit ) Main articles : Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty , Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty , First Bulgarian Empire , Christianisation of Bulgaria , Kingdom of Germany , Christianisation of Scandinavia , and Christianisation of Kievan Rus ' See also : Byzantine -- Arab wars ( 780 -- 1180 ) and Byzantine -- Bulgarian wars Europe in 814 Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities . In Anglo - Saxon England , King Alfred the Great ( r . 871 -- 899 ) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century , resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria , Mercia , and parts of East Anglia . By the middle of the 10th century , Alfred 's successors had conquered Northumbria , and restored English control over most of the southern part of Great Britain . In northern Britain , Kenneth MacAlpin ( d.c. 860 ) united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba . In the early 10th century , the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany , and was engaged in driving back the Magyars . Its efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of Otto I ( r . 936 -- 973 ) as Holy Roman Emperor . In 972 , he secured recognition of his title by the Byzantine Empire , which he sealed with the marriage of his son Otto II ( r . 967 -- 983 ) to Theophanu ( d . 991 ) , daughter of an earlier Byzantine Emperor Romanos II ( r . 959 -- 963 ) . By the late 10th century Italy had been drawn into the Ottonian sphere after a period of instability ; Otto III ( r . 996 -- 1002 ) spent much of his later reign in the kingdom . The western Frankish kingdom was more fragmented , and although kings remained nominally in charge , much of the political power devolved to the local lords . Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden , Denmark , and Norway , which gained power and territory . Some kings converted to Christianity , although not all by 1000 . Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Europe . Besides the settlements in Ireland , England , and Normandy , further settlement took place in what became Russia and in Iceland . Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe , and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907 . Christian Spain , initially driven into a small section of the peninsula in the north , expanded slowly south during the 9th and 10th centuries , establishing the kingdoms of Asturias and León . 10th - century Ottonian ivory plaque depicting Christ receiving a church from Otto I In Eastern Europe , Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I ( r . 867 -- 886 ) and his successors Leo VI ( r . 886 -- 912 ) and Constantine VII ( r . 913 -- 959 ) , members of the Macedonian dynasty . Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces . The military was reorganised , which allowed the emperors John I ( r . 969 -- 976 ) and Basil II ( r . 976 -- 1025 ) to expand the frontiers of the empire on all fronts . The imperial court was the centre of a revival of classical learning , a process known as the Macedonian Renaissance . Writers such as John Geometres ( fl . early 10th century ) composed new hymns , poems , and other works . Missionary efforts by both Eastern and Western clergy resulted in the conversion of the Moravians , Bulgars , Bohemians , Poles , Magyars , and Slavic inhabitants of the Kievan Rus ' . These conversions contributed to the founding of political states in the lands of those peoples -- the states of Moravia , Bulgaria , Bohemia , Poland , Hungary , and the Kievan Rus ' . Bulgaria , which was founded around 680 , at its height reached from Budapest to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River in modern Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea . By 1018 , the last Bulgarian nobles had surrendered to the Byzantine Empire . Art and architecture ( edit ) Main articles : Medieval art and Medieval architecture See also : Migration Period art , Pre-Romanesque art and architecture , and Carolingian art A page from the Book of Kells , an illuminated manuscript created in the British Isles in the late 8th or early 9th century Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century , although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries . By the beginning of the 8th century , the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture . One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept , or the `` arms '' of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave . Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church , usually at the west end of the building . Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court , and the monasteries and churches they supported . It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art , but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles . Insular art integrated the energy of Irish Celtic and Anglo - Saxon Germanic styles of ornament with Mediterranean forms such as the book , and established many characteristics of art for the rest of the medieval period . Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories , originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down . Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art , but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair , several reliquaries , and finds such as the Anglo - Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France , Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmiklós near Byzantine territory . There are survivals from the large brooches in fibula or penannular form that were a key piece of personal adornment for elites , including the Irish Tara Brooch . Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel Books and these have survived in larger numbers , including the Insular Book of Kells , the Book of Lindisfarne , and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram , which is one of the few to retain its `` treasure binding '' of gold encrusted with jewels . Charlemagne 's court seems to have been responsible for the acceptance of figurative monumental sculpture in Christian art , and by the end of the period near life - sized figures such as the Gero Cross were common in important churches . Military and technological developments ( edit ) During the later Roman Empire , the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops . The creation of heavily armoured cataphract - type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th - century Roman military . The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers -- ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo - Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths , who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies . During the early invasion period , the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare , which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider . The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier , and weaker , Scythian composite bow . Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour . The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period , with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry . The use of militia - type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period . Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted , a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry , rather than true cavalry . One exception was Anglo - Saxon England , where the armies were still composed of regional levies , known as the fyrd , which were led by the local elites . In military technology , one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow , which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages . Another change was the introduction of the stirrup , which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops . A technological advance that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe , which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain . High Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : High Middle Ages Society and economic life ( edit ) Medieval French manuscript illustration of the three classes of medieval society : those who prayed ( the clergy ) those who fought ( the knights ) , and those who worked ( the peasantry ) . The relationship between these classes was governed by feudalism and manorialism . ( Li Livres dou Sante , 13th century ) The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population . The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347 , although the exact causes remain unclear : improved agricultural techniques , the decline of slaveholding , a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been suggested . As much as 90 per cent of the European population remained rural peasants . Many were no longer settled in isolated farms but had gathered into small communities , usually known as manors or villages . These peasants were often subject to noble overlords and owed them rents and other services , in a system known as manorialism . There remained a few free peasants throughout this period and beyond , with more of them in the regions of Southern Europe than in the north . The practice of assarting , or bringing new lands into production by offering incentives to the peasants who settled them , also contributed to the expansion of population . Other sections of society included the nobility , clergy , and townsmen . Nobles , both the titled nobility and simple knights , exploited the manors and the peasants , although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the system of feudalism . During the 11th and 12th centuries , these lands , or fiefs , came to be considered hereditary , and in most areas they were no longer divisible between all the heirs as had been the case in the early medieval period . Instead , most fiefs and lands went to the eldest son . The dominance of the nobility was built upon its control of the land , its military service as heavy cavalry , control of castles , and various immunities from taxes or other impositions . Castles , initially in wood but later in stone , began to be constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries in response to the disorder of the time , and provided protection from invaders as well as allowing lords defence from rivals . Control of castles allowed the nobles to defy kings or other overlords . Nobles were stratified ; kings and the highest - ranking nobility controlled large numbers of commoners and large tracts of land , as well as other nobles . Beneath them , lesser nobles had authority over smaller areas of land and fewer people . Knights were the lowest level of nobility ; they controlled but did not own land , and had to serve other nobles . The clergy was divided into two types : the secular clergy , who lived out in the world , and the regular clergy , who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks . Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population , usually less than one per cent . Most of the regular clergy were drawn from the nobility , the same social class that served as the recruiting ground for the upper levels of the secular clergy . The local parish priests were often drawn from the peasant class . Townsmen were in a somewhat unusual position , as they did not fit into the traditional three-fold division of society into nobles , clergy , and peasants . During the 12th and 13th centuries , the ranks of the townsmen expanded greatly as existing towns grew and new population centres were founded . But throughout the Middle Ages the population of the towns probably never exceeded 10 per cent of the total population . 13th - century illustration of a Jew ( in pointed Jewish hat ) and the Christian Petrus Alphonsi debating Jews also spread across Europe during the period . Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries , but Spanish Jews , long settled in Spain under the Muslims , came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity . Most Jews were confined to the cities , as they were not allowed to own land or be peasants . Besides the Jews , there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe -- pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe . Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male , whether their father , husband , or other kinsman . Widows , who were often allowed much control over their own lives , were still restricted legally . Women 's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks . Peasant women were usually responsible for taking care of the household , child - care , as well as gardening and animal husbandry near the house . They could supplement the household income by spinning or brewing at home . At harvest - time , they were also expected to help with field - work . Townswomen , like peasant women , were responsible for the household , and could also engage in trade . What trades were open to women varied by country and period . Noblewomen were responsible for running a household , and could occasionally be expected to handle estates in the absence of male relatives , but they were usually restricted from participation in military or government affairs . The only role open to women in the Church was that of nuns , as they were unable to become priests . In central and northern Italy and in Flanders , the rise of towns that were to a degree self - governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations . Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League , and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice , Genoa , and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean . Great trading fairs were established and flourished in northern France during the period , allowing Italian and German merchants to trade with each other as well as local merchants . In the late 13th century new land and sea routes to the Far East were pioneered , famously described in The Travels of Marco Polo written by one of the traders , Marco Polo ( d . 1324 ) . Besides new trading opportunities , agricultural and technological improvements enabled an increase in crop yields , which in turn allowed the trade networks to expand . Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money , and gold coinage was again minted in Europe , first in Italy and later in France and other countries . New forms of commercial contracts emerged , allowing risk to be shared among merchants . Accounting methods improved , partly through the use of double - entry bookkeeping ; letters of credit also appeared , allowing easy transmission of money . Rise of state power ( edit ) Main articles : England in the Middle Ages , France in the Middle Ages , Germany in the Middle Ages , Italy in the Middle Ages , Scotland in the Middle Ages , Spain in the Middle Ages , and Poland in the Middle Ages Europe and the Mediterranean Sea in 1190 The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state . Kings in France , England , and Spain consolidated their power , and set up lasting governing institutions . New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland , after their conversion to Christianity , became Central European powers . The Magyars settled Hungary around 900 under King Árpád ( d.c. 907 ) after a series of invasions in the 9th century . The papacy , long attached to an ideology of independence from secular kings , first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world ; the Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of Innocent III ( pope 1198 -- 1216 ) . Northern Crusades and the advance of Christian kingdoms and military orders into previously pagan regions in the Baltic and Finnic north - east brought the forced assimilation of numerous native peoples into European culture . During the early High Middle Ages , Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty , which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period . In 1024 , they were replaced by the Salian dynasty , who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV ( r . 1084 -- 1105 ) over Church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy . His successors continued to struggle against the papacy as well as the German nobility . A period of instability followed the death of Emperor Henry V ( r . 1111 -- 25 ) , who died without heirs , until Frederick I Barbarossa ( r . 1155 -- 90 ) took the imperial throne . Although he ruled effectively , the basic problems remained , and his successors continued to struggle into the 13th century . Barbarossa 's grandson Frederick II ( r . 1220 -- 1250 ) , who was also heir to the throne of Sicily through his mother , clashed repeatedly with the papacy . His court was famous for its scholars and he was often accused of heresy . He and his successors faced many difficulties , including the invasion of the Mongols into Europe in the mid-13th century . Mongols first shattered the Kievan Rus ' principalities and then invaded Eastern Europe in 1241 , 1259 , and 1287 . The Bayeux Tapestry ( detail ) showing William the Conqueror ( centre ) , his half - brothers Robert , Count of Mortain ( right ) and Odo , Bishop of Bayeux in the Duchy of Normandy ( left ) Under the Capetian dynasty the French monarchy slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility , growing out of the Île - de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries . They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy , who in 1066 under William the Conqueror ( duke 1035 -- 1087 ) , conquered England ( r . 1066 -- 87 ) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted , in various forms , throughout the rest of the Middle Ages . Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy , when Robert Guiscard ( d . 1085 ) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily . Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II ( r . 1154 -- 89 ) and his son Richard I ( r . 1189 -- 99 ) , the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France , brought to the family by Henry II 's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine ( d . 1204 ) , heiress to much of southern France . Richard 's younger brother John ( r . 1199 -- 1216 ) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus ( r . 1180 -- 1223 ) . This led to dissension among the English nobility , while John 's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta , a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England . Under Henry III ( r . 1216 -- 72 ) , John 's son , further concessions were made to the nobility , and royal power was diminished . The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries , bringing more territories within the kingdom under the king 's personal rule and centralising the royal administration . Under Louis IX ( r . 1226 -- 70 ) , royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe . In Iberia , the Christian states , which had been confined to the north - western part of the peninsula , began to push back against the Islamic states in the south , a period known as the Reconquista . By about 1150 , the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León , Castile , Aragon , Navarre , and Portugal . Southern Iberia remained under control of Islamic states , initially under the Caliphate of Córdoba , which broke up in 1031 into a shifting number of petty states known as taifas , who fought with the Christians until the Almohad Caliphate re-established centralised rule over Southern Iberia in the 1170s . Christian forces advanced again in the early 13th century , culminating in the capture of Seville in 1248 . Crusades ( edit ) Main articles : Crusades , Reconquista , and Northern Crusades See also : Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty and Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty Krak des Chevaliers was built during the Crusades for the Knights Hospitallers . In the 11th century , the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East , occupying Persia during the 1040s , Armenia in the 1060s , and Jerusalem in 1070 . In 1071 , the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV ( r . 1068 -- 71 ) . The Turks were then free to invade Asia Minor , which dealt a dangerous blow to the Byzantine Empire by seizing a large part of its population and its economic heartland . Although the Byzantines regrouped and recovered somewhat , they never fully regained Asia Minor and were often on the defensive . The Turks also had difficulties , losing control of Jerusalem to the Fatimids of Egypt and suffering from a series of internal civil wars . The Byzantines also faced a revived Bulgaria , which in the late 12th and 13th centuries spread throughout the Balkans . The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control . The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II ( pope 1088 -- 99 ) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos ( r . 1081 -- 1118 ) for aid against further Muslim advances . Urban promised indulgence to anyone who took part . Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilised across Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099 . One feature of the crusades was the pogroms against local Jews that often took place as the crusaders left their countries for the East . These were especially brutal during the First Crusade , when the Jewish communities in Cologne , Mainz , and Worms were destroyed , and other communities in cities between the rivers Seine and Rhine suffered destruction . Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order , the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers , which fused monastic life with military service . The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states . During the 12th and 13th centuries , there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states . Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades , such as the Third Crusade , called to try to regain Jerusalem , which had been captured by Saladin ( d . 1193 ) in 1187 . In 1203 , the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople , and captured the city in 1204 , setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire . The Byzantines recaptured the city in 1261 , but never regained their former strength . By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland , although a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem survived on the island of Cyprus for several years afterwards . Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land : in Spain , southern France , and along the Baltic . The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims . Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades , similar Spanish military religious orders were founded , most of which had become part of the two main orders of Calatrava and Santiago by the beginning of the 12th century . Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later , and became a crusading venue as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th to 14th centuries . These crusades also spawned a military order , the Order of the Sword Brothers . Another order , the Teutonic Knights , although founded in the crusader states , focused much of its activity in the Baltic after 1225 , and in 1309 moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia . Intellectual life ( edit ) Main articles : Renaissance of the 12th century , Medieval philosophy , Medieval literature , Medieval poetry , and Medieval medicine of Western Europe During the 11th century , developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity . There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of `` universals '' . Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism . Scholars such as Peter Abelard ( d . 1142 ) and Peter Lombard ( d . 1164 ) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology . In the late 11th and early 12th centuries cathedral schools spread throughout Western Europe , signalling the shift of learning from monasteries to cathedrals and towns . Cathedral schools were in turn replaced by the universities established in major European cities . Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism , an attempt by 12th - and 13th - century scholars to reconcile authoritative texts , most notably Aristotle and the Bible . This movement tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason and culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas ( d . 1274 ) , who wrote the Summa Theologica , or Summary of Theology . A medieval scholar making precise measurements in a 14th - century manuscript illustration Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts . This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin , and comprised poems , stories , legends , and popular songs spread by troubadours , or wandering minstrels . Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste , or `` songs of great deeds '' , such as The Song of Roland or The Song of Hildebrand . Secular and religious histories were also produced . Geoffrey of Monmouth ( d.c. 1155 ) composed his Historia Regum Britanniae , a collection of stories and legends about Arthur . Other works were more clearly history , such as Otto von Freising 's ( d . 1158 ) Gesta Friderici Imperatoris detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa , or William of Malmesbury 's ( d.c. 1143 ) Gesta Regum on the kings of England . Legal studies advanced during the 12th century . Both secular law and canon law , or ecclesiastical law , were studied in the High Middle Ages . Secular law , or Roman law , was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century , and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna . This led to the recording and standardisation of legal codes throughout Western Europe . Canon law was also studied , and around 1140 a monk named Gratian ( fl . 12th century ) , a teacher at Bologna , wrote what became the standard text of canon law -- the Decretum . Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra , which allowed more advanced mathematics . Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy 's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century . Medicine was also studied , especially in southern Italy , where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno . Technology and military ( edit ) Main articles : Medieval technology , Medieval warfare , and History of science § Science in the Middle Ages Further information : List of medieval European scientists Portrait of Cardinal Hugh of Saint - Cher by Tommaso da Modena , 1352 , the first known depiction of spectacles In the 12th and 13th centuries , Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production . Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill , the first mechanical clocks , the manufacture of distilled spirits , and the use of the astrolabe . Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by an unknown Italian artisan , probably working in or near Pisa . The development of a three - field rotation system for planting crops increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two - field system to two - thirds under the new system , with a consequent increase in production . The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently , aided by the spread of the horse collar , which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen . Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture , factors that aided the implementation of the three - field system . The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology , leading to the development of large stone buildings . Ancillary structures included new town halls , houses , bridges , and tithe barns . Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and tenon . Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern - post rudder , both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed . In military affairs , the use of infantry with specialised roles increased . Along with the still - dominant heavy cavalry , armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen , as well as sappers and engineers . Crossbows , which had been known in Late Antiquity , increased in use partly because of the increase in siege warfare in the 10th and 11th centuries . The increasing use of crossbows during the 12th and 13th centuries led to the use of closed - face helmets , heavy body armour , as well as horse armour . Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304 , although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon . Cannon were being used for sieges in the 1320s , and hand - held guns were in use by the 1360s . Architecture , art , and music ( edit ) Further information : Medieval architecture , Medieval art , and Medieval music The Romanesque Church of Maria Laach , Germany In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms , from which the term `` Romanesque '' is derived . Where available , Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials . From the tentative beginnings known as the First Romanesque , the style flourished and spread across Europe in a remarkably homogeneous form . Just before 1000 there was a great wave of building stone churches all over Europe . Romanesque buildings have massive stone walls , openings topped by semi-circular arches , small windows , and , particularly in France , arched stone vaults . The large portal with coloured sculpture in high relief became a central feature of façades , especially in France , and the capitals of columns were often carved with narrative scenes of imaginative monsters and animals . According to art historian C.R. Dodwell , `` virtually all the churches in the West were decorated with wall - paintings '' , of which few survive . Simultaneous with the development in church architecture , the distinctive European form of the castle was developed , and became crucial to politics and warfare . Romanesque art , especially metalwork , was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art , in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun ( d . 1205 ) become apparent , and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège , contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick . Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts , and wall - painting flourished in churches , often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall , a Christ in Majesty at the east end , and narrative biblical scenes down the nave , or in the best surviving example , at Saint - Savin - sur - Gartempe , on the barrel - vaulted roof . The Gothic interior of Laon Cathedral , France From the early 12th century , French builders developed the Gothic style , marked by the use of rib vaults , pointed arches , flying buttresses , and large stained glass windows . It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals , and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe . Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England . Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches , which continued to use extensive wall - paintings , now almost all lost . During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops , so that according to Janetta Benton `` by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops '' , and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay - people . Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art , with Limoges enamel a popular and relatively affordable option for objects such as reliquaries and crosses . In Italy the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio , followed by the Trecento master Giotto ( d . 1337 ) , greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco . Increasing prosperity during the 12th century resulted in greater production of secular art ; many carved ivory objects such as gaming - pieces , combs , and small religious figures have survived . Church life ( edit ) Main articles : Gregorian Reform and Church and state in medieval Europe Francis of Assisi , depicted by Bonaventura Berlinghieri in 1235 , founded the Franciscan Order . Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century , as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life . Cluny Abbey , founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909 , was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms , a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear . Cluny quickly established a reputation for austerity and rigour . It sought to maintain a high quality of spiritual life by placing itself under the protection of the papacy and by electing its own abbot without interference from laymen , thus maintaining economic and political independence from local lords . Monastic reform inspired change in the secular Church . The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX ( pope 1049 -- 1054 ) , and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century . This involved Pope Gregory VII ( pope 1073 -- 85 ) and Emperor Henry IV , who initially clashed over episcopal appointments , a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture , clerical marriage , and simony . The emperor saw the protection of the Church as one of his responsibilities as well as wanting to preserve the right to appoint his own choices as bishops within his lands , but the papacy insisted on the Church 's independence from secular lords . These issues remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms . The dispute represents a significant stage in the creation of a papal monarchy separate from and equal to lay authorities . It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors . Sénanque Abbey , Gordes , France The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements . Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms , people sought to participate in new forms of religious life . New monastic orders were founded , including the Carthusians and the Cistercians . The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the guidance of Bernard of Clairvaux ( d . 1153 ) . These new orders were formed in response to the feeling of the laity that Benedictine monasticism no longer met the needs of the laymen , who along with those wishing to enter the religious life wanted a return to the simpler hermetical monasticism of early Christianity , or to live an Apostolic life . Religious pilgrimages were also encouraged . Old pilgrimage sites such as Rome , Jerusalem , and Compostela received increasing numbers of visitors , and new sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari rose to prominence . In the 13th century mendicant orders -- the Franciscans and the Dominicans -- who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging , were approved by the papacy . Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centuries , but they were condemned as heretical by the papacy . Others joined the Cathars , another heretical movement condemned by the papacy . In 1209 , a crusade was preached against the Cathars , the Albigensian Crusade , which in combination with the medieval Inquisition , eliminated them . Late Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : Late Middle Ages War , Famine , and plague ( edit ) Main article : Crisis of the Late Middle Ages The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines , culminating in the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 . The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age , which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures . The years 1313 -- 14 and 1317 -- 21 were excessively rainy throughout Europe , resulting in widespread crop failures . The climate change -- which resulted in a declining average annual temperature for Europe during the 14th century -- was accompanied by an economic downturn . Execution of some of the ringleaders of the jacquerie , from a 14th - century manuscript of the Chroniques de France ou de St Denis These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death , a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years . The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe , about one - third of the population . Towns were especially hard - hit because of their crowded conditions . Large areas of land were left sparsely inhabited , and in some places fields were left unworked . Wages rose as landlords sought to entice the reduced number of available workers to their fields . Further problems were lower rents and lower demand for food , both of which cut into agricultural income . Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings , and popular uprisings broke out across Europe . Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France , the Peasants ' Revolt in England , and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders . The trauma of the plague led to an increased piety throughout Europe , manifested by the foundation of new charities , the self - mortification of the flagellants , and the scapegoating of Jews . Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century ; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages . Society and economy ( edit ) Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death . Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned , as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas . Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe , as landlords imposed it on those of their tenants who had previously been free . Most peasants in Western Europe managed to change the work they had previously owed to their landlords into cash rents . The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period . Landlords also became more conscious of common interests with other landholders , and they joined together to extort privileges from their governments . Partly at the urging of landlords , governments attempted to legislate a return to the economic conditions that existed before the Black Death . Non-clergy became increasingly literate , and urban populations began to imitate the nobility 's interest in chivalry . Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306 . Although some were allowed back into France , most were not , and many Jews emigrated eastwards , settling in Poland and Hungary . The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492 , and dispersed to Turkey , France , Italy , and Holland . The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century , fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms . Many banking firms loaned money to royalty , at great risk , as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans . State resurgence ( edit ) Map of Europe in 1360 Strong , royalty - based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages , particularly in England , France , and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula : Aragon , Castile , and Portugal . The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantry . Kings profited from warfare that extended royal legislation and increased the lands they directly controlled . Paying for the wars required that methods of taxation become more effective and efficient , and the rate of taxation often increased . The requirement to obtain the consent of taxpayers allowed representative bodies such as the English Parliament and the French Estates General to gain power and authority . Joan of Arc in a 15th - century depiction Throughout the 14th century , French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility . They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France , leading to the Hundred Years ' War , waged from 1337 to 1453 . Early in the war the English under Edward III ( r . 1327 -- 77 ) and his son Edward , the Black Prince ( d . 1376 ) , won the battles of Crécy and Poitiers , captured the city of Calais , and won control of much of France . The resulting stresses almost caused the disintegration of the French kingdom during the early years of the war . In the early 15th century , France again came close to dissolving , but in the late 1420s the military successes of Joan of Arc ( d . 1431 ) led to the victory of the French and the capture of the last English possessions in southern France in 1453 . The price was high , as the population of France at the end of the Wars was likely half what it had been at the start of the conflict . Conversely , the Wars had a positive effect on English national identity , doing much to fuse the various local identities into a national English ideal . The conflict with France also helped create a national culture in England separate from French culture , which had previously been the dominant influence . The dominance of the English longbow began during early stages of the Hundred Years ' War , and cannon appeared on the battlefield at Crécy in 1346 . In modern - day Germany , the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule , but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form . Further east , the kingdoms of Poland , Hungary , and Bohemia grew powerful . In Iberia , the Christian kingdoms continued to gain land from the Muslim kingdoms of the peninsula ; Portugal concentrated on expanding overseas during the 15th century , while the other kingdoms were riven by difficulties over royal succession and other concerns . After losing the Hundred Years ' War , England went on to suffer a long civil war known as the Wars of the Roses , which lasted into the 1490s and only ended when Henry Tudor ( r . 1485 -- 1509 as Henry VII ) became king and consolidated power with his victory over Richard III ( r . 1483 -- 85 ) at Bosworth in 1485 . In Scandinavia , Margaret I of Denmark ( r. in Denmark 1387 -- 1412 ) consolidated Norway , Denmark , and Sweden in the Union of Kalmar , which continued until 1523 . The major power around the Baltic Sea was the Hanseatic League , a commercial confederation of city states that traded from Western Europe to Russia . Scotland emerged from English domination under Robert the Bruce ( r . 1306 -- 29 ) , who secured papal recognition of his kingship in 1328 . Collapse of Byzantium ( edit ) Main articles : Decline of the Byzantine Empire , Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty , Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty , Byzantine -- Ottoman Wars , and Rise of the Ottoman Empire Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261 , they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands . They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople , the city itself , and some coastal lands on the Black Sea and around the Aegean Sea . The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new Kingdom of Serbia , the Second Bulgarian Empire and the city - state of Venice . The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe , the Ottomans , who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century . The Ottomans expanded into Europe , reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 . Western Europeans rallied to the plight of the Christians in the Balkans and declared a new crusade in 1396 ; a great army was sent to the Balkans , where it was defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis . Constantinople was finally captured by the Ottomans in 1453 . Controversy within the Church ( edit ) Guy of Boulogne crowning Pope Gregory XI in a miniature from Froissart 's Chroniques During the tumultuous 14th century , disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1309 -- 76 , also called the `` Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy '' ( a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews ) , and then to the Great Schism , lasting from 1378 to 1418 , when there were two and later three rival popes , each supported by several states . Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414 , and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes , leaving only two claimants . Further depositions followed , and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V ( pope 1417 -- 31 ) as pope . Besides the schism , the Western Church was riven by theological controversies , some of which turned into heresies . John Wycliffe ( d . 1384 ) , an English theologian , was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to Church doctrine . Wycliffe 's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages : Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia . The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus , who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance . The Hussite Church , although the target of a crusade , survived beyond the Middle Ages . Other heresies were manufactured , such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV ( r . 1285 -- 1314 ) and the Hospitallers . The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages , holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist . This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy . The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages , veneration of relics , and belief in the power of the Devil . Mystics such as Meister Eckhart ( d . 1327 ) and Thomas à Kempis ( d . 1471 ) wrote works that taught the laity to focus on their inner spiritual life , which laid the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation . Besides mysticism , belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread , and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft with its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication in 1486 of the Malleus Maleficarum , the most popular handbook for witch - hunters . Scholars , intellectuals , and exploration ( edit ) See also : Europeans in Medieval China During the Later Middle Ages , theologians such as John Duns Scotus ( d . 1308 ) and William of Ockham ( d.c. 1348 ) , led a reaction against scholasticism , objecting to the application of reason to faith . Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of `` universals '' . Ockham 's insistence that reason operates independently of faith allowed science to be separated from theology and philosophy . Legal studies were marked by the steady advance of Roman law into areas of jurisprudence previously governed by customary law . The lone exception to this trend was in England , where the common law remained pre-eminent . Other countries codified their laws ; legal codes were promulgated in Castile , Poland , and Lithuania . Clerics studying astronomy and geometry , French , early 15th century Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy . The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest , but the secondary subjects of the trivium -- grammar , rhetoric , logic -- were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities . Commercial secondary schools spread , and some Italian towns had more than one such enterprise . Universities also spread throughout Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries . Lay literacy rates rose , but were still low ; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500 . The publication of vernacular literature increased , with Dante ( d . 1321 ) , Petrarch ( d . 1374 ) and Giovanni Boccaccio ( d . 1375 ) in 14th - century Italy , Geoffrey Chaucer ( d . 1400 ) and William Langland ( d.c. 1386 ) in England , and François Villon ( d . 1464 ) and Christine de Pizan ( d.c. 1430 ) in France . Much literature remained religious in character , and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin , a new demand developed for saints ' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages . This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement , most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life , but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler ( d . 1361 ) . Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church . At the end of the period , the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500 . In the early 15th century , the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe . Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal ( d . 1460 ) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands , the Azores , and Cape Verde during his lifetime . After his death , exploration continued ; Bartolomeu Dias ( d . 1500 ) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama ( d . 1524 ) sailed around Africa to India in 1498 . The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus ( d . 1506 ) in 1492 that discovered the Americas . The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot ( d . 1498 ) in 1497 , which landed on Cape Breton Island . Technological and military developments ( edit ) Agricultural calendar , c. 1470 , from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi Further information : History of agriculture § Europe One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry . The English also employed longbowmen , but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success . Armour continued to advance , spurred by the increasing power of crossbows , and plate armour was developed to protect soldiers from crossbows as well as the hand - held guns that were developed . Pole arms reached new prominence with the development of the Flemish and Swiss infantry armed with pikes and other long spears . In agriculture , the increased usage of sheep with long - fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun . In addition , the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool , tripling production . A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures for garments , which allowed for better fitting without having to lace clothing on the wearer . Windmills were refined with the creation of the tower mill , allowing the upper part of the windmill to be spun around to face the direction from which the wind was blowing . The blast furnace appeared around 1350 in Sweden , increasing the quantity of iron produced and improving its quality . The first patent law in 1447 in Venice protected the rights of inventors to their inventions . Late Medieval art and architecture ( edit ) February scene from the 15th - century illuminated manuscript Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy . Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles , which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century , until almost the end of the period . International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400 , producing masterpieces such as the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . All over Europe secular art continued to increase in quantity and quality , and in the 15th century the mercantile classes of Italy and Flanders became important patrons , commissioning small portraits of themselves in oils as well as a growing range of luxury items such as jewellery , ivory caskets , cassone chests , and maiolica pottery . These objects also included the Hispano - Moresque ware produced by mostly Mudéjar potters in Spain . Although royalty owned huge collections of plate , little survives except for the Royal Gold Cup . Italian silk manufacture developed , so that Western churches and elites no longer needed to rely on imports from Byzantium or the Islamic world . In France and Flanders tapestry weaving of sets like The Lady and the Unicorn became a major luxury industry . The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building , as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved , as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea . Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common , especially as churches created many side - chapels . Early Netherlandish painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck ( d . 1441 ) and Rogier van der Weyden ( d . 1464 ) rivalled that of Italy , as did northern illuminated manuscripts , which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites , who also commissioned secular books , especially histories . From about 1450 printed books rapidly became popular , though still expensive . There were around 30,000 different editions of incunabula , or works printed before 1500 , by which time illuminated manuscripts were commissioned only by royalty and a few others . Very small woodcuts , nearly all religious , were affordable even by peasants in parts of Northern Europe from the middle of the 15th century . More expensive engravings supplied a wealthier market with a variety of images . Modern perceptions ( edit ) See also : Dark Ages ( historiography ) , Medieval studies , and Middle Ages in popular culture Medieval illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th - century copy of L'Image du monde The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a `` time of ignorance and superstition '' that placed `` the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity . '' This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment , when scholars favourably contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the medieval period . Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world ; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith , and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition . Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages . Science historian Edward Grant writes , `` If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed ( in the 18th century ) , they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities '' . Also , contrary to common belief , David Lindberg writes , `` the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the Church and would have regarded himself as free ( particularly in the natural sciences ) to follow reason and observation wherever they led '' . The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions . One misconception , first propagated in the 19th century and still very common , is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat . This is untrue , as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence showed the Earth was a sphere . Lindberg and Ronald Numbers , another scholar of the period , state that there `` was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge ( Earth 's ) sphericity and even know its approximate circumference '' . Other misconceptions such as `` the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages '' , `` the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science '' , or `` the medieval Christian Church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy '' , are all cited by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth , although they are not supported by current historical research . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is the year the last Western Roman Emperors were driven from Italy . Jump up ^ A reference work published in 1883 equates the Dark Ages with the Middle Ages , but beginning with William Paton Ker in 1904 , the term `` Dark Ages '' is generally restricted to the early part of the Medieval period . For example , the 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Dark Ages this way . See Dark Ages for a more complete historiography of this term . Jump up ^ This system , which eventually encompassed two senior co-emperors and two junior co-emperors , is known as the Tetrarchy . Jump up ^ The commanders of the Roman military in the area appear to have taken food and other supplies intended to be given to the Goths and instead sold them to the Goths . The revolt was triggered when one of the Roman military commanders attempted to take the Gothic leaders hostage but failed to secure all of them . Jump up ^ An alternative date of 480 is sometimes given , as that was the year Romulus Augustulus ' predecessor Julius Nepos died ; Nepos had continued to assert that he was the Western emperor while holding onto Dalmatia . Jump up ^ The English word `` slave '' derives from the Latin term for Slavs , slavicus . Jump up ^ Brittany takes its name from this settlement by Britons . Jump up ^ Such entourages are named comitatus by historians , although it is not a contemporary term . It was adapted in the 19th century from a word used by the 2nd - century historian Tacitus to describe the close companions of a lord or king . The comitatus comprised young men who were supposed to be utterly devoted to their lord . If their sworn lord died , they were expected to fight to the death also . Jump up ^ Dhu Nuwas , ruler of present - day Yemen , converted in 525 and his subsequent persecution of Christians led to the invasion and conquest of his kingdom by the Axumites of Ethiopia . Jump up ^ Muslim armies had earlier conquered the Visigothic kingdom of Spain , after defeating the last Visigothic King Ruderic ( d . 711 or 712 ) at the Battle of Guadalete in 711 , finishing the conquest by 719 . Jump up ^ The Papal States endured until 1870 , when the Kingdom of Italy seized most of them . Jump up ^ The Carolingian minuscule was developed from the uncial script of Late Antiquity , which was a smaller , rounder form of writing the Latin alphabet than the classical forms . Jump up ^ There was a brief re-uniting of the Empire by Charles III , known as `` the Fat '' , in 884 , although the actual units of the empire were not merged and retained their separate administrations . Charles was deposed in 887 and died in January 888 . Jump up ^ The Carolingian dynasty had earlier been displaced by King Odo ( r . 888 -- 898 ) , previously Count of Paris , who took the throne in 888 . Although members of the Carolingian dynasty became kings in the western lands after Odo 's death , Odo 's family also supplied kings -- his brother Robert I became king for 922 -- 923 , and then Robert 's son - in - law Raoul was king from 929 to 936 -- before the Carolingians reclaimed the throne once more . Jump up ^ Hugh Capet was a grandson of Robert I , an earlier king . Jump up ^ This settlement eventually expanded and sent out conquering expeditions to England , Sicily , and southern Italy . Jump up ^ This inheritance pattern is known as primogeniture . Jump up ^ Heavy cavalry had been introduced into Europe from the Persian cataphract of the 5th and 6th centuries , but the addition of the stirrup in the 7th allowed the full force of horse and rider to be used in combat . Jump up ^ In France , Germany , and the Low Countries there was a further type of `` noble '' , the ministerialis , who were in effect unfree knights . They descended from serfs who had served as warriors or government officials , which increased status allowed their descendants to hold fiefs as well as become knights while still being technically serfs . Jump up ^ A few Jewish peasants remained on the land under Byzantine rule in the East as well as some on Crete under Venetian rule , but they were the exception in Europe . Jump up ^ These two groups -- Germans and Italians -- took different approaches to their trading arrangements . Most German cities co-operated in the Hanseatic League , in contrast with the Italian city - states who engaged in internecine strife . Jump up ^ This grouping of lands is often called the Angevin Empire . Jump up ^ Eleanor had previously been married to Louis VII of France ( r . 1137 -- 80 ) , but their marriage was annulled in 1152 . Jump up ^ Louis was canonised in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII . Jump up ^ Military religious orders such as the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller were formed and went on to play an integral role in the crusader states . Jump up ^ It had spread to Northern Europe by 1000 , and had reached Poland by the 12th century . Jump up ^ Crossbows are slow to reload , which limits their use on open battlefields . In sieges the slowness is not as big a disadvantage , as the crossbowman can hide behind fortifications while reloading . Jump up ^ The historical consensus for the last 100 years has been that the Black Death was a form of bubonic plague , but some historians have begun to challenge this view in recent years . Jump up ^ One town , Lübeck in Germany , lost 90 per cent of its population to the Black Death . Jump up ^ As happened with the Bardi and Peruzzi firms in the 1340s when King Edward III of England repudiated their loans to him . Jump up ^ Edward 's nickname probably came from his black armour , and was first used by John Leland in the 1530s or 1540s . Jump up ^ Calais remained in English hands until 1558 . Jump up ^ The word `` dunce '' derives from Duns Scotus ' name . Jump up ^ This wheel was still simple , as it did not yet incorporate a treadle - wheel to twist and pull the fibres . That refinement was not invented until the 15th century . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Power Central Middle Ages p. 304 ^ Jump up to : Mommsen `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' Speculum pp. 236 -- 237 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. x Jump up ^ Knox `` History of the Idea of the Renaissance '' ^ Jump up to : Bruni History of the Florentine people p. xvii Jump up ^ Miglio `` Curial Humanism '' Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism p. 112 Jump up ^ Albrow Global Age p. 205 ^ Jump up to : Murray `` Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished ? '' Essays in Medieval Studies p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Flexner ( ed . ) Random House Dictionary p. 1194 Jump up ^ `` Mediaeval '' Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Middle Ages '' Dictionary.com ^ Jump up to : Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 86 Jump up ^ See the titles of Watts Making of Polities Europe 1300 -- 1500 or Epstein Economic History of Later Medieval Europe 1000 -- 1500 or the end date used in Holmes ( ed . ) Oxford History of Medieval Europe ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 291 -- 293 Jump up ^ See the title of Saul Companion to Medieval England 1066 -- 1485 Jump up ^ Kamen Spain 1469 -- 1714 p. 29 Jump up ^ Mommsen `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' Speculum p. 226 Jump up ^ Tansey , et al. Gardner 's Art Through the Ages p. 242 Jump up ^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 391 -- 393 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 3 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Heather Fall of the Roman Empire p. 111 ^ Jump up to : Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 24 -- 25 ^ Jump up to : Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 9 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 24 Jump up ^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 405 -- 406 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity p. 34 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 65 -- 68 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 82 -- 94 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 51 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 47 -- 49 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 56 -- 59 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 80 -- 83 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 59 -- 60 ^ Jump up to : Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans p. 417 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 80 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 67 -- 68 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 79 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 107 -- 109 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 116 -- 134 Jump up ^ Brown , World of Late Antiquity , pp. 122 -- 124 Jump up ^ Wickham , Inheritance of Rome , pp. 95 -- 98 Jump up ^ Wickham , Inheritance of Rome , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Collins , Early Medieval Europe , p. 100 ^ Jump up to : Collins , Early Medieval Europe , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Wickham , Inheritance of Rome , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Backman , Worlds of Medieval Europe , pp. 86 -- 91 Jump up ^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms p. 261 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 82 -- 88 ^ Jump up to : James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 79 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 78 -- 81 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 196 -- 208 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 235 -- 238 Jump up ^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 81 -- 83 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 200 -- 202 ^ Jump up to : Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 206 -- 213 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 126 , 130 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 95 -- 99 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 140 -- 143 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity p. 181 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 45 -- 49 Jump up ^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms p. 80 Jump up ^ Geary Before France and Germany pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 189 -- 193 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 195 -- 199 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 204 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 205 -- 210 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 211 -- 212 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 215 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 24 -- 26 Jump up ^ Gies and Gies Life in a Medieval City pp. 3 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Loyn `` Jews '' Middle Ages p. 191 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 138 -- 139 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 143 -- 145 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 149 -- 151 Jump up ^ Reilly Medieval Spains pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 15 Jump up ^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 427 -- 428 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ Grierson `` Coinage and currency '' Middle Ages Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 218 -- 233 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 328 -- 332 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 170 -- 172 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 62 -- 63 Jump up ^ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 10 -- 13 Jump up ^ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 18 -- 24 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 185 -- 187 Jump up ^ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 246 -- 253 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 347 -- 349 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World p. 344 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 371 -- 378 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 20 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 824 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture p. 73 ^ Jump up to : Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 109 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 117 -- 120 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 302 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 241 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 66 -- 70 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Language and dialect '' Middle Ages p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 427 -- 431 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 139 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 356 -- 358 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 358 -- 359 ^ Jump up to : Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 360 -- 361 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 397 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 141 -- 144 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 336 -- 339 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 147 -- 149 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 378 -- 385 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 387 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 309 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 394 -- 404 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 317 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 435 -- 439 Jump up ^ Whitton `` Society of Northern Europe '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 152 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 439 -- 444 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 385 -- 389 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 500 -- 505 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 318 -- 320 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 321 -- 326 Jump up ^ Crampton Concise History of Bulgaria p. 12 Jump up ^ Curta Southeastern Europe pp. 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Nees Early Medieval Art p. 145 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 29 -- 35 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Cosman Medieval Wordbook p. 247 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 45 , 49 Jump up ^ Kitzinger Early Medieval Art pp. 36 -- 53 , 61 -- 64 Jump up ^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 18 -- 21 , 63 -- 71 Jump up ^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 36 -- 42 , 49 -- 55 , 103 , 143 , 204 -- 208 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 41 -- 49 Jump up ^ Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 16 -- 18 Jump up ^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 233 -- 238 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 30 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 34 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 39 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 76 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 80 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 88 -- 91 Jump up ^ Whitton `` Society of Northern Europe '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 134 Jump up ^ Gainty and Ward Sources of World Societies p. 352 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 5 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 156 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 37 -- 41 Jump up ^ Cosman Medieval Wordbook p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 311 -- 315 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Singman Daily Life p. 8 Jump up ^ Hamilton Religion on the Medieval West p. 33 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 143 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Epstein Economic and Social History p. 54 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Singman Daily Life pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 81 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 82 -- 83 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 60 -- 67 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 160 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 74 -- 76 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 283 -- 284 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 365 -- 380 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 296 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 262 -- 279 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 371 -- 372 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 143 -- 147 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 250 -- 252 Jump up ^ Denley `` Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 235 -- 238 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 364 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 187 -- 189 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 189 -- 196 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 294 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 263 Jump up ^ Barlow Feudal Kingdom pp. 285 -- 286 ^ Jump up to : Loyn `` Eleanor of Aquitaine '' Middle Ages p. 122 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 286 -- 289 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 289 -- 293 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 355 -- 357 Jump up ^ Hallam and Everard Capetian France p. 401 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe p. 345 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities p. 341 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 350 -- 351 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 353 -- 355 Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann Medieval Fortress pp. 268 -- 269 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 332 -- 333 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 386 -- 387 ^ Jump up to : Riley - Smith `` Crusades '' Middle Ages pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 397 -- 399 ^ Jump up to : Barber Two Cities pp. 145 -- 149 Jump up ^ Payne Dream and the Tomb pp. 204 -- 205 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 353 -- 356 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 156 -- 161 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 299 -- 300 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades p. 122 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 205 -- 213 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 213 -- 224 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 232 -- 237 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 247 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : Loyn `` Scholasticism '' Middle Ages pp. 293 -- 294 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 295 -- 301 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 252 -- 260 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe p. 349 Jump up ^ Saul Companion to Medieval England pp. 113 -- 114 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 237 -- 241 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 241 -- 246 Jump up ^ Ilardi , Renaissance Vision , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 246 Jump up ^ Ilardi , Renaissance Vision , pp. 4 -- 5 , 49 ^ Jump up to : Epstein Economic and Social History p. 45 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 156 -- 159 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities p. 68 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities p. 73 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 125 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 124 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 296 -- 298 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages p. 55 Jump up ^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 181 -- 189 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 58 -- 60 , 65 -- 66 , 73 -- 75 Jump up ^ Dodwell Pictorial Arts of the West p. 37 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 295 -- 299 Jump up ^ Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 240 -- 250 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 195 -- 216 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 185 -- 190 ; 269 -- 271 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages p. 250 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 135 -- 139 , 245 -- 247 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 264 -- 278 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 248 -- 250 Jump up ^ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Rosenwein Rhinoceros Bound pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 143 -- 144 Jump up ^ Morris `` Northern Europe '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 199 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 155 -- 167 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 185 -- 192 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Famine '' Middle Ages p. 128 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 373 -- 374 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 41 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 370 ^ Jump up to : Schove `` Plague '' Middle Ages p. 269 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 171 -- 172 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 189 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 374 -- 380 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 412 -- 413 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 246 -- 247 ^ Jump up to : Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 234 -- 237 Jump up ^ Vale `` Civilization of Courts and Cities '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 346 -- 349 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Jews '' Middle Ages p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 237 -- 239 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 201 -- 219 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 224 -- 233 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 233 -- 238 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities p. 166 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities p. 169 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Hundred Years ' War '' Middle Ages p. 176 Jump up ^ Barber Edward pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 545 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 180 -- 181 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 317 -- 322 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 423 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 186 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 170 -- 171 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 173 -- 175 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities p. 173 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 327 -- 332 ^ Jump up to : Watts Making of Polities p. 340 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 425 -- 426 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 431 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 408 -- 409 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 385 -- 389 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 446 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 170 -- 171 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Avignon '' Middle Ages p. 45 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Great Schism '' Middle Ages p. 153 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 184 -- 187 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 197 -- 199 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church p. 218 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 213 -- 217 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Knights of the Temple ( Templars ) '' Middle Ages pp. 201 -- 202 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 436 -- 437 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 433 -- 434 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 438 -- 439 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 224 Jump up ^ Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 282 -- 283 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 445 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 451 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 454 -- 455 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 511 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 180 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 183 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 188 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 185 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 193 -- 194 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 36 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 38 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 200 -- 201 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 203 -- 204 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 213 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 253 -- 256 Jump up ^ Lightbown Secular Goldsmiths ' Work p. 78 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 257 -- 262 Jump up ^ British Library Staff `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' British Library Jump up ^ Griffiths Prints and Printmaking pp. 17 -- 18 ; 39 -- 46 Jump up ^ Lindberg `` Medieval Church Encounters '' When Science & Christianity Meet p. 8 Jump up ^ Grant God and Reason p. 9 Jump up ^ Quoted in Peters `` Science and Religion '' Encyclopedia of Religion p. 8182 ^ Jump up to : Russell Inventing the Flat Earth pp. 49 -- 58 Jump up ^ Grant Planets , Stars , & Orbs pp. 626 -- 630 Jump up ^ Lindberg and Numbers `` Beyond War and Peace '' Church History p. 342 Jump up ^ Numbers `` Myths and Truths in Science and Religion : A historical perspective '' Lecture archive References ( edit ) Adams , Laurie Schneider ( 2001 ) . 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Benton , Janetta Rebold ( 2002 ) . Art of the Middle Ages . World of Art . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 20350 - 4 . British Library Staff ( 8 January 2008 ) . `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Brown , Peter ( 1989 ) . The World of Late Antiquity AD 150 -- 750 . Library of World Civilization . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95803 - 5 . Brown , Thomas ( 1998 ) . `` The Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean , 400 -- 900 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 1 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Bruni , Leonardo ( 2001 ) . Hankins , James , ed . History of the Florentine People . 1 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00506 - 8 . Colish , Marcia L. ( 1997 ) . Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition 400 -- 1400 . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07852 - 8 . Collins , Roger ( 1999 ) . Early Medieval Europe : 300 -- 1000 ( Second ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 21886 - 9 . Coredon , Christopher ( 2007 ) . A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases ( Reprint ed . ) . Woodbridge , UK : D.S. Brewer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84384 - 138 - 8 . Cosman , Madeleine Pelner ( 2007 ) . Medieval Wordbook : More the 4,000 Terms and Expressions from Medieval Culture . New York : Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 8725 - 0 . Crampton , R.J. ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of Bulgaria . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61637 - 9 . Cunliffe , Barry ( 2008 ) . Europe Between the Oceans : Themes and Variations 9000 BC - AD 1000 . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11923 - 7 . Curta , Florin ( 2006 ) . Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500 -- 1250 . Cambridge Medieval Textbooks . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89452 - 2 . Davies , Norman ( 1996 ) . Europe : A History . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520912 - 5 . Denley , Peter ( 1998 ) . `` The Mediterranean in the Age of the Renaissance , 1200 -- 1500 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 235 -- 296 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Dodwell , C.R. ( 1993 ) . The Pictorial Arts of the West : 800 -- 1200 . Pellican History of Art . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06493 - 4 . Eastwood , Bruce ( 2007 ) . Ordering the Heavens : Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance . History of Science and Medicine Library . Boston , MA : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16186 - 3 . Epstein , Steven A. ( 2009 ) . An Economic and Social History of Later Medieval Europe , 1000 -- 1500 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 70653 - 7 . Flexner , Stuart Berg ( ed . ) . The Random House Dictionary of the English Language : Unabridged ( Second ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50050 - 4 . Gainty , Denis ; Ward , Walter D. ( 2009 ) . Sources of World Societies : Volume 2 : Since 1500 . Boston , MA : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 68858 - X . Geary , Patrick J. ( 1988 ) . Before France and Germany : The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504458 - 4 . Gies , Joseph ; Gies , Frances ( 1973 ) . Life in a Medieval City . New York : Thomas Y . Crowell . ISBN 0 - 8152 - 0345 - 4 . Grant , Edward ( 2001 ) . God and Reason in the Middle Ages . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80279 - 6 . Grant , E. ( 1994 ) . Planets , Stars , & Orbs : The Medieval Cosmos , 1200 -- 1687 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43344 - 0 . Grierson , Philip ( 1989 ) . `` Coinage and currency '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Griffiths , Antony ( 1996 ) . Prints and Printmaking . London : British Museum Press . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2608 - X . Hallam , Elizabeth M. ; Everard , Judith ( 2001 ) . Capetian France 987 -- 1328 ( Second ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 40428 - 2 . Hamilton , Bernard ( 2003 ) . Religion in the Medieval West ( Second ed . ) . London : Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 80839 - X . Heather , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Fall of the Roman Empire : A New History of Rome and the Barbarians . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532541 - 6 . Henderson , George ( 1977 ) . Early Medieval ( Revised ed . ) . New York : Penguin . OCLC 641757789 . Holmes , George , ed. ( 1988 ) . The Oxford History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285272 - 8 . Ilardi , Vincent ( 2007 ) . Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87169 - 259 - 7 . James , Edward ( 2009 ) . Europe 's Barbarians : AD 200 -- 600 . The Medieval World . Harlow , UK : Pearson Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 77296 - 0 . Jordan , William C. ( 2003 ) . Europe in the High Middle Ages . Penguin History of Europe . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03202 - 0 . Kamen , Henry ( 2005 ) . Spain 1469 -- 1714 ( Third ed . ) . New York : Pearson / Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78464 - 6 . Kaufmann , J.E. ; Kaufmann , H.W. ( 2001 ) . The Medieval Fortress : Castles , Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages ( 2004 ed . ) . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81358 - 0 . Keen , Maurice ( 1988 ) ( 1968 ) . The Pelican History of Medieval Europe . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 021085 - 7 . Kitzinger , Ernst ( 1955 ) . Early Medieval Art at the British Museum ( Second ed . ) . London : British Museum . OCLC 510455 . Knox , E.L. `` History of the Idea of the Renaissance '' . Europe in the Late Middle Ages . Boise State University . Archived from the original on 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Lasko , Peter ( 1972 ) . Ars Sacra , 800 -- 1200 . Penguin History of Art ( now Yale ) . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 056036 - X . Lawrence , C.H ( 2001 ) . Medieval Monasticism : Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages ( Third ed . ) . Harlow , UK : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 40427 - 4 . Lightbown , Ronald W. ( 1978 ) . Secular Goldsmiths ' Work in Medieval France : A History . Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 99027 - 1 . Lindberg , David C. ; Numbers , Ronald L. ( 1986 ) . `` Beyond War and Peace : A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science '' . Church History . 55 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 354 . doi : 10.2307 / 3166822 . JSTOR 3166822 . Lindberg , David C. ( 2003 ) . `` The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition : Saint Augustine , Roger Bacon , and the Handmaiden Metaphor '' . In Lindberg , David C. and Numbers , Ronald L. When Science & Christianity Meet . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 48214 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Lock , Peter ( 2006 ) . Routledge Companion to the Crusades . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39312 - 4 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Avignon '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Eleanor of Aquitaine '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Famine '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Great Schism '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Hundred Years ' War '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Jews '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 190 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Knights of the Temple ( Templars ) '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 201 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Language and dialect '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 204 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Scholasticism '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 293 -- 294 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . `` Mediaeval '' . The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary : Complete Text Arranged Micrographically : Volume I A-0 . Glasgow : Oxford University Press . 1971 . p . M290 . LCCN 72177361 . OCLC 490339790 . `` Middle Ages '' . Dictionary.com. 2004 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Miglio , Massimo ( 2006 ) . `` Curial Humanism seen through the Prism of the Papal Library '' . In Mazzocco , Angelo . Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism . Brill 's Studies in Intellectual History . Leiden : Brill . pp. 97 -- 112 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15244 - 1 . Mommsen , Theodore ( April 1942 ) . `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' . Speculum. 17 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 242 . doi : 10.2307 / 2856364 . JSTOR 2856364 . Morris , Rosemary ( 1998 ) . `` Northern Europe invades the Mediterranean , 900 -- 1200 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 175 -- 234 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Murray , Alexander ( 2004 ) . `` Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished ? '' . Essays in Medieval Studies . 21 : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1353 / ems. 2005.0010 . Nees , Lawrence ( 2002 ) . Early Medieval Art . Oxford History of Art . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284243 - 5 . Nicolle , David ( 1999 ) . Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare In Western Christendom . London : Brockhampton Press . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 889 - 9 . Numbers , Ronald ( 11 May 2006 ) . `` Myths and Truths in Science and Religion : A historical perspective '' ( PDF ) . Lecture archive . The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Payne , Robert ( 2000 ) . The Dream and the Tomb : A History of the Crusades ( First paperback ed . ) . New York : Cooper Square Press . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1086 - 7 . Peters , Ted ( 2005 ) . `` Science and Religion '' . In Jones , Lindsay . Encyclopedia of Religion . 12 ( Second ed . ) . Detroit , MI : MacMillan Reference . p. 8182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865980 - 0 . Power , Daniel ( 2006 ) . The Central Middle Ages : Europe 950 -- 1320 . The Short Oxford History of Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925312 - 8 . Reilly , Bernard F. ( 1993 ) . The Medieval Spains . Cambridge Medieval Textbooks . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39741 - 3 . Riley - Smith , Jonathan ( 1989 ) . `` Crusades '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 106 -- 107 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Rosenwein , Barbara H. ( 1982 ) . Rhinoceros Bound : Cluny in the Tenth Century . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 7830 - 5 . Russell , Jeffey Burton ( 1991 ) . Inventing the Flat Earth - Columbus and Modern Historians . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95904 - X . Saul , Nigel ( 2000 ) . A Companion to Medieval England 1066 -- 1485 . Stroud , UK : Tempus . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2969 - 8 . Schove , D. Justin ( 1989 ) . `` Plague '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 267 -- 269 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Singman , Jeffrey L. ( 1999 ) . Daily Life in Medieval Europe . Daily Life Through History . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30273 - 1 . Stalley , Roger ( 1999 ) . Early Medieval Architecture . Oxford History of Art . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284223 - 7 . Tansey , Richard G. ; Gardner , Helen Louise ; De la Croix , Horst ( 1986 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages ( Eighth ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 503763 - 3 . Thomson , John A.F. ( 1998 ) . The Western Church in the Middle Ages . London : Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 60118 - 3 . Vale , Malcolm ( 1998 ) . `` The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North , 1200 -- 1500 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 297 -- 351 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Watts , John ( 2009 ) . The Making of Polities : Europe , 1300 -- 1500 . Cambridge Medieval Textbooks . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79664 - 4 . Whitton , David ( 1998 ) . `` The Society of Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages , 900 -- 1200 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 115 -- 174 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) . The Inheritance of Rome : Illuminating the Dark Ages 400 -- 1000 . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311742 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Ames , Christine Caldwell ( February 2005 ) . `` Does Inquisition Belong to Religious History ? '' . American Historical Review . 110 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 37 . doi : 10.1086 / 531119 . Cantor , Norman F. ( 1991 ) . Inventing the Middle Ages : The Lives , Works , and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century . New York : W. Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 09406 - 5 . Davis , R.H.C. , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Writing of History in the Middle Ages : Essays Presented to Richard William Southern . 0 - 19 - 822556 - 3 : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822556 - 3 . Fleischman , Suzanne ( October 1983 ) . `` On the Representation of History and Fiction in the Middle Ages '' . History and Theory . 23 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 310 . JSTOR 2504985 . Gurevich , Aron ( 1992 ) . Howlett , Janet ( translator ) , ed . Historical Anthropology of the Middle Ages . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31083 - 1 . Spiegel , Gabrielle M. ( January 1990 ) . `` History , Historicism , and the Social Logic of the Text in the Middle Ages '' . Speculum. 65 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 86 . doi : 10.2307 / 2864472 . JSTOR 2864472 . Smith , Julia ( 2005 ) . Europe After Rome : A New Cultural History , 500 -- 1000 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924427 - 0 . Stuard , Susan Mosher ( 1987 ) . Women in Medieval History and Historiography . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1290 - 7 . Sullivan , Richard E. ( April 1989 ) . `` The Carolingian Age : Reflections on its Place in the History of the Middle Ages '' . Speculum. 64 ( 2 ) : 267 -- 306 . doi : 10.2307 / 2851941 . JSTOR 2851941 . Van Engen , John ( June 1986 ) . `` The Christian Middle Ages as an Historiographical Problem '' . American Historical Review . 91 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 552 . doi : 10.2307 / 1869130 . JSTOR 1869130 . External links ( edit ) ORB The Online Reference Book of Medieval Studies Academic peer reviewed articles and encyclopedia . The Labyrinth Resources for Medieval Studies . NetSERF The Internet Connection for Medieval Resources . De Re Militari : The Society for Medieval Military History Medievalmap.org Interactive maps of the Medieval era ( Flash plug - in required ) . Medieval Realms Learning resources from the British Library including studies of beautiful medieval manuscripts . Medievalists.net News and articles about the period . European Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Decline of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Decline of Hellenistic religion Christianization Rise of Islam First Bulgarian Empire Frankish Empire Kingdom of Croatia Anglo - Saxon England Viking Age Carolingian Empire Old Church Slavonic Civitas Schinesghe Kievan Rus ' Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire High Middle Ages Holy Roman Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Georgian Empire Kingdom of Poland Feudalism Great Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Scholasticism Monasticism Communalism Manorialism Medieval Warm Period Mongol invasion of Europe Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Wars of the Roses Hussite Wars Burgundy House of Habsburg Western Schism Fall of Constantinople Rise of the Ottoman Empire Swiss mercenaries Chivalry Renaissance Humanism Universities Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Little Ice Age Culture Architecture Art Church and State Cuisine Demography Household Literature Medicine Music Philosophy Poetry Science Slavery Technology Warfare See also Dark Ages Disability in the Middle Ages Basic topics list Medievalism Medieval reenactment Medieval studies Neo-medievalism Timeline Global history of same period of time European Middle Ages by region Medieval histories of current political units Western and Northern Europe Corsica Denmark England ( Early , High , Late ) France Germany Ireland ( 400 -- 800 , 800 -- 1169 , 1169 -- 1536 ) Italy Scotland ( Early , High , Late ) Spain Sweden Wales ( Early , High , Late ) Central , Eastern Europe and Near East Armenia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Czech lands Georgia Greece ( Byzantine and Ottoman ) Hungary ( High Medieval Kingdom and Late Medieval Kingdom ) Poland Romania Serbia Anatolia ( Byzantine , Seljuq - 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when did the period known as the middle ages take place
[ "In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages." ]
[ "from the 5th to the 15th century" ]
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Ivan Rakitić
Ivan Rakitić - wikipedia Ivan Rakitić Jump to : navigation , search Ivan Rakitić Rakitić with Barcelona during the UEFA Super Cup in August 2015 Full name Ivan Rakitić Date of birth ( 1988 - 03 - 10 ) 10 March 1988 ( age 29 ) Place of birth Möhlin , Switzerland Height 1.84 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Barcelona Number Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Möhlin - Riburg 1995 -- 2005 Basel Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2005 -- 2007 Basel 34 ( 11 ) 2007 -- 2011 Schalke 04 97 ( 12 ) 2011 -- 2014 Sevilla 117 ( 27 ) 2014 -- Barcelona 111 ( 20 ) National team 2006 -- 2007 Switzerland U21 ( 1 ) 2009 -- 2010 Croatia U21 ( 2 ) 2007 -- Croatia 88 ( 13 ) Honours ( show ) FC Basel Runner - up Swiss Super League 2006 Runner - up Swiss Super League 2007 Winner Swiss Cup 2007 Schalke 04 Runner - up DFB - Ligapokal 2007 Runner - up Bundesliga Runner - up DFL - Supercup Sevilla Winner UEFA Europa League 2014 Barcelona Winner La Liga 2015 Winner Copa del Rey 2015 Winner UEFA Champions League 2015 Winner UEFA Super Cup 2015 Runner - up Supercopa de España 2015 Winner FIFA Club World Cup 2015 Winner La Liga 2016 Winner Copa del Rey 2016 Winner Supercopa de España 2016 Runner - up La Liga 2017 Winner Copa del Rey 2017 Runner - up Supercopa de España 2017 * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 23 : 22 , 4 November 2017 ( UTC ) . ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 12 November 2017 Ivan Rakitić ( born 10 March 1988 ) is a Swiss - born Croatian professional footballer who plays as a central or attacking midfielder for Spanish club FC Barcelona and the Croatia national team . Rakitić started his professional career at Basel and spent two seasons with them before he was signed by Schalke 04 . After spending three - and - a-half seasons in the Bundesliga , he was signed by Sevilla in January 2011 . Two years later , Rakitić was confirmed as the club captain and captained the team to UEFA Europa League triumph . In June 2014 , Barcelona and Sevilla reached an agreement on the transfer of Rakitić . In his first season with Barça , he won the treble of La Liga , Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League . He scored the first goal of the 2015 Champions League Final and became the first player ever to win the Champions League one year after winning the Europa League while playing for two different clubs . At the international level , Rakitić plays for the Croatia national team . Although naturally a product of Switzerland 's youth level , Rakitić pledged his international career to his parents ' country of Croatia instead . He made his debut for Croatia in 2007 and has since represented the country at UEFA Euro 2008 , UEFA Euro 2012 , the 2014 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2016 , earning over 90 caps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Basel 2.2 Schalke 04 2.3 Sevilla 2.3. 1 2010 -- 11 season 2.3. 2 2011 -- 12 season 2.3. 3 2012 -- 13 season 2.3. 4 2013 -- 14 season 2.4 Barcelona 2.4. 1 2014 -- 15 season 2.4. 2 2015 -- 16 season 2.4. 3 2016 -- 17 season 2.4. 4 2017 -- 18 season 3 International career 3.1 Euro 2008 3.2 Euro 2012 3.3 2014 World Cup 3.4 Euro 2016 4 Personal life 5 Career statistics 5.1 Club 5.2 International 5.2. 1 International goals 6 Honours 6.1 Club 6.2 Individual 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Rakitić was born in Möhlin in the Swiss canton of Aargau to a Croatian family of Šokci origin . His father , Luka , and his family are originally from Sikirevci , while his mother 's family are Bosnian Croats from Žepče . He has a brother , Dejan ; Rakitić has a tattoo bearing his brother 's name on his right arm . Rakitić spent his childhood and early career in Switzerland . His father and older brother were also footballers . With such a background , it was no surprise when Rakitić took a strong interest in the same aspirations , even as he was completing his primary school studies . Subsequent to doing so , he began to concentrate on his sporting career , with his family 's encouragement . At age 16 , he was noticed by top European scouts who acclaimed his young potential , although he and his family decided to stay in Basel to allow him to play more regularly in a smaller league instead . Club career ( edit ) Basel ( edit ) After spending some short time in the youth teams , Rakitić went on to make his first - team debut for Basel on 29 September 2005 during the UEFA Cup away match at Široki Brijeg . He made his first Swiss Super League appearance on 15 April 2006 in Basel 's away match against Neuchâtel Xamax . Although these two matches were the only ones he played during his first professional season with Basel , he went on to establish himself as a regular contributor in his second season , scoring 11 goals in 33 Super League appearances . Also making nine UEFA cup appearances during this time , he was named the best young player of the 2006 -- 07 Super League season along with receiving the Swiss Goal of the Year award for an impressive goal he scored against St. Gallen on 22 October 2006 . Schalke 04 ( edit ) Rakitić with Schalke 04 , in 2010 . After an impressive showing as a teenager , Rakitić was again acclaimed by large European clubs who expressed interest in his young ability . Subject to such , he was eventually signed by German side Schalke 04 on 22 June 2007 , for € 5 million . Rakitić made his debut for Schalke on 21 July 2007 in the Premiere Ligapokal fixture against Karlsruher SC and eventually appeared in the remaining two matches as Schalke finished as league runners - up . On 5 August 2007 , Rakitić scored his first competitive goal for his new club in their 0 -- 9 away win over Eintracht Trier in the first round of the DFB - Pokal . On 10 August 2007 , the new Bundesliga season was commenced with a clash between champions VfB Stuttgart and Schalke . Rakitić came on as a second - half substitute and scored his first Bundesliga goal within just seven minutes on the field as his side played out a 2 -- 2 draw . On 15 September 2007 , he managed to make impressions again by scoring the only goal for Schalke in their 1 -- 1 away draw at Bayern Munich . Three days later , Rakitić made his UEFA Champions League debut in the 0 -- 1 home defeat to Valencia . He then went on to make a total of seven appearances in the 2007 -- 08 Champions League season , including a strong and very impressive midfield role in Schalke 's home fixture against Chelsea in the group stage . He and former teammate Mladen Krstajić were temporarily cut from the squad the night before Schalke 's next fixture against Rosenborg due to being caught skipping training and taking part in a late - night partying . Helping his side prevail in the penalty shootout against Porto to reach the quarter - finals for the first time , Rakitić had to miss both the fixtures of such against Chelsea due to an ankle injury sustained in training . He was kept out of action for a month as Schalke were eliminated from the tournament without him . Shortly upon his returning from injury , Rakitić discovered top form as he scored a goal and assisted another two in the vital 0 -- 3 victory at VfL Bochum , which made sure Schalke finished at least third in league table and secured a place in the next Champions League . He continued such form in the next fixture against Eintracht Frankfurt , assisting Mladen Krstajić for the only goal of the match to conclude with Schalke a positive home season . In total , he finished his first Bundesliga season with 3 goals and 10 assists in 29 appearances . In the subsequent season , Rakitić played in Schalke 's 3 -- 0 victory over Hannover 96 , assisting two goals in the opening Bundesliga fixture . Sevilla ( edit ) 2010 -- 11 season ( edit ) On 28 January 2011 , Rakitić signed a four - and - a-half - year contract with Spanish La Liga club Sevilla for a transfer fee of € 2.5 million . Upon his arrival , Rakitić was immediately included in the starting XI of the team , making his debut on 6 February 2011 against Málaga . In next game , against Racing de Santander , he scored an own - goal but managed to get back on the track and scored his first goal for Sevilla in the match against Hércules in the next matchday . Due to a fractured foot , Rakitić was forced to miss the last four La Liga fixtures . He scored five goals in his first half - season with Sevilla in 2010 -- 11 , starting in all 13 matches after his arrival and before the foot injury . 2011 -- 12 season ( edit ) During the 2011 -- 12 season , Rakitić continued to be a first team regular and a key component of the squad . Due to managerial changes and new tactical schemes introduced by new coach Marcelino , who was later replaced by Míchel , Rakitić was given a different role on the pitch than the one he had the previous season , when he was used as central midfielder under coach Gregorio Manzano ; during the course of the season , he was mostly deployed as a defensive midfielder . By the end of the season , he made total of 39 appearances for the club , provided six assists and scored one goal in the 2011 -- 12 Copa del Rey . This turned out to be his only goalless Liga season while playing for Sevilla . 2012 -- 13 season ( edit ) Rakitić began the 2012 -- 13 La Liga season by providing an assist in the opening match against Getafe . On 12 September , he provided another assist for Piotr Trochowski at home in a 1 -- 0 win over Real Madrid . He scored his first goal of the season on Matchday 5 against Deportivo de La Coruña . Rakitić scored two goals in the opening 20 minutes of the second Seville derby of the season against cross-city rivals Real Betis . This was his third goal of the season against Sevilla 's city rivals , given the fact that he had also scored in the first Seville derby of the season , when Sevilla celebrated a 5 -- 1 victory . During the match against Real Sociedad , Rakitić added two goals to his tally , however , the second one was an own goal , tying the match at 1 -- 1 after he scored the first goal to give his club a 1 -- 0 lead . Until the end of the season , he made total of 42 appearances for the club and scored 12 goals for the team , three coming in the Copa del Rey . He also finished the season providing ten league assists . Statistics showed that Rakitić created 100 chances in total , a sum ranking fourth across all players in Europe that season . 2013 -- 14 season ( edit ) Rakitić playing for Sevilla in the 2013 -- 14 season , when he became the team captain . At the beginning of the 2013 -- 14 La Liga season , coach Unai Emery named Rakitić as the new Sevilla captain . Since the beginning of the season , he was one of the most prominent players of the league , scoring the first goal and assisting for the second in a 3 -- 2 away loss against Barcelona on 14 September . In the two last games of September , he scored two goals in a 1 -- 4 away win over Rayo Vallecano , and assisted for the draw 1 -- 1 goal against Real Sociedad . In the final three games of October , Rakitić scored a goal in a 2 -- 0 home win against SC Freiburg , a 2 -- 1 home win over Almería and two goals in a 7 -- 3 loss at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium against Real Madrid . In the third and fourth games of November , he contributed an assist in away 1 -- 3 win against Espanyol , and two more respectively in a 4 -- 0 home win against Sevilla rivals Betis . In the last game of December , he assisted in a 1 -- 2 away win against Villarreal , helping Sevilla reach a top ten position after a disappointing start of the season , as well attracting attention from other international clubs . In the first game of the 2014 calendar year , he scored in a 3 -- 0 home win against Getafe . In January , he scored two more La Liga goals for Sevilla against Atlético Madrid and Levante , respectively , while also missing a penalty kick in the latter fixture . These performances earned him a La Liga Player of the Month award . Rakitić 's impressive form continued in the season , with several assists and goals from February to May , including two assists in the Europa League 2 -- 2 away draw against Maribor , an assist in the 2 -- 1 home win over Real Madrid and a goal against Porto in a 4 -- 1 home win . He also assisted in the semi-final first leg 2 -- 0 win over Valencia , which they won on aggregate ( 3 -- 3 ) , thus qualifying for the Europa League Final . He was man of the match as Sevilla won the Final 4 -- 2 on penalties over Benfica at Juventus Stadium in Turin . He was the first player to captain a team to victory in the UEFA Europa League Final and also pick up the official man of the match award . He was included in the UEFA Europa League Team of the Season . By the Spanish national football league association , Rakitić was chosen in La Liga first XI in both first round , and team of the season . He finished the season scoring 15 goals , and recording 17 assists . At the season 's LFP Awards , Rakitić won the Fair Play Award and was nominated for Best Midfielder , an award ultimately given to Barcelona 's Andrés Iniesta . Barcelona ( edit ) 2014 -- 15 season ( edit ) Rakitić with Barcelona in 2014 . On 16 June 2014 , Barcelona signed Rakitić on a five - year contract effective 1 July . Upon his arrival , Rakitić was given the squad shirt number 4 . He made his debut for the team in a pre-season friendly match against French club Nice on 2 August , when he came on as a second - half substitute for Sergi Roberto . During a pre-season friendly against HJK Helsinki , Rakitić provided his first assists for Barça , assisting twice in 6 -- 0 victory . His official debut for Barcelona came on 24 August in the opening match of the new Liga season , against Elche . Just moments after half - time , Rakitić played a long ball over-top of Elche 's defence towards forward Munir , who flicked the ball it into the far corner of the net to make it 2 -- 0 for Barcelona . Rakitić 's first goal for Barcelona came from outside of the penalty area in a 0 -- 5 away win against Levante on 21 September 2014 . In the next week 's game , against Granada , Rakitić headed in Lionel Messi 's cross for his second goal of the season in a 6 -- 0 victory at Camp Nou . On 18 March 2015 , Rakitić scored the first Champions League goal of his career in a 1 -- 0 win against English champions Manchester City in the round of 16 second leg at Camp Nou . On 6 June 2015 , Rakitić scored the opening goal in a 3 -- 1 win against Italian champions Juventus in the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final at Berlin 's Olympiastadion . This made Barcelona the first club in history to win the treble of domestic league , domestic cup and European Cup twice . Rakitić , for the second year in a row , was included in the La Liga and European ( Champions League ) team of the season . 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) On 11 August 2015 , Rakitić played the full 120 minutes as Barcelona defeated his former club Sevilla 5 -- 4 to win the 2015 UEFA Super Cup in Tbilisi . In October , he was announced Croatian Footballer of the Year 2015 . As an 18th - minute substitute for Sergi Roberto , on 20 October he scored both goals from Neymar assists as Barcelona won 2 -- 0 at BATE Borisov in the Champions League group stage . In December , he was named Croatian Sportsman of the Year 2015 . On 30 April 2016 , Rakitić scored the opener against Betis as Barcelona won 0 -- 2 to stay top of the Liga table . 2016 -- 17 season ( edit ) On 23 April 2017 , Rakitić scored the second goal in a 3 -- 2 away victory against Real Madrid in El Clásico . 2017 -- 18 season ( edit ) On 12 September 2017 , Rakitić netted a goal against Juventus in the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League , as Barcelona defeated the last season 's Italian champions 3 -- 0 at home . International career ( edit ) Rakitić 's first international experience came at youth level with the Switzerland under - 17 , under - 19 and under - 21 national teams , but decided to accept the call - up by Croatia national team Slaven Bilić and play for the nation 's senior team . He made his full international debut for Croatia on 8 September 2007 in their UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier against Estonia in Zagreb , highly praised by the fans as he was entering the game as a substitute . In Croatia 's following qualifier , a 0 -- 6 away win over Andorra on 12 September 2007 , he scored his first international goal for Croatia in only his second appearance for the team . He finished the year 2007 with five senior international caps to his name , four of which were in the successful Euro 2008 qualifying campaign . Rakitić with Croatia , in 2013 . Euro 2008 ( edit ) In early May 2008 , he joined Croatia 's squad for the Euro 2008 tournament in Austria and Switzerland , where he was squad 's second - youngest player . He made his first appearance at the tournament as a starter against Germany , and eventually provided a shot which ricocheted off the post and allowed teammate Ivica Olić to score the second goal in their 2 -- 1 victory . He formed a praised trio of Croatian attacking midfielders with his teammates Luka Modrić and Niko Kranjčar . Though playing a strong role against Turkey in the quarter - finals of the tournament , Rakitić went on to miss one of the three unsuccessful penalties in the shootout , thus leading to a victory for Turkey . Rakitić continued to appear regularly for Croatia during their unsuccessful qualifying campaign for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , making a total of ten appearances and scoring three goals in the competition . On 15 October 2008 , he scored a brace in a 4 -- 0 win at home to Andorra . On 5 September 2009 , he scored the match - winning goal in a 1 -- 0 win at home to Belarus . Croatia failed to qualify for the finals after finishing third in their group . Euro 2012 ( edit ) After appearing in all of their Euro 2012 qualifiers , he was selected to be part of the Croatian squad at the Euro finals in Poland and Ukraine . Croatia were drawn in Group C together with Spain , Italy and the Republic of Ireland . Rakitić started in all three of Croatia group stage matches . After two matches played , Croatia had four points and were facing defending champions Spain in Gdańsk . With the game goalless and entering the final half - hour , Rakitić burst into the Spanish penalty area but could not direct his header past goalkeeper Iker Casillas after being picked out by a wonderful Luka Modrić pass . It proved to be a costly miss , with Spain 's Jesús Navas later scoring an 88th - minute winner to send the Croatians crashing out . 2014 World Cup ( edit ) Rakitić playing against his future teammate Neymar , at the opening match between Croatia and Brazil . In the 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign , on 12 October 2012 Rakitić scored a goal from a free - kick against Macedonia at Philip II Arena to help secure a 1 -- 2 victory for Croatia . Eventually , after the playoffs , the team qualified for the World Cup final stages . They were drawn into Group A alongside Brazil , Mexico and Cameroon . Croatia played the opening match against Brazil , which they lost 3 -- 1 . In the second match , Croatia won 4 -- 0 against Cameroon , but did not progress as they lost 1 -- 3 against Mexico , with Rakitić providing the assist for the only Croatian goal . Euro 2016 ( edit ) Rakitić scored his first and only goal in the Euro 2016 qualifiers against Bulgaria . He was selected to be part of the Croatian squad at Euro in France . Croatia were drawn in Group D along with Spain , Czech Republic and Turkey . Rakitić started Croatia 's opening game where they secured a narrow victory by one goal against Turkey . On 17 June 2016 , Rakitić scored a goal to double Croatia 's lead against the Czech Republic , but later the game was turned around when the play was halted briefly after Croatian fans threw flares onto the pitch . Shortly after the restart , the referee rewarded Czech Republic a penalty and the game ended in a 2 -- 2 draw . After a 2 -- 1 win over defending champions Spain , Croatia topped Group D and went on to face Portugal in the next round . Croatia , however , lost 1 -- 0 after Portugal 's Ricardo Quaresma scored an 117th - minute , extra time winner to send Croatia out of the tournament . Rakitić later insisted that Croatia did not deserve to go out and the best team were going home . Rakitić appeared in all of Croatia 's matches and ended the tournament by scoring one goal . Personal life ( edit ) Rakitić married Raquel Mauri in April 2013 in Seville after two years of dating . In July 2013 , their daughter Althea was born . In May 2016 , their second daughter , Adara , was born . Career statistics ( edit ) Club ( edit ) As of 4 November 2017 . Club Season League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Basel 2005 -- 06 Super League 0 0 0 -- 0 2006 -- 07 33 11 5 0 5 0 -- 43 11 Total 34 11 6 0 6 0 -- 46 11 Schalke 04 2007 -- 08 Bundesliga 29 7 0 0 42 2008 -- 09 23 7 -- 34 2009 -- 10 29 7 0 -- 33 7 2010 -- 11 16 5 0 0 26 Total 97 12 15 19 0 135 16 Sevilla 2010 -- 11 La Liga 13 6 0 0 -- 16 6 2011 -- 12 36 0 0 0 -- 39 2012 -- 13 34 9 8 -- 42 12 2013 -- 14 34 12 0 0 18 -- 52 15 Total 117 27 12 20 -- 149 34 Barcelona 2014 -- 15 La Liga 32 5 7 12 -- 51 8 2015 -- 16 36 7 6 0 10 5 0 57 9 2016 -- 17 32 8 8 9 0 0 51 9 2017 -- 18 11 0 0 0 18 Total 111 20 22 35 5 9 0 177 27 Career Total 359 70 55 9 80 9 13 0 507 88 Notes ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Cup ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Champions League Jump up ^ Appearances in DFL - Ligapokal Jump up ^ Two appearances in UEFA Champions League and five appearances and one goal in UEFA Cup Jump up ^ Appearances in DFL - Supercup ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Europa League Jump up ^ Two appearances in Supercopa de España , one appearance in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup ^ Jump up to : Appearances in Supercopa de España International ( edit ) As of 12 November 2017 Croatia national team Year Apps Goals 2007 5 2008 11 2009 8 8 2011 6 0 2012 10 2013 11 0 2014 10 0 2015 6 2016 7 2017 6 0 Total 88 13 International goals ( edit ) ( show ) Ivan Rakitić -- goals for Croatia Goal Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 . 12 September 2007 Estadi Comunal , Andorra la Vella , Andorra Andorra 6 -- 0 6 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying 2 . 20 August 2008 Ljudski vrt , Maribor , Slovenia Slovenia 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 Friendly 3 . 2 -- 3 4 . 15 October 2008 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Andorra 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification 5 . 4 -- 0 6 . 11 February 2009 Stadionul Steaua , Bucharest , Romania Romania 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 Friendly 7 . 5 September 2009 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Belarus 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification 8 . 23 May 2010 Stadion Gradski vrt , Osijek , Croatia Wales 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 9 . 12 October 2012 Philip II Arena , Skopje , Macedonia Macedonia 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 10 . 10 October 2015 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Bulgaria 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualification 11 . 4 June 2016 Stadion Rujevica , Rijeka , Croatia San Marino 7 -- 0 10 -- 0 Friendly 12 . 17 June 2016 Stade Geoffroy - Guichard , Saint - Étienne , France Czech Republic 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 UEFA Euro 2016 13 . 5 September 2016 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Turkey 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Honours ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Basel Swiss Cup : 2006 -- 07 Sevilla UEFA Europa League : 2013 -- 14 Barcelona La Liga : 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Copa del Rey : 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Supercopa de España : 2016 UEFA Champions League : 2014 -- 15 UEFA Super Cup : 2015 FIFA Club World Cup : 2015 Individual ( edit ) Swiss Super League Young Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 Swiss Super League Goal of the Season : 2006 -- 07 BBVA Fair Play award : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Player of the Month : January 2014 UEFA Europa League Final Man of the Match : 2014 La Liga Team of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 UEFA Europa League Team of the Season : 2013 -- 14 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season : 2014 -- 15 Croatian Footballer of the Year : 2015 Croatian Sportsman of the Year : 2015 FIFPro World XI 4th team : 2016 FIFPro World XI 5th team : 2015 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes cup competitions such as the Swiss Cup , DFB - Pokal and Copa del Rey References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil : List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 11 June 2014 . p. 12 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Rakitić profile '' . FC Barcelona. 24 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IVAN RAKITIĆ OTKRIO ŽIDAKU ' Igram najbolje u karijeri jer sam uz Raquel najsretniji u životu ' '' . jutarnji.hr ( in Croatian ) . 9 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sinovčić , Dean ( 8 May 2007 ) . `` Ivan Rakitić : ' Bliži sam Švicarskoj jer sam ovdje rođen ' '' ( Ivan Rakitić : `` I feel closer to Switzerland as I was born here '' ) . Nacional ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sinovčić , Dean ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Rakitić family terror in Switzerland '' . Nacional . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Petrić the star in Switzerland '' . UEFA. 30 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eintracht Trier -- FC Schalke 04 0 : 9 , DFB - Pokal , Saison 2007 / 08 , 1. Spieltag -- Spielbericht '' ( in German ) . kicker. 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rakitic earns a point for Schalke '' . CNN . 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Match report Bayern vs Schalke '' . FC Bayern Munich . 15 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Arnhold , Matthias ( 6 June 2008 ) . `` The UEFA Champions League 2007 / 08 -- FC Schalke 04 ( GER ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Schalke streicht Krstajic und Rakitic aus dem Kader '' ( in German ) . Die Welt. 11 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ben ( 6 March 2008 ) . `` Schalke secure shoot - out win '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slomkas große Personalsorgen '' . kicker ( in German ) . 21 March 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` VfL Bochum 0 -- 3 Schalke 04 '' . ESPN Soccernet. 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Rakitic '' ( in German ) . kicker . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recap : Weekend German Action '' . Yanks Abroad. 17 August 2008 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rakitić opts for Sevilla , Medel to follow '' . UEFA. 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Coerts , Stefan ( 3 May 2011 ) . `` Sevilla 's Ivan Rakitic to miss rest of season with broken foot '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. Sevilla , 2013 La Liga : Final score 3 -- 3 , Betis pulls off a dramatic derby comeback '' . SBNATION . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rakitic 's own goal puts Real Sociedad back in fourth place '' . insidespanishfootball . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Talintyre , Dan . `` Should Liverpool Target Playmaker Who Created More Chances Than Mata & Cazorla ? Transfer Scouting Report '' . Squawka News . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Velika počast za Hrvata : Ivan Rakitić novi kapetan Seville ! '' ( in Croatian ) . gol.dnevnik.hr. 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bale scores two , sets up two more as Madrid crushes Sevilla '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Francisco Acedo Torregrosa ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` Transfer news : Sevilla midfielder Ivan Rakitic undecided on future '' . skysports.com . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Sunderland ( 3 January 2014 ) . `` Liverpool Transfer News : Ivan Rakitic Reveals Crunch Talks over Sevilla Future '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético de Madrid 1 -- FC Sevilla 1 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC 2 -- 3 Levante '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rakitic : I can assure you , my number one choice is Sevilla '' . Inside Spanish Football . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Neil ( 15 May 2014 ) . `` Sevilla win Europa League final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Mike ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` UEFA Europa League final stats and facts '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Europa League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 3 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The cream of the first round '' . LFP. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Liga BBVA team of the season '' . LFP. 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Rakitic Sevilla Football Club Statistics '' ( in Spanish ) . Sevilla Futbol Club . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` gala de premios LFP 2013 / 14 '' ( LFP Awards show 2013 / 14 ) ( in Spanish ) . Liga de Fútbol Profesional . Archived from the original on 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement for Ivan Rakitic to join FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rakitic will wear Fábrega 's number 4 '' . Mundo Deportivo . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1 -- 1 : Match between Barcelona and Nice ends in draw '' . Mundo Deportivo . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Tre ' ( 9 August 2014 ) . `` Helsinki 0 -- 6 Barcelona : What Luis Enrique Learned from Pre-Season Friendly '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Holiga , Aleksandar ( 24 August 2014 ) . `` Barcelona vs. Elche : Score , Grades and Post-Match Reaction '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi inspired Barcelona to a crushing victory over Levante as Luis Enrique 's team continued their perfect start to the season '' . BBC . 21 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's impressive start to the La Liga season continued as Neymar 's hat - trick helped them to demolish a poor Granada side at the Nou Camp '' . BBC . 27 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona get past City despite Hart heroics '' . UEFA . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Haslam ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Barcelona see off Juventus to claim fifth title '' . UEFA . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barça make history with second treble ! '' . FC Barcelona. 6 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 2014 / 15 Liga BBVA Ideal XI '' . LFP. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro is Barcelona 's UEFA Super Cup hero again '' . UEFA. 11 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rakitić je Večernjakov nogometaš godine : ' Možda stignem i Šukera ... ' '' . Večernji list ( in Croatian ) . 8 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Vecernji list '' Player of the Year `` . RSSSF . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rakitić fires Barcelona to victory at BATE '' . UEFA. 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rakitic named Croatian sportsman of the year '' . MARCA. 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Mike ( 30 April 2016 ) . `` Real Betis v FC Barcelona : One step closer ( 0 -- 2 ) '' . fcbarcelona.com . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Clasico 2017 goal highlights : Rakitic scores a rocket for Barcelona against Real Madrid '' . CBS Sports . 23 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Samuel ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi scores twice as Barcelona get revenge on Juventus in UCL '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rakitić commits to Croatian cause '' . UEFA. 24 June 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss sad at losing Rakitić to Croatia '' . Rakitić homepage . Archived from the original on 29 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ivan Rakitić '' . Croatian Football Federation . Jump up ^ `` Lehmann zweitältester Spieler -- Italien älteste Elf '' ( in German ) . Eurosport. 31 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 1 -- 1 Turkey '' . UEFA.com. 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Ian ; Lugo , Erik Francisco ; Stokkermans , Karel ; Zlotkowski , Andre ( 12 September 2013 ) . `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 3 Croatia 1 '' . BBC Sport. 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon 0 Croatia 4 '' . BBC Sport. 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 1 Mexico 3 '' . BBC Sport. 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Turkey 0 -- 1 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rainbow , Jamie ( 17 June 2016 ) . `` Czech Republic 2 Croatia 2 -- match report '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The best team are going home ' -- Rakitic & Modric distraught after Croatia exit Goal.com '' . www.goal.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Rakitić oženio se u tajnosti '' ( in Croatian ) . Gloria. 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rakitić postao ponosni tata curice ! '' ( in Croatian ) . Dnevnik.hr. 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rakitić dobio drugu kći Adaru : Nije mogla odabrati bolji dan ! '' ( Rakitić got another daughter ! She could not have picked a better day ! ) ( in Croatian ) . 1 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Rakitic '' ( in Spanish ) . sevillafc.es . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rakitic '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rakitic , Ivan '' ( in German ) . kicker.de . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan Rakitić at Soccerway . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Rakitić profile '' . eu-football.info . ^ Jump up to : `` Ivan Rakitić '' . UEFA. 18 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 World 11 : the reserve teams - FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 World XI : the Reserve Teams - FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivan Rakitić . Wikinews has news related to : Ivan Rakitić Ivan Rakitić on Facebook FC Barcelona official profile Ivan Rakitić at BDFutbol Ivan Rakitić at Soccerway Ivan Rakitić at National-Football-Teams.com Ivan Rakitić -- UEFA competition record Ivan Rakitić -- FIFA competition record Ivan Rakitić at the Croatian Football Federation FC Barcelona -- current squad 1 Ter Stegen 2 Semedo 3 Piqué 4 Rakitić 5 Busquets 6 D. Suárez 7 Arda 8 Iniesta ( c ) 9 L. Suárez 10 Messi 11 Dembélé 12 Rafinha 13 Cillessen 14 Mascherano 15 Paulinho 16 Deulofeu 17 Alcácer 18 Alba 19 Digne 20 Roberto 21 Gomes 22 Vidal 23 Umtiti 25 Vermaelen Coach : Valverde Croatia squads Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Pletikosa 2 Šimić 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Ćorluka 6 Vejić 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Kalinić 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Srna 12 Galinović 13 Pokrivač 14 Modrić 15 Knežević 16 Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 Kranjčar 20 Budan 21 Petrić 22 Pranjić 23 Runje Coach : Bilić Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 1 Pletikosa 2 Strinić 3 Šimunić 4 Buljat 5 Ćorluka 6 Pranjić 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Kelava 13 Schildenfeld 14 Badelj 15 Vrsaljko 16 Dujmović 17 Mandžukić 18 Kalinić 19 Kranjčar 20 Perišić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Bilić Croatia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Kovač Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Vargić 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Jedvaj 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 L. Kalinić 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Ćorić 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rog 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Čop 23 Subašić Coach : Čačić Awards Sportske novosti Croatian Sportsman of the Year Duje Bonačić / Petar Šegvić / Mate Trojanović / Velimir Valenta ( 1952 ) Perica Vlašić ( 1953 ) Žarko Dolinar ( 1954 ) Bernard Vukas ( 1955 ) Krešo Račić ( 1956 ) Hrvoje Kačić ( 1957 ) Joško Murat ( 1958 ) Duje Smoljanović ( 1959 ) Željko Perušić ( 1960 ) Boro Jovanović ( 1961 ) Boro Jovanović / Nikola Pilić ( 1962 ) Josip Gjergja ( 1963 ) Nikola Pilić ( 1964 ) Andro Depolo ( 1965 ) Cvjetko Bilić ( 1966 ) Nikola Pilić ( 1967 ) Dragutin Šurbek ( 1968 ) Dragutin Šurbek ( 1969 ) Petar Skansi ( 1970 ) Mate Parlov ( 1971 ) Mate Parlov ( 1972 ) Mate Parlov ( 1973 ) Luciano Sušanj ( 1974 ) Antun Stipančić ( 1975 ) Matija Ljubek ( 1976 ) Joško Alebić ( 1977 ) Milan Janić ( 1978 ) Dragutin Šurbek ( 1979 ) Krešimir Ćosić ( 1980 ) Dragutin Šurbek ( 1981 ) Matija Ljubek ( 1982 ) Dragutin Šurbek ( 1983 ) Vlado Lisjak ( 1984 ) Dražen Petrović ( 1985 ) Dražen Petrović ( 1986 ) Ivan Šabjan ( 1987 ) Zoran Primorac ( 1988 ) Toni Kukoč ( 1989 ) Toni Kukoč ( 1990 ) Toni Kukoč ( 1991 ) Goran Ivanišević ( 1992 ) Goran Ivanišević ( 1993 ) Goran Ivanišević ( 1994 ) Željko Mavrović ( 1995 ) Goran Ivanišević ( 1996 ) Željko Mavrović ( 1997 ) Davor Šuker ( 1998 ) Gordan Kožulj ( 1999 ) Nikolaj Pešalov ( 2000 ) Goran Ivanišević ( 2001 ) Ivica Kostelić ( 2002 ) Ivica Kostelić ( 2003 ) Duje Draganja ( 2004 ) Ivan Ljubičić ( 2005 ) Ivan Ljubičić ( 2006 ) Ivano Balić ( 2007 ) Filip Ude ( 2008 ) Ivica Kostelić ( 2009 ) Ivica Kostelić ( 2010 ) Ivica Kostelić ( 2011 ) Giovanni Cernogoraz ( 2012 ) Mario Mandžukić ( 2013 ) Marin Čilić ( 2014 ) Ivan Rakitić ( 2015 ) Damir Martin ( 2016 ) Croatian Footballer of the Year 1991 : Boban 1992 : Šuker 1993 : Bokšić 1994 : Šuker 1995 : Šuker 1996 : Šuker 1997 : Prosinečki / Šuker 1998 : Šuker 1999 : Boban 2000 : Bjelica 2001 : Tudor 2002 : Pletikosa 2003 : Pršo 2004 : Pršo 2005 : Pršo 2006 : Eduardo 2007 : Modrić 2008 : Modrić 2009 : Olić 2010 : Olić 2011 : Modrić 2012 : Mandžukić 2013 : Mandžukić 2014 : Modrić 2015 : Rakitić 2016 : Modrić 2017 : Modrić 2013 -- 14 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Courtois RB : Juanfran CB : Laporte CB : Godín LB : F. Luís MF : Iturraspe MF : Koke MF : Gabi MF : Rakitić FW : Ronaldo FW : D. Costa Manager : Simeone 2014 -- 15 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Bravo RB : Dani Alves CB : Piqué CB : Otamendi LB : Alba MF : J. Rodríguez MF : Krychowiak MF : Rakitić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Griezmann Manager : Luis Enrique Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Ivan_Rakitić&oldid = 810016058 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people People from Rheinfelden District Croatian footballers Swiss footballers Croatian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent Swiss people of Croatian descent Croatian people of Swiss descent Association football midfielders Swiss Super League players FC Basel players Bundesliga players FC Schalke 04 players La Liga players Sevilla FC players FC Barcelona players Switzerland under - 21 international footballers Croatia under - 21 international footballers Croatia international footballers UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Croatian expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in Germany Expatriate footballers in Spain Croatian expatriates in Germany Croatian expatriates in Spain UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA Champions League winning players UEFA Europa League winning players Hidden categories : CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Soccerway template with ID same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from June 2016 Articles using Template : Medal with Runner - up Articles using Template : Medal with Winner NFT template with ID same as Wikidata UEFA player ID same as Wikidata FIFA player ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 22 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many goals has rakitic scored for barcelona
[ "\n\nClub\nSeason\nLeague\nCup[nb 1]\nEurope\nOther\nTotal\n\n\nDivision\nApps\nGoals\nApps\nGoals\nApps\nGoals\nApps\nGoals\nApps\nGoals\n\n\nBasel\n2005–06\nSuper League\n1\n0\n1\n0\n1[a]\n0\n–\n3\n0\n\n\n2006–07\n33\n11\n5\n0\n5[a]\n0\n–\n43\n11\n\n\nTotal\n34\n11\n6\n0\n6\n0\n–\n46\n11\n\n\nSchalke 04\n2007–08\nBundesliga\n29\n3\n3\n1\n7[b]\n0\n3[c]\n0\n42\n4\n\n\n2008–09\n23\n1\n4\n1\n7[d]\n1\n–\n34\n3\n\n\n2009–10\n29\n7\n4\n0\n–\n33\n7\n\n\n2010–11\n16\n1\n4\n1\n5[b]\n0\n1[e]\n0\n26\n2\n\n\nTotal\n97\n12\n15\n3\n19\n1\n4\n0\n135\n16\n\n\nSevilla\n2010–11\nLa Liga\n13\n6\n1\n0\n2[f]\n0\n–\n16\n6\n\n\n2011–12\n36\n0\n3\n1\n0\n0\n–\n39\n1\n\n\n2012–13\n34\n9\n8\n3\n–\n42\n12\n\n\n2013–14\n34\n12\n0\n0\n18[f]\n3\n–\n52\n15\n\n\nTotal\n117\n27\n12\n4\n20\n3\n–\n149\n34\n\n\nBarcelona\n2014–15\nLa Liga\n32\n5\n7\n1\n12[b]\n2\n–\n51\n8\n\n\n2015–16\n36\n7\n6\n0\n10[b]\n2\n5[g]\n0\n57\n9\n\n\n2016–17\n32\n8\n8\n1\n9[b]\n0\n2[h]\n0\n51\n9\n\n\n2017–18\n11\n0\n1\n0\n4[b]\n1\n2[h]\n0\n18\n1\n\n\nTotal\n111\n20\n22\n2\n35\n5\n9\n0\n177\n27\n\n\nCareer Total\n359\n70\n55\n9\n80\n9\n13\n0\n507\n88\n\n" ]
[ "20" ]
2733114260330959477
Chelsea Flower Show
Chelsea Flower show - wikipedia Chelsea Flower show Jump to : navigation , search Dibleys gold medal winning Streptocarpus display , Chelsea Flower Show , May 2011 Statue in front of the grand pavilion at the 2009 show The RHS Chelsea Flower Show , formally known as the Great Spring Show , is a garden show held for five days in May by the Royal Horticultural Society ( RHS ) in the grounds of the Royal Hospital Chelsea in Chelsea , London . Held at Chelsea since 1912 , it is the most famous flower and landscape gardens show in the United Kingdom , and perhaps in the world . The show is attended by members of the British Royal Family and attracts visitors from all continents . Highlights to the Chelsea Flower Show include the avant - garde show gardens designed by leading names with Floral Marquee at the centrepiece . The Show also features smaller gardens such as the Artisan and Urban Gardens . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Great Spring Show 1.2 Royal International Horticultural Exhibition 1.3 Royal Hospital , Chelsea - early 20th century 1.4 Royal Hospital , Chelsea - later 20th century 2 The Chelsea Flower Show today 3 Awards 3.1 Awards categories 3.2 Special awards 4 Significant gardens and exhibits 5 Show dates 6 Show gardens picture gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The Great Spring show ( edit ) The first Royal Horticultural Society Great Spring Show was held in 1862 , at the RHS garden in Kensington . Before this date the RHS had held flower shows from 1833 in their garden in Chiswick , which themselves had been preceded by fetes . The Kensington Garden was chosen as a site because the flower shows in Chiswick were experiencing falling visitor numbers due to problems such as poor transport links . The Great Spring Show was held at Kensington for twenty - six years but in 1888 the RHS decided to move the show to the heart of London . The site chosen was the Temple Gardens , situated between the Embankment and Fleet Street , which had a recorded history dating back to 1307 and which were said to date from the time of the Knights Templar . The roses for which these Temple Gardens were famous were alluded to in Shakespeare 's Henry VI Part 1 . Using two marquees requisitioned from the old Kensington shows the 1888 show was a success with exhibits from both amateurs and commercial firms . By 1897 five marquees were being used with many of the best known plant and seed merchants being attracted to the event including Suttons and Sons . Royal International Horticultural Exhibition ( edit ) In 1912 , the Temple Show was cancelled to make way for the Royal International Horticultural Exhibition . Sir Harry Veitch , the great nurseryman , secured the grounds of the Royal Hospital , Chelsea , for this one - off event . It proved such a good site for an exhibition that the Great Spring Show was moved there in 1913 , where it has taken place almost every year since . Royal Hospital , Chelsea - early 20th century ( edit ) The RHS first became involved with the Chelsea Hospital in 1905 . Three years before , it had leased the grounds of Holland House in Kensington to hold what was first advertised as a Coronation Rose Show , but which turned into a more general show ( with not many roses ) by the time it actually opened in June . Two further two - day summer shows took place at Holland House in 1903 and 1904 , but then , to the general satisfaction of exhibitors and press , a three - day Summer Show was staged in the Hospital grounds , a more spacious site than Holland House had allowed , with room for five tents . The Summer Shows reverted to Holland House for the years thereafter , except in 1911 , when both it and Chelsea proved unavailable , and the Show was held at the Olympia exhibition hall . The Royal International Horticultural Exhibition of 1912 demonstrated , at a time when the complaints from the Temple were increasing annually , what an excellent site for a show the grounds of the Chelsea Hospital provided . Accordingly , for 1913 , the Great Spring Show was moved there . The first Chelsea Flower Show opened on May 20 . The Summer Show reverted to Holland House . Despite the First World War , the show was held 1914 -- 1916 , but was cancelled in 1917 and 1918 . By the roaring 1920s , the Chelsea Flower Show was back in full swing , the famous Chelsea tea parties were established and Royal visits resumed . In 1926 the show was held a week late due to the General Strike . In 1937 , King George VI and Queen Elizabeth celebrated their Coronation Year , and to mark the occasion , a superb Empire Exhibition was staged . It featured wattles from Australia , pines from Canada , brilliant gladioli from East Africa and even a big prickly pear from Palestine . The show was cancelled during the Second World War , as the land was required by the War Office for an anti-aircraft site . Some doubt arose as to whether the show would resume in 1947 . The majority of exhibitors wanted a postponement , as stocks of plants were low , staff much depleted and fuel for greenhouses was obtainable only with special permits , but Lord Aberconway ( then RHS President ) and the RHS Council felt strongly that the show should resume as soon as possible . As it turned out , the show went ahead in 1947 and it was a great success . Royal Hospital , Chelsea - later 20th century ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth II at the 2012 show The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 was a sufficient cause for a flower show that reflected the celebratory mood of the country . Most members of the royal family attended that year . Due to other commitments , the only member of the family unable to attend was the Queen herself . And the Show went on to increase in popularity throughout the second half of the century -- until its popularity became its major problem . Crowding within the tents had been a recurring refrain during the interwar years , but always mastered by increasing the tentage ; photographs show heavy crowds in the open , especially in the vicinity of the rock gardens . As the 1970s progressed , the attendance at the Chelsea Show climbed , by as much as 6,000 visitors in a single year ( 1978 ) . In 1979 , crowding became so severe in the mornings that the turnstiles were temporarily closed , and it was clear that some emergency action was needed . It was decided to open the Show at 8 am next year , and close it at 8.30 in the evenings , with a reduced price for entry after 4 pm , to try to draw people away from the morning time - slot ; and a one - way system was laid out in the marquee ( an expedient that had been rejected as impracticable 20 years earlier ) . The arrangements worked better than expected in 1980 , when a bare majority of Council voted for the imposition of a ceiling on the number of tickets sold . But numbers continued to increase , and in 1987 the turnstiles were closed again . In 1988 a limit of 40,000 visitors per day was imposed -- a reduction of 90,000 in total from the previous year -- and members were charged for tickets for the first time . An immediate response was a fall in attendance ; by April , ticket booking was so slow that national advertisements were taken out to encourage people to come to Chelsea , and the original announcement that tickets would not be available at the gates was rescinded. 1988 was also the first year that ticket touts made their presence felt , and the RHS felt the frustration of seeing its tickets sold at a considerable mark - up without being able to do anything . An alarmed Council now began to look seriously at the idea of moving the show to a larger venue . Battersea Park , Osterley Park , and Wisley were suggested ; one proposal was that Chelsea should be limited to plant sales , and the sundries rerouted elsewhere ; the firm of Land Use Consultants was hired to prepare a feasibility study , and after examining all these options , concluded that the Show should stay at Chelsea . The real rescue came from the expansion of the shows programme into other venues , and in particular from the takeover of the Hampton Court Palace Flower Show in 1993 : the increased options for both members and for exhibitors meant that the intense criticisms and conflict of the 1980s over the future of the Show did not return . The Chelsea Flower show today ( edit ) The Perfume Garden , designed by Laurie Chetwood and Patrick Collins The Chelsea Flower Show receives a lot of publicity . It is attended by 157,000 visitors each year ( a number limited by the capacity of the 11 - acre ( 45,000 m ) ground ) , and all tickets must be purchased in advance . From 2005 the show was increased from four days to five , with the first two days only open to RHS members . The show is extensively covered on television by the BBC . An official DVD of the show is produced on behalf of the RHS by ONE TWO FOUR . Several members of the British Royal Family attend a preview of the show , as part of the royal patronage of the RHS . The area of land devoted to show gardens increased steadily between 1970 and 2000 and the show has become an important venue for watching trends . New plants are often launched at the show and the popularity of older varieties revived under the focus of the horticultural world . It is the garden design equivalent of a catwalk at a fashion show . Highlights from the 2011 RHS Chelsea Flower Show included The Irish Sky Garden by Diarmuid Gavin based on the idea of a restaurant in the sky . Other show stopping gardens included the HESCO Garden by Leeds City Council , who reconstructed an impressive and idyllic working water wheel in the grounds of the Royal Hospital . The 2011 show also saw the introduction of the new Artisan garden category which featured beautiful artistic and natural gardens . Awards ( edit ) There are four grades of award presented -- gold , silver - gilt , silver and bronze -- in each of the categories listed below . Bronze grade exhibits do not actually receive a medal . Awards categories ( edit ) Flora Gardens and floral exhibits Hogg Exhibits of trees Knightian Exhibits of vegetables , including herbs Lindley Exhibits of special educational or scientific interest Grenfell Exhibits of pictures , photographs , floral arrangements and floristry Special awards ( edit ) Best Show Garden Award Best Courtyard Garden Award Best Chic Garden Award Best City Garden Award RHS Sundries Bowl RHS Junior Display Trophy RHS Floral Arrangement Trophies RHS Floristry Trophies Show Certificates of Merit Certificates for Junior Displays RHS President 's Award RHS Best Tradestand Award RHS Director General 's Award for the Best Tradestand Significant gardens and exhibits ( edit ) James May 's plasticine garden . 1929 Mrs Sherman Hoyt 's exhibit of American cacti , complete with painted backdrops depicting the Mojave desert , which was acquired for Kew and had its own glasshouse there for over half a century , before being absorbed into the Princess of Wales Conservatory 1930s J. Macdonald 's grass gardens -- the lone voice declaring the merits of ornamental grasses for his generation 1936 Hilliers ' ' Dingley Dell ' exhibit 1937 Coronation Year : the Empire Exhibition , with displays of ornamental and economic plants from around the Empire 1953 Another Coronation Year : William Wood of Taplow staged a ' Cutty Sark ' garden 1959 The Times ' Garden of Tomorrow ' , complete with radio - controlled lawn mower 1960 The great orchid display to accompany the Third World Orchid Conference 1964 Popular Gardening 's ' Garden of Today ' 1967 The first garden for the disabled at Chelsea 1968 Wisley 's exhibit of hostas , which gave a great boost to their popularity 1980 Display of penjing from China 1982 Brenda Hyatt 's display of auriculas , which launched these plants back into popularity 1988 John Chambers 's honeybee garden 1993 Julie Toll 's seaside garden controversially won the last Wilkinson Sword award for best garden , described by David Stevens as `` a sand dune garden that was well planted and beautiful , but visitors said it was n't a garden . '' 1994 Isabel and Julian Bannerman 's Daily Telegraph Old Abbey garden , with a virtuoso display of mature tree transplanting 1996 Dan Pearson 's London roof garden for the 1990s 1997 Christopher Bradley - Hole 's Latin Garden , the first garden at Chelsea to exhibit the new fashion for sparse planting 2000 The Garden History Society 's Le Nôtre Garden , and Piet Oudolf 's winning ' Evolution ' garden 2002 Mary Reynolds became the youngest garden designer to ever win the gold medal at the Chelsea Flower Show 2004 Tourism New Zealand presented the first authentic thermal New Zealand garden entitled `` Ora Garden of Well - being '' winning a Gold Medal . 2009 James May 's Paradise in Plasticine , a garden made entirely of Plasticine . Its concept and creation was documented for James May 's Toy Stories . 2010 Kebony Naturally Norway Garden designed by Darren Saines . It was the first time Norway was represented in Chelsea Flower Show with a big show garden . Row after row of exotic orchids from Taiwan , presented by the Taiwan Orchid Growers Association ( TOGA ) . This was the first time that Taiwan was invited to the Chelsea Flower Show . 2011 Diarmuid Gavin 's Irish Sky Garden . This was the first garden to be suspended in the air . 2016 A display of 300,000 individually crocheted poppies , covering nearly 2,000 sq m , designed by Phillip Johnson and made by over 50,000 contributors . Show dates ( edit ) The 2009 show was held 19 -- 23 May . The 2010 show was held 25 -- 29 May . The 2011 show was held 24 -- 28 May . The 2012 show was held 22 -- 26 May . The 2013 show was held 21 -- 25 May . The 2014 show was held 20 -- 24 May . The 2015 show was held 19 - 23 May . The 2016 show was held 24 - 28 May . The 2017 show was held 23 - 27 May . The 2018 show was held 21 - 25 May . The 2019 show will be held 20 - 24 May . The 2020 show will be held 18 - 22 May . Show gardens picture gallery ( edit ) Abstract from Chelsea 2008 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chelsea Flower Show . Royal Horticultural Society Tatton Park Flower Show Hampton Court Palace Flower Show Garden festival Cultural icon List of cultural icons of England References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Phil Clayton , The Great Temple Show in The Garden 2008 , p. 452 , The Royal Horticultural Society Jump up ^ Hessayon , D.G. ( 2011 ) . The Bedside Book Of The Garden . Random House . p. 239 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4464 - 9704 - 3 . Jump up ^ Taiwan Orchid Growers Association ( TOGA ) Jump up ^ News on the Taiwanese government 's website Archived July 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ News in Taiwan Today on 26 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Flower Show poppies : Spectacular tribute to armed forces unveiled '' . Telegraph . 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ RHS showdates External links ( edit ) RHS Chelsea Flower Show official site Hampton Court Palace Flower Show official site Royal Hospital Chelsea website RHS Show Tatton Park official site RHS Show Cardiff official site The Royal Horticultural Society official site Coverage from the BBC Coverage from The Guardian Coverage from The Daily Telegraph Coordinates : 51 ° 29 ′ 11 '' N 0 ° 9 ′ 28 '' W  /  51.48639 ° N 0.15778 ° W  / 51.48639 ; - 0.15778 GND : 10011561 - 5 VIAF : 126698333 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelsea_Flower_Show&oldid=843308363 '' Categories : 1862 establishments in England Annual events in London Gardening in England Flower shows Parks and open spaces in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Recurring events established in 1862 Chelsea , London Royal Horticultural Society Garden festivals in England Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 08 : 25 . About Wikipedia
when did chelsea flower show move to chelsea hospital
[ "The RHS Chelsea Flower Show, formally known as the Great Spring Show,[1] is a garden show held for five days in May by the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) in the grounds of the Royal Hospital Chelsea in Chelsea, London. Held at Chelsea since 1912, it is the most famous flower and landscape gardens show in the United Kingdom, and perhaps in the world. [1] The show is attended by members of the British Royal Family and attracts visitors from all continents." ]
[ "1912" ]
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Statue of Liberty
Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Jump to : navigation , search Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W  / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W  / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . 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Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . 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Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . 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Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page ( hide ) Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic - Copake Falls Area Taconic - Rudd Pond Area Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Park New York Botanical Garden Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly North and South Brother Islands Pelham Bay Orchard Beach Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Williamsbridge Oval Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also : Museum Mile Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake 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Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge New Tappan Zee Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point GND : 4122611 - 2 LCCN : sh85127593 NARA : 10643327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=840341585 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National 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move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Structurae ID different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 102 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 07 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the statue of liberty modelled on
[ "The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas, a Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with \"JULY IV MDCCLXXVI\" (July 4, 1776), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad." ]
[ "Libertas, a Roman liberty goddess" ]
1922853410600800598
The Boy Who Dared
The Boy Who Dared - wikipedia The Boy Who Dared Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Boy Who Dared Cover of The Boy Who Dared Author Susan Campbell Bartoletti Country America Language English Genre Historical Fiction Publisher Scholastic Publication date 2008 Published in English 2008 Media type Print ( Paperback ) Pages 192 pp ISBN 0 - 439 - 68013 - 1 OCLC 123349649 LC Class PZ7. B2844 Boy 2008 The Boy Who Dared is a 2008 novel by American children 's author Susan Campbell Bartoletti . It is based upon the true story of Helmuth Hübener , the youngest person to be sentenced to death by the Nazis during World War II . He was arrested and killed on October 27 , 1942 sent to a death penalty by guillotine . Bartoletti fleshed out one episode from her non-fiction Newbery Honor Book , Hitler Youth : Growing Up in Hitler 's Shadow ( 2006 ) , into this novel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 History 3 Contents 4 Awards 5 References Plot ( edit ) The majority of the story is told through flashbacks , as Helmuth Hübener , charged with treason , waits in a Berlin prison for his execution . Starting with his memories as a young boy , Helmuth recounts his childhood growing up in Nazi Germany with his mother Mutti ( German for `` Mom '' ) , grandparents , two brothers , his best friends Rudi and Karl and his future stepfather Hugo , a Nazi soldier . As a young boy , Helmuth plans to become a soldier and fight for Germany but that changes when he grows up , and Helmuth stands out as a very intelligent young man . He becomes very opinionated about the Nazi government when he sees his Jewish classmate 's father mercilessly murdered by the SA . He begins to secretly listen to forbidden enemy radio broadcasts , and enlists the help of two of his closest friends in distributing anti-Nazi material . Helmuth and his brothers fight very hard to keep their family together while they argue with Hugo about Germany 's laws , rules , and restrictions on all people of Germany and the rights of the Jewish people in Germany . Later , a fellow apprentice of Helmuth 's turns him in to the Gestapo , and he is jailed and is killed on October 27 , 1942 in the guillotine . History ( edit ) This story about Helmuth Hübener chronicles his years in school and his first job after graduation . Helmuth took an apprenticeship in the Bieberhaus , which is at the Social Welfare Department at City Hall . Although originally proud of the Fatherland and an enthusiastic participant in the Jungvolk , the Hitler Youth group , Helmuth became disillusioned as Nazi power and policies spread in Germany . Helmuth and a group of friends including Karl - Heinz Schnibbe , Rudolf Wobbe , and Gerhard Duwer , monitored banned radio broadcasts , in which the Allied Powers gave an accurate portrayal of the war in Europe rather than the version told through Axis propaganda . The friends printed pamphlets that were critical of Nazi Germany and distributed them to the public . Their activities were discovered by a co-worker of Helmuth 's at the Bieberhaus and they were turned in to the Gestapo , where Helmuth was interrogated , beaten , and arrested for what was considered treason . Helmuth 's friends received lighter sentences for their crimes . A brief trial for `` show '' was held at the People 's Court or Volksgerichtshof , and at age seventeen , Helmuth Hübener was executed at Plotzensee Prison in Berlin , becoming the youngest person in history executed for opposing the Third Reich . Contents ( edit ) The book includes author 's note , pictures , copy of poster announcing Helmuth Hübener 's execution , 1936 map of Europe , and a Third Reich timeline , 1918 - 1945 . Awards ( edit ) 2009 Notable Books for a Global Society 2008 Booklist Editors ' Choice : Books for Youth Book Sense Children 's Picks - Spring 2008 , Booklist Top 10 Historical Fiction for Youth 2009 ALA Best Book for Young Adults NCSS Notable Social Studies Trade Books for Young People 2009 , World History and Culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Millett , Lisa ( January 28 , 2003 ) , `` Documentary captures anti-Nazi Mormon youths '' , The Universe , BYU ^ Jump up to : `` The Boy Who Dared '' . Scholastic.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Boy Who Dared : A Novel Based on the True Story of a Hitler Youth '' . Junior Library Guild . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boy_Who_Dared&oldid=822231858 '' Categories : 2008 American novels World War II novels American children 's novels American historical novels Novels set in Germany 1942 in fiction 2008 children 's books Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 04 : 25 . About Wikipedia
where does the boy who dared take place
[ "The majority of the story is told through flashbacks, as Helmuth Hübener, charged with treason, waits in a Berlin prison for his execution. Starting with his memories as a young boy, Helmuth recounts his childhood growing up in Nazi Germany with his mother Mutti (German for \"Mom\"), grandparents, two brothers, his best friends Rudi and Karl and his future stepfather Hugo, a Nazi soldier." ]
[ "Germany" ]
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List of Olympic Games host cities
List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX -- 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America -- W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X -- 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe -- W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI -- 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe -- W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII -- Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII -- St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W009 IX 1964 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII -- 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe -- W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX -- 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia -- W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX -- 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America -- W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII -- 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=836847763 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 05 : 27 . 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where will the next summer olympic games be held
[ "This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer games have usually – but not always – celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities, and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Tokyo/Helsinki (summer) and Sapporo/Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) in 1940; and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944. The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games.[1] Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics." ]
[ "Tokyo" ]
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Small business
Small business - wikipedia Small business Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Small businesses on Dalrymple Street in Greenock , Scotland Small businesses are privately owned corporations , partnerships , or sole proprietorships that have fewer employees and / or less annual revenue than a regular - sized business or corporation . Businesses are defined as `` small '' in terms of being able to apply for government support and qualify for preferential tax policy varies depending on the country and industry . Small businesses range from fifteen employees under the Australian Fair Work Act 2009 , fifty employees according to the definition used by the European Union , and fewer than five thousand employees , to qualify for many U.S. Small Business Administration programs . While small businesses can also be classified according to other methods , such as annual revenues , shipments , sales , assets , or by annual gross or net revenue or net profits , the number of employees is one of the most widely used measures . Small businesses in many countries include service or retail operations such as convenience stores , small grocery stores , bakeries or delicatessens , hairdressers or tradespeople ( e.g. , carpenters , electricians ) , restaurants , guest houses , photographers , very small - scale manufacturing , and Internet - related businesses such as web design and computer programming . Some professionals operate as small businesses , such as lawyers , accountants , dentists and medical doctors ( although these professionals can also work for large organizations or companies ) . Small businesses vary a great deal in terms of size , revenues and regulatory authorization , both within a country and from country to country . Some small businesses , such as a home accounting business , may only require a business license . On the other hand , other small businesses , such as day cares , retirement homes and restaurants serving liquor are more heavily regulated , and may require inspection and certification from various government authorities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Relationship with entrepreneurship 1.2 Size definitions 1.3 Demographics 1.4 Franchise businesses 1.5 Retailers ' cooperative 2 Advantages 3 Challenges 3.1 Bankruptcy 3.2 Social responsibility 3.3 Job quality 3.4 Cyber crime 4 Marketing 5 Contribution to the economy 6 Sources of funding 7 Business networks and advocacy groups 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Small businesses in the Central Zone of São Paulo . Researchers and analysts of small or owner - managed businesses generally behave as if nominal organizational forms ( e.g. , partnership , sole - trader , or corporation ) , and the consequent legal and accounting boundaries of owner - managed firms are consistently meaningful . However , owner - managers often do not delineate their behavior to accord with the implied separation between their personal and business interests . Lenders also often contract around organizational ( corporate ) boundaries by seeking personal guarantees or accepting privately held assets as collateral . Because of this behavior , researchers and analysts may wish to be cautious in the way they assess the organizational types and implied boundaries in contexts relating to owner - managed firms . These include analyses that use traditional accounting disclosures , and studies that view the firm as defined by some formal organizational structure . Relationship with entrepreneurship ( edit ) Portici di Sottoripa , Genova , Italy Galleries tend to form clusters of small business owners over time . The term `` entrepreneur '' is often conflated with the term `` small business '' or used interchangeably with this term . While most entrepreneurial ventures start out as a small business , not all small businesses are entrepreneurial in the strict sense of the term . Many small businesses are sole proprietor operations consisting solely of the owner , or they have a small number of employees , and many of these small businesses offer an existing product , process or service , and they do not aim at growth . In contrast , entrepreneurial ventures offer an innovative product , process or service , and the entrepreneur typically aims to scale up the company by adding employees , seeking international sales , and so on , a process which is financed by venture capital and angel investments . Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to lead a business in a positive direction by proper planning , to adapt to changing environments and understand their own strengths and weakness . Spectacular success stories stem from small businesses that expanded in growth . Examples would be Microsoft , Genentech , and Federal Express which all embody the sense of new venture creation on small business . Size definitions ( edit ) The legal definition of `` small business '' varies by country and by industry . In addition to number of employees , methods used to classify small companies include annual sales ( turnover ) , value of assets and net profit ( balance sheet ) , alone or as a combination of factors . In the United States , the Small Business Administration establishes small business size standards on an industry - by - industry basis , but generally specifies a small business as having fewer than five hundred employees for manufacturing businesses and less than $7.5 million in annual receipts for most non manufacturing businesses . The definition can vary by circumstance -- for example , a small business having fewer than twenty - five full - time equivalent employees with average annual wages below $50,000 qualifies for a tax credit under the health care reform bill Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . By comparison , a medium - sized business or mid-sized business has fewer than five hundred employees in the US . The European Union generally defines a small business as one that has fewer than fifty employees and either turnover or balance sheet less than € 10 m. but the European Commission is undertaking a review of this definition . By comparison , a medium - sized business has fewer than 250 employees and either turnover less than € 50 m. or balance sheet less than € 43 m . In Australia , a small business is defined by the Fair Work Act 2009 as one with fewer than fifteen employees . By comparison , a medium - sized business or mid-sized business has fewer than two hundred employees . In South Africa , the National Small Business Amendment Act ( Act 26 of 2003 ) defines businesses in a variety of ways using five categories previously established by the National Small Business Act ( Act 102 of 1996 ) , namely , standard industrial sector and subsector classification , size of class , equivalent of paid employees , turnover and asset value excluding fixed property . Small businesses are usually not dominant in their field of operation . The table below serves as a useful guide to business size nomenclature . Business size definitions ( by number of employees ) AUS US CAN EU Minute / Micro 1 - 2 1 - 6 1 - 4 < 10 Small < 15 < 250 1 - 99 < 50 Medium < 200 < 500 100 - 499 < 250 Large < 500 < 1000 > 500 < 1000 Enterprise > 500 > 1000 N / A > 1000 Most cells reflect sizes not defined in legislation Some definitions are multi-parameter , e.g. , by industry , revenue or market share Demographics ( edit ) In 2016 a surprising demographic of small business owners was published . The study showed that the median American small business owners were above the age of 50 . The ages were distributed as : 51 % over 50 years old , 33 % between the ages 35 - 49 , and 16 % being under the age of 35 . As for sex : 55 % were owned by males , 36 % by females , and 9 % being equal ownership of both males and females . As for race : 72 % were white / Caucasian , 13.5 % were Latinos , 6.3 % were African American , 6.2 % were Asian , and 2 % as other . As for educational background : 39 % had obtained a bachelor 's degree or higher , 33 % had some college background , and 28 % received at least a high school diploma . The United States census data for the years 2014 and 2015 shows the women 's ownership share of small businesses by firm size . The data explains percentages owned by women along with the number of employees including the owner . The data shows that about 22 % of the businesses owned by women have between 100 - 500 employees , 28 % between 20 - 99 employees , 32 % between 5 - 19 employees , 41 % between 2 - 4 employees and about 51 % have 1 employee . This shows that the majority of women that own businesses are self employed and run the business by themselves . Franchise businesses ( edit ) Franchising is a way for small business owners to benefit from the economies of scale of the big corporation ( franchiser ) . McDonald 's and Subway are examples of a franchise . The small business owner can leverage a strong brand name and purchasing power of the larger company while keeping their own investment affordable . However , some franchisees conclude that they suffer the `` worst of both worlds '' feeling they are too restricted by corporate mandates and lack true independence . It is an assumption that small business are just franchisees , but the truth is many franchisers are also small businesses , Although considered to be a successful way of doing business , literature has proved that there is a high failure rate in franchising as well , especially in UK , where research indicates that out of 1658 franchising companies operating in 1984 , only 601 remained in 1998 , a mere 36 % . Retailers ' cooperative ( edit ) A retailers ' cooperative is a type of cooperative which employs economies of scale on behalf of its retailer members . Retailers ' cooperatives use their purchasing power to acquire discounts from manufacturers and often share marketing expenses . They are often recognized as `` local groups '' because they own their own stores within the community.It is common for locally owned grocery stores , hardware stores , and pharmacies to participate in retailers ' cooperatives . Ace Hardware , True Value , and NAPA are examples of a retailers ' cooperative . Retail cooperatives also allow consumers to supply their own earnings and gain bargaining power outside of the business sector . Retail cooperatives mainly reside within small communities where local businesses are often shut down . Advantages ( edit ) Small business in Bursa , Turkey . One of the claimed advantages of small business owners is the ability to serve market niches not served by mass production industries . Consider how few major corporations would be willing to deal the risks and uncertainty that small antique store deals with : buying and selling non-standardized items and making quick assessments of the value of rare items . Many small businesses can be started at a low cost and on a part - time basis , while a person continues a regular job with an employer or provides care for family members in the home . In developing countries , many small businesses are sole - proprietor operations such as selling produce at a market stall or preparing hot food to sell on the street , that provide a small income . In the 2000s , a small business is also well suited to Internet marketing ; because , it can easily serve specialized niches , something that would have been more difficult prior to the Internet revolution which began in the late 1990s . Internet marketing gives small businesses the ability to market with smaller budgets . Adapting to change is crucial in business and particularly small business ; not being tied to the bureaucratic inertia associated with large corporations , small businesses can respond to changing marketplace demand more quickly . Small business proprietors tend to be in closer personal contact with their customers and clients than large corporations , as small business owners see their customers in person each week . One study showed that small , local businesses are better for a local economy than the introduction of new chain stores . By opening up new national level chain stores , the profits of locally owned businesses greatly decrease and many businesses end up failing and having to close . This creates an exponential effect . When one store closes , people lose their jobs , other businesses lose business from the failed business , and so on . In many cases , large firms displace just as many jobs as they create . Independence is another advantage of owning a small business . A small business owner does not have to report to a supervisor or manager . In addition , many people desire to make their own decisions , take their own risks , and reap the rewards of their efforts . Small business owners possess the flexibility and freedom to making their own decisions within the constraints imposed by economic and other environmental factors . However , entrepreneurs have to work for very long hours and understand that ultimately their customers are their bosses . Several organizations in the United States also provide help for the small business sector , such as the Internal Revenue Service 's Small Business and Self - Employed One - Stop Resource . Small businesses ( often carried out by family members ) adjust quicker to the changing conditions ; however , they are closed to the absorption of new knowledge and employing new labor from outside . Challenges ( edit ) Small businesses often face a variety of problems , some of which are related to their size . A frequent cause of bankruptcy is under capitalization . This is often a result of poor planning rather than economic conditions . It is a common `` rule of thumb '' that the entrepreneur should have access to a sum of money at least equal to the projected revenue for the first year of business in addition to his or her anticipated expenses . For example , if the prospective owner thinks that he or she will generate $100,000 in revenues in the first year with $150,000 in start - up expenses , then he or she should have not less than $250,000 available . Start - up expenses are often grossly underestimated adding to the burden of the business . Failure to provide this level of funding for the company could leave the owner liable for all of the company 's debt should he or she end up in bankruptcy court , under the theory of under capitalization . In addition to ensuring that the business has enough capital , the small business owner must also be mindful of contribution margin ( sales minus variable costs ) . To break even , the business must be able to reach a level of sales where the contribution margin equals fixed costs . When they first start out , many small business owners under price their products to a point where even at their maximum capacity , it would be impossible to break even . Cost controls or price increases often resolve this problem . In the United States , some of the largest concerns of small business owners are insurance costs ( such as liability and health ) , rising energy costs , taxes , and tax compliance . In the United Kingdom and Australia , small business owners tend to be more concerned with excessive governmental red tape . Contracting fraud has been an ongoing problem for small businesses in the United States . Small businesses are legally obligated to receive a fair portion ( 23 percent ) of the total value of all the government 's prime contracts as mandated by the Small Business Act of 1953 . Since 2002 , a series of federal investigations have found fraud , abuse , loopholes , and a lack of oversight in federal small business contracting , which has led to the diversion of billions of dollars in small business contracts to large corporations . Another problem for many small businesses is termed the ' Entrepreneurial Myth ' or E-Myth . The mythic assumption is that an expert in a given technical field will also be expert at running that kind of business . Additional business management skills are needed to keep a business running smoothly . Some of this misunderstanding arises from the failure to distinguish between small business managers as entrepreneurs or capitalists . While nearly all owner - managers of small firms are obliged to assume the role of capitalist , only a minority will act as entrepreneur . The line between an owner - manager and an entrepreneur can be defined by whether or not their business is growth oriented . In general , small business owners are primarily focused on surviving rather than growing ; therefore , not experiencing the five stages of the corporate life cycle ( birth , growth , maturity , revival , and decline ) like an entrepreneur would . Another problem for many small businesses is the capacity of much larger businesses to influence or sometimes determine their chances for success . Business networking and social media has been used as a major tool by small businesses in the UK , but most of them just use a `` scatter - gun '' approach in a desperate attempt to exploit the market which is not that successful . Over half of small firms lack a business plan , a tool that is considered one of the most important factors for a venture 's success . Business planning is associated with improved growth prospects . Funders and investors usually require a business plan . A plan also serves as a strategic planning document for owners and CEOs , which can be used as a `` bible '' for decision - making An international trade survey indicated that the British share of businesses which are exporting rose from 32 % in 2012 to 39 % in 2013 . Although this may seem positive , in reality the growth is slow , as small business owners shy away from exporting due to actual and perceived barriers . Learning the basics of a foreign language could be the solution to open doors to new trade markets , it is a reality that not all foreign business partners speak English . China is stated to grow by 7.6 % in 2013 and still sadly 95 % of business owners who want to export to China have no desire and no knowledge to learn their local language . Bankruptcy ( edit ) When small business fails , the owner may file for bankruptcy . In most cases , this can be handled through a personal bankruptcy filing . Corporations can file bankruptcy , but if it is out of business and valuable corporate assets are likely to be repossessed by secured creditors , there is little advantage to going to the expense of a corporate bankruptcy . Many states offer exemptions for small business assets so they can continue to operate during and after personal bankruptcy . However , corporate assets are normally not exempt ; hence , it may be more difficult to continue operating an incorporated business if the owner files bankruptcy . Researchers have examined small business failures in some depth , with attempts to model the predictability of failure . Social responsibility ( edit ) Small businesses can encounter several problems related to engaging in corporate social responsibility , due to characteristics inherent in their size . Owners of small businesses often participate heavily in the day - to - day operations of their companies . This results in a lack of time for the owner to coordinate socially responsible efforts , such as supporting local charities or not - for - profit activities . Additionally , a small business owner 's expertise often falls outside the realm of socially responsible practices , which contributing to a lack of participation . Small businesses also face a form of peer pressure from larger forces in their respective industries , making it difficult to oppose and work against industry expectations . Furthermore , small businesses undergo stress from shareholder expectations . Because small businesses have more personal relationships with their patrons and local shareholders , they must also be prepared to withstand closer scrutiny if they want to share in the benefits of committing to socially responsible practices or not . Job quality ( edit ) While small businesses employ over half the workforce in the US and have been established as a main driving force behind job creation , the quality of the jobs these businesses create has been called into question . Small businesses generally employ individuals from the Secondary labour market . As a result , in the U.S. , wages are 49 % higher for employees of large firms . Additionally , many small businesses struggle or are unable to provide employees with benefits they would be given at larger firms . Research from the U.S. Small Business Administration indicates that employees of large firms are 17 % more likely to receive benefits including salary , paid leave , paid holidays , bonuses , insurance , and retirement plans . Both lower wages and fewer benefits combine to create a job turnover rate among U.S. small businesses that is three times higher than large firms . Employees of small businesses also must adapt to the higher failure rate of small firms , which means that they are more likely to lose their job due to the firm going under . In the U.S. 69 % of small businesses last at least two years , but this percentage drops to 51 % for firms reaching five years in operation . The U.S. Small Business Administration counts companies with as much as $35.5 million in sales and 1,500 employees as `` small businesses '' , depending on the industry . Outside government , companies with less than $7 million in sales and fewer than five hundred employees are widely considered small businesses . Cyber crime ( edit ) Main article : Cyber crime Cyber crime in the business world can be broken down into 4 main categories . They include loss of reputation and consumer confidence , cost of fixing the issue , loss of capital and assets , and legal difficulties that can come from these problems . Loss of reputation and consumer confidence can be impacted greatly after one attack . Many small businesses will struggle to gain confidence and trust in their customers after being known for having problems prior . Cost of fixing the cyber attack would require experts outside of their field to further the investigation and find the problem . Being down for a business means losing money at the same time . This could halt the online operations and mean the business could potentially be down for a long period of time . Loss of capital and assets ties well in with the cost of fixing the issue . During a cyber attack , a business may lose their funds for that business . Worst case scenario , a business may actually lose all their working capital and funds . The legal difficulties involved with cyber crime can become pricy and hurt the business itself for not having standard security measures and standards . Security not only for the business but more importantly the customer should be number one priority when dealing with security protocol . The monetary dollar damage caused by cyber crime in 2016 equalled out to be over 1.33 billion dollars in the United States alone . In 2016 , California alone had over 255 million dollars reported to the IC3 . The average company this year in the United States amounted to 17.36 million dollars in cyber crime attacks . Certain cyber attacks can vary on how long it takes to solve a problem . It can take upwards to 69 days for an average everyday attack on a business . The types of attacks include viruses and malware issues . Employee activities within the workspace can also render a cyber attack . Employees using mobile devices or remote work access off the job makes it easier for a cyber attack to occur . Marketing ( edit ) Although small businesses have close relationships with their existing customers , finding new customers and reaching new markets is a major challenge for small business owners . Small businesses typically find themselves strapped for time to do marketing , as they have to run the day - to - day aspects of the business . To create a continual stream of new business and find new clients and customers , they must work on marketing their business continuously . Low sales ( result of poor marketing ) is one of the major reasons of small business failure . Common marketing techniques for small business include business networking ( e.g. , attending Chamber of Commerce events or trade fairs ) , `` word of mouth '' promotion by existing customers , customer referrals , Yellow pages directories , television , radio , and outdoor ads ( e.g. , roadside billboards ) , print ads , and Internet marketing . TV ads can be quite expensive , so they are normally intended to create awareness of a product or service . Another means by which small businesses can advertise is through the use of `` deal of the day '' websites such as Groupon and Living Social . These Internet deals encourage customers to patronize small businesses . Example of keyword analysis based on market competition . Many small business owners find internet marketing more affordable . Google AdWords and Yahoo ! Search Marketing are two popular options of getting small business products or services in front of motivated web searchers . Social media has also become an affordable route of marketing for small business . It is a fraction of the cost of traditional marketing and small businesses are able to do it themselves or find small social marketing agencies that they can hire out for a small fee . Statistically , social media marketing has a higher lead - to - close rate than traditional media . Successful online small business marketers are also adept at utilizing the most relevant keywords in their website content . Advertising on niche websites that are frequented by potential customers can also be effective , but with the long tail of the Internet , it can be time intensive to advertise on enough websites to garner an effective reach . Creating a business website has become increasingly affordable with many do - it - yourself programs now available for beginners . A website can provide significant marketing exposure for small businesses when marketed through the Internet and other channels . Some popular services are WordPress , Joomla Squarespace , Wix and EXAI . Social media has proven to be very useful in gaining additional exposure for many small businesses . Many small business owners use Facebook and Twitter as a way to reach out to their loyal customers to give them news about specials of the day or special coupons , generate repeat business and reach out to new potential clients . The relational nature of social media , along with its immediacy and twenty - four - hour presence lend intimacy to the relationships small businesses can have with their customers , while making it more efficient for them to communicate with greater numbers . Facebook ads are also a very cost - effective way for small businesses owners to reach a targeted audience with a very specific message . In addition to the social networking sites , blogs have become a highly effective way for small businesses to position themselves as experts on issues that are important to their customers . This can be done with a proprietary blog and / or by using a back - link strategy wherein the marketer comments on other blogs and leaves a link to the small business ' own website . Posting to a blog about the company 's business or service area regularly can increase web traffic to a company website . Marketing plan Market research -- To produce a marketing plan for small businesses , research needs to be done on similar businesses , which should include desk research ( done online or with directories ) and field research . This gives an insight in the target group 's behavior and shopping patterns . Analyzing the competitor 's marketing strategies makes it easier for small business to gain market share . Marketing mix -- Marketing mix is a crucial factor for any business to be successful . Especially for a small business , examining a competitor 's marketing mix can be very helpful . An appropriate market mix , which uses different types of marketing , can help to boost sales . Product life cycle -- After the launch of the business , crucial points of focus should be the growth phase ( adding customers , adding products or services , and / or expanding to new markets ) and working towards the maturity phase . Once the business reaches maturity stage , an extension strategy should be in place . Re-launching is also an option at this stage . Pricing strategy should be flexible and based on the different stages of the product life cycle . Promotion techniques -- It is preferable to keep promotion expenses as low as possible . ' Word of mouth ' , ' email marketing ' , ' print - ads ' in local newspapers etc. can be effective . Channels of distribution -- Selecting an effective channel of distribution may reduce the promotional expenses as well as overall expenses for a small business . Contribution to the economy ( edit ) In the US , small businesses ( fewer than five hundred employees ) account for more than half the non-farm , private GDP and around half the private sector employment . Regarding small business , the top job provider is those with fewer than ten employees , and those with ten or more but fewer than twenty employees comes in as the second , and those with twenty or more but fewer than one hundred employees comes in as the third ( interpolation of data from the following references ) . The most recent data shows firms with fewer than twenty employees account for slightly more than 18 % of the employment . According to `` The Family Business Review , '' `` There are approximately seventeen million sole - proprietorship in the US . It can be argued that a sole - proprietorship ( an unincorporated business owned by a single person ) is a type of family business '' and `` there are twenty - two million small businesses ( fewer than five hundred employees ) in the US and approximately 14,000 big businesses . '' Also , it has been found that small businesses created the newest jobs in communities , `` In 1979 , David Birch published the first empirical evidence that small firms ( fewer than 100 employees ) created the most new jobs '' , and Edmiston claimed that `` perhaps the greatest generator of interest in entrepreneurship and small business is the widely held belief that small businesses in the United States create most new jobs . The evidence suggests that small businesses indeed create a substantial majority of net new jobs in an average year . '' Local businesses provide competition to each other and also challenge corporate giants . Of the 5,369,068 employer firms in 1995 , 78.8 percent had fewer than ten employees , and 99.7 percent had fewer than five hundred employees . Sources of funding ( edit ) Small businesses in Biloela , Central Queensland , Australia , 1949 Small businesses use various sources available for start - up capital : Self - financing by the owner through cash savings , equity loan on his or her home , and or other assets Loans or financial gifts from friends or relatives Grants from private foundations , government or other sources Private stock issue Forming partnerships Angel investors Loans from banks , credit unions , or other financial institutions SME finance , including collateral - based lending and venture capital , given sufficiently sound business venture plans Some small businesses are further financed through credit card debt -- usually a poor choice , given that the interest rate on credit cards is often several times the rate that would be paid on a line of credit at a bank or a bank loan . Recent research suggests that the use of credit scores in small business lending by community banks is surprisingly widespread . Moreover , the scores employed tend to be the consumer credit scores of the small business owners rather than the more encompassing small business credit scores that include data on the firms as well as on the owners . Many owners seek a bank loan in the name of their business ; however , banks will usually insist on a personal guarantee by the business owner . In the United States , the Small Business Administration ( SBA ) runs several loan programs that may help a small business secure loans . In these programs , the SBA guarantees a portion of the loan to the issuing bank , and thus , relieves the bank of some of the risk of extending the loan to a small business . The SBA also requires business owners to pledge personal assets and sign as a personal guarantee for the loan . The 8 ( a ) Business Development Program assists in the development of small businesses owned and operated by African Americans , Hispanics , and Asians . Canadian small businesses can take advantage of federally funded programs and services . See Federal financing for small businesses in Canada ( grants and loans ) . On October 2010 , Alejandro Cremades and Tanya Prive founded the first equity crowdfunding platform for small businesses in history as an alternative source of financing . The platform operates under the name of Rock The Post . Business networks and Advocacy groups ( edit ) Small businesses often join or come together to form organizations to advocate for their causes or to achieve economies of scale that larger businesses benefit from , such as the opportunity to buy cheaper health insurance in bulk . These organizations include local or regional groups such as Chambers of Commerce and independent business alliances , as well as national or international industry - specific organizations . Such groups often serve a dual purpose , as business networks to provide marketing and connect members to potential sales leads and suppliers , and also as advocacy groups , bringing together many small businesses to provide a stronger voice in regional or national politics . In the case of independent business alliances , promoting the value of locally owned , independent business ( not necessarily small ) through public education campaigns is integral to their work . The largest regional small business group in the United States is the Council of Smaller Enterprises , located in Greater Cleveland . United Kingdom trade and Investment ( www.ukti.gov.in ) gives out research in different markets around the world , also research in program planning and promotional activities to exporters . The BEXA ( British Exporters Association ) role is to connect new exporters to expert services , it can provide details about regional export contacts , who could be made informally to discuss issues . Trade associations and all major banks could often provide links to international groups in foreign markets , some could also help set up joint venture , trade fairs etc . A number of youth organizations , including 4 - H , Junior Achievement , and Scouting have special interactive programs and training to help young people run their own small business under adult supervision . See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal American Independent Business Alliance Big business Distributism Federation of Small Businesses Home business Independent telephone company Localism ( politics ) versus Transnational corporations Market capitalization National Federation of Independent Business S corporation Small Business Administration Small Business Commissioner Small Business Innovation Research ( SBIR ) Small business software Small Business Technology Transfer ( STTR ) Small is Profitable Small office / home office Small - scale Project Management Small start units References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Shailer , Gregory E.P. ( 1 September 1993 ) . `` The irrelevance of organisational boundaries of owner - managed firms '' . Small Bus Econ. 5 ( 3 ) : 229 -- 237 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01531920 -- via link.springer.com . Jump up ^ Driessen , Martyn P. ; Zwart , Peter S. ( 2010 ) . `` The role of the entrepreneur in small business success : the Entrepreneurship Scan '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The economics of small business finance : The roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle '' . Journal of Banking & Finance . 22 ( 6 - 8 ) : 613 -- 673 . 1998 - 08 - 01 . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 4266 ( 98 ) 00038 - 7 . ISSN 0378 - 4266 . Jump up ^ Small Business Administration . Summary of Size Jump up ^ Dilger , Robert Jay ( April 17 , 2018 ) . Small Business Size Standards : A Historical Analysis of Contemporary Issues ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Small Business Health Care Tax Credit for Small Employers . IRS . ^ Jump up to : European Commission , What is an SME ? accessed 18 October 2017 Jump up ^ European Commission , Directorate - General for Internal Market , Industry , Entrepreneurship and SMEs Revision of the EU SME Definition : Inception Impact Assessment , accessed 18 October 2017 Jump up ^ Banking Association South Africa , Small Business Definition , accessed 18 October 2017 Jump up ^ Small Businesses joined by Facebook . Steve Kaplan. 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Surprising Demographics of Small Business Owners '' . Small Business Labs . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ * Healeas , S. Purdy , D. Stanworth , C. Watson , A. 2004 . Franchising as small business growth strategy : A resource based view organisational development : International small business journal , 22 ( 6 ) , pp 539 - 599 ^ Jump up to : Network , University of Nebraska - Lincoln Web Developer . `` Types of Cooperatives Nebraska Cooperative Development Center '' . ncdc.unl.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fox , W.F. ; Murray , M.N. ( 2004 ) . `` Do Economic Effects Justify the Use of Fiscal Incentives ? '' . Southern Economic Journal . 71 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 92 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135311 . Jump up ^ Longenecker , Justin G. ; Carlos W. Moore ; J. William Petty ; Leslie E. Palich ( 2008 ) . Small business management : launching and growing entrepreneurial ventures ( 14th ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 768 . ISBN 0 - 324 - 56972 - 6 . OCLC 191487420 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business and Self - Employed One - Stop Resource '' . Irs.gov. 2010 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walczak , D. ; Voss , G. `` New Possibilities of Supporting Polish SMEs within the Jeremie Initiative Managed by BGK '' . Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences . 4 ( 9 ) : 759 . Jump up ^ `` Surveying Businesses on Tax Compliance Costs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business : The Art Of The Start '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Shailer , G. Capitalists and Entrepreneurs in Owner - managed Firms . International Small Business Journal 12 ( 3 ) April - June 1994 : 33 -- 41 . Jump up ^ http://media.proquest.com/media/pq/classic/doc/3121621781/fmt/pi/rep/NONE?hl=&cit:auth=Armstrong,%20Craig%20E&cit:title=Competence%20or%20flexibility?%20Survival%20and%20growth%20implications%20of%20...&cit:pub=Journal%20of%20Strategy%20and%20Management&cit:vol=6&cit:iss=4&cit:pg=377&cit:date=2013&ic=true&cit:prod=ABI/INFORM%20Complete&_a=ChgyMDE&_s=isTHBF+8fhiXE4YF6oLH5yZLbn0=#statusbar=1&zoom=110 Jump up ^ Coleman , A. , 2013 . Targeting networking and social media ; how to win new business effectively . The Guardian , ( online ) 27 November . Available at https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2013/nov/27/targeted-networking-social-media-business ( accessed 15 March 2014 ) Jump up ^ Richbell , S.M. ; Wardle , P. ; Watts , H.D. ( 2006 ) . `` Owner - managers and Business Planning in the Small Firm '' . International Small Business Journal . 24 ( 5 ) : 496 -- 514 . doi : 10.1177 / 0266242606067275 . Jump up ^ `` Profitable Tactics Using Internet Marketing For Small Business '' . Jump up ^ e.g. , Shailer , G. 1989 , The Predictability of Small Enterprise Failures : Evidence and Issues , International Small Business Journal , Vol. 7 , No. 4 , July - September , pp. 54 - 58 . Jump up ^ An list of examples is available at ICSB . ^ Jump up to : Lepoutre , Jan , and Hoyehnusy Ezekiel `` Investigating the Impact of Firm Size on Small Business Social Responsibility : A Critical Review . '' Journal of Business Ethics 67.3 ( 2006 ) : 257 - 273 . JSTOR . Web . 3 Jan. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : United States . Small Business Administration . `` Frequently Asked Questions . '' Frequently Asked Question About Small Business . SBA Office of Advocacy , Jan. 2011 . Web . 21 Mar. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Edmiston , Kelley . `` The Role of Small and Large Businesses in Economic Development . '' Economic Review 92.2 ( 2007 ) : 73 - 97 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 18 Mar. 2012 . Jump up ^ Hope , John B. ; Mackin , Patrick C. ( 2007 ) . `` The Relationship Between Employee Turnover and Employee Compensation in Small Business '' . Small Business Research Summary. 308 : 1 -- 44 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Ways Cyber Crime Can Hurt Your Small Business '' . Business Know - How . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Topic : U.S. companies and cyber crime '' . www.statista.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.millforbusiness.com/why-do-small-businesses-fail/ Jump up ^ Needham , Dave ( 1996 ) . Business for Higher Awards . Heinemann . Jump up ^ Kotler , Philip ( 2007 ) . Principles of Marketing . Pearson . Jump up ^ The Small Business Economy - A Report to the President : 2001 pg. 84 - Table A. 3 ( the last time data was granular enough for the figures for fewer than 10 employees was 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy : The Small Business Economy 2008 , A Report to the President '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Advocacy - U.S. SBA - Characteristics of Small Business Employees and Owners '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Surprising Use of Credit Scoring in Small Business Lending by Community Banks and the Attendant Effects on Credit Availability and Risk '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 8 ( a ) Business Development '' . SBA.gov . Jump up ^ `` Equity Crowdfunding '' . Equity Crowdfunding . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crowdfunding comes to small businesses '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ STEVE LOHR Special to The New York Times ( 1980 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Steve Lohr , `` Small - Business Forces Unite ; Meeting Drafts Proposals For Carter Memories of Earlier Gatherings Small - Business Forces Unite '' , The New York Times , Special , Jan. 15 , 1980 , Business & Finance , Page D1 `` . Select.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Senior , Norah . `` Small businesses need to see exporting as a viable option and ' think global ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ American Business BSA Merit Badge Guide , 22 Jun 2015 . Works cited Birch , D. ( 1979 ) . The job generation process . Unpublished Report , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , prepared for the Economic Development Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce , Washington D.C. Birch , David ( 1987 ) , Job Creation in America , How our smallest companies put the most people to work , The Free Press , New York Edmiston , Kelly ( 2010 ) . `` The Role of Small and Large Businesses in Economic Development '' . Economic Review . 1 : 1 -- 93 . Shanker , Melissa Carey , and Joseph H. Astrachan . `` Family Business Review . '' Sage Publication 9.2 ( 1996 ) : 1 - 123 . Print . External links ( edit ) Business.usa.gov , official website for business - related activities in the USA Federation of Small Business , UK - based resource for small business owners . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_business&oldid=837357120 '' Categories : Small business Business terms Business models Business occupations Entrepreneurship Management occupations Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from January 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2015 Western culture - centric Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans فارسی Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 09 : 39 . 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what is a small business in the us
[ "Small businesses are privately owned corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships that have fewer employees and/or less annual revenue than a regular-sized business or corporation. Businesses are defined as \"small\" in terms of being able to apply for government support and qualify for preferential tax policy varies depending on the country and industry. Small businesses range from fifteen employees under the Australian Fair Work Act 2009, fifty employees according to the definition used by the European Union, and fewer than five thousand employees, to qualify for many U.S. Small Business Administration programs. While small businesses can also be classified according to other methods, such as annual revenues, shipments, sales, assets, or by annual gross or net revenue or net profits, the number of employees is one of the most widely used measures.", "Small businesses are privately owned corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships that have fewer employees and/or less annual revenue than a regular-sized business or corporation. Businesses are defined as \"small\" in terms of being able to apply for government support and qualify for preferential tax policy varies depending on the country and industry. Small businesses range from fifteen employees under the Australian Fair Work Act 2009, fifty employees according to the definition used by the European Union, and fewer than five thousand employees, to qualify for many U.S. Small Business Administration programs. While small businesses can also be classified according to other methods, such as annual revenues, shipments, sales, assets, or by annual gross or net revenue or net profits, the number of employees is one of the most widely used measures." ]
[ "privately owned corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships", "fewer employees and/or less annual revenue than a regular-sized business or corporation" ]
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Estates of the realm
Estates of the realm - wikipedia Estates of the realm Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that The Estates be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . This article is about the medieval European concept of social hierarchy . For the modern concept of partitioning the government , see Separation of powers . A 13th century French representation of the tripartite social order of the middle ages -- Oratores : `` those who pray '' , Bellatores : `` those who fight '' , and Laboratores : `` those who work '' . The estates of the realm , or three estates , were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom ( Christian Europe ) from the medieval period to early modern Europe . Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time . The best known system is the French Ancien Régime ( Old Regime ) , a three - estate system used until the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) . Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy ( the First Estate ) , nobles ( the Second Estate ) , and peasants and bourgeoisie ( the Third Estate ) . In some regions , notably Scandinavia and Russia , burghers ( the urban merchant class ) and rural commoners were split into separate estates , creating a four - estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate . Furthermore , the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates , leaving them without political rights . In England , a two - estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with `` commons '' as the second estate . This system produced the two houses of parliament , the House of Commons and the House of Lords . In southern Germany , a three - estate system of nobility ( princes and high clergy ) , ritters ( knights ) , and burghers was used . Today the terms three estates and estates of the realm may sometimes be re-interpreted to refer to the modern separation of powers in government into the legislature , administration , and the judiciary . Additionally the term fourth estate usually refers to forces outside the established power structure ( evoking medieval three - estate systems ) , most commonly in reference to the independent press or media . Historically , in Northern and Eastern Europe , the Fourth Estate meant rural commoners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Social immobility 2 Dynamics 3 Background 4 Kingdom of France 4.1 First Estate 4.2 Second Estate 4.3 Third Estate 4.4 Estates General 5 United Kingdom 5.1 Scotland 6 Sweden and Finland 7 Low Countries 8 Holy Roman Empire 9 Russian Empire 10 Catalonia 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References Social immobility ( edit ) During the Middle Ages , advancing to different social classes was uncommon and very difficult . The medieval Church was an institution where social mobility was most likely up to a certain level ( generally to that of vicar general or abbot / abbess for commoners ) . Typically , only nobility were appointed to the highest church positions ( bishops , archbishops , heads of religious orders , etc . ) , although low nobility could aspire to the highest church positions . Since clergy could not marry , such mobility was theoretically limited to one generation . Nepotism was common in this period . Another possible way to rise in social position was due to exceptional military or commercial success . Such families were rare and their rise to nobility required royal patronage at some point . However , because noble lines went extinct naturally , some ennoblements were necessary . Dynamics ( edit ) `` Medieval political speculation is imbued to the marrow with the idea of a structure of society based upon distinct orders , '' Johan Huizinga observes . The virtually synonymous terms estate and order designated a great variety of social realities , not at all limited to a class , Huizinga concluded applying to every social function , every trade , every recognisable grouping . There are , first of all , the estates of the realm , but there are also the trades , the state of matrimony and that of virginity , the state of sin . At court there are the ' four estates of the body and mouth ' : bread - masters , cup - bearers , carvers , and cooks . In the Church there are sacerdotal orders and monastic orders . Finally there are the different orders of chivalry . This static view of society was predicated on inherited positions . Commoners were universally considered the lowest order . The higher estates ' necessary dependency on the commoners ' production , however , often further divided the otherwise equal common people into burghers ( also known as bourgeoisie ) of the realm 's cities and towns , and the peasants and serfs of the realm 's surrounding lands and villages . A person 's estate and position within it were usually inherited from the father and his occupation , similar to a caste within that system . In many regions and realms there also existed population groups born outside these specifically defined resident estates . Legislative bodies or advisory bodies to a monarch were traditionally grouped along lines of these estates , with the monarch above all three estates . Meetings of the estates of the realm became early legislative and judicial parliaments . Monarchs often sought to legitimize their power by requiring oaths of fealty from the estates . Today , in most countries , the estates have lost all their legal privileges , and are mainly of historical interest . The nobility may be an exception , for instance due to legislation against false titles of nobility ; similarly British government well maintains the distinction - witness its House of Lords , and the House of Commons . One of the earliest political pamphlets to address these ideas was called `` What Is the Third Estate ? '' ( French : Qu'est - ce que le tiers - état ? ) It was written by Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès in January 1789 , shortly before the start of the French Revolution . Background ( edit ) After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , numerous geographic and ethnic kingdoms developed among the endemic peoples of Europe , affecting their day - to - day secular lives ; along with those , the growing influence of the Catholic Church and its Papacy affected the ethical , moral and religious lives and decisions of all . This led to mutual dependency between the secular and religious powers for guidance and protection , but over time and with the growing power of the kingdoms , competing secular realities increasingly diverged from religious idealism and Church decisions . The new lords of the land identified themselves primarily as warriors , but because new technologies of warfare were expensive , and the fighting men required substantial material resources and considerable leisure to train , these needs had to be filled . The economic and political transformation of the countryside in the period were filled by a large growth in population , agricultural production , technological innovations and urban centers ; movements of reform and renewal attempted to sharpen the distinction between clerical and lay status , and power , recognized by the Church also had their effect . In his book The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , the French medievalist Georges Duby has shown that in the period 1023 - 1025 the first theorist who justified the division of European society into the three estates of the realm was Gerard of Florennes , the bishop of Cambrai . As a result of the Investiture Controversy of the late 11th and early 12th centuries , the powerful office of Holy Roman Emperor lost much of its religious character and retained a more nominal universal preeminence over other rulers , though it varied . The struggle over investiture and the reform movement also legitimized all secular authorities , partly on the grounds of their obligation to enforce discipline . In the 11th and 12th centuries thinkers argued that human society consisted of three orders : those who pray , those who fight , and those who labour . The structure of the first order , the clergy , was in place by 1200 and remained singly intact until the religious reformations of the 16th century . The very general category of those who labour ( specifically , those who were not knightly warriors or nobles ) diversified rapidly after the 11th century into the lively and energetic worlds of peasants , skilled artisans , merchants , financiers , lay professionals , and entrepreneurs , which together drove the European economy to its greatest achievements . The second order , those who fight , was the rank of the politically powerful , ambitious , and dangerous . Kings took pains to ensure that it did not resist their authority . By the 12th century , most European political thinkers agreed that monarchy was the ideal form of governance . This was because it imitated on earth the model set by God for the universe ; it was the form of government of the ancient Hebrews and the Christian Biblical basis , the later Roman Empire , and also the peoples who succeeded Rome after the 4th century . Kingdom of France ( edit ) Main article : Ancien Régime in France France under the Ancien Régime ( before the French Revolution ) divided society into three estates : the First Estate ( clergy ) ; the Second Estate ( nobility ) ; and the Third Estate ( commoners ) . The king was considered part of no estate . The First Estate ( Fr . premier état ) was the clergy . First Estate ( edit ) The First Estate comprised the entire clergy , traditionally divided into `` higher '' and `` lower '' clergy . Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories , the upper clergy were , effectively , clerical nobility , from the families of the Second Estate . In the time of Louis XVI , every bishop in France was a nobleman , a situation that had not existed before the 18th century . At the other extreme , the `` lower clergy '' ( about equally divided between parish priests , monks , and nuns ) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate , which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 ( about 0.5 % of the population ) . Second Estate ( edit ) The Second Estate ( Fr . deuxieme état ) was the French nobility and ( technically , though not in common use ) royalty , other than the monarch himself , who stood outside of the system of estates . The Second Estate is traditionally divided into noblesse d'épée ( `` nobility of the sword '' ) , and noblesse de robe ( `` nobility of the robe '' ) , the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government . The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5 % of France 's population . Under the ancien régime ( `` old rule / old government '' ) , the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale ( forced labour on the roads ) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle ( salt tax ) and most important , the taille ( the oldest form of direct taxation ) . This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform . Third Estate ( edit ) Kingdom of France Structure Estates of the realm Parlements French nobility Taille Gabelle Seigneurial system The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups , urban and rural , together making up 98 % of France 's population . The urban included wage - labourers . The rural included free peasants ( who owned their own land ) who could be prosperous and villeins ( serfs , or peasants working on a noble 's land ) . The free peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and were unhappy because they wanted more rights . In addition , the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third , which made the latter 's unequal status all the more glaring . There were an estimated 27 million people in the Third Estate when the French Revolution started . They had the hard life of physical labour and food shortages . Most were born within this group and died as a part of it , too . It was extremely rare for people of this ascribed status to make it out into another estate . Those who did so managed as a result of either being recognized for their extraordinary bravery in a battle or entering religious life . A few commoners were able to marry into the second estate , but this was a rare occurrence . Estates General ( edit ) Main articles : French Estates General and Estates General of 1789 The first Estates General ( not to be confused with a `` class of citizen '' ) was actually a general citizen assembly that was called by Philip IV in 1302 . In the period leading up to the Estates General of 1789 , France was in the grip of an unmanageable public debt ( nearly 3.56 million livres ) . In May 1776 , finance minister Turgot was dismissed , after failing to enact reforms . The next year , Jacques Necker , a foreigner , was appointed Comptroller - General of Finance . He could not be made an official minister because he was a Protestant . ) , terrible inflation and widespread food scarcity ( a huge famine in the winter of 1788 - 89 ) . This led to widespread popular discontent and produced a group of Third Estate representatives ( 612 exactly ) pressing a comparatively radical set of reforms , much of it in alignment with the goals of Finance Minister Jacques Necker , but very much against the wishes of Louis XVI 's court and many of the hereditary nobles forming his Second Estate allies ( at least allies against taking more taxes upon themselves and keeping the unequal taxation on the commoners ) . When he could not persuade them to rubber - stamp his ' ideal program ' , Louis XVI sought to dissolve the Estates - General , but the Third Estate held out for their right to representation . The lower clergy ( and some nobles and upper clergy ) eventually sided with the Third Estate , and the King was forced to yield . Thus , the Estate - General meeting was an invitation to revolution . By June , when continued impasses led to further deterioration in relations , the Estates - General was reconstituted first as the National Assembly ( June 17 , 1789 ) seeking a solution for the realm independent of the King 's management of the meetings of the Estates General which occasionally continued to meet . These self - organized meetings are today defined as the epoch event beginning the historical epoch ( era ) of the French Revolution , during which -- after several more weeks of civil unrest -- the body assumed a new status as a revolutionary legislature , the National Constituent Assembly ( July 9 , 1789 ) . This unitary body composed of the former representatives of the three estates stepping up to govern along with an emergency committee in the power vacuum existing after the Bourbon monarchy fled Paris . Among the Assembly was Maximilien de Robespierre , an influential member of the Jacobins who would years later become instrumental in the turbulent period of violence and political upheaval in France known as the Reign of Terror ( 5 September 1793 -- 28 July 1794 ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) Further information : Parliament of the United Kingdom Whilst the estates were never formulated in a way that prevented social mobility , the English ( subsequently the British ) parliament was long based along the classic estate lines being composed on the `` Lords Spiritual and Temporal , and Commons '' . The tradition where the Lords Spiritual and Temporal sat separately from the Commons began during the reign of Edward III in the 14th century . Notwithstanding the House of Lords Act 1999 , the British Parliament still recognises the existence of the three estates : the Commons in the House of Commons , the nobility ( Lords Temporal ) in the House of Lords , and the clergy in the form of the Church of England bishops also entitled to sit in the upper House as the Lords Spiritual . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Scotland The members of the Parliament of Scotland were collectively referred to as the Three Estates ( Older Scots : Thre Estaitis ) , also known as the community of the realm , and until 1690 composed of : the first estate of prelates ( bishops and abbots ) the second estate of lairds ( dukes , earls , parliamentary peers ( after 1437 ) and lay tenants - in - chief ) the third estate of burgh commissioners ( representatives chosen by the royal burghs ) The First Estate was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William III . The Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three . A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament , namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility . Because the Parliament of Scotland was unicameral , all members sat in the same chamber , as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons . The Parliament also had University constituencies ( see Ancient universities of Scotland ) . The system was also adopted by the Parliament of England when James VI ascended to the English throne . It was believed that the universities were affected by the decisions of Parliament and ought therefore to have representation in it . This continued in the Parliament of Great Britain after 1707 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1950 . Sweden and Finland ( edit ) The Estates in Sweden ( including Finland ) and later also Russia 's Grand Duchy of Finland were the two higher estates , nobility and clergy , and the two lower estates , burghers and land - owning peasants . Each were free men , and had specific rights and responsibilities , and the right to send representatives to the Riksdag of the Estates . The Riksdag , and later the Diet of Finland was tetracameral : at the Riksdag , each Estate voted as a single body . Since early 18th century , a bill needed the approval of at least three Estates to pass , and constitutional amendments required the approval of all Estates . Prior to the 18th century , the King had the right to cast a deciding vote if the Estates were split evenly . After Russia 's conquest of Finland in 1809 , the estates in Finland swore an oath to the Emperor in the Diet of Porvoo . A Finnish House of Nobility was codified in 1818 in accordance with the old Swedish law of 1723 . However , after the Diet of Porvoo , the Diet of Finland was reconvened only in 1863 . In the meantime , for a period of 54 years , the country was governed only administratively . There was also a population outside the estates . Unlike in other areas , people had no `` default '' estate , and were not peasants unless they came from a land - owner 's family . A summary of this division is : Nobility ( see Finnish nobility and Swedish nobility ) was exempt from tax , had an inherited rank and the right to keep a fief , and had a tradition of military service and government . Nobility was codified in 1280 with the Swedish king granting exemption from taxation ( frälse ) to land - owners that could equip a cavalryman ( or be one themselves ) for the king 's army . Around 1400 , letters patent were introduced , in 1561 the ranks of Count and Baron were added , and in 1625 the House of Nobility was codified as the First Estate of the land . Following Axel Oxenstierna 's reform , higher government offices were open only to nobles . However , the nobility still owned only their own property , not the peasants or their land as in much of Europe . Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles . The Nobility is divided into titled nobility ( counts and barons ) and lower nobility . Until the 18th century the lower nobility was in turn was divided into Knights and Esquires such that each of the three classes would first vote internally , giving one vote per class in the assembly . This resulted in great political influence for the higher nobility . Clergy , or priests , were exempt from tax , and collected tithes for the church . After the Swedish Reformation , the church became Lutheran . In later centuries , the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools . The estate was governed by the state church which consecrated its ministers and appointed them to positions with a vote in choosing diet representatives . Burghers were city - dwellers , tradesmen and craftsmen . Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand , and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce within the framework of guilds . Entry to this Estate was controlled by the autonomy of the towns themselves . Peasants were allowed to sell their produce within the city limits , but any further trade , particularly foreign trade , was allowed only for burghers . In order for a settlement to become a city , a royal charter granting market right was required , and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights . After the annexation of Finland into Imperial Russia in 1809 , mill - owners and other proto - industrialists would gradually be included in this estate . Peasants were land - owners of land - taxed farms and their families , which represented the majority in medieval times . Since most of the population were independent farmer families until the 19th century , not serfs nor villeins , there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries . Entry was controlled by ownership of farmland , which was not generally for sale but a hereditary property . After 1809 , Swedish tenants renting a large enough farm ( ten times larger than what was required of peasants owning their own farm ) were included as well as non-nobility owning tax - exempt land . To no estate belonged propertyless cottagers , villeins , tenants of farms owned by others , farmhands , servants , some lower administrative workers , rural craftsmen , travelling salesmen , vagrants , and propertyless and unemployed people ( who sometimes lived in strangers ' houses ) . To reflect how the people belonging to the estates saw them , the Finnish word for `` obscene '' , säädytön , has the literal meaning `` estateless '' . Their mobility was severely limited by the policy of `` legal protection '' ( Finnish : laillinen suojelu ) : every estateless person had to be employed by a taxed citizen from the estates , or they could be charged with vagrancy and sentenced to forced labor . In Finland , this policy lasted until 1883 . In Sweden , the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866 , which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property . Nevertheless , many of the leading politicians of the 19th century continued to be drawn from the old estates , in that they were either noblemen themselves , or represented agricultural and urban interests . Ennoblements continued even after the estates had lost their political importance , with the last ennoblement of explorer Sven Hedin taking place in 1902 ; this practice was formally abolished with the adoption of the new Constitution January 1 , 1975 , while the status of the House of Nobility continued to be regulated in law until 2003 . In Finland , this legal division existed until 1906 , still drawing on the Swedish constitution of 1772 . However , at the start of the 20th century most of the population did not belong to any Estate and had no political representation . A particularly large class were the rent farmers , who did not own the land they cultivated but had to work in the land - owner 's farm to pay their rent ( unlike Russia , there were no slaves or serfs . ) Furthermore , the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four - estate system . The political system was reformed as a result of the Finnish general strike of 1905 , with the last Diet instituting a new constitutional law to create the modern parliamentary system , ending the political privileges of the estates . The post-independence constitution of 1919 forbade ennoblement , and all tax privileges were abolished in 1920 . The privileges of the estates were officially and finally abolished in 1995 , although in legal practice , the privileges had long been unenforceable . As in Sweden , the nobility has not been officially abolished and records of nobility are still voluntarily maintained by the Finnish House of Nobility . In Finland , it is still illegal and punishable by jail time ( up to one year ) to defraud into marriage by declaring a false name or estate ( Rikoslaki 18 luku § 1 / Strafflagen 18 kap. § 1 ) . Low countries ( edit ) The Low Countries , which until the late sixteenth century consisted of several counties , prince bishoprics , duchies etc. in the area that is now modern Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands , had no States General until 1464 , when Duke Philip of Burgundy assembled the first States General in Bruges . Later in the 15th and 16th centuries Brussels became the place where the States General assembled . On these occasions deputies from the States of the various provinces ( as the counties , prince - bishoprics and duchies were called ) asked for more liberties . For this reason , the States General were not assembled very often . As a consequence of the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and the events that followed afterwards , the States General declared that they no longer obeyed King Philip II of Spain , who was also overlord of the Netherlands . After the reconquest of the southern Netherlands ( roughly Belgium and Luxemburg ) , the States General of the Dutch Republic first assembled permanently in Middelburg , and in The Hague from 1585 onward . Without a king to rule the country , the States General became the sovereign power . It was the level of government where all things were dealt with that were of concern to all the seven provinces that became part of the Republic of the United Netherlands . During that time the States General were formed by representatives of the States ( i.e. provincial parliaments ) of the seven provinces . In each States ( a plurale tantum ) sat representatives of the nobility and the cities ( the clergy were no longer represented ; in Friesland the peasants were indirectly represented by the Grietmannen ) . In the Southern Netherlands , the last meetings of the States General loyal to the Habsburgs took place in the Estates General of 1600 and the Estates General of 1632 . As a government , the States General of the Dutch Republic were abolished in 1795 . A new parliament was created , called Nationale Vergadering ( National Assembly ) . It no longer consisted of representatives of the States , let alone the Estates : all men were considered equal under the 1798 Constitution . Eventually , the Netherlands became part of the French Empire under Napoleon ( 1810 : La Hollande est reunie à l'Empire ) . After regaining independence in November 1813 , the name `` States General '' was resurrected for a legislature constituted in 1814 and elected by the States - Provincial . In 1815 , when the Netherlands were united with Belgium and Luxemburg , the States General were divided into two chambers : the First Chamber and the Second Chamber . The members of the First Chamber were appointed for life by the King , while the members of the Second Chamber were elected by the members of the States Provincial . The States General resided in The Hague and Brussels in alternate years until 1830 , when , as a result of the Belgian Revolution , The Hague became once again the sole residence of the States General , Brussels instead hosting the newly founded Belgian Parliament . From 1848 on , the Dutch Constitution provides that members of the Second Chamber be elected by the people ( at first only by a limited portion of the male population ; universal male and female suffrage exists since 1919 ) , while the members of the First Chamber are chosen by the members of the States Provincial . As a result , the Second Chamber became the most important . The First Chamber is also called Senate . This however , is not a term used in the Constitution . Occasionally the First and Second Chamber meet in a Verenigde Vergadering ( Joint Session ) , for instance on Prinsjesdag , the annual opening of the parliamentary year , and when a new king is inaugurated . Holy Roman Empire ( edit ) The Holy Roman Empire had the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ) . The clergy was represented by the independent prince - bishops , prince - archbishops and prince - abbots of the many monasteries . The nobility consisted of independent aristocratic rulers : secular prince - electors , kings , dukes , margraves , counts and others . Burghers consisted of representatives of the independent imperial cities . Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet , and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages . The power of the Imperial Diet was limited , despite efforts of centralization . Large realms of the nobility or clergy had estates of their own that could wield great power in local affairs . Power struggles between ruler and estates were comparable to similar events in the history of the British and French parliaments . The Swabian League , a significant regional power in its part of Germany during the 15th Century , also had its own kind of Estates , a governing Federal Council comprising three Colleges : those of Princes , Cities , and Knights . Russian Empire ( edit ) Main article : Social estates in the Russian Empire In the late Russian Empire the estates were called sosloviyes . The four major estates were : nobility ( dvoryanstvo ) , clergy , rural dwellers , and urban dwellers , with a more detailed stratification therein . The division in estates was of mixed nature : traditional , occupational , as well as formal : for example , voting in Duma was carried out by estates . Russian Empire Census recorded the reported estate of a person . Catalonia ( edit ) Main article : Catalan Courts The Parliament of Catalonia was first established in 1283 as the Catalan Courts ( Corts Catalanes ) , according to American historian Thomas Bisson , and it has been considered by several historians as a model of medieval parliament . For instance , English historian of constitutionalism Charles Howard McIlwain wrote that the General Courts of Catalonia , during the 14th century , had a more defined organization and met more regularly than the parliaments of England or France . The roots of the parliament institution in Catalonia are in the Sanctuary and Truce Assemblies ( assemblees de pau i treva ) that started in the 11th century . The members of the parliament of Catalonia were organized in the Three Estates ( Catalan : Tres Estats ) : the `` military estate '' ( polígons militars ) with representatives of the feudal nobility the `` ecclesiastical estate '' ( eclesiàstica arrels ) with representatives of the religious hierarchy the `` royal estate '' ( real estate ) with representatives of the free municipalities under royal privilege The parliament institution was abolished in 1716 , together with the rest of institutions of Catalonia , after the War of the Spanish Succession . See also ( edit ) What Is the Third Estate ? Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Communalism before 1800 Trifunctional hypothesis Four occupations ( Asian equivalents ) Varna ( Hinduism ) Location specific : Prussian estates Estates of the Netherlands Antilles Estates of Brittany The Canterbury Tales ( the division of society into three estates is one of the key themes ) A Satire of the Three Estates General : Social class Caste Notes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Estates of the realm . ^ Jump up to : Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages ( 1919 , 1924 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ Georges Duby , The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , Part 1 ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies '' Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies -- The three orders '' Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer , A History of the Modern World 1961 , p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Henslin , James M. ( 2004 ) . `` 9 '' . Sociology : A Down - to - Earth Approach . Allyn & Bacon . p. 225 . ISBN 0205407358 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Financial Crisis : 1783 -- 1788 '' . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Hibbert , pp. 35 , 36 ^ Jump up to : `` Terror , Reign of '' ; Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Kidd , Colin Subverting Scotland 's Past : Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo - British Identity 1689 -- 1830 Cambridge University Press ( 2003 ) pp133 Jump up ^ Mann , Alastair , `` A Brief History of an Ancient Institution : The Scottish Parliament '' , Scottish Parliamentary Review , Vol . I , No. 1 ( June , 2013 ) ( Edinburgh : Blacket Avenue Press ) Jump up ^ http://wiki.narc.fi/portti/index.php/Teema:_Irtolaisuus Jump up ^ Original Act 971 / 1995 Jump up ^ Joaquim Albareda , `` Estat i nació a l'Europa moderna '' References ( edit ) Steven Kreis lecture on `` The Origins of the French Revolution '' Notes on France and the Old Regime Giles Constable . `` The Orders of Society '' , chap. 3 of Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Social Thought . Cambridge -- New York : Cambridge University Press , 1995 , pp. 249 -- 360 . Bernhard Jussen , ed . Ordering Medieval Society : Perspectives on Intellectual and Practical Modes of Shaping Social Relations . Trans . by Pamela Selwyn . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2001 . Jackson J. Spielvogel , Western Civilization , West Publishing Co . Minneapolis , 1994 for the English - language version of the quote from Abbé Sieyès , quoted at http://www.magnesium.net/~locutus/work/eurohist2.htm . http://vdaucourt.free.fr/Mothisto/Sieyes2/Sieyes2.htm for French - language original of this quotation . Michael P. Fitzsimmons , The Night the Old Regime Ended : August 4 , 1789 and the French Revolution , Pennsylvania State University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02233 - 7 , quoted and paraphrased at https://web.archive.org/web/20041204105931/http://www3.uakron.edu/hfrance/reviews/crubaugh.html . Social class Status Theories Gilbert model Marxian Mudsill theory New class Spoon class theory Weberian ( three - component ) Related topics Caste Chattering classes Class conflict Class discrimination Classicide Classless society Euthenics Nouveau riche / Parvenu Poverty Ranked society Snobbery Social exclusion Social mobility Social position Social stigma Subaltern By demographic By status Administrative detainee Alien illegal immigrant refugee Citizen dual or multiple native - born naturalized second - class Convicted Migrant worker Political prisoner Stateless By `` collar '' Blue Gold Green Grey Pink White By type Creative Bohemians Robber baron Russian oligarch Business magnate Overclass Superclass Middle Lower middle class Upper middle class Bourgeoisie Petite bourgeoisie Working Working poor Proletariat Lumpenproletariat Warrior Harii Kshatriya Yadav Nair Cossacks Hashashin Knight Vanniyar Samurai Cuāuh Ocēlōtl Spartiate Under Commoner Outcast Outlaw Peasant / Serf Slave Untouchable Upper Bourgeoisie Elite Gentry Global elite Nobility Old money Ruling Aristocracy Hanseaten Patrician Royal family Intellectual Clergy Knowledge worker By country or region United States Affluence American Dream Conflict Social class in American history Classes Lower Middle ( Mexican - American , Black ) Upper Under Income Household Inequality Personal Poverty Standard of living Educational attainment Homelessness Home ownership Wealth Other countries or regions Africa Cambodia China Colombia Ecuador France Haiti India Iran Italy New Zealand Romania Sri Lanka Tibet United Kingdom Historic Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Aztec Ottoman Empire Soviet Union Pre-industrial East Asia Pre-industrial Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estates_of_the_realm&oldid=841332720 '' Categories : Estates ( social groups ) Constitutional law Feudalism Government institutions Kingdom of France Medieval society Political history of the Ancien Régime Religion and politics Social divisions Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 06 : 00 . 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what were the 3 estates of the french revolution
[ "The best known system is the French Ancien Régime (Old Regime), a three-estate system used until the French Revolution (1789–1799). Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobles (the Second Estate), and peasants and bourgeoisie (the Third Estate). In some regions, notably Scandinavia and Russia, burghers (the urban merchant class) and rural commoners were split into separate estates, creating a four-estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate. Furthermore, the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates, leaving them without political rights. In England, a two-estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with \"commons\" as the second estate. This system produced the two houses of parliament, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In southern Germany, a three-estate system of nobility (princes and high clergy), ritters (knights), and burghers was used.", "The best known system is the French Ancien Régime (Old Regime), a three-estate system used until the French Revolution (1789–1799). Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobles (the Second Estate), and peasants and bourgeoisie (the Third Estate). In some regions, notably Scandinavia and Russia, burghers (the urban merchant class) and rural commoners were split into separate estates, creating a four-estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate. Furthermore, the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates, leaving them without political rights. In England, a two-estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with \"commons\" as the second estate. This system produced the two houses of parliament, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In southern Germany, a three-estate system of nobility (princes and high clergy), ritters (knights), and burghers was used.", "The best known system is the French Ancien Régime (Old Regime), a three-estate system used until the French Revolution (1789–1799). Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobles (the Second Estate), and peasants and bourgeoisie (the Third Estate). In some regions, notably Scandinavia and Russia, burghers (the urban merchant class) and rural commoners were split into separate estates, creating a four-estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate. Furthermore, the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates, leaving them without political rights. In England, a two-estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with \"commons\" as the second estate. This system produced the two houses of parliament, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In southern Germany, a three-estate system of nobility (princes and high clergy), ritters (knights), and burghers was used." ]
[ "clergy (the First Estate)", "nobles (the Second Estate)", "peasants and bourgeoisie (the Third Estate)" ]
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Presentence investigation report
Presentence investigation report - wikipedia Presentence investigation report The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A presentence investigation report ( PSIR ) is a legal term referring to the investigation into the history of person convicted of a crime before sentencing to determine if there are extenuating circumstances which should ameliorate the sentence or a history of criminal behavior to increase the harshness of the sentence . The PSIR has been said to fulfill a number of purposes , including serving as a charging document and exhibit proving criminal conduct , and is said to be akin to a magistrate judge 's report and recommendation . Contents 1 History 2 Purpose 3 Preparation 3.1 Review of records 3.2 Interview of defendant 3.3 Gathering of information from other persons 3.4 Writing and revision 4 Rules 5 Controversy 6 References History ( edit ) The reports trace their origins to the efforts of prison reformer John Augustus who in the 1840s began a campaign to allow discretion in sentencing to help those who were deemed undeserving of harsh sentences and could be reformed . The practice became firmly entrenched in the 1920s under a theory that crime was a pathology that could be diagnosed and treated like a disease . The information included in a typical PSIR encompasses both legal and extralegal information about the defendant such as : Legal Information Juvenile record Adult record Probation / parole history Official version of offense Plea bargain Custody status Pending cases Extralegal Information Probation officer recommendations Gang affiliation Background and ties to the community Substance abuse history Physical health Mental health Financial circumstances Employment history Education history Victim - impact statement Marital history Military record Evaluative / needs summary One may note that there is considerably more extralegal information contained within the PSIR . This is important because many have seen this as suggestive of sentencing disparities or inequality in the treatment of offenders with a lower socioeconomic status or little to few ties to the community , but As Alarid and Montemayor ( 2010 , p. 130 ) state , `` The use of extralegal factors becomes especially important in that the PSIR identifies needs related to the defendant 's criminal behavior for future treatment intervention services '' . Purpose ( edit ) The report has an immediate purpose : to help the court determine an appropriate sentence , but it also serves other purposes . Since the advent of the sentencing guidelines , the importance of the presentence report has increased because the document is now designed to frame factual and legal issues for sentencing . Thereafter , if a defendant is incarcerated , the Bureau of Prisons or State Department of Corrections will use information in the report to designate the institution where the offender will serve the sentence and determine the offender 's eligibility or need for specific correctional programs . Also , depending on the jurisdiction , the presentence report can be used to calculate the release date . The probation officer assigned responsibility for the offender 's case during probation and supervised release will use the report to make an initial assessment of case needs and risks . Additionally , the report may be used as a source of information for future research . The information allows changing of a sentence subject to the Commitment Order and the judge 's verdict . Preparation ( edit ) Whether interviewing or reviewing documents , the probation officer must weigh the evidence based on the best available information . The final report must contain only accurate information . The goal is to produce a report that the court may rely upon at sentencing . Though it is inevitable that there will be data that the probation officer is unable to verify , that information should be clearly identified . The probation officer must distinguish between facts and the inferences , opinions , or conclusions based upon those facts . When a defendant is referred for a presentence investigation , the officer must immediately begin to gather the facts . Though the procedure varies somewhat from jurisdiction to jurisdiction , the officer usually conducts several aspects of the investigation concurrently to ensure that the presentence report is submitted to the court on time . Since officers routinely conduct multiple presentence investigation simultaneously , meeting the deadlines can be difficult . Review of records ( edit ) During any investigation a probation officer may review numerous documents including : court dockets , plea agreements , investigative reports from numerous agencies , previous probation or parole records , pretrial services records , medical records , counseling and substance abuse treatment records , scholastic records , employment records , financial records , and others . The probation officer must scrutinize each document received and determine the likely accuracy of the record . The probation officer 's investigation of the offense usually begins with an examination of the complaint , information , or indictment charging the defendant and the docket describing the judicial history of the case . These documents may be found in the district court clerk 's file . The officer will use them to develop a brief chronological history of the prosecution of the case and identify the specific charges that resulted in the conviction . The review of the clerk 's file may also reveal the identities of co-defendants or related cases , the status of which must be investigated and reported in the presentence report . At the same time , the probation officer may also request information about the offender 's history , circumstances , and release status from the pretrial services officer or from a separate pretrial services agency . Before interviewing the defendant about the offense , the probation officer must review official descriptions of the offense conduct and the applicable guidelines . As a result , it is often necessary to postpone a discussion of the offense until a second interview . The offender is also asked to submit a written statement about the offense conduct . Additionally , the probation officer must make an inquiry into the offender 's criminal history . This is usually accomplished by using databases maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , the National Crime Information Center ( NCIC ) , or state law enforcement agencies . Though the guideline criminal history category is based only upon sentences imposed for juvenile adjudications and criminal convictions meeting specific criteria , the probation officer reports all known incidents in which the defendant has been involved in criminal behavior to partially fulfill the statutory mandate to provide information to the court regarding the history and characteristics of the defendant . The early examination of computerized criminal history records enables the officer to identify which law enforcement , court , and correctional records must be reviewed . In addition , the initial interview of the defendant should include questioning about the offender 's residential history so that the officer can check local police and court records in every jurisdiction where the defendant has lived . Additionally , the probation officer may request physical and mental health , educational , employment or financial records from a variety of sources to corroborate information provided by the offender . Interview of defendant ( edit ) Probation officers investigate by interviewing and reviewing documents . Unless the defendant declines , the defendant is questioned in every case . Additionally , the officer should interview the defense counsel , the prosecutor , law enforcement agents who investigated the conduct that led to the defendant 's conviction , victims , the defendant 's family , present or previous employers , school officials , doctors , counselors , and others . The diverse interview settings that probation officers encounter require them to be proficient in a variety of questioning techniques . Ideally , the offender is available for the interview early in the investigation . The defendant interview is the pivotal point around which the presentence investigation turns . Often , the format is a structured interview during which a standard worksheet is completed . The worksheet follows the format of the presentence report and provides space for recording data about the offense and the offender 's characteristics and history . Each item on the form is reviewed with the defendant . Even though some of the data solicited from the offender during this interview may not appear in the final report , it is impossible at this stage to determine what information will be included . No question is asked without a purpose . The defendant 's answers will determine follow up questions , items for further investigation or corroboration , and , ultimately , whether the data should be included in the report . The presentence investigation is often the first inquiry into the offender 's past , and the initial interview provides the framework for the report 's description of the offender 's history and circumstances . The probation officer inquires about the defendant 's family and developmental history , familial and marital relationships , education , employment history , physical and mental health , alcohol or controlled substance abuse , and finances . The emphasis throughout the questioning is on identifying information that is relevant for understanding the defendant 's offense conduct and present situation . During the interview , the probation officer will ask the offender to sign authorizations to release confidential information . At the conclusion of the initial interview , the offender may be asked to provide numerous documents to the probation officer substantiating the offender 's complete life history . Additionally , the offender may be asked to submit an autobiography fleshing out the skeletal information already gathered about the social history . The second interview may be scheduled either in the probation office or in the offender 's home . By visiting the home , the probation officer may verify information by talking to other family members and may obtain clues about the offender 's standard of living , community ties , and use of alcohol or controlled substances . A second interview is also an opportunity to clarify any vague , contradictory , or confusing information . If the defendant impedes the probation officer 's investigation , e.g. by failing to disclose all prior convictions and arrests , his sentence may be increased for obstruction of justice and failure to accept responsibility , even if the undisclosed information has no effect on his criminal history score . Since some defendants may not remember all such prior history , some defense attorneys conduct their own investigations . Some courts have ruled that a defendant waives his Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination when he pleads guilty . It remains to be seen exactly how this applies to presentence investigation interviews , but it appears likely that a defendant who refuses to talk about his criminal history will jeopardize his sentence reduction for acceptance of responsibility . Gathering of information from other persons ( edit ) Another step that must occur early in the investigation is contact prosecutor assigned to the case . The prosecutor will be asked to provide information about the conduct that resulted in the defendant 's conviction , victim 's losses , the defendant 's history , and any other data relevant to the sentencing decision . During the investigation , the defense counsel will also be asked to discuss the same topics . After the interview of the offender , contact with the prosecutor , and the criminal history inquiry , the probation officer must identify any information gaps , must identify potential sources for the missing information , and must plan on how to eliminate the gaps . It may be necessary for the investigating officer to request another probation officer in another jurisdiction to conduct a collateral investigation about a specific aspect of the case . Supplemental interviews may be scheduled with case agents , victims , family members , employers , counselors , or others . Writing and revision ( edit ) Gradually , the emphasis shifts from gathering information to analyzing data . The probation officer must take the tentative findings of fact regarding the offense conduct and criminal history and must make tentative applications of the sentencing guidelines . The applicable sentencing options that the probation officer must recite in the presentence report . Additionally , the probation officer must study the case to identify potential grounds for departure from the guidelines and then must analyze any potential departure to determine if it is valid . During the investigation , the probation officer may consult a probation officer specialist who is a subject matter expert about guidelines , financial investigation , mental health , substance abuse , or some other aspect of the case . The probation officer may also consult a supervisor or , in a team environment , other members of the officer 's team . Finally , the probation officer must write a draft of the report for disclosure to the defendant and the attorneys . When objections to report are received , the probation officer must manage the resolution of disputes . The officer must be impartial and open to opposing perspective and must consider all relevant and reliable information before making an independent judgment about the tentative findings of fact and guideline applications that will be recommended to the court . The probation officer must be prepared to report unresolved disputes to the court in a detached , dispassionate manner focusing on the factual or legal disagreement among the parties . After revising the report in response to objections , the probation officer develops a sentencing recommendation based on the facts and sentencing options identified in the report . The written justification for the recommendation is the probation officer 's evaluation and analysis of the offense , the offender , and the sentencing options . The justification provides the officer 's rationale for the specific sentencing recommendations . It should address the statutory factors to be considered in imposing a sentence and should assist the court in the preparation of the judge 's statement of reasons for imposing a sentence . The officer then discloses the final report and sentencing recommendation to court . Also , the officer discloses the report to the defendant , and both attorneys , but the job is not finished . The probation officer must be prepared to discuss the case with the sentencing judge in chambers or in court , to answer questions about the report that arise during the sentencing hearing , and , ultimately , to testify under oath in open court as to the basis for the factual findings and guideline applications recommended in the report . In the Federal System , after the offender 's sentencing by the Court , the probation officer must ensure that copies of the pre-sentence report and other requested documents are forwarded to the U.S. Bureau of Prisons and the U.S. Sentencing Commission . If possible , the probation officer must also interview the offender after sentencing and instruct the defendant about the conditions of supervision that the court imposed . A written copy of the conditions of supervision must be provided to each offender . Rules ( edit ) Local rules , adopted by the judges of each jurisdiction , supplement the federal rules and set a specific schedule for the disclosure of the initial draft of the presentence report to the defendant and both counsel , for the filing of objections to the report by counsel , and for the submission of the final report to the court , the defendant , and counsel . The report must be disclosed to the court , the defendant , defendant 's counsel , and the attorney for the government at least before the sentencing . The probation officer must manage the investigation process within the time line established by those rules . In addition to gathering information , the officer must plan to verify that information , interpret and evaluate the data , determine the appropriate sentencing guidelines and statutes to the specific facts of the case , and present the results of the investigation in an organized and objective report . The probation officer must set deadlines for the submission of information by the defendant and others and monitor compliance with the deadlines . Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and § 6A1. 1 of the United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines regulate presentence reports . Controversy ( edit ) Presentence reports typically include copious amounts of hearsay that would not be permitted in court testimony . This practice has been criticized : Generally , the state ( or judge ) seeks to rely on extremely subjective , hearsay - laden documents such as police reports and presentence reports as `` evidence '' that the defendant committed a `` violent '' crime . In other words , they attempt to `` go behind '' the prior conviction by looking at the alleged facts of the crime to determine whether the crime was `` violent '' . This practice violates due process . Moreover , this practice will inevitably lead to `` ad hoc mini-trials '' concerning prior offenses that have long since gone stale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ GM Maveal ( 1995 ) , Federal Presentence Reports : Multi-Tasking at Sentencing , Seton Hall L. Rev . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Presentence Investigation Report '' ( PDF ) . Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice . Retrieved February 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Leanne F. Alarid and Carlos D. Montemayor ( March 2010 ) , Attorney Perspectives and Decisions on the Presentence Investigation Report : A Research Note , 21 ( 1 ) , Criminal Justice Policy Review , doi : 10.1177 / 0887403409344166 Jump up ^ `` Presentence Investigation - Manual '' ( PDF ) . Michigan Courts . May 2008 . Jump up ^ Leanne F. Alarid and Carlos D. Montemayor ( March 2010 ) , Attorney Perspectives and Decisions on the Presentence Investigation Report : A Research Note , 21 ( 1 ) , Criminal Justice Policy Review , doi : 10.1177 / 0887403409344166 Jump up ^ http://rdapdan.com/pre-sentence-report/ Jump up ^ Christopher P. Yates and Louise E. Herrick ( May -- Jun 2001 ) , Going on Record : The Perils of Discussing Criminal History during the Presentence Interview , 13 ( 6 ) , Federal Sentencing Reporter Jump up ^ `` Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure - Rule 32 ( LII 2009 ed . ) '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Federal Sentencing Guidelines Manual - 6a1. 1 '' . Ussc.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` For the Defense Apr00 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 18 . 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who is responsible for completing the presentence investigation report
[ "Whether interviewing or reviewing documents, the probation officer must weigh the evidence based on the best available information. The final report must contain only accurate information. The goal is to produce a report that the court may rely upon at sentencing. Though it is inevitable that there will be data that the probation officer is unable to verify, that information should be clearly identified. The probation officer must distinguish between facts and the inferences, opinions, or conclusions based upon those facts.\n" ]
[ "probation officer" ]