id
stringlengths 15
20
| title
stringlengths 1
115
| document
stringlengths 869
463k
| question
stringlengths 19
100
| long_answers
sequence | short_answers
sequence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-8172208811783219257 | How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer | How to Pay for the war : a Radical plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer - wikipedia How to Pay for the war : a Radical plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) How to Pay for the War , 1940 How to Pay for the War : A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer is a book by John Maynard Keynes , published in 1940 by Macmillan and Co. , Ltd ... It is an application of Keynesian thinking and principles to a practical economic problem and a relatively late text . Keynes died in 1946 . Summary ( edit ) In How to Pay for the War , John Maynard Keynes describes a macroeconomic strategy of how Britain , a nation with a population at the time of 40 million people , could conduct a long war against Germany , a nation of 80 millions . At the time How to Pay for the War was written , neither the United States nor the Soviet Union were at war with either Germany or Japan . As a result , the first step for Britain to effectively conduct a war against Germany was to mobilize all its resources for production . Thus , the first two chapters of How to Pay for the War , are an argument for the need for full employment and chapter 3 , Our Output Capacity and The National Income , is a manual to achieve full employment . Keynes maintained , however , that the resources of Britain , even at full employment , would not suffice to conduct a war against Germany . Internally , Britain would need to increase production while reducing consumption and diverting resources to the war effort . Externally , Britain would have to be able to count on more resources than internally available , running as large a deficit as its allies were willing to allow . Chapters IV ( 4 ) to X ( 10 ) and appendices II ( 2 ) to IV ( 4 ) are dedicated to measures for allocating resources to the war effort , while controlling prices and reducing wartime consumption . Keynes outlined a plan for Deferred Pay that would , in part , be legislated in the Budget of Sir Kingsley Wood , Chancellor of the Exchequer . The deferred pay became a system of post-war credits which were progressively repaid after the war , albeit at reduced value . Keynes devotes much attention to price controls , proposing a number of measures to control ( but not planning to eliminate ) inflation , measures including deferred pay and forced savings . Most of the book , Chapters IV to X , is dedicated to the problems of resource allocation and price control . The book is an exercise in Keynesian macroeconomics , a prime example of Keynesian analysis and technique , by John Maynard Keynes himself . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1972/mar/09/post-war-credits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Pay_for_the_War:_A_Radical_Plan_for_the_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer&oldid=812162533 '' Categories : Strategy Keynesian economics Inflation Books by John Maynard Keynes Full employment Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 09 : 45 . About Wikipedia | who wrote an article on war finance titled how to pay for the war | [
"How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer is a book by John Maynard Keynes, published in 1940 by Macmillan and Co., Ltd.. It is an application of Keynesian thinking and principles to a practical economic problem and a relatively late text. Keynes died in 1946."
] | [
"John Maynard Keynes"
] |
-8198530274280695397 | Quicken Loans Arena | Quicken Loans Arena - wikipedia Quicken Loans Arena Jump to : navigation , search Quicken Loans Arena Aerial view in 2014 from Terminal Tower Former names Gund Arena ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Address 1 Center Court Location Cleveland , Ohio Coordinates 41 ° 29 ′ 47 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 17 '' W / 41.49639 ° N 81.68806 ° W / 41.49639 ; - 81.68806 Coordinates : 41 ° 29 ′ 47 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 17 '' W / 41.49639 ° N 81.68806 ° W / 41.49639 ; - 81.68806 Public transit Tower City Owner Atlanta Hawks Operator CAVS / Quicken Loans Arena Company Capacity Basketball : 20,562 Ice Hockey : 10,025 ( expandable to 20,056 ) Arena football : 20,056 Construction Broke ground April 27 , 1992 Opened October 17 , 1994 Construction cost $ 100 million ( $162 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect Ellerbe Becket Project manager Seagull Bay Sports , LLC . Services engineer URS Corporation General contractor Turner / Choice / Bradley / Zunt Tenants Current : Cleveland Cavaliers ( NBA ) ( 1994 -- present ) Cleveland State Vikings ( NCAA ) ( secondary ; 2015 -- present ) Cleveland Monsters ( AHL ) ( 2007 -- present ) Cleveland Gladiators ( AFL ) ( 2008 -- 2017 , 2020 -- present ) Former : Cleveland Crush ( LFL ) ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Cleveland Rockers ( WNBA ) ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Cleveland Barons ( AHL ) ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Cleveland Lumberjacks ( IHL ) ( 1994 -- 2001 ) Quicken Loans Arena , commonly known as `` The Q '' , is a multi-purpose arena in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , United States . The building is the home of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League , and the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League . It also serves as a secondary arena for Cleveland State Vikings men 's and women 's basketball . The arena opened in October 1994 as part of the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex with adjacent Progressive Field , which opened in April of that year . It is named for the retail mortgage lender Quicken Loans , whose chairman and founder is Dan Gilbert , the majority owner of the Cavaliers , Monsters , and Gladiators . From its opening until August 2005 , it was known as Gund Arena , named for former Cavaliers owner Gordon Gund , after he paid for the naming rights . The Q replaced the Richfield Coliseum as the primary entertainment facility for the region and the home of the Cavaliers , and supplanted the Wolstein Center at Cleveland State University , which opened in 1990 , as the primary concert and athletic venue in downtown Cleveland . Quicken Loans Arena seats 20,562 people in its basketball configuration and up to 20,056 for ice hockey , making it the second - largest arena in the NBA by seating capacity . It is a frequent site for concerts and other athletic events such as the men 's and women 's basketball tournaments of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) , hosting the men 's tournament since 2000 and the women 's tournament since 2001 . It has also been the host venue for the 2007 NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Final Four , opening and regional semifinal games in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament , and the U.S. Figure Skating Championships in 2000 and 2009 . In July 2016 , The Q hosted the 2016 Republican National Convention . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Design and operations 2 Tenants 2.1 Current 2.2 Former 3 Events 3.1 College Sports 3.2 Other events 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The arena logo from 1994 to 2005 . The Q was preceded in downtown Cleveland by the Cleveland Arena , a facility built in 1937 with a seating capacity for basketball of approximately 12,000 . It was best known as the site of the Moondog Coronation Ball in 1952 , widely regarded as the first rock and roll concert . Cleveland Arena was the first home of the Cavaliers in 1970 . The Cleveland Arena was also the home of an earlier professional basketball team , the Cleveland Rebels of the Basketball Association of America , the original Cleveland Barons ice hockey team , and hosted several games of the Cincinnati Royals of the NBA in the 1960s . By 1970 , however , Cleveland Arena was outdated and in disrepair . The Cavs played there their first four seasons . It was replaced in 1974 by the 20,273 - seat Richfield Coliseum , located in Richfield , between Cleveland and Akron . During the 1980s , the site of the Central Market , a fruit and vegetable market that dated back to 1856 , was selected for construction of a multi-purpose domed stadium for the Cleveland Browns and Cleveland Indians , but the ballot measure to fund it was defeated by voters . The market site was acquired in 1985 and cleared in 1987 in a continued push for new downtown sports facilities by city and business leaders . In 1990 , voters approved a sin tax on alcohol and tobacco products in Cuyahoga County to fund the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex , which includes the Q and adjacent Progressive Field . Construction began in 1992 with the ballpark opening in April 1994 and the arena in October 1994 . The arena opened with a concert by Billy Joel on October 17 , 1994 . The Cavaliers played their first regular - season game in the arena a few weeks later , a loss to the Houston Rockets , on November 8 , 1994 . As part of his purchase of the team and the arena naming rights in 2005 , Dan Gilbert , owner of Quicken Loans , funded renovations of the arena , which included installing new wine - colored seats , state - of - the - art scoreboards , video systems , and sound systems , new arena graphics and signage , and upgrades to security , locker rooms , and the suites , all of which were in place for the start of the Cavaliers 2005 -- 2006 season , except for the seats , which were replaced a few sections at a time . Gilbert purchased the then - inactive Utah Grizzlies franchise of the American Hockey League on May 16 , 2006 , and announced that it would move to Quicken Loans Arena to replace the departed Cleveland Barons . The team name was announced as the Lake Erie Monsters on January 25 , 2007 , and began play in the 2007 -- 08 season . The Lake Erie Monsters changed their name to the Cleveland Monsters on August 9 , 2016 . The Las Vegas Gladiators of the Arena Football League announced on October 16 , 2007 , that they would move to Quicken Loans Arena , becoming the Cleveland Gladiators . Plans for a two - year , $140 million renovation project to begin in 2017 were released by the Cavaliers in December 2016 . The project calls for an increase in the square footage of the concourses and open areas , along with upgrades throughout the building . It is scheduled to be completed by late 2019 . Design and operations ( edit ) The arena seats 20,562 for basketball , with 2,000 club seats and 88 luxury suites . Seating is divided into three levels , with two main levels of suites and five `` platinum suites '' on the event level . Around the seating there are two main concourses , one on the ground level to access the 100 level seating and 32 lower suites , and an upper concourse for the top 200 level seating . The lower concourse also includes the ticket office and the two - level main team shop . In between is the club level , which provides access to the 60 upper suites and club seating . Also on the club level is an auxiliary gym , which was used by the Cavaliers as their main practice court until the opening of the Cleveland Clinic Courts practice facility in 2007 . In the hockey and arena football configuration , capacity is 20,056 . During most Monsters games , the upper - level seating is closed and covered by a large curtain , reducing capacity to 10,025 . In the basketball configuration , when the upper level seating is closed , capacity is listed at 11,751. 60 % of the seating is located in the lower two levels . The scoreboard with flames during player introductions in 2014 The main scoreboard at The Q , nicknamed Humongotron , is the second largest scoreboard used in an NBA arena . It was installed in October 2014 after Cavs owner Dan Gilbert had seen a similar scoreboard at the Toyota Center in Houston during the 2013 NBA All - Star Weekend . The scoreboard includes four large high - definition video screens with large sabers on each corner that can extend outward to shoot fire , usually as part of player introductions . The two screens facing the sidelines are 31.5 feet ( 9.6 m ) high and 56.69 feet ( 17.28 m ) wide , while the two screens facing the baselines measure 29.92 feet ( 9.12 m ) high and 33.07 feet ( 10.08 m ) wide . On the roof of the building is a large LED message board that measures 360 feet ( 110 m ) by 90 feet ( 27 m ) , described as the `` largest LED roof sign on the planet '' by Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert . The sign was approved by the Cleveland City Planning Commission in March 2016 with the stipulation that only the arena 's name or its naming rights sponsor can be shown . Any other use of the sign needs commission approval . The message board was installed later in 2016 and debuted in May during Game 1 of the Eastern Conference finals . The arena , along with neighboring Progressive Field and an adjacent parking garage , is owned by the Gateway Economic Development Corporation of Greater Cleveland , an entity made up of members appointed by the governments of the city of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County . Gateway leases the arena to the Cavaliers , who also manage the Cleveland Monsters and the Cleveland Gladiators . Food service is managed by Aramark and includes items contributed by award - winning chef Michael Symon . Two existing restaurants were renamed in 2009 after Symon 's bar - bistros `` Bar Symon '' and `` The B - Spot '' , and some of his signature dishes are available as suite catering offerings . In March 2017 , in partnership with the non-profit organization KultureCity , Quicken Loans Arena officially introduced the availability of accommodations during all events for guests with hypersensitivity needs , such as attendees with autism spectrum disorders . This includes staff training , free `` sensory bags '' with headphones , a blanket , and other items geared towards attendees with sensory needs , as well as a sensory room and exemptions from re-entry policies if they are overwhelmed by the environment . The arena became the first in the NBA to be certified by KultureCity as being `` sensory inclusive '' . Tenants ( edit ) Current ( edit ) As home of the Cavaliers , Monsters , and Gladiators , The Q has hosted a number of notable events for each team , including playoff and championship games . Through the 2015 -- 16 season , the Cavs have hosted playoff games in 10 of their 22 seasons at The Q , including games three and four of the 2007 NBA Finals , and games three , four , and six of the 2015 and 2016 Finals . The arena was also the site of the 1997 NBA All - Star Game , which celebrated the 50th anniversary of the founding of the NBA . The Gladiators have qualified for the Arena Football League playoffs in four of their seven seasons in Cleveland through 2015 , and hosted playoff games in 2008 , 2011 , and 2014 . During the 2014 season , the team finished 15 -- 1 overall and advanced to ArenaBowl XXVII , which hosted at Quicken Loans Arena . The game drew 18,410 fans and was held at the same time as a Cleveland Browns home preseason game at FirstEnergy Stadium , and a Cleveland Indians home game at adjacent Progressive Field . The Monsters made their playoff debut in 2011 and returned to the playoffs in 2016 . In the 2016 Calder Cup playoffs , the team advanced to the Calder Cup final and swept the Hershey Bears in four games for their first Calder Cup in franchise history . Games three and four were held at The Q. Game four , held on June 11 , was a sell - out and drew 19,665 fans , which set a record for largest crowd to ever see a professional hockey game in the state of Ohio and the second - largest postseason crowd in American Hockey League history . Former ( edit ) Quicken Loans Arena has been home to other franchises that have either relocated or folded . When it opened in 1994 , in addition to being home of the Cavaliers , it was also the home arena for the Cleveland Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) . The Lumberjacks played at the arena until 2001 when the team folded along with the IHL . Later that year a new incarnation of the Cleveland Barons , who played in the American Hockey League , began play and were tenants at the arena until 2006 when the team moved to Worcester , Massachusetts . Two women 's professional teams have also called the arena home . From 1997 to 2003 , the Cleveland Rockers , one of the eight charter members of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) , played at The Q. The team folded after the 2003 WNBA season because the Gunds , who still owned the Cavs at that point , no longer wished to operate the Rockers franchise and a new ownership group could not be obtained . The Cleveland Crush of the Lingerie Football League played at The Q for their 2011 -- 12 and 2012 -- 13 seasons before moving to Toledo , Ohio , in late 2013 . Events ( edit ) College Sports ( edit ) In addition to its professional sports tenants , The Q has hosted a number of intercollegiate sporting events . It has been home to the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) Men 's Basketball Tournament since 2000 and the MAC MAC Women 's Basketball Tournament since 2001 . `` MAC Madness '' , as it is known , has become a strong draw for the arena . The men 's semifinal and championship games routinely draw 10,000 - 15,000 attendees . In addition , Quicken Loans Arena has served as a host for games of the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , hosting early round games in 2011 and regional semifinal and final games in 2015 . The Q has also hosted games for the NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship , hosting regional semifinals and finals for the 2006 tournament and the Final Four and national championship game of the 2007 tournament . In 2015 , it was announced that arena management and Cleveland State University came to an agreement where select CSU Vikings men 's and women 's basketball games would take place at The Q , while Quicken Loans Arena would essentially take over operations of the Wolstein Center ( CSU 's primary home arena ) , being in charge of promoting and booking events at the venue . A view from inside the arena . Other events ( edit ) In addition to team sports , The Q has hosted a number of other events , including the 2000 and 2009 U.S. Figure Skating Championships along with professional wrestling broadcasts for Raw and SmackDown , and numerous WWE pay -- per -- view events : SummerSlam ( 1996 ) - headlined by Shawn Michaels vs. Vader for the WWF Championship No Mercy ( 1999 ) - headlined by Triple H vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin for the WWF Championship Invasion ( 2001 ) - headlined by Team Alliance vs. Team WWF . Survivor Series ( 2004 ) - headlined by Team Orton vs. Team Triple H Unforgiven ( 2008 ) - headlined by the first ever Championship Scramble matches . TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs ( 2014 ) - headlined by Bray Wyatt vs. Dean Ambrose in a TLC match . Fastlane ( 2016 ) - headlined by Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns vs. Dean Ambrose in a Triple Threat match for the # 1 contender for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 32 . LeBron James gathered almost 20,000 people at the arena on October 29 , 2008 , for a viewing of Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama 's 30 - minute American Stories , American Solutions television advertisement . It was shown on a large screen above the stage , where Jay - Z later held a free concert . Quicken Loans Arena was selected in July 2014 as the host site for the 2016 Republican National Convention . The arena hosted the first Republican presidential debate of the 2016 election , aired by Fox News Channel , on August 6 , 2015 . The convention was held July 18 -- 21 , 2016 . Cleveland - area native Stipe Miocic defended his heavyweight championship at UFC 203 , which was held at The Q on September 10 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quicken Loans Arena ( formerly Gund Arena ) '' . Ellerbe Becket.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Project Management Consultants : Project Profiles - Ballparks , Stadium & Arenas Archived November 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ PCI Journal - March / April 1994 Jump up ^ Quicken Loans Arena at emporis.com ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Arena '' . Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . Case Western Reserve University . March 27 , 1998 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stoffel , Jennifer ( June 13 , 1990 ) . `` Real Estate ; New Sports Complex for Cleveland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Central Market '' . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . Case Western Reserve University . March 25 , 1998 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quicken Loans Arena '' . Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . Case Western Reserve University . September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Cleveland Cavaliers Box Score '' . Basketball-Reference.com . November 8 , 1994 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers announce plans for $140 M renovation of arena - NBA.com '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . The Cavaliers announced plans Tuesday for a $140 million project to renovate Quicken Loans Arena , the downtown home of the NBA champions since 1994 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quicken Loans Arena Fun Facts '' . Quicken Loans Arena. 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak Peek At New Quicken Loans Arena HD Jumbotron '' ( Press release ) . Cleveland Cavaliers . September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Announce Quicken Loans Arena Is Now Home to NBA 's Biggest Scoreboard '' ( Press release ) . Bleacher Report , Inc . October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jarboe , Michelle ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' plan for giant LED sign atop The Q gets planning commission 's OK '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allard , Sam ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` The New `` Quicken Loans Arena '' LED Sign Debuted Last Night `` . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . Gateway Economic Development Corporation of Greater Cleveland . 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Chef Michael Symon Brings His Signature Menu to Quicken Loans Arena , in Partnership with Cleveland Cavaliers and ARAMARK '' ( Press release ) . NBA.com . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers have first sensory inclusive sporting arena . Here 's what that means and why it matters '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers debut The Quiet Space sensory room aimed at expanding accessibility inside The Q '' . Cleveland.com . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Warsinskey , Tim ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Cleveland Gladiators advance to ArenaBowl XXVII , defeat Orlando Predators , 56 - 46 '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boone , Faith ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` MAP : Where to park for the Browns , Indians or Gladiators games this weekend '' . NewsNet5.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters bring Calder Cup back to Cleveland '' . theAHL.com . American Hockey League . June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allard , Sam ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Cleveland Crush Franchise Will Relocate to Toledo '' . CleveScene . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship '' . Quicken Loans Arena . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Quicken Loans Arena Official Website . `` Quicken Loans Arena and Cleveland State University Announce Partnership to Grow the Sports and Entertainment Landscape in Downtown Cleveland '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z , LeBron James get out vote for Obama '' . MSNBC . October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walshe , Shushannah & Klein , Rick ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Republicans Choose Cleveland As 2016 Convention Site '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quicken Loans Arena . Official website Quicken Loans Arena Seating Chart ( show ) Events and tenants Preceded by Richfield Coliseum Home of the Cleveland Cavaliers 1994 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Orleans Arena Home of the Cleveland Gladiators 2008 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by E Center Home of the Cleveland Monsters 2007 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by SeaGate Convention Centre Host of the Mid-American Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2000 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Alamodome Host of the NBA All - Star Game 1997 Succeeded by Madison Square Garden Current arenas in the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Air Canada Centre Barclays Center Madison Square Garden TD Garden Wells Fargo Center Central Bankers Life Fieldhouse BMO Harris Bradley Center Little Caesars Arena Quicken Loans Arena United Center Southeast American Airlines Arena Amway Center Capital One Arena Philips Arena Spectrum Center Western Conference Northwest Chesapeake Energy Arena Moda Center Pepsi Center Target Center Vivint Smart Home Arena Pacific Golden 1 Center Oracle Arena Staples Center Talking Stick Resort Arena Southwest American Airlines Center AT&T Center FedExForum Smoothie King Center Toyota Center Current arenas in the American Hockey League Eastern Conference Atlantic Dunkin ' Donuts Center Giant Center MassMutual Center Mohegan Sun Arena at Casey Plaza PPL Center Webster Bank Arena XL Center North Adirondack Bank Center Blue Cross Arena Floyd L. Maines Veterans Memorial Arena Oncenter War Memorial Arena Place Bell Ricoh Coliseum Yardmen Arena Western Conference Central Allstate Arena Bell MTS Place BMO Harris Bank Center Bojangles ' Coliseum Quicken Loans Arena UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena Van Andel Arena Wells Fargo Arena Pacific AT&T Center Citizens Business Bank Arena H-E-B Center Rabobank Arena SAP Center at San Jose Stockton Arena Valley View Casino Center Tucson Convention Center Current arenas in the Arena Football League Arenas Amalie Arena Capital One Arena Quicken Loans Arena Royal Farms Arena Wells Fargo Center Cleveland Cavaliers Founded in 1970 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Franchise History 1970 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Cleveland Arena Richfield Coliseum Quicken Loans Arena Key personnel Owner : Dan Gilbert General manager : Koby Altman Head coach : Tyronn Lue Culture and lore Big Three `` Cleveland Rocks '' Cleveland sports curse Joe Tait Ted Stepien rule The Block The Decision The Miracle of Richfield The Shot Rivalries Chicago Bulls Golden State Warriors Playoff appearances ( 21 ) 1976 1977 1978 1985 1998 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 2016 2017 Central Division titles ( 6 ) 1976 2009 2015 2016 2017 Eastern Conference titles ( 4 ) 2007 2015 2016 2017 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2016 Retired numbers 7 11 22 25 34 42 43 Hall of Fame inductees Wayne Embry Nate Thurmond Lenny Wilkens G League affiliate Canton Charge Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WTAM WMMS Spanish : WLFM - LP Television : Fox Sports Ohio Cleveland Monsters Franchise History Utah Grizzlies Seasons Records Players All articles Arenas Quicken Loans Arena Coaches Joe Sacco David Quinn Dean Chynoweth Jared Bednar John Madden Retired numbers 9 15 Rivalries Grand Rapids Griffins Affiliates Columbus Blue Jackets ( NHL ) Championships Calder Cup 2016 Western Conference 2016 Media WMMS - HD2 Fox Sports Ohio SportsTime Ohio Cleveland Gladiators Formerly the New Jersey Red Dogs , the New Jersey Gladiators , and the Las Vegas Gladiators Founded in 1997 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Franchise Franchise Seasons Players Arenas Continental Airlines Arena Thomas & Mack Center Orleans Arena Quicken Loans Arena Head coaches Hufnagel Guy Kuharich Haege James Wilpolt Thonn Selesky Playoff appearances ( 10 ) 1997 1998 2002 2003 2008 2011 2014 2015 2016 2017 ArenaBowl appearances ( 1 ) XXVII Division championships ( 3 ) 2002 2011 2014 Hall of Fame members Clint Dolezel George LaFrance Stevie Thomas Current league affiliations League : Arena Football League Conference : National Conference Media WKRK - FM Spectrum Sports ( Ohio ) Seasons ( 20 ) 1990s 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Venues of the Republican National Convention Musical Fund Hall ( 1856 ) Wigwam ( 1860 ) Front Street Theater ( 1864 ) Crosby 's Opera House ( 1868 ) Academy of Music ( 1872 ) Exposition Hall ( Cincinnati ) ( 1876 ) Interstate Exposition Building ( 1880 ) Exposition Hall ( Chicago ) ( 1884 ) Auditorium ( 1888 ) Industrial Exposition Building ( 1892 ) St. Louis Exposition and Music Hall ( 1896 ) Convention Hall ( 1900 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1904 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1908 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1912 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1916 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1920 ) Public Auditorium ( 1924 ) Convention Hall ( 1928 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1932 ) Public Auditorium ( 1936 ) Convention Hall ( 1940 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1944 ) Convention Hall ( 1948 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1952 ) Cow Palace ( 1956 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1960 ) Cow Palace ( 1964 ) Miami Beach Convention Center ( 1968 ) Miami Beach Convention Center ( 1972 ) Kemper Arena ( 1976 ) Joe Louis Arena ( 1980 ) Reunion Arena ( 1984 ) Louisiana Superdome ( 1988 ) Houston Astrodome ( 1992 ) San Diego Convention Center ( 1996 ) First Union Center ( 2000 ) Madison Square Garden ( 2004 ) Xcel Energy Center ( 2008 ) Tampa Bay Times Forum ( 2012 ) Quicken Loans Arena ( 2016 ) Music venues of Ohio Outdoor venues Blossom Music Center FirstEnergy Stadium Glass Bowl Great American Ball Park Jacobs Pavilion Mapfre Stadium Ohio Stadium PNC Pavilion Paul Brown Stadium Progressive Field Riverbend Music Center Rubber Bowl Theaters and clubs Bogart 's Franklin County Veterans Memorial Auditorium Stranahan Theater Taft Theatre Arenas Battelle Hall Beeghly Center Canton Memorial Civic Center Cincinnati Gardens Cintas Center Covelli Centre Fifth Third Arena Hara Arena Huntington Center James A. Rhodes Arena Memorial Athletic and Convocation Center Nationwide Arena Nutter Center Public Auditorium Quicken Loans Arena Savage Arena SeaGate Convention Centre U.S. Bank Arena University of Dayton Arena Value City Arena Wolstein Center Historic venues Cleveland Stadium Coliseum at Richfield Germain Amphitheater Time Warner Cable Amphitheater Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quicken_Loans_Arena&oldid=815991043 '' Categories : 1994 establishments in Ohio Arena football venues Basketball venues in Ohio Cleveland Barons ( 2001 -- 06 ) Cleveland Cavaliers venues Cleveland Gladiators Cleveland Monsters Cleveland Rockers venues College basketball venues in the United States Event venues established in 1994 Indoor ice hockey venues in Ohio Legends Football League venues National Basketball Association venues Sports venues in Cleveland Music venues in Cleveland Sports venues completed in 1994 Indoor arenas in Ohio Rock Ventures Downtown Cleveland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 14 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the cavs play before the gund arena | [
"The arena opened in October 1994 as part of the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex with adjacent Progressive Field, which opened in April of that year. It is named for the retail mortgage lender Quicken Loans, whose chairman and founder is Dan Gilbert, the majority owner of the Cavaliers, Monsters, and Gladiators. From its opening until August 2005, it was known as Gund Arena, named for former Cavaliers owner Gordon Gund, after he paid for the naming rights. The Q replaced the Richfield Coliseum as the primary entertainment facility for the region and the home of the Cavaliers, and supplanted the Wolstein Center at Cleveland State University, which opened in 1990, as the primary concert and athletic venue in downtown Cleveland."
] | [
"the Richfield Coliseum"
] |
-5087815032692832740 | Nuclear arms race | Nuclear arms race - wikipedia Nuclear arms race Jump to : navigation , search United States and Soviet Union / Russia nuke stockpiles Nuclear weapons Background History Warfare Design Testing Delivery Yield Effects and estimated megadeaths of explosions Winter Workers Ethics Arsenals Arms race Espionage Proliferation Disarmament Terrorism Opposition Nuclear - armed states NPT recognized United States Russia United Kingdom France China Others India Israel ( undeclared ) Pakistan North Korea Former South Africa Belarus Kazakhstan Ukraine The nuclear arms race was a competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States , the Soviet Union , and their respective allies during the Cold War . During this period , in addition to the American and Soviet nuclear stockpiles , other countries developed nuclear weapons , though none engaged in warhead production on nearly the same scale as the two superpowers . Contents ( hide ) 1 World War II 2 Early Cold War 2.1 Warhead Development 2.2 Arms Race 2.3 Delivery Vehicles 2.4 Mutual Assured Destruction ( MAD ) 3 Initial nuclear proliferation 4 Cuban Missile Crisis 5 Détente 5.1 Treaties 6 Reagan and the Strategic Defense Initiative 7 The end of the Cold War 8 Post -- Cold War 9 India and Pakistan 10 Defense against nuclear attacks 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links World War II ( edit ) The first nuclear weapon was created by the U.S. during the Second World War and was developed to be used against the Axis powers . Scientists of the Soviet Union were aware of the potential of nuclear weapons and had also been conducting research on the field . The Soviet Union was not informed officially of the Manhattan Project until Stalin was briefed at the Potsdam Conference on July 24 , 1945 , by U.S. President Harry S. Truman , eight days after the first successful test of a nuclear weapon . Despite their wartime military alliance , the United States and Britain had not trusted the Soviets enough to keep knowledge of the Manhattan Project safe from German spies : there were also concerns that , as an ally , the Soviet Union would request and expect to receive technical details of the new weapon . When President Truman informed Stalin of the weapons , he was surprised at how calmly Stalin reacted to the news and thought that Stalin had not understood what he had been told . Other members of the United States and British delegations who closely observed the exchange formed the same conclusion . In fact Stalin had long been aware of the program , despite the Manhattan Project having a secret classification so high that , even as Vice President , Truman did not know about it or the development of the weapons ( Truman was not informed until shortly after he became president ) . A ring of spies operating within the Manhattan Project , ( including Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall ) had kept Stalin well informed of American progress . They provided the Soviets with detailed designs of the implosion bomb and the hydrogen bomb . Fuchs ' arrest in 1950 led to the arrests of many other Russian spies , including Harry Gold , David Greenglass , and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg . In August 1945 , on Truman 's orders , two atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities . The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima , and the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki by the B - 29 bombers named Enola Gay and Bockscar respectively . Shortly after the end of the Second World War in 1945 , the United Nations was founded . During the United Nation 's first General Assembly in London in January 1946 , they discussed the future of Nuclear Weapons and created the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission . The goal of this assembly was to eliminate the use of all Nuclear weapons . The United States presented their solution , which was called the Baruch Plan . This plan proposed that there should be an international authority that controls all dangerous atomic activities . The Soviet Union disagreed with this proposal and rejected it . The Soviets ' proposal involved universal nuclear disarmament . Both the American and Soviet proposals were refused by the UN . Early Cold War ( edit ) Main articles : massive retaliation , Cold War ( 1947 -- 53 ) , and Cold War ( 1953 -- 62 ) Warhead development ( edit ) In the years immediately after the Second World War , the United States had a monopoly on specific knowledge of and raw materials for nuclear weaponry . American leaders hoped that their exclusive ownership of nuclear weapons would be enough to draw concessions from the Soviet Union but this proved ineffective . Just six months after the UN General Assembly , the United States conducted its first post-war nuclear tests . This was called Operation Crossroads . The purpose of this operation was to test the effectiveness of nuclear explosions on ships . These tests were performed at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific on 95 ships , including German and Japanese ships that were captured during World War II . One plutonium implosion - type bomb was detonated over the fleet , while the other one was detonated underwater . Behind the scenes , the Soviet government was working on building its own atomic weapons . During the war , Soviet efforts had been limited by a lack of uranium but new supplies in Eastern Europe were found and provided a steady supply while the Soviets developed a domestic source . While American experts had predicted that the Soviet Union would not have nuclear weapons until the mid-1950s , the first Soviet bomb was detonated on August 29 , 1949 , shocking the entire world . The bomb , named `` First Lightning '' by the West , was more or less a copy of `` Fat Man '' , one of the bombs the United States had dropped on Japan in 1945 . Both governments spent massive amounts to increase the quality and quantity of their nuclear arsenals . Both nations quickly began the development of a hydrogen bomb and the United States detonated the first hydrogen bomb on November 1 , 1952 , on Enewetak , an atoll in the Pacific Ocean . Code - named `` Ivy Mike '' , the project was led by Edward Teller , a Hungarian - American nuclear physicist . It created a cloud 100 miles wide and 25 miles high , killing all life on the surrounding islands . Again , the Soviets surprised the world by exploding a deployable thermonuclear device in August 1953 although it was not a true multi-stage hydrogen bomb . However , it was small enough to be dropped from an airplane , making it ready for use . The development of these two Soviet bombs was greatly aided by the Russian spies Harry Gold and Klaus Fuchs . On March 1 , 1954 , the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo test , which tested another hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll . Scientists significantly underestimated the size of the bomb , thinking it would yield 5 megatons . However , it yielded 14.8 megatons , which is the largest nuclear explosion tested by the U.S. The explosion was so large the nuclear fallout exposed residents up to 300 miles away to significant amounts of radiation . They were eventually evacuated , but most of them experienced radiation poisoning and resulted in one death from a crew member of a fishing boat 90 miles from the explosion . The Soviet Union detonated its first `` true '' hydrogen bomb on November 22 , 1955 , which had a yield of 1.6 megatons . On October 30 , 1961 , the Soviets detonated a hydrogen bomb with a yield of approximately 58 megatons . Arms race ( edit ) With both sides in the `` cold war '' having nuclear capability , an arms race developed , with the Soviet union attempting first to catch up and then to surpass the Americans . Delivery vehicles ( edit ) Strategic bombers were the primary delivery method at the beginning of the Cold War . Missiles had long been regarded the ideal platform for nuclear weapons , and were potentially a more effective delivery system than bombers . Starting in the 1950s , medium - range ballistic missiles and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( `` IRBM '' s ) were developed for delivery of tactical nuclear weapons , and the technology developed to the progressively longer ranges , eventually becoming intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) . On October 4 , 1957 , the Soviet Union showed the world that they had missiles able to reach any part of the world when they launched the Sputnik satellite into Earth orbit . The United States launched its first satellite Explorer 1 on January 31 , 1958 . Meanwhile , submarine - launched ballistic missiles were also developed . By the 1960s , the `` triad '' of nuclear weapon delivery was established , with each side deploying bombers , ICBMs , and SLBMs , in order to insure that even if a defense was found against one delivery method , the other methods would still be available . Some in the United States during the early 1960s pointed out that although all of the individual components of nuclear missiles had been tested separately ( warheads , navigation systems , rockets ) , it was infeasible to test them all combined . Critics charged that it was not really known how a warhead would react to the gravity forces and temperature differences encountered in the upper atmosphere and outer space , and Kennedy was unwilling to run a test of an ICBM with a live warhead . The closest thing to an actual test was 1962 's Operation Frigate Bird , in which the submarine USS Ethan Allen ( SSBN - 608 ) launched a Polaris A2 missile over 1,000 miles to the nuclear test site at Christmas Island . It was challenged by , among others , Curtis LeMay , who put missile accuracy into doubt to encourage the development of new bombers . Other critics pointed out that it was a single test which could be an anomaly ; that it was a lower - altitude SLBM and therefore was subject to different conditions than an ICBM ; and that significant modifications had been made to its warhead before testing . Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles ( ICBMs ) , warheads and throw - weights of United States and Soviet Union , 1964 -- 1982 Year Launchers Warheads Megatonnage United States Soviet Union United States Soviet Union United States Soviet Union 1964 2,416 375 6,800 500 7,500 1,000 1966 2,396 435 5,000 550 5,600 1,200 1968 2,360 1,045 4,500 850 5,100 2,300 1970 2,230 1,680 3,900 1,800 4,300 3,100 1972 2,230 2,090 5,800 2,100 4,100 4,000 2,180 2,380 8,400 2,400 3,800 4,200 1976 2,100 2,390 9,400 3,200 3,700 4,500 1978 2,058 2,350 9,800 5,200 3,800 5,400 1980 2,042 2,490 10,000 7,200 4,000 6,200 1982 2,032 2,490 11,000 10,000 4,100 8,200 Mutual assured destruction ( mad ) ( edit ) Main article : Mutual assured destruction By the 1950s both the United States and Soviet Union had enough nuclear power to obliterate the other side . Both sides developed a capability to launch a devastating attack even after sustaining a full assault from the other side ( especially by means of submarines ) , called a second strike . This policy became known as Mutual Assured Destruction : both sides knew that any attack upon the other would be devastating to themselves , thus in theory restraining them from attacking the other . Both Soviet and American experts hoped to use nuclear weapons for extracting concessions from the other , or from other powers such as China , but the risk connected with using these weapons was so grave that they refrained from what John Foster Dulles referred to as brinkmanship . While some , like General Douglas MacArthur , argued nuclear weapons should be used during the Korean War , both Truman and Eisenhower opposed the idea . Both sides were unaware of the details of the capacity of the enemy 's arsenal of nuclear weapons . The Americans suffered from a lack of confidence , and in the 1950s they believed in a non-existing bomber gap . Aerial photography later revealed that the Soviets had been playing a sort of Potemkin village game with their bombers in their military parades , flying them in large circles , making it appear they had far more than they truly did . The 1960 American presidential election saw accusations of a wholly spurious missile gap between the Soviets and the Americans . On the other side , the Soviet government exaggerated the power of Soviet weapons to the leadership and Nikita Khrushchev . Initial nuclear proliferation ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear proliferation In addition to the United States and the Soviet Union , three other nations , the United Kingdom , People 's Republic of China , and France developed nuclear weapons during the early cold war years . In 1952 , the United Kingdom became the third nation to possess nuclear weapons when it detonated an atomic bomb in Operation Hurricane on October 3 , 1952 , which had a yield of 25 kilotons . Despite major contributions to the Manhattan Project by both Canadian and British governments , the U.S. Congress passed the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 , which prohibited multi-national cooperation on nuclear projects . The McMahon Act fueled resentment from British scientists and Winston Churchill , as they believed that there were agreements regarding post-war sharing of nuclear technology , and led to Britain developing its own nuclear weapons . Britain did not begin planning the development of their own nuclear weapon until January 1947 . Because of Britain 's small size , they decided to test their bomb on the Monte Bello Islands , off the coast of Australia . Following this successful test , under the leadership of Churchill , Britain decided to develop and test a hydrogen bomb . The first successful hydrogen bomb test occurred on November 8 , 1957 , which had a yield of 1.8 megatons . An amendment to the Atomic Energy Act in 1958 allowed nuclear cooperation once again , and British - U.S. nuclear programs resumed . During the Cold War , British nuclear deterrence came from submarines and nuclear - armed aircraft . The Resolution class ballistic missile submarines armed with the American - built Polaris missile provided the sea deterrent , while aircraft such as the Avro Vulcan , SEPECAT Jaguar , Panavia Tornado and several other Royal Air Force strike aircraft carrying WE. 177 gravity bomb provided the air deterrent . France became the fourth nation to possess nuclear weapons on February 13 , 1960 , when the atomic bomb `` Gerboise Bleue '' was detonated in Algeria , then still a French colony ( Formally a part of the Metropolitan France . ) France began making plans for a nuclear - weapons program shortly after the Second World War , but the program did not actually begin until the late 1950s . Eight years later , France conducted its first thermonuclear test above Fangatuafa Atoll . It had a yield of 2.6 megatons . This bomb significantly contaminated the atoll with radiation for six years , making it off - limits to humans . During the Cold War , the French nuclear deterrent was centered around the Force de frappe , a nuclear triad consisting of Dassault Mirage IV bombers carrying such nuclear weapons as the AN - 22 gravity bomb and the ASMP stand - off attack missile , Pluton and Hades ballistic missiles , and the Redoutable class submarine armed with strategic nuclear missiles . The People 's Republic of China became the fifth nuclear power on October 16 , 1964 when it detonated a 25 kiloton uranium - 235 bomb in a test codenamed 596 at Lop Nur . In the late 1950s , China began developing nuclear weapons with substantial Soviet assistance in exchange for uranium ore . However , the Sino - Soviet ideological split in the late 1950s developed problems between China and the Soviet Union . This caused the Soviets to cease helping China develop nuclear weapons . However , China continued developing nuclear weapons without Soviet support and made remarkable progress in the 1960s . Due to Soviet / Chinese tensions , the Chinese might have used nuclear weapons against either the United States or the Soviet Union in the event of a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union . During the Cold War , the Chinese nuclear deterrent consisted of gravity bombs carried aboard H - 6 bomber aircraft , missile systems such as the DF - 2 , DF - 3 , and DF - 4 , and in the later stages of the Cold War , the Type 092 ballistic missile submarine . On June 14 , 1967 , China detonated its first hydrogen bomb . Cuban missile Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Cuban Missile Crisis On January 1 , 1959 , the Cuban government fell to communist revolutionaries , propelling Fidel Castro into power . The Soviet Union supported and praised Castro and his resistance , and the new government was recognized by the Soviet government on January 10 . When the United States began boycotting Cuban sugar , the Soviet Union began purchasing large quantities to support the Cuban economy in return for fuel and eventually placing nuclear ballistic missiles on Cuban soil . These missiles would be capable of reaching the United States very quickly . On October 14 , 1962 , an American spy plane discovered these nuclear missile sites under construction in Cuba . President Kennedy immediately called a series of meetings for a small group of senior officials to debate the crisis . The group was split between a militaristic solution and a diplomatic one . President Kennedy ordered a naval blockage around Cuba and all military forces to DEFCON 3 . As tensions increased , Kennedy eventually ordered U.S. military forces to DEFCON 2 . This was the closest the world has been to a nuclear war . While the U.S. military had been ordered to DEFCON 2 , reaching a nuclear war was still a ways off . The theory of mutually assured destruction seems to put the entry into nuclear war an unlikely possibility . While the public perceived the Cuban Missile Crisis as a time of near mass destruction , the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union were working behind the sight of the public eye in order to come to a peaceful conclusion . Premier Khrushchev writes to President Kennedy in a telegram on October 26 , 1962 saying that , `` Consequently , if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war , then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope , let us take measures to untie that knot . '' It is apparently clear that both men wanted to avoid nuclear war due to mutually assured destruction which leads to the question of just how close the world was from experiencing a nuclear war . Eventually , on October 28 , through much discussion between U.S and Soviet officials , Khrushchev announced that the Soviet Union would withdraw all missiles from Cuba . Shortly after , the U.S. withdrew all their nuclear missiles from Turkey in secret , which had threatened the Soviets . The U.S. 's withdrawal of their Jupiter Missiles from Turkey was kept private for decades after , causing the negotiations between the two nations to appear to the world as a major U.S. victory . This ultimately led to the downfall of Premier Khrushchev . Détente ( edit ) Main article : Détente By the 1970s , with the cold war entering its 30th year with no direct conflict between the superpowers , the United States and the Soviet Union entered a period of reduced conflict , in which the two powers engaged in trade and exchanges with each other . This period known as détente . This period included negotiation of a number of arms control agreements , building with the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in the 1950s , but with significant new treaties negotiated in the 1970s . These treaties were only partially successful . Although both states continued to hold massive numbers of nuclear weapons and research more effective technology , the growth in number of warheads was first limited , and later , with the START I , reversed . Treaties ( edit ) In 1958 , both the U.S. and Soviet Union agreed to informally suspend nuclear testing . However , this agreement was ended when the Soviets resumed testing in 1961 , followed by a series of nuclear tests conducted by the U.S. These events led to much political fallout , as well as the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 . Something had to be done to ease the great tensions between these two countries , so on October 10 , 1963 , the Limited Test Ban Treaty ( LTBT ) was signed . This was an agreement between the U.S. , the Soviet Union , and the U.K. , which significantly restricted nuclear testing . All atmospheric , underwater , and outer space nuclear testing were agreed to be halted , but testing was still allowed underground . An additional 113 countries have signed this treaty since 1963 . SALT I and SALT II limited the size of the states ' arsenals . Bans on nuclear testing , anti-ballistic missile systems , and weapons in space all attempted to limit the expansion of the arms race through the Partial Test Ban Treaty . In November , 1969 , Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ( SALT ) begun . This was primarily due to the economic impact that nuclear testing and production had on both U.S. and Soviet economies . The SALT I Treaty , which was signed in May , 1972 , produced an agreement on two significant documents . These were the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty ( ABM Treaty ) and the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms . The ABM treaty limited each country to two ABM sites , while the Interim Agreement froze each country 's number of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) and submarine - launched ballistic missiles ( SLBMs ) at current levels for five years . This treaty significantly reduced nuclear - related costs as well as the risk of nuclear war . However , SALT I failed to address how many nuclear warheads could be placed on one missile . A new technology , known as multiple - independently targetable re-entry vehicle ( MIRV ) , allowed single missiles to hold and launch multiple nuclear missiles at targets while in mid-air . Over the next 10 years , the Soviet Union and U.S added 12,000 nuclear warheads to their already built arsenals . Throughout the 1970s , both the Soviet Union and United States replaced old missiles and warheads with newer , more powerful and effective ones . This continued to worsen Soviet - U.S relations . On June 18 , 1979 , the SALT II treaty was signed in Vienna . This treaty limited both sides ' nuclear arsenals and technology . However , this treaty as well as the era of the détente ended with the Soviet Union 's invasion of Afghanistan in January , 1980 . The United States once again significantly increased military and nuclear spending , while the Soviets were unable to respond and continued to pursue the détente . In 1991 , the START ( Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ) was negotiated between the U.S. and the Soviet Union , to reduce the number and limit the capabilities of limitation of strategic offensive arms . This was eventually succeeded by the START II , START III , and New START treaties . Reagan and the Strategic defense Initiative ( edit ) Main article : Strategic Defense Initiative Despite détente , both sides continued to develop and introduce more accurate weapons and weapons with more warheads ( `` MIRVs '' ) . The presidency of Ronald Reagan proposed a missile defense programmed tagged the Strategic Defense Initiative , a space based anti-ballistic missile system derided as `` Star Wars '' by its critics ; simultaneously , missile defense was also being researched in the Soviet Union . However , the SDI would require technology that had not yet been developed , or even researched . This system proposed both space - and earth - based laser battle stations . It would also need sensors on the ground , in the air , and in space with radar , optical , and infrared technology to detect incoming missiles . Simultaneously , however , Reagan initiated negotiations with Mikhail Gorbachev ultimately resulting in the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty on reducing nuclear stockpiles . Due to high costs and complex technology for its time , the scope of the SDI project was reduced from defense against a massive attack to a system for defending against limited attacks , transitioning into the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization . The end of the Cold War ( edit ) Main article : Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) During the mid-1980s , the U.S - Soviet relations significantly improved , Mikhail Gorbachev assumed control of the Soviet Union after the deaths of several former Soviet leaders , and announced a new era of perestroika and glasnost , meaning restructuring and openness respectively . Gorbachev proposed a 50 % reduction of nuclear weapons for both the U.S and Soviet Union at the meeting in Reykjavik , Iceland in October 1986 . However , the proposal was refused due to disagreements over Reagan 's SDI . Instead , the Intermediate Nuclear Forces ( INF ) Treaty was signed on December 8 , 1987 in Washington , which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons . Due to the dramatic economic and social changes occurring within the Soviet Union , many of its constituent republics began to declare their independence . With the wave of revolutions sweeping across Eastern - Europe , the Soviet Union was unable to impose its will on its satellite states and so its sphere of influence slowly diminished . By December 16 , 1991 , all of the republics had declared independence from the Union . The Soviet leader , Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as the country 's President on December 25 and the Soviet Union was declared non-existent the following day . Post -- Cold War ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Effects of the Cold War With the end of the Cold War , the United States and Russia cut down on nuclear weapons spending . Fewer new systems were developed and both arsenals were reduced ; although both countries maintain significant stocks of nuclear missiles . In the United States , stockpile stewardship programs have taken over the role of maintaining the aging arsenal . After the Cold War ended , large inventories of nuclear weapons and facilities remained . Some are being recycled , dismantled , or recovered as valuable substances . As a result , a large amount of resources and money which was once spent on developing nuclear weapons in Soviet Union was then spent on repairing the environmental damage produced by the nuclear arms race , and almost all former production sites are now major cleanup sites . In the United States , the plutonium production facility at Hanford , Washington and the plutonium pit fabrication facility at Rocky Flats , Colorado are among the most polluted sites . Military policies and strategies have been modified to reflect the increasing intervals without major confrontation . In 1995 , United States policy and strategy regarding nuclear proliferation was outlined in the document `` Essentials of Post -- Cold War Deterrence '' , produced by the Policy Subcommittee of the Strategic Advisory Group ( SAG ) of the United States Strategic Command . On April 8 , 2010 , former U.S. President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed the New START Treaty , which called for a fifty percent reduction of strategic nuclear missile launchers and a curtailment of deployed nuclear warheads . The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty in December 2010 by a three - quarter majority . On December 22 , 2016 , U.S. President Donald Trump proclaimed in a tweet that `` the United States must greatly strengthen and expand its nuclear capability until such time as the world comes to its senses regarding nukes , '' effectively challenging the world to re-engage in a race for nuclear dominance . The next day , Trump reiterated his position to Morning Joe host Mika Brzezinski of MSNBC , stating : `` Let it be an arms race . We will outmatch them at every pass and outlast them all . '' India and Pakistan ( edit ) Further information : India and weapons of mass destruction and Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction In South Asia , India and Pakistan have also engaged in a technological nuclear arms race since the 1970s . The nuclear competition started in 1974 with India detonating the device , codename Smiling Buddha , at the Pokhran region of the Rajasthan state . The Indian government termed this test as a `` peaceful nuclear explosion '' , but according to independent sources , it was actually part of an accelerated covert nuclear program of India . This test generated great concern and doubts in Pakistan , with fear it would be at the mercy of its long -- time arch rival . Pakistan had its own covert atomic bomb projects in 1972 which extended over many years since the first Indian weapon was detonated . After the 1974 test , Pakistan 's atomic bomb program picked up a great speed and accelerated its atomic project to successfully build its own atomic weapons program . In the last few decades of the 20th century , India and Pakistan began to develop nuclear - capable rockets and nuclear military technologies . Finally , in 1998 India , under Atal Bihari Vajpayee government , test detonated 5 more nuclear weapons . While the international response to the detonation was muted , domestic pressure within Pakistan began to build steam and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ordered the test , detonated 6 nuclear war weapons ( Chagai - I and Chagai - II ) in a tit - for - tat fashion and to act as a deterrent . Defense against nuclear attacks ( edit ) Main article : Missile defense From the beginning of the Cold War , The United States , Russia , and other nations have all attempted to develop Anti-ballistic missiles . The United States developed the LIM - 49 Nike Zeus in the 1950s in order to destroy incoming ICBMs . Russia has , too , developed ABM missiles in the form of the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system and the later A-135 anti-ballistic missile system . Chinese state media has also announced to have tested anti-ballistic missiles , though specific information is not public . India has successfully developed its Ballistic Missile Shield in the programme Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme with the test fire of Prithvi Air Defense ( PAD ) and it has also developed a cruise missile defense Akash Air Defense ( AAD ) to intercept low flying missiles making India one of the five countries with Missile Shield . See also ( edit ) Nuclear warfare Essentials of Post -- Cold War Deterrence Deterrence theory Nuclear disarmament Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country Space race Brinkmanship Brinkmanship ( Cold War ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Key Issues : Nuclear Weapons : History : Pre Cold War : Manhattan Project '' . nuclearfiles.org . Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . Jump up ^ The Potsdam Conference between allied forces Archived 2007 - 10 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Bomb : Decision - Truman Tells Stalin , July 24 , 1945 '' . dannen.com . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Bomb : Decision - Truman Tells Stalin , July 24 , 1945 '' . dannen.com . ^ Jump up to : Potsdam Note ( Animation ) Archived 2007 - 11 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Klaus Fuchs : Atom Bomb Spy Jump up ^ Mike Fisk , Chief Information Officer , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Operated Los Alamos National Security , LLC , for the U.S. Department of Energy . `` Our History '' . lanl.gov . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Atomic Espionage '' . Jump up ^ `` The Beginnings of the Cold War '' . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Crossroads '' . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Mike Test '' . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Atomic Bomb '' . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Bravo Test '' . Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Response '' . Jump up ^ `` More accurate than the `` race '' metaphor is the observation that if it was a contest at all , the Americans walked while the Soviets trotted . There was no race - but to the extent that there was an arms competition , it was almost entirely on the Soviets side , first to catch up and then to surpass the Americans . '' -- Herman Kahn ( 1962 ) Thinking about the Unthinkable , Horizon Press . Jump up ^ Gerald Segal , The Simon & Schuster Guide to the World Today , ( Simon & Schuster , 1987 ) , p. 82 Jump up ^ Edwin Bacon , Mark Sandle , `` Brezhnev Reconsidered '' , Studies in Russian and East European History and Society ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` 404w Page Not Found ( DTIC ) '' . dtic.mil . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom Nuclear Forces '' . fas.org . Jump up ^ `` China Nuclear Forces '' . fas.org . Jump up ^ `` France Nuclear Forces '' . fas.org . Jump up ^ `` Australian Institute of Criminology - page not found '' . aic.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Britain Goes Nuclear '' . Jump up ^ Chapitre II , Les premiers essais Français au Sahara : 1960 - 1966 Senat.fr ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` France Joins the Club '' . Jump up ^ `` China 's Nuclear Weapons '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Nuclear Weapons '' . Jump up ^ `` Theater Missile Systems '' . fas.org . Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Jump up ^ `` Document 65 - Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges - Historical Documents - Office of the Historian . '' Document 65 - Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges - Historical Documents - Office of the Historian . Accessed October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Limited Test Ban Treaty '' . Jump up ^ `` Easing the Tensions '' . Jump up ^ `` The Arms Race Resumes '' . Jump up ^ `` Reagan 's Star Wars '' . Jump up ^ `` The End of the Cold War '' . Jump up ^ Masco , Joseph ( 2006 ) . The nuclear borderlands : the Manhattan Project in post-Cold War New Mexico ( paperback ed . ) . Princeton University Press . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12077 - 5 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/12/23/whats-arms-race-short-history/95792412/ Jump up ^ http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-tweets-apparent-call-more-us-nuclear-weapons-n699221 Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/23/donald-trump-nuclear-weapons-arms-race Jump up ^ `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program - Smiling Buddha : 1974 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . Jump up ^ FIles. `` 1974 Nuclear files '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Nuclear files archives . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tania Branigan . `` China ' successfully tests missile interceptor ' '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Akash Missile Achieves Direct - Hit , Destroys Banshee Target '' . The New Indian Express . Jump up ^ Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Boughton , G.J. ( 1974 ) . Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs ( 16th ed . ) . Miami , United States of America : Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami . Brown , A. Reform , Coup and Collapse : The End of the Soviet State . BBC History . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 Cold War : A Brief History . ( n.d. ) . Atomic Archive . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 Doty , P. , Carnesale , A. , & Nacht , M. ( 1976 , October ) . The Race to Control Nuclear Arms . Jones , R.W. ( 1998 ) . Pakistan 's Nuclear Posture : Arms Race Instabilities in South Asia . Joyce , A. , Bates Graber , R. , Hoffman , T.J. , Paul Shaw , R. , & Wong , Y. ( 1989 , February ) . The Nuclear Arms Race : An Evolutionary Perspective . Maloney , S.M. ( 2007 ) . Learning to love the bomb : Canada 's nuclear weapons during the Cold War . Washington , D.C : Potomac Books . May , E.R. ( n.d. ) . John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis . BBC History . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 Van , C.M. ( 1993 ) . Nuclear proliferation and the future of conflict . New York , United States : Free Press . Further reading ( edit ) `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , October 12 , 2009 . Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . External links ( edit ) Erik Ringmar , `` The Recognition Game : Soviet Russia Against the West , '' Cooperation & Conflict , 37 : 2 , 2002 . pp. 115 -- 36 . -- the arms race between the superpowers explained through the concept of recognition . Annotated bibliography on the nuclear arms race from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Nuclear technology Science Chemistry Engineering Physics Atomic nucleus Fission Fusion Radiation ionizing braking Fuel Tritium Deuterium Helium - 3 Fertile material Fissile material Isotope separation Nuclear material Uranium enriched depleted Plutonium Thorium Neutron Activation Capture Poison Cross section Generator Radiation Reflector Temperature Thermal Fast Fusion Power by country Power plant Economics Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Accidents and incidents Policy Fusion Radioisotope thermoelectric ( RTG ) Propulsion rocket Safety and security Medicine Imaging RadBall Scintigraphy Single - photon emission ( SPECT ) Positron - emission tomography ( PET ) Therapy Fast - neutron Neutron capture therapy of cancer Targeted alpha - particle Proton - beam Tomotherapy Brachytherapy Radiation therapy Radiosurgery Radiopharmacology Weapons Topics Arms race Delivery Design Disarmament Ethics Explosion effects History Proliferation Testing high - altitude underground Warfare Yield TNTe Lists Estimated death tolls from attacks States with nuclear weapons Tests United States WMD treaties Weapon - free zones Weapons Waste Products Actinide Reprocessed uranium Reactor - grade plutonium Minor actinide Activation Fission LLFP Actinide chemistry Disposal Fuel cycle High - level ( HLW ) Low - level ( LLW ) Repository Reprocessing Spent fuel pool cask Transmutation Debate Nuclear power Nuclear weapons Blue Ribbon Commission on America 's Nuclear Future Anti-nuclear movement Uranium mining Nuclear power phase - out ( hide ) Nuclear reactors Fission Moderator Light water Aqueous homogeneous Boiling BWR ABWR ESBWR Kerena Pressurized ACPR - 1000 AP1000 APR - 1400 APR+ APWR ATMEA1 CAP1400 CPR - 1000 EPR HPR - 1000 VVER many others Supercritical ( SCWR ) Natural fission Heavy water Pressurized ( PHWR ) CANDU CANDU 6 CANDU 9 EC6 AFCR ACR - 1000 AHWR Steam - generating ( SGHWR ) WR - 1 Graphite by coolant Water RBMK EGP - 6 Gas CO Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz ( UNGG ) Magnox Advanced gas - cooled ( AGR ) He Ultra-high - temperature experiment ( UHTREX ) Pebble - bed ( PBMR ) ( HTR - PM ) Gas - turbine modular - helium ( GTMHR ) Very - high - temperature ( VHTR ) Molten - salt Fluorides Fuji MSR Liquid - fluoride thorium reactor ( LFTR ) Molten - Salt Reactor Experiment ( MSRE ) Integral Molten Salt Reactor ( IMSR ) None ( fast - neutron ) Breeder ( FBR ) Integral ( IFR ) Liquid - metal - cooled ( LMFR ) Small sealed transportable autonomous ( SSTAR ) Traveling - wave ( TWR ) Energy Multiplier Module ( EM2 ) Reduced - moderation ( RMWR ) Fast Breeder Test Reactor ( FBTR ) Dual fluid reactor ( DFR ) Generation IV Sodium ( SFR ) BN - 600 BN - 800 BN - 1200 PFBR CEFR Lead ( LFR ) Helium gas ( GFR ) PRISM Others Organically moderated and cooled reactor Aircraft Reactor Experiment Fusion by confinement Magnetic Field - reversed configuration Levitated dipole Reversed field pinch Spheromak Stellarator Tokamak Inertial Bubble ( acoustic ) Fusor electrostatic Laser - driven Magnetized - target Z - pinch Other Dense plasma focus Migma Muon - catalyzed Polywell Pyroelectric Category Portal Commons Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Nuclear technology portal Weapons of mass destruction portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_arms_race&oldid=841682830 '' Categories : Weapons of the Cold War Nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons of the United States Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union Geopolitical rivalry Soviet Union -- United States relations India -- Pakistan relations Foreign relations of the Soviet Union Technological races Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Articles needing more viewpoints from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 10 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the arms race in the cold war | [
"Throughout the 1970s, both the Soviet Union and United States replaced old missiles and warheads with newer, more powerful and effective ones. This continued to worsen Soviet-U.S relations. On June 18, 1979, the SALT II treaty was signed in Vienna. This treaty limited both sides' nuclear arsenals and technology. However, this treaty as well as the era of the détente ended with the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in January, 1980.[34] The United States once again significantly increased military and nuclear spending, while the Soviets were unable to respond and continued to pursue the détente."
] | [
"The United States"
] |
-4150603382042328900 | Autograph | Autograph - wikipedia Autograph Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Autograph ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John Hancock 's signature on the United States Declaration of Independence Autograph of Martin Luther . Actor Eric Bana autographing and posing with fans at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival . Singer Anja Orthodox ( pl ) autographing the body of one of her fans . An autograph ( from the Greek : αὐτός , autós , `` self '' and γράφω , gráphō , `` write '' ) is a document transcribed entirely in the handwriting of its author , as opposed to a typeset document or one written by an amanuensis or a copyist ; the meaning overlaps with that of the word holograph . Autograph also refers to a famous person 's artistic signature . This term is used in particular for the practice of collecting autographs of celebrities . The hobby of collecting autographs is known as philography . What might be considered the oldest `` autograph '' is a Sumerian clay table from about 3100 BC which includes the name of the scribe Gar. Ama . No ancient written autographs have been found , and the earliest one known for a major historical figure is that of El Cid from 1098 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Categories of celebrities 2 Commercialization 3 Secretarial signatures 4 Autopen autographing 5 Forged autographs 5.1 Deceptive devices 5.2 Other authenticity issues 5.3 Authentication 6 Copyright status of signatures 7 Glossary 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Categories of celebrities ( edit ) A rugby ball signed by all of the All Blacks 2006 Tri Nations Series squad Boxing autograph collection Some of the most popular categories of autograph subjects are presidents , military soldiers , athletes , movie stars , artists , social and religious leaders , scientists , astronauts and authors . Some collectors may specialize in specific fields ( such as Nobel Prize winners ) or general topics ( military leaders participating in World War I ) or specific documents ( i.e. , signers of the Charter of the United Nations ; signers of the U.S. Constitution ; signers of the Israeli Declaration of Independence ; signers of the Charter of the European Common Union ; signers of the World War II German or Japanese surrender documents ) . Sports memorabilia signed by a whole team can often be sold for hundreds or thousands of dollars . Commercialization ( edit ) Some celebrities still enjoy signing autographs for free for fans , keeping it an interesting hobby . Many people who stand outside premieres , asking for autographs are actually professional autograph traders , who make their living or supplement their income by selling them for full profit , rather than keeping them as a personal souvenir . This is one of the main reasons why some celebrities will only distribute their signatures for a price . Joe DiMaggio was able to command more money on signing fees than he made in his playing career , though he also gave individual autographs . Bill Russell does not sign at all in public , and only sparingly at private sessions . Michael Jordan reportedly did not sign for most of his career because of safety concerns about frenzied attempts to get his signature , which is worth hundreds of dollars . Jordan has frequently signed at more peaceful events , such as golf tournaments . Pete Rose was paid to sign 30 baseballs with the inscription `` I 'm sorry I bet on baseball . '' In the 1980s , actor / comedian Steve Martin carried business cards which he handed out to fans requesting an autograph ; the cards read `` This certifies that you have had a personal encounter with me and that you found me warm , polite , intelligent and funny . '' Realizing the potential profit in the sale of pop culture autographs , many dealers also would wait for hours for a celebrity to emerge from a location , present several photos for the celebrity to sign and then sell most of them . Michael Jackson 's experience was typical ; he often signed just a handful of autographs as he rushed from his hotel to his vehicle . Some collectors take note of which celebrities are the most gracious or the least forthcoming . Some dealers would locate a celebrity 's home address and write to them repeatedly asking for autographs . The celebrities soon grew tired of the practice and limited their responses . Because of the many autographs a celebrity might sign over time , some check requests against a record of past requests . Boxer George Foreman , for instance , records the names and addresses of every person requesting an autograph to limit such abuses . Canadian sculptor Christian Cardell Corbet has his assistant research all requested autographs and also records all sent out . Some famous people flatly refuse to autograph anything for fans , such as the actors Paul Newman and Greta Garbo , and the aviator Charles A. Lindbergh . Secretarial signatures ( edit ) Celebrities sometimes authorized secretaries to sign their correspondence . In the early months of World War II , U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall felt obligated to sign every condolence letter sent to the families of slain soldiers . But as the death rate increased , he was forced to assign an assistant to `` forge '' his signature to the letters . The surrogate signatures were hard to distinguish from the originals . General Douglas MacArthur rarely signed a WWII condolence letter personally and all of his letters to families were signed by one of two assistants who tried hard to duplicate his signature but the forged signatures were distinguished by an unusually high letter `` l '' and a skinny `` D '' . During the early stage of the Korean War , MacArthur personally signed condolence letters . As the fatalities increased , the General began to use letters with pre-printed signatures . In the 1952 U.S. presidential election , General Dwight D. Eisenhower often had secretaries forge his name to campaign letters and `` personally inscribed '' autographed photographs . Player signatures on baseballs and footballs that are actually signed by coaches and ballboys are called clubhouse signatures . Autopen autographing ( edit ) Portrait of U.S. President Richard Nixon with autopen signature Since the early 1950s almost all American presidents have had an autopen or robot machine for the automatic signing of a signature as an autograph machine for their letters , photographs , books , official documents , and even memorabilia items such as baseballs and golf balls . Some former presidents even have continued to utilize the autopen after they have left office . The Signa - Signer can even write out in ink an authentically looking handwritten message that has been typed into the machine . One book detailing the use of this machine by President John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 63 ) is The Robot That Helped to Make a President . Since the 1960s , the practice of using an autopen has spread to U.S. Cabinet members , U.S. Senators , some state governors , and many other personalities who have a high volume of correspondence with the public . Astronaut Alan Shepard acknowledged that NASA used the autopen machine to sign the astronauts ' voluminous correspondence . Many large corporations also use these machines for signing business letters . One might think that autopen signatures would constantly match one another . However , even autopen signatures will eventually change as the signature drum becomes worn and thereby alters the signature . Due to these professional imitations , one must be wary of buying presidential or astronaut signatures from unknown sellers . Forged autographs ( edit ) Autograph collecting is an enthralling hobby to collectors , who enjoy assembling a series of historical documents , letters or objects that have been signed or autographed by a notable person as a way of capturing a piece of history . However , collectors must be aware that the hobby is fraught with documents , photographs and sports items that were signed by forgers seeking to profit by selling forged items to unwitting buyers . Sometimes just the signature has been forged , in other instances the entire document has been fabricated . Forged autographs of nearly all famous personalities abound . Differentiating forged from authentic autographs is almost impossible for the amateur collector and a professional should be consulted . One method commonly seen on eBay is called `` preprinting '' by many sellers . The item is only a photocopy of an actual autographed photo , usually printed on glossy home photo paper . Since this is almost always disclosed to the buyer , some may not consider these actual forgeries . In October 2012 Chad Richard Baldwin of Gresham Oregon was sentenced to 2 years in prison for the sale of forged Babe Ruth and Beatles autographs . Mr. Baldwin is a highly skilled forger of sports memorabilia . Forgers may go to great lengths to make their forgeries appear authentic . Some use blank end papers from old books upon which to write their fake signatures in an attempt to match the paper of the era in which the personality lived . They have researched ink formulations of the era that they want to replicate . One book that explores the production of impressive fake manuscripts pertaining to Mormons is A Gathering of Saints by Robert Lindsey . One must know the era in which American presidents signed their documents . American presidents signed land grants until President Andrew Jackson ( c. 1836 ) became bored with the time - consuming task . Since then secretaries of the president have mimicked their masters ' signatures on these documents ( known as `` proxy '' signatures ) . Many movie stars have their secretaries sign their letters and photographs for them . When President Ronald Reagan was an actor during the 1940s , he had his mother sign his name to much of his fan mail . During the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , the president of the Confederate States of America was Jefferson Davis . Due to his extensive correspondence , Davis ' wife frequently signed his name to his dictated letters . As she duplicated his signature so well , she usually placed a period after the signature so that he could discern her signatures from his own . All of the Union and Confederate generals from the American Civil War have had their signatures forged . Many were faked during the 1880s , a period that included the fad of aging soldiers in collecting Civil War autographs . Most deceptions were of mere signatures on a small piece of paper , but extensively written letters were forged as well . Autograph collectors should be cautious of clipped signatures . The bogus autograph is glued onto an authentic steel - engraved portrait of the subject . Some steel engravings may have reprinted the autograph of the portrayed subject ; this is known as a facsimile autograph , and to an uninformed buyer it may appear to be real . Deceptive devices ( edit ) Some personalities have used a rubber or steel hand - stamp to `` sign '' their documents . American President Andrew Johnson ( c. 1866 ) did so during his tenure as a senator prior to assuming the presidency , since his right hand was injured in a train accident . This is why his autograph as President differs from previous autographs . President Warren Harding frequently used a rubber stamp while he was a senator . Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt used them , along with President Woodrow Wilson ( c. 1916 ) . England 's King Henry VIII and Pennsylvania colony founder William Penn used a deceiving hand stamp . Joseph Stalin had several rubber signature stamps which were used on awards and Communist party cards . Nikita Khrushchev and Lavrenti Beria , the KGB Chief , used similar stamps . Quality forgeries have been made for many of Europe 's past rulers . The French nobles had their secrétaires sign their documents . Many forgeries of Napoleon 's ( c. 1800 ) war orders exist ; he was so busy with battle concerns that he barely had enough time to sign promotion orders for generals , so his scribes applied his name to lesser documents . Many famous scientists , astronauts , Arctic explorers , musicians , poets , and literary authors have had forgeries of their epistles and signatures produced . False signatures of Charles Lindbergh were clandestinely signed onto real 1930 - era airmail envelopes bought at stamp shops and then re-sold to unwary buyers ; the same has occurred with Amelia Earhart and the Wright brothers . `` Mickey Mouse '' creator , Walt Disney ( 1955 ) , had several of his cartoonists duplicate his artistic signature on replies to children seeking his autograph . ( Disney 's actual autograph was distinctly different from the way it appears in his cartoons . ) Texan paper currency was signed in ink by Sam Houston , though not handwritten by Houston himself . The October 1986 Smithsonian magazine explored the `` melting timepieces '' artwork of the Spanish painter Salvador Dalí . It quoted one of his secretaries as claiming that she signed the artist 's signature to postcard depictions of his paintings . Another article in the April 2005 Smithsonian noted : `` In 1965 he began selling signed sheets of otherwise blank lithograph paper for $10 a sheet . He may have signed well over 50,000 in the remaining quarter century of his life , an action that resulted in a flood of Dalí lithograph forgeries . '' Some deceivers cut pages from books that American President Richard Nixon ( c. 1970 ) signed on the blank flyleaf , typed his letter of resignation from the presidency on that signed page , and then sold the doctored item as if Nixon had personally signed a scarce copy of the historical document . The miscreant has changed the value of a lower - priced signed book quite easily to a much more lucrative item ; changing a mere signature into a signed manuscript . This practice has expanded to include quotations from George W. Bush , Richard Nixon , Hillary Clinton , John F. Kennedy and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Although now marketed as `` souvenir '' signed copies , they are , by definition , fraudulent creations . Other authenticity issues ( edit ) Forgers buy real American Revolutionary War - era documents and surreptitiously pen a famous patriot 's name between other real signatures in a manuscript in hope of deceiving an unsuspecting buyer . Others will use tea or tobacco stains to brown or age their modern missives . It has been estimated that over 80 percent of the autographed items of famous American sports players being sold over the Internet are fakes . Baseball legend Babe Ruth , for instance , has had his signature forged on old baseballs , then rubbed in dirt to make them appear to be from the 1930s . Authentication ( edit ) With the recent enormous growth of autograph sellers on eBay , and the appearance of a multitude of new galleries and retailers offering expensive autographs , casual autograph collectors and one - time buyers have in many instances sought `` certificates of authenticity '' issued by the seller at the time of sale . As with any guarantee , these certificates are only as dependable as the seller issuing them , and if the seller is a fraud , then your certificate , and the possibility that your signed item could be considered worthless . Any COA or similar issued by a seller should always include the sellers full contact details and any details of Association memberships , and these should always be double checked on the Associations website . Legendary vaudeville entertainer Sophie Tucker 's autograph in a copy of her 1945 autobiography In many instances , sellers will use a professional authenticator to determine the authenticity of the material they wish to bring to market . The autograph industry is currently contentiously split between two types of authenticators : those who rely upon their professional expertise and experience personally having collected and / or sold large inventories of autographs over a period of many years , and `` forensic examiners '' who rely on academic credentials . Disputes have led to court actions , most notably gallery owner American Royal Arts vs. Beatles autograph dealer Frank Caiazzo , often used by autograph sources such as RR Auction . Potential autograph buyers uncertain of the legitimacy of the seller or authenticator should carefully research both parties , and should always check any dealer who claims membership of any association . PADA , the UACC and AFTAL include a list of dealers on their websites for anyone to view . This research should not be limited to a seller 's or an authenticator 's website which could be prejudiced . Some dealers have been known to invent their own Association , e.g. ' The Universal Manuscript Society ' , to enhance their own reputations . Mastro Auctions , a major sports autograph auction house which used a professional authenticator to determine the authenticity of material offered for sale , was sued by a dealer in 2006 ( Bill Daniels v. Mastro Auctions , Boone County , Indiana , case # 06D01 - 0502 - PL - 0060 ) . Daniels said that he had bought more than 2,000 signed photographs of athletes from Mastro and claimed that the catalog incorrectly described them as all being in color and 8x10 in size . Daniels also claimed that some of the autographs on the photographs may have been fakes . He produced two dealers who he said were autograph experts , but Superior Court Judge Matthew C. Kincaid excluded their testimony saying that neither Steve Koschal nor Richard Simon `` possess sufficient skill , knowledge or experience in the fields in which they were asked to render opinions . '' The law for each state is different regarding qualifications to testify . Mr. Simon and Mr. Koschal have both testified in states where their testimony is accepted in court . Copyright status of signatures ( edit ) see Copyright Glossary ( edit ) In autograph - auction catalogues the following abbreviations are used to help describe the type of letter or document that is being offered for sale . AD : Autograph Document ( hand - written by the person to be collected , but not signed ) ADS : Autograph Document Signed ( written and signed by same individual ) AL : Autograph Letter ( hand - written by the person to be collected , but not signed ) ALS : Autograph Letter Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ) AMs : Autograph Manuscript ( hand - written ; such as the draft of a play , research paper or music sheet ) AMsS : Autograph Manuscript Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ) AMusQs : Autograph Musical Quotation Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ) AN : Autograph Note ( no salutation or closing , usually shorter than a letter ) ANS : Autograph Note Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ) APCS : Autograph Postcard Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ) AQS : Autograph Quote Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ; poem verse , sentence , or bar - of - music ) DS : Document signed ( printed , or while hand - written by another , is signed by individual sought to be collected ) LS : Letter Signed ( hand - written by someone else , but signed by the individual sought to be collected , frequently handwritten by secretaries before the advent of the typewriter ) PS : Photograph Signed or Postcard Signed SP : Signed Photograph TLS : Typed Letter Signed TNS : Typed Note Signed folio : A printer 's sheet of paper folded once to make two leaves , double quarto size or larger . octavo ( 8vo ) : A manuscript page about six - by - nine inches . ( Originally determined by folding a printer 's sheet of paper to form eight leaves . ) quarto ( 4to ) : A manuscript page of about nine and one - half by twelve inches . ( Originally determined by folding a printer 's sheet of paper twice to form four leaves . ) See also ( edit ) Autograph club Tughra Kaō References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Earliest Autograph Signatures ( Circa 3,100 BCE ) : HistoryofInformation.com '' . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Richard A. ( 1 January 1989 ) . `` The Quest for El Cid '' . Oxford University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Joe Dimaggio 's rings bats and thee shots '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` GO.com '' . Sports.espn.go.com . September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Contact A.J. Daulerio : Email the author Comment ( February 26 , 2009 ) . `` Deadspin '' . Deadspin . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Martin abandons pre-signed autographs '' . 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Depp named ' best autograph giver ' '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GarboForever - Garbo 's Signature '' . Jump up ^ Gee , Cee ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` How to Determine the Difference Between a Real and Fake Autograph : Terminology and Photo Examples '' . Autograph Live . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Fake Autographs and COAs Have Oregon Detectives Busy '' . 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Andon , Stephen Patrick ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Sporting Materiality : Commodification and Fan Agency in Collections , Memorabilia , Jerseys , and Dirt '' . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 -- via Florida State University Libraries . Jump up ^ `` Lack of intent seen in flubs at auctions '' . NY Daily News . July 15 , 2007 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Forging History : The Detection of Fake Letters and Documents by Kenneth W. Rendell , University of Oklahoma Press , 1994 , 173 pages . Great Forgers and Famous Fakes by Charles Hamilton , Crown Publishers , 1980 , 278 pages . Making Money in Autographs by George Sullivan , 1977 , 223 pages . Collecting Autographs by Herman M. Darvick , Julian Messner , a Simon & Schuster Division of Gulf & Western Corporation , 1981 , 96 pages . Collecting Autographs and Manuscripts by Charles Hamilton , Univ. of Oklahoma Press , 1961 , 269 pages . Autographs and Manuscripts : A Collector 's Manual edited by Ed Berkeley , Charles Scribner 's Sons Pub. , 1978 , 565 pages . Scribblers & Scoundrels by Charles Hamilton , Eriksson Pub. , 1968 , 282 pages . Manuscripts : The First Twenty Years edited by Priscilla Taylor , Greenwood Press , 1984 , 429 pages . Autographs : A Key to Collecting by Mary Benjamin , 1963 , 345 pages Big Name Hunting : A Beginners Guide to Autograph Collecting by Charles Hamilton , Simon & Schuster Pub. , 1973 , 95 pages . The Signature of America by Charles Hamilton , Harper & Row , 1979 , 279 pages . Word Shadows of the Great : The Lure of Autograph Collecting by Thomas Madigan , Frederick A. Stokes Co. , 1930 , 300 pages . Collecting Autographs For Fun and Profit by Robert Pelton , Betterway Pub. , 1987 , 160 pages . From the White House Inkwell by John Taylor , Tuttle Co. , 1968 , 147 pages . Autograph Collector 's Checklist edited by John Taylor , The Manuscript Society , 1990 , 172 pages . The Autograph Collector by Robert Notlep , Crown Pub. , 1968 , 240 pages . The Complete Book of Autograph Collecting by George Sullivan , 1971 , 154 pages . A Gathering of Saints by Robert Lindsey , Simon & Schuster , 1988 , 397 pages . Dönitz at Nuremberg : A Re-Appraisal by H.K. Thompson , Amber Pub. , 1976 , 198 pages . Leaders and Personalities of the Third Reich by Charles Hamilton , 2 vols. , Bender Pub. , 1984 ( Vol. 1 ) and 1996 ( Vol. 2 ) . The Guinness Book of World Autographs by Ray Rawlins , 1997 , 244 pages . The Robot that Helped to Make a President by Charles Hamilton , 1965 . War Between the States : Autographs and Biographical Sketches by Jim Hayes , Palmetto Pub. , 1989 , 464 pages . American Autographs by Charles Hamilton , 2 vols. , Univ. of Oklahoma Press , 1983 , 634 pages . Autographs of Indian Personalities by S.S. Hitkari , Phulkari Pub. , 1999 , 112 pages . Ieri Ho Visto Il Duce : Trilogia dell'iconografia mussoliniana ed . Ermanno Alberti. ( in Italian ) Who 's Who series ; Who 's Who in America , etc . Appletons ' Cyclopaedia of American Biography ed. by James Wilson , 6 vols. , 1888 . Autograph , Please by Santosh Kumar Lahoti , Reesha Books International Pub. , 2009 , : India . Play Ball , Mr. President : A Century of Baseballs Signed by U.S. Presidents by Dan Cohen , 2008 , 48 pages . `` Signs of the Times : Autographs of luminaries : from Lincoln to Liberace '' , Steve Kemper , Smithsonian magazine , Nov. 1997 . `` The Surreal World of Salvador Dali '' , Stanley Meisler , Smithsonian magazine , Apr. 2005 . `` The Tumultuous Life and Love of Salvador Dali '' , Meryle Secrest , Smithsonian magazine , Oct. 1986 . Israel , Lee . Can You Ever Forgive Me ? Memoirs of a Literary Forger , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Autographs . Shapell Manuscript Foundation Real Autograph Collectors Club ( RACC ) , An online community of in person autograph collectors and sellers with 5,000 + members in over 100 countries . RACC Trusted Sellers - A list of reputable autograph collectors and sellers , maintained by the largest online autograph community . uacc.info , Universal Autograph Collectors Club , a federally approved 501c3 non-profit organization founded in 1965 . aftal.co.uk , UK based autograph dealer association . StarTiger , online autograph community and celebrity address database Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Autographs '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autograph&oldid=804990859 '' Categories : Documents Memorabilia Hidden categories : NPOV disputes from May 2015 All NPOV disputes Articles that may contain original research from May 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with Italian - language external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska తెలుగు Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 10 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the proper term used for the signature given by celebrities to their fans | [
"Autograph also refers to a famous person's artistic signature. This term is used in particular for the practice of collecting autographs of celebrities. The hobby of collecting autographs is known as philography."
] | [
"Autograph"
] |
-2916958674789839650 | Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory | Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory - Wikipedia Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Jump to : navigation , search For the 2005 film adaptation , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( film ) . For the book , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Theatrical release poster Directed by Mel Stuart Produced by Stan Margulies David L. Wolper Screenplay by Roald Dahl Based on Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl Starring Gene Wilder Jack Albertson Peter Ostrum Roy Kinnear Julie Dawn Cole Leonard Stone Denise Nickerson Dodo Denney Paris Themmen Music by Leslie Bricusse Anthony Newley Walter Scharf Cinematography Arthur Ibbetson Edited by David Saxon Production company Wolper Pictures , Ltd The Quaker Oats Company Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 30 , 1971 ( 1971 - 06 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $4 million Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy film directed by Mel Stuart , and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka . It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl . Dahl was credited with writing the film 's screenplay ; however , David Seltzer , who went uncredited in the film , was brought in to re-work Dahl 's screenplay against his wishes , making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers . These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film . The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket ( Peter Ostrum ) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world . Filming took place in Munich in 1970 , and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30 , 1971 . With a budget of just $3 million , the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run . Paramount distributed the film until 1977 , and beginning in the 1980s , Warner Bros. assumed control of the rights for home entertainment purposes . The film then made an additional $21 million during its re-release by Warner Bros. under its Family Entertainment banner in 1996 . The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales . In 1972 , the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score , and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof . The film also introduced the song `` The Candy Man '' , which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Main cast 2.1 Oompa Loompas 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Promotion 4 Reception 4.1 Dahl 's reaction 5 Television 6 Adaptation 7 Home media 8 Music 9 Soundtrack 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) In an unnamed town , children visit a candy shop . Charlie Bucket , a poor paperboy , stares through the window as the shop owner sings `` The Candy Man '' . Walking home , he passes Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory . A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham 's poem `` The Fairies '' , and tells Charlie , `` Nobody ever goes in , and nobody ever comes out . '' Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents . After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker , Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers , including rival Arthur Slugworth , sent in spies to steal his recipes . Wonka disappeared , but for three years resumed selling candy ; the origin of Wonka 's labor force is unknown . The next day , Wonka announces that he hid five `` Golden Tickets '' in chocolate Wonka Bars . Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate . Four of the tickets are found by Augustus Gloop , a gluttonous boy ; Veruca Salt , a spoiled girl ; Violet Beauregarde , a gum - chewing girl ; and Mike Teavee , a television - obsessed boy . As each winner 's announced on TV , a man whispers to them . Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket and loses hope . The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay . Charlie finds money in a gutter and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar . With the change , he buys a Wonka Bar for Joe . Walking home , as Charlie hears newspapers revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire 's ticket is a forgery , he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket . While rushing home , he is confronted by the same man seen whispering to the other winners , who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka 's latest creation , the Everlasting Gobstopper . Charlie returns home with the Golden Ticket and chooses Grandpa Joe as his chaperone and they sing `` I 've Got A Golden Ticket '' . The next day , Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour . The factory includes a river of chocolate , edible mushrooms , lickable wallpaper , and other sweets and inventions . As the visitors sample these , Wonka sings `` Pure Imagination '' . The visitors see Wonka 's workers , small men known as Oompa - Loompas , who sing their song whenever a ticket holder falls into a trap . Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room . In the Inventing Room , everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper . Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three - course meal , despite Wonka 's warnings . The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room , where Charlie and Grandpa Joe ignore Wonka 's warning and sample the drinks . They float and have a near - fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground . In the Chocolate Eggs Room , Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace , with her father falling in trying to rescue her . The group tests out Wonka 's Wonkavision , only to have Mike teleport himself and become only a few inches tall . Only Charlie and Grandpa Joe remain , but Wonka dismisses them without the promised chocolate . When Grandpa Joe asks him why , Wonka angrily explains that they violated the contract by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and will receive nothing . An angered Grandpa Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge , but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka . With this selfless act , Wonka declares Charlie as the winner . He reveals that Slugworth is actually `` Mr. Wilkinson '' , an employee of his , and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test which only Charlie passed . The trio enter the `` Wonkavator '' , a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory . Soaring over the city , Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory ; Wonka created the contest to find a worthy heir enough , and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in . Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted . Charlie asks , `` What ever happened to him ? '' to which Wonka replies , `` He lived happily ever after . '' Main cast ( edit ) The main cast . Back row ( left to right ) : Michael Bollner , Ursula Reit , Gene Wilder Front row ( left to right ) : Leonard Stone , Denise Nickerson , Roy Kinnear , Julie Dawn Cole , Dodo Denny , Paris Themmen , Peter Ostrum , Jack Albertson Main article : List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket Aubrey Woods as Bill , the Candy Shop owner David Battley as Mr. Turkentine Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson Peter Capell as The Tinker Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck Peter Stuart as Winkelmann Oompa Loompas ( edit ) Rusty Goffe Rudy Borgstaller George Claydon Malcolm Dixon Ismed Hassan Norman McGlen Angelo Muscat Pepe Poupee Marcus Powell Albert Wilkinson Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart 's ten - year - old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it , with `` Uncle Dave '' ( producer David L. Wolper ) producing it . Stuart showed the book to Wolper , who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago - based Breaker Confections subsidiary ( since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé ) . Wolper persuaded the company , which had no previous experience in the film industry , to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar . It was agreed that the film would be a children 's musical , and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay . However , the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources , such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy 's Ode , Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . Seltzer also worked Slugworth ( only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book ) into the plot as an actual character ( only to be revealed to be Wilkinson , one of Wonka 's agents , at the end of the film ) . Casting ( edit ) All six members of Monty Python : Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Eric Idle , Terry Gilliam , Terry Jones and Michael Palin , expressed interest in playing Wonka , but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience . Three of the members , Cleese , Idle and Palin , were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton 's version . Before Wilder was officially cast for the role , producers considered Fred Astaire , Joel Grey , Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee . Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl 's original choice to play Willy Wonka . Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role . When Wilder was cast for the role , he accepted it on one condition : When I make my first entrance , I 'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp . After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple , they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet . As I walk toward them , my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I 'm walking on and stands straight up , by itself ; but I keep on walking , until I realize that I no longer have my cane . I start to fall forward , and just before I hit the ground , I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up , to great applause . -- Gene Wilder The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that `` from that time on , no one will know if I 'm lying or telling the truth . '' Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee . Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde . Sammy Davis , Jr. wanted to play Bill , the candy store owner , but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality . Nevertheless , Davis ' recording of the film 's opening musical number , `` The Candy Man , '' would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972 , despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song . Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill , but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on April 30 , 1970 , and ended on November 19 , 1970 . The primary shooting location was Munich , Bavaria , West Germany , because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka 's factory ; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location . External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München ( Emmy - Noether - Straße 10 ) ; the entrance and side buildings still exist . The exterior of Charlie Bucket 's house , which was only a set constructed for the film , was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich , Bavaria . Charlie 's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester , Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich . Bill 's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße , Munich . The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria . Munich Gasworks as it appears today ( building on the left ) Munich Gasworks as it appears today Nördlingen , the town seen from above at the end of the film Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room . According to Paris Themmen , who played Mike Teevee , `` The river was made of water with food coloring . At one point , they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it did n't really work . When asked this question , Michael Böllner , who played Augustus Gloop , answers , ' It vas dirty , stinking vater . ' '' When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition , Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors , but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen , claiming that he was `` a handful '' . Promotion ( edit ) Before its release , the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a `` Willy Wonka candy factory kit '' for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman , Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands . Reception ( edit ) Willy Wonka was released on June 30 , 1971 . The film was not a big success , being the fifty - third highest - grossing film of the year in the U.S. , earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend , although it received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert , who compared it to The Wizard of Oz . By the mid-1980s , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales . Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996 , it was released on DVD the next year , allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers . The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the `` Top 50 Cult Movies '' of all time . As of 2017 , the film holds a 90 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting , full of narrative detours that do n't always work but express the film 's uniqueness '' . Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments for the `` scary tunnel '' scene . Dahl 's reaction ( edit ) Dahl disowned the film , the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines . Dahl said he was `` disappointed '' because `` he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie '' , as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan . Dahl was also `` infuriated '' by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay , including the conversion of Slugworth , a minor character in the book , into a spy ( so that the movie could have a villain ) and the `` fizzy lifting drinks '' scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions ( including `` Pure Imagination '' and `` The Candy Man '' ) , and the ending dialogue for the movie . In 1996 , Dahl 's second wife Felicity commented on her husband 's objections towards the film saying `` they always want to change a book 's storyline . What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film , when they accept it in a book ? '' Television ( edit ) The film made its television debut on November 23 , 1975 on NBC . There was some controversy with the showing as the Oakland Raiders vs Washington Redskins ( 26 - 23 ) Football game went into overtime , and the first 40 minutes of the movie were cut . The film placed 19th in the TV Ratings for the week ending Nov 23 , beating out The Streets of San Francisco and Little House on the Prairie . The next TV showing of the film was on May 2 , 1976 , where it placed 46th in the ratings . Some TV listings indicate the showing was part of the World of Disney time slot . Adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory In 2017 , an adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder , who died under a year before the release . Home media ( edit ) The film was first released on DVD in 1997 / 1999 in a `` 25th anniversary edition '' as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and `` standard '' version . The `` standard '' version is an open matte print , where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed , revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers . VHS copies were also available , but only containing the `` standard '' version . A special edition DVD was released , celebrating the film 's 30th anniversary , on August 28 , 2001 , but in fullscreen only . Due to the lack of a letterboxed release , fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13 , 2001 . It was also released on VHS , with only one of the special features ( a making - of feature ) . Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release . The two editions featured restored sound , and better picture quality . In addition to the documentary , the DVD included a trailer , a gallery , and audio commentary by the cast . In 2007 , Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD . The film was released on Blu - ray on October 20 , 2009 . It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD - DVD as well as a 38 - page book . In 2011 , a new deluxe - 40th - anniversary edition Blu - ray / DVD set was released on November 1 , consisting of the film on Blu - ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc . The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar - designed tin , four scented pencils , a scented eraser , a book detailing the making of the film , original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles . The set is now out of print . Music ( edit ) The Academy Award - nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley , and musical direction was by Walter Scharf . The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971 . On October 8 , 1996 , Hip - O Records ( in conjunction with MCA Records , which by then owned the Paramount catalog ) , released the soundtrack on CD as a `` 25th Anniversary Edition '' . The music and songs , in order of appearance , are : `` Main Title '' -- Instrumental medley of `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' and `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' -- Aubrey Woods `` Cheer Up , Charlie '' -- Diana Lee ( dubbing over Diana Sowle ) `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' -- Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum `` Pure Imagination '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Augustus ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' / `` The Rowing Song '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Violet ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` I Want It Now ! '' -- Julie Dawn Cole `` Oompa Loompa ( Veruca ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` Ach , so fromm '' ( alternately titled `` M'appari '' , from Martha ) -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Mike ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` End Credits '' -- `` Pure Imagination '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The track listing for the soundtrack 's as follows : `` Main Title '' ( `` Golden Ticket '' / `` Pure Imagination '' ) `` The Candy Man '' `` Charlie 's Paper Run '' `` Cheer Up Charlie '' `` Lucky Charlie '' `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' `` Pure Imagination '' `` Oompa Loompa '' `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' `` Everlasting Gobstoppers / Oompa Loompa '' `` The Bubble Machine '' `` I Want It Now / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkamobile , Wonkavision / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkavator / End Title '' ( `` Pure Imagination '' ) See also ( edit ) Film portal 1970s portal List of American films of 1971 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights , the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977 , when Wolper Pictures , Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 20 , 1971 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) - Financial Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film '' . yahoo . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham , trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum , quoted in Tom Bishop : `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' , BBC News , July 2005 Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Kenny ( Writer , Director , Producer ) ( 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( DVD ) . USA : Warner Home Video . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Paur , Joey . `` 25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Honeybone , Nigel ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Gene Wilder : It Hurts to Laugh '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers '' . Splitsider . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Will . `` Gene Wilder 's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed '' . Yahoo.com . Yahoo . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Stapleton Dies : Top 10 Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Ed ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) : Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen . I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka . AMA ! '' . Reddit.com . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Mel ; Young , Josh ( November 1 , 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312287771 . Jump up ^ robatsea2009 ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1971 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ' '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Tom ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie , '' said Liz Attenborough , trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire . `` For him the book was about Charlie . Jump up ^ Pure Imagination : The Story of `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders , NBC 0 -- 2 in N.Y. ; First Heidi , Now Willy Wonka '' . Los Angeles Times . November 24 , 1975 . p . C2 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Movies Shake Up Week 's Nielsen List '' . Los Angeles Times . November 26 , 1975 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Listings '' . Los Angeles Times . May 2 , 1976 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Williams , Ken ( May 11 , 1976 ) . `` Among Other Things '' . Journal - News . Hamilton , OH . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( HD DVD ) - IGN '' . Dvd.ign.com . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory ( US - BD ) '' . DVDActive.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu - ray Review '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes The AFI Catalog of Feature Films ... Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Films directed by Mel Stuart Four Days in November ( 1964 ) If It 's Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) I Love My Wife ( 1970 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) One Is a Lonely Number ( 1972 ) Wattstax ( 1973 ) Mean Dog Blues ( 1978 ) The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal ( 1979 ) The White Lions ( 1981 ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=800521727 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films Willy Wonka American films 1970s musical films 1970s fantasy films American children 's fantasy films American musical films Compositions by Leslie Bricusse Films about children Films about food and drink Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on works by Roald Dahl Films directed by Mel Stuart Films set in Europe Films shot in Bavaria Musical fantasy films Quaker Oats Company Screenplays by Roald Dahl Size change in fiction United States National Film Registry films The Wolper Organization films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 02 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who owns willy wonka and the chocolate factory | [
"The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket (Peter Ostrum) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30, 1971. With a budget of just $3 million, the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run. Paramount distributed the film until 1977, and beginning in the 1980s, Warner Bros. assumed control of the rights for home entertainment purposes. The film then made an additional $21 million during its re-release by Warner Bros. under its Family Entertainment banner in 1996. The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales.[6] In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score, and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof. The film also introduced the song \"The Candy Man\", which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"."
] | [
"Warner Bros."
] |
3597979053667756194 | Sign of the Times (Harry Styles song) | Sign of the Times ( Harry Styles song ) - wikipedia Sign of the Times ( Harry Styles song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Sign of the Times '' Single by Harry Styles from the album Harry Styles Released 7 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) Format Digital download streaming Genre Pop rock soft rock Length 5 : 40 ( album version ) 4 : 06 ( radio edit ) Label Erskine Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Harry Styles Jeff Bhasker Mitch Rowland Ryan Nasci Alex Salibian Tyler Johnson Producer ( s ) Bhasker Salibian Johnson Harry Styles singles chronology `` Sign of the Times '' ( 2017 ) `` Two Ghosts '' ( 2017 ) `` Sign of the Times '' ( 2017 ) `` Two Ghosts '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Sign of the Times '' on YouTube `` Sign of the Times '' is the debut solo single by English singer and songwriter Harry Styles for his self - titled debut studio album . It is his first single outside of the boy band One Direction . Released on 7 April 2017 , by Erskine and Columbia Records , it was written by Styles , Ryan Nasci , Mitch Rowland and its producers Jeff Bhasker , Tyler Johnson , and Alex Salibian . Musically , it was defined by critics as a pop rock and soft rock ballad . Its music video was released on 8 May . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Live performances 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 References 10 External links Background and release ( edit ) Early rumours about Styles going on a solo career sparkled in 2015 , when it was reported that Sony Music wanted Styles to release a solo album during One Direction 's hiatus . By the end of 2015 , four new songs written and performed by Styles were registered on the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) online database , which was believed to be for his potential debut solo album at the time . Shortly after , Styles signed up with American agent Jeffrey Azoff and moved to Columbia Records . In September 2016 , Styles was on the cover of Another Man , which led the media to expect a new album in the future . In February 2017 , chairman and CEO of Columbia Records , Rob Stringer , admitted that the album was close to finish and called it `` authentic '' . A month later , it was reported that the album sounded like David Bowie and Queen , while also being revealed that he worked on the album with only one producer , Jeff Bhasker . It was also hinted that the lead single would be released in late April or early May and it sounded `` like it would be a smash in any decade '' . In the same month , US radio host Elvis Duran accidentally revealed during his show that Styles ' debut single would be released on 7 April 2017 . On 25 March , Styles teased the new single with a television ad during The Voice UK . On 31 March , the singer revealed through social media that his single is titled `` Sign of the Times '' . On 7 April , the song premiered during Nick Grimshaw 's breakfast show on BBC Radio 1 . Composition ( edit ) The song is a pop rock , soft rock , piano ballad , with glam rock influences . According to a Billboard writer , it `` folds in psychedelic soul , indie rock and spacey pop '' . The `` apocalyptic '' power ballad shows influences from 1970s British rock . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Styles stated , `` The song is written from a point of view as if a mother was giving birth to a child and there 's a complication . The mother is told , ' The child is fine , but you 're not going to make it . ' The mother has five minutes to tell the child , ' Go forth and conquer . ' '' According to the song credits provided by Styles ' label , the track was co-written by the song 's producer , Jeff Bhasker , as well as his frequent collaborators and track co-producers Alex Salibian and Tyler Johnson . Songwriters also include Mitch Rowland , Ryan Nasci and Styles himself . Rowland played guitar and drums , Nasci the bass and Bhasker the piano , keyboard and lap steel parts . The track was recorded at Village Studios in Los Angeles and Geejam Hotel Recording Studio in Port Antonio , Jamaica . The song was mixed by Mark `` Spike '' Stent . Music video ( edit ) Directed by Woodkid , the song 's music video was released on 8 May . It features Styles singing in a meadow , and soaring in the skies , walking on water . A writer from USA Today described Styles to be `` auditioning to be Marvel Comics next superhero or in a new biblical epic '' . It was filmed on the Isle of Skye in Scotland . The video 's stunt pilot , Will Banks , stated that Styles flew more than 1,550 feet high during the shoot . Banks also claimed that no green screen or CGI effects were employed during filming . A stunt double was used for some scenes . Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard 's Gil Kaufman wrote , `` Every artist is an accumulation of their influences , and in ( this song ) they come fast and furious , as Styles appears to be both showing his range and making a clear effort to step boldly away from the manufactured , plastic pop of his past '' . Kaufman opined it `` rakes in influences from Pink Floyd and David Bowie to Queen , Spacehog , Suede , Coldplay , The Beatles , Eric Carmen and Prince '' . Also for Billboard , Jason Lipshutz wrote it is `` resolute , determined , wholly committed to its messaging and sound , radio trends be damned . Although it wears its influences on its sleeve ( Bowie ) nothing about this single bends toward someone else 's expectations '' . He concluded saying the song `` sounds effortless , but to arrive without any incomplete features is an accomplishment in a music industry where pop artists are expected to produce new music at an unsustainable rate '' . Tim Jonze of The Guardian described it as `` a ballad , but not so much in the boyband style '' and compared the song to the music of American indie rock band The Walkmen . Jonze also addressed early rumors that the song would be influenced by the music of David Bowie , noting `` If it is indeed Bowie-esque , then it 's the Bowie of Hunky Dory '' . Jamieson Cox in Pitchfork felt the `` skyscraping Bowie ballad '' manages to sound like both fun. 's `` We Are Young '' and Coldplay 's `` The Scientist '' . NPR 's Ann Powers argued the song mirrors more closely `` Britpop anthems '' like Blur 's `` Tender '' or The Verve 's `` Bittersweet Symphony '' `` than anything Bowie released in his prime '' . Writing for Rolling Stone , Brittany Spanos thought it `` aligns much more with the Seventies - inspired pop - rock of One Direction 's more recent albums like Made in the A.M. '' . Anjali Raguraman from The Straits Times considered it the `` strongest '' track on the album , saying `` the conviction of his delivery is beyond his years '' . In The Atlantic , Spencer Kornhaber opined that the song `` continues with One Direction 's po - mo project of recycling classic - rock sounds as bubblegum . But he 's now embracing such sounds with more abandon , less chirpiness , some trend bucking , and the kind of uplifting lyrics that nod to planetary anxiety '' . Kornhaber described the song opens with ballad piano , `` encroaching '' violins , and Styles `` crooning in pain '' , `` but then there 's the bwang of a guitar and the song rockets into an arena - rock reverie that feels so , so familiar to anyone who remembers the ' 90s but also so , so foreign to today 's landscape '' . In The Telegraph , Alice Vincent described it as a `` swooning piano ballad with somewhat overdone production '' and opined , `` it is also ... a little boring . A big , blousy singalong which shows off Styles 's vocal prowess -- especially with an unexpected , slightly yelping falsetto bridge -- but is n't enormously fun '' . Roising O'Connor of The Independent gave it three out of five stars , and concluded , `` it 's going to take something bigger than this one track to assert Styles as a serious artist . '' Since it was released on the 30th anniversary of Prince 's Sign o ' the Times , Spin 's Andy Cush commented , `` it 's clear that this is Styles 's attempt to distinguish himself as an artist with real depth . But the music itself has almost nothing to do with Prince -- instead , think Oasis , Elton John at his most bombastic , ' 70s John Lennon '' . Cush noted it `` has only those three chords , and it goes straight for cruising altitude with an onslaught of cymbals and guitar on the first chorus , expecting you to be moved without pausing to consider why '' . Rolling Stone ranked it as the best song released in 2017 . Billboard staff considered it the 8th best song of the year . Spin staff ranked it as the 13th best boy - band solo debut single . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Sign of the Times '' reached number one on the UK Singles Chart with a combined sales of 62,900 units . In its first week , it sold 39,000 downloads together with 3.5 million streams that give 23,472 equivalent units , pausing Ed Sheeran 's run of 13 weeks at the top of the chart with `` Shape of You '' . In the United States , the song debuted at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 . In its first week , it sold 142,000 copies ( topping Digital Songs ) , earned 16.5 million streams and 23 million airplay impressions . Live performances ( edit ) Styles performed the song on 15 April 2017 episode of Saturday Night Live 's 42nd season . On 21 April , Styles appeared on the BBC 's The Graham Norton Show , for his first solo performance in his native UK . He also performed the song on The Late Late Show with James Corden . Styles performed the song on The Today Show on May 9 . He also performed it at The Garage in London , England on 13 May and at the Troubadour in West Hollywood , California on 19 May . He performed it live on a French talk show , Quotidien , on 26 April 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil Hot 100 ( Billboard ) Brazil Hot Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 7 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 6 Colombia ( National - Report ) 83 Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 20 Finland Download ( Latauslista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 31 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 8 Malaysia ( RIM ) 14 Mexico ( Billboard Ingles Airplay ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) 20 Paraguay ( Monitor Latino ) 13 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 52 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 15 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 25 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 21 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 31 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 36 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 48 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 75 Israel ( Media Forest ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 87 US Billboard Digital Song Sales 56 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Here Are The Lyrics To Harry Style 's ' Sign Of The Times ' '' . Billboard. 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles Takes Flight With `` Sign Of The Times '' `` . Idolator . Jump up ^ `` Sign of the Times - Single by Harry Styles on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store . United States : Apple Music . 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` Harry Styles Solo Album : Sony Wants One Direction Star During Band 's Hiatus '' . Music Times . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( 30 December 2015 ) . `` Harry Styles ' 4 New Solo Song Titles : What to Make of His Copyright Registrations '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Corner , Lewis ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Harry Styles new album : 2017 release date , new songs , movie career and everything else you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Incoming Sony Music Head Rob Stringer on Harry Styles ' ' Authentic ' Solo Debut : ' We 're Close ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' solo album ' sounds like David Bowie and Queen ' , say insiders '' . NME . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' debut solo single release date revealed ? '' . NME . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( 25 March 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles to Release a Single on April 7 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Tom , Lauren ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles Debuts Cover Art for First Solo Single , ' Sign of the Times ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' Sign Of The Times : Everything you need to know about Harry 's solo debut '' . BBC Music . ^ Jump up to : Vincent , Alice ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles 's solo single Sign of the Times is mournful , sensitive and a little boring - review '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles channels glam rock in post-One Direction debut '' . CTV News . 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' Biggest ' Sign of the Times ' Influences : From Bowie to Pink Floyd & Coldplay '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Watch Harry Styles Crush ' Sign Of The Times ' on ' The Late Late Show ' '' . Variety . 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles goes ' 70s glam : Hear his new solo single ' Sign of the Times ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Cameron ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' New Direction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Check out full credits for Harry Styles ' Sign of the Times '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles - Sign of the Times '' . YouTube . 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles drops Jesus - like music video for ' Sign of the Times ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles drops Jesus - like music video for ' Sign of the Times ' '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Harry Styles Take Flight in Epic ' Sign of the Times ' Video '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Dangles from helicopter as he shoots for music video '' . dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' ' Sign of the Times ' & The Virtue of Patience '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Jonze , Tim . `` Harry Styles debuts Sign of the Times . Is he really the new Bowie ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Cox , Jamieson ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles : Harry Styles Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ann ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Styles Of The Times '' . NPR . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Hear Harry Styles ' Sweeping Debut Solo Song ' Sign of the Times ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Soft rock with an edge '' . The Straits Times . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Even Former Boy - Banders Are Making Music About the End Times '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles new song ' Sign of the Times ' review : Bowie nods are n't enough to move him out of One Direction territory '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cush , Andy ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' `` Sign of the Times '' Is Pompous , Overblown , and Too Long , and His Fans Are Gonna Love It `` . Spin . Jump up ^ Weingarten , Christopher R. ; Spanos , Brittany ; Aaron , Charles ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Sheffield , Rob ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` 50 Best Songs of 2017 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's 100 Best Songs of 2017 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard. 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Boy Band Solo Debut Singles , Ranked '' . Spin. 20 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Harry Styles ends Ed Sheeran 's reign as No. 1 single '' . Music Week . Jump up ^ Jonze , Tim ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles 's solo debut single ends Ed Sheeran 's 13 weeks at top of charts '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 17 April 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 for 12th Week , as Harry Styles Starts at No. 4 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles Will Perform a Second New Song on ' Saturday Night Live ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles is making his solo UK debut on The Graham Norton Show '' . Digital Spy. 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Performs Hit ' Sign Of The Times ' On The Today Plaza - Today '' . 9 May 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Emulates Folk - Rock Heroes at Intimate Los Angeles Gig '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry styles - sign of the times ( french tv show - quotidien ) # Quotidien '' . especialmusica.tv . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina -- Del 19 al 25 de Junio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings - Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Brasil . Internet Group . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Brasil : Finalmente , `` Despacito '' assume a liderança do ranking `` . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia - Semana 22 del 2017 - Del 26 / 05 / 2017 al 1 / 06 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` STRANA - Top do topa ( 17.6. 2017 . ) '' . HRT . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201731 into search . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201715 into search . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles : Sign of the Times '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard. 6 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 19 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino -- Top 20 General -- Paraguay -- Del 26 de Junio al 2 de Julio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . monitorlatino.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201729 into search . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201715 into search . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual Argentina '' . Monitor Latino . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Israel airplay 2017 '' . mediaforest. bizz . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Song Sales -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Enter Harry Styles in the field Interpret . Enter Sign of the Times in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien. 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Music Canada . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles `` Sign Of The Times '' `` . IFPI Denmark . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Harry Styles ; ' Sign of the Times ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Harry Styles '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2017 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Type Harry Styles in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Sign of the Times and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Enter Sign of the Times in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Recording Industry Association of America . 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Sign of the Times '' ( audio ) on YouTube ( hide ) Harry Styles Discography Studio albums Harry Styles Singles `` Sign of the Times '' `` Two Ghosts '' `` Kiwi '' Promotional singles `` Sweet Creature '' Concert tours Harry Styles : Live on Tour Related articles One Direction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sign_of_the_Times_(Harry_Styles_song)&oldid=818217077 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2017 singles 2017 songs Debut singles Songs written by Jeff Bhasker Song recordings produced by Jeff Bhasker Songs written by Harry Styles Harry Styles songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Poland Songs written by Tyler Johnson ( music ) British soft rock songs Rock ballads Songs about death Songs written by Alex Salibian Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 08 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who directed sign of the times music video | [
"Directed by Woodkid, the song's music video was released on 8 May.[20] It features Styles singing in a meadow, and soaring in the skies, walking on water. A writer from USA Today described Styles to be \"auditioning to be Marvel Comics next superhero or in a new biblical epic\".[21] It was filmed on the Isle of Skye in Scotland.[22] The video's stunt pilot, Will Banks, stated that Styles flew more than 1,550 feet high during the shoot. Banks also claimed that no green screen or CGI effects were employed during filming.[23] A stunt double was used for some scenes.[24]"
] | [
"Woodkid"
] |
-6893485745127069197 | Once Upon a Time (season 7) | Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) Promotional poster Starring Lana Parrilla Colin O'Donoghue Andrew J. West Dania Ramirez Gabrielle Anwar Alison Fernandez Robert Carlyle Mekia Cox Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network ABC Original release October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Once Upon a Time episodes The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It will consist of 22 episodes , airing on Fridays , having premiered on October 6 , 2017 . This season marks a significant change for the series , as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7 . Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle will be the only ones remaining . Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May 2017 . Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced as additional regulars in July 2017 . In August 2017 , it was announced that Mekia Cox had been promoted to series regular after initially joining the cast in July as recurring . The storyline is softly rebooted with a new main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills , set many years after the last season 's events . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Regular 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Regular ( edit ) Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers Andrew J. West as Henry Mills Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Gabrielle Anwar as Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey Alison Fernandez as Lucy Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine Recurring ( edit ) Adelaide Kane as Drizella / Ivy Belfrey Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly Emma Booth as Gothel / Eloise Gardener Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena Meegan Warner as Rapunzel Tiera Skovbye as Robin Nathan Parsons as Jack / Nick Branson Guest ( edit ) Jared S. Gilmore as young Henry Mills Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan Emilie de Ravin as Belle Giles Matthey as Gideon Robin Givens as Eudora Kevin Ryan as Robert Daniel Francis as Dr. Facilier Chris Gauthier as William Smee Yael Yurman as Anastasia TBA as Naveen Chad Rook as TBA Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 134 `` Hyperion Heights '' Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 3.26 In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms in hopes of finding his own story . Many years later , Henry runs into Cinderella 's carriage in the Magical Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball , he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke , as he is due to return through a portal that evening . When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot , he decides to stay behind . In present - day Seattle , an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy , whom he does not remember because of a curse . In hopes of breaking it , Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda , Lucy 's down - on - her - luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria . Others include Roni , a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria , and Rogers , a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner , Weaver . 135 `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.74 In a flashback , Emma expresses her worries about Henry leaving home and Hook presents her with a `` message in a bottle '' that Henry can use to keep in contact . Many years later , as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine , he uses the bottle to call on Emma , Hook , and Regina for help . Hook and Regina arrive and rescue him though , unbeknownst to them , the bottle also summoned the Hook from the Wish Realm , who later appears and knocks the original Hook out to assume his place . When Emma arrives and reveals to Henry that she is pregnant , the other Hook feels guilty and decides to switch back , though the real Hook ends up stabbing him in a fight . The other Hook then reveals that he had a daughter who got trapped in a tower by a witch . After hearing this , Hook gets Emma to heal his counterpart . Afterwards , Henry does not feel like it is time to go back home yet and gets Emma 's blessing to continue his journey . Henry , Regina , and the other Hook decide to travel together , while Emma and Hook return to Storybrooke . In the present , Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood . Rogers does not agree with Weaver 's methods and helps Henry instead . Rogers , Henry , and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria . Meanwhile , Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy 's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her . 136 `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' Ron Underwood David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2.49 In a flashback , Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry , but does not find him there . She then meets Princess Tiana , who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine . She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find . A short while later , Henry , Regina , and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts . Later , Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine 's castle alone , where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost - deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her `` death '' at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her . She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry 's , since he has the heart of the truest believer . In the present day , Jacinda tries to save Lucy 's beloved community garden from Victoria , while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone 's fairytale pasts . Meanwhile , Henry , Roni , and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria . Rogers captures the man working with her , but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection . Also , it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers . 137 `` Beauty '' Mick Garris Dana Horgan & Leah Fong October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 2.44 In a flashback to Gideon 's first birthday , Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world . Years later , Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her . Over the years , they search for ways to get rid of his darkness . When Gideon is 18 , Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms , where they must wait for the sun 's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness . They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur . However , an aging Belle eventually admits that the `` sun '' of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey . When Belle dies , Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take over the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle . In the present day , Tilly , who is actually Alice , begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria . In her new state of clarity , she tries to get Weaver to remember his true identity . Meanwhile , Ivy is tasked with taking Lucy trick - or - treating and loses her in the streets . She ends up bonding with Henry and defies her mother to give Jacinda and Lucy time together . 138 5 `` Greenbacks '' Geofrey Hildrew Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 2.29 In the flashbacks , Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert . She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog . In the present day , Tiana decides to run a pop - up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck 's with Jacinda 's help . Victoria sends someone to burn the place down , which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener , the missing girl he 's trying to find . Meanwhile , Roni decides to investigate Ivy 's interest in helping Henry . Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke . However , it is later revealed that Ivy has n't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware . 139 6 `` Wake Up Call '' Sharat Raju Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 2.37 In a flashback , Regina comes across Drizella , who is looking for magic to escape from her mother . When she reveals that she was actually born with magic , Regina begins to train her . However after Regina runs into Rumple , who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons , the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella 's heart to revive Anastasia . Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince , making it unusable for revival , and vows to cast a curse like Regina 's to make her mother suffer . In the present day , Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo , which is complicated by newly discovered information about `` Regina Mills '' into which Lucy encouraged her to look . Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and , when she serves its essence to Roni , she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina . Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart , reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the curse that would force her to comply . 140 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' Alex Kalymnios David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 In a flashback to the Wish Realm shortly after the Charmings have stopped Regina from casting her curse , Hook agrees to procure magic for her from a witch . When he arrives at the witch 's tower , he finds Rapunzel instead . She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch 's garden . When he returns with it to help her , they spend a night together . The next morning , it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby , whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower . Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter , who is unable to leave due to the tower 's spell . He names her Alice after his own mother . In the present day , Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise , with help from Henry and Tilly . Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died but it turns out that the news had been planted by Weaver to throw him off the case . Weaver warns Rogers that Eloise is n't the person he thinks she is . When Rogers finds Gothel , he mistakenly believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria , who gets locked up for kidnapping . Meanwhile , Tremaine has discovered that Drizella is awake and Regina tries to put some distance between Henry and Jacinda . 141 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' Ralph Hemecker Dana Horgan & Leah Fong November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 In the flashbacks , Hook is reunited with Alice , who claims that they have been cured of their curse . However , when they try to embrace , Hook gets hurt and Alice runs away in fear . Henry and Ella chase her back to Wonderland , a place where Ella reveals that her mother Cecilia had ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather . She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry to head into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers . She finds Alice , who tells her that she had met Cecilia before and that the woman had also been afflicted with the same Curse of the Poisoned Heart . Drizella is also in Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry but Alice and Ella are able to save him . Henry and Ella then share their first kiss . In the present day , Jacinda contacts Nick ( a cursed friend of Henry 's from Fairy Tale Land ) , a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy 's father . He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy , to Henry 's disdain , and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda . Meanwhile , Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia but when they open her coffin , her body is missing . After Regina confronts Rumple , who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse , she announces to Henry that she 's heading to San Francisco to meet with someone who had been pushed out of town by Victoria . He agrees to join her on the trip . 142 9 `` One Little Tear '' TBA Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) TBD 143 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' TBA Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz TBA TBD 144 11 `` Secret Garden '' TBA Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz TBA TBD 145 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' TBA David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales TBA TBD 146 13 `` Knightfall '' TBA Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya TBA TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , while season 6 was still in production , ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible `` reset '' of the show 's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order . After much speculation , executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back - end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind . Despite the major changes from seasons past , the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show : `` We 're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things . We 're paying homage to the original premise , but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not . It 's a combination of a lot of things , but what we 're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been . '' In July 2017 , the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , which was created under a new and darker curse . Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest , as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic . This differs from Storybrooke in season 1 , which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real - world Maine . The initial villain is Lady Tremaine , assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to `` gentrify the neighborhood '' and push out and separate fairy tale residents . Meanwhile , Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters ' lives before and during the latest curse . Casting ( edit ) In May 2017 , it was announced that Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7 . It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities , similar to the circumstances in season 1 . In July , the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers , who is living with an unexplained sense of loss . In August , it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni , who is more dressed down and is `` no longer in charge . '' Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode , later revealed to be the second episode of the season . Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19 , 2017 . On July 22 , it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season . In March 2017 , Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale . During the episode , it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills , while Fernandez portrayed his daughter , Lucy . After that episode 's airing , they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7 . West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore , who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season . On July 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7 . Additionally , Adelaide Kane , Mekia Cox , and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season . On July 15 , it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella , albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons . On July 22 at San Diego Comic - Con , it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella , respectively . Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog , while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice , a character previously heavily featured in the spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . In August 2017 , Cox was promoted to series regular . On August 1 , it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season 's fourth episode . The episode , also featuring Emilie de Ravin , would be centered around Rumple . On that same day , it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch , whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season . On August 25 , Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season . On August 30 , it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana 's mother , Eudora . On September 8 , it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel , a character previously featured in one episode of season 3 . It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc . On September 20 , it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena , who will also have a cursed identity . On October 2 , it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season , later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season 's fifth episode . On October 3 , it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a `` tweenage '' Anastasia , Lady Tremaine 's other biological daughter . On November 1 , it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin , the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood . On November 2 , it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick , a lawyer and potential love interest for another character . On November 3 , it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog , who will be appearing in the second half of the season . On November 16 , actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Hyperion Heights '' October 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.26 0.7 1.72 1.4 4.98 `` A Pirate 's Life '' October 13 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.74 0.6 N / A 1.3 N / A `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' October 20 , 2017 0.5 / 3 2.49 0.6 N / A 1.1 N / A `` Beauty '' October 27 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.44 0.5 N / A 1.0 N / A 5 `` Greenbacks '' November 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 0.5 1.27 1.0 3.56 6 `` Wake Up Call '' November 10 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.37 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Once Upon A Time ' Tease Reveals Where The Series Will Pick Up In Season 7 '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 : Get Fresh Details on Henry 's ' Epic Quest ' -- Plus , New Identities for Regina & Co. ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 Reset : Gabrielle Anwar , Devious Maids Alum , Reign Star Among 5 New Additions '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Dania Ramirez Is Playing ' New ' Cinderella -- Photo '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 701 ) `` Hyperion Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Adelaide Kane talks millennial meanie Drizella '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Rose Reynolds introduces streetwise , enigmatic Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Emma Booth Joins ABC Fairytale Drama As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time officially confirms identity of Hook 's daughter -- and her mom ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader to Return for Multiple Season 7 Episodes '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts TURN Alum Meegan Warner as the New ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Riverdale 's Tiera Skovbye as ( Spoiler ) 's Daughter '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books The Originals star as potential love interest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 707 / 708 ) `` Eloise Gardener / Pretty in Blue '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses drop new clues on season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Giles Matthey to return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Robin Givens as Tiana 's mom '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 705 ) `` Greenbacks '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on This Is Us , Flash , New Girl , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy , The Blacklist , Supernatural and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yael Yurman ( @ yael_yurman ) ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you so much ! I hope you like the season so far ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on New Girl , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Little Lies , Flash , Walking Dead , Will & Grace and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chad Rook ( @ ChadRook ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Just found out that I will be joining the cast of # OnceUponATime ! ! ! Ca n't wait for you all to see my character . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya 10 / 6 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - once upon a time on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # scripttease -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lindsay ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses explain new curse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time @ Comic - Con : Season 7 's Secret Roles Revealed , a ' Prominent LGBQT Storyline ' and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time reveals Hook , Regina , Rumple alt - identities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Creators / Cast Tease Rumple 's Menacing New Identity , Regina / Henry Reunion and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jennifer ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Movie magic . Emma 's long locks are back for one last day :) # steveston # onceuponatime # emmaswan '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon A Time EPs Talk About The New `` Book , '' `` Roni '' & Returning Faces `` . KSite TV . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( @ NatalieAbrams ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Booth joins Once Upon a Time as a witch whose identity will be revealed later in the season bit.ly/2tv8t4F @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kevin J Ryan ( @ KevinRyanII ) ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lov'in da # keithrichards inspired get up 4 da new prince in town . Fairytale land does n't know wats comin @ OnceABC # onceuponatime # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' First Look : Rapunzel Returns '' . TV Insider . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Explain Season 7 Premiere 's Biggest Mysteries and Reveals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 7 Is ' Hopeful ' and ' Sentimental , ' EP Says '' . TV Insider . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths `` `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_7)&oldid=812223586 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 18 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays cinderella in once upon a time 2017 | [
"Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda[7][8]"
] | [
"Dania Ramirez"
] |
2355714216626604489 | Kit Harington | Kit Harington - wikipedia Kit Harington Jump to : navigation , search Kit Harington Harington at Comic - Con , July 2013 Christopher Catesby Harington ( 1986 - 12 - 26 ) December 26 , 1986 ( age 31 ) Acton , London , England Nationality British Alma mater Central School of Speech and Drama , University of London Occupation Actor , producer Years active 2008 -- present Partner ( s ) Rose Leslie Christopher Catesby `` Kit '' Harington ( born 26 December 1986 ) is an English actor and producer . Born in Acton , Greater London , Harington began his career in theatre . His first role was in the National Theatre 's adaptation of War Horse . His film debut was in Silent Hill : Revelation ( 2012 ) . He has since appeared in several feature films , such as the historical romance film Pompeii ( 2014 ) , the computer - animated film How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) , and the British drama film Testament of Youth ( 2014 ) . Since 2011 , Harington has risen to prominence playing the role of Jon Snow in the HBO television series Game of Thrones , which garnered him a nomination for the 2016 Primetime Emmy Award . In 2017 , Harington became one of the highest - paid actors on television and earned £ 2 million per episode of Game of Thrones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and ancestry 2 Career 2.1 2008 -- 2010 : Early work in theatre 2.2 2011 -- present : Breakthrough with Game of Thrones and film roles 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Theatre 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early Life and ancestry ( edit ) Coat of Arms of the Harington baronets , ancestors of Kit Harington Harington was born on 26 December 1986 in Acton , London , to Deborah Jane ( Catesby ) , a former playwright , and Sir David Harington , 15th Baronet , a businessman . His full name is Christopher Catesby Harington . His mother named him after Christopher Marlowe , whose first name was shortened to Kit , a name Harington prefers . Harington 's uncle was Sir Nicholas John Harington , 14th Baronet , and his patrilineal great - grandfather was Sir Richard Harington , 12th Baronet . The Haringtons are an ancient family that once spelled their name Haverington and derived the name from their estate , a lordship in Cumberland . The first person identified with their name was one Robert De Haverington , the son of Osulphus or Oswulf whose manor was Flemingby . Through his paternal grandmother , Lavender Cecilia Denny , Harington 's eighth - great - grandfather was Charles II of England . Also , through his father , Harington descends from Scottish politician Henry Dundas , 1st Viscount Melville . He is related to people who were involved on opposite sides of the Gunpowder Plot . He claims a family connection with the leader of the plot Robert Catesby on his mother 's side , while through his father 's side , he was related to James I ( grandfather of Charles II ) the target of the assassination attempt , and Lord Harington who was in the Houses of Parliament that Catesby and his co-conspirators tried to blow up . Another relation John Harington ( different branch of the family ) observed at the age of 13 the displayed head of Catesby after his execution and later commented on it . Harington was a pupil at the Southfield Primary School from 1992 to 1998 . When he was 11 , his family moved to Worcestershire and he studied at the Chantry High School in Martley until 2003 . He became interested in acting after watching a production of Waiting for Godot when he was 14 , and he performed in several school productions . He attended Worcester Sixth Form College , where he studied Drama and Theatre ( 2003 -- 05 ) . When he was 17 , he was inspired to attend a drama school after seeing a performance by Ben Whishaw as Hamlet in 2004 . Harington moved back to London when he was eighteen and , a year later , attended the Central School of Speech and Drama , graduating in 2008 . Career ( edit ) 2008 -- 2010 : early work in Theatre ( edit ) Before acting , Harington originally wanted to become a journalist . While still at drama school , he landed the role of Albert in the National Theatre 's adaptation of War Horse . The play won two Olivier Awards and gained Harington a great deal of recognition . He was later cast in his second play Posh , a dark ensemble comedy about upper - class men attending Oxford University . 2011 -- present : breakthrough with Game of Thrones and film roles ( edit ) Harington at Comic Con in 2011 After War Horse , Harington auditioned for and landed his first television role as Jon Snow in the television series Game of Thrones . The show debuted in 2011 to great critical acclaim and was quickly picked up by the network for a second season . Harington 's role is largely filmed in Iceland and Northern Ireland . The series was renewed for a seventh season , which premiered on 16 July 2017 , and will conclude with its eighth season in 2018 / 19 . Game of Thrones takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms . Jon Snow is introduced as the illegitimate son of Ned Stark , the honorable lord of Winterfell , an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros . Harington has received praise for his performance . In 2012 , Harington was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television for the role . In 2016 , Harington was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . He said , `` It is a serious understatement to say that I am somewhat stunned ... For my work on Game of Thrones to be recognized in this way is an emotional moment for me . I could not be more humbled . '' In 2017 , Harington became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned £ 2 million per episode of Game of Thrones ( based on shared percentages of syndication payments ) . Harington made his cinematic debut in 2012 as Vincent in Silent Hill : Revelation 3D . The horror film was based on the survival horror video game Silent Hill 3 , and was a sequel to the film Silent Hill . He was honoured with Actor of the Year at the Young Hollywood Awards 2013 , which celebrates the best emerging young talent in film , music and television . Harington at a Game Of Thrones season 3 premiere screening in 2013 Harington 's first major lead role in a feature film occurred when he played Milo in the film Pompeii . Production for the film commenced in 2013 and took place in and around Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Some scenes were also shot in the actual city of Pompeii itself . The film was a modest box office success and received mixed reviews from critics . That year , Harington also voiced Eret in How to Train Your Dragon 2 , which was a critically acclaimed , box - office success , won the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and received an Academy Award nomination . In 2014 , Harington also appeared alongside Jeff Bridges in the film Seventh Son , a poorly received fantasy -- adventure film . Harington played Billy Bradley , Jeff Bridges first apprentice killed early in the movie by a character played by Julianne Moore . Ben Barnes , Alicia Vikander and Emily Watson also star . The film was released in wide distribution in the UK on 16 January 2015 . Its world premiere was in The Centrepiece Gala , supported by the Mayor of London , at the British Film Institute London Film Festival in October 2014 . In December 2014 , it was announced that he would feature in Xavier Dolan 's upcoming movie The Death and Life of John F. Donovan , with Jessica Chastain , Kathy Bates , Thandie Newton and Susan Sarandon . He starred in the 2015 HBO comedy 7 Days in Hell , a short film about a seven - day tennis match . In June 2015 , it was confirmed that Harington would star in Martin Koolhoven 's upcoming western thriller film Brimstone , replacing Robert Pattinson . In 2016 , Harington starred as the main villain in the first - person shooter video game Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare . He is the driver in the 2016 commercial for the Infiniti Q60 sport coupe car . It is his latest role in product commercials . On 19 February 2017 , it was reported that he would write , star and executive produce a three - part historical drama for BBC based on the real story of the Gunpowder Plot . Harington will play the role of his ancestor Robert Catesby alongside actors Mark Gatiss , Liv Tyler and Peter Mullan . Personal Life ( edit ) Harington has been dating Game of Thrones co-star Rose Leslie since 2012 . They announced their engagement through The Times in September , 2017 . On 12 September 2016 , Harington , as well as Cate Blanchett , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Peter Capaldi , Douglas Booth , Neil Gaiman , Keira Knightley , Juliet Stevenson , Jesse Eisenberg , and Stanley Tucci , featured in a video from the United Nations ' refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness of the global refugee crisis . The video , titled `` What They Took With Them '' , has the actors reading a poem , written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees , and is part of UNHCR 's # WithRefugees campaign , which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter , integrating job opportunities , and education . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Title Year Role Director Notes Ref ( s ) Silent Hill : Revelation 2012 Smith ! Vincent Smith Bassett ! Michael J. Bassett Pompeii 2014 Milo Anderson ! Paul W.S. Anderson How to Train Your Dragon 2 Eret DeBlois ! Dean DeBlois Voice Testament of Youth Leighton ! Roland Leighton Kent ! James Kent Seventh Son Bradley ! Billy Bradley Bodrov ! Sergei Bodrov Spooks : The Greater Good 2015 Holloway ! Will Holloway Nalluri ! Bharat Nalluri Brimstone 2016 Samuel Koolhoven ! Martin Koolhoven Death ! The Death and Life of John F. Donovan 2018 ( projected ) Donovan ! John F. Donovan Dolan ! Xavier Dolan Post-production How to Train Your Dragon 3 2019 ( projected ) Eret DeBlois ! Dean DeBlois Voice Television ( edit ) Title Year Role Network Notes Ref . Game of Thrones 2011 -- present Jon Snow HBO Main role 7 Days in Hell 2015 Poole ! Charles Poole Television film Gunpowder 2017 Catesby ! Robert Catesby BBC One 3 episodes ; also developer and executive producer Video games ( edit ) Title Year Voice role Ref . Game of Thrones 2015 Snow ! Jon Snow Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare 2016 Kotch ! Salen Kotch ( Also Performance capture and Likeness ) Theatre ( edit ) Title Year Role Notes Ref ( s ) War Horse 2008 -- 2009 Albert Narracott Olivier Theatre and New London Theatre Posh Ed Montgomery Royal Court Theatre The Vote 2015 Colin Henderson Donmar Warehouse Doctor Faustus 2016 Faustus Duke of York 's Theatre Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref . 2011 Scream Award Best Ensemble ( shared with the cast ) Game of Thrones Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated IGN Award Best TV Hero Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Hero Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated 2012 Golden Nymph Award Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2013 Young Hollywood Awards Actor of the Year Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Game of Thrones Nominated 2014 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated 2015 Empire Award Empire Hero Award ( shared with the cast ) Won Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated 2016 Gold Derby TV Awards Best Drama Supporting Actor Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated 2017 Giffoni Film Festival Giffoni Experience Award Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Game of Thrones Nominated 2018 44th Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kit Harrington '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sophie Heawood ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Meet Kit Harington : Game of Thrones hunk and Hollywood 's hottest new player '' . London Evening Standard . Jump up ^ Ed Cumming ( 3 May 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington : ' The acting never feels like work ' '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Cindy Pearlman ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` Jon Snow knows the right moves -- sometimes '' . Chicago Sun - Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Kit Harington '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lenny Ann Low ( 22 March 2014 ) . `` Game of Throne 's Kit Harington : Man for all seasons '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Emma Brown . `` The HBO Heartthrob : Kit Harington '' . Interview . Jump up ^ `` Person Page 43217 : Christopher Harington '' . thepeerage.com. 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas John Harington '' . Geneall.net . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Featured article about Kit Harington on TheGenealogist '' . TheGenealogist . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lavender Cecilia Denny '' . Geneall.net . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Siobhan Synnot ( 11 January 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington discusses release of his new film '' . The Scotsman . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington reveals family connection to the ' Gunpowder Plot ' '' . BBC . 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington plays his ancestor in BBC 's New Epic Drama , Gunpowder '' . The Genealogist. 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Bilmes ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Mr Kit Harington '' . Mr Porter . Jump up ^ `` Nerdist Podcast Episode 482 : Kit Harington '' . Nerdist. 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : James Connell ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones star says Worcester will always be home '' . Worcester News . Jump up ^ Nojan Aminosharei ( 1 April 2013 ) . `` Q&A : Kit Harington '' . Details . Jump up ^ Ruben V. Nepales ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` ' Thrones ' star bulked up , then slimmed down for film role '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington '' . Royal National Theatre . August 2008 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Tara Abell ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones Star Kit Harington Loves Iceland , Fears Flying '' . The Daily Traveller . ^ Jump up to : `` Kit Harington Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington -- Biography '' . Internet Movie Database. 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Re-commissions ' Game of Thrones ' '' . IFTN. 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Low , Lenny Ann ( 22 March 2014 ) . `` Game of Throne 's Kit Harington : Man for all seasons '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive interview with Kit Harington '' . myfanbase.de. 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Date ( Finally ) Set at HBO '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones to end after season eight in 2018 '' . BBC News . July 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Fantasy comes true with HBO 's Game of Thrones '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; HUGO and HARRY POTTER Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . Collider . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Emmy nominations 2016 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 7 : Stars set to earn £ 2 Million per episode '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Actors ' set to earn £ 2million per episode ' , making them highest - paid ever '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 7 March 2011 ) . `` Clemens , Harington join ' Silent Hill ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) : My big break '' . OnTheRedCarpet.com. 2 August 2013 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : DeMara , Bruce ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` Paul W.S. Anderson to shoot Pompeii in Toronto '' . The Star . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Harmanian , Harout ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ' Gets Kit Harington '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' How To Train Your Dragon 2 ' Crosses $500 M Following China Debut '' . Forbes . 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ' Wins Best Animated Feature Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman , ' ' Budapest ' lead Oscar nominations '' . USA Today . 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seventh Son '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1121096/ ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Kit Harington to Headline ' Testament of Youth ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Edward Davis . `` Indiewire : Watch : First Trailer For ' Testament Of Youth ' '' . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Clare Stewart . `` British Film Institute : Testament of Youth '' . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Joins Jessica Chastain in Xavier Dolan Celebrity Satire '' . Deadline Hollywood . 4 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 Days in Hell : HBO 's tennis mockumentary is a grand slam '' . The Guardian . 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Szalai , Georg ; Roxborough , Scott ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Kit Harington Joins Thriller ' Brimstone ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` See Kit Harington Transform into Call of Duty 's Newest Villain '' . Time . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` ' Gunpowder ' : Kit Harington , Mark Gatiss , Liv Tyler & Peter Mullan Light Up BBC Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Low , Valentine ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Game of Thrones stars Kit Harington and Rose Leslie to marry '' . The Times . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett video highlights what refugees take when they flee '' . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What They Took With Them - # WithRefugees '' . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` AFM : Kit Harington , Jennifer Ehle Sign on for ' Spooks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 4 December 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Joins Jessica Chastain in Xavier Dolan Celebrity Satire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Cast '' . HBO . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One orders Gunpowder from Kudos '' . BBC . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` ( Exclusive ) Meet The Exiled Son of Game of Thrones ' House Forrester '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffery ( 10 June 2016 ) . `` Jon Snow actor Kit Harington will play Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare 's villain '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre Interview with Kit Harington -- The 22 - Year - Old Stars in War Horse at the New London Theatre '' . The London Paper . 2 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington '' . London Theatre Database . Archived from the original on 18 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones 's Kit Harington looking for another stage role ? '' . What 's on Stage. 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Faustus '' . Best of Theatre . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 SCREAM Awards : Best Ensemble '' . Spike . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Screen Actors Guild. 29 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Television Hero 2011 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 38th Annual Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films. 29 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Competition 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Golden Nymph Awards . 2012 . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` 2013 Young Hollywood Awards : Check Out Early Winners '' . Wetpaint . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards Nominations : ' 12 Years A Slave ' And ' Breaking Bad ' Lead Way '' . Deadline Hollywood . 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 10 December 2014 ) . `` SAG Awards Nominations : ' Birdman ' & ' Boyhood ' Lead Film Side , HBO & ' Modern Family ' Rule TV -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Hero Award '' . Empire . 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Star Wars , Mad Max , Walking Dead Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( 7 September 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on 11 September 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2016 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations '' . 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington King of GFF 2017 : Game of Thrones Star Receives The Giffoni Experience Award '' . Giffoni Experience . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ariston ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Kit Harington Does n't Think Jon Snow Will Become King '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Awards Nominations : ' Three Billboards ' Tops Film List , Netflix Leads In TV '' . Deadline . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Heath , Chris ( April 2014 ) . `` Kit Harington on Game of Thrones , Nudity , and His Butt Double '' . GQ . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . London portal film portal television portal External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kit Harington . Kit Harington on IMDb Kit Harington at AllMovie Kit Harington speaks about War Horse , London 's West End theatre on YouTube VIAF : 233519535 LCCN : no2012042345 ISNI : 0000 0003 6797 1285 GND : 1022824678 SUDOC : 177452366 BNF : cb16683830j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kit_Harington&oldid=834335566 '' Categories : 1986 births Living people 21st - century English male actors Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors English people of Scottish descent Male actors from London People from Acton , London Younger sons of baronets Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles with hCards All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays jon snow in game of thrones | [
"Christopher Catesby \"Kit\" Harington (born 26 December 1986) is an English actor and producer. Born in Acton, Greater London, Harington began his career in theatre. His first role was in the National Theatre's adaptation of War Horse. His film debut was in Silent Hill: Revelation (2012). He has since appeared in several feature films, such as the historical romance film Pompeii (2014), the computer-animated film How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014), and the British drama film Testament of Youth (2014)."
] | [
"Christopher Catesby \"Kit\" Harington"
] |
-6724298500307671701 | Probability | Probability - wikipedia Probability Jump to : navigation , search For the mathematical field of probability specifically rather than a general discussion , see Probability theory . For other uses , see Probability ( disambiguation ) . Probability Outline Catalog of articles Probabilists Glossary Notation Journals Category Part of a series on Certainty Approximation Belief Certainty Doubt Determinism Fallibilism Fatalism Hypothesis Justification Nihilism Proof Scientific theory Skepticism Solipsism Theory Truth Uncertainty Related concepts and fundamentals : Agnosticism Epistemology Presupposition Probability Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur . See glossary of probability and statistics . Probability is quantified as a number between 0 and 1 , where , loosely speaking , 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty . The higher the probability of an event , the more likely it is that the event will occur . A simple example is the tossing of a fair ( unbiased ) coin . Since the coin is fair , the two outcomes ( `` heads '' and `` tails '' ) are both equally probable ; the probability of `` heads '' equals the probability of `` tails '' ; and since no other outcomes are possible , the probability of either `` heads '' or `` tails '' is 1 / 2 ( which could also be written as 0.5 or 50 % ) . These concepts have been given an axiomatic mathematical formalization in probability theory , which is used widely in such areas of study as mathematics , statistics , finance , gambling , science ( in particular physics ) , artificial intelligence / machine learning , computer science , game theory , and philosophy to , for example , draw inferences about the expected frequency of events . Probability theory is also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 Interpretations 2 Etymology 3 History 4 Theory 5 Applications 6 Mathematical treatment 6.1 Independent events 6.2 Mutually exclusive events 6.3 Not mutually exclusive events 6.4 Conditional probability 6.5 Inverse probability 6.6 Summary of probabilities 7 Relation to randomness and probability in quantum mechanics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Bibliography 11 External links Interpretations ( edit ) Main article : Probability interpretations When dealing with experiments that are random and well - defined in a purely theoretical setting ( like tossing a fair coin ) , probabilities can be numerically described by the number of desired outcomes divided by the total number of all outcomes . For example , tossing a fair coin twice will yield `` head - head '' , `` head - tail '' , `` tail - head '' , and `` tail - tail '' outcomes . The probability of getting an outcome of `` head - head '' is 1 out of 4 outcomes or 1 / 4 or 0.25 ( or 25 % ) . When it comes to practical application however , there are two major competing categories of probability interpretations , whose adherents possess different views about the fundamental nature of probability : Objectivists assign numbers to describe some objective or physical state of affairs . The most popular version of objective probability is frequentist probability , which claims that the probability of a random event denotes the relative frequency of occurrence of an experiment 's outcome , when repeating the experiment . This interpretation considers probability to be the relative frequency `` in the long run '' of outcomes . A modification of this is propensity probability , which interprets probability as the tendency of some experiment to yield a certain outcome , even if it is performed only once . Subjectivists assign numbers per subjective probability , i.e. , as a degree of belief . The degree of belief has been interpreted as , `` the price at which you would buy or sell a bet that pays 1 unit of utility if E , 0 if not E . '' The most popular version of subjective probability is Bayesian probability , which includes expert knowledge as well as experimental data to produce probabilities . The expert knowledge is represented by some ( subjective ) prior probability distribution . These data are incorporated in a likelihood function . The product of the prior and the likelihood , normalized , results in a posterior probability distribution that incorporates all the information known to date . By Aumann 's agreement theorem , Bayesian agents whose prior beliefs are similar will end up with similar posterior beliefs . However , sufficiently different priors can lead to different conclusions regardless of how much information the agents share . Etymology ( edit ) See also : History of probability § Etymology Further information : Likelihood The word probability derives from the Latin probabilitas , which can also mean `` probity '' , a measure of the authority of a witness in a legal case in Europe , and often correlated with the witness 's nobility . In a sense , this differs much from the modern meaning of probability , which , in contrast , is a measure of the weight of empirical evidence , and is arrived at from inductive reasoning and statistical inference . History ( edit ) Main article : History of probability The scientific study of probability is a modern development of mathematics . Gambling shows that there has been an interest in quantifying the ideas of probability for millennia , but exact mathematical descriptions arose much later . There are reasons for the slow development of the mathematics of probability . Whereas games of chance provided the impetus for the mathematical study of probability , fundamental issues are still obscured by the superstitions of gamblers . Christiaan Huygens likely published the first book on probability According to Richard Jeffrey , `` Before the middle of the seventeenth century , the term ' probable ' ( Latin probabilis ) meant approvable , and was applied in that sense , unequivocally , to opinion and to action . A probable action or opinion was one such as sensible people would undertake or hold , in the circumstances . '' However , in legal contexts especially , ' probable ' could also apply to propositions for which there was good evidence . Gerolamo Cardano The sixteenth century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano demonstrated the efficacy of defining odds as the ratio of favourable to unfavourable outcomes ( which implies that the probability of an event is given by the ratio of favourable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes ) . Aside from the elementary work by Cardano , the doctrine of probabilities dates to the correspondence of Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal ( 1654 ) . Christiaan Huygens ( 1657 ) gave the earliest known scientific treatment of the subject . Jakob Bernoulli 's Ars Conjectandi ( posthumous , 1713 ) and Abraham de Moivre 's Doctrine of Chances ( 1718 ) treated the subject as a branch of mathematics . See Ian Hacking 's The Emergence of Probability and James Franklin 's The Science of Conjecture for histories of the early development of the very concept of mathematical probability . The theory of errors may be traced back to Roger Cotes 's Opera Miscellanea ( posthumous , 1722 ) , but a memoir prepared by Thomas Simpson in 1755 ( printed 1756 ) first applied the theory to the discussion of errors of observation . The reprint ( 1757 ) of this memoir lays down the axioms that positive and negative errors are equally probable , and that certain assignable limits define the range of all errors . Simpson also discusses continuous errors and describes a probability curve . The first two laws of error that were proposed both originated with Pierre - Simon Laplace . The first law was published in 1774 and stated that the frequency of an error could be expressed as an exponential function of the numerical magnitude of the error , disregarding sign . The second law of error was proposed in 1778 by Laplace and stated that the frequency of the error is an exponential function of the square of the error . The second law of error is called the normal distribution or the Gauss law . `` It is difficult historically to attribute that law to Gauss , who in spite of his well - known precocity had probably not made this discovery before he was two years old . '' Daniel Bernoulli ( 1778 ) introduced the principle of the maximum product of the probabilities of a system of concurrent errors . Carl Friedrich Gauss Adrien - Marie Legendre ( 1805 ) developed the method of least squares , and introduced it in his Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes ( New Methods for Determining the Orbits of Comets ) . In ignorance of Legendre 's contribution , an Irish - American writer , Robert Adrain , editor of `` The Analyst '' ( 1808 ) , first deduced the law of facility of error , φ ( x ) = c e − h 2 x 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ phi ( x ) = ce ^ ( - h ^ ( 2 ) x ^ ( 2 ) ) , ) where h ( \ displaystyle h ) is a constant depending on precision of observation , and c ( \ displaystyle c ) is a scale factor ensuring that the area under the curve equals 1 . He gave two proofs , the second being essentially the same as John Herschel 's ( 1850 ) . Gauss gave the first proof that seems to have been known in Europe ( the third after Adrain 's ) in 1809 . Further proofs were given by Laplace ( 1810 , 1812 ) , Gauss ( 1823 ) , James Ivory ( 1825 , 1826 ) , Hagen ( 1837 ) , Friedrich Bessel ( 1838 ) , W.F. Donkin ( 1844 , 1856 ) , and Morgan Crofton ( 1870 ) . Other contributors were Ellis ( 1844 ) , De Morgan ( 1864 ) , Glaisher ( 1872 ) , and Giovanni Schiaparelli ( 1875 ) . Peters 's ( 1856 ) formula for r , the probable error of a single observation , is well known . In the nineteenth century authors on the general theory included Laplace , Sylvestre Lacroix ( 1816 ) , Littrow ( 1833 ) , Adolphe Quetelet ( 1853 ) , Richard Dedekind ( 1860 ) , Helmert ( 1872 ) , Hermann Laurent ( 1873 ) , Liagre , Didion , and Karl Pearson . Augustus De Morgan and George Boole improved the exposition of the theory . Andrey Markov introduced the notion of Markov chains ( 1906 ) , which played an important role in stochastic processes theory and its applications . The modern theory of probability based on the measure theory was developed by Andrey Kolmogorov ( 1931 ) . On the geometric side ( see integral geometry ) contributors to The Educational Times were influential ( Miller , Crofton , McColl , Wolstenholme , Watson , and Artemas Martin ) . Further information : History of statistics Theory ( edit ) Main article : Probability theory Like other theories , the theory of probability is a representation of its concepts in formal terms -- that is , in terms that can be considered separately from their meaning . These formal terms are manipulated by the rules of mathematics and logic , and any results are interpreted or translated back into the problem domain . There have been at least two successful attempts to formalize probability , namely the Kolmogorov formulation and the Cox formulation . In Kolmogorov 's formulation ( see probability space ) , sets are interpreted as events and probability itself as a measure on a class of sets . In Cox 's theorem , probability is taken as a primitive ( that is , not further analyzed ) and the emphasis is on constructing a consistent assignment of probability values to propositions . In both cases , the laws of probability are the same , except for technical details . There are other methods for quantifying uncertainty , such as the Dempster -- Shafer theory or possibility theory , but those are essentially different and not compatible with the laws of probability as usually understood . Applications ( edit ) Probability theory is applied in everyday life in risk assessment and modeling . The insurance industry and markets use actuarial science to determine pricing and make trading decisions . Governments apply probabilistic methods in environmental regulation , entitlement analysis ( Reliability theory of aging and longevity ) , and financial regulation . A good example of the use of probability theory in equity trading is the effect of the perceived probability of any widespread Middle East conflict on oil prices , which have ripple effects in the economy as a whole . An assessment by a commodity trader that a war is more likely can send that commodity 's prices up or down , and signals other traders of that opinion . Accordingly , the probabilities are neither assessed independently nor necessarily very rationally . The theory of behavioral finance emerged to describe the effect of such groupthink on pricing , on policy , and on peace and conflict . In addition to financial assessment , probability can be used to analyze trends in biology ( e.g. disease spread ) as well as ecology ( e.g. biological Punnett squares ) . As with finance , risk assessment can be used as a statistical tool to calculate the likelihood of undesirable events occurring and can assist with implementing protocols to avoid encountering such circumstances . Probability is used to design games of chance so that casinos can make a guaranteed profit , yet provide payouts to players that are frequent enough to encourage continued play . The discovery of rigorous methods to assess and combine probability assessments has changed society . It is important for most citizens to understand how probability assessments are made , and how they contribute to decisions . Another significant application of probability theory in everyday life is reliability . Many consumer products , such as automobiles and consumer electronics , use reliability theory in product design to reduce the probability of failure . Failure probability may influence a manufacturer 's decisions on a product 's warranty . The cache language model and other statistical language models that are used in natural language processing are also examples of applications of probability theory . Mathematical treatment ( edit ) See also : Probability axioms Consider an experiment that can produce a number of results . The collection of all possible results is called the sample space of the experiment . The power set of the sample space is formed by considering all different collections of possible results . For example , rolling a dice can produce six possible results . One collection of possible results gives an odd number on the dice . Thus , the subset ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) is an element of the power set of the sample space of dice rolls . These collections are called `` events '' . In this case , ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) is the event that the dice falls on some odd number . If the results that actually occur fall in a given event , the event is said to have occurred . A probability is a way of assigning every event a value between zero and one , with the requirement that the event made up of all possible results ( in our example , the event ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) ) is assigned a value of one . To qualify as a probability , the assignment of values must satisfy the requirement that if you look at a collection of mutually exclusive events ( events with no common results , e.g. , the events ( 1 , 6 ) , ( 3 ) , and ( 2 , 4 ) are all mutually exclusive ) , the probability that at least one of the events will occur is given by the sum of the probabilities of all the individual events . The probability of an event A is written as P ( A ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A ) ) , p ( A ) ( \ displaystyle p ( A ) ) , or Pr ( A ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Pr ) ) ( A ) ) . This mathematical definition of probability can extend to infinite sample spaces , and even uncountable sample spaces , using the concept of a measure . The opposite or complement of an event A is the event ( not A ) ( that is , the event of A not occurring ) , often denoted as A _̄ , A ∁ , ¬ A ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( A ) ) , A ^ ( \ complement ) , \ neg A ) , or ∼ A ( \ displaystyle ( \ sim ) A ) ; its probability is given by P ( not A ) = 1 − P ( A ) . As an example , the chance of not rolling a six on a six - sided die is 1 -- ( chance of rolling a six ) = 1 − 1 6 = 5 6 ( \ displaystyle = 1 - ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ) ) . See Complementary event for a more complete treatment . If two events A and B occur on a single performance of an experiment , this is called the intersection or joint probability of A and B , denoted as P ( A ∩ B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ cap B ) ) . Independent events ( edit ) If two events , A and B are independent then the joint probability is P ( A and B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) , ( \ displaystyle P ( A ( \ mbox ( and ) ) B ) = P ( A \ cap B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) , \ , ) for example , if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is 1 2 × 1 2 = 1 4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ times ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ) . Mutually exclusive events ( edit ) If either event A or event B but never both occurs on a single performance of an experiment , then they are called mutually exclusive events . If two events are mutually exclusive then the probability of both occurring is denoted as P ( A ∩ B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ cap B ) ) . P ( A and B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle P ( A ( \ mbox ( and ) ) B ) = P ( A \ cap B ) = 0 ) If two events are mutually exclusive then the probability of either occurring is denoted as P ( A ∪ B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ cup B ) ) . P ( A or B ) = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − 0 = P ( A ) + P ( B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A ( \ mbox ( or ) ) B ) = P ( A \ cup B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A \ cap B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - 0 = P ( A ) + P ( B ) ) For example , the chance of rolling a 1 or 2 on a six - sided die is P ( 1 or 2 ) = P ( 1 ) + P ( 2 ) = 1 6 + 1 6 = 1 3 . ( \ displaystyle P ( 1 ( \ mbox ( or ) ) 2 ) = P ( 1 ) + P ( 2 ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) . ) Not mutually exclusive events ( edit ) If the events are not mutually exclusive then P ( A or B ) = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A and B ) . ( \ displaystyle P \ left ( A ( \ hbox ( or ) ) B \ right ) = P ( A \ cup B ) = P \ left ( A \ right ) + P \ left ( B \ right ) - P \ left ( A ( \ mbox ( and ) ) B \ right ) . ) For example , when drawing a single card at random from a regular deck of cards , the chance of getting a heart or a face card ( J , Q , K ) ( or one that is both ) is 13 52 + 12 52 − 3 52 = 11 26 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 13 ) ( 52 ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 12 ) ( 52 ) ) - ( \ tfrac ( 3 ) ( 52 ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 11 ) ( 26 ) ) ) , because of the 52 cards of a deck 13 are hearts , 12 are face cards , and 3 are both : here the possibilities included in the `` 3 that are both '' are included in each of the `` 13 hearts '' and the `` 12 face cards '' but should only be counted once . Conditional probability ( edit ) Conditional probability is the probability of some event A , given the occurrence of some other event B. Conditional probability is written P ( A ∣ B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ mid B ) ) , and is read `` the probability of A , given B '' . It is defined by P ( A ∣ B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) P ( B ) . ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ mid B ) = ( \ frac ( P ( A \ cap B ) ) ( P ( B ) ) ). \ , ) If P ( B ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle P ( B ) = 0 ) then P ( A ∣ B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ mid B ) ) is formally undefined by this expression . However , it is possible to define a conditional probability for some zero - probability events using a σ - algebra of such events ( such as those arising from a continuous random variable ) . For example , in a bag of 2 red balls and 2 blue balls ( 4 balls in total ) , the probability of taking a red ball is 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle 1 / 2 ) ; however , when taking a second ball , the probability of it being either a red ball or a blue ball depends on the ball previously taken , such as , if a red ball was taken , the probability of picking a red ball again would be 1 / 3 ( \ displaystyle 1 / 3 ) since only 1 red and 2 blue balls would have been remaining . Inverse probability ( edit ) In probability theory and applications , Bayes ' rule relates the odds of event A 1 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) ) to event A 2 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 2 ) ) , before ( prior to ) and after ( posterior to ) conditioning on another event B ( \ displaystyle B ) . The odds on A 1 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) ) to event A 2 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 2 ) ) is simply the ratio of the probabilities of the two events . When arbitrarily many events A ( \ displaystyle A ) are of interest , not just two , the rule can be rephrased as posterior is proportional to prior times likelihood , P ( A B ) ∝ P ( A ) P ( B A ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A B ) \ propto P ( A ) P ( B A ) ) where the proportionality symbol means that the left hand side is proportional to ( i.e. , equals a constant times ) the right hand side as A ( \ displaystyle A ) varies , for fixed or given B ( \ displaystyle B ) ( Lee , 2012 ; Bertsch McGrayne , 2012 ) . In this form it goes back to Laplace ( 1774 ) and to Cournot ( 1843 ) ; see Fienberg ( 2005 ) . See Inverse probability and Bayes ' rule . Summary of probabilities ( edit ) Summary of probabilities Event Probability P ( A ) ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A ) \ in ( 0 , 1 ) \ , ) not A P ( A ∁ ) = 1 − P ( A ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A ^ ( \ complement ) ) = 1 - P ( A ) \ , ) A or B P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) if A and B are mutually exclusive ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) P ( A \ cup B ) & = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A \ cap B ) \ \ P ( A \ cup B ) & = P ( A ) + P ( B ) \ qquad ( \ mbox ( if A and B are mutually exclusive ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) A and B P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A B ) P ( B ) = P ( B A ) P ( A ) P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) if A and B are independent ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) P ( A \ cap B ) & = P ( A B ) P ( B ) = P ( B A ) P ( A ) \ \ P ( A \ cap B ) & = P ( A ) P ( B ) \ qquad ( \ mbox ( if A and B are independent ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) A given B P ( A ∣ B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) P ( B ) = P ( B A ) P ( A ) P ( B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ mid B ) = ( \ frac ( P ( A \ cap B ) ) ( P ( B ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( P ( B A ) P ( A ) ) ( P ( B ) ) ) \ , ) Relation to randomness and probability in quantum mechanics ( edit ) Main article : Randomness See also : Quantum fluctuation § Interpretations This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) In a deterministic universe , based on Newtonian concepts , there would be no probability if all conditions were known ( Laplace 's demon ) , ( but there are situations in which sensitivity to initial conditions exceeds our ability to measure them , i.e. know them ) . In the case of a roulette wheel , if the force of the hand and the period of that force are known , the number on which the ball will stop would be a certainty ( though as a practical matter , this would likely be true only of a roulette wheel that had not been exactly levelled -- as Thomas A. Bass ' Newtonian Casino revealed ) . This also assumes knowledge of inertia and friction of the wheel , weight , smoothness and roundness of the ball , variations in hand speed during the turning and so forth . A probabilistic description can thus be more useful than Newtonian mechanics for analyzing the pattern of outcomes of repeated rolls of a roulette wheel . Physicists face the same situation in kinetic theory of gases , where the system , while deterministic in principle , is so complex ( with the number of molecules typically the order of magnitude of the Avogadro constant 7023602000000000000 ♠ 6.02 × 10 ) that only a statistical description of its properties is feasible . Probability theory is required to describe quantum phenomena . A revolutionary discovery of early 20th century physics was the random character of all physical processes that occur at sub-atomic scales and are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics . The objective wave function evolves deterministically but , according to the Copenhagen interpretation , it deals with probabilities of observing , the outcome being explained by a wave function collapse when an observation is made . However , the loss of determinism for the sake of instrumentalism did not meet with universal approval . Albert Einstein famously remarked in a letter to Max Born : `` I am convinced that God does not play dice '' . Like Einstein , Erwin Schrödinger , who discovered the wave function , believed quantum mechanics is a statistical approximation of an underlying deterministic reality . In some modern interpretations of the statistical mechanics of measurement , quantum decoherence is invoked to account for the appearance of subjectively probabilistic experimental outcomes . See also ( edit ) Mathematics portal Logic portal Main article : Outline of probability Chance ( disambiguation ) Class membership probabilities Equiprobability Heuristics in judgment and decision - making Probability theory Statistics Estimators Estimation Theory Probability density function In Law Balance of probabilities Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Probability '' . Webster 's Revised Unabridged Dictionary . G & C Merriam , 1913 Jump up ^ Strictly speaking , a probability of 0 indicates that an event almost never takes place , whereas a probability of 1 indicates than an event almost certainly takes place . This is an important distinction when the sample space is infinite . For example , for the continuous uniform distribution on the real interval ( 5 , 10 ) , there are an infinite number of possible outcomes , and the probability of any given outcome being observed -- for instance , exactly 7 -- is 0 . This means that when we make an observation , it will almost surely not be exactly 7 . However , it does not mean that exactly 7 is impossible . Ultimately some specific outcome ( with probability 0 ) will be observed , and one possibility for that specific outcome is exactly 7 . Jump up ^ `` Kendall 's Advanced Theory of Statistics , Volume 1 : Distribution Theory '' , Alan Stuart and Keith Ord , 6th Ed , ( 2009 ) , ISBN 9780534243128 Jump up ^ William Feller , `` An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications '' , ( Vol 1 ) , 3rd Ed , ( 1968 ) , Wiley , ISBN 0 - 471 - 25708 - 7 Jump up ^ Probability Theory The Britannica website Jump up ^ Hacking , Ian ( 1965 ) . The Logic of Statistical Inference . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 05165 - 7 . Jump up ^ Finetti , Bruno de ( 1970 ) . `` Logical foundations and measurement of subjective probability '' . Acta Psychologica. 34 : 129 -- 145 . doi : 10.1016 / 0001 - 6918 ( 70 ) 90012 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hájek , Alan . `` Interpretations of Probability '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2012 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Robert V. ; Craig , Allen ; McKean , Joseph W. ( 2004 ) . Introduction to Mathematical Statistics ( 6th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 13 - 008507 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jaynes , E.T. ( 2003 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Section 5.3 Converging and diverging views '' . In Bretthorst , G. Larry . Probability Theory : The Logic of Science ( 1 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521592710 . ^ Jump up to : Hacking , I. ( 2006 ) The Emergence of Probability : A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability , Induction and Statistical Inference , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 68557 - 3 Jump up ^ Freund , John . ( 1973 ) Introduction to Probability . Dickenson ISBN 978 - 0822100782 ( p. 1 ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey , R.C. , Probability and the Art of Judgment , Cambridge University Press . ( 1992 ) . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39459 - 7 Jump up ^ Franklin , J. ( 2001 ) The Science of Conjecture : Evidence and Probability Before Pascal , Johns Hopkins University Press . ( pp. 22 , 113 , 127 ) Jump up ^ Some laws and problems in classical probability and how Cardano anticipated them Gorrochum , P. Chance magazine 2012 Jump up ^ Abrams , William , A Brief History of Probability , Second Moment , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 Jump up ^ Ivancevic , Vladimir G. ; Ivancevic , Tijana T. ( 2008 ) . Quantum leap : from Dirac and Feynman , across the universe , to human body and mind . Singapore ; Hackensack , NJ : World Scientific . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 281 - 927 - 7 . Jump up ^ Franklin , James ( 2001 ) . The Science of Conjecture : Evidence and Probability Before Pascal . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801865697 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson EB ( 1923 ) `` First and second laws of error '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 18 , 143 Jump up ^ Seneta , Eugene William . `` '' Adrien - Marie Legendre '' ( version 9 ) `` . StatProb : The Encyclopedia Sponsored by Statistics and Probability Societies . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/~rrw1/markov/M.pdf Jump up ^ Vitanyi , Paul M.B. ( 1988 ) . `` Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov '' . CWI Quarterly ( 1 ) : 3 -- 18 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Laurie ( 2010 ) `` Whither Efficient Markets ? Efficient Market Theory and Behavioral Finance '' . The Finance Professionals ' Post , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gao , J.Z. ; Fong , D. ; Liu , X. ( April 2011 ) . `` Mathematical analyses of casino rebate systems for VIP gambling '' . International Gambling Studies . 11 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 106 . doi : 10.1080 / 14459795.2011. 552575 . ^ Jump up to : `` Data : Data Analysis , Probability and Statistics , and Graphing '' . archon.educ.kent.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Michael ( 2011 ) `` Management Insights '' . Management Science Jump up ^ Ross , Sheldon . A First course in Probability , 8th Edition . Pages 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Olofsson ( 2005 ) Page 8 . Jump up ^ Olofsson ( 2005 ) , page 9 Jump up ^ Olofsson ( 2005 ) page 35 . Jump up ^ Olofsson ( 2005 ) page 29 . Jump up ^ Burgi , Mark ( 2010 ) `` Interpretations of Negative Probabilities '' , p. 1 . arXiv : 1008.1287 v1 Jump up ^ Jedenfalls bin ich überzeugt , daß der Alte nicht würfelt . Letter to Max Born , 4 December 1926 , in : Einstein / Born Briefwechsel 1916 - 1955 . Jump up ^ Moore , W.J. ( 1992 ) . Schrödinger : Life and Thought . Cambridge University Press . p. 479 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43767 - 9 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kallenberg , O. ( 2005 ) Probabilistic Symmetries and Invariance Principles . Springer - Verlag , New York . 510 pp. ISBN 0 - 387 - 25115 - 4 Kallenberg , O. ( 2002 ) Foundations of Modern Probability , 2nd ed . Springer Series in Statistics . 650 pp. ISBN 0 - 387 - 95313 - 2 Olofsson , Peter ( 2005 ) Probability , Statistics , and Stochastic Processes , Wiley - Interscience. 504 pp ISBN 0 - 471 - 67969 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Probability Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Probability Wikimedia Commons has media related to Probability . Library resources about Probability Resources in your library Virtual Laboratories in Probability and Statistics ( Univ. of Ala. - Huntsville ) Probability on In Our Time at the BBC . Probability and Statistics EBook Edwin Thompson Jaynes . Probability Theory : The Logic of Science . Preprint : Washington University , ( 1996 ) . -- HTML index with links to PostScript files and PDF ( first three chapters ) People from the History of Probability and Statistics ( Univ. of Southampton ) Probability and Statistics on the Earliest Uses Pages ( Univ. of Southampton ) Earliest Uses of Symbols in Probability and Statistics on Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols A tutorial on probability and Bayes ' theorem devised for first - year Oxford University students ( 1 ) pdf file of An Anthology of Chance Operations ( 1963 ) at UbuWeb Introduction to Probability - eBook , by Charles Grinstead , Laurie Snell Source ( GNU Free Documentation License ) ( in English ) ( in Italian ) Bruno de Finetti , Probabilità e induzione , Bologna , CLUEB , 1993 . ISBN 88 - 8091 - 176 - 7 ( digital version ) Richard P. Feynman 's Lecture on probability . ( hide ) Logic Outline History Fields Argumentation theory Axiology Critical thinking Logic in computer science Mathematical logic Metalogic Metamathematics Non-classical logic Philosophical logic Philosophy of logic Set theory Foundations Abduction Analytic and synthetic propositions Antinomy A priori and a posteriori Deduction Definition Description Induction Inference Logical form Logical consequence Logical truth Name Necessity and sufficiency Meaning Paradox Possible world Presupposition Probability Reason Reference Semantics Statement Strict implication Substitution Syntax Truth Validity Lists topics Mathematical logic Boolean algebra Set theory other Logicians Rules of inference Paradoxes Fallacies Logic symbols Portal Category WikiProject ( talk ) changes Glossaries of science and engineering Aerospace engineering Archaeology Architecture Artificial intelligence Astronomy Biology Botany Calculus Chemistry Civil engineering Clinical research Computer science Ecology Economics Electrical and electronics engineering Engineering Entomology Environmental science Genetics Geography Geology Machine vision Mathematics Mechanical engineering Medicine Physics Probability and statistics Psychiatry Robotics Speciation Structural engineering Statistics portal Mathematics portal GND : 4137007 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probability&oldid=841773849 '' Categories : Probability Dimensionless numbers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2012 Articles needing more detailed references Use dmy dates from October 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with Italian - language external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Picard Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 89 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 23 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which term is defined as the chance that a given event will occur | [
"Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.[1] See glossary of probability and statistics. Probability is quantified as a number between 0 and 1, where, loosely speaking,[2] 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty.[3][4] The higher the probability of an event, the more likely it is that the event will occur. A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the coin is fair, the two outcomes (\"heads\" and \"tails\") are both equally probable; the probability of \"heads\" equals the probability of \"tails\"; and since no other outcomes are possible, the probability of either \"heads\" or \"tails\" is 1/2 (which could also be written as 0.5 or 50%)."
] | [
"Probability"
] |
-5062521394110418171 | 90210 (season 3) | 90210 ( season 3 ) - wikipedia 90210 ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search 90210 ( season 3 ) DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release September 13 , 2010 -- May 16 , 2011 Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of 90210 episodes The third season of 90210 , an American television series , premiered on Monday September 13 , 2010 . The CW officially renewed the show for a third season on February 16 , 2010 . With the reveal of the networks fall 2010 schedule , they announced their decision to move 90210 to Monday nights at 8 : 00 pm , as a lead - in to Gossip Girl . It premiered on September 13 , 2010 and was met with generally positive reviews from critics . The season picks up at the end of summer and focuses on the students senior year of high school . It follows Adrianna 's rise to fame , a new relationship between Silver and Navid and a confused Teddy who decides to reveal to his family and friends he is gay . It also deals with the aftermath of Naomi Clark 's assault . The season premiered to 1.96 million viewers and a 0.9 rating in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic . Christmas - themed episode `` Holiday Madness '' , hit season highs in all key demos with 2.1 in The CW 's target demo of women 18 -- 34 , a 1.4 in adults 18 -- 34 and a 1.1 in adults 18 -- 49 . It was also the most watched episode in over a year with 2.2 million viewers tuning in . The season finale aired on May 16 , 2011 . The season averaged 1.75 million live viewers and a 0.9 adults 18 -- 49 rating . It was released on DVD in the United States on August 30 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Regular 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guest Stars 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Storylines 3.2 Cast 4 Reception 5 DVD release 6 References Cast ( edit ) Regular ( edit ) Shenae Grimes as Annie Wilson ( 22 episodes ) Tristan Wilds as Dixon Wilson ( 22 episodes ) AnnaLynne McCord as Naomi Clark ( 22 episodes ) Ryan Eggold as Ryan Matthews ( 11 episodes ) Jessica Stroup as Erin Silver ( 22 episodes ) Michael Steger as Navid Shirazi ( 20 episodes ) Jessica Lowndes as Adrianna Tate - Duncan ( 22 episodes ) Matt Lanter as Liam Court ( 22 episodes ) Gillian Zinser as Ivy Sullivan ( 21 episodes ) Trevor Donovan as Teddy Montgomery ( 18 episodes ) Lori Loughlin as Debbie Wilson ( 15 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Blair Redford as Oscar ( 10 episodes ) Evan Ross as Charlie Selby ( 9 episodes ) Kelly Lynch as Laurel Cooper ( 9 episodes ) Kyle Riabko as Ian ( 9 episodes ) Josh Zuckerman as Max Miller ( 8 episodes ) Manish Dayal as Raj Kher ( 7 episodes ) Nestor Serrano as Victor Luna ( 7 episodes ) Hal Ozsan as Miles Cannon ( 7 episodes ) Abbie Cobb as Emily Bradford ( 6 episodes ) Freddie Smith as Marco Salazar ( 5 episodes ) Sara Foster as Jennifer `` Jen '' Clark ( 5 episodes ) Diego Boneta as Javier Luna ( 2 episodes ) Amanda Leighton as Alex Scarborough ( 2 episodes ) Special Guest Stars ( edit ) Kim Kardashian as herself ( 1 episode ) Khloe Kardashian as herself ( 1 episode ) Joe Jonas as himself ( 1 episode ) Nelly as himself ( 1 episode ) Snoop Dogg as himself ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of 90210 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Senior Year , Baby '' Stuart Gillard Jennie Snyder Urman September 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) 1.96 Beverly Hills is rocked by an earthquake during the first day of the school year . Naomi has spent the summer in isolation , dealing with the aftermath of her rape by Mr. Cannon and keeping it a secret . Annie and Dixon are dealing with the absence of their father who has walked out on the family , while Debbie tries to hold the family together without Harry and a job . Meanwhile , Teddy and Silver find themselves happier than ever until he suffers a leg injury that could end his tennis career forever . Annie applies for an internship at a local theater company called the Abbott Playhouse . Navid welcomes Adrianna back from her tour with Javier , but their arrival brings an unexpected death . Ivy returns from Australia with her an old childhood friend , named Oscar , which makes Dixon uncomfortable . Elsewhere , Annie and Liam confront their feelings for each other . 48 `` Age of Inheritance '' Liz Friedlander Padma L. Atluri September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) 1.83 After turning eighteen , Naomi finds out she can now access the money in her large trust fund , so she decides to throw herself a huge birthday party at the Beach Club where she hires the Honey Brothers band to perform . Meanwhile , Dixon , Navid , and Teddy decide to take Oscar out for a night on the town , but their party ends when Ivy finds a Facebook photo of a drunk Dixon doing a body shot off a girl . Annie has an instant connection with Charlie , a guy she meets at a coffee shop . Jen is forced to go on bed rest until she delivers the baby and has no choice but to allow Ryan into her life . Elsewhere , Adrianna uses Javier 's song book to get back in good favor with the label . Entourage 's Adrian Grenier performs with his band at Naomi 's birthday party . 49 `` 2021 Vision '' Millicent Shelton Tod Himmel September 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) 1.96 Naomi has constant flashbacks to her rape and begins taking sleeping pills in order to sleep through the night . Mr. Cannon invites Silver over to his apartment to watch his new documentary and slips something in her drink . Meanwhile , Teddy wakes up from a night of drinking and realizes he hooked up with someone , but does not remember who . Dixon learns that Ivy is a virgin . At her intern job , Annie confronts her boss , Katherine , about her awkward behavior and is shocked when she makes Annie an offer she may not be able to refuse . Adrianna sings another song stolen out of Javier 's songbook at his memorial service , but she soon regrets it when a video of her music number goes viral . 50 `` The Bachelors '' David Warren David S. Rosenthal October 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) 1.79 Silver plans a cancer - awareness charity event to honor her late mother and enlists the boys to appear in a bachelor auction . Ian , a theater student at West Bev , is brought in to help choreograph a dance number for the auction , but all comes to a stand - still when Teddy directs some negative words toward him . The two later get into a fight . Meanwhile , Annie and Adrianna discover the truth about Naomi and Mr. Cannon from Silver . Elsewhere , Annie discovers Debbie 's money problems since Harry walked out on her and decides to take Katherine 's offer . A surprising connection between Charlie and Liam is revealed . Javier 's uncle , Victor , begins to blackmail Adrianna with exposure by forcing her to work for him . Also , Ivy and Dixon decide to spend the night together , but Dixon hits the brakes when his ex-girlfriend , Sasha , returns with some life - altering news . 51 5 `` Catch Me If You Cannon '' Jim Conway Terrence Coli October 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 11 ) 1.81 Silver , Naomi , and Adrianna craft a plan to seduce Mr. Cannon to prove he raped Naomi , but they underestimate his ability to control the situation . Teddy and Ian are forced to do manual labor as a punishment for fighting . Dixon fears for his life and pushes Ivy away , leading her straight into the arms of Oscar ( just as he planned the whole time for ) . Meanwhile , Jen looks for a new assistant and Debbie applies for the job . Debbie also finds out about the arrangement between Annie and Katherine and forbids Annie from fulfilling it . 52 6 `` How Much Is That Liam in the Window '' Stuart Gillard David S. Rosenthal & Jennie Snyder Urman October 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) 2.03 When Jen and Ryan find out about Naomi 's rape , Jen decides to take matters into her own hands , while Ryan 's job may be in jeopardy when he encourages Naomi to come forward with him as a witness despite the fact that his own secret about accidentally wrecking the school sign will be revealed . Adrianna 's manager , Victor , continues to blackmail her and goes even further when he encourages her to go topless at a photo - shoot . Annie discovers a darker side of Charlie when she sneaks in to observe a staged reading of his play . Liam lands a job modeling in the window of a clothing store and receives a job opportunity from a mysterious customer , named Laura , that he ca n't refuse . Dixon apologizes to Ivy unaware that she decided to lose her virginity to someone else . Also , Oscar confronts Ivy and Laurel about his shocking past . 53 7 `` I See London , I See France ... '' Krishna Rao Scott Weinger November 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) 2.00 Ryan helps Naomi press charges against Mr. Cannon and as a result , both Mr. Cannon and Ryan are suspended from their jobs . Oscar has a run - in with Mr. Cannon and unintentionally helps Naomi with her case when he sets his sights on her as his next conquest . Navid finds out that his father is employing an underage girl in his pornography business . Meanwhile , Ivy tells Dixon what happened between her and Oscar , which he predictably does not take well . Teddy struggles with rumors and innuendo about his suspected impotency . Liam continues his job of carrying purses for Laura , until he finds out that she is a drug dealer running a business right out of her mother 's own house . Elsewhere , Navid and Silver attend the Achievement Awards dinner while Annie , Teddy , Liam , Dixon , Ivy and Ian attend an under - achievement ceremony , called `` The Undies '' , at the Beach Club . 54 8 `` Mother Dearest '' Oz Scott Paul Sciarrotta November 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 08 ) 1.89 Annie and Dixon drive to Pomona to visit their father , but unexpectedly meet a young woman at his door making them leave without seeing Harry . Later , Debbie tells Annie and Dixon that she knows all about the younger woman living with Harry whom is his new wife . The Wilson family decides to move on by removing all traces Harry 's existence from the house and their lives and from then on live as if Harry never existed . After a series of mishaps with her baby , Jen leaves Jacques with Ryan and leaves town . Ivy and Naomi join forces to humiliate and take down Oscar . Meanwhile , Navid asks Silver to help prove that his father is lying to him about employing underage girls at his studio by asking Silver to go undercover . Also , Victor demands Adrianna attend a red carpet event with Joe Jonas , rather than Navid . 55 9 `` They 're Playing Her Song '' Rob Hardy Jennie Snyder Urman & Jenna Lamia November 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 15 ) 1.76 Teddy decides to visit a gay bar in West Hollywood , but is forced to turn to Ian for help when he forgets his wallet . Meanwhile , Annie is ready to take her relationship with Charlie to the next level , but is mortified when his college friends catch a glimpse of her in lingerie . Meanwhile , Ryan turns to Debbie for parental advice , and the two end up hooking up . Navid deals with the fallout at school and at home after turning his father in to the authorities . Also , Adrianna continues to be oblivious to Navid 's situation due to her newfound fame . 56 10 `` Best Lei 'd Plans '' David Warren David S. Rosenthal & Deborah Schoeneman November 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 29 ) 2.01 Naomi jumps back into the dating world and tries to impress one of Ivy 's surfer friends , Zach , by pretending to know how to surf . Still upset with her mother over the Oscar situation , Ivy decides to build a relationship with her estranged father . Not knowing she has feelings for Ryan , Annie and Dixon sign Debbie up for an online dating service . While at the beach luau , Teddy gets jealous when he sees Ian with another guy and allows his feelings to control his actions . Meanwhile , Adrianna and Navid 's relationship becomes strained , leading him into the arms of Silver . Elsewhere , Liam learns more about Laura and of her ex-boyfriend whom he attempts to make jealous in her favor . 57 11 `` Holiday Madness '' Dennis Smith Rebecca Sinclair December 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 06 ) 2.18 Adrianna leases an expensive new house and throws a housewarming Christmas party to celebrate her new record deal . After having enough of her egotistical attitude , Victor decides to reveal Adrianna 's secret on the Internet . Annie spends the night with Liam when he comes back from the hospital , and the two rekindle their romance . Ivy 's father 's unexpected intentions lead her to reconcile with her mother . After deciding to keep their relationship a secret , Ian and Teddy kiss unaware that Dixon saw them . Meanwhile , Navid and Silver confess their true feelings towards each other ... and share a kiss . Elsewhere , Naomi continues to reject Oscar 's advances whom tries to ask her out on a date to the Christmas party . Naomi attends solo and later returns home not knowing that Mr. Cannon is awaiting her . 58 12 `` Liars '' Stuart Gillard Tod Himmel January 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 24 ) 1.69 Naomi is taken hostage in her apartment by an out - of - control Mr. Cannon who also lures Silver into the situation . Meanwhile , Annie and Dixon 's cousin Emily from Kansas comes to town for an extended visit , but Emily immediately gets on Annie 's nerves . Dixon confronts Teddy about his kiss with Ian and promises to keep his secret . Ivy has a near fatal accident during surf practice that makes her question her ability to compete in the surf competition . Adrianna 's world continues to crumble when she appears on a talk show to tell her side of the story , and she is blindsided by a surprise guest when Victor appears to give `` his '' side of the story . Given Adrianna 's disastrous situation , Navid and Silver continue to keep their hook - ups a secret . 59 13 `` It 's Getting Hot in Here '' Liz Friedlander David S. Rosenthal January 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 31 ) 1.67 Naomi , Adrianna , Silver , and Annie decide to have a girls ' weekend and head to a yoga retreat in Ojai . Annie attempts to be a good cousin and invites Emily along for the weekend but confronts her about being a downer on the trip . Emily begins to show her true devious colors when she purposefully neglects to wake Annie up for a sweat lodge session and uses the opportunity to manipulate and turn the rest of the girls against Annie . Naomi , who originally thought the retreat was silly , suddenly decides to extend her stay as a way to recover from her encounter with Mr. Cannon . Silver runs into Navid at the retreat , and the two have a secret rendezvous . Adrianna returns from the retreat and calls a tabloid newspaper to sell an exclusive story . Back in Beverly Hills , Debbie plans a romantic dinner at her house for Ryan , but they are interrupted by Dixon , forcing Ryan to quickly find a place to hide . Elsewhere , Charlie finally realizes that Annie has feelings for Liam , and leaves to study abroad in France . 60 14 `` All About a Boy '' Harry Sinclair Paul Sciarrotta February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) 1.75 Navid breaks up with Adrianna after learning how she used the baby she gave up for adoption to sell a story to a tabloid news magazine . Adrianna then leans on Silver for support and makes a shocking discovery . Meanwhile , Annie gets the opportunity to audition for a play but Emily sabotages her by letting it slip about Debbie 's romance with Ryan . Teddy is being blackmailed and is surprised to find out who is behind it . At Ian 's encouragement , Teddy decides to come out to his friends . Naomi returns from her spiritual retreat and decides to throw a party for Guru Sona but realizes that she may not be the person she thinks she is . Also , Ivy has reservations about getting back in the water after her accident . 61 15 `` Revenge with the Nerd '' Millicent Shelton Terrence Coli February 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 14 ) 1.37 Dixon and Navid convince a music producer to shoot a music video for Nelly at Shirazi Studios to keep the struggling studio in business . Adrianna 's suspicions about Navid having cheated on her are confirmed , and she informs Silver about her plot for revenge . Meanwhile , Emily attempts to distract Annie in an effort to seduce Liam . Teddy turns to Silver for support after coming out and his breakup with Ian . Elsewhere , reality producers follow Adrianna and her friends around trying to shoot a pilot , and Naomi is surprised by her reaction to a nerdy lab partner , Max , who helps her out with Guru Sona . 62 16 `` It 's High Time '' Krishna Rao Padma Alturi February 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 21 ) 1.52 The crafty and manipulative Emily continues to cause mayhem in Annie 's life by messing with Liam , her friends , and maliciously gets Annie fired from her internship at the Abbott Playhouse and even goes as far as to provoke Annie into physically attacking her to get her suspended from school . Annie eventually realizes that no one will believe her about the not - so - innocent and no - good Emily 's true nature and begins to work on a plan to defeat Emily at her own game . Meanwhile , Silver convinces Navid to sign the release for Adrianna 's TV reality show to help distract her from their secret relationship . Naomi keeps her feelings for Max to herself . Ivy meets a new guy , named Raj , and they strike up a friendship over their use of medical marijuana . Elsewhere , Dixon , Navid , and Liam take Teddy out on the town to show that they are trying to accept him after his coming out . After watching footage from her Christmas party , Adrianna makes a stunning realization . 63 17 `` Blue Naomi '' Elizabeth Allen David S. Rosenthal February 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) 1.45 Naomi attempts to impress Max by dressing up in an Avatar costume , but it does n't get the response that she was aiming for . Dixon and Navid formalize their partnership , and a chance encounter with Snoop Dogg could mean good news for them and Shirazi Studios 2.0 . Adrianna 's vindictive ways deepen after discovering the truth about Navid and Silver 's romance , and she vows to get back at both of them . Meanwhile , Annie and Liam secretly work together to expose Emily for the cynical person that she really is to everyone . As a result , Emily decides to leave town , but does n't tell Debbie of the reason why she is leaving . Elsewhere , Raj confides in Ivy about his past , revealing a shocking secret . 64 18 `` The Enchanted Donkey '' David Paymer Story by : Rebecca Sinclair Teleplay by : Rebecca Sinclair & Paul Sciarrotta April 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 18 ) 1.72 The group decides to spend spring break in Mexico , where things get out of control for everyone . Naomi brings along Max on the ruse that she intends to ask him for further tutoring with schoolwork . Annie and Liam spend quality time together to take in the scenery until an accident confines Annie to their hotel room . Teddy runs into Tripp , his former boarding school roommate and crush . Ivy uses the time to keep distant from Raj after thinking that he may die soon and confides in Dixon about her recent problems . Meanwhile , the rift between Silver and Adrianna comes to a shocking head . 65 19 `` Nerdy Little Secrets '' Harry Sinclair David Rosenberg April 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 25 ) 1.74 Naomi becomes tired and more insecure of hiding her relationship with Max and , afraid that he might be cheating on her , follows him to an academic decathlon event to confront him , but soon regrets what happens . Navid becomes worried when Silver begins to behave erratically after Adrianna secretly swipes Silver 's bipolar medication . Meanwhile , Annie forms a bond with Marla Templeton , a veteran actress whom she is hired to work for . Elsewhere , Raj helps Ivy get over her fear of getting into the water again . 66 20 `` Women on the Verge '' Stuart Gillard Scott Weinger & Jenna Lamia May 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) 1.47 After receiving some distressing news , Silver has an emotional breakdown , causing Navid and Dixon to stage an intervention . Meanwhile , Annie persuades Marla to attend a Hollywood movie re-release premiere of one of her old films after Marla confides in Annie about her serious health problems . When Teddy discovers Marco has been lying to him , he begins to question if Marco is cheating on him , but learns that Marco is actually hiding something else . Naomi learns that Max was accepted to a college in a different state , while Ryan has an unexpected visitor when Jen Clark returns . 67 21 `` The Prom Before the Storm '' Mike Listo David Rosenthal & Terrence Coli May 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) 1.43 Just as everyone is preparing for the upcoming senior prom , Annie and Dixon receive some devastating news concerning their futures when they are told by Debbie that she can not afford to send them to private universities . Meanwhile , Ivy discovers that Raj 's health has taken a turn for the worse . Elsewhere , Adrianna takes the opportunity to try to rekindle her relationship with Navid while Silver is hospitalized in a psych ward following her relapse with her bipolar disorder . Silver begins to figure out that Adrianna may have swiped her medication , but has difficulty convincing Navid . Also , Naomi and Max 's relationship is tested to the limit when she finds out he cheated on a paper for her . Elsewhere , Jen tries to win Ryan back by wanting him to move to Paris with her . 68 22 `` To the Future ! '' Rebecca Sinclair Rebecca Sinclair & Paul Sciarotta May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 1.64 As graduation looms , Naomi makes a decision that could prevent her from graduating with her class when she takes all the blame for cheating on her term paper to save Max from getting in trouble with her . Meanwhile , Liam tells Annie that he does n't want to go to college with her , and Adrianna is ostrized from the group when they accidentally find out her scheme to get revenge on Silver . The next day , an impromptu wedding takes place as Raj and Ivy get married in a traditional Indian ceremony . Among the group , only Ivy 's mother , Laurel , disapproves of Ivy 's sudden choice to get married for she is aware of Raj 's failing health . Also , Debbie , feeling that there is nothing in California for her anymore , decides to move on with her life by moving to Paris with Ryan . At the end , Naomi visits Max at his house where she tells him that she is pregnant . Production ( edit ) The CW officially renewed 90210 for a third season on February 16 , 2010 . On May 20 , 2010 the network announced its decision to move 90210 to Monday nights at 8 : 00 pm Eastern / 7 : 00 pm Central , as a lead - in to Gossip Girl . Together , 90210 and Gossip Girl have the highest concentration of women 18 -- 34 on network television , said The CW . The series is produced by CBS Television Studios , with Rebecca Sinclair as executive producer . The season premiered on September 13 , 2010 . The series returned from its midseason break on January 24 , 2011 , with the season finale airing on May 16 , 2011 . Storylines ( edit ) I kinda feel like there will be some downward spiral in a way for Naomi 's character , but she 's good at covering , so she 'll still have that facade . `` '' -- AnnaLynne McCord on what fans can expect to see from Naomi in season 3 after being attacked by Mr Cannon . The third season of 90210 welcomed the students of West Beverly Hills High School to their senior year with a surprising new family and the destruction of another . Adrianna 's pop career blossomed and a new love will caused the fall out of a group of friends . An earthquake hit Beverly Hills in the premiere . `` We wanted to open the season with an event that has both physical and emotional ramifications for several people , '' said co-executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman , who added that the tremors would prove particularly life - altering for one teen . `` One of them has a very serious injury that takes time to resolve and sort of changes the direction of his or her life . '' It was revealed during the summer of 2010 that either Liam , Navid , or Teddy would come out as gay in season 3 . Co-executive producer , Jennie Urman said of that matter , `` We want to address the issue in a real and relatable way . '' The character was later revealed as Teddy . Silver 's bi-polar disorder was revisited after Adrianna tampered with her medication when implementing a plot for revenge . In Season 3 , Adrianna also sees a boom in her entertainment career as an aspiring reality TV star , though is eventually driven to desperate ends to keep her show alive , such as the pronouncement that she will be seeking to regain the daughter she once gave up for adoption . TVLine revealed that a major character would find out that she was pregnant in the finale . It was later revealed that Naomi was the character in question . Cast ( edit ) I finished my stint there and the show is kind of off on its own , and I 'm happy to walk away . It was fun , there 's a lot of energy . My friend was producing the first season of the new show , and so that was kind of my motivation to be a part of it . And then he left and it just kind of got a little wonky , so I was happy to be a part of it in the beginning . `` '' -- Jennie Garth on leaving the series . On February 25 , 2010 , Gillian Zinser , who plays Ivy Sullivan , was promoted to series regular for the third season . On May 20 , 2010 , with the reveal of The CW 's fall schedule , the series regulars for the third season were announced . Shenae Grimes , Tristan Wilds , AnnaLynne McCord , Ryan Eggold , Jessica Stroup , Michael Steger , Jessica Lowndes , Matt Lanter and Lori Loughlin were all announced to be continuing their roles on the show . It was also announced that Trevor Donovan , who plays Teddy Montgomery , was upgraded to series regular . In January 2010 , it was confirmed that Jennie Garth would be leaving 90210 to focus more on her writing . Two days later it was announced that series lead , Rob Estes would also be departing the series . Failure to reach an agreement in contract negotiations have been cited as a factor in Estes ' departure , though , he apparently leaves on good terms with the producers and the network . The producers said they were willing to let them go as they are `` trying to establish a separate identity for the new show , '' and want to focus on the younger cast members and not those who starred Beverly Hills , 90210 and Melrose Place . A representative for 90210 told E ! Online , `` This is Rob 's last season on 90210 . He 's a talented actor and we could n't have asked for a better Harry Wilson . '' The actor also released a statement regarding his exit saying , `` This is my final season on 90210 and I wish the show , cast and crew nothing but the best . I am looking forward to spending time with my kids and exploring other opportunities . '' On June 29 , 2010 , it was announced that Kim Kardashian , Kourtney Kardashian and Khloé Kardashian would guest - star in the season premiere as themselves . However , it was later revealed that just Kim and Khloe had filmed scenes . Adrian Grenier appeared in one episode with his band at Naomi 's 18th birthday party . Entertainment Weekly Blair Redford was cast in a recurring role as a character named Oscar . They revealed he would move in with Ivy and her mother . Evan Ross joined the cast as Charlie , an older newcomer who gets tangled up in a love triangle with two main cast members . Zap2It reported that Mekia Cox would reprise her role as Sasha in the October 3 episode . Kyle Riabko was cast as Ian , a love interest of Teddy . Joe Jonas guest starred in the eighth episode of the season , escorting Adrianna on a red carpet event . Abbie Cobb began a recurring role in January 2011 . She portrayed Annie and Dixon 's cousin , Emily , who came to Beverly Hills with the purpose of stealing everything and everybody in Annie 's life . Claudia Black joined the cast as Guru Sona , a yoga teacher who Naomi comes to rely on when she meets the characters at a retreat . On December 1 , 2010 , Movieline announced that rapper Nelly would play himself in an episode of the show in 2011 . They revealed the storyline would focus on Dixon ( Tristan Wilds ) and Navid ( Michael Steger ) getting involved in the video shoot for Nelly 's song ' She 's So Fly ' . Kyle Riabko left the series to make himself available for the pilot season . Freddie Smith replaced Riabko as Teddy 's new love interest , Marco . He was described as `` hot '' , `` super-athletic '' and openly gay . Snoop Dogg made a cameo appearance as himself in the later half of the season when he ran into Dixon at a carwash . Alan Ritchson guest starred in the seasons eighteenth episode as a former prep - school roommate of Teddy 's , who hooks up with him . Oscar nominee , Sally Kellerman appeared in a multi-episode arc as Marla , a former movie star who is suffering from dementia and has become a hoarder . Marla hired Annie to help her clean out her house . Manish Dayal was cast in a recurring role as Raj , who became involved in Ivy 's life . Josh Zuckerman was cast in a recurring role as Max Miller , a nerdy student and Naomi 's lab partner whom Naomi develops feelings for . Reception ( edit ) A line graph detailing the trend of viewership for the third season The season premiere was watched by 1.96 million live viewers in the United States and achieved a 0.9 rating in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic , up 22.5 % in viewers and 12.5 % in demo from the season two finale . Episode 11 achieved season highs in all key demos with a 1.1 adults 18 -- 49 rating , a 1.4 in adults 18 -- 34 and a 2.1 rating in The CW 's target demographic of women 18 -- 34 . It was also the most watched episode since October , 2009 with 2.18 million viewers tuning in . Episode 15 hit series lows in women 18 -- 34 with a 1.0 rating and matched series lows in adults 18 -- 49 with a 0.7 rating . The season finale scored a 0.8 rating in adults 18 -- 49 , which was lifted to a 1.2 rating with a full week of DVR viewing taken into account . The season averaged 1.75 million viewers and a 0.9 rating in adults 18 -- 49 . With live + 7 day DVR viewing taken into account , it averaged 2.26 million viewers and a 1.2 rating . In the UK episode eight was seen by 548,000 viewers , which was higher than the pilot episode `` We 're Not in Kansas Anymore '' . `` Best Lei 'd Plans '' continued upwards with 604,000 viewers becoming the No. 2 rated show on E4 that week . Critical reception for the season was mostly positive . TVfanatic.com rated the season premiere 3.7 out of 5 and said , `` The series started from scratch in a lot of ways , manufacturing brand new developments that added to 90210 's fluidity problem , yet may prove to be promising if the drama can actually stick with certain developments and see them through . '' Mark Estes of TVOverMind said `` The West Beverly kids are back and is it just me or did they NOT disappoint tonight ? '' His review of the second episode was also positive stating , `` Two in a row ? 90210 is really coming back strong this year as tonight 's episode introduced new people , new plot lines , and the makings of a villain in the increasingly slimy Oscar . '' DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season three was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . 90210 : The Third Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 913 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 876 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 877 ( Region 4 ) 6 - disc set 1.85 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Subtitles : English , Danish , Dutch , Finnish , Norwegian and Spanish ( Region 1 ) English , Arabic , Dutch , Norwegian , Swedish , English For The Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) Audio commentaries : `` Coming Out '' `` Behind the Scenes with Michael Steger and Matt Lanter Kime Buzzelli , Artist '' `` A 90210 Wedding '' `` A Season in Review : Senior Year '' `` Deleted Scenes '' Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia August 30 , 2011 . August 15 , 2011 July 18 , 2012 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 20 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 27 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Castle Adjusted Down ; Chuck , Rules , Hawaii Five - 0 , 90210 Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siedman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Castle , Lie to Me , 90210 Adjusted Down ; How I Met Your Mother , Mike & Molly , Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Castle , Dancing Adjusted Down ; How I Met Your Mother , Two And A Half Men , 90210 Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Castle Adjusted Down , Still Beats Five - 0 ; Dancing , Rules , Men , Mike & Molly , Lie , 90210 Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Castle Adjusted Down Slightly ; Chuck Holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Dancing , Castle , Mike & Molly , Rules , Men Adjusted Down ; Lauer GWB Interview , 90210 Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Mike & Molly , Lie to Me Adjusted Down ; How I Met Your Mother Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : No Change for ChuckOr Any Other Original Episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' 90210 , ' ' 2.5 Men ' Adjusted Up ; ' Skating With The Stars , ' ' Castle ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Chuck ' Drops , But Only a Little ; No Change for ' Lie To Me ' or ' Castle ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustments For ' Chuck , ' ' Lie To Me , ' ' The Cape ' Or Any Other Original Episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Finals : No Ratings Adjustments For ' Chuck ' or ' The Chicago Code ' ; ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No 18 - 49 Adjustments For ' Mad Love , ' ' Chuck ' Or Any Other Shows '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Chuck ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor , ' ' The Cape ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Chicago Code , ' ' Cougar Town , ' ' Gossip Girl ' Adjusted Down ; ' Mike & Molly , ' ' Mad Love , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' Mike & Molly , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Chuck , ' ' Dancing , ' ' House , ' ' Mother , ' ' Mad Love , ' ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' Mad Love , ' ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Chicago Code ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Korbi ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` The CW renews ' Top Model , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Gossip Girl , ' ' 90210 ' -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Zap 2 It . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` The CW Announces 2010 -- 11 Schedule '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Network announces Fall premiere dates '' ( Press release ) . The CW Television Network . June 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WHEN 'S THE SEASON FINALE OF YOUR FAVORITE SHOW ? '' . The CW ( official website ) . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ House , M.L. ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 Season Two Finale Spoiler : All About Naomi '' . tvfanatic.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : 90210 's Prime - Time Shake - Up '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Which ' 90210 ' hottie is gay ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Emily ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 ' Gay Male Character Revealed ! '' . MTV . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Scoop : 90210 Revisits Silver 's Bipolar Battle '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` 90210 Pregnancy Mystery : Who 's About to Break Some Big Baby News ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Jennie Garth explains ' 90210 ' exit '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 ' ups Gillian Zinser to series regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ SCHREFFLER , LAURA ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! Peter Facinelli Confirms : Jennie Garth is Leaving ' 90210 ′ '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : 90210 Star Rob Estes Quits The Hit Show '' . RadarOnline . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Korbi ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 ' : Rob Estes leaving , Harry Wilson will be written out '' . Zap 2 It . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dos Santos , Kristin ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Insiders Reveal Why Rob Estes and Jennie Garth Are Leaving 90210 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kardashian Sisters to Play Themselves on 90210 '' . People . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Khloe Kardashian : ' 90210 was a blast ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 : An exclusive first look at Adrian Grenier 's musical appearance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 ' Exclusive : Soap star lands Oscar - worthy role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DiNunno , Gina ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Diana Ross ' Son Joins the Cast of 90210 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( September 2 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 ' : ' Undercovers ' Mekia Cox returns to shake up Dixon 's world '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' Grey 's , ' ' Chuck , ' ' Glee , ' ' 90210 , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 ' Exclusive : Adrianna falls for ... Joe Jonas ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Meet 90210 's Newest Troublemaker '' . Movieline . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : 90210 Casts Stargate Alum Claudia Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Red - Hot Rap Star Nelly To Visit 90210 '' . Movie Line . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 Exclusive : Meet Teddy 's New ( Major Spoiler Alert ) ! '' . Movieline . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` 90210 Exclusive : Snoop Dogg Makes a Pit Stop ! '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` 90210 Exclusive : Teddy Hooks Up With Aquaman ! '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` 90210 Exclusive : Oscar Nominee Sally Kellerman Cast as Annie 's New Boss '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rohit , Parimal ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' 90210 ' Has First - Ever Lead Character of Indian Origin '' . Buzzinebollywood . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ZIMBIO -- News Stars On The Set Of ' 90210 ' In Los Angeles ( Josh Zuckerman ) '' . zimbio . January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute And % Gains In Season 's Final Full Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Tops DVR Ratings Gain For The 2010 -- 11 Season ; ' Fringe ' Has Biggest % Increase By DVR '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes ( See relevant weeks and choose E4 ) '' . BARB.co.uk . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 Season Premiere Review : `` Senior Year , Baby '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Estes , Mark ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 3.01 `` Senior Year , Baby ! '' Recap / Review `` . Zap 2 It . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Estes , Mark ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 3.02 `` Age of Inheritance '' Recap `` . Zap 2 It . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 -- The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsonDVD . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 - The 3rd Season '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . ( hide ) Beverly Hills , 90210 Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Characters Donna Martin Dylan McKay Kelly Taylor Brenda Walsh Misc Home video releases Soundtrack The Unauthorized Beverly Hills , 90210 Story Melrose Place ( 1992 -- 99 ) Seasons 5 6 7 Characters Jane Mancini Michael Mancini Matt Fielding Jake Hanson Jo Reynolds Amanda Woodward Sydney Andrews Kimberly Shaw Lexi Sterling Misc The Unauthorized Melrose Place Story 90210 ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Seasons 5 Characters Naomi Clark Erin Silver Adrianna Tate - Duncan Teddy Montgomery Misc Soundtrack Other series Models Inc. ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Melrose Place ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=90210_(season_3)&oldid=814900085 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 16 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do they find out about emily 90210 | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n47\n1\n\"Senior Year, Baby\"\nStuart Gillard\nJennie Snyder Urman\nSeptember 13, 2010 (2010-09-13)\n1.96[1]\n\n\nBeverly Hills is rocked by an earthquake during the first day of the school year. Naomi has spent the summer in isolation, dealing with the aftermath of her rape by Mr. Cannon and keeping it a secret. Annie and Dixon are dealing with the absence of their father who has walked out on the family, while Debbie tries to hold the family together without Harry and a job. Meanwhile, Teddy and Silver find themselves happier than ever until he suffers a leg injury that could end his tennis career forever. Annie applies for an internship at a local theater company called the Abbott Playhouse. Navid welcomes Adrianna back from her tour with Javier, but their arrival brings an unexpected death. Ivy returns from Australia with her an old childhood friend, named Oscar, which makes Dixon uncomfortable. Elsewhere, Annie and Liam confront their feelings for each other.\n\n\n48\n2\n\"Age of Inheritance\"\nLiz Friedlander\nPadma L. Atluri\nSeptember 20, 2010 (2010-09-20)\n1.83[2]\n\n\nAfter turning eighteen, Naomi finds out she can now access the money in her large trust fund, so she decides to throw herself a huge birthday party at the Beach Club where she hires the Honey Brothers band to perform. Meanwhile, Dixon, Navid, and Teddy decide to take Oscar out for a night on the town, but their party ends when Ivy finds a Facebook photo of a drunk Dixon doing a body shot off a girl. Annie has an instant connection with Charlie, a guy she meets at a coffee shop. Jen is forced to go on bed rest until she delivers the baby and has no choice but to allow Ryan into her life. Elsewhere, Adrianna uses Javier's song book to get back in good favor with the label. Entourage's Adrian Grenier performs with his band at Naomi's birthday party.\n\n\n49\n3\n\"2021 Vision\"\nMillicent Shelton\nTod Himmel\nSeptember 27, 2010 (2010-09-27)\n1.96[3]\n\n\nNaomi has constant flashbacks to her rape and begins taking sleeping pills in order to sleep through the night. Mr. Cannon invites Silver over to his apartment to watch his new documentary and slips something in her drink. Meanwhile, Teddy wakes up from a night of drinking and realizes he hooked up with someone, but does not remember who. Dixon learns that Ivy is a virgin. At her intern job, Annie confronts her boss, Katherine, about her awkward behavior and is shocked when she makes Annie an offer she may not be able to refuse. Adrianna sings another song stolen out of Javier's songbook at his memorial service, but she soon regrets it when a video of her music number goes viral.\n\n\n50\n4\n\"The Bachelors\"\nDavid Warren\nDavid S. Rosenthal\nOctober 4, 2010 (2010-10-04)\n1.79[4]\n\n\nSilver plans a cancer-awareness charity event to honor her late mother and enlists the boys to appear in a bachelor auction. Ian, a theater student at West Bev, is brought in to help choreograph a dance number for the auction, but all comes to a stand-still when Teddy directs some negative words toward him. The two later get into a fight. Meanwhile, Annie and Adrianna discover the truth about Naomi and Mr. Cannon from Silver. Elsewhere, Annie discovers Debbie's money problems since Harry walked out on her and decides to take Katherine's offer. A surprising connection between Charlie and Liam is revealed. Javier's uncle, Victor, begins to blackmail Adrianna with exposure by forcing her to work for him. Also, Ivy and Dixon decide to spend the night together, but Dixon hits the brakes when his ex-girlfriend, Sasha, returns with some life-altering news.\n\n\n51\n5\n\"Catch Me If You Cannon\"\nJim Conway\nTerrence Coli\nOctober 11, 2010 (2010-10-11)\n1.81[5]\n\n\nSilver, Naomi, and Adrianna craft a plan to seduce Mr. Cannon to prove he raped Naomi, but they underestimate his ability to control the situation. Teddy and Ian are forced to do manual labor as a punishment for fighting. Dixon fears for his life and pushes Ivy away, leading her straight into the arms of Oscar (just as he planned the whole time for). Meanwhile, Jen looks for a new assistant and Debbie applies for the job. Debbie also finds out about the arrangement between Annie and Katherine and forbids Annie from fulfilling it.\n\n\n52\n6\n\"How Much Is That Liam in the Window\"\nStuart Gillard\nDavid S. Rosenthal & Jennie Snyder Urman\nOctober 25, 2010 (2010-10-25)\n2.03[6]\n\n\nWhen Jen and Ryan find out about Naomi's rape, Jen decides to take matters into her own hands, while Ryan's job may be in jeopardy when he encourages Naomi to come forward with him as a witness despite the fact that his own secret about accidentally wrecking the school sign will be revealed. Adrianna's manager, Victor, continues to blackmail her and goes even further when he encourages her to go topless at a photo-shoot. Annie discovers a darker side of Charlie when she sneaks in to observe a staged reading of his play. Liam lands a job modeling in the window of a clothing store and receives a job opportunity from a mysterious customer, named Laura, that he can't refuse. Dixon apologizes to Ivy unaware that she decided to lose her virginity to someone else. Also, Oscar confronts Ivy and Laurel about his shocking past.\n\n\n53\n7\n\"I See London, I See France...\"\nKrishna Rao\nScott Weinger\nNovember 1, 2010 (2010-11-01)\n2.00[7]\n\n\nRyan helps Naomi press charges against Mr. Cannon and as a result, both Mr. Cannon and Ryan are suspended from their jobs. Oscar has a run-in with Mr. Cannon and unintentionally helps Naomi with her case when he sets his sights on her as his next conquest. Navid finds out that his father is employing an underage girl in his pornography business. Meanwhile, Ivy tells Dixon what happened between her and Oscar, which he predictably does not take well. Teddy struggles with rumors and innuendo about his suspected impotency. Liam continues his job of carrying purses for Laura, until he finds out that she is a drug dealer running a business right out of her mother's own house. Elsewhere, Navid and Silver attend the Achievement Awards dinner while Annie, Teddy, Liam, Dixon, Ivy and Ian attend an under-achievement ceremony, called \"The Undies\", at the Beach Club.\n\n\n54\n8\n\"Mother Dearest\"\nOz Scott\nPaul Sciarrotta\nNovember 8, 2010 (2010-11-08)\n1.89[8]\n\n\nAnnie and Dixon drive to Pomona to visit their father, but unexpectedly meet a young woman at his door making them leave without seeing Harry. Later, Debbie tells Annie and Dixon that she knows all about the younger woman living with Harry whom is his new wife. The Wilson family decides to move on by removing all traces Harry's existence from the house and their lives and from then on live as if Harry never existed. After a series of mishaps with her baby, Jen leaves Jacques with Ryan and leaves town. Ivy and Naomi join forces to humiliate and take down Oscar. Meanwhile, Navid asks Silver to help prove that his father is lying to him about employing underage girls at his studio by asking Silver to go undercover. Also, Victor demands Adrianna attend a red carpet event with Joe Jonas, rather than Navid.\n\n\n55\n9\n\"They're Playing Her Song\"\nRob Hardy\nJennie Snyder Urman & Jenna Lamia\nNovember 15, 2010 (2010-11-15)\n1.76[9]\n\n\nTeddy decides to visit a gay bar in West Hollywood, but is forced to turn to Ian for help when he forgets his wallet. Meanwhile, Annie is ready to take her relationship with Charlie to the next level, but is mortified when his college friends catch a glimpse of her in lingerie. Meanwhile, Ryan turns to Debbie for parental advice, and the two end up hooking up. Navid deals with the fallout at school and at home after turning his father in to the authorities. Also, Adrianna continues to be oblivious to Navid's situation due to her newfound fame.\n\n\n56\n10\n\"Best Lei'd Plans\"\nDavid Warren\nDavid S. Rosenthal & Deborah Schoeneman\nNovember 29, 2010 (2010-11-29)\n2.01[10]\n\n\nNaomi jumps back into the dating world and tries to impress one of Ivy's surfer friends, Zach, by pretending to know how to surf. Still upset with her mother over the Oscar situation, Ivy decides to build a relationship with her estranged father. Not knowing she has feelings for Ryan, Annie and Dixon sign Debbie up for an online dating service. While at the beach luau, Teddy gets jealous when he sees Ian with another guy and allows his feelings to control his actions. Meanwhile, Adrianna and Navid's relationship becomes strained, leading him into the arms of Silver. Elsewhere, Liam learns more about Laura and of her ex-boyfriend whom he attempts to make jealous in her favor.\n\n\n57\n11\n\"Holiday Madness\"\nDennis Smith\nRebecca Sinclair\nDecember 6, 2010 (2010-12-06)\n2.18[11]\n\n\nAdrianna leases an expensive new house and throws a housewarming Christmas party to celebrate her new record deal. After having enough of her egotistical attitude, Victor decides to reveal Adrianna's secret on the Internet. Annie spends the night with Liam when he comes back from the hospital, and the two rekindle their romance. Ivy's father's unexpected intentions lead her to reconcile with her mother. After deciding to keep their relationship a secret, Ian and Teddy kiss unaware that Dixon saw them. Meanwhile, Navid and Silver confess their true feelings towards each other... and share a kiss. Elsewhere, Naomi continues to reject Oscar's advances whom tries to ask her out on a date to the Christmas party. Naomi attends solo and later returns home not knowing that Mr. Cannon is awaiting her.\n\n\n58\n12\n\"Liars\"\nStuart Gillard\nTod Himmel\nJanuary 24, 2011 (2011-01-24)\n1.69[12]\n\n\nNaomi is taken hostage in her apartment by an out-of-control Mr. Cannon who also lures Silver into the situation. Meanwhile, Annie and Dixon's cousin Emily from Kansas comes to town for an extended visit, but Emily immediately gets on Annie's nerves. Dixon confronts Teddy about his kiss with Ian and promises to keep his secret. Ivy has a near fatal accident during surf practice that makes her question her ability to compete in the surf competition. Adrianna's world continues to crumble when she appears on a talk show to tell her side of the story, and she is blindsided by a surprise guest when Victor appears to give \"his\" side of the story. Given Adrianna's disastrous situation, Navid and Silver continue to keep their hook-ups a secret.\n\n\n59\n13\n\"It's Getting Hot in Here\"\nLiz Friedlander\nDavid S. Rosenthal\nJanuary 31, 2011 (2011-01-31)\n1.67[13]\n\n\nNaomi, Adrianna, Silver, and Annie decide to have a girls' weekend and head to a yoga retreat in Ojai. Annie attempts to be a good cousin and invites Emily along for the weekend but confronts her about being a downer on the trip. Emily begins to show her true devious colors when she purposefully neglects to wake Annie up for a sweat lodge session and uses the opportunity to manipulate and turn the rest of the girls against Annie. Naomi, who originally thought the retreat was silly, suddenly decides to extend her stay as a way to recover from her encounter with Mr. Cannon. Silver runs into Navid at the retreat, and the two have a secret rendezvous. Adrianna returns from the retreat and calls a tabloid newspaper to sell an exclusive story. Back in Beverly Hills, Debbie plans a romantic dinner at her house for Ryan, but they are interrupted by Dixon, forcing Ryan to quickly find a place to hide. Elsewhere, Charlie finally realizes that Annie has feelings for Liam, and leaves to study abroad in France.\n\n\n60\n14\n\"All About a Boy\"\nHarry Sinclair\nPaul Sciarrotta\nFebruary 7, 2011 (2011-02-07)\n1.75[14]\n\n\nNavid breaks up with Adrianna after learning how she used the baby she gave up for adoption to sell a story to a tabloid news magazine. Adrianna then leans on Silver for support and makes a shocking discovery. Meanwhile, Annie gets the opportunity to audition for a play but Emily sabotages her by letting it slip about Debbie's romance with Ryan. Teddy is being blackmailed and is surprised to find out who is behind it. At Ian's encouragement, Teddy decides to come out to his friends. Naomi returns from her spiritual retreat and decides to throw a party for Guru Sona but realizes that she may not be the person she thinks she is. Also, Ivy has reservations about getting back in the water after her accident.\n\n\n61\n15\n\"Revenge with the Nerd\"\nMillicent Shelton\nTerrence Coli\nFebruary 14, 2011 (2011-02-14)\n1.37[15]\n\n\nDixon and Navid convince a music producer to shoot a music video for Nelly at Shirazi Studios to keep the struggling studio in business. Adrianna's suspicions about Navid having cheated on her are confirmed, and she informs Silver about her plot for revenge. Meanwhile, Emily attempts to distract Annie in an effort to seduce Liam. Teddy turns to Silver for support after coming out and his breakup with Ian. Elsewhere, reality producers follow Adrianna and her friends around trying to shoot a pilot, and Naomi is surprised by her reaction to a nerdy lab partner, Max, who helps her out with Guru Sona.\n\n\n62\n16\n\"It's High Time\"\nKrishna Rao\nPadma Alturi\nFebruary 21, 2011 (2011-02-21)\n1.52[16]\n\n\nThe crafty and manipulative Emily continues to cause mayhem in Annie's life by messing with Liam, her friends, and maliciously gets Annie fired from her internship at the Abbott Playhouse and even goes as far as to provoke Annie into physically attacking her to get her suspended from school. Annie eventually realizes that no one will believe her about the not-so-innocent and no-good Emily's true nature and begins to work on a plan to defeat Emily at her own game. Meanwhile, Silver convinces Navid to sign the release for Adrianna's TV reality show to help distract her from their secret relationship. Naomi keeps her feelings for Max to herself. Ivy meets a new guy, named Raj, and they strike up a friendship over their use of medical marijuana. Elsewhere, Dixon, Navid, and Liam take Teddy out on the town to show that they are trying to accept him after his coming out. After watching footage from her Christmas party, Adrianna makes a stunning realization.\n\n\n63\n17\n\"Blue Naomi\"\nElizabeth Allen\nDavid S. Rosenthal\nFebruary 28, 2011 (2011-02-28)\n1.45[17]\n\n\nNaomi attempts to impress Max by dressing up in an Avatar costume, but it doesn't get the response that she was aiming for. Dixon and Navid formalize their partnership, and a chance encounter with Snoop Dogg could mean good news for them and Shirazi Studios 2.0. Adrianna's vindictive ways deepen after discovering the truth about Navid and Silver's romance, and she vows to get back at both of them. Meanwhile, Annie and Liam secretly work together to expose Emily for the cynical person that she really is to everyone. As a result, Emily decides to leave town, but doesn't tell Debbie of the reason why she is leaving. Elsewhere, Raj confides in Ivy about his past, revealing a shocking secret.\n\n\n64\n18\n\"The Enchanted Donkey\"\nDavid Paymer\nStory by: Rebecca Sinclair\nTeleplay by: Rebecca Sinclair & Paul Sciarrotta\nApril 18, 2011 (2011-04-18)\n1.72[18]\n\n\nThe group decides to spend spring break in Mexico, where things get out of control for everyone. Naomi brings along Max on the ruse that she intends to ask him for further tutoring with schoolwork. Annie and Liam spend quality time together to take in the scenery until an accident confines Annie to their hotel room. Teddy runs into Tripp, his former boarding school roommate and crush. Ivy uses the time to keep distant from Raj after thinking that he may die soon and confides in Dixon about her recent problems. Meanwhile, the rift between Silver and Adrianna comes to a shocking head.\n\n\n65\n19\n\"Nerdy Little Secrets\"\nHarry Sinclair\nDavid Rosenberg\nApril 25, 2011 (2011-04-25)\n1.74[19]\n\n\nNaomi becomes tired and more insecure of hiding her relationship with Max and, afraid that he might be cheating on her, follows him to an academic decathlon event to confront him, but soon regrets what happens. Navid becomes worried when Silver begins to behave erratically after Adrianna secretly swipes Silver's bipolar medication. Meanwhile, Annie forms a bond with Marla Templeton, a veteran actress whom she is hired to work for. Elsewhere, Raj helps Ivy get over her fear of getting into the water again.\n\n\n66\n20\n\"Women on the Verge\"\nStuart Gillard\nScott Weinger & Jenna Lamia\nMay 2, 2011 (2011-05-02)\n1.47[20]\n\n\nAfter receiving some distressing news, Silver has an emotional breakdown, causing Navid and Dixon to stage an intervention. Meanwhile, Annie persuades Marla to attend a Hollywood movie re-release premiere of one of her old films after Marla confides in Annie about her serious health problems. When Teddy discovers Marco has been lying to him, he begins to question if Marco is cheating on him, but learns that Marco is actually hiding something else. Naomi learns that Max was accepted to a college in a different state, while Ryan has an unexpected visitor when Jen Clark returns.\n\n\n67\n21\n\"The Prom Before the Storm\"\nMike Listo\nDavid Rosenthal & Terrence Coli\nMay 9, 2011 (2011-05-09)\n1.43[21]\n\n\nJust as everyone is preparing for the upcoming senior prom, Annie and Dixon receive some devastating news concerning their futures when they are told by Debbie that she cannot afford to send them to private universities. Meanwhile, Ivy discovers that Raj's health has taken a turn for the worse. Elsewhere, Adrianna takes the opportunity to try to rekindle her relationship with Navid while Silver is hospitalized in a psych ward following her relapse with her bipolar disorder. Silver begins to figure out that Adrianna may have swiped her medication, but has difficulty convincing Navid. Also, Naomi and Max's relationship is tested to the limit when she finds out he cheated on a paper for her. Elsewhere, Jen tries to win Ryan back by wanting him to move to Paris with her.\n\n\n68\n22\n\"To the Future!\"\nRebecca Sinclair\nRebecca Sinclair & Paul Sciarotta\nMay 16, 2011 (2011-05-16)\n1.64[22]\n\n\nAs graduation looms, Naomi makes a decision that could prevent her from graduating with her class when she takes all the blame for cheating on her term paper to save Max from getting in trouble with her. Meanwhile, Liam tells Annie that he doesn't want to go to college with her, and Adrianna is ostrized from the group when they accidentally find out her scheme to get revenge on Silver. The next day, an impromptu wedding takes place as Raj and Ivy get married in a traditional Indian ceremony. Among the group, only Ivy's mother, Laurel, disapproves of Ivy's sudden choice to get married for she is aware of Raj's failing health. Also, Debbie, feeling that there is nothing in California for her anymore, decides to move on with her life by moving to Paris with Ryan. At the end, Naomi visits Max at his house where she tells him that she is pregnant.\n\n"
] | [
"Blue Naomi"
] |
4727928732038147507 | CONCACAF Gold Cup | CONCACAF Gold Cup - wikipedia CONCACAF Gold Cup Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with CONCACAF Cup or CONCACAF Championship . This article is about the men 's competition . For the women 's competition , see CONCACAF Women 's Gold Cup . CONCACAF Gold Cup Organising body CONCACAF Founded 1963 ; 54 years ago ( 1963 ) Region North America , Central America and the Caribbean Number of teams 12 ( later 16 in 2019 ) Related competitions CONCACAF Cup Current champions United States ( 6th title ) Most successful team ( s ) Mexico ( 7 titles ) Website www.concacaf.com/category/gold-cup 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup The CONCACAF Gold Cup ( Spanish : Copa de Oro de la CONCACAF ) ( French : Coupe d'Or de la CONCACAF ) is the main association football ( soccer ) competition of the men 's national football teams governed by CONCACAF , determining the continental champion of North America , Central America , and the Caribbean . The Gold Cup is held every two years . Before 2015 , when the Gold Cup did not fall in the same year as the FIFA Confederations Cup , the winner , or highest - placed team that is a member of both CONCACAF and FIFA , qualified for the next staging of that tournament . Beginning in 2015 , the winners of two successive Gold Cups ( the 2013 and 2015 editions in the first instance ) face each other in CONCACAF Cup -- a playoff to determine the CONCACAF entrant to the next Confederations Cup . If the same team has won the Gold Cup on both relevant occasions , there will be no playoff and that team will automatically qualify for the Confederations Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Championships before CONCACAF 1.2 CONCACAF Championship ( 1963 -- 1989 ) 1.3 CONCACAF Gold Cup ( 1991 -- present ) 2 Tournament results 3 Performance by country 4 Records and statistics 5 Media coverage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Winners of the CONCACAF Gold Cup up to 2017 Championships before CONCACAF ( edit ) Before the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) was formed in 1961 , association football in the region was divided into smaller , regional divisions . The two main bodies consisted of the Confederación Centroamericana y del Caribe de Fútbol ( CCCF ) founded in 1938 ( consisting of Central America and most of the Caribbean ) and the North American Football Confederation ( NAFC ) founded in 1946 ( consisting of the North American nations of United States , Mexico , Canada , and Cuba ) . Each confederation held its own competition , the CCCF Championship and the NAFC Championship . The CCCF held 10 championships from 1941 -- 1961 , Costa Rica winning seven ( 1941 , ' 46 , ' 48 , ' 53 , ' 55 , ' 60 , ' 61 ) , and one each by El Salvador ( 1943 ) , Panama ( 1951 ) and Haiti ( 1957 ) . The NAFC held four championships in 1947 and 1949 and later , after 41 years of absence , in 1990 and 1991 for the North American zone as the North American Nations Cup with Mexico winning two ( 47 & ' 49 ) and Canada winning one ( 1990 ) before the introduction of the CONCACAF Gold Cup . CONCACAF Championship ( 1963 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see CONCACAF Championship . CONCACAF was founded in 1961 through the merging of NAFC and CCCF which resulted in a single championship being held for the continent . The first CONCACAF tournament was held in 1963 in El Salvador with Costa Rica becoming the first champion . The CONCACAF Campeonato de Naciones , as it was called , was held every two years from 1963 -- 1973 . The second tournament was held in Guatemala in 1965 when Mexico defeated the host country in the final of a six - team tournament . The 1967 competition was held in Honduras and saw a third champion crowned , Guatemala . Costa Rica won their second title as hosts in 1969 , knocking off Guatemala , while two years later , Mexico won their second championship as the tournament moved to Trinidad & Tobago , the first time in the Caribbean . In 1973 , the tournament kept the same format of six teams playing a single round - robin , but there were bigger stakes attached : CONCACAF 's berth in the FIFA World Cup tournament in 1974 . In Port - au - Prince , Haiti , the host country pulled off a shocking upset by winning the tournament and claiming a spot in the World Cup in West Germany . With the Campeonato de Naciones doubling as the final World Cup qualifying tournament , the next two editions were held in Mexico City and Tegucigalpa , Honduras in 1977 and 1981 , respectively . In each case the host country was crowned champion and earned a spot in the World Cup . In 1985 and 1989 , the winner of the World Cup qualifying tournament was again crowned Confederation champion . Canada and Costa Rica were named champions in 1985 and 1989 , receiving a trophy . CONCACAF Gold Cup ( 1991 -- present ) ( edit ) In 1990 , CONCACAF brought the CONCACAF Championship to an end and created the CONCACAF Gold Cup , with the USA hosting the first competition in 1991 . The host country was the inaugural champion of the eight - team tournament . Mexico dominated the remainder of the decade , winning three consecutive CONCACAF Gold Cup titles in 1993 , 1996 and 1998 . In 1996 , the Gold Cup field included its first guest team , the defending FIFA World Cup Champions Brazil . Guests were invited to participate in the six Gold Cup tournaments from 1996 to 2005 . Starting with the 2000 Gold Cup , the tournament field was increased to twelve teams and for the 2007 tournament , the Gold Cup again was contested exclusively by nations within CONCACAF . The 2007 Gold Cup was contested in the United States where the hosts successfully defended their title beating Mexico in the final 2 -- 1 in Chicago ; Canada and Guadeloupe shared third place . Mexico won the 2009 Gold Cup by beating the United States 5 -- 0 . In the 2011 Gold Cup , Mexico defeated the USA 4 -- 2 in the final while the USA won the 2013 Gold Cup by beating Panama 1 -- 0 . Since the formation of the Gold Cup in 1991 , the CONCACAF Championship has been won seven times by Mexico , six times by the United States , and once by Canada . Runners - up include Brazil , Colombia , Costa Rica , Honduras , Panama , and Jamaica . In January 2017 , Victor Montagliani announced the expansion of the Gold Cup from 12 to 16 teams , starting with the 2019 tournament . Tournament results ( edit ) CONCACAF Gold Cup Year Host Final Third Place Match Winner Score Runner - up 3rd Place Score 4th Place 1991 Details United States United States 0 -- 0 a.e.t. ( 4 -- 3 pen . ) Honduras Mexico 2 -- 0 Costa Rica 1993 Details United States Mexico Mexico 4 -- 0 United States Costa Rica Jamaica 1 -- 1 a.e.t. Details United States Mexico 2 -- 0 Brazil United States 3 -- 0 Guatemala 1998 Details United States Mexico 1 -- 0 United States Brazil 1 -- 0 Jamaica 2000 Details United States Canada 2 -- 0 Colombia Not Held Peru Trinidad and Tobago 2002 Details United States United States 2 -- 0 Costa Rica Canada 2 -- 1 South Korea 2003 Details United States Mexico Mexico 1 -- 0 a.s.d.e.t. Brazil United States 3 -- 2 Costa Rica 2005 Details United States United States 0 -- 0 a.e.t. ( 3 -- 1 pen . ) Panama Not held Colombia Honduras 2007 Details United States United States 2 -- 1 Mexico Canada Guadeloupe 2009 Details United States Mexico 5 -- 0 United States Costa Rica Honduras 2011 Details United States Mexico 4 -- 2 United States Honduras Panama 2013 Details United States United States 1 -- 0 Panama Honduras Mexico 2015 Details United States Canada Mexico 3 -- 1 Jamaica Panama 1 -- 1 a.e.t. ( 3 -- 2 pen . ) United States 2017 Details United States United States 2 -- 1 Jamaica Not held Costa Rica Mexico 2019 TBA TBD - TBD TBD Costa Rica and Jamaica shared third place . Teams in italics are guest nations . Performance by country ( edit ) The following table shows cumulative top four results for all editions of the CONCACAF Gold Cup . The Third Place column lists third - place match winners , and teams eliminated in semi-finals in years without a third - place match . Team Winners Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place Mexico 7 ( 1993 , 1996 , 1998 , 2003 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) 1 ( 2007 ) 3 ( 1991 , 2013 , 2017 ) -- United States 6 ( 1991 , 2002 , 2005 , 2007 , 2013 , 2017 ) 4 ( 1993 , 1998 , 2009 , 2011 ) 2 ( 1996 , 2003 ) 1 ( 2015 ) Canada 1 ( 2000 ) -- 2 ( 2002 , 2007 ) -- Panama -- 2 ( 2005 , 2013 ) 2 ( 2011 , 2015 ) -- Jamaica -- 2 ( 2015 , 2017 ) 1 ( 1993 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Brazil -- 2 ( 1996 , 2003 ) 1 ( 1998 ) -- Honduras -- 1 ( 1991 ) 4 ( 2005 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 ) -- Costa Rica -- 1 ( 2002 ) 3 ( 1993 , 2009 , 2017 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2003 ) Colombia -- 1 ( 2000 ) 1 ( 2005 ) -- Peru -- -- 1 ( 2000 ) -- Trinidad and Tobago -- -- 1 ( 2000 ) -- Guadeloupe -- -- 1 ( 2007 ) -- Guatemala -- -- -- 1 ( 1996 ) South Korea -- -- -- 1 ( 2002 ) Records and statistics ( edit ) Main article : CONCACAF Gold Cup records and statistics Media coverage ( edit ) In the United States , the CONCACAF Gold Cup airs on Fox Sports ( since 2007 ) and Univision Deportes ( since 2000 ) . In Mexico it airs on Televisa and TV Azteca . In Canada it switched to TSN in 2017 , after years on Sportsnet . See also ( edit ) 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Football continental championships References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup - Technical Report '' ( pdf ) . CONCACAF. 12 November 2007 . p. 4 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 , 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners will play one - off match for 2017 Confederations Cup berth '' . MLS Soccer. April 5 , 2013 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ www.goldcup.org Jump up ^ `` 1985 Gabriel Kafaty Cup '' . Flickr . 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Montagliani happy with 2016 , sees big things for CONCACAF in new year '' . Jamaica Observer. 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Of course the Gold Cup is this year and it is the last edition of 12 teams as we will increase it to 16 for the 2019 version . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to CONCACAF Gold Cup . Official Gold Cup Site at CONCACAF.com Copa Oro coverage on Univision.com Gold Cup at RSSSF Gold Cup & Championship on RSSSF Archive CONCACAF Gold Cup CONCACAF Championship ( 1963 -- 1989 ) Editions United States 1991 United States / Mexico 1993 United States 1996 United States 1998 United States 2000 United States 2002 United States / Mexico 2003 United States 2005 United States 2007 United States 2009 United States 2011 United States 2013 United States / Canada 2015 United States 2017 TBA 2019 Finals 1991 1993 1998 2000 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Squads 1991 1993 1998 2000 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 CONCACAF Cup United States 2015 TBA 2019 Qualification Copa Centroamericana Caribbean Cup CONCACAF Gold Cup qualification ( CFU -- UNCAF play - off ) Statistics Finals Goalscorers Records and statistics Venues CONCACAF Championship Editions El Salvador 1963 Guatemala 1965 Honduras 1967 Costa Rica 1969 Trinidad and Tobago 1971 Haiti 1973 Mexico 1977 Honduras 1981 1985 ( No fixed venue ) 1989 ( No fixed venue ) Squads 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1977 1981 1985 CONCACAF Gold Cup ( since 1991 ) CONCACAF competitions National team tournaments CONCACAF era Current CONCACAF Gold Cup Olympic U-20 U-17 U-15 CONCACAF Cup CONCACAF Women 's Gold Cup Olympic U-20 U-17 U-15 Futsal Championship CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship Regional Copa Centroamericana Caribbean Cup CONCACAF Gold Cup qualification ( CFU -- UNCAF play - off ) Multi-sport events Pan-American Games Central American and Caribbean Games Central American Games Copa América Centenario Defunct CONCACAF Championship North American Nations Cup CFU Championship Proposed CONCACAF Nations League Pre-CONCACAF Defunct NAFC ( NAFC Championship ) CCCF ( CCCF Championship CCCF Youth Championship ) Club tournaments CONCACAF tournaments Champions League CONCACAF League CONCACAF Futsal Club Championship Regional CFU Club Championship Supercopa Centroamericana UNCAF Women 's Interclub Championship Invitational tournaments Copa Libertadores Copa Sudamericana ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Recopa Sudamericana Defunct tournaments Copa Interamericana Copa Interclubes UNCAF CONCACAF Cup Winners Cup CONCACAF Giants Cup North American SuperLiga International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-17 U-20 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , WAFF ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-20 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA - ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IGA - Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football North American championships Olympic sports Team sports Beach volleyball Football men women Handball men women Rugby sevens men women Volleyball men women Individual sports Athletics outdoor cross country Table tennis Non-Olympic sports Team sports Beach soccer Cricket Futsal Rugby union men women Individual sports Rally LCCN : nb2013008781 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CONCACAF_Gold_Cup&oldid=796438157 '' Categories : CONCACAF Gold Cup CONCACAF competitions Recurring sporting events established in 1991 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing French - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won the most concacaf gold cups | [
"\n\nTeam\nWinners\nRunners-up\nThird Place\nFourth Place\n\n\n Mexico\n7 (1993, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2009, 2011, 2015)\n1 (2007)\n3 (1991, 2013, 2017)\n—\n\n\n United States\n6 (1991, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2013, 2017)\n4 (1993, 1998, 2009, 2011)\n2 (1996, 2003)\n1 (2015)\n\n\n Canada\n1 (2000)\n—\n2 (2002, 2007)\n—\n\n\n Panama\n—\n2 (2005, 2013)\n2 (2011, 2015)\n—\n\n\n Jamaica\n—\n2 (2015, 2017)\n1 (1993)\n1 (1998)\n\n\n Brazil\n—\n2 (1996, 2003)\n1 (1998)\n—\n\n\n Honduras\n—\n1 (1991)\n4 (2005, 2009, 2011, 2013)\n—\n\n\n Costa Rica\n—\n1 (2002)\n3 (1993, 2009, 2017)\n2 (1991, 2003)\n\n\n Colombia\n—\n1 (2000)\n1 (2005)\n—\n\n\n Peru\n—\n—\n1 (2000)\n—\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n—\n—\n1 (2000)\n—\n\n\n Guadeloupe\n—\n—\n1 (2007)\n—\n\n\n Guatemala\n—\n—\n—\n1 (1996)\n\n\n South Korea\n—\n—\n—\n1 (2002)\n\n"
] | [
"Mexico"
] |
4383825374809762664 | Guardians of the Galaxy (1969 team) | Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team ) - wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team ) Jump to : navigation , search For the modern team , see Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2008 team ) . Guardians of the Galaxy The Guardians of the Galaxy as featured in Guardians of the Galaxy # 1 ( June 1990 ) . Art by Jim Valentino Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 ( January 1969 ) Created by Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas In - story information Base ( s ) Freedom 's Lady USS Captain America Member ( s ) List of Guardians of the Galaxy members The original Guardians of the Galaxy are a superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The Guardians first appear in Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 ( Jan. 1969 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional team history 2.1 Connection to the `` Modern '' Guardians 3 Membership 4 In other media 5 Collected editions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Publication history ( edit ) Roy Thomas recounted , ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' started out as an idea of mine : about super-guerrillas fighting against Russians and Red Chinese who had taken over and divided the USA . I got a sort of general approval out of ( editor - in - chief ) Stan ( Lee ) ( I think ) , and gave the idea to Arnold Drake , since I had not time to write and research it . Arnold went in for a conference with Stan , and Stan ( maybe Arnold , too ) decided to change it to an interplanetary situation . All the characters and situations in Guardians were created by Arnold and / or Stan . The team first appeared in the partial reprint title Marvel Super-Heroes with issue # 18 ( Jan. 1969 ) , written by Arnold Drake and penciled by Gene Colan . Despite strong sales on this issue , the Guardians of the Galaxy would not appear again for over five years , in Marvel Two - In - One # 4 -- 5 ( July -- Sept. 1974 ) . The story 's writer , Steve Gerber , liked the team enough to use them again in Giant Size Defenders # 5 and Defenders # 26 -- 29 ( July -- Nov. 1975 ) . In each case , other heroes such as Captain America , the Thing , and the Defenders aid them in their war against the alien Badoon , necessitating the liberal use of time travel in these stories . The Guardians were finally given their own series , Marvel Presents , starting with issue # 3 ( Feb. 1976 ) . Steve Gerber , still handling the writing chores , reflected , `` Most of the stories I was scripting were set in the present . I wanted to do something that combined the standard superhero elements with something a little different , so that I could give my imagination a bit more play . We had Dave Cockrum redesign the costumes , we created a new starship for them to pilot , and we revised the premise of the strip , so that they were no longer fighting the Badoon on Earth , and sent them off amongst the stars . '' Gerber left the series after seven issues , leaving Roger Stern to take over with Marvel Presents # 10 . The series was cancelled shortly afterwards due to poor sales , with the final issue being # 12 ( August 1977 ) . This was followed by a series of appearances in Thor Annual # 6 ( 1977 ) , The Avengers # 167 -- 177 ( Jan. -- Nov. 1978 ) and # 181 ( March 1979 ) , Ms. Marvel # 23 , Marvel Team - Up # 86 ( Oct. 1979 ) , and Marvel Two - in - One # 61 - # 63 & # 69 ( Nov. 1980 ) . Marvel Two - in - One # 69 drastically changed the Guardians of the Galaxy story ; due to changes made to the past of one of the members , the future which the Guardians of the Galaxy come from and the mainstream Marvel Universe are permanently separated , becoming alternate timelines to each other . After this , the Guardians of the Galaxy were absent from published stories for over a decade . In 1989 , Marvel editor - in - chief Tom DeFalco decided to revive the Guardians of the Galaxy in order to cash in on the soaring popularity of the TV series Star Trek : The Next Generation . DeFalco worked out a series concept using a new team of Guardians , but when he saw a series proposal for the original team that Jim Valentino had coincidentally been working on at the same time , he green lit Valentino 's idea instead . The Guardians ' first self - titled comic launched in June 1990 and ran for 62 issues . This series was initially written and illustrated by Valentino , who deliberately gave it an action - oriented , `` fun '' feel that stood out from the typical `` grim ' n ' gritty '' comics of the 1990s . Though Valentino had plotted the series ahead as far as issue # 50 , his run was cut short when he co-founded Image Comics . Having taken on two new series and the foundation of a publication company , Valentino asked editor Craig Anderson if he could switch to just writing Guardians of the Galaxy , and in response Anderson dismissed him from the series . With issue # 29 ( Oct. 1992 ) Michael Gallagher commenced writing the title , and continued until its cancellation with issue # 62 ( July 1995 ) . According to Kevin West , who became the penciller with issue # 30 ( Nov. 1992 ) , he and Gallagher worked together closely on the series , employing the Marvel method of creation , and soon became good friends . A spin - off four - issue miniseries , Galactic Guardians ( July -- Oct. 1994 ) , also by Gallagher and West , appeared during this time . West explained why he did not draw the final issue of Guardians of the Galaxy : `` When I heard we were getting the hook , I naturally started looking for a new job . I ended up at Malibu . There was a hold - up getting the Guardians plot finished so by the time I got it , I had to pass because I had a Malibu deadline to meet . Arrgh . Despite any minor qualms I had , I really did enjoy working on the series . '' A second volume was published in May 2008 , written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning . The title , set in a different timeline , features a new team , drawn from participants in the Annihilation : Conquest storyline . The 1969 team made guest appearances in # 12 -- 17 and # 25 . A new ongoing series starring the original Guardians , titled Guardians 3000 and written by Abnett , launched in 2014 . Fictional team history ( edit ) The Guardians are active in the 31st century in an alternative time - line of the Marvel Universe known as Earth - 691 . The original members of the team include Major Vance Astro ( later known as Major Victory ) , an astronaut from 20th century Earth who spends a thousand years travelling to Alpha Centauri in suspended animation . He is also the future alternative universe counterpart of Vance Astrovik , the hero known as Justice . Other original team members are Martinex T'Naga , a crystalline being from Pluto ; Captain Charlie - 27 , a soldier from Jupiter ; and Yondu Udonta , a blue - skinned `` noble savage '' from Centauri - IV ( the fourth planet orbiting the star Alpha Centauri B) . Each is apparently the last of their kind and they are forced to unite as a team against the actions of the Badoon , an alien race which attempts to conquer Earth 's solar system . During the course of the war against the Badoon , the team gains three more members - the mysterious husband and wife duo , Starhawk and Aleta , as well as Nikki , a genetically engineered young girl from Mercury seeking excitement in her life - and travel back in time , where they encounter several of the heroes of 20th century Earth , including Captain America and the Thing . The Guardians eventually defeat the Badoon , but soon find themselves facing a new foe called Korvac , who was in part a creation of the Badoon . After teaming with the Thunder God Thor to defeat Korvac in the 31st century , the Guardians then follow Korvac to 20th century mainstream Earth , where together with the Avengers they fight a final battle . The Guardians reappear years later and have a series of adventures in their future , with several others eventually joining the team : the Inhuman Talon , the Skrull Replica , the second Yellowjacket ( alias Rita DeMara of the 20th century ) , and an aged Simon Williams ( now called Hollywood , Man of Wonder ) . Wanting to expand the Guardians to a multiple team organization , Martinex eventually leaves the team to look for additional members for a second unit , nicknamed the Galactic Guardians . Connection to the `` modern '' Guardians ( edit ) During their second mission , the team that was to become the Earth - 616 incarnation of the Guardians discover a time displaced Vance Astro in a block of ice floating in space . It is his introduction as `` Major Victory of the Guardians of the Galaxy '' that inspires the team to take up the name . In # 7 and # 16 of the series , it was revealed a great `` error '' in the present day has caused the future to be destroyed -- Starhawk is constantly trying to prevent it by time travel , causing the future ( and the Guardians ) to be altered . Only Starhawk , who is changed with each reboot but is `` one who knows '' about the changes , realizes anything is different , but each change still ends in a cataclysm . In # 17 , the Guardians ' future was a universe where only a small portion remained undestroyed , which had been taken over by the Badoon . A warning was sent to the present day , though at the cost of the universe being ended . The Vance Astro of the modern - day Guardians is revealed to be a Major Victory from one of these altered futures , rather than the original . A second potential Vance Astro appears in # 17 . In # 18 , a third version of the Guardians ' future was shown : this time led by Killraven against the Martians . Membership ( edit ) Main article : List of Guardians of the Galaxy members In other media ( edit ) Various members of the original Guardians of the Galaxy team are featured in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , including Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta , Sylvester Stallone as Stakar Ogord , Michael Rosenbaum as Martinex T'Naga , Ving Rhames as Charlie - 27 , Michelle Yeoh as Aleta Ogord , Krugarr and an uncredited Miley Cyrus as the voice of Mainframe . They are revealed to be an interstellar group of thieves , smugglers , and pirates known as the Ravagers . The Ravagers are broken into groups that follow a strong code and work ethic . Yondu broke the code by transporting children to Ego unaware of his evil intent . Upon learning of the truth , he saved Peter Quill from the same fate . Nevertheless , his actions resulted in Stakar exiling Yondu 's faction from the rest of the Ravagers . In the film 's climax , Yondu sacrifices himself to save Quill , earning the respect of the rest of the Ravagers and convincing them to get back together and form their own team . Collected editions ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy : Earth Shall Overcome ( 978 - 0785137863 ) : Collects Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 , Marvel Two - in - One # 4 -- 5 , Giant - Size Defenders # 5 , and Defenders # 26 -- 29 . Guardians of the Galaxy : The Power of Starhawk ( 9780785137887 ) : Collects Marvel Presents # 3 -- 12 . Guardians of the Galaxy : Tomorrow 's Avengers Vol. 1 ( 978 - 0785166870 ) : Collects Marvel Super Heroes # 18 , Marvel Two - In - One # 4 - 5 , Giant - Size Defenders # 5 , Defenders # 26 - 29 , Marvel Presents 3 - 12 Guardians of the Galaxy : Tomorrow 's Avengers Vol. 2 ( 978 - 0785167556 ) : Collects Thor Annual # 6 ; Avengers # 167 - 168 , 170 - 177 , 181 ; Ms. Marvel # 23 ; Marvel Team - Up # 86 ; Marvel Two - In - One # 61 - 63 , 69 Guardians of the Galaxy : Quest for the Shield ( 0871358794 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 1 -- 6 . Released in February , 1992 . Guardians of the Galaxy by Jim Valentino Vol. 1 ( 978 - 0785184201 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 1 - 7 and Annual # 1 , plus material from Fantastic Four Annual # 24 , Thor Annual # 16 and Silver Surfer Annual # 4 Guardians of the Galaxy by Jim Valentino Vol. 2 ( 978 - 0785185635 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 8 - 20 Guardians of the Galaxy by Jim Valentino Vol. 3 ( 978 - 0785198123 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 21 - 29 , Annual # 2 , Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 Guardians of the Galaxy Classic by Jim Valentino Omnibus ( 978 - 1302904395 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 1 - 29 , Annual # 1 - 2 , and Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 , plus material from Fantastic Four Annual # 24 , Thor Annual # 16 and Silver Surfer Annual # 4 Guardians of the Galaxy Classic : In the Year 3000 Vol. 1 ( 978 - 1302900618 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 30 - 39 , Annual # 3 , and material from Marvel Comics Present # 134 Guardians of the Galaxy Classic : In the Year 3000 Vol. 2 ( 978 - 1302902148 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 40 - 50 , Galactic Guardians # 1 - 4 , and material from Annual # 4 Guardians of the Galaxy Classic : In the Year 3000 Vol. 3 ( 978 - 1302904432 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 51 - 62 , and material from Annual # 4 Guardians 3000 Vol. 1 : Time After Time ( 978 - 0785193128 ) : Collects Guardians 3000 # 1 - 5 , and material from Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 # 13 Korvac Saga : Warzones ! ( 978 - 0785193135 ) : Collects Guardians 3000 # 6 - 8 , Korvac Saga # 1 - 4 See also ( edit ) List of superhero debuts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Buttery , Jarrod ( July 2013 ) . `` Explore the Marvel Universe of the 31st Century with ... the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 65 ) : 24 -- 35 . Jump up ^ DeFalco , Tom ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1960s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . Dorling Kindersley . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0756641238 . The Guardians of the Galaxy were a science - fiction version of the group from the movie Dirty Dozen ( 1967 ) and were created by writer Arnold Drake and artist Gene Colan . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 2 , # 1 ( May 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Original Guardians of the Galaxy Get Ongoing Guardians 3000 Series in October '' . Newsarama . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Two - in - One # 4 -- 5 ( July -- September ( bi-monthly ) 1974 ) Jump up ^ Thor Annual # 6 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Avengers # 167 - 177 ( Jan . - Nov. 1978 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 ( January 1969 ) Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 1 , # 62 ( July 1995 ) Jump up ^ Daniell , Mark ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' character has a big future in the MCU '' . The Whig . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige & James Gunn Explain Stallone 's Secret MCU Team '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( Earth - 691 ) at the Comic Book DB Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1990 ) at the Grand Comics Database Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1990 ) at the Comic Book DB Guardians of the Galaxy at the Big Comic Book DataBase Marvel Directory entry Friday Flashback : Guardians of the Galaxy , Newsarama , June 6 , 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( Epcot Attraction ) Marvel Comics ' Earth - 691 Titles Cyberspace 3000 Guardians of the Galaxy Characters Aleta Charlie - 27 Killraven Korvac Martinex Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro Yondu Related articles Badoon Stark List of Guardians of the Galaxy members Marvel 's cosmic setting Alien species Acanti Badoon Beyonders Brood Celestials D'Bari Dire Wraiths Galadorians Kree Kymellians Phalanx Shi'ar Skrulls Symbiotes Watcher Groups Access Blood Brothers Captain Marvel ( Mar - Vell ) High Evolutionary Howard the Duck Maelstrom Magus Molecule Man Nebula Paibok Super-Skrull Thanos Uatu The Watcher Wraith Universal Church of Truth Agents of Cosmos Agent Venom Elders of the Universe Astronomer Champion Collector Contemplator Ego Gardener Grandmaster Obliterator Possessor Runner Trader Fraternity of Raptors Darkhawk Gyre Talon Razor Heralds of Galactus Air - Walker Fallen One Firelord Morg Nova Red Shift Silver Surfer Stardust Terrax Tyrant Imperial Guard ( Shi'ar ) Astra Electron Fang Flashfire Gladiator Hobgoblin Magique Mentor Neutron Nightside Oracle Pulsar Smasher Starbolt Titan Nova Corps Garthan Saal Powerhouse Richard Rider ( Nova Prime ) Rhomann Dey Sam Alexander Royal Family ( Inhumans ) Ahura Boltagon Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak Luna Maximoff Maximus Medusa Triton The Unspoken Spaceknights Ikon Rom the Spaceknight Starshine Microverse Jarella Psycho - Man Psyklop Negative Zone Annihilus Blastaar Ravenous Storylines The Infinity Gauntlet The Infinity War The Infinity Crusade Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative Infinity The Black Vortex Superhuman races Deviants Eternals Inhumans Teams Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Cosmo Gladiator Ikon Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Enigma Force Arcturus Rann Bug Flare Marionette Quark Guardians of the Galaxy Adam Warlock Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Mantis Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Infinity Watch Adam Warlock Drax Gamora Maxam Moondragon Pip the Troll Starjammers Ch'od Corsair Hepzibah Korvus Raza Longknife Sikorsky Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(1969_team)&oldid=806919664 '' Categories : 1990 comics debuts Extraterrestrial superheroes Guardians of the Galaxy Marvel Comics titles Comics characters introduced in 1969 Marvel Comics superhero teams Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Groups pop Moved from supergroup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 23 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did guardians of the galaxy comic book come out | [
"The original Guardians of the Galaxy are a superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Guardians first appear in Marvel Super-Heroes #18 (Jan. 1969)."
] | [
"Jan. 1969"
] |
168812018115981912 | Sea level | Sea level - wikipedia Sea level Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Sea level '' , see Sea level ( disambiguation ) . This marker indicating sea level is situated between Jerusalem and the Dead Sea . Mean sea level ( MSL ) ( often shortened to sea level ) is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earth 's oceans from which heights such as elevations may be measured . MSL is a type of vertical datum -- a standardised geodetic reference point -- that is used , for example , as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation , or , in aviation , as the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured to calibrate altitude and , consequently , aircraft flight levels . A common and relatively straightforward mean sea - level standard is the midpoint between a mean low and mean high tide at a particular location . Sea levels can be affected by many factors and are known to have varied greatly over geological time scales . The careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change , and sea level rise has been widely quoted as evidence of ongoing global warming . The term above sea level generally refers to above mean sea level ( AMSL ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Measurement 1.1 Height above mean sea level 1.1. 1 Difficulties in use 2 Dry land 3 Change 3.1 Local and eustatic 3.2 Short term and periodic changes 3.3 Recent changes 4 Aviation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Measurement ( edit ) Sea level measurements from 23 long tide gauge records in geologically stable environments show a rise of around 200 millimetres ( 7.9 in ) during the 20th century ( 2 mm / year ) . Precise determination of a `` mean sea level '' is difficult to achieve because of the many factors that affect sea level . Sea level varies quite a lot on several scales of time and space . This is because the sea is in constant motion , affected by the tides , wind , atmospheric pressure , local gravitational differences , temperature , salinity and so forth . The easiest way this may be calculated is by selecting a location and calculating the mean sea level at that point and use it as a datum . For example , a period of 19 years of hourly level observations may be averaged and used to determine the mean sea level at some measurement point . To an operator of a tide gauge , MSL means the `` still water level '' -- the level of the sea with motions such as wind waves averaged out -- averaged over a period of time such that changes in sea level , e.g. , due to the tides , also get averaged out . One measures the values of MSL in respect to the land . Hence a change in MSL can result from a real change in sea level , or from a change in the height of the land on which the tide gauge operates . In the UK , the Ordnance Datum ( the 0 metres height on UK maps ) is the mean sea level measured at Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921 . Prior to 1921 , the datum was MSL at the Victoria Dock , Liverpool . In Hong Kong , `` mPD '' is a surveying term meaning `` metres above Principal Datum '' and refers to height of 1.230 m below the average sea level . In France , the Marégraphe in Marseilles measures continuously the sea level since 1883 and offers the longest collapsed data about the sea level . It is used for a part of continental Europe and main part of Africa as official sea level . Elsewhere in Europe vertical elevation references ( European Vertical Reference System ) are made to the Amsterdam Peil elevation , which dates back to the 1690s . Satellite altimeters have been making precise measurements of sea level since the launch of TOPEX / Poseidon in 1992 . A joint mission of NASA and CNES , TOPEX / Poseidon was followed by Jason - 1 in 2001 and the Ocean Surface Topography Mission on the Jason - 2 satellite in 2008 . Height above mean sea level ( edit ) Main article : Elevation Height above mean sea level ( AMSL ) is the elevation ( on the ground ) or altitude ( in the air ) of an object , relative to the average sea level datum . It is also used in aviation , where some heights are recorded and reported with respect to mean sea level ( MSL ) ( contrast with flight level ) , and in the atmospheric sciences , and land surveying . An alternative is to base height measurements on an ellipsoid of the entire Earth , which is what systems such as GPS do . In aviation , the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define heights ; however , differences up to 100 metres ( 328 feet ) exist between this ellipsoid height and mean tidal height . The alternative is to use a geoid - based vertical datum such as NAVD88 . When referring to geographic features such as mountains on a topographic map , variations in elevation are shown by contour lines . The elevation of a mountain denotes the highest point or summit and is typically illustrated as a small circle on a topographic map with the AMSL height shown in metres , feet or both . In the rare case that a location is below sea level , the elevation AMSL is negative . For one such case , see Amsterdam Airport Schiphol . Difficulties in use ( edit ) Ocean Reference ellipsoid Local plumb line Continent Geoid To extend this definition far from the sea means comparing the local height of the mean sea surface with a `` level '' reference surface , or geodetic datum , called the geoid . In a state of rest or absence of external forces , the mean sea level would coincide with this geoid surface , being an equipotential surface of the Earth 's gravitational field . In reality , due to currents , air pressure variations , temperature and salinity variations , etc. , this does not occur , not even as a long - term average . The location - dependent , but persistent in time , separation between mean sea level and the geoid is referred to as ( stationary ) ocean surface topography . It varies globally in a range of ± 2 m . Historically , adjustments were made to sea - level measurements to take into account the effects of the 235 lunar month Metonic cycle and the 223 - month eclipse cycle on the tides . Dry land ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sea level sign seen on cliff ( circled in red ) at Badwater Basin , Death Valley National Park Several terms are used to describe the changing relationships between sea level and dry land . When the term `` relative '' is used , it means change relative to a fixed point in the sediment pile . The term `` eustatic '' refers to global changes in sea level relative to a fixed point , such as the centre of the earth , for example as a result of melting ice - caps . The term `` steric '' refers to global changes in sea level due to thermal expansion and salinity variations . The term `` isostatic '' refers to changes in the level of the land relative to a fixed point in the earth , possibly due to thermal buoyancy or tectonic effects ; it implies no change in the volume of water in the oceans . The melting of glaciers at the end of ice ages is one example of eustatic sea level rise . The subsidence of land due to the withdrawal of groundwater is an isostatic cause of relative sea level rise . Paleoclimatologists can track sea level by examining the rocks deposited along coasts that are very tectonically stable , like the east coast of North America . Areas like volcanic islands are experiencing relative sea level rise as a result of isostatic cooling of the rock which causes the land to sink . On other planets that lack a liquid ocean , planetologists can calculate a `` mean altitude '' by averaging the heights of all points on the surface . This altitude , sometimes referred to as a `` sea level '' , serves equivalently as a reference for the height of planetary features . Change ( edit ) Not to be confused with Past sea level , Current sea - level rise , Future sea level , or Sea level rise . Local and eustatic ( edit ) Water cycles between ocean , atmosphere and glaciers Local mean sea level ( LMSL ) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark , averaged over a period of time ( such as a month or a year ) long enough that fluctuations caused by waves and tides are smoothed out . One must adjust perceived changes in LMSL to account for vertical movements of the land , which can be of the same order ( mm / yr ) as sea level changes . Some land movements occur because of isostatic adjustment of the mantle to the melting of ice sheets at the end of the last ice age . The weight of the ice sheet depresses the underlying land , and when the ice melts away the land slowly rebounds . Changes in ground - based ice volume also affect local and regional sea levels by the readjustment of the geoid and true polar wander . Atmospheric pressure , ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well . Eustatic change ( as opposed to local change ) results in an alteration to the global sea levels due to changes in either the volume of water in the world 's oceans or net changes in the volume of the ocean basins . Short term and periodic changes ( edit ) Melting glaciers can cause a change in sea level There are many factors which can produce short - term ( a few minutes to 14 months ) changes in sea level . Two major mechanisms are causing sea level to rise . First , shrinking land ice , such as mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets , is releasing water into the oceans . Second , as ocean temperatures rise , the warmer water expands . Periodic sea level changes Diurnal and semidiurnal astronomical tides 12 -- 24 h P 0.2 -- 10 + m Long - period tides Rotational variations ( Chandler wobble ) 14 - month P Meteorological and oceanographic fluctuations Atmospheric pressure Hours to months − 0.7 to 1.3 m Winds ( storm surges ) 1 -- 5 days Up to 5 m Evaporation and precipitation ( may also follow long - term pattern ) Days to weeks Ocean surface topography ( changes in water density and currents ) Days to weeks Up to 1 m El Niño / southern oscillation 6 mo every 5 -- 10 yr Up to 0.6 m Seasonal variations Seasonal water balance among oceans ( Atlantic , Pacific , Indian ) Seasonal variations in slope of water surface River runoff / floods 2 months 1 m Seasonal water density changes ( temperature and salinity ) 6 months 0.2 m Seiches Seiches ( standing waves ) Minutes to hours Up to 2 m Earthquakes Tsunamis ( generate catastrophic long - period waves ) Hours Up to 10 m Abrupt change in land level Minutes Up to 10 m Recent changes ( edit ) Main article : Current sea level rise Further information : Global warming , Ocean heat content , and Effects of global warming on oceans For at least the last 100 years , sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm ( 0.1 in ) per year . Most of this rise can be attributed to the increase in temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres ( 1,640 feet ) of sea water . Additional contributions , as much as one - quarter of the total , come from water sources on land , such as melting snow and glaciers and extraction of groundwater for irrigation and other agricultural and human needs . Aviation ( edit ) Main article : Altitude in aviation Pilots can estimate height above sea level with an altimeter set to a defined barometric pressure . Generally , the pressure used to set the altimeter is the barometric pressure that would exist at MSL in the region being flown over . This pressure is referred to as either QNH or `` altimeter '' and is transmitted to the pilot by radio from air traffic control ( ATC ) or an automatic terminal information service ( ATIS ) . Since the terrain elevation is also referenced to MSL , the pilot can estimate height above ground by subtracting the terrain altitude from the altimeter reading . Aviation charts are divided into boxes and the maximum terrain altitude from MSL in each box is clearly indicated . Once above the transition altitude , the altimeter is set to the international standard atmosphere ( ISA ) pressure at MSL which is 1013.25 hPa or 29.92 inHg . See also ( edit ) Above ground level Before Present Chart datum Extreme points of Earth Geopotential height Height above average terrain List of places on land with elevations below sea level Marine terrace Meltwater pulse 1A Metres above the Adriatic Normaal Amsterdams Peil Normal height Normalhöhennull Normalnull North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Ordnance datum ( UK ) Orthometric height Vertical datum World Geodetic System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ What is `` Mean Sea Level '' ? ( Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory ) . Jump up ^ Solomon et al. , Technical Summary , Section 3.4 Consistency Among Observations in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 ; Hegerl et al. , Executive summary , Section 1.3 : Consistency of changes in physical and biological systems with warming in IPCC AR4 SYR 2007 . Jump up ^ US National Research Council , Bulletin of the National Research Council 1932 page 270 Jump up ^ `` Evaluating models of sea state bias in satellite altimetry '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . NASA . 99 ( C6 ) : 12581 . 1994 . Bibcode : 1994JGR ... 9912581G . doi : 10.1029 / 94JC00478 . Roman Glazman Greysukh , A.M. , Zlotnicki , V . Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge pt 3 '' . www.celticnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Eustatic sea level '' . Oilfield Glossary . Schlumberger Limited . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Warming Effects on Sea Level '' . www.climatehotmap.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bruce C. Douglas ( 1997 ) . `` Global Sea Rise : A Redetermination '' . Surveys in Geophysics. 18 ( 2 / 3 ) : 279 -- 292 . Bibcode : 1997SGeo ... 18 ... 279D . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1006544227856 . Jump up ^ Bindoff , N.L. ; Willebrand , J. ; Artale , V. ; Cazenave , A. ; Gregory , J. ; Gulev , S. ; Hanawa , K. ; Le Quéré , C. ; Levitus , S. ; Nojiri , Y. ; Shum , C.K. ; Talley , L.D. ; Unnikrishnan , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Observations : Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level '' ( PDF ) . In Solomon , S. ; Qin , D. ; Manning , M. ; Chen , Z. ; Marquis , M. ; Averyt , K.B. ; Tignor , M. ; Miller , H.L. Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ US Federal Aviation Administration , Code of Federal Regulations Sec . 91.121 External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Sea level variations Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea level . Sea Level Rise : Understanding the past -- Improving projections for the future Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level Global sea level change : Determination and interpretation Environment Protection Agency Sea level rise reports Properties of isostasy and eustasy Measuring Sea Level from Space Rising Tide Video : Scripps Institution of Oceanography Sea Levels Online : National Ocean Service ( CO-OPS ) Système d'Observation du Niveau des Eaux Littorales ( SONEL ) Sea level rise -- How much and how fast will sea level rise over the coming centuries ? ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_level&oldid=805024335 '' Categories : Sea level Geodesy Physical oceanography Oceanographical terminology Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Recent changes Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 15 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is sea level measured in the uk | [
"In the UK, the Ordnance Datum (the 0 metres height on UK maps) is the mean sea level measured at Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921. Prior to 1921, the datum was MSL at the Victoria Dock, Liverpool."
] | [
"Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921"
] |
2993933252209268267 | Flight of the Navigator | Flight of the Navigator - wikipedia Flight of the Navigator Flight of the Navigator Theatrical release poster Directed by Randal Kleiser Produced by Dimitri Villard Robert Wald Screenplay by Michael Burton Matt MacManus Story by Mark H. Baker Starring Joey Cramer Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography James Glennon Eric McGraw ( uncredited ) Edited by Jeff Gourson Janice Parker Production company Walt Disney Pictures Producers Sales Organization New Star Entertainment Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date August 1 , 1986 ( 1986 - 08 - 01 ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $9 million Box office $18,564,613 Flight of the Navigator is a 1986 American science fiction adventure film directed by Randal Kleiser and written by Mark H. Baker , Michael Burton and Matt MacManus . It stars Joey Cramer as David Freeman , a 12 - year - old boy who is abducted by an alien spaceship and finds himself caught in a world that has changed around him . The film 's producers initially sent the project to Walt Disney Pictures in 1984 , but the studio was unable to approve it and it was sent to Producers Sales Organization , which made a deal with Disney to distribute it in the United States . It was partially shot in Fort Lauderdale , Florida and Norway , being a co-production with Norwegian company Viking Film . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Critical reception 6 Remake 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) On the night of July 4 , 1978 , in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , 12 - year - old David Freeman walks through the woods to pick up his 8 - year - old younger brother , Jeff , from a friend 's house when he accidentally falls into a ravine and is knocked unconscious . When he comes to , he discovers that eight years have passed and it is now 1986 . While he has not aged at all , his parents are now middle - aged and Jeff is now 16 . Meanwhile , an alien spaceship crashes through power lines and is promptly confiscated by NASA . David is taken to the hospital for tests where his brainwaves reveal images of the spaceship . Dr. Louis Faraday , who has been studying it since its arrival , persuades David to come to a NASA research facility for just 48 hours for extra tests , promising him that they can help him learn the truth about what happened to him . There , Dr. Faraday discovers that David 's mind is filled with alien technical manuals and star charts covering expanses of the galaxy far exceeding anything humans have recorded . It tells the scientists that he was taken to a planet called Phaelon , 560 light years away , in just over 2.2 hours . They realize that he has experienced severe time dilation as a result of having traveled faster than the speed of light , explaining why eight years have passed on Earth , but not for him . He is unable to comprehend what Dr. Faraday tells him and flees the room , leaving Dr. Faraday muttering that 48 hours will be insufficient to finish his investigation . The next morning , following a telepathic communication from the spaceship , David secretly boards it and meets its robotic commander , `` Trimaxion Drone Ship '' ( or `` Max '' for short ) , which refers to David as the `` Navigator '' . After they escape from the facility , Max tells David that his mission was to travel across the galaxy , collect biological specimens , take them to Phaelon for analysis , and then return them to their homes . Phaelon 's scientists discovered humans only use 10 % of their brain and , as an experiment , filled the remainder of David 's with miscellaneous information . This includes all of the star charts discovered by Phaelon 's astronomers , some of which were shown to the NASA scientists during David 's interrogation . Max then returned him to Earth , but did not take him back to his own time , having determined that a human would be unlikely to survive a trip back in time . Before leaving Earth , Max accidentally crashed the spaceship , erasing all the computer 's star charts and data . Therefore , he needs the information in David 's brain to return home . Max programs the spaceship for a mind transfer , and David is shown the eight remaining alien specimens on board , and bonds with a `` Puckmaren '' , a tiny bat - like one , that is the last of his kind after a comet destroyed its planet , Binpuka Minor . Max performs the mind transfer on David to reacquire the star charts , but in the process also contracts human emotional attributes , resulting in eccentric behavior . He and David start bickering while their antics trigger several UFO reports in Tokyo and other cities . Meanwhile , NASA intern Carolyn McAdams contacts David 's family and tells them about his escape in the spaceship ; as a result , Dr. Faraday has them confined to the house and Carolyn is sent back to the facility . When the spaceship stops at a gas station in the Florida Keys , David calls Jeff and asks him to send a signal to locate their new home . He sets off fireworks on the rooftop . David and Max arrive near the house , but NASA agents , having tracked the spaceship 's every move , get there first . Fearing that he would be institutionalized for life if he remains in 1986 , he orders Max to return him to 1978 , regardless of the risk to his life . After the journey back in time , he wakes up in the ravine , walks home , and finds everything as he left it . During the Fourth of July celebration , he watches Max flash across the sky against the backdrop of fireworks while Jeff is surprised to see the Puckmaren in David 's backpack . Cast ( edit ) Joey Cramer as David Freeman Paul Reubens ( credited as `` Paul Mall '' ) as the voice of Max Cliff DeYoung as Bill Freeman Veronica Cartwright as Helen Freeman Matt Adler as Jeff Freeman Albie Whitaker plays eight - year - old Jeff Freeman Sarah Jessica Parker as Carolyn McAdams Howard Hesseman as Dr. Louis Faraday Jonathan Sanger as Dr. Carr Richard Liberty as Larry Howard Iris Acker as Janet Howard Raymond Forchion as Detective Banks Keri Rogers as Jennifer Bradley Production ( edit ) The Trimaxion Drone Ship was rendered in computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) by Omnibus Computer Animation , under the supervision of Jeff Kleiser , the brother of director Randal Kleiser . Soundtrack ( edit ) The music score for the film was composed by Alan Silvestri . It is distinct from his other scores in being entirely electronically generated , using the Synclavier , one of the first digital multi-track recorders and samplers . Flight of the Navigator Soundtrack album by Alan Silvestri Released 1986 Genre Electronic , film score Theme from `` Flight of the Navigator '' `` Main Title '' `` The Ship Beckons '' `` David in the Woods '' `` Robot Romp '' `` Transporting the Ship '' `` Ship Drop '' `` Have to Help a Friend '' `` The Shadow Universe '' `` Flight '' `` Finale '' `` Star Dancing '' Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mainly positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes rated it a fresh rating of 81 % based on 27 reviews with the consensus : `` Bolstered by impressive special effects and a charming performance from its young star , Flight of the Navigator holds up as a solidly entertaining bit of family - friendly sci - fi . '' Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times said its biggest plus was `` its entirely believable , normal American family . '' The New York Times described it as `` definitely a film most children can enjoy . '' People declared it `` out - of - this - world fun . '' Empire gave it 3 / 5 stars , saying it was `` well - made enough to keep the family happy , but it certainly wo n't challenge them . '' Variety was more critical , announcing that `` instead of creating an eye - opening panorama , Flight of the Navigator looks through the small end of the telescope . '' Dave Kehr gave it 3 stars and described it as `` a new high for Disney . '' Remake ( edit ) In May 2009 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Disney was readying a remake of the film . Brad Copeland was writing the script and Mandeville partners David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would serve as producers . In November 2012 , Disney hired Safety Not Guaranteed 's director Colin Trevorrow and writer / producer Derek Connolly to rewrite the script . In September 2017 , Lionsgate and The Jim Henson Company announced that a reboot of Flight of the Navigator is in pre-production with Joe Henderson from TV 's Lucifer writing the script . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dave Kehr ( July 30 , 1986 ) . `` ' Flight Of Navigator ' A New High For Disney '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Navigator - 1986 - Joey Cramer , Randal Kleiser - Variety Profiles '' . Variety . July 30 , 1986 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) '' . The Powergrid . Wrap News inc . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Damon ; Linda Schreyer ( 2008 ) . From Cowboy to Mogul to Monster : The Neverending Story of Film Pioneer Mark Damon . Bloomington , Indiana : AuthorHouse . p. 376 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4343 - 7737 - 1 . Jump up ^ Charles Solomon ( 1987 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Commentary : Computer Graphics Shows Its Stuff '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Martin ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Jeff Kleiser Discusses the Early CGI of Flight of the Navigator '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Film 's end credits Jump up ^ Kevin Thomas ( 1986 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Flight Of Navigator ' Offers A Family Outing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Caryn James ( 1986 - 07 - 30 ) . `` The Screen : ' Flight Of The Navigator ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Scot Haller ; Tom Cunneff ; Ira Hellman ( 1986 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Picks and Pans Review : Flight of the Navigator '' . People . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Navigator '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Review : '' Flight of the Navigator `` '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2009 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Disney , Mandeville file new ' Flight ' plan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow and Derek Connolly to Rewrite FLIGHT OF THE NAVIGATOR Remake ; Trevorrow May Direct '' . Collider . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ' Flight of the Navigator ' Reboot in Works With ' Lucifer ' Showrunner '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Official website Flight of the Navigator on IMDb Flight of the Navigator at the TCM Movie Database Flight of the Navigator at AllMovie Flight of the Navigator at Box Office Mojo Flight of the Navigator at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Randal Kleiser Peege ( 1973 ) Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Summer Lovers ( 1982 ) Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) Big Top Pee - wee ( 1988 ) Getting It Right ( 1989 ) White Fang ( 1991 ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ( 1992 ) It 's My Party ( 1996 ) Shadow of Doubt ( 1998 ) Love Wrecked ( 2005 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_of_the_Navigator&oldid=854971824 '' Categories : 1986 films English - language films American films Norwegian films 1980s adventure films 1980s science fiction films American children 's adventure films American children 's fantasy films American robot films American science fantasy films American science fiction films Films directed by Randal Kleiser Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films set in 1978 Films set in 1986 Films set in Florida Films shot in Florida Films shot in Norway Fort Lauderdale , Florida Time travel films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 01 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 80's movie about a kid in a spaceship | [
"Flight of the Navigator is a 1986 American science fiction adventure film directed by Randal Kleiser and written by Mark H. Baker, Michael Burton and Matt MacManus. It stars Joey Cramer as David Freeman, a 12-year-old boy who is abducted by an alien spaceship and finds himself caught in a world that has changed around him.\n"
] | [
"Flight of the Navigator"
] |
-3474241572583305206 | List of Texas Revolution battles | List of Texas Revolution battles - wikipedia List of Texas Revolution battles Jump to : navigation , search When General Santa Anna changed the constitution and began operating as a dictator , Federalists throughout the country revolted ; in Texas , an armed uprising began on October 2 when settlers refused to return a small cannon to Mexican troops . This ( Battle of Gonzales ) ended with Mexican troops retreating empty handed to San Antonio de Bexar ( now the U.S. city of San Antonio , Texas ) . Emboldened by their victory , the Texans formed a volunteer army . A small force of Texans traveled down the Texas coastline , defeating Mexican troops at Goliad and at Fort Lipantitlán . The majority of the Texan troops followed General Stephen F. Austin to Bexar , where they initiated a siege of the Mexican garrison . After victories in several skirmishes , including the Battle of Concepción and the Grass Fight , the Texans attacked Bexar . After several days of fighting , the Siege of Bexar ended with the surrender of Mexican general The youngest person in the Alamo was 16 years old Many Texans believed the war was now over , and the majority of the settlers returned to their homes . The remaining troops were garrisoned at the Alamo Mission in Bexar and at Presidio La Bahia in Goliad . In early January , a large number of the remaining soldiers , most of them adventurers recently arrived from the United States , began clamoring to invade Mexico . Colonel Frank W. Johnson and Dr. James Grant began preparing to attack Matamoros . Even before Cos 's defeat , Santa Anna had been making plans to retake Texas . In January , he led the `` Army of Operations in Texas '' towards the rebellious territory . At the Rio Grande , the army divided ; Santa Anna led the bulk of the troops toward Bexar , where he laid siege to the Alamo . The remaining troops , under General Jose de Urrea , traveled up the coastline , easily defeating Johnson and Grant at the battles of San Patricio and Agua Dulce . News of these first Mexican victories cheered the Mexican force gathered at Bexar . On March 6 , Santa Anna ordered an assault on the Alamo ; all but a few of the defenders were killed . A woman , the wife of an Alamo defender , her baby , and a slave of an Alamo defender were released to tell Sam Houston what had happened . They were told to say that everyone would either surrender or die . News of the Texan defeat and approach of the Mexican army terrified the settlers ; in an event later known as the Runaway Scrape , settlers , the Texas government , and the remnants of the Texan army under the command of Sam Houston fled east , away from the approaching army . Houston ordered Colonel James Fannin to abandon Goliad and join his retreat . However , Fannin delayed his departure and sent a quarter of his troops to help evacuate the settlers at Refugio . Centralist forces in the area were stronger than the Texans expected at Refugio and defeated them . After receiving word of the defeat , Fannin finally began his retreat . His men were quickly overtaken and surrounded by Mexican soldiers . Fannin fought courageously at the Battle of Coleto , but was forced to surrender . He and his 300 men were taken prisoner , but just days later were executed in the Goliad Massacre . The only remaining Texan troops were those retreating with Houston . After learning that Santa Anna had again divided his forces , Houston ordered an attack on April 21 , 1836 . Crying `` Remember the Alamo '' and `` Remember Goliad '' , the Texans showed little mercy during the Battle of San Jacinto . Santa Anna was captured in hiding the following day and he ordered his army to return to Mexico , ending the Texas Revolution . Key ( M ) -- Mexican victory ( T ) -- Texan victory Battle Location Date ( s ) Engagement remarks Victor Battle of Gonzales Gonzales October 2 , 1835 This battle resulted in the first casualties of the Texas Revolution . One Mexican soldier killed Battle of Goliad Goliad October 10 , 1835 Texans captured Presidio La Bahia , blocking the Mexican Army in Texas from accessing the primary Texas port of Copano . One Texan was wounded , and estimates of Mexican casualties range from one to three soldiers killed and from three to seven wounded . Battle of Lipantitlán San Patricio November 4 -- 5 , 1835 Texans captured and destroyed Fort Lipantitlán . Most of the Mexican soldiers retreated to Matamoros . One Texan was wounded , and 3 -- 5 Mexican soldiers were killed , with an additional 14 -- 17 Mexican soldiers wounded . Battle of Concepción San Antonio de Bexar October 28 , 1835 In the last offensive ordered by General Martin Perfecto de Cos during the Texas Revolution , Mexican soldiers surprised a Texan force camped near Mission Concepción . The Texans repulsed several attacks with what historian Alwyn Barr described as `` able leadership , a strong position , and greater firepower '' . One Texan was injured , and Richard Andrews became the first Texan soldier to die in battle . Between 14 and 76 Mexican soldiers were killed . Historian Stephen Hardin believes that `` the relative ease of the victory at Concepción instilled in the Texans a reliance on their long rifles and a contempt for their enemies '' , which may have led to the later Texan defeat at Coleto . Grass Fight San Antonio de Bexar November 26 , 1835 Texans attack a large Mexican army pack train . 4 Texans wounded and 17 Mexican casualties . Resulted in the capture of horses and hay ( grass ) . Siege of Bexar San Antonio de Bexar October 12 -- December 11 , 1835 In a six - week siege , Texans attacked Bexar and fought from house to house for five days . After Cos surrendered , all Mexican troops in Texas were forced to retreat beyond the Rio Grande , leaving the Texans in military control . 150 Mexicans killed or wounded and 35 Texans killed or wounded . Battle of San Patricio San Patricio February 27 , 1836 This was the first battle of the Goliad Campaign . The Johnson - Grant venture , the first battle of the Texas Revolution in which the Mexican Army was the victor . From the Johnson forces , 20 Texans killed , 32 captured and 1 Mexican loss , 4 wounded . Johnson and 4 others escaped after capture and proceeded to Goliad . Johnson would survive the Texas Revolution . Battle of Agua Dulce Agua Dulce March 2 , 1836 Second battle of the Goliad Campaign . Of 27 men of the Grant and Morris forces from the Johnson - Grant venture - 12 / 15 killed ; 6 captured and imprisoned at Matamoros ; Six escaped , of whom five were killed at Goliad Massacre Battle of the Alamo San Antonio de Bexar February 23 -- March 6 , 1836 Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna personally oversaw the siege of the Alamo and the subsequent battle , where almost all 189 - 250 Texan defenders were killed . 600 Mexicans killed or wounded . Anger over Santa Anna 's lack of mercy led many Texan settlers to join the Texan Army . ( This battle is considered one of the most famous battles in American history and is the inspiration for dozens of movies and books ) Battle of Refugio Refugio March 14 , 1836 Third battle of the Goliad Campaign . Texans inflicted heavy casualties , but split their forces and retreated , ending in capture . About 50 Texans killed and 98 captured with some later executions , 29 spared as laborers , survivors sent to Goliad and possibly 80 - 100 Mexican casualties with 50 wounded . Battle of Coleto outside Goliad March 19 -- 20 , 1836 Final battle of the Goliad Campaign . In an attempt to rendezvous with other Texan forces , the southernmost wing of Texan army brazenly departs their heavily fortified location in the midst of oppositional forces . A battle ensues with 10 Texans killed , 60 wounded and 200 Mexicans killed or wounded . After the second day of fighting , a Texan surrender is agreed upon . Approximately 342 of the captured Texans were not pardoned but were executed on March 27 in the Goliad Massacre with 20 spared and 28 escaped . Anger over Santa Anna 's lack of mercy led many future Texan settlers to join the Texan Army . Battle of San Jacinto near modern La Porte , Texas April 21 , 1836 After an 18 - minute battle , Texans routed Santa Anna 's forces , eventually taking Santa Anna prisoner . This was the last battle of the Texas Revolution . 630 Mexicans killed , 208 wounded , 730 captured and 9 Texans killed , 30 wounded . See also ( edit ) Timeline of the Texas Revolution Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , pp. 17 , 19 . Jump up ^ Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Roell , Craig H. , Goliad Campaign of 1835 , Handbook of Texas , retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 Jump up ^ Scott ( 2000 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Groneman ( 1998 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , pp. 46 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Barr ( 1990 ) , pp. 24 , 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bar ( 1990 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Barr ( 1990 ) , p. 60 . References ( edit ) Barr , Alwyn ( 1990 ) . Texans in Revolt : the Battle for San Antonio , 1835 . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77042 - 1 . OCLC 20354408 . Groneman , Bill ( 1998 ) . Battlefields of Texas . Plano , TX : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55622 - 571 - 0 . Hardin , Stephen L. ( 1994 ) . Texan Iliad -- A Military History of the Texas Revolution . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 73086 - 1 . OCLC 29704011 . Huson , Hobart ( 1974 ) . Captain Phillip Dimmitt 's Commandancy of Goliad , 1835 -- 1836 : An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas , Usually Referred to as the Texan Revolution . Austin , Texas : Von Boeckmann - Jones Co . Scott , Robert ( 2000 ) . After the Alamo . Plano , Texas : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 22788 - 7 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Texas_Revolution_battles&oldid=825807040 '' Categories : Lists of battles Texas Revolution Talk About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 15 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the first battle of the texas revolution take place | [
"\n\nBattle\nLocation\nDate(s)\nEngagement remarks\nVictor\n\n\nBattle of Gonzales\nGonzales\nOctober 2, 1835\nThis battle resulted in the first casualties of the Texas Revolution. One Mexican soldier killed\nT\n\n\nBattle of Goliad\nGoliad\nOctober 10, 1835\nTexans captured Presidio La Bahia, blocking the Mexican Army in Texas from accessing the primary Texas port of Copano.[1] One Texan was wounded,[2] and estimates of Mexican casualties range from one to three soldiers killed and from three to seven wounded.[3][4]\nT\n\n\nBattle of Lipantitlán\nSan Patricio\nNovember 4–5, 1835\nTexans captured and destroyed Fort Lipantitlán.[5][6] Most of the Mexican soldiers retreated to Matamoros. One Texan was wounded, and 3–5 Mexican soldiers were killed, with an additional 14–17 Mexican soldiers wounded.[7]\nT\n\n\nBattle of Concepción\nSan Antonio de Bexar\nOctober 28, 1835\nIn the last offensive ordered by General Martin Perfecto de Cos during the Texas Revolution, Mexican soldiers surprised a Texan force camped near Mission Concepción.[8] The Texans repulsed several attacks with what historian Alwyn Barr described as \"able leadership, a strong position, and greater firepower\".[9] One Texan was injured, and Richard Andrews became the first Texan soldier to die in battle.[9] Between 14 and 76 Mexican soldiers were killed.[9][10] Historian Stephen Hardin believes that \"the relative ease of the victory at Concepción instilled in the Texans a reliance on their long rifles and a contempt for their enemies\",[11] which may have led to the later Texan defeat at Coleto.[12]\nT\n\n\nGrass Fight\nSan Antonio de Bexar\nNovember 26, 1835\nTexans attack a large Mexican army pack train. 4 Texans wounded and 17 Mexican casualties. Resulted in the capture of horses and hay (grass).\nT\n\n\nSiege of Bexar\nSan Antonio de Bexar\nOctober 12 – December 11, 1835\nIn a six-week siege, Texans attacked Bexar and fought from house to house for five days. After Cos surrendered, all Mexican troops in Texas were forced to retreat beyond the Rio Grande, leaving the Texans in military control. 150 Mexicans killed or wounded and 35 Texans killed or wounded.\nT\n\n\nBattle of San Patricio\nSan Patricio\nFebruary 27, 1836\nThis was the first battle of the Goliad Campaign. The Johnson-Grant venture, the first battle of the Texas Revolution in which the Mexican Army was the victor. From the Johnson forces, 20 Texans killed, 32 captured and 1 Mexican loss, 4 wounded. Johnson and 4 others escaped after capture and proceeded to Goliad. Johnson would survive the Texas Revolution.\nM\n\n\nBattle of Agua Dulce\nAgua Dulce\nMarch 2, 1836\nSecond battle of the Goliad Campaign. Of 27 men of the Grant and Morris forces from the Johnson-Grant venture-12/15 killed; 6 captured and imprisoned at Matamoros; Six escaped, of whom five were killed at Goliad Massacre\nM\n\n\nBattle of the Alamo\nSan Antonio de Bexar\nFebruary 23 –\nMarch 6, 1836\nMexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna personally oversaw the siege of the Alamo and the subsequent battle, where almost all 189-250 Texan defenders were killed. 600 Mexicans killed or wounded. Anger over Santa Anna's lack of mercy led many Texan settlers to join the Texan Army. (This battle is considered one of the most famous battles in American history and is the inspiration for dozens of movies and books)\nM\n\n\nBattle of Refugio\nRefugio\nMarch 14, 1836\nThird battle of the Goliad Campaign. Texans inflicted heavy casualties, but split their forces and retreated, ending in capture. About 50 Texans killed and 98 captured with some later executions, 29 spared as laborers, survivors sent to Goliad and possibly 80-100 Mexican casualties with 50 wounded.\nM\n\n\nBattle of Coleto\noutside Goliad\nMarch 19–20, 1836\nFinal battle of the Goliad Campaign. In an attempt to rendezvous with other Texan forces, the southernmost wing of Texan army brazenly departs their heavily fortified location in the midst of oppositional forces. A battle ensues with 10 Texans killed, 60 wounded and 200 Mexicans killed or wounded. After the second day of fighting, a Texan surrender is agreed upon. Approximately 342 of the captured Texans were not pardoned but were executed on March 27 in the Goliad Massacre with 20 spared and 28 escaped. Anger over Santa Anna's lack of mercy led many future Texan settlers to join the Texan Army.\nM\n\n\nBattle of San Jacinto\nnear modern La Porte, Texas\nApril 21, 1836\nAfter an 18-minute battle, Texans routed Santa Anna's forces, eventually taking Santa Anna prisoner. This was the last battle of the Texas Revolution. 630 Mexicans killed, 208 wounded, 730 captured and 9 Texans killed, 30 wounded.\nT\n\n"
] | [
"Gonzales"
] |
-2441087096771363581 | Nucleotide | Nucleotide - wikipedia Nucleotide Jump to : navigation , search This nucleotide contains the five - carbon sugar deoxyribose ( at center ) , a nitrogenous base called adenine ( upper right ) , and one phosphate group ( left ) . The deoxyribose sugar joined only to the nitrogenous base forms a Deoxyribonucleoside called deoxyadenosine , whereas the whole structure along with the phosphate group is a nucleotide , a constituent of DNA with the name deoxyadenosine monophosphate . Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) , both of which are essential biomolecules in all life - forms on Earth . Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids ; they are composed of three subunit molecules : a nitrogenous base , a five - carbon sugar ( ribose or deoxyribose ) , and at least one phosphate group . They are also known as phosphate nucleotides . A nucleoside is a nitrogenous base and a 5 - carbon sugar . Thus a nucleoside plus a phosphate group yields a nucleotide . Nucleotides also play a central role in life - form metabolism at the fundamental , cellular level . They carry packets of chemical energy -- in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates ATP , GTP , CTP and UTP -- throughout the cell to the many cellular functions that demand energy , which include synthesizing amino acids , proteins and cell membranes and parts ; moving the cell and moving cell parts , both internally and intercellularly ; dividing the cell , etc . In addition , nucleotides participate in cell signaling ( cGMP and cAMP ) , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions ( e.g. coenzyme A , FAD , FMN , NAD , and NADP ) . In experimental biochemistry , nucleotides can be radiolabeled with radionuclides to yield radionucleotides . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Synthesis 2.1 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis 2.2 Purine ribonucleotide synthesis 2.3 Pyrimidine and purine degradation 3 Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) 4 Length unit 5 Nucleotide supplements 6 Abbreviation codes for degenerate bases 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Structure ( edit ) Showing the arrangement of nucleotides within the structure of nucleic acids : At lower left , a monophosphate nucleotide ; its nitrogenous base represents one side of a base - pair . At upper right , four nucleotides form two base - pairs : thymine and adenine ( connected by double hydrogen bonds ) and guanine and cytosine ( connected by triple hydrogen bonds ) . The individual nucleotide monomers are chain - joined at their sugar and phosphate molecules , forming two ' backbones ' ( a double helix ) of a nucleic acid , shown at upper left . A nucleotide is composed of three distinctive chemical sub-units : a five - carbon sugar molecule , a nitrogenous base -- which two together are called a nucleoside -- and one phosphate group . With all three joined , a nucleotide is also termed a `` nucleoside monophosphate '' . The chemistry sources ACS Style Guide and IUPAC Gold Book prescribe that a nucleotide should contain only one phosphate group , but common usage in molecular biology textbooks often extends the definition to include molecules with two , or with three , phosphates . Thus , the terms `` nucleoside diphosphate '' or `` nucleoside triphosphate '' may also indicate nucleotides . Nucleotides contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base -- i.e. , the nitrogenous base molecule , also known as a nucleobase -- and are termed ribonucleotides if the sugar is ribose , or deoxyribonucleotides if the sugar is deoxyribose . Individual phosphate molecules repetitively connect the sugar - ring molecules in two adjacent nucleotide monomers , thereby connecting the nucleotide monomers of a nucleic acid end - to - end into a long chain . These chain - joins of sugar and phosphate molecules create a ' backbone ' strand for a single - or double helix . In any one strand , the chemical orientation ( directionality ) of the chain - joins runs from the 5 ' - end to the 3 ' - end ( read : 5 prime - end to 3 prime - end ) -- referring to the five carbon sites on sugar molecules in adjacent nucleotides . In a double helix , the two strands are oriented in opposite directions , which permits base pairing and complementarity between the base - pairs , all which is essential for replicating or transcribing the encoded information found in DNA . Unlike in nucleic acid nucleotides , singular cyclic nucleotides are formed when the phosphate group is bound twice to the same sugar molecule , i.e. , at the corners of the sugar hydroxyl groups . These individual nucleotides function in cell metabolism rather than the nucleic acid structures of long - chain molecules . Nucleic acids then are polymeric macromolecules assembled from nucleotides , the monomer - units of nucleic acids . The purine bases adenine and guanine and pyrimidine base cytosine occur in both DNA and RNA , while the pyrimidine bases thymine ( in DNA ) and uracil ( in RNA ) in just one . Adenine forms a base pair with thymine with two hydrogen bonds , while guanine pairs with cytosine with three hydrogen bonds . Structural elements of three nucleotides -- where one - , two - or three - phosphates are attached to the nucleoside ( in yellow , blue , green ) at center : 1st , the nucleotide termed as a nucleoside monophosphate is formed by adding a phosphate group ( in red ) ; 2nd , adding a second phosphate group forms a nucleoside diphosphate ; 3rd , adding a third phosphate group results in a nucleoside triphosphate . + The nitrogenous base ( nucleobase ) is indicated by `` Base '' and `` glycosidic bond '' ( sugar bond ) . All five primary , or canonical , bases -- the purines and pyrimidines -- are sketched at right ( in blue ) . Synthesis ( edit ) Nucleotides can be synthesized by a variety of means both in vitro and in vivo . In vivo , nucleotides can be synthesized de novo or recycled through salvage pathways . The components used in de novo nucleotide synthesis are derived from biosynthetic precursors of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism , and from ammonia and carbon dioxide . The liver is the major organ of de novo synthesis of all four nucleotides . De novo synthesis of pyrimidines and purines follows two different pathways . Pyrimidines are synthesized first from aspartate and carbamoyl - phosphate in the cytoplasm to the common precursor ring structure orotic acid , onto which a phosphorylated ribosyl unit is covalently linked . Purines , however , are first synthesized from the sugar template onto which the ring synthesis occurs . For reference , the syntheses of the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are carried out by several enzymes in the cytoplasm of the cell , not within a specific organelle . Nucleotides undergo breakdown such that useful parts can be reused in synthesis reactions to create new nucleotides . In vitro , protecting groups may be used during laboratory production of nucleotides . A purified nucleoside is protected to create a phosphoramidite , which can then be used to obtain analogues not found in nature and / or to synthesize an oligonucleotide . Pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis ( edit ) The synthesis of UMP . The color scheme is as follows : enzymes , coenzymes , substrate names , inorganic molecules Main article : Pyrimidine metabolism The synthesis of the pyrimidines CTP and UTP occurs in the cytoplasm and starts with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine and CO . Next , aspartate carbamoyltransferase catalyzes a condensation reaction between aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to form carbamoyl aspartic acid , which is cyclized into 4 , 5 - dihydroorotic acid by dihydroorotase . The latter is converted to orotate by dihydroorotate oxidase . The net reaction is : ( S ) - Dihydroorotate + O → Orotate + H O Orotate is covalently linked with a phosphorylated ribosyl unit . The covalent linkage between the ribose and pyrimidine occurs at position C of the ribose unit , which contains a pyrophosphate , and N of the pyrimidine ring . Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase ( PRPP transferase ) catalyzes the net reaction yielding orotidine monophosphate ( OMP ) : Orotate + 5 - Phospho - α - D - ribose 1 - diphosphate ( PRPP ) → Orotidine 5 ' - phosphate + Pyrophosphate Orotidine 5 ' - monophosphate is decarboxylated by orotidine - 5 ' - phosphate decarboxylase to form uridine monophosphate ( UMP ) . PRPP transferase catalyzes both the ribosylation and decarboxylation reactions , forming UMP from orotic acid in the presence of PRPP . It is from UMP that other pyrimidine nucleotides are derived . UMP is phosphorylated by two kinases to uridine triphosphate ( UTP ) via two sequential reactions with ATP . First the diphosphate form UDP is produced , which in turn is phosphorylated to UTP . Both steps are fueled by ATP hydrolysis : ATP + UMP → ADP + UDP UDP + ATP → UTP + ADP CTP is subsequently formed by amination of UTP by the catalytic activity of CTP synthetase . Glutamine is the NH donor and the reaction is fueled by ATP hydrolysis , too : UTP + Glutamine + ATP + H O → CTP + ADP + P Cytidine monophosphate ( CMP ) is derived from cytidine triphosphate ( CTP ) with subsequent loss of two phosphates . Purine ribonucleotide synthesis ( edit ) Main article : Purine metabolism The atoms that are used to build the purine nucleotides come from a variety of sources : The synthesis of IMP . The color scheme is as follows : enzymes , coenzymes , substrate names , metal ions , inorganic molecules The biosynthetic origins of purine ring atoms N arises from the amine group of Asp C and C originate from formate N and N are contributed by the amide group of Gln C , C and N are derived from Gly C comes from HCO ( CO ) The de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides by which these precursors are incorporated into the purine ring proceeds by a 10 - step pathway to the branch - point intermediate IMP , the nucleotide of the base hypoxanthine . AMP and GMP are subsequently synthesized from this intermediate via separate , two - step pathways . Thus , purine moieties are initially formed as part of the ribonucleotides rather than as free bases . Six enzymes take part in IMP synthesis . Three of them are multifunctional : GART ( reactions 2 , 3 , and 5 ) PAICS ( reactions 6 , and 7 ) ATIC ( reactions 9 , and 10 ) The pathway starts with the formation of PRPP . PRPS1 is the enzyme that activates R5P , which is formed primarily by the pentose phosphate pathway , to PRPP by reacting it with ATP . The reaction is unusual in that a pyrophosphoryl group is directly transferred from ATP to C of R5P and that the product has the α configuration about C1 . This reaction is also shared with the pathways for the synthesis of Trp , His , and the pyrimidine nucleotides . Being on a major metabolic crossroad and requiring much energy , this reaction is highly regulated . In the first reaction unique to purine nucleotide biosynthesis , PPAT catalyzes the displacement of PRPP 's pyrophosphate group ( PP ) by an amide nitrogen donated from either glutamine ( N ) , glycine ( N&C ) , aspartate ( N ) , folic acid ( C ) , or CO . This is the committed step in purine synthesis . The reaction occurs with the inversion of configuration about ribose C , thereby forming β - 5 - phosphorybosylamine ( 5 - PRA ) and establishing the anomeric form of the future nucleotide . Next , a glycine is incorporated fueled by ATP hydrolysis and the carboxyl group forms an amine bond to the NH previously introduced . A one - carbon unit from folic acid coenzyme N - formyl - THF is then added to the amino group of the substituted glycine followed by the closure of the imidazole ring . Next , a second NH group is transferred from a glutamine to the first carbon of the glycine unit . A carboxylation of the second carbon of the glycin unit is concomittantly added . This new carbon is modified by the additional of a third NH unit , this time transferred from an aspartate residue . Finally , a second one - carbon unit from formyl - THF is added to the nitrogen group and the ring covalently closed to form the common purine precursor inosine monophosphate ( IMP ) . Inosine monophosphate is converted to adenosine monophosphate in two steps . First , GTP hydrolysis fuels the addition of aspartate to IMP by adenylosuccinate synthase , substituting the carbonyl oxygen for a nitrogen and forming the intermediate adenylosuccinate . Fumarate is then cleaved off forming adenosine monophosphate . This step is catalyzed by adenylosuccinate lyase . Inosine monophosphate is converted to guanosine monophosphate by the oxidation of IMP forming xanthylate , followed by the insertion of an amino group at C. NAD is the electron acceptor in the oxidation reaction . The amide group transfer from glutamine is fueled by ATP hydrolysis . Pyrimidine and purine degradation ( edit ) In humans , pyrimidine rings ( C , T , U ) can be degraded completely to CO and NH ( urea excretion ) . That having been said , purine rings ( G , A ) can not . Instead they are degraded to the metabolically inert uric acid which is then excreted from the body . Uric acid is formed when GMP is split into the base guanine and ribose . Guanine is deaminated to xanthine which in turn is oxidized to uric acid . This last reaction is irreversible . Similarly , uric acid can be formed when AMP is deaminated to IMP from which the ribose unit is removed to form hypoxanthine . Hypoxanthine is oxidized to xanthine and finally to uric acid . Instead of uric acid secretion , guanine and IMP can be used for recycling purposes and nucleic acid synthesis in the presence of PRPP and aspartate ( NH donor ) . Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) ( edit ) Main article : Base pair § Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) An unnatural base pair ( UBP ) is a designed subunit ( or nucleobase ) of DNA which is created in a laboratory and does not occur in nature . In 2012 , a group of American scientists led by Floyd Romesberg , a chemical biologist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego , California , published that his team designed an unnatural base pair ( UBP ) . The two new artificial nucleotides or Unnatural Base Pair ( UBP ) were named d5SICS and dNaM . More technically , these artificial nucleotides bearing hydrophobic nucleobases , feature two fused aromatic rings that form a ( d5SICS -- dNaM ) complex or base pair in DNA . In 2014 the same team from the Scripps Research Institute reported that they synthesized a stretch of circular DNA known as a plasmid containing natural T-A and C-G base pairs along with the best - performing UBP Romesberg 's laboratory had designed , and inserted it into cells of the common bacterium E. coli that successfully replicated the unnatural base pairs through multiple generations . This is the first known example of a living organism passing along an expanded genetic code to subsequent generations . This was in part achieved by the addition of a supportive algal gene that expresses a nucleotide triphosphate transporter which efficiently imports the triphosphates of both d5SICSTP and dNaMTP into E. coli bacteria . Then , the natural bacterial replication pathways use them to accurately replicate the plasmid containing d5SICS -- dNaM . The successful incorporation of a third base pair is a significant breakthrough toward the goal of greatly expanding the number of amino acids which can be encoded by DNA , from the existing 21 amino acids to a theoretically possible 172 , thereby expanding the potential for living organisms to produce novel proteins . The artificial strings of DNA do not encode for anything yet , but scientists speculate they could be designed to manufacture new proteins which could have industrial or pharmaceutical uses . Length unit ( edit ) Nucleotide ( abbreviated `` nt '' ) is a common unit of length for single - stranded nucleic acids , similar to how base pair is a unit of length for double - stranded nucleic acids . Nucleotide supplements ( edit ) A study done by the Department of Sports Science at the University of Hull in Hull , UK has shown that nucleotides have significant impact on cortisol levels in saliva . Post exercise , the experimental nucleotide group had lower cortisol levels in their blood than the control or the placebo . Additionally , post supplement values of Immunoglobulin A were significantly higher than either the placebo or the control . The study concluded , `` nucleotide supplementation blunts the response of the hormones associated with physiological stress . '' Another study conducted in 2013 looked at the impact nucleotide supplementation had on the immune system in athletes . In the study , all athletes were male and were highly skilled in taekwondo . Out of the twenty athletes tested , half received a placebo and half received 480 mg per day of nucleotide supplement . After thirty days , the study concluded that nucleotide supplementation may counteract the impairment of the body 's immune function after heavy exercise . Abbreviation codes for degenerate bases ( edit ) Main article : Nucleic acid notation The IUPAC has designated the symbols for nucleotides . Apart from the five ( A , G , C , T / U ) bases , often degenerate bases are used especially for designing PCR primers . These nucleotide codes are listed here . Some primer sequences may also include the character `` I '' , which codes for the non-standard nucleotide inosine . Inosine occurs in tRNAs , and will pair with adenine , cytosine , or thymine . This character does not appear in the following table however , because it does not represent a degeneracy . While inosine can serve a similar function as the degeneracy `` D '' , it is an actual nucleotide , rather than a representation of a mix of nucleotides that covers each possible pairing needed . Symbol Description Bases represented adenine cytosine guanine thymine U uracil U weak strong amino keto purine Y pyrimidine not A ( B comes after A ) not C ( D comes after C ) not G ( H comes after G ) V not T ( V comes after T and U ) any base ( not a gap ) See also ( edit ) Molecular and cellular biology portal Biology Chromosome Gene Genetics Nucleic acid analogues Nucleic acid sequence Nucleobase References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K & Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 4th ed . ) . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Coghill , Anne M. ; Garson , Lorrin R. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The ACS style guide : effective communication of scientific information ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : American Chemical Society . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8412 - 3999 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Nucleotides '' . IUPAC Gold Book . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists . doi : 10.1351 / goldbook. N04255 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lehninger , Albert L. ( 1975 ) . Biochemistry : the molecular basis of cell structure and function . New York : Worth Publishers Inc . doi : 10.1002 / jobm. 19770170116 . Jump up ^ Stryer , Lubert ( 1988 ) . Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 9780716719205 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2007 ) . Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . Belmont , California : Brooks / Cole , Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ Zaharevitz , DW ; Anerson , LW ; Manlinowski , NM ; Hyman , R ; Strong , JM ; Cysyk , RL . `` Contribution of de-novo and salvage synthesis to the uracil nucleotide pool in mouse tissues and tumors in vivo '' . Jump up ^ See IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry for details on carbon residue numbering Jump up ^ Jones , M.E. ( 1980 ) . `` Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in animals : Genes , enzymes , and regulation of UMP biosynthesis '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49 ( 1 ) : 253 -- 79 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 49.070180. 001345 . PMID 6105839 . Jump up ^ McMurry , JE ; Begley , TP ( 2005 ) . The organic chemistry of biological pathways . Roberts & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9747077 - 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ Malyshev , Denis A. ; Dhami , Kirandeep ; Quach , Henry T. ; Lavergne , Thomas ; Ordoukhanian , Phillip ( 24 July 2012 ) . `` Efficient and sequence - independent replication of DNA containing a third base pair establishes a functional six - letter genetic alphabet '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 30 ) : 12005 -- 12010 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 10912005M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1205176109 . PMC 3409741 . PMID 22773812 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Malyshev , Denis A. ; Dhami , Kirandeep ; Lavergne , Thomas ; Chen , Tingjian ; Dai , Nan ; Foster , Jeremy M. ; Corrêa , Ivan R. ; Romesberg , Floyd E. ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` A semi-synthetic organism with an expanded genetic alphabet '' . Nature . 509 : 385 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13314 . PMC 4058825 . PMID 24805238 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Callaway , Ewan ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Scientists Create First Living Organism With ' Artificial ' DNA '' . Nature News . Huffington Post . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fikes , Bradley J. ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Life engineered with expanded genetic code '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` First life forms to pass on artificial DNA engineered by US scientists '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Scientists Add Letters to DNA 's Alphabet , Raising Hope and Fear '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Mc Naughton , L. ; Bentley , D. ; Koeppel , P. ( 2007 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The effects of a nucleotide supplement on the immune and metabolic response to short term , high intensity exercise performance in trained male subjects '' . The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness . 47 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 118 . ISSN 0022 - 4707 . PMID 17369807 . Jump up ^ Riera , Joan ; Pons , Victoria ; Martinez - Puig , Daniel ; Chetrit , Carlos ; Tur , Josep A. ; Pons , Antoni ; Drobnic , Franchek ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Dietary nucleotide improves markers of immune response to strenuous exercise under a cold environment '' . Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 10 ( 1 ) : 20 . doi : 10.1186 / 1550 - 2783 - 10 - 20 . PMC 3626726 . PMID 23566489 . ^ Jump up to : Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry ( NC - IUB ) ( 1984 ) . `` Nomenclature for Incompletely Specified Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) Sigel , Astrid ; Operschall , Bert P. ; Sigel , Helmut ( 2017 ) . `` Chapter 11 . Complex Formation of Lead ( II ) with Nucleotides and Their Constituents '' . In Astrid , S. ; Helmut , S. ; Sigel , R.K.O. Lead : Its Effects on Environment and Health . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 17 . de Gruyter . pp. 319 -- 402 . doi : 10.1515 / 9783110434330 - 011 . External links ( edit ) Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids , Polynucleotides and their Constituents ( IUPAC ) Provisional Recommendations 2004 ( IUPAC ) Chemistry explanation of nucleotide structure ( hide ) Genetics Introduction Outline History Index Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Nucleotide Genome Fields Classical Conservation Ecological Immunogenetics Molecular Population Quantitative Archaeogenetics of the Americas the British Isles Europe Italy the Near East South Asia Related topics Behavioural genetics Epigenetics Geneticist Genomics Genetic code Medical genetics Molecular evolution Reverse genetics Genetic engineering Genetic diversity Heredity Genetic monitoring Genetic genealogy List of genetics research organizations Genetics Nucleic acid constituents Nucleobase Purine Adenine Guanine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Purine analogue Pyrimidine Uracil Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidine analogue Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) Nucleoside Ribonucleoside Adenosine Guanosine 5 - Methyluridine Uridine 5 - Methylcytidine Cytidine Inosine Xanthosine Wybutosine Deoxyribonucleoside Deoxyadenosine Deoxyguanosine Thymidine Deoxyuridine Deoxycytidine Deoxyinosine Deoxyxanthosine Nucleotide ( Nucleoside monophosphate ) Ribonucleotide AMP GMP m UMP UMP CMP IMP XMP Deoxyribonucleotide dAMP dGMP dTMP dUMP dCMP dIMP dXMP Cyclic nucleotide cAMP cGMP c - di - GMP cADPR Nucleoside diphosphate ADP GDP m UDP UDP CDP dADP dGDP dTDP dUDP dCDP Nucleoside triphosphate ATP GTP m UTP UTP CTP ITP XTP dATP dGTP dTTP dUTP dCTP dITP dXTP Purine receptor modulators Receptor ( ligands ) P0 ( adenine ) Agonists : 8 - Aminoadenine Adenine P1 ( adenosine ) Agonists : 2 - ( 1 - Hexynyl ) - N - methyladenosine 2 - Cl - IB - MECA 2 ' - MeCCPA 4 ' - O - β - D - Glucosyl - 9 - O - ( 6 ' ' - deoxysaccharosyl ) olivil 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine Adenosine ADP AMP Apadenoson ATL - 146e ATP BAY 60 -- 6583 Binodenoson Capadenoson CCPA CGS - 21680 CP - 532,903 Evodenoson GR 79236 LUF - 5835 LUF - 5845 N - Cyclopentyladenosine Namodenoson Neladenoson dalanate Piclidenoson Regadenoson SDZ WAG 994 Selodenoson Sonedenoson Tecadenoson UK - 432,097 Antagonists : 8 - Chlorotheophylline 8 - Phenyl - 1 , 3 - dipropylxanthine 8 - Phenyltheophylline Acefylline Aminophylline ATL - 444 Bamifylline Cafedrine Caffeine Caffeine citrate Cartazolate CGH - 2466 CGS - 15943 Choline theophyllinate CPX CVT - 6883 Dimethazan DMPX DPCPX Dyphylline Enprofylline Etazolate Fenethylline IBMX Isovaleric acid Istradefylline KF - 26777 MRE3008F20 MRS - 1220 MRS - 1334 MRS - 1706 MRS - 1754 MRS - 3777 Paraxanthine Pentoxifylline Preladenant Propentofylline Proxyphylline PSB - 10 PSB - 11 PSB - 36 PSB - 603 PSB - 788 PSB - 1115 Reversine Rolofylline SCH - 442,416 SCH - 58261 Theacrine Theobromine Theodrenaline Theophylline Tozadenant Tracazolate VUF - 5574 ZM - 241,385 P2 ( nucleotide ) P2X ( ATP ) Agonists : 2 - Me - SATP α , β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP AMP Ap4A Ap5A ATP ATPγS BzATP Cibacron blue CTP D - β , γ - Me - ATP GTP HT - AMP Ivermectin L - β , γ - Me - ATP MRS - 2219 PAPET - ATP UTP Zinc Antagonists : 5 - BDBD A-317491 A-438079 A-740003 A-804598 A-839977 AF - 353 AZ - 10606120 AZ - 11645373 BBG Calcium Calmidazolium Chelerythrine Copper Emodin ( Rheum officinale ) Evans Blue GW - 791343 HMA Ip5I isoPPADS JNJ - 47965567 KN - 04 KN - 62 Magnesium MRS - 2159 NF - 023 NF - 110 NF - 157 NF - 279 NF - 449 Opiranserin ( VVZ - 149 ) Oxidized - ATP Phenol Red Phenolphthalein PPADS PPNDS PSB - 12062 Puerarin ( Radix puerariae ) Purotoxin 1 RB - 2 Ro 0437626 Ro 51 RO - 3 Sodium ferulate ( Angelica sinensis , Ligusticum wallichii ) Suramin TC - P 262 Tetramethylpyrazine ( ligustrazine ) ( Ligusticum wallichii ) TNP - ATP Zinc P2Y Agonists : 2 - Me - SADP 2 - Me - SATP 2 - Thio - UTP 5 - Br - UDP 5 - OMe - UDP α , β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP ADPβS Ap3A AR - C 67085MX ATP ATPγS CTP dATP Denufosol Diquafosol IDP ITP INS - 365 INS - 37217 MRS - 2365 MRS - 2690 MRS - 2693 MRS - 2768 MRS - 2957 MRS - 4062 NF - 546 PAPET - ATP PSB - 0474 PSB - 1114 UDP UDPβS UDP - galactose UDP - glucose UDP - N - acetylglucosamine Up3U UTP UTPγS Antagonists : 2 - Me - SAMP A3P5PS AMPαS Ap4A AR - C 66096 AR - C 67085MX AR - C 69931MX AR - C 118925XX ATP BzATP C1330 - 7 Cangrelor Clopidogrel Elinogrel Ip5I MRS - 2179 MRS - 2211 MRS - 2279 MRS - 2395 MRS - 2500 MRS - 2578 NF - 157 NF - 340 PIT PPADS Prasugrel PSB - 0739 RB - 2 Regrelor Suramin Ticagrelor Ticlopidine UDP Transporter ( blockers ) CNTs 6 - Hydroxy - 7 - methoxyflavone Adenosine dMeThPmR Estradiol KGO - 2142 KGO - 2173 MeThPmR Phloridzin Progesterone ENTs Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Cilostazol Dilazep Dipyridamole Estradiol Ethanol Hexobendine NBMPR Pentoxifylline Progesterone Propentofylline PMAT Decynium - 22 Enzyme ( inhibitors ) XO Allopurinol Amflutizole Benzbromarone Caffeic acid Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamomum osmophloeum Febuxostat Myo - inositol Kaempferol Myricetin Niraxostat Oxipurinol Phytic acid Pistacia integerrima Propolis Quercetin Tisopurine Topiroxostat Others Aminopterin Azathioprine Methotrexate Mycophenolic acid Pemetrexed Pralatrexate Many others Others Precursors : Adenine Adenosine AMP ADP ATP Cytosine Cytidine CMP CDP CTP Guanine Guanosine GMP GDP GTP Hypoxanthine Inosine IMP IDP ITP Ribose Uracil Uridine UMP UDP UTP Others : Chrysophanol ( rhubarb ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators NDL : 00568741 NKC : ph123363 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&oldid=824125987 '' Categories : Nucleotides Genetics DNA Molecular biology Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 13 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the basic components of a nucleotide | [
"Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules in all life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids; they are composed of three subunit molecules: a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group. They are also known as phosphate nucleotides."
] | [
"a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group"
] |
8871621576322140311 | Due Process Clause | Due process clause - wikipedia Due process clause This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause . Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life , liberty , or property by the government outside the sanction of law . The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses more broadly , concluding that these clauses provide four protections : procedural due process ( in civil and criminal proceedings ) , substantive due process , a prohibition against vague laws , and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights . Contents 1 Background 2 Drafting 3 Text 4 Interpretation 4.1 Scope 4.2 `` State '' 4.3 `` Person '' 4.4 `` Life '' 4.5 `` Liberty '' 4.6 State actor 4.7 Procedural due process 4.7. 1 Civil procedural due process 4.7. 2 Criminal procedural due process 4.8 Substantive due process 4.9 Void for vagueness 4.10 Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 4.11 Reverse incorporation of equal protection 4.12 Levels of scrutiny 4.13 Remedies 5 Criticism 5.1 Substantive due process 6 Due process clauses in state constitutions 6.1 New York 7 References Background ( edit ) Main article : Due process Clause 39 of Magna Carta provided : No free man shall be seized or imprisoned , or stripped of his rights or possessions , or outlawed or exiled , or deprived of his standing in any other way , nor will we proceed with force against him , or send others to do so , except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land . The phrase `` due process of law '' first appeared in a statutory rendition of Magna Carta in 1354 during the reign of Edward III of England , as follows : No man of what state or condition he be , shall be put out of his lands or tenements nor taken ( taken to mean arrested or deprived of liberty by the state ) , nor disinherited , nor put to death , without he be brought to answer by due process of law . Drafting ( edit ) New York was the only state that asked Congress to add `` due process '' language to the U.S. Constitution . New York ratified the U.S. Constitution and proposed the following amendment in 1788 : ( N ) o Person ought to be taken imprisoned or disseized of his freehold , or be exiled or deprived of his Privileges , Franchises , Life , Liberty or Property but by due process of Law . In response to this proposal from New York , James Madison drafted a due process clause for Congress . Madison cut out some language and inserted the word without , which had not been proposed by New York . Congress then adopted the exact wording that Madison proposed after Madison explained that the due process clause would not be sufficient to protect various other rights : Although I know whenever the great rights , the trial by jury , freedom of the press , or liberty of conscience , come in question in that body ( Parliament ) , the invasion of them is resisted by able advocates , yet their Magna Carta does not contain any one provision for the security of those rights , respecting which the people of America are most alarmed . Text ( edit ) The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides : No person shall ... be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ... Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides : ( N ) or shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ... Interpretation ( edit ) Scope ( edit ) The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment identically , as Justice Felix Frankfurter once explained in a concurring opinion : To suppose that ' due process of law ' meant one thing in the Fifth Amendment and another in the Fourteenth is too frivolous to require elaborate rejection . In 1855 , the Supreme Court explained that , to ascertain whether a process is due process , the first step is to `` examine the constitution itself , to see whether this process be in conflict with any of its provisions '' . Also in 1855 , the U.S. Supreme Court said , The words , `` due process of law '' , were undoubtedly intended to convey the same meaning as the words , `` by the law of the land '' , in Magna Carta . In the 1884 case of Hurtado v. California , the Court said : Due process of law in the ( Fourteenth Amendment ) refers to that law of the land in each state which derives its authority from the inherent and reserved powers of the state , exerted within the limits of those fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the base of all our civil and political institutions , and the greatest security for which resides in the right of the people to make their own laws , and alter them at their pleasure . Due process also applies to the creation of taxing districts , as taxation is a deprivation of property . Due process typically requires public hearings prior to the creation of a taxing district . `` State '' ( edit ) Due process applies to Puerto Rico , although it is not a State . `` Person '' ( edit ) The due process clauses apply to both natural persons as well as to `` legal persons '' ( that is , corporate personhood ) as well as to individuals , including both citizens and non-citizens . The Fifth Amendment due process was first applied to corporations in 1893 by the Supreme Court in Noble v. Union River Logging . Noble was preceded by Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad in 1886 . The due process clauses also apply to non-citizens who are within the United States -- no matter whether their presence may be or is `` unlawful , involuntary or transitory '' -- although the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that non-citizens can be stopped , detained , and denied past immigration officials at points of entry ( e.g. at a port or airport ) without the protection of the Due Process Clause because , while technically on U.S. soil , they are not considered to have entered the United States . `` Life '' ( edit ) In the context of the death penalty debate in the United States , it has been argued that since the Constitution explicitly contemplates the death penalty by forbidding it without due process , the death penalty can not be unconstitutional. < > `` Liberty '' ( edit ) The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted the term `` liberty '' in the due process clauses broadly : Although the Court has not assumed to define `` liberty '' with any great precision , that term is not confined to mere freedom from bodily restraint . Liberty under law extends to the full range of conduct which the individual is free to pursue , and it can not be restricted except for a proper governmental objective . State actor ( edit ) Main article : State actor The prohibitions , generally , of the due process clauses apply only to the actions of state actors , and not against private citizens . However , where a private person is acting jointly with state officials in a prohibited action , they are said to be acting under the `` color of the law '' for the purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 . While private actors are not generally held to the actions of private citizens , it remains that private citizens may be held criminally liable for a federal felony or misdemeanor , if they conspire with the government to commit actions which violate the due process clauses of the constitution . Procedural due process ( edit ) Procedural due process requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life , liberty , or property . When the government seeks to deprive a person of one of those interests , procedural due process requires the government to afford the person , at minimum , notice , an opportunity to be heard , and a decision made by a neutral decisionmaker . This protection extends to all government proceedings that can result in an individual 's deprivation , whether civil or criminal in nature , from parole violation hearings to administrative hearings regarding government benefits and entitlements to full - blown criminal trials . The article `` Some Kind of Hearing '' written by Judge Henry Friendly created a list of basic due process rights `` that remains highly influential , as to both content and relative priority '' . These rights , which apply equally to civil due process and criminal due process , are : An unbiased tribunal . Notice of the proposed action and the grounds asserted for it . Opportunity to present reasons why the proposed action should not be taken . The right to present evidence , including the right to call witnesses . The right to know opposing evidence . The right to cross-examine adverse witnesses . A decision based exclusively on the evidence presented . Opportunity to be represented by counsel . Requirement that the tribunal prepares a record of the evidence presented . Requirement that the tribunal prepares written findings of fact and reasons for its decision . Civil procedural due process ( edit ) Procedural due process is essentially based on the concept of `` fundamental fairness '' . For example , in 1934 , the United States Supreme Court held that due process is violated `` if a practice or rule offends some principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental '' . As construed by the courts , it includes an individual 's right to be adequately notified of charges or proceedings , the opportunity to be heard at these proceedings , and that the person or panel making the final decision over the proceedings be impartial in regards to the matter before them . To put it more simply , where an individual is facing a deprivation of life , liberty , or property , procedural due process mandates that he or she is entitled to adequate notice , a hearing , and a neutral judge . The Supreme Court has formulated a balancing test to determine the rigor with which the requirements of procedural due process should be applied to a particular deprivation , for the obvious reason that mandating such requirements in the most expansive way for even the most minor deprivations would bring the machinery of government to a halt . The Court set out the test as follows : `` ( I ) dentification of the specific dictates of due process generally requires consideration of three distinct factors : first , the private interest that will be affected by the official action ; second , the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used , and the probable value , if any , of additional or substitute procedural safeguards ; and , finally , the Government 's interest , including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail . '' Procedural due process has also been an important factor in the development of the law of personal jurisdiction , in the sense that it is inherently unfair for the judicial machinery of a state to take away the property of a person who has no connection to it whatsoever . A significant portion of U.S. constitutional law is therefore directed to what kinds of connections to a state are enough for that state 's assertion of jurisdiction over a nonresident to comport with procedural due process . The requirement of a neutral judge has introduced a constitutional dimension to the question of whether a judge should recuse himself or herself from a case . Specifically , the Supreme Court has ruled that in certain circumstances , the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires a judge to recuse himself on account of a potential or actual conflict of interest . For example , in Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. ( 2009 ) , the Court ruled that a justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia could not participate in a case involving a major donor to his election to that court . Criminal procedural due process ( edit ) In criminal cases , many of these due process protections overlap with procedural protections provided by the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which guarantees reliable procedures that protect innocent people from being executed , which would be an obvious example of cruel and unusual punishment . An example of criminal due process rights is the case Vitek v. Jones , 445 U.S. 480 ( 1980 ) . The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires certain procedural protections for state prisoners who may be transferred involuntarily to a state mental hospital for treatment of a mental disease or defect , such protections including written notice of the transfer , an adversary hearing before an independent decisionmaker , written findings , and effective and timely notice of such rights . As established by the district court and upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Vitek v. Jones , these due process rights include : Written notice to the prisoner that a transfer to a mental hospital is being considered ; A hearing , sufficiently after the notice to permit the prisoner to prepare , at which disclosure to the prisoner is made of the evidence being relied upon for the transfer and at which an opportunity to be heard in person and to present documentary evidence is given ; An opportunity at the hearing to present testimony of witnesses by the defense and to confront and cross-examine witnesses called by the state , except upon a finding , not arbitrarily made , of good cause for not permitting such presentation , confrontation , or cross-examination ; An independent decisionmaker ; A written statement by the factfinder as to the evidence relied on and the reasons for transferring the inmate ; Availability of legal counsel , furnished by the state , if the inmate is financially unable to furnish his own ( It must be noted however that a majority of Justices rejected this right to state - furnished counsel . ) ; and Effective and timely notice of all the foregoing rights . Substantive due process ( edit ) Main article : Substantive due process By the middle of the 19th century , `` due process of law '' was interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court to mean that `` it was not left to the legislative power to enact any process which might be devised . The due process article is a restraint on the legislative as well as on the executive and judicial powers of the government , and can not be so construed as to leave Congress free to make any process ' due process of law ' by its mere will . '' The term `` substantive due process '' ( SDP ) is commonly used in two ways : first to identify a particular line of case law , and second to signify a particular attitude toward judicial review under the due process clause . The term `` substantive due process '' began to take form in 1930s legal casebooks as a categorical distinction of selected due process cases , and by 1950 had been mentioned twice in Supreme Court opinions . SDP involves liberty - based due process challenges which seek certain outcomes instead of merely contesting procedures and their effects ; in such cases , the Supreme Court recognizes a constitutionally - based `` liberty '' which then renders laws seeking to limit said `` liberty '' either unenforceable or limited in scope . Critics of SDP decisions typically assert that those liberties ought to be left to the more politically accountable branches of government . Courts have viewed the due process clause , and sometimes other clauses of the Constitution , as embracing those fundamental rights that are `` implicit in the concept of ordered liberty '' . Just what those rights are is not always clear , nor is the Supreme Court 's authority to enforce such unenumerated rights clear . Some of those rights have long histories or `` are deeply rooted '' in American society . The courts have largely abandoned the Lochner era approach ( c. 1897 - 1937 ) when substantive due process was used to strike down minimum wage and labor laws in order to protect freedom of contract . Since then , the Supreme Court has decided that numerous other freedoms that do not appear in the plain text of the Constitution are nevertheless protected by the Constitution . If these rights were not protected by the federal courts ' doctrine of substantive due process , they could nevertheless be protected in other ways ; for example , it is possible that some of these rights could be protected by other provisions of the state or federal constitutions , and alternatively they could be protected by legislatures . Today , the Court focuses on three types of rights under substantive due process in the Fourteenth Amendment , which originated in United States v. Carolene Products Co. , 304 U.S. 144 ( 1938 ) , footnote 4 . Those three types of rights are : the first eight amendments in the Bill of Rights ( e.g. , the Eighth Amendment ) ; restrictions on the political process ( e.g. , the rights of voting , association , and free speech ) ; and the rights of `` discrete and insular minorities '' . The Court usually looks first to see if there is a fundamental right , by examining if the right can be found deeply rooted in American history and traditions . Where the right is not a fundamental right , the court applies a rational basis test : if the violation of the right can be rationally related to a legitimate government purpose , then the law is held valid . If the court establishes that the right being violated is a fundamental right , it applies strict scrutiny . This test inquires into whether there is a compelling state interest being furthered by the violation of the right , and whether the law in question is narrowly tailored to address the state interest . Privacy , which is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution , was at issue in Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) , wherein the Court held that criminal prohibition of contraceptive devices for married couples violated federal , judicially enforceable privacy rights . The right to contraceptives was found in what the Court called the `` penumbras '' , or shadowy edges , of certain amendments that arguably refer to certain privacy rights . The penumbra - based rationale of Griswold has since been discarded ; the Supreme Court now uses the due process clause as a basis for various unenumerated privacy rights . Although it has never been the majority view , some have argued that the Ninth Amendment ( addressing unenumerated rights ) could be used as a source of fundamental judicially enforceable rights , including a general right to privacy , as discussed by Justice Goldberg concurring in Griswold . Void for vagueness ( edit ) Main article : Void for vagueness The courts have generally determined that laws which are too vague for the average citizen to understand deprive citizens of their rights to due process . If an average person can not determine who is regulated , what conduct is prohibited , or what punishment may be imposed by a law , courts may find that law to be void for vagueness . See Coates v. Cincinnati , where the word `` annoying '' was deemed to lack due process insertion of fair warning . Incorporation of the Bill of rights ( edit ) Main article : Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Incorporation is the legal doctrine by which the Bill of Rights , either in full or in part , is applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment 's due process clause . The basis for incorporation is substantive due process regarding substantive rights enumerated elsewhere in the Constitution , and procedural due process regarding procedural rights enumerated elsewhere in the Constitution . Incorporation started in 1897 with a takings case , continued with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , which was a First Amendment case , and accelerated in the 1940s and 1950s . Justice Hugo Black famously favored the jot - for - jot incorporation of the entire Bill of Rights . Justice Felix Frankfurter , however -- joined later by Justice John M. Harlan -- felt that the federal courts should only apply those sections of the Bill of Rights that were `` fundamental to a scheme of ordered liberty '' . It was the latter course that the Warren Court of the 1960s took , although almost all of the Bill of Rights has now been incorporated jot - for - jot against the states . The latest Incorporation is the 2nd Amendment which made the individual and fundamental right to `` keep and bear arms '' fully applicable to the States ; see McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. ( 2010 ) . The role of the incorporation doctrine in applying the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to the states is just as notable as the use of due process to define new fundamental rights that are not explicitly guaranteed by the Constitution 's text . In both cases , the question has been whether the right asserted is `` fundamental '' , so that , just as not all proposed `` new '' constitutional rights are afforded judicial recognition , not all provisions of the Bill of Rights have been deemed sufficiently fundamental to warrant enforcement against the states . Some people , such as Justice Black , have argued that the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment would be a more appropriate textual source for the incorporation doctrine . The Court has not taken that course , and some point to the treatment given to the Privileges or Immunities Clause in the 1873 Slaughter - House Cases as a reason why . Although the Slaughter - House Court did not expressly preclude application of the Bill of Rights to the states , the clause largely ceased to be invoked in opinions of the Court following the Slaughter - House Cases , and when incorporation did begin , it was under the rubric of due process . Scholars who share Justice Black 's view , such as Akhil Amar , argue that the Framers of the Fourteenth Amendment , like Senator Jacob Howard and Congressman John Bingham , included a due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment for the following reason : `` By incorporating the rights of the Fifth Amendment , the privileges or immunities clause would ... have prevented states from depriving ' citizens ' of due process . Bingham , Howard , and company wanted to go even further by extending the benefits of state due process to aliens . '' The Supreme Court has consistently held that Fifth Amendment due process means substantially the same as Fourteenth Amendment due process , and therefore the original meaning of the former is relevant to the incorporation doctrine of the latter . When the Bill of Rights was originally proposed by Congress in 1789 to the states , various substantive and procedural rights were `` classed according to their affinity to each other '' instead of being submitted to the states `` as a single act to be adopted or rejected in the gross '' , as James Madison put it . Roger Sherman explained in 1789 that each amendment `` may be passed upon distinctly by the States , and any one that is adopted by three fourths of the legislatures may become a part of the Constitution '' . Thus , the states were allowed to reject the Sixth Amendment , for example , while ratifying all of the other amendments including the due process clause ; in that case , the rights in the Sixth Amendment would not have been incorporated against the federal government . The doctrine of incorporating the content of other amendments into `` due process '' was thus an innovation , when it began in 1925 with the Gitlow case , and this doctrine remains controversial today . Reverse incorporation of equal protection ( edit ) Further information : Equal Protection Clause In Bolling v. Sharpe 347 U.S. 497 ( 1954 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the concepts of equal protection and due process , both stemming from our American ideal of fairness , are not mutually exclusive . '' The Court thus interpreted the Fifth Amendment 's due process clause to include an equal protection element . In Lawrence v. Texas the Supreme Court added : `` Equality of treatment and the due process right to demand respect for conduct protected by the substantive guarantee of liberty are linked in important respects , and a decision on the latter point advances both interests . '' Levels of scrutiny ( edit ) When a law or other act of government is challenged as a violation of individual liberty under the due process clause , courts nowadays primarily use two forms of scrutiny , or judicial review , which is used by the Judicial Branch . This inquiry balances the importance of the governmental interest being served and the appropriateness of the government 's method of implementation against the resulting infringement of individual rights . If the governmental action infringes upon a fundamental right , the highest level of review -- strict scrutiny -- is used . To pass strict scrutiny review , the law or act must be narrowly tailored to further a compelling government interest . When the governmental restriction restricts liberty in a manner that does not implicate a fundamental right , rational basis review is used . Here a legitimate government interest is enough to pass this review . There is also a middle level of scrutiny , called intermediate scrutiny , but it is primarily used in Equal Protection cases rather than in Due Process cases . Remedies ( edit ) The Court held in 1967 that `` we can not leave to the States the formulation of the authoritative ... remedies designed to protect people from infractions by the States of federally guaranteed rights '' . Criticism ( edit ) Substantive due process ( edit ) Critics of a substantive due process often claim that the doctrine began , at the federal level , with the infamous 1857 slavery case of Dred Scott v. Sandford . However , other critics contend that substantive due process was not used by the federal judiciary until after the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in 1869 . Advocates of a substantive due process who assert that the doctrine was employed in Dred Scott claim that it was employed incorrectly . Additionally , the first appearance of a substantive due process as a concept arguably appeared earlier in the case of Bloomer v. McQuewan , 55 U.S. 539 ( 1852 ) , so that Chief Justice Taney would not have been entirely breaking ground in his Dred Scott opinion when he pronounced the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional because , among other reasons , an `` act of Congress that deprived a citizen of his liberty or property merely because he came himself or brought his property into a particular territory of the United States , and who had committed no offence against the laws , could hardly be dignified with the name of due process of law '' . Dissenting Justice Curtis disagreed with Taney about what `` due process '' meant in Dred Scott . Criticisms of the doctrine continue as in the past . Critics argue that judges are making determinations of policy and morality that properly belong with legislators ( i.e. `` legislating from the bench '' ) , or argue that judges are reading views into the Constitution that are not really implied by the document , or argue that judges are claiming the power to expand the liberty of some people at the expense of other people 's liberty ( e.g. as in the Dred Scott case ) , or argue that judges are addressing substance instead of process . Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , a realist , worried that the Court was overstepping its boundaries , and the following is from one of his last dissents : I have not yet adequately expressed the more than anxiety that I feel at the ever increasing scope given to the Fourteenth Amendment in cutting down what I believe to be the constitutional rights of the States . As the decisions now stand , I see hardly any limit but the sky to the invalidating of those rights if they happen to strike a majority of this Court as for any reason undesirable . I can not believe that the Amendment was intended to give us carte blanche to embody our economic or moral beliefs in its prohibitions . Yet I can think of no narrower reason that seems to me to justify the present and the earlier decisions to which I have referred . Of course the words due process of law , if taken in their literal meaning , have no application to this case ; and while it is too late to deny that they have been given a much more extended and artificial signification , still we ought to remember the great caution shown by the Constitution in limiting the power of the States , and should be slow to construe the clause in the Fourteenth Amendment as committing to the Court , with no guide but the Court 's own discretion , the validity of whatever laws the States may pass . Originalists , such as Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas , who rejects substantive due process doctrine , and Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia , who has also questioned the legitimacy of the doctrine , call a substantive due process a `` judicial usurpation '' or an `` oxymoron '' . Both Scalia and Thomas have occasionally joined Court opinions that mention the doctrine , and have in their dissents often argued over how substantive due process should be employed based on Court precedent . Many non-originalists , like Justice Byron White , have also been critical of a substantive due process . As propounded in his dissents in Moore v. East Cleveland and Roe v. Wade , as well as his majority opinion in Bowers v. Hardwick , White argued that the doctrine of a substantive due process gives the judiciary too much power over the governance of the nation and takes away such power from the elected branches of government . He argued that the fact that the Court has created new substantive rights in the past should not lead it to `` repeat the process at will '' . In his book Democracy and Distrust , non-originalist John Hart Ely criticized `` substantive due process '' as a glaring non-sequitur . Ely argued the phrase was a contradiction - in - terms , like the phrase green pastel redness . Originalism is usually linked to opposition against substantive due process rights , and the reasons for that can be found in the following explanation that was endorsed unanimously by the Supreme Court in a 1985 case : `` ( W ) e must always bear in mind that the substantive content of the ( due process ) clause is suggested neither by its language nor by preconstitutional history ; that content is nothing more than the accumulated product of judicial interpretation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments . '' Originalists do not necessarily oppose protection of the rights heretofore protected using substantive due process ; rather , most originalists believe that such rights should be identified and protected through legislation , through passing amendments to the constitution , or via other existing provisions of the Constitution . The perceived scope of the due process clause was originally different than it is today . For instance , even though many of the Framers of the Bill of Rights believed that slavery violated the fundamental natural rights of African - Americans , a `` theory that declared slavery to be a violation of the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment ... requires nothing more than a suspension of reason concerning the origin , intent , and past interpretation of the clause '' . Due process clauses in state constitutions ( edit ) No state or federal constitution in the U.S. had ever before utilized any `` due process '' wording , prior to 1791 when the federal Bill of Rights was ratified . New York ( edit ) In New York , a statutory bill of rights was enacted in 1787 , and it contained four different due process clauses . Alexander Hamilton commented on the language of that New York bill of rights : `` The words ' due process ' have a precise technical import , and are only applicable to the process and proceedings of the courts of justice ; they can never be referred to an act of the legislature . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Madison , P.A. ( 2 August 2010 ) . `` Historical Analysis of the first of the 14th Amendment 's First Section '' . The Federalist Blog . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ The Text of Magna Carta ( 1215 ) Jump up ^ 28 Edw. 3 , c. 3 Jump up ^ New York Ratification Resolution ( 1788 ) ^ Jump up to : Madison Speech ( 1789 ) Jump up ^ U.S. Const . amend . V . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . amend . XIV , § 1 . Jump up ^ Malinski v. New York , 324 U.S. 401 , 415 ( 1945 ) , ( Frankfurter , J. , concurring ) ^ Jump up to : Murray v. Hoboken Land , 59 U.S. 272 ( 1855 ) Jump up ^ Murray 's Lessee v. Hoboken Land and Improvement Co. , 59 U.S. 272 ( 1855 ) . Jump up ^ Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 516 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Browning v. Hooper , 269 U.S. 396 , 46 S. Ct. 141 , 70 L. Ed . 330 ( 1926 ) Jump up ^ Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico , 478 U.S. 328 ( 1986 ) ; see also Examining Board v. Flores de Otero , 426 U.S. 572 ( 1976 ) ( applying equal protection to Puerto Rico ) . Jump up ^ Noble v. Union River Logging , 147 U.S. 165 ( 1893 ) ^ Jump up to : Zadvydas v. Davis , 533 U.S. 678 , 693 ( 2001 ) ( `` Although Mezei , like the present cases , involves indefinite detention , it differs from the present cases in a critical respect . As the Court emphasized , the alien 's extended departure from the United States required him to seek entry into this country once again . His presence on Ellis Island did not count as an entry into the United States . Hence , he was ' treated , ' for constitutional purposes , ' as if stopped at the border . ' ... And that made all the difference . It is well established that certain constitutional protections available to persons inside the United States are unavailable to aliens outside of our geographic borders ... But once an alien enters the country , the legal circumstance changes , for the Due Process Clause applies to all ' persons ' within the United States , including aliens , whether their presence here is lawful , unlawful , temporary , or permanent . '' ) . Jump up ^ Plyler v. Doe , 457 U.S. 202 , 210 ( 1982 ) ( `` Appellants argue at the outset that undocumented aliens , because of their immigration status , are not ' persons within the jurisdiction ' of the State of Texas , and that they , therefore , have no right to the equal protection of Texas law . We reject this argument . Whatever his status under the immigration laws , an alien is surely a ' person ' in any ordinary sense of that term . Aliens , even aliens whose presence in this country is unlawful , have long been recognized as ' persons ' guaranteed due process of law by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments . '' ) . Jump up ^ > https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=aXSGDXbc9ZA&t=1740 Missing or empty title = ( help ) < Jump up ^ Bolling v. Sharpe , 347 U.S. 497 ( 1954 ) Jump up ^ Huston , Luther A. ( 18 May 1954 ) . `` High Court Bans School Segregation ; 9 - to - 0 Decision Grants Time to Comply '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co. , 398 U.S. 144 , 152 , 90 S. Ct. 1598 , 1605 - 06 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. 241 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/241 Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. 242 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/242 Jump up ^ Glicksman , Robert L. ; Levy , Richard E. ( 2010 ) . Administrative Law : Agency Action in Legal Context. 9781599416106 : Foundation Press . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Peter . `` DUE PROCESS '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Snyder v. Massachusetts , 291 U.S. 97 , 105 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Goldberg v. Kelly , 397 U.S. 254 , 267 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Mathews v. Eldridge , 424 U.S. 319 , 335 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Jess Bravin and Kris Maher ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Justices Set New Standard for Recusals '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Herrera v. Collins , 506 U.S. 390 ( 1993 ) : `` We have , of course , held that the Eighth Amendment requires increased the reliability of the process by which capital punishment may be imposed . '' ^ Jump up to : `` VITEK , CORRECTIONAL DIRECTOR , ET AL. v. JONES No. 78 - 1155 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES '' ( PDF ) . Forensic Mental Health Services - Behavioral Health Network , Inc . Forensic Mental Health Services Behavioral Health Network , Inc . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of VITEK , CORRECTIONAL DIRECTOR , ET AL. v. JONES No. 78 - 1155 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES '' . Forensic Mental Health Services Behavioral Health Network , Inc . Forensic Mental Health Services Behavioral Health Network , Inc . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : White , G. Edward ( 2000 ) . The Constitution and the New Deal . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . pp. 244 -- 46 . Jump up ^ White , G. Edward ( 2000 ) . The Constitution and the New Deal . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Palko v. Connecticut , 302 U.S. 319 ( 1937 ) Jump up ^ Hawkins , Bryan ( 2006 ) . `` The Glucksberg Renaissance : Substantive Due Process since Lawrence v. Texas '' ( PDF ) . Michigan Law Review . 105 : 409 , 412 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Troxel v. Granville , 530 U.S. 57 , 65 ( 2000 ) , ( Kennedy , J. , dissenting ) : `` Pierce and Meyer , had they been decided in recent times , may well have been grounded upon First Amendment principles protecting freedom of speech , belief , and religion . '' ^ Jump up to : `` New York Bill of Rights ( 26th of January , 1787 ) '' ( PDF ) . The People of the State of New York represented in Senate and Assembly . www.nycourts.gov . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , George . `` The Federal Parliament and the Protection of Human Rights '' Archived February 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Research Paper 20 1998 - 99 , Parliament of Australia ( 1999 ) : `` nations that had relied upon the common law tradition to protect rights ... have subsequently passed statutory Bills of Rights . For example , the United Kingdom Parliament has enacted the Human Rights Act 1998 ( UK ) , while the New Zealand Legislature has passed the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 ... Parliament might move to protect a few core rights that are obviously regarded as basic and fundamental to Australian democracy . This should not include rights such as ' due process of law ' in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution , which has a highly developed meaning in the United States context but no resonance in Australia . '' Jump up ^ Griswold v. Connecticut , 381 U.S. 479 ( 1965 ) : `` I do not mean to imply that the ... Ninth Amendment constitutes an independent source of rights protected from infringement by either the States or the Federal Government . '' Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service , Fourteenth Amendment : Rights Guaranteed : Procedural Due Process : Criminal : `` practically all the criminal procedural guarantees of the Bill of Rights -- the Fourth , Fifth , Sixth , and Eighth Amendments -- contain limitations which are fundamental to state criminal justice systems and that the absence of one or the other particular guarantees denies a suspect or a defendant due process of law . '' Jump up ^ Chicago , Burlington & Quincy Railway Co. v. Chicago , 166 U.S. 226 ( 1897 ) Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( 1992 ) . `` The Bill of Rights and the Constitution '' . Yale Law Journal . New Haven : The Yale Law Journal Company . 101 ( 6 ) : 1193 . doi : 10.2307 / 796923 . JSTOR 796923 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 516 ( 1884 ) : `` when the same phrase was employed ... it was used in the same sense and with no greater extent . '' Jump up ^ Letter from James Madison to Alexander White ( Aug. 24 , 1789 ) Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to Simeon Baldwin ( Aug. 22 , 1789 ) . Jump up ^ Lawrence v. Texas , 539 U.S. 598 ( 2003 ) , at page 2482 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Adarand Constructors v. Peña , 515 U.S. 200 ( 1995 ) ; Sugarman v. Dougall , 413 U.S. 634 ( 1973 ) ; Sherbert v. Verner , 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . ( 1 ) Constitutional Interpretation : Illusion and Reality ( Greenwood 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Chapman v. California , 386 U.S. 18 , 22 ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Hyman , Andrew . `` The Due Process Plank '' , Seton Hall Law Review ( forthcoming 2013 ) , via SSRN . Jump up ^ Baldwin v. Missouri , 281 U.S. 586 , 595 ( 1930 ) Jump up ^ Chicago v. Morales , 527 U.S. 41 ( 1999 ) , ( Scalia , J. , dissenting ) Jump up ^ U.S. v. Carlton 512 U.S. 26 ( 1994 ) , ( Scalia , J. , concurring ) Jump up ^ Moore v. East Cleveland , 431 U.S. 494 , 543 ( 1977 ) , ( White , J. , dissenting ) . Jump up ^ University of Michigan v. Ewing , 474 U.S. 214 ( 1985 ) quoting Moore v. East Cleveland , 431 U.S. 494 , 543 ( 1977 ) ( White , J. , dissenting ) . Jump up ^ Robert Cover , Justice Accused 157 ( Yale Univ . Press 1975 ) Jump up ^ `` The Founders ' Constitution Volume 5 , Amendment V , Document 13 : Alexander Hamilton , Remarks on an Act for Regulating Elections , New York Assembly ( 6 Feb. 1787 ) ; See also : The Papers of Alexander Hamilton . Edited by Harold C. Syrett et al. 26 vols . New York and London : Columbia University Press , 1961 -- 79 , Volume 4 , Page 35 '' . Philipp B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner . The Founders ' Constitution by University of Chicago Press and the Liberty Fund . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book hide United States Fifth Amendment case law Grand Jury Clause Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) Ex parte Wilson ( 1885 ) United States v. Petit ( 1885 ) Mackin v. United States ( 1886 ) Ex parte Bain ( 1887 ) Parkinson v. United States ( 1887 ) McNulty v. California ( 1893 ) Wong Wing v. United States ( 1896 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Lem Woon v. Oregon ( 1913 ) United States v. Moreland ( 1922 ) Costello v. United States ( 1956 ) Lawn v. United States ( 1958 ) Green v. United States ( 1958 ) Stirone v. United States ( 1960 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States ( 1989 ) United States v. Cotton ( 2002 ) United States v. Miller ( 2007 ) Double Jeopardy Clause After acquittal United States v. Randenbush ( 1834 ) Ball v. United States ( 1896 ) Burton v. United States ( 1906 ) Helvering v. Mitchell ( 1938 ) Green v. United States ( 1957 ) Fong Foo v. United States ( 1962 ) United States v. Tateo ( 1964 ) Ashe v. Swenson ( 1970 ) Wilson v. United States ( 1975 ) Serfass v. United States ( 1975 ) United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. ( 1977 ) Burks v. United States ( 1978 ) Crist v. Bretz ( 1978 ) Sanabria v. United States ( 1978 ) United States v. Scott ( 1978 ) Bullington v. Missouri ( 1981 ) Tibbs v. Florida ( 1982 ) Arizona v. Rumsey ( 1984 ) Poland v. Arizona ( 1986 ) Witte v. United States ( 1995 ) Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania ( 2003 ) Smith v. Massachusetts ( 2005 ) Yeager v. United States ( 2009 ) Currier v. Virginia ( 2018 ) After conviction United States v. Wilson ( 1833 ) United States v. La Franca ( 1931 ) United States ex rel . Marcus v. Hess ( 1943 ) Rex Trailer Co. v. United States ( 1956 ) Ludwig v. Massachusetts ( 1976 ) Brown v. Ohio ( 1977 ) Harris v. Oklahoma ( 1977 ) Garrett v. United States ( 1985 ) United States v. Halper ( 1989 ) Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) United States v. Felix ( 1992 ) United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch ( 1994 ) After mistrial United States v. Perez ( 1824 ) United States v. Dinitz ( 1976 ) Arizona v. Washington ( 1978 ) Oregon v. Kennedy ( 1982 ) Renico v. Lett ( 2010 ) Blueford v. Arkansas ( 2012 ) Multiple punishment Ex parte Lange ( 1873 ) Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) Whalen v. United States ( 1980 ) Missouri v. Hunter ( 1983 ) Rutledge v. United States ( 1996 ) Dual sovereignty doctrine Bartkus v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Waller v. Florida ( 1970 ) Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) United States v. Lara ( 2004 ) Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ( 2016 ) Other Ex parte Bigelow ( 1885 ) Palko v. Connecticut ( 1937 ) Louisiana ex rel . Francis v. Resweber ( 1947 ) Baxstrom v. Herold ( 1966 ) North Carolina v. Pearce ( 1969 ) Benton v. Maryland ( 1969 ) Morris v. Mathews ( 1986 ) Dowling v. United States ( 1990 ) Self - Incrimination Clause Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) Tehan v. United States ex rel . Shott ( 1966 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Brooks v. Tennessee ( 1972 ) Lakeside v. Oregon ( 1978 ) Mitchell v. United States ( 1999 ) United States v. Hubbell ( 2000 ) Berghuis v. Thompkins ( 2010 ) hide Due Process Clause Dred Scott v. Sanford ( 1857 ) Adair v. United States ( 1908 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford ( 1935 ) United States v. Carolene Products Co. ( 1938 ) Bolling v. Sharpe ( 1954 ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 ) hide United States Fourteenth Amendment case law Citizenship Clause Slaughter - House Cases ( 1873 ) Elk v. Wilkins ( 1884 ) United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) Perez v. Brownell ( 1958 ) Afroyim v. Rusk ( 1967 ) Rogers v. Bellei ( 1971 ) Saenz v. Roe ( 1999 ) hide Due Process Clause Economic substantive due process Mugler v. Kansas ( 1887 ) Allgeyer v. Louisiana ( 1897 ) Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) Coppage v. Kansas ( 1915 ) Adams v. Tanner ( 1917 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Right to privacy Meyer v. Nebraska ( 1923 ) Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Right to abortion United States v. Vuitch ( 1971 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) H.L. v. Matheson ( 1981 ) City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health ( 1983 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Hodgson v. Minnesota ( 1990 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Stenberg v. Carhart ( 2000 ) Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England ( 2006 ) Gonzales v. Carhart ( 2007 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Civil rights liability under Section 1983 Monroe v. Pape ( 1961 ) McNeese v. Board of Educ. ( 1963 ) Pierson v. Ray ( 1967 ) Jenkins v. McKeithen ( 1969 ) Scheuer v. Rhodes ( 1974 ) Wood v. Strickland ( 1975 ) O'Connor v. Donaldson ( 1975 ) Paul v. Davis ( 1976 ) Imbler v. Pachtman ( 1976 ) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York ( 1978 ) Procunier v. Navarette ( 1978 ) Owen v. City of Independence ( 1980 ) Harlow v. Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Felder v. Casey ( 1988 ) Will v. Michigan Department of State Police ( 1989 ) Gonzaga University v. Doe ( 2002 ) Inyo County v. Paiute - Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community ( 2003 ) City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams ( 2005 ) Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee ( 2009 ) Ashcroft v. Iqbal ( 2009 ) Los Angeles County v. Humphries ( 2010 ) Connick v. Thompson ( 2011 ) Other Holden v. Hardy ( 1898 ) Muller v. Oregon ( 1908 ) Buck v. Bell ( 1927 ) Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) West Coast Hotel v. Parrish ( 1937 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) In re Winship ( 1971 ) Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Troxel v. Granville ( 2000 ) Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. ( 2009 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Equal Protection Clause United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) Yick Wo v. Hopkins ( 1886 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Buchanan v. Warley ( 1917 ) Lum v. Rice ( 1927 ) Skinner v. Oklahoma ( 1942 ) Perez v. Sharp ( 1948 ) Goesaert v. Cleary ( 1948 ) Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla . ( 1948 ) Sweatt v. Painter ( 1950 ) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ( 1950 ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954 ) Hernandez v. Texas ( 1954 ) Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education ( 1971 ) Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson ( 1971 ) Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ) Frontiero v. Richardson ( 1973 ) Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) Milliken v. Bradley ( 1974 ) Plyler v. Doe ( 1982 ) Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) Grutter v. Bollinger ( 2003 ) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ( 2007 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) hide United States criminal due process case law Reasonable doubt Leland v. Oregon ( 1952 ) Holland v. United States ( 1954 ) Leary v. United States ( 1969 ) In re Winship ( 1970 ) Cool v. United States ( 1972 ) Mullaney v. Wilbur ( 1975 ) Patterson v. New York ( 1977 ) Taylor v. Kentucky ( 1978 ) County Court of Ulster Cty . v. Allen ( 1979 ) Sandstrom v. Montana ( 1979 ) Jackson v. Virginia ( 1979 ) Murray v. Carrier ( 1986 ) Cage v. Louisiana ( 1990 ) Sullivan v. Louisiana ( 1993 ) Victor v. Nebraska ( 1994 ) Schlup v. Delo ( 1995 ) Brady disclosure Brady v. Maryland ( 1963 ) Giglio v. United States ( 1972 ) Moore v. Illinois ( 1972 ) United States v. Agurs ( 1976 ) California v. Trombetta ( 1984 ) United States v. Bagley ( 1985 ) Arizona v. Youngblood ( 1988 ) Kyles v. Whitley ( 1995 ) Wood v. Bartholomew ( 1995 ) Strickler v. Greene ( 1999 ) United States v. Ruiz ( 2002 ) Illinois v. Fisher ( 2004 ) Banks v. Dretke ( 2004 ) Youngblood v. West Virginia ( 2006 ) Cone v. Bell ( 2009 ) Smith v. Cain ( 2012 ) Mental competence Bishop v. United States ( 1956 ) Dusky v. United States ( 1960 ) Pate v. Robinson ( 1966 ) Drope v. Missouri ( 1975 ) Riggins v. Nevada ( 1992 ) Medina v. California ( 1992 ) Godinez v. Moran ( 1993 ) Cooper v. Oklahoma ( 1996 ) Sell v. United States ( 2003 ) Indiana v. Edwards ( 2008 ) Prosecutorial misconduct Mooney v. Holohan ( 1935 ) Hysler v. Florida ( 1942 ) Pyle v. Kansas ( 1942 ) New York ex rel . Whitman v. Wilson ( 1943 ) White v. Ragen ( 1945 ) Mesarosh v. United States ( 1956 ) Alcorta v. Texas ( 1957 ) Napue v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Due_Process_Clause&oldid=852967821 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution Due Process Clause Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 15 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the due process clause found in the constitution | [
"The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law.[1] The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses more broadly, concluding that these clauses provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.\n"
] | [
"The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments"
] |
-4959914091392415423 | Blake Gibbons | Blake Gibbons - Wikipedia Blake Gibbons Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( April 2008 ) Blake Gibbons Blake James Gibbons ( 1961 - 06 - 21 ) June 21 , 1961 ( age 56 ) Kern County , California , U.S. Years active 1964 -- present Blake Gibbons ( born June 21 , 1961 in Kern County , California ) is an American actor with a recurring role as Coleman on the long running Daytime television serial General Hospital . He also played `` The Dude '' ( Lyle ) in The Summer of George episode of Seinfeld . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 2 Commercials 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Filmography ( edit ) Supernatural ( 2013 ) Criminal Minds ( 2013 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2012 ) Castle ( 2010 ) Chase ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Dexter ( 2008 ) Love 's Abiding Joy ( 2006 ) You and I ( 2006 ) A.I. Assault ( 2006 ) CSI : Miami ( as Rick Miller in 2006 ) The O.C. ( 2006 ) Dependency ( 2005 ) The Legend of Butch & Sundance ( 2004 ) Wake ( 2003 ) Hollywood Homicide ( 2003 ) General Hospital ( 2002 -- present ) Charmed ( 2001 ) Any Day Now ( 2000 ) The Pretender ( 1999 ) Seinfeld ( 1997 ) Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman ( 1993 ) Night Trap ( 1992 ) Baywatch Nights ( 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 ) Moonstalker ( 1989 ) The Golden Girls ( 1988 ) Murder , She Wrote ( 1984 ) Commercials ( edit ) Pepsi Commercial ( 2002 ) Michelin Commercial ( 2003 ) Subaru Outback ( 2009 ) Miracle Whip ( 2010 ) Dr Pepper 10 ( 2013 ) Geico cheat death commercial ( 2017 ) See also ( edit ) History Of General Hospital List of General Hospital characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the State of California . California Birth Index , 1905 - 1995 . Center for Health Statistics , California Department of Health Services , Sacramento , California . At Ancestry.com External links ( edit ) Blake Gibbons on IMDb This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1960s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blake_Gibbons&oldid=777092160 '' Categories : 1961 births Male actors from California American male soap opera actors Living people Male actors from Bakersfield , California American television actor , 1960s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2017 , at 04 : 56 . About Wikipedia | who plays the stunt man in the geico commercial | [
"Blake Gibbons (born June 21, 1961 in Kern County, California) is an American actor with a recurring role as Coleman on the long running Daytime television serial General Hospital."
] | [
"Blake Gibbons"
] |
-8349982966820050308 | The mother of parliaments (expression) | The Mother of parliaments ( expression ) - wikipedia The Mother of parliaments ( expression ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Mother of Parliament . `` The mother of parliaments '' is an expression coined by the British politician and reformer John Bright in a speech at Birmingham on 18 January 1865 . It was a reference to England . His actual words were : `` England is the mother of parliaments '' . This was reported in The Times on the following day . The expression is often applied to the Parliament of the United Kingdom because of the adoption of the Westminster model of parliamentary democracy by many countries of the former British Empire . See also ( edit ) History of democracy History of parliamentarism Parliament Parliament in the Making Parliamentary system Prime minister Parliamentary sovereignty The History of Parliament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of Quotations , revised 4th ed , 1996 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Parliament . CUP Archive. 1957 . p. 517 ; `` UK Politics : Talking Politics The ' Mother of Parliaments ' '' . BBC Talking Politics . 3 June 1998 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 ; `` Full text of Obama 's speech to UK parliament '' . CNN . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 ; `` Britain and France Get Poor Marks in Democracy Ranking '' . Spiegel Online . 2 January 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 ; `` A Makeover for the Mother of Parliaments '' . The New York Times . 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Seidle , F. Leslie ; Docherty , David C. ( 2003 ) . Reforming parliamentary democracy . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780773525085 . Jump up ^ Julian Go ( 2007 ) . `` A Globalizing Constitutionalism ? , Views from the Postcolony , 1945 - 2000 '' . In Arjomand , Saïd Amir . Constitutionalism and political reconstruction . Brill . pp. 92 -- 94 . ISBN 9004151745 ; `` How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World '' . University of Cambridge . 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Graham , Harry ( 2015 ) ( 1910 ) . The Mother of Parliaments. 1347470220 . ISBN 9781347470220 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_mother_of_parliaments_(expression)&oldid=832418982 '' Categories : Quotations Parliament of the United Kingdom England Westminster system Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why is the british parliament known as the mother of parliaments | [
"The expression is often applied to the Parliament of the United Kingdom because of the adoption of the Westminster model of parliamentary democracy by many countries of the former British Empire.[2][3][4]"
] | [
"because of the adoption of the Westminster model of parliamentary democracy by many countries of the former British Empire"
] |
-5545578579438779177 | Madam Secretary (TV series) | Madam Secretary ( TV series ) - wikipedia Madam Secretary ( TV series ) Madam Secretary Genre Political drama Thriller Created by Barbara Hall Starring Téa Leoni Tim Daly Patina Miller Geoffrey Arend Erich Bergen Željko Ivanek Bebe Neuwirth Wallis Currie - Wood Katherine Herzer Evan Roe Keith Carradine Sebastian Arcelus Sara Ramirez Opening theme Theme to Madam Secretary Ending theme Theme to Madam Secretary Composer ( s ) Transcenders Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 94 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Barbara Hall Morgan Freeman Téa Leoni Lori McCreary Tracy Mercer David Grae Running time 42 -- 46 minutes Production company ( s ) Barbara Hall Productions Revelations Entertainment CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) -- present External links Website Madam Secretary is an American political drama television series created by Barbara Hall and executive produced by Lori McCreary and Morgan Freeman . It stars Téa Leoni as Elizabeth McCord , a former CIA analyst and political science professor turned Secretary of State . The series premiered on September 21 , 2014 . On October 27 , 2014 , CBS placed a full season order consisting of 22 episodes for the first season . On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a fourth season . In 2017 , CBS sealed a multi-platform syndication deal worth an estimated $2 million per episode . On April 18 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 2.4 Dalton Cabinet and principal advisors 2.4. 1 Other officials 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Criticism 5.4 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Madam Secretary explores Secretary Elizabeth McCord 's life as the determined United States Secretary of State . McCord drives international diplomacy , battles office politics , and circumvents protocol if needed as she negotiates worldwide issues . The show also focuses on the personal lives of the characters . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Madam Secretary characters Main ( edit ) Téa Leoni as Elizabeth `` Bess '' Adams McCord , the United States Secretary of State . She spent twenty years as a CIA analyst before becoming a professor of political science at the University of Virginia . She was selected by her old boss , Conrad Dalton , who is now the President of the United States , to replace Secretary of State Vincent Marsh , who died in a plane crash . Tim Daly as Henry McCord , Elizabeth 's husband of 25 years . A former Marine captain / aviator during Operation Desert Storm and theology professor , his unique blend of skills are sought by the National Security Agency , which engages him as an operative in combating religious extremism . At the end of season 3 , Henry is named the head of the CIA Special Activities Division . Bebe Neuwirth as Nadine Tolliver ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) , Elizabeth 's chief of staff who had a six - year affair with the deceased Secretary of State , Vincent Marsh , beginning when he was a senator . Originally suspicious and resentful of the new Secretary of State , Nadine soon learns to trust Elizabeth , and the two cultivate a strong working relationship . In season 1 , Nadine slowly began to date again , romancing the Administrator of NASA , Glenn , and later fell into a relationship with the recurring political consultant Mike Barnow . In season 4 , Nadine leaves the State Department to spend more time with her family . Željko Ivanek as Russell Jackson , White House Chief of Staff . His primary objective of keeping the President politically secure at home and abroad sets him up for occasional confrontations with Secretary McCord 's unorthodox diplomatic maneuvering . Erich Bergen as Blake Moran , Elizabeth 's personal assistant , and the only member of her staff that she hired rather than inherited . Patina Miller as Daisy Grant , Elizabeth 's press coordinator . Daisy dates Matt during season 1 but goes on to date other men following their breakup . In season 3 she dates `` Kevin '' from Budget and Planning , who turns out to be an undercover operative for the CIA investigating the State Department . He is killed in a weapons - trafficking conspiracy , and Daisy subsequently finds herself pregnant with his child . In the fourth season , Daisy gives birth to a daughter Joanna Grant . Geoffrey Arend as Matt Mahoney , Elizabeth 's speechwriter . Matt and Daisy dated during season 1 , but ended things . Wallis Currie - Wood as Stephanie `` Stevie '' McCord , Elizabeth and Henry 's older daughter . Stevie attended Lovell University and later Georgetown University and applied to Harvard Law school . Stevie serves as an intern to Russell Jackson and was , for a time , engaged to Jareth Glover . She has an affair with Dmitri Petrov ( then undercover ) in season 4 that puts her in danger . Kathrine Herzer as Alison McCord , Elizabeth and Henry 's younger daughter . Alison planned to attend Rafferty College to pursue her dreams of fashion and design , but later changed her mind . Evan Roe as Jason McCord , Elizabeth and Henry 's teenage son , a self - proclaimed anarchist . Jason is critical of political systems in general , but in season 1 he was expelled from his school for punching a student who insulted Elizabeth . Keith Carradine as Conrad Dalton ( seasons 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) , the President of the United States . Conrad served in the United States Marine Corps as a second lieutenant during the Vietnam War and was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency during Elizabeth 's time at the CIA . In the third season , Dalton secures reelection as an independent after failing to secure his party 's nomination , partly due to a controversial change in policy championed by Elizabeth . He offers Elizabeth the role of Vice President during his campaign , but eventually names someone else in order to further his campaign . Elizabeth remains Secretary of State . Sebastian Arcelus as Jay Whitman , Elizabeth 's current chief of staff and previous senior policy advisor ( seasons 3 -- present ; recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ) . In season 3 , it is revealed that Jay 's busy schedule working for the Secretary has strained his marriage . He is currently separated from his wife Abby , who maintains custody of their daughter Chloe . Jay is promoted to chief of staff in season 4 . Sara Ramirez as Kat Sandoval , Elizabeth 's Policy Advisor and a former Chief of Staff to the UN Ambassador ( season 4 and 5 ) Recurring ( edit ) Johanna Day as Ellen Hill , a retired admiral and the National Security Advisor . She was the first female Chairwoman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff prior to being appointed National Security Advisor . Tony Plana as Ed Parker , an admiral and member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Francis Jue as Ming Chen , China 's Foreign Minister and Elizabeth 's Chinese counterpart . Mandy Gonzalez as Lucy Knox , President Dalton 's aide . Mike Pniewski as Gordon Becker , the United States Secretary of Defense . Kevin Rahm as Michael `` Mike B . '' Barnow , a political official who is said to drift between the United States Cabinet departments . It is mentioned that he is a Rhodes Scholar , who turned his brilliant legal career into a promising political career that was cut short by a scandalous divorce six years prior to his first appearance before settling into his current job . He is often seen assisting Secretary McCord . He is also often seen with his dog . Jason Ralph as Harrison Dalton ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , son of President Dalton and long - time friend of Stevie McCord . In season 1 , it is revealed Harrison has a drug addiction and is color blind . In season 4 it is revealed that he is back in rehab . Cotter Smith as Darren Hahn ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , President Dalton 's first known National Security Advisor . Patrick Breen as Andrew Munsey ( season 1 ) , the Director of the CIA and a protégé of President Dalton . Nilaja Sun as Juliet Humphrey ( season 1 ; guest season 3 ) , a former CIA analyst , friend and colleague of Elizabeth and Isabelle . Usman Ally as Zahed Javani ( season 1 ) , Iran 's Foreign Minister and Elizabeth 's Iranian counterpart . Dion Graham as Fred Cole ( season 1 ) , the Bureau of Diplomatic Security Head Agent who served as Elizabeth 's principal bodyguard . Josh Hamilton as Arthur Gilroy ( season 1 ) , Stevie 's 39 - year - old microloan employer and ex-boyfriend . Anna Deavere Smith as Mary Campbell ( season 1 ) , the United States Attorney General . Marin Hinkle as Isabelle Barnes ( season 1 ) , a CIA analyst and Elizabeth 's close friend , who assists the McCords with the investigation of the death of Secretary of State Vincent Marsh . Yorgo Constantine as Anton Gorev ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , Russia 's Foreign Minister and a friend of both Secretary and Dr. McCord . Clifton Davis as Ephraim Ware ( seasons 2 -- present ) , Director of National Intelligence . Julian Acosta as Craig Sterling ( season 2 ) , a former US Department of Defense official , he becomes National Security Advisor in season 2 much to Elizabeth and Russell 's dismay , and rival of Elizabeth 's . Alex Fernandez as Mark Delgado ( season 2 ) , the Vice President of the United States . Angela Gots as Maria Ostrova ( season 2 ) , the President of Russia and widow of late Russian President Pavel Ostrov . Leslie Hendrix as Louise Cronenberg ( season 2 ) , the United States Attorney General . Jill Hennessy as Jane Fellows ( season 2 ) , Henry 's DIA superior , and a member of Murphy Station ; the first Ishbal Jahed task force . Kobi Libii as Oliver Shaw ( season 2 ; guest season 3 ) , the Cybersecurity Coordinator . Shaw looked into the attack against Air Force One and is the love interest of Daisy Grant in the second season . Chris Petrovski as Dmitri Petrov ( seasons 2 , 4 ; guest season 3 ) , a 24 - year - old Russian Army captain who studied at the National War College . He was recruited by Professor Henry McCord ( on behalf of the DIA ) to become an American spy in exchange for getting his sick sister medical care in Stockholm , Sweden . Dmitri is captured by the Russians and eventually exchanged to the Americans for another traitor to the state . Following his capture Dmitri feels abandoned by Henry and is very angry and bitter toward him . He is placed into a witness protection program under the name Alexander ( Alex ) Mehranov . In season 4 , he gets recruited by the CIA as an analyst . Masha King as Talia Petrov , Dmitri 's sister who was placed into witness protection with her brother and is now his roommate . Carlos Gómez as Jose Campos ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) , an Ishbal Jahed task force member . J.C. MacKenzie as Sam Evans ( season 3 ) , the governor of Pennsylvania and the presidential nominee for Dalton 's party . Evans is particularly vindictive during the campaign and , following Dalton 's victory through a vote in the House of Representatives , threatens to have the vote overturned due to little - known law he claims Elizabeth broke . However , he is manipulated into accepting the terms of the vote after Russel Jackson threatens to expose him for having a gene that makes him likely to develop early - onset Alzheimer 's . René Auberjonois as Walter Novack ( seasons 2 -- present ) , a State Department analyst with the Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation . Christopher O'Shea as Jareth Glover , Stevie 's fiance from England . He gave up a fellowship at Oxford to return to America to be with Stevie after she had trouble adjusting to life in England . His family is a member of the upper class and even nobility in England . Stevie and Jareth broke up in season 4 . Justine Lupe as Ronnie Baker ( seasons 3 -- present ) , a United States Army captain seconded from United States Cyber Command who assists Elizabeth on several occasions . Eric Stoltz as Will Adams , Secretary Elizabeth McCord 's younger brother and a member of Doctors Without Borders . Jordan Lage as Kohl , a United States Army general . Sam Breslin Wright as Dylan Larson , an ex -- Army Ranger who has been working for the CIA for seven years as of the start of season 4 . Christine Garver as Molly Reid , a career CIA agent , starting her career as a field agent in Chechnya . She is pregnant and due in a couple months from the start of season 4 . Guest stars ( edit ) Yuval David as Matvey Sokolov ( season 4 ) , a Russian special agent . Louis Gossett , Jr. as Laurent Vasseur ( season 1 , episode 6 ) , a Catholic priest and an old friend of Henry 's . William Allen Young as Steven Cushing ( season 1 , episode 12 ) , the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State . Tom Skerritt as Patrick McCord ( season 1 , episode 13 ) , Henry 's father . Bob Schieffer as himself ( season 1 , episode 17 ) . Schieffer is the former moderator of Face the Nation . Morgan Freeman as Frawley , the Chief Justice of the United States ( season 2 , episode 1 ; season 3 , episode 1 ; season 4 , episode 1 ) . Madeleine Albright as herself ( season 2 , episode 2 ) . Albright was the first female U.S. Secretary of State . Kate Burton as Maureen McCord - Ryan ( season 2 , episode 13 ) , Henry 's sister . Jane Pauley as herself ( season 2 , episode 18 ; season 3 , episode 1 ) . Shivam Chopra as Sanjay ( season 1 , episode 7 ) . Stephanie J. Block as Abby , Jay 's wife . Block is the real - life wife of Sebastian Arcelus . Mirroring real life , Block had previously given birth to their daughter while Arcelus was filming season 1 , episode 17 , where Jay 's wife also gives birth to a daughter . Joel de la Fuente as Datu Andrada ( season 3 , episode 15 ) , the President of the Philippines . Christine Ebersole as Lydia Dalton , the First Lady . Monna Sabouri as the Interpreter ( season 3 , episode 9 ) , a Russian - and Persian - speaking agent . Elpidia Carrillo as President Daphne Tejeda ( season 4 , episode 18 ) The Friendship Game . Dalton Cabinet and principal advisors ( edit ) The Dalton Cabinet Office Name Term President Conrad Dalton ( Keith Carradine ) 2013 -- Vice President Mark Delgado ( Alex Fernandez ) 2013 -- 2017 Teresa Hurst ( Jan Maxwell / Jayne Atkinson ) 2017 -- Secretary of State Vincent Marsh ( Brian Stokes Mitchell ) 2013 -- 2014 Elizabeth McCord ( Téa Leoni ) 2014 -- Secretary of Treasury Max Quinn ( Michael Cumpsty ) 2013 -- 2014 Secretary of Defense Gordon Becker ( Mike Pniewski ) 2013 -- Attorney General Mary Campbell ( Anna Deavere Smith ) 2013 -- 2015 Nolan ( John Bolton ) 2017 -- Unknown ( Shown in `` French Revolution '' ) 2016 -- 2017 Louise Cronenberg ( Leslie Hendrix ) 2015 -- 2016 Chief of Staff Russell Jackson ( Željko Ivanek ) 2013 -- National Security Advisor Darren Kahn ( Cotter Smith ) 2013 -- 2015 ADM ( Ret . ) Ellen Hill ( Johanna Day ) 2016 -- Craig Sterling ( Julian Acosta ) 2015 -- 2015 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ADM Ellen Hill , USN ( Johanna Day ) 2013 -- 2015 GEN Kelsey Reeves , US Army ( Ralph Byers ) 2015 -- Director of National Intelligence Ephraim Ware ( Clifton Davis ) 2013 -- Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Andrew Munsey ( Patrick Breen ) 2013 -- 2015 Hugh Haymond ( Michael Gaston ) 2016 -- Dennis Ellerman ( John Doman ) 2015 -- 2016 Sean Williams ( Larry Pine ) 2015 -- 2015 Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Neil Hendricks ( Wayne Duvall ) 2013 -- 2016 Keith Doherty ( Michael Boatman ) 2016 -- Other officials ( edit ) Office Name Term Chief Justice of the United States Frawley ( Morgan Freeman ) 2013 -- Deputy Secretary of State Steven Cushing ( William Allen Young ) 2013 -- Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Susan Thompson ( Tonya Pinkins ) 2014 -- United States Ambassador to Yemen Paul Wellington ( Tim Guinee ) 2013 -- United States Ambassador to Myanmar Arlen Maxwell ( David Rasche ) 2013 -- 2014 United States Ambassador to Algeria Roy Curtis ( Dakin Matthews ) 2013 -- 2016 Deputy Director of the FBI Marguerite Sanchez ( Rosyln Ruff ) 2013 -- Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Glenn ( John Pankow ) 2013 -- Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board Humphrey Nelson ( Alfredo Narciso ) 2013 -- Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Madam Secretary episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 23 October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 23 October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 22 October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 5 20 October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) TBA Broadcast ( edit ) In Canada , the series airs on Global at the same time as the original broadcast . In Finland , it premiered January 1 , 2016 , on MTV3 . The series has been popular in Finland : 11 % of Finnish people watched the first episode . In Australia , it premiered on October 2 , 2014 on Network Ten . On October 23 , 2014 , it was announced that it will air on Sky Living in the United Kingdom , along with new formats to air TV3 in Ireland , and other international channels . The series launched in the United Kingdom on April 23 , 2015 . It is broadcast on Sony Channel Asia . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Timeslot ( ET ) Original airing Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Season premiere Season finale TV season 22 Sunday 8 : 00 pm September 21 , 2014 May 3 , 2015 2014 -- 2015 No. 10 14.17 23 October 4 , 2015 May 8 , 2016 2015 -- 2016 No. 14 12.39 23 Sunday 9 : 00 pm October 2 , 2016 May 21 , 2017 2016 -- 2017 No. 18 10.92 22 Sunday 10 : 00 pm October 8 , 2017 May 20 , 2018 2017 -- 2018 No. 37 8.84 5 TBA October 7 , 2018 2018 -- 2019 Note : During the National Football League season and several weeks through the season , the series airs at 10 : 30 pm ET / 9 : 30 pm CT to account for game or PGA Tour golf overruns ( there are no delays from the Mountain Time Zone westward ) . Since its move to the last hour of primetime , several new episodes have been delayed a week at the last minute due to games overrunning into the 8 : 00 pm timeslot to allow local newscasts to start as close to 11 : 00 pm ET / 10 : 00 pm CT as possible ; in this case , a repeat of the series airs in the Mountain Time Zone westward instead , with Canada 's Global following CBS 's scheduling in order to take advantage of simsub opportunities . Critical reception ( edit ) Madam Secretary has been met with generally positive reviews from TV critics . On Metacritic , the show has a score of 66 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the show holds a rating of 66 % , based on 50 reviews , with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bolstered by Tea Leoni 's strong central performance , Madam Secretary is a solid but unspectacular political drama . '' Criticism ( edit ) Three women have served as Secretary of State to date : Madeleine Albright from 1997 to 2001 under Bill Clinton , Condoleezza Rice from 2005 to 2009 under George W. Bush , and Hillary Clinton from 2009 to 2013 under Barack Obama . Shortly after the series ' debut , Fox News asked if the show therefore served as a campaign ad supporting Hillary Clinton , but quoted the Los Angeles Times saying the lead character was `` no Hillary knockoff '' and a New York publicist calling the casting of a woman `` simple business and smart on CBS ' behalf '' . Conservative activist organization Culture and Media Institute , however , said the connection was clear , citing the women 's blond hair and pantsuits . When the trailer of the fifteenth episode of Season 3 ( Break in Diplomacy ) was released showing McCord responding to unwanted sexual advances by fictional Philippine president Datu Andrada by punching Andrada in the face , it became controversial in the Philippines due to perceived parallels between Andrada and real - life President Rodrigo Duterte , who was known for making inappropriate and sexist remarks . The Philippine Embassy in Washington even published a statement protesting the negative depiction on its Facebook page . The first episode of the fourth season , News Cycle , led to a hard protest from East Timor 's Minister of State and Nobel Peace Prize laureate José Ramos - Horta . `` It 's a slander against a country that only shows ignorance and racism , '' he explained . The TV show used the border dispute between Australia and East Timor in the Timor Sea ( The dispute is transferred in the TV show to the South China Sea , although neither Australia nor East Timor is bordering to it ) as background story . East Timor is shown as a country controlled by a Mexican drug cartel and used for drug transfer . US Secretary of State McCord is asking China to take measures to prevent the leader of the drug cartel from making a narco - state out of East Timor . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result 2014 TV Guide Award Favorite New Show Madam Secretary Nominated 2015 American Cinema Editors Awards 2015 Best Edited One - Hour Series for Commercial Television Elena Maganini and Michael D. Ornstein Nominated 41st People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Téa Leoni Nominated Favorite New TV Drama Madam Secretary Nominated Publicists Guild of America The Maxwell Weinberg Publicists Showmanship Television Award CBS Television Studio / Madam Secretary Nominated 2015 Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television Madam Secretary Nominated 2016 CBS MVP Awards Best Motivational Speech Téa Leoni Nominated 2016 Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network of Syndicated Television Madam Secretary Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Page not found -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - O ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Madam Secretary ' Heads to Netflix , WeTV in Rich Syndication Pacts '' . variety.com . Variety Media . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` CBS Renews 11 Series , Including ' Bull , ' ' Survivor ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` CBS Orders ' CSI : Cyber ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Stalker ' , ' Madam Secretary ' , ' Scorpion ' & ' The McCarthys ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV : CBS Orders NCIS and CSI Spin - Offs , Odd Couple , Kevin Williamson 's Stalker and 4 More to Series ( But Not How I Met Your Dad ? ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Željko Ivanek Upped to Regular on New CBS Drama Series Madam Secretary '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Emmy - winning character actor Željko Ivanek ( Damages ) joined the cast of CBS ' new drama series Madam Secretary as a regular after guest starring in the pilot . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Thursday - Friday , July 12 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilford , Denette ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Global TV Lineup Fall 2014 -- 15 : Shaw Media Making Bold Moves '' . The HuffingtonPost . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTV3 -- Rouva Ministeri '' ( Mrs. Minister ) . mtv.fi ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finnpanel -- TV - mittaritutkimus '' ( Results From The TV Audience Measurement ) . finnpanel.fi ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` Madam Secretary '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Madam Secretary ' Coming To U.K. On Sky Living ; NBCUniversal International Television Production Pacts With TV3 Group Ireland : Global Briefs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Living Sets UK Premiere Date Madam Secretary '' . TVWise . March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://pmcdeadline2.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/primetime-tv-ratings-2016-2017-total-viewers-top-44.jpg Jump up ^ https://deadline.com/2018/05/2017-2018-tv-series-ratings-rankings-full-list-of-shows-1202395851/ Jump up ^ `` Madam Secretary : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madam Secretary : Season 1 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Madam Secretary ' a campaign ad for Hillary Clinton 2016 ? '' . FoxNews.Com . September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People are furious that ' Madam Secretary ' will feature a lecherous Filipino president '' . Mashable . March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy of the Philippines , Washington Facebook page '' . March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diário de Notícias : Ramos - Horta vai protestar por retrato de Timor - Leste em série norte - americana Jump up ^ Adam Chitwood ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Nightcrawler , Gone Girl , and Boyhood Land ACE Editing Awards Nominations '' . Collider . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 41st People 's Choice Awards nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2016 -- CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Madam Secretary on IMDb CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Celebrity Undercover Boss ( since 2018 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) FBI ( since 2018 ) God Friended Me ( since 2018 ) Happy Together ( since 2018 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Magnum P.I. ( since 2018 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) Murphy Brown ( 1988 -- 1998 ; since 2018 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) The Neighborhood ( since 2018 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. ( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Whistleblower ( since 2018 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 ; since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 ; since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Blood & Treasure ( 2019 ) The Code ( 2019 ) Fam ( 2019 ) The Red Line ( 2019 ) The World 's Best ( 2019 ) Million Dollar Mile ( TBA ) Love Island ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madam_Secretary_(TV_series)&oldid=866241179 '' Categories : Madam Secretary 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts American drama television series American LGBT - related television shows American political television series CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series created by Barbara Hall ( TV producer ) Television shows set in Washington , D.C. White House in fiction Works about diplomats Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Use mdy dates from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 04 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the cia director on madam secretary | [
"Patrick Breen as Andrew Munsey (season 1), the Director of the CIA and a protégé of President Dalton."
] | [
"Patrick Breen"
] |
7217081375609975040 | Religion in the Soviet Union | Religion in the Soviet Union - Wikipedia Religion in the Soviet Union Jump to : navigation , search This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian . ( April 2017 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated page ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Part of a series on the Culture of the Soviet Union History ( show ) Great October Socialist Revolution Great Patriotic War People Languages Traditions Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Islam Art ( show ) Architecture Art Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Censorship Propaganda Sport Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Cultural icons Soviet Union portal The Soviet Union was established by the Bolsheviks in 1922 , in place of the Russian Empire . At the time of the 1917 Revolution , the Russian Orthodox Church was deeply integrated into the autocratic state , enjoying official status . This was a significant factor that contributed to the Bolshevik attitude to religion and the steps they took to control it . Thus the USSR became the first state to have as one objective of its official ideology the elimination of existing religion , and the prevention of future implanting of religious belief , with the goal of establishing state atheism ( gosateizm ) . Under the doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union , there was a `` government - sponsored program of conversion to atheism '' conducted by Communists . The communist regime targeted religions based on State interests , and while most organized religions were never outlawed , religious property was confiscated , believers were harassed , and religion was ridiculed while atheism was propagated in schools . In 1925 the government founded the League of Militant Atheists to intensify the persecution . Accordingly , although personal expressions of religious faith were not explicitly banned , a strong sense of social stigma was imposed on them by the official structures and mass media and it was generally considered unacceptable for members of certain professions ( teachers , state bureaucrats , soldiers ) to be openly religious . The vast majority of people in the Russian empire were , at the time of the revolution , religious believers , whereas the communists aimed to break the power of all religious institutions and eventually replace religious belief with atheism . `` Science '' was counterposed to `` religious superstition '' in the media and in academic writing . The main religions of pre-revolutionary Russia persisted throughout the entire Soviet period , but they were only tolerated within certain limits . Generally , this meant that believers were free to worship in private and in their respective religious buildings ( churches , mosques , etc . ) , but public displays of religion outside of such designated areas were prohibited . In addition , religious institutions were not allowed to express their views in any type of mass media , and many religious buildings were demolished or used for other purposes . As the founder of the Soviet state , V.I. Lenin , put it : Religion is the opium of the people : this saying of Marx is the cornerstone of the entire ideology of Marxism about religion . All modern religions and churches , all and of every kind of religious organizations are always considered by Marxism as the organs of bourgeois reaction , used for the protection of the exploitation and the stupefaction of the working class . Marxist -- Leninist atheism has consistently advocated the control , suppression , and elimination of religion . Within about a year of the revolution , the state expropriated all church property , including the churches themselves , and in the period from 1922 to 1926 , 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and more than 1,200 priests were killed . Many more were persecuted . Christians belonged to various churches : Orthodox ( which had the largest number of followers ) , Catholic , Baptist and various other Protestant denominations . The majority of the Muslims in the Soviet Union were Sunni . Judaism also had many followers . Other religions , practiced by a small number of believers , included Buddhism and Shamanism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Orthodox 1.1 Russian Orthodox Church 1.2 Georgian Orthodox Church 1.3 Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 1.4 Armenian Apostolic 2 Catholics 2.1 Roman Catholic Church 2.2 Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 3 Protestants 3.1 Persecution and other themes 3.2 Baptists 3.3 Lutherans 3.4 Other Protestants 4 Other Christian groups 5 Islam 6 Policy toward religions in practice 6.1 Policy towards nationalities and religion 6.2 Policy towards Orthodoxy 6.3 Policy towards Catholicism and Protestantism 6.4 Policy toward other Christian groups 6.5 Policy towards Islam 6.6 Policy towards Judaism 7 See also 8 References Orthodox ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow was demolished by the Soviet authorities in 1931 to make way for the Palace of Soviets . The palace was never finished , and the cathedral was rebuilt in 2000 . Orthodox Christians constituted a majority of believers in the Soviet Union . In the late 1980s , three Orthodox churches claimed substantial memberships there : the Russian Orthodox Church , the Georgian Orthodox Church , and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church ( AOC ) . They were members of the major confederation of Orthodox churches in the world , generally referred to as the Eastern Orthodox Church . The first two functioned openly and were tolerated by the regime , but the Ukrainian AOC was not permitted to function openly . Parishes of the Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church reappeared in Belarus only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , but they did not receive recognition from the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church , which controls Belarusian eparchies . Russian Orthodox Church ( edit ) According to both Soviet and Western sources , in the late 1980s the Russian Orthodox Church had over 50 million believers but only about 7,000 registered active churches . Over 4,000 of these churches were located in the Ukrainian Republic ( almost half of them in western Ukraine ) . The distribution of the six monasteries and ten convents of the Russian Orthodox Church was equally disproportionate . Only two of the monasteries were located in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . Another two were in Ukraine and there was one each in Belarus and Lithuania . Seven convents were located in Ukraine and one each in Moldova , Estonia , and Latvia . Georgian Orthodox Church ( edit ) The Georgian Orthodox Church , another autocephalous member of Eastern Orthodoxy , was headed by a Georgian patriarch . In the late 1980s it had 15 bishops , 180 priests , 200 parishes , and an estimated 2.5 million followers . In 1811 the Georgian Orthodox Church was incorporated into the Russian Orthodox Church , but it regained its independence in 1917 , after the fall of the Tsar . Nevertheless , the Russian Orthodox Church did not officially recognize its independence until 1943 . Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church ( edit ) The Ukrainian AOC separated from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1919 , when the short - lived Ukrainian state adopted a decree declaring autocephaly from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church . Its independence was reaffirmed by the Bolsheviks in the Ukrainian Republic , and by 1924 it had 30 bishops , almost 1,500 priests , nearly 1,100 parishes , and between 4 and 6 million members . From its inception , the Ukrainian AOC faced the hostility of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Ukrainian Republic . In the late 1920s , Soviet authorities accused it of nationalist tendencies . In 1930 the government forced the church to reorganize as the `` Ukrainian Orthodox Church '' , and few of its parishes survived until 1936 . Nevertheless , the Ukrainian AOC continued to function outside the borders of the Soviet Union , and it was revived on Ukrainian territory under the German occupation during World War II . In the late 1980s , some of the Orthodox faithful in the Ukrainian Republic appealed to the Soviet government to reestablish the Ukrainian AOC . Armenian Apostolic ( edit ) The Armenian Apostolic Church is an independent Oriental Orthodox church . In the 1980s it had about 4 million adherents -- almost the entire population of Armenia . It was permitted 6 bishops , between 50 and 100 priests , and between 20 and 30 churches , and it had one theological seminary and six monasteries . Catholics ( edit ) Catholics formed a substantial and active religious constituency in the Soviet Union . Their number increased dramatically with the annexation of territories of the Second Polish Republic in 1939 and the Baltic republics in 1940 . Catholics in the Soviet Union were divided between those belonging to the Roman Catholic Church , which was recognized by the government , and those remaining loyal to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , banned since 1946 . Roman Catholic Church ( edit ) The majority of the 5.5 million Roman Catholics in the Soviet Union lived in the Lithuanian , Belarusian , and Latvian republics , with a sprinkling in the Moldavian , Ukrainian , and Russian republics . Since World War II , the most active Roman Catholic Church in the Soviet Union was in the Lithuanian Republic , where the majority of people are Catholics . The Roman Catholic Church there has been viewed as an institution that both fosters and defends Lithuanian national interests and values . Since 1972 a Catholic underground publication , The Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania , supported not only Lithuanians ' religious rights but also their national rights . Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church ( edit ) See also : History of Christianity in Ukraine Western Ukraine , which included largely the historic region of Galicia , became part of the Soviet Union in 1939 . Although Ukrainian , its population was never part of the Russian Empire , but was Eastern Rite Catholic . After the Second World War , the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church identified closely with the nationalist aspirations of the region , arousing the hostility of the Soviet government , which was in combat with Ukrainian Insurgency . In 1945 , Soviet authorities arrested the church 's Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj , nine bishops and hundreds of clergy and leading lay activists , and deported them to forced labor camps in Siberia and elsewhere . The nine bishops and many of the clergy died in prisons , concentration camps , internal exile , or soon after their release during the post-Stalin thaw , but after 18 years of imprisonment and persecution , Metropolitan Slipyj was released when Pope John XXIII intervened on his behalf . Slipyj went to Rome , where he received the title of Major Archbishop of Lviv , and became a cardinal in 1965 . In 1946 a synod was called in Lviv , where , despite being uncanonical in both Catholic and Orthodox understanding , the Union of Brest was annulled , and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was officially annexed to the Russian Orthodox Church . St. George 's Cathedral in Lviv became the throne of Russian Orthodox Archbishop Makariy . For the clergy that joined the Russian Orthodox Church , the Soviet authorities refrained from the large - scale persecution seen elsewhere . In Lviv only one church was closed . In fact , the western dioceses of Lviv - Ternopil and Ivano - Frankivsk were the largest in the USSR . Canon law was also relaxed , allowing the clergy to shave their beards ( a practice uncommon in Orthodoxy ) and to conduct services in Ukrainian instead of Slavonic . In 1989 the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was officially re-established after a catacomb period of more than 40 years . There followed conflicts between Orthodox and Catholic Christians regarding the ownership of church buildings , conflicts which continued into the 1990s , after the Independence of Ukraine . Protestants ( edit ) Persecution and other themes ( edit ) See also : Anti-Protestantism Many Protestants were apprehended under Communist rule of law , including imprisonment and execution . Vladimir Shelkov ( 1895 -- 1980 ) , the leader of the unregistered Seventh - day Adventist movement in the Soviet Union , spent almost all his life from 1931 on in prison ; he died in Yakutia camp . Large numbers of Pentecostals were imprisoned , and many died there , including Ivan Voronaev , one of their leaders . In the period after the Second World War , Protestants in the USSR ( indigenous sectarian Spiritual Christians , Baptists , Pentecostals , Adventists and others ) were sent to mental hospitals or tried and imprisoned , often for refusal to enter military service . Some were deprived of their parental rights . The Lutheran Church in different regions of the country was persecuted during the Soviet era , and church property was confiscated . Many of its members and pastors were oppressed , and some were forced to emigrate . Baptists ( edit ) By 1950 , it was estimated that there were 2 million Baptists in the Soviet Union , with the largest number in Ukraine . Baptists were the largest Protestant grouping in the country . In 1991 , Ukraine had the second largest Baptist community in the world , behind only the United States . Baptists constituted the largest Protestant group . Spread throughout the Soviet Union , some congregations were registered with the government and functioned with official approval . Many other unregistered congregations carried on religious activity without such approval . Lutherans ( edit ) Lutherans , the second largest Protestant group , lived for the most part in the Latvian and Estonian republics . In the 1980s , Lutheran churches in these republics identified to some extent with nationality issues in the two republics . The regime 's attitude toward Lutherans was generally benign . Other Protestants ( edit ) A number of other Protestant groups were present , including Adventists , Pentecostals , and Reformed . Other Christian groups ( edit ) The March 1961 instruction on religious cults explained for the first time , that `` sects , the teaching and character of activities of which has anti-state and savagely extremist ( изуверский ) character : Jehovah 's Witnesses , Pentecostalists , Adventists - reformists '' are not to be registered and were thus banned . A number of congregations of Russian Mennonites , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and other Christian groups existed in the Soviet Union . Nearly 9,000 Jehovah 's Witnesses were deported to Siberia in 1951 ( numbers of those missed in deportation unknown ) . The number of Jehovah 's Witnesses increased greatly over this period , with a KGB estimate of around 20,000 in 1968 . Russian Mennonites began to emigrate from the Soviet Union in the face of increasing violence and persecution , state restrictions on freedom of religion , and biased allotments of communal farmland . They emigrated to Germany , Britain , the United States , parts of South America , and other regions . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in the Soviet Union Map showing the distribution of Muslims within the Soviet Union in 1979 as a percentage of the population by administrative division . After the Bolshevik revolution , Islam was for some time ( until 1929 ) treated better than the Russian Orthodox Church , which Bolsheviks regarded as a center of the `` reaction '' , and other religions . In the declaration `` Ко всем трудящимся мусульманам России и Востока '' ( To All Working Muslims in Russia and the Orient ) of November 1917 , the Bolshevik government declared the freedom to exercise their religion and customs for Muslims `` whose beliefs and customs had been suppressed by the Czars and the Russian oppressors '' . In the second half of 1920s and in 1930s , state repressions , suppression and atheist propaganda against all religions increased . E.g. in 1930 , out of the 12,000 mosques in Tatarstan , more than 10,000 were closed , from 90 to 97 % mullahs and muezzins were deprived of the right to exercise their profession . During the German - Soviet War , the restrictions on religion were eased somewhat . In 1943 the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan was established . In 1949 , 415 registered mosques functioned in the Soviet Union . In the late 1980s , Islam had the second largest following in the Soviet Union : between 45 and 50 million people identified themselves as Muslims . But the Soviet Union had only about 500 working mosques , a fraction of the number in prerevolutionary Russia , and Soviet law forbade Islamic religious activity outside working mosques and Islamic schools . All working mosques , religious schools , and Islamic publications were supervised by four `` spiritual directorates '' established by Soviet authorities to provide government control . The Spiritual Directorate for Central Asia and Kazakhstan , the Spiritual Directorate for the European Soviet Union and Siberia , and the Spiritual Directorate for the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan oversaw the religious life of Sunni Muslims . The Spiritual Directorate for Transcaucasia dealt with both Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims . The overwhelming majority of the Muslims were Sunnis . Soviet Muslims differed linguistically and culturally from each other , speaking about fifteen Turkic languages , ten Iranian languages , and thirty Caucasian languages . Hence , communication between different Muslim groups was difficult . In 1989 Russian often served as a lingua franca among some educated Muslims . Culturally , some Muslim groups had highly developed urban traditions , whereas others were recently nomadic . Some lived in industrialized environments , others in isolated mountainous regions . In sum , Muslims were not a homogeneous group with a common national identity and heritage , although they shared the same religion and the same country . In the late 1980s , unofficial Muslim congregations , meeting in tea houses and private homes with their own mullahs , greatly outnumbered those in the officially sanctioned mosques . The unofficial mullahs were either self - taught or informally trained by other mullahs . In the late 1980s , unofficial Islam appeared to split into fundamentalist congregations and groups that emphasized Sufism . Policy toward religions in practice ( edit ) Mass repression in the Soviet Union Economic repression Collectivization Dekulakization Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 Political repression Red Terror Great Purge Gulag Psychiatric Ideological repression Religion 1917 - 1921 1921 -- 28 1928 -- 41 1958 -- 64 1975 -- 87 Christianity Islam Legislation Science Censorship Images Ethnic repression Antisemitism Holodomor NKVD Polish Operation Population transfers See also : Living Church and USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1928 -- 1941 ) Soviet policy toward religion was based on the ideology of Marxism - Leninism , which made atheism the official doctrine of the Communist Party . However , `` the Soviet law and administrative practice through most of the 1920s extended some tolerance to religion and forbade the arbitrary closing or destruction of some functioning churches '' , and each successive Soviet constitution granted freedom of belief . As the founder of the Soviet state , Lenin , put it : Religion is the opium of the people : this saying of Marx is the cornerstone of the entire ideology of Marxism about religion . All modern religions and churches , all and of every kind of religious organizations are always considered by Marxism as the organs of bourgeois reaction , used for the protection of the exploitation and the stupefaction of the working class . Marxism - Leninism advocates the suppression and ultimately the disappearance of religious beliefs , considering them to be `` unscientific '' and `` superstitious '' . In the 1920s and 1930s , such organizations as the League of the Militant Godless were active in anti-religious propaganda . Atheism was the norm in schools , communist organizations ( such as the Young Pioneer Organization ) , and the media . The regime 's efforts to eradicate religion in the Soviet Union , however , varied over the years with respect to particular religions and were affected by higher state interests . In 1923 , a New York Times correspondent saw Christians observing Easter peacefully in Moscow despite violent anti-religious actions in previous years . Official policies and practices not only varied with time , but also differed in their application from one nationality to another and from one religion to another . In 1929 , with the onset of the Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union and an upsurge of radical militancy in the Party and Komsomol , a powerful `` hard line '' in favor of mass closing of churches and arrests of priests became dominant and evidently won Stalin 's approval . Secret `` hard line '' instructions were issued to local party organizations , but not published . When the anti-religious drive inflamed the anger of the rural population , not to mention that of the Pope and other Western church spokesmen , the regime was able to back off from a policy that it had never publicly endorsed anyway . Although all Soviet leaders had the same long - range goal of developing a cohesive Soviet people , they pursued different policies to achieve it . For the Soviet regime , questions of nationality and religion were always closely linked . Therefore , their attitude toward religion also varied from a total ban on some religions to official support of others . Policy towards nationalities and religion ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In theory , the Soviet Constitution described the regime 's position regarding nationalities and religions . It stated that every Soviet citizen also had a particular nationality , and every Soviet passport carried these two entries . The constitution granted a large degree of local autonomy , but this autonomy was subordinated to central authority . In addition , because local and central administrative structures were often not clearly divided , local autonomy was further weakened . Although under the Constitution all nationalities were equal , in practice they were not treated so . Only fifteen nationalities had union republic status , which granted them , in principle , many rights , including the right to secede from the union . Twenty - two nationalities lived in autonomous republics with a degree of local self - government and representation in the Council of Nationalities in the Supreme Soviet . Eighteen more nationalities had territorial enclaves ( autonomous oblasts and autonomous okrugs ) but had very few powers of self - government . The remaining nationalities had no right of self - government at all . Joseph Stalin 's 1913 definition of a nation as `` a historically constituted and stable community of people formed on the basis of common language , territory , economic life , and psychological makeup revealed in a common culture '' was retained by Soviet authorities throughout the 1980s . However , in granting nationalities union republic status , three additional factors were considered : a population of at least 1 million , territorial compactness , and location on the borders of the Soviet Union . Although Lenin believed that eventually all nationalities would merge into one , he insisted that the Soviet Union be established as a federation of formally equal nations . In the 1920s , genuine cultural concessions were granted to the nationalities . Communist elites of various nationalities were permitted to flourish and to have considerable self - government . National cultures , religions , and languages were not merely tolerated but , in areas with Muslim populations , encouraged . Demographic changes in the 1960s and 1970s whittled down the overall Russian majority , but they also caused two nationalities ( the Kazakhs and Kirgiz ) to become minorities in their own republics at the time of the 1979 census , and considerably reduced the majority of the titular nationalities in other republics . This situation led Leonid Brezhnev to declare at the 24th Communist Party Congress in 1971 that the process of creating a unified Soviet people had been completed , and proposals were made to abolish the federative system and replace it with a single state . In the 1970s , however , a broad movement of national dissent began to spread throughout the Soviet Union . It manifestated itself in many ways : Jews insisted on their right to emigrate to Israel ; Crimean Tatars demanded to be allowed to return to Crimea ; Lithuanians called for the restoration of the rights of the Catholic Church ; and Helsinki Watch groups were established in the Georgian , Lithuanian , and Ukrainian republics . Petitions , literature , and occasional public demonstrations voiced public demands for the human rights of all nationalities . By the end of the 1970s , however , massive and concerted efforts by the KGB had largely suppressed the national dissent movement . Nevertheless , Brezhnev had learned his lesson . Proposals to dismantle the federative system were abandoned in favour of a policy of drawing the nationalities together more gradually . Soviet officials identified religion closely with nationality . The implementation of policy toward a particular religion , therefore , depended on the regime 's perception of the bond between that religion and the nationality practicing it , the size of the religious community , the extent to which the religion accepted outside authority , and the nationality 's willingness to subordinate itself to political authority . Thus the smaller the religious community and the more closely it identified with a particular nationality , the more restrictive were the regime 's policies , especially if the religion also recognized a foreign authority such as the pope . Policy towards Orthodoxy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Russian Orthodox Cathedral , once the most dominant landmark in Baku , was demolished in the 1930s under Stalin . As for the Russian Orthodox Church , Soviet authorities sought to control it and , in times of national crisis , to exploit it for the regime 's own purposes ; but their ultimate goal was to eliminate it . During the first five years of Soviet power , the Bolsheviks executed 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and over 1,200 Russian Orthodox priests . Many others were imprisoned or exiled . Believers were harassed and persecuted . Most seminaries were closed , and the publication of most religious material was prohibited . By 1941 only 500 churches remained open out of about 54,000 in existence prior to World War I . Such crackdowns related to many people 's dissatisfaction with the church in pre-revolutionary Russia . The close ties between the church and the state led to the perception of the church as corrupt and greedy by many members of the intelligentsia . Many peasants , while highly religious , also viewed the church unfavorably . Respect for religion did not extend to the local priests . The church owned a significant portion of Russia 's land , and this was a bone of contention -- land ownership was a big factor in the Russian Revolution of 1917 . The Nazi attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 induced Stalin to enlist the Russian Orthodox Church as an ally to arouse Russian patriotism against foreign aggression . Russian Orthodox religious life experienced a revival : thousands of churches were reopened ; there were 22,000 by the time Nikita Khrushchev came to power . The regime permitted religious publications , and church membership grew . Khrushchev reversed the regime 's policy of cooperation with the Russian Orthodox Church . Although it remained officially sanctioned , in 1959 Khrushchev launched an antireligious campaign that was continued in a less stringent manner by his successor , Brezhnev . By 1975 the number of active Russian Orthodox churches was reduced to 7,000 . Some of the most prominent members of the Russian Orthodox hierarchy and some activists were jailed or forced to leave the church . Their place was taken by docile clergy who were obedient to the state and who were sometimes infiltrated by KGB agents , making the Russian Orthodox Church useful to the regime . It espoused and propagated Soviet foreign policy and furthered the russification of non-Russian Christians , such as Orthodox Ukrainians and Belarusians . The regime applied a different policy toward the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and the Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church . Viewed by the government as very nationalistic , both were suppressed , first at the end of the 1920s and again in 1944 after they had renewed themselves under German occupation . The leadership of both churches was decimated ; large numbers of priests were shot or sent to labor camps , and members of their congregations were harassed and persecuted . The Georgian Orthodox Church was subject to a somewhat different policy and fared far worse than the Russian Orthodox Church . During World War II , however , it was allowed greater autonomy in running its affairs in return for calling its members to support the war effort , although it did not achieve the kind of accommodation with the authorities that the Russian Orthodox Church had . The government reimposed tight control over it after the war . Out of some 2,100 churches in 1917 , only 200 were still open in the 1980s , and it was forbidden to serve its adherents outside the Georgian Republic . In many cases , the regime forced the Georgian Orthodox Church to conduct services in Old Church Slavonic instead of in the Georgian language . Policy towards Catholicism and protestantism ( edit ) The Soviet government 's policies toward the Catholic Church were strongly influenced by Soviet Catholics ' recognition of an outside authority as head of their church . As a result of World War II , millions of Catholics ( including Greco - Catholics ) became Soviet citizens and were subjected to new repression . Also , in the three republics where most of the Catholics lived , the Lithuanian SSR , the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR , Catholicism and nationalism were closely linked . Although the Roman Catholic Church was tolerated in Lithuania , large numbers of the clergy were imprisoned , many seminaries were closed , and police agents infiltrated the remainder . The anti-Catholic campaign in Lithuania abated after Stalin 's death , but harsh measures against the church were resumed in 1957 and continued through the Brezhnev era . Soviet policy was particularly harsh toward the Ukrainian Greek - Catholic Church . Ukrainian Greek - Catholics came under Soviet rule in 1939 , when western Ukraine was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Nazi - Soviet Nonaggression Pact . Although the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was permitted to function , it was almost immediately subjected to intense harassment . Retreating before the German army in 1941 , Soviet authorities arrested large numbers of Ukrainian Greek Catholic priests , who were either killed or deported to Siberia . After the Red Army reoccupied western Ukraine in 1944 , the Soviet regime liquidated the Ukrainian Greek - Catholic Church by arresting its metropolitan , all of its bishops , hundreds of clergy , and the more active church members , killing some and sending the rest to labor camps . At the same time , Soviet authorities forced the remaining clergy to abrogate the union with Rome and subordinate themselves to the Russian Orthodox Church . Before World War II , there were fewer Protestants in the Soviet Union than adherents of other faiths , but they showed remarkable growth since then . In 1944 the Soviet government established the All - Union Council of Evangelical Christian Baptists ( now the Union of Evangelical Christians - Baptists of Russia ) to gain some control over the various Protestant sects . Many congregations refused to join this body , however , and others that initially joined it subsequently left . All found that the state , through the council , was interfering in church life . Policy toward other Christian groups ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A number of congregations of Russian Mennonites , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and other Christian groups faced varying levels of persecution under Soviet rule . Jehovah 's Witnesses were banned from practicing their religion . Under Operation North , the personal property of over eight - thousand members was confiscated , and they ( along with underage children ) were exiled to Siberia from 1951 until repeal in 1965 . All were asked to sign a declaration of resignation as a Jehovah 's Witness in order to not be deported . There is no existing record of any having signed this declaration . While in Siberia , some men , women , and children were forced to work as lumberjacks for a fixed wage . Victims reported living conditions to be very poor . From 1951 to 1991 , Jehovah 's Witnesses within and outside Siberia were incarcerated -- and then rearrested after serving their terms . Some were forced to work in concentration camps , others forcibly enrolled in Marxist reeducation programs . KGB officials infiltrated the Jehovah 's Witnesses organization in the Soviet Union , mostly to seek out hidden caches of theological literature . Soviet propaganda films depicted Jehovah 's Witnesses as a cult , extremist , and engaging in mind control . Jehovah 's Witnesses were legalized in the Soviet Union in 1991 ; victims were given social benefits equivalent to those of war veterans . Early in the Bolshevik period , predominantly before the end of the Russian Civil War and the emergence of the Soviet Union , Russian Mennonite communities were harassed ; several Mennonites were killed or imprisoned , and women were raped . Anarcho - Communist Nestor Makhno was responsible for most of the bloodshed , which caused the normally pacifist Mennonites to take up arms in defensive militia units . This marked the beginning of a mass exodus of Mennonites to Germany , the United States , and elsewhere . Mennonites were branded as kulaks by the Soviets . Their colonies ' farms were collectivized under the Soviet Union 's communal farming policy . Being predominantly German settlers , the Russian Mennonites in World War II saw the German forces invading Russia as liberators . Many were allowed passage to Germany as Volksdeutsche . Soviet officials began exiling Mennonite settlers in the eastern part of Russia to Siberia . After the war , the remaining Russian Mennonites were branded as Nazi conspirators and exiled to Kazakhstan and Siberia , sometimes being imprisoned or forced to work in concentration camps . In the 1990s the Russian government gave the Mennonites in Kazakhstan and Siberia the opportunity to emigrate . Policy towards Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in the Soviet Union Soviet policy toward Islam was affected , on the one hand by the large Muslim population , its close ties to national cultures , and its tendency to accept Soviet authority , and on the other hand by its susceptibility to foreign influence . Although actively encouraging atheism , Soviet authorities permitted some limited religious activity in all the Muslim republics , under the auspices of the regional branches of the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the USSR . Mosques functioned in most large cities of the Central Asian republics and the Azerbaijan Republic , but their number decreased from 25,000 in 1917 to 500 in the 1970s . Under Stalinist rule , Soviet authorities cracked down on Muslim clergy , closing many mosques or turning them into warehouses . In 1989 , as part of the general relaxation of restrictions on religions , some additional Muslim religious associations were registered , and some of the mosques that had been closed by the government were returned to Muslim communities . The government also announced plans to permit the training of limited numbers of Muslim religious leaders in two - and five - year courses in Ufa and Baku , respectively . Policy towards Judaism ( edit ) Main article : History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union Although Lenin publicly condemned anti-Semitism , the regime was hostile toward Judaism from the beginning . In 1919 the Soviet authorities abolished Jewish community councils , which were traditionally responsible for maintaining synagogues . They created a special Jewish section of the party , whose tasks included propaganda against Jewish clergy and religion . To offset Jewish national and religious aspirations , and to reflect the Jewish national movement 's role in the socialist movement of the Russian Empire ( for example , Trotsky was first a member of the Jewish Bund , not the Social Democratic Labour Party ) , an alternative to the Land of Israel was established in 1934 . The Jewish Autonomous Oblast , created in 1928 by Stalin , with Birobidzhan in the Russian Far East as its administrative center , was to become a `` Soviet Zion '' . Yiddish , rather than `` reactionary '' Hebrew , would be the national language , and proletarian socialist literature and arts would replace Judaism as the quintessence of its culture . Despite a massive domestic and international state propaganda campaign , the Jewish population there never reached 30 % ( as of 2003 it was only about 1.2 % ) . The experiment ended in the mid-1930s , during Stalin 's first campaign of purges . Jewish leaders were arrested and executed , and Yiddish schools were shut down . Further persecutions and purges followed . The training of rabbis became impossible until early 1940 's , and until the late 1980s only one Yiddish periodical was published . Because of its identification with Zionism , Hebrew was taught only in schools for diplomats . Most of the 5,000 synagogues functioning prior to the Bolshevik Revolution were closed under Stalin , and others were closed under Khrushchev . The practice of Judaism became very difficult , intensifying the desire of Jews to leave the Soviet Union . See also ( edit ) Index of Soviet Union - related articles Council for Religious Affairs Culture of the Soviet Union Demographics of the Soviet Union Soviet anti-religious legislation Soviet Anti-Catholic Campaigns Persecution of Christians in Warsaw Pact countries Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1917 -- 1921 ) USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1921 -- 1928 ) USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1928 -- 1941 ) USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1958 -- 1964 ) USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1970s -- 1990 ) Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions Persecution of Muslims in the former USSR Persecution of Jehovah 's Witnesses in the Soviet Union Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam Religion in Russia Bezbozhnik Enemy of the people Russification Sovietization Red Terror References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Arto Luukkanen ( 1994 ) . The Party of Unbelief . Helsinki : Studia Historica 48 . ISBN 951 - 710 - 008 - 6 . OCLC 832629341 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revelations from the Russian Archives : ANTI-RELIGIOUS CAMPAIGNS '' . Library of Congress . US Government . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kowalewski , David ( October 1980 ) . `` Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR : Characteristics and Consequences '' . Russian Review . 39 ( 4 ) : 426 -- 441 . doi : 10.2307 / 128810 . JSTOR 128810 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina Petra . ( Ed ) ( 1993 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Anderson , John ( 1994 ) . Religion , State and Politics in the Soviet Union and Successor States . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46784 - 5 . Jump up ^ Religion and the State in Russia and China : Suppression , Survival , and Revival , by Christopher Marsh , page 47 . Continuum International Publishing Group , 2011 . Jump up ^ Inside Central Asia : A Political and Cultural History , by Dilip Hiro . Penguin , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adappur , Abraham ( 2000 ) . Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West . Intercultural Publications . ISBN 9788185574479 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes : It might be added that the most modern example of forced `` conversions '' came not from any theocratic state , but from a professedly atheist government -- that of the Soviet Union under the Communists . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey ; A Short History of Christianity ; Viking ; 2011 ; p. 494 '' ^ Jump up to : Lenin , V.I. `` About the attitude of the working party toward the religion '' . Collected works , v. 17 , p. 41 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Country Studies : Russia - The Russian Orthodox Church U.S. Library of Congress , Accessed 2008 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ war on religion by Paul Kengor ^ Jump up to : `` The Ukrainian Greek Catholics : A Historical Survey '' . Religious Information Service of Ukraine . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Alexeyeva , Lyudmilla . `` Chapter 13 : ПЯТИДЕСЯТНИКИ '' . История инакомыслия в СССР. ( in Russian ) . Memorial . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lutheran Churches . Religious Information Service of Ukraine . Jump up ^ Keston Institute and the Defence of Persecuted Christians in the USSR . Jump up ^ Baptist Union in Russia , by Christian History Institute Jump up ^ Wanne , Catherine ( 2006 ) . `` EVANGELICALISM AND THE RESURGENCE OF RELIGION IN UKRAINE '' ( PDF ) . The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research . Jump up ^ ГАРФ . Ф. 6991 . Оп. 2 . Д. 306 . Л. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Ко всем трудящимся мусульманам России и Востока Jump up ^ Ислам в СССР : предыстория репрессий Jump up ^ Искусство и религия : Современное исламское искусство народов России By Червонная С . М . Page 118 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , S. Everyday Stalinism . Oxford University Press . New York , 1999 . page 27 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505001 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Moscow Keeps Easter ; No Riots Expected ; A Faithful Few Still Go to Church and Are Unmolested '' , The New York Times . 6 April 1923 . Page 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , S. On the drive against religion in 1929 -- 30 . Stalin 's Peasants . New - York , 1994 . pages 59 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , S. Everyday Stalinism . New - York , 1999 . p. 27 Jump up ^ Helene Carrere d'Encausse , The National Republics Lose Their Independence , in Edward A. Allworth , ( edit ) , Central Asia : One Hundred Thirty Years of Russian Dominance , A Historical Overview . Duke University Press , 1994 . Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/anti.html ^ Jump up to : Stalin : The Court of the Red Tsar , Montefiore , 2007 Sources This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . -- Soviet Union Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War ( World War II ) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism -- Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets ( 1922 -- 1936 ) Supreme Soviet ( 1938 -- 1991 ) Congress of People 's Deputies ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five - Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble ( currency ) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All - Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Book Commons Portal WikiProject Religion in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=843536747 '' Categories : Soviet culture Religion in the Soviet Union Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles needing more detailed references Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español Français Italiano Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 19 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the official religion of the soviet union | [
"The Soviet Union was established by the Bolsheviks in 1922, in place of the Russian Empire. At the time of the 1917 Revolution, the Russian Orthodox Church was deeply integrated into the autocratic state, enjoying official status. This was a significant factor that contributed to the Bolshevik attitude to religion and the steps they took to control it.[1] Thus the USSR became the first state to have as one objective of its official ideology the elimination of existing religion, and the prevention of future implanting of religious belief, with the goal of establishing state atheism (gosateizm).[2][3][4][5] Under the doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union, there was a \"government-sponsored program of conversion to atheism\" conducted by Communists.[6][7][8] The communist regime targeted religions based on State interests, and while most organized religions were never outlawed, religious property was confiscated, believers were harassed, and religion was ridiculed while atheism was propagated in schools.[2] In 1925 the government founded the League of Militant Atheists to intensify the persecution.[9] Accordingly, although personal expressions of religious faith were not explicitly banned, a strong sense of social stigma was imposed on them by the official structures and mass media and it was generally considered unacceptable for members of certain professions (teachers, state bureaucrats, soldiers) to be openly religious."
] | [
"atheism"
] |
2285135311574954905 | Crazy Little Thing Called Love | Crazy Little Thing Called Love - wikipedia Crazy Little Thing Called Love For the 2010 Thai romantic - comedy film , see First Love ( 2010 Thai film ) . `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' Single by Queen from the album The Game Released 5 October 1979 Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' / 12 `` ) Recorded June - July 1979 Genre Rockabilly Length 2 : 42 Label EMI Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Freddie Mercury Producer ( s ) Queen Reinhold Mack Queen singles chronology `` Love of My Life '' ( 1979 ) `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Save Me '' ( 1980 ) Audio sample file help `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' is a song by the British rock band Queen . Written by Freddie Mercury in 1979 , the track is included on their 1980 album The Game , and also appears on the band 's compilation album , Greatest Hits in 1981 . The song peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1979 , and became the group 's first number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US in 1980 , remaining there for four consecutive weeks . It topped the Australian ARIA Charts for seven weeks . Having composed `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' on guitar , Mercury played rhythm guitar while performing the song live , which was the first time he played guitar in concert with Queen . Queen played the song live between 1979 and 1986 , and a live performance of the song is recorded in the albums Queen Rock Montreal , Queen on Fire - Live at the Bowl , Live at Wembley ' 86 and Hungarian Rhapsody : Queen Live in Budapest ' . Since its release , the song has been covered by a number of artists . The song was played live on 20 April 1992 during The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert , performed by Robert Plant with Queen . The style of the song was described by author Karl Coryat as rockabilly in his 1999 book titled The Bass Player Book . Contents 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Single release 5 Personnel 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Dwight Yoakam version 8.1 Charts 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Composition ( edit ) As reported by Freddie Mercury in Melody Maker , 2 May 1981 , he composed `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' on the guitar in just five to ten minutes . ' Crazy Little Thing Called Love ' took me five or ten minutes . I did that on the guitar , which I ca n't play for nuts , and in one way it was quite a good thing because I was restricted , knowing only a few chords . It 's a good discipline because I simply had to write within a small framework . I could n't work through too many chords and because of that restriction I wrote a good song , I think . -- Freddie Mercury The song was written by Mercury as a tribute to Elvis Presley . Roger Taylor added in an interview that Mercury wrote it in just 10 minutes while lounging in a bath in the Bayerischer Hof Hotel in Munich during one of their extensive Munich recording sessions . Mercury took it to the studio shortly after writing it and presented it to Taylor and John Deacon . The three of them , with their then new producer Reinhold Mack , recorded it at Musicland Studios in Munich . The entire song was reportedly recorded in less than half an hour ( although Mack says it was six hours ) . Having written `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' on guitar and played an acoustic rhythm guitar on the record , for the first time ever Mercury played guitar in concerts , for example at Live Aid at Wembley Stadium , London in 1985 . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was filmed at Trillion Studios in September 1979 and directed by Dennis De Vallance involving four dancers and a floor of hands . An alternate version was included on the Days Of Our Lives DVD and Blu - ray releases . Live performances ( edit ) In the immediate aftermath of the single the band embarked on a mini UK tour entitled the Crazy Tour . Whenever the song was played live , the band added a solid rock ending that extended the under - three - minute track to over five minutes , with May and Mercury providing additional guitars and vocals . An example of this is on the CD / DVD Set Live at Wembley ' 86 , where the song runs over six minutes . Single release ( edit ) The `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' single hit number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1979 , and became the first US number - one hit for the band , topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks . It was knocked out of the top spot on this chart by Pink Floyd 's `` Another Brick in the Wall , Part II '' . The song also topped the Australian ARIA charts for seven consecutive weeks from 1 March to 12 April 1980 . The UK release had `` We Will Rock You ( live ) '' as the b - side and America , Australia , Canada had `` Spread Your Wings ( live ) '' . Personnel ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freddie Mercury -- lead and backing vocals , acoustic guitar , handclaps Brian May -- electric guitar , backing vocals , handclaps Roger Taylor -- drums , backing vocals , handclaps John Deacon -- bass guitar , handclaps Although Mercury would play an acoustic - electric twelve - string Ovation Pacemaker 1615 guitar and later on an electric six - string Fender Telecaster , both owned by May , in the studio he recorded it with a six - string acoustic with external mics. Mercury also played the original guitar solo on a version which has been lost . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 -- 80 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Mexico Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank UK 25 Chart ( 1980 ) Rank Australia Canada New Zealand 10 US Billboard Hot 100 6 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Dwight Yoakam version ( edit ) `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' Single by Dwight Yoakam from the album Last Chance for a Thousand Years : Dwight Yoakam 's Greatest Hits from the 90 's B - side `` Let 's Work Tegether '' / `` Doin ' What I Did '' Released 19 May 1999 Format CD single Genre Country Length 2 : 22 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Freddie Mercury Producer ( s ) Pete Anderson Dwight Yoakam singles chronology `` These Arms '' ( 1998 ) `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( 1999 ) `` Thinking About Leaving '' ( 1999 ) American country music singer Dwight Yoakam included a cover of the song on his 1999 album Last Chance for a Thousand Years : Dwight Yoakam 's Greatest Hits from the 90 's . Yoakam 's version was released as a single . It debuted at number 65 on the US Billboard `` Hot Country Singles & Tracks '' chart for the week of 1 May 1999 , and peaked at number 12 on the US country singles charts that year . It was also used in a television commercial for clothing retailer Gap at the time of the album 's release . The music video was directed by Yoakam . This version appears in the movie The Break - Up ( 2006 ) , starring Vince Vaughn and Jennifer Aniston . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 19 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) UK Singles Chart 35 US Billboard Hot 100 64 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 12 Year - end chart ( 1999 ) Rank Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 64 See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1980 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Crouse , Richard ( 1998 ) . Who Wrote The Book Of Love ? . Doubleday Canada . ISBN 978 - 0385257329 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Vladimir ( 2003 ) . All Music Guide to Country : The Definitive Guide to Country Music . Backbeat Books . p. 368 . ISBN 978 - 0879307608 . Jump up ^ Bret , David ( 2014 ) . Freddie Mercury : An Intimate Biography . Lulu.com . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 1291811087 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart History for Crazy Little Thing Called Love by Queen '' . Song-database.com . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2006 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard Books ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums . London : Guinness World Records Limited ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) ( doc ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W ^ Jump up to : Lights ! Action ! Sound ! It 's That Crazy Little Thing Called Queen Circus Magazine . Retrieved 29 June 2011 Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 30 October 2007 ) . `` Queen Rock Montreal -- Queen Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen `` Live At Wembley 1986 / Live At Wembley Stadium '' album and song lyrics `` . Ultimatequeen.co.uk . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen `` The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert '' video and song lyrics `` . Ultimatequeen.co.uk . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Coryat , Karl ( 1999 ) . The Bass Player Book . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Interviews -- Freddie Mercury -- 05 - 02 - 1981 -- Melody Maker -- Queen Archives : Freddie Mercury , Brian May , Roger Taylor , John Deacon , Interviews , Articles , Reviews '' . Queen Archives . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Queen interview : Brian May on Crazy Little Thing Called Love on YouTube Absolute Radio . Retrieved 18 December 2011 Jump up ^ ROGER SPEAKS : COLOGNE AUDIO PRESS KIT BrianMay.com . Retrieved 29 June 2011 Jump up ^ Billboard 18 Jul 1980 p. 33 . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Interview with Reinhold Mack , Esq '' . iZotope . Jump up ^ Crazy Little Thing Called Love UltimateQueen . Retrieved 29 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` May confirms Mercury played solo '' . Guitar & Bass . Jump up ^ `` Australian ( David Kent ) Weekly Single Charts from 1980 '' . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9499a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 47 , 1979 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 - 1989 Songs C-D '' . Rock Africa Rock Lists . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Queen Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Queen Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles 1979 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications . 22 December 1979 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1980 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 31 December 1980 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Singles '' Billboard 20 December 1980 : TIA - 10 Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Type Crazy Little Thing Called Love in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Last Chance for a Thousand Years review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 8469 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . 30 August 1999 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 8364 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . 16 August 1999 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Yoakam Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Yoakam Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1999 '' . RPM. 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1999 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1999 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official YouTube videos : original music video ( VEVO ) on YouTube , Live at the Bowl , Queen + Paul Rodgers , at Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert ( with Robert Plant ) Lyrics at Queen official website Song analysis ( www.queensongs.info ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Queen songs Discography Queen `` Keep Yourself Alive '' `` Liar '' Queen II `` Seven Seas of Rhye '' Sheer Heart Attack `` Killer Queen '' / `` Flick of the Wrist '' `` Now I 'm Here '' `` Lily of the Valley '' `` Stone Cold Crazy '' A Night at the Opera `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` You 're My Best Friend '' `` Love of My Life '' A Day at the Races `` Somebody to Love '' `` Tie Your Mother Down '' `` Teo Torriatte ( Let Us Cling Together ) '' `` Long Away '' `` Good Old - Fashioned Lover Boy '' News of the World `` We Are the Champions '' / `` We Will Rock You '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` It 's Late '' Jazz `` Bicycle Race '' / `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' `` Jealousy '' `` Mustapha '' Live Killers `` Love of My Life '' ( Live ) `` We Will Rock You '' ( Live ) The Game `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' `` Save Me '' `` Play the Game '' `` Another One Bites the Dust '' `` Need Your Loving Tonight '' Flash Gordon `` Flash '' Hot Space `` Under Pressure '' ( with David Bowie ) `` Body Language '' `` Las Palabras de Amor '' `` Calling All Girls '' `` Staying Power '' `` Back Chat '' The Works `` Radio Ga Ga '' `` I Want to Break Free '' `` It 's a Hard Life '' `` Hammer to Fall '' A Kind of Magic `` One Vision '' `` A Kind of Magic '' `` Princes of the Universe '' `` Friends Will Be Friends '' `` Pain Is So Close to Pleasure '' `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' `` One Year of Love '' The Miracle `` I Want It All '' `` Breakthru '' `` The Invisible Man '' `` Scandal '' `` The Miracle '' Innuendo `` Innuendo '' `` I 'm Going Slightly Mad '' `` Headlong '' `` I Ca n't Live with You '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' Made in Heaven `` Heaven for Everyone '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` I Was Born to Love You '' `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' `` Let Me Live '' `` You Do n't Fool Me '' Queen Rocks `` No - One but You ( Only the Good Die Young ) '' / `` Tie Your Mother Down '' Greatest Hits III `` Under Pressure ( Rah Mix ) '' Non-album singles `` Thank God It 's Christmas '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( Small Soldiers Remix ) '' `` We Will Rock You '' ( with Five ) `` We Are the Champions '' ( with Robbie Williams ) `` Flash ( Vanguard Mix ) '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( The Miami Project Remixes ) '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( with The Muppets ) Other songs `` See What a Fool I 've Been '' `` Death on Two Legs '' `` Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon '' `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' `` ' 39 '' `` Sweet Lady '' `` Seaside Rendezvous '' `` The Prophet 's Song '' `` Good Company '' `` Sheer Heart Attack '' `` Is This the World We Created ... ? '' `` Ride the Wild Wind '' `` Delilah '' `` Made in Heaven '' `` Mother Love '' `` Let Me in Your Heart Again '' `` Love Kills '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Dwight Yoakam singles Guitars , Cadillacs , Etc. , Etc . `` Honky - Tonk Man '' `` Guitars , Cadillacs '' `` It Wo n't Hurt '' Hillbilly Deluxe `` Little Sister '' `` Little Ways '' `` Please , Please Baby '' `` Always Late with Your Kisses '' Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room `` Streets of Bakersfield '' ( With Buck Owens ) `` I Sang Dixie '' `` I Got You '' `` Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room ( She Wore Red Dresses ) '' Just Lookin ' for a Hit `` Long White Cadillac '' If There Was a Way `` Turn It On , Turn It Up , Turn Me Loose '' `` You 're the One '' `` Nothing 's Changed Here '' `` It Only Hurts When I Cry '' `` The Heart That You Own '' `` Send a Message to My Heart '' ( With Patty Loveless ) Honeymoon in Vegas Soundtrack `` Suspicious Minds '' This Time `` Ai n't That Lonely Yet '' `` A Thousand Miles from Nowhere '' `` Fast as You '' `` Try Not to Look So Pretty '' `` Pocket of a Clown '' Gone `` Nothing '' `` Gone ( That 'll Be Me ) '' `` Sorry You Asked ? '' `` Heart of Stone '' Under the Covers `` Claudette '' `` Baby Do n't Go '' ( With Sheryl Crow ) A Long Way Home `` Things Change '' `` These Arms '' Last Chance for a Thousand Years : Dwight Yoakam 's Greatest Hits from the 90 's `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' `` Thinking About Leaving '' Tomorrow 's Sounds Today `` What Do You Know About Love '' `` I Want You to Want Me '' `` I Was There '' ( With Buck Owens ) Inside Traxx 2002 `` Sitting Pretty '' Population Me `` The Back of Your Hand '' `` The Late Great Golden State '' Blame the Vain `` Intentional Heartache '' `` Blame the Vain '' `` I Wanna Love Again '' Dwight Sings Buck `` Close Up the Honky Tonks '' Non-album singles `` Who 'll Stop the Rain '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crazy_Little_Thing_Called_Love&oldid=865517342 '' Categories : Queen ( band ) songs 1979 songs 1979 singles 1999 singles Number - one singles in Australia RPM Top Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Dwight Yoakam songs Elvis Presley tributes Songs written by Freddie Mercury EMI Records singles Reprise Records singles Alvin and the Chipmunks songs Rockabilly songs Song recordings produced by Reinhold Mack Song recordings produced by Pete Anderson Elektra Records singles Hollywood Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Suomi Svenska Українська 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 12 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote crazy little thing called love original artist | [
"\"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" is a song by the British rock band Queen. Written by Freddie Mercury in 1979, the track is included on their 1980 album The Game, and also appears on the band's compilation album, Greatest Hits in 1981. The song peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1979, and became the group's first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US in 1980,[4] remaining there for four consecutive weeks.[5][6] It topped the Australian ARIA Charts for seven weeks.[7]\n"
] | [
"Freddie Mercury"
] |
7445075245440727123 | The Good Doctor (TV series) | The Good Doctor ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Good Doctor ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2013 South Korean TV series on which this series is based , see Good Doctor ( TV series ) . The Good Doctor Genre Medical Drama Based on Good Doctor by Park Jae - bum Developed by David Shore Starring Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Beau Garrett Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita Composer ( s ) Dan Romer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran Lindsay Goffman Producer ( s ) Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Surrey , British Columbia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 41 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia Sony Pictures Television ABC Studios Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Good Doctor External links Official website abc.go.com/shows/the-good-doctor The Good Doctor is an American medical - drama television series based on the 2013 award winning South Korean series of the same name . Daniel Dae Kim , the actor , first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company . He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS , his home network in 2015 . CBS decided against creating a pilot . Because Kim felt so strongly about the series , he bought back the rights from CBS . Eventually , Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox hit medical drama , House , to develop the series . The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions , 3AD , and Entermedia . David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show . The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . The Good Doctor began airing on ABC on September 25 , 2017 . It has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , with particular praise given to Highmore 's performance , and strong television ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from a small town , Casper , Wyoming , where he had a troubled childhood . He relocates to join the prestigious surgical department at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy : A surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Neil Melendez : Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents . He is also engaged to Jessica Preston . Antonia Thomas as Claire Browne : A surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun . Chuku Modu as Jared Kalu : A surgical resident from a wealthy family . Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : The hospital in - house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management . She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman . She is also engaged to Dr. Melendez . Irene Keng as Elle McLean : A resident ( appeared only in the pilot ) Hill Harper as Marcus Andrews : Chief of surgery and board member . Richard Schiff as Aaron Glassman : President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 . Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki : Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital . Recurring ( edit ) Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also portrays Evan Gallico , a boy in the present that resembles Shaun 's brother and is suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . Paige Spara as Lea , Shaun 's neighbor and love interest . Eric Winter as Matt Coyle : A young doctor who charms the hospital 's staff , until he gets in an awkward position with one of them . Notable guests ( edit ) Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim Marsha Thomason as Isabel Andrews : Marcus ' wife . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22 On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy . Another doctor is first on the scene and begins applying pressure to the child 's neck . Shaun tells him that he 's pressing on the wrong part of the neck for a child . With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools , Shaun is able to stabilize the boy . On the way to the hospital , Shaun notices that the boy 's vitals have changed . Hospital staff are alerted to the arrival of the boy . Shaun tries to tell the doctors about the boy 's vitals , stating that he needs an echo - cardiogram . The doctors disagree and begin surgery . While operating , something goes wrong and Claire Browne , a surgical resident , recalls Shaun mentioning an echo . Thanks to Shaun 's diagnosis , the boy 's life is saved . Meanwhile , in a hospital board meeting , Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun , despite his autism . Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun 's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor . `` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93 Shaun arrives late to the hospital on his first full day . Dr. Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Brown and Dr. Jared Kalu . Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late . Rounds are interrupted when a nurse tells them a consult is needed in the emergency room . A middle aged woman , Stephanie , has been brought in with abdominal pain . Looking at the scan , Shaun says she has a Sarcoma - a malignant tumor . Dr. Melendez assigns Claire as his number two for the surgery while giving Shaun `` scut work '' - all the work that residents hate doing . On the operating table , the doctors find the tumor is much bigger than expected and has encased all of her arteries . Looking at biopsy results , the residents find out that she is suffering from Leiomyosarcoma , making surgery seemingly impossible . Shaun `` s ability to visualize the internal organs allows him to figure out that removing one of her kidneys would allow a better look , enough to view and possibly remove the mass . To Claire 's dismay , Dr. Kalu suggests Shaun 's idea to his attending ; getting the credit for the idea . Meanwhile , Shuan 's attention to detail in his `` scut '' work gets him into trouble . Instead of releasing patients ready for discharge , Shaun rechecks them , and orders additional tests . Upon learning this , Melendez assigns Nurse Freydey as Shaun 's `` boss '' for the day . Later , in looking at a young girls test results ( she was sent home ) , Shaun realizes what 's really wrong and races to her home . The parents are angry that he 's bothering them after midnight and at first refuse to let him in . Shaun insists he will not leave before seeing their daughter . His diagnosis is correct , and they must rush her to the hospital for surgery to save her life . `` Oliver '' John Dahl Bill Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a patient a liver . They ca n't fly on their way back due to fog and are forced to use a police escort . Problems keep coming one after the other ; first , the liver 's temperature went above the required maximum , forcing them to have a sudden stop at a local store , where they cool it by submerging it in slush . As they proceed with their journey , Shaun discovers that the liver has a clot . With only two hours of viability left , the duo decide to perform an operation on the way in order to remove the clot and flash the left lobe , to protect it from the ice bath . Back at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver , is discovered to have alcohol in his system ; a likelihood that he might be moved to the bottom of the list . Chuck later confesses that he actually took a drink on his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and the future patients , the hospital decides to move Chuck to the bottom of the list . To their dismay , Shaun and Claire arrive back , only to find out that the liver has to be taken to another patient in another hospital . `` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60 Through an ultrasound , an expectant woman 's baby is diagnosed with a tumor at his tail bone ; the mom has Antiphospholipid syndrome , making surgery a high risk . Dr. Melendez suggests termination of the pregnancy but Shaun interjects by suggesting clotting pre-operatively with an infusion of unfractionated heparin . Things are further complicated when the woman and eventually her husband refuse to terminate the baby . During surgery , there is a complication ; a blood clot at the artery in her heart . Dr. Kalu has an idea that they should stop her heart and put her on a bypass machine for the duration of the surgery ; that way she wo n't have an heart attack , which turns out to be successful and the doctors reveal she 's carrying a baby boy . With a patient needing a boil lanced , Dr. Melendez assigns Shaun and Dr. Browne on the case , as a punishment for being late . The patient turns out to be a pornographic actress ; she does n't have a boil but a large Bartholin gland abscess and they prep her for surgery the following day . They successfully drain the abscess but discover that she has a Perineal myoma underneath . The fabroid tumor is wrapped around the nerve that facilitates feeling in her genitals . Therefore , the doctors have to remove the tumor but they have to sever the nerve ; hence , losing all feeling in her genitals . Shaun comes up the idea of grafting the distal end of the pudendal nerve to the branch of the femoral cutaneous nerve from her inner thigh ; this will lead to her losing feeling in her thigh while preserving feeling in her genitals . 5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve , forming a bond with him . The boy 's name is actually Evan and was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm ; unbeknownst to Evan , he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . Shaun later suspects that he might have been misdiagnosed with cancer but indeed was suffering from Langerhans cell histiocytosis . In order not to give both Evan and his parents false hopes , Shaun decides to lie , attempting to perform a bone marrow aspiration , but he is caught red - handed by the parents . Subsequently , Evan starts coughing out blood , sending him to the OR . While on the operating table , Dr. Neil Menendez and Dr. Claire Browne discover that the cancer had metastasized , undoubtable proof that he is indeed suffering with terminal cancer . The other doctors are trying to find a prognosis of a 55 - year old man , brought to the hospital by his estranged son , with an allergy causing him to have convulsions . Dr. Browne later finds out that the man is suffering from Echinococcus , a cyst form of tapeworms . Saddened by Evan 's fate , which Evan has in fact known about the whole time , Shaun reads Evan the final few pages of To Kill a Mockingbird , a book of Steve 's that he never finished reading before he died . 6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Dr. Kalu tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a damaged leg who can either have it amputated , or have an artificial bone inserted . The relative newness of the latter procedure causes a conflict between the man 's parent and his soon - to - be bride . 7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 10.14 Shaun encounters Liam , an autistic patient brought in to San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Having to face prejudice from the young man 's parents , Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities . On Dr. Glassman 's directive , Claire continues her therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over the death of a patient she inadvertently caused in the previous episode . On the other hand , Dr. Kalu gets a 73 - year - old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker but his desire is to die ; in order to give him hope on life , Dr. Kalu does everything he can to have him accept treatment , to no avail in which the latter finally lets him sign the DNR . 8 `` Apple '' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 9.97 While shopping at a grocery mart for apples , a robbery takes place . With Shaun 's communication limitations , he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk , leading to a young woman getting shot . Shaun 's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt . During surgery , Dr. Lim questions Claire 's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient . This leads to a fight between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room . Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim . 9 `` Intangibles '' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 9.25 The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies ; Murphy 's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused . He takes flirting lessons from Dr. Browne and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta '' . Meanwhile , Dr. Browne along with a lab tech search for a tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer . 10 `` Sacrifice '' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr . December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 9.03 In Glassman 's office Shaun sees the therapist hired to help him with in - home visits . He reluctantly agrees to meet with her , but changes his mind after meeting a new patient , Bobby Ato , who convinces him to stop letting people tell him what to do . Ato is a champion gamer , who is in St. Bonaventure for surgery to repair torn ligaments in his left arm . After an MRI , cancer is discovered , making an additional surgery much more complicated and results in doubt . Shaun avoids meeting with his therapist by sleeping in the hospital custodian 's closet at night . Finally , a confrontation with Glassman in the hospital lobby leads to a meltdown by Shaun , causing him to strike Glassman in the face and run out of the hospital . Meanwhile , Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with a new doctor , Dr. Matt Coyle , who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her . After telling Jared about it , he confronts the doctor and physically threatens him . As a result , Jared is fired . Later , Dr. Melendez and Jessica have dinner with her father . In a tense situation , Melendez criticizes Mr. Preston as living off his money instead of contributing to society . When Preston offers to pay for their wedding so Jessica can quit her job and start a family , an angry Melendez calls him a `` parasite . '' The next day Melendez apologizes to Jessica for his remarks and learns that she does n't want to have children . 11 `` Islands Part One '' TBA TBA January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) TBD 12 `` Islands Part Two '' TBA TBA January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2014 , CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer . Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world , with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run '' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015 . However , CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016 . The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim , Sebastian Lee , and David Kim . ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) On February 17 , 2017 , Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne , a strong - willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun . A week later , Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism ; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez , the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital . The next month , Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Unger ; Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Horace Andrews ; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean ; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Ira Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and mentor to Shaun . He was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman . With the series order in May , Modu 's character was revealed to have changed to Dr. Jared Kalu ; Harper 's character changed to Dr. Marcus Andrews ; and Schiff 's character changed to Dr. Aaron Glassman . In September 2017 , Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki . Filming ( edit ) The Surrey , British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots . Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6 , 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26 , 2017 , and is set to conclude on March 1 , 2018 . Although The Good Doctor is set in San Jose , California , the real San Jose is rarely seen . In one of those scenes , a helicopter supposedly bound for San Francisco was clearly headed in the wrong direction . Music ( edit ) Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Good Doctor began airing on September 25 , 2017 , on ABC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland . Seven Network airs the series in Australia. . Wowow , the largest Japanese private satellite and pay - per - view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) A full length trailer was released for ABC 's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which / Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting '' . However , he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of ( Highmore 's ) character 's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated '' . He added , `` Too much felt on - the - nose -- especially Hill Harper as the main character 's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender '' , while also commentating that `` On - the - nose / premise is how you have to trailer a show like this , and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it wo n't grate . '' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject . The first glimpse of Highmore 's character hints that they 're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon . '' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release , including over 22 million views on Facebook . The pilot was screened at ABC 's PaleyFest event on September 9 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14 8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99 9 `` Intangibles '' November 27 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91 10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.03 TBD TBD TBD TBD The series premiere earned a 2.2 / 9 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , with 11.22 million total viewers , making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years , since Dangerous Minds in September 1996 , and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic in 8.5 years , since Castle in March 2009 . Factoring live plus seven - day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million , surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016 . According to TV Guide 's November 13 - 26 issue , the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers , beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 55 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.35 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Good Doctor 's heavy - handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance , but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry , there 's still plenty of room to improve . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Giving his first impression of the series ' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated , `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA ... ( and ) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought - provoking hospital drama , based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone . '' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic '' of Schiff and Highmore , while describing Thomas ' character as `` our emotional ' in ' to Shaun 's distinct , distant world '' . He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum '' , but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch , as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice '' . The New York Times television critic , James Poniewozik notes in his Critic 's Notebook column , that for the most part the drama is a `` hospital melodrama with whiz - bang medical science , a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality . '' Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman ( Richard Schiff ) and Dr. Shaun Murphy ( Freddie Highmore ) , however , Poniewozik writes that `` Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his . '' Speaking of Freddie Highmore 's Golden Globe nomination on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , for his role in The Good Doctor , Laura Bradley , writing for Vanity Fair ( magazine ) says : `` ... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him ... '' Bradley feels that Highmore 's perfomance has been `` the central key '' to the show 's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews , most critics have praised Highmore 's work . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/03/how-san-jose-in-the-good-doctor-compares-to-the-real-thing/ Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` How ABC Found a surprise Hit in `` The Good Doctor '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Freddie Highmore & ' HTGAWM 's Nicholas Gonzalez Cast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Good Doctor ( @ GoodDoctorABC ) ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` # TheGoodDoctor cast at their first table read ! # TBT '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Antonia Thomas Cast In ABC Pilot ' Good Doctor ' ; Bojana Novakovic In CBS ' Instinct ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot Casts Chuku Modu '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Preston '' . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Beau Garrett Joins ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot ; Sawyer Barth In Fox 's ' Amy 's Brother ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Hill Harper & Irene Keng Join ABC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Schedule : Primetime Fall 2017 - 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Richard Schiff Cast In ABC Medical Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 Lead Sheet '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Tamlyn Tomita Upped To Series Regular On ABC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paige Spara '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Eric Winter Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Mount Rushmore '' . The Good Doctor . Event occurs at 42 : 49 . ABC . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marsha Thomason Scrubs In For ' The Good Doctor ' ; Bahram Khosraviani Joins ' The Brave ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Shows A-Z - good doctor , the on abc `` '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Dae Kim Wants to Bring North Korean Defector Story to Screen ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dae Kim to remake ' Good Doctor ' for CBS '' . The Korea Times . August 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - min ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Good Doctor ' to be adapted '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Lands ' The Good Doctor ' Medical Drama From David Shore & Daniel Dae Kim '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders Drama Pilots ' The Good Doctor ' & ' Doomsday ' From David Shore , Daniel Dae Kim & Carol Mendesohn '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Drama Starring Freddie Highmore Picked Up To Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Gets Full - Season Order From ABC After 2 Airings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Filming Locations Archive '' . What 's Filming ? . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Liam Neeson , Jeremy Piven , Sandra Oh , Freddie Highmore , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2017 : NY , Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up ; LA , Toronto , Chicago Slip '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pizarro , Sal ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How San Jose in ' The Good Doctor ' compares to the real thing '' . The Mercury News . Digital First Media . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romer , Dan ( @ Dan_romer ) ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` I scored @ GoodDoctorABC and it 's premiering tonight at 10 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Good Doctor ' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' , Which Gets New Title '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New US drama The Good Doctor coming exclusively to Sky Living in the UK and Ireland '' ( Press release ) . Sky plc . August 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Patrick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is Giving Australia All Sorts of Feels Right Now '' . Yahoo7 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Wowow acquires ' The Good Doctor ' for Japan '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Trailers for ABC 's New 2017 - 2018 Shows : ' Roseanne ' Returns , Zach Braff Forms ' Alex , Inc . ' & More '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's New Show Trailers : A Critic 's Ranking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ; Greene , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor , ' ' The Gospel of Kevin , ' ' Alex , Inc . ' : ABC Fall TV Trailers , Ranked and Reviewed '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Trailer : 33 Million Views And Counting '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Jeff ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` PaleyFest Fall TV Previews 2017 Lineup Announced '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' & ' Good Doctor ' Debut To Strong Ratings As New TV Season Starts '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' premiere got the largest DVR bounce on record '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( November 2017 ) . `` Off the Charts '' . TV Guide . Vol . November 13 - 26 . pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's The Good Doctor : Our Fall TV First Impression '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) . `` On ' The Good Doctor , ' the Anti-Antihero Is In '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor finally won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . vanityfair.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Good Doctor on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) Designated Survivor ( since 2016 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( since 2017 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) The Mayor ( since 2017 ) The Middle ( since 2009 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Scandal ( since 2012 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Somewhere Between ( since 2017 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) Ten Days in the Valley ( since 2017 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) Summer The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ; since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) Steve Harvey 's Funderdome ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) Daytime The Chew ( since 2011 ) General Hospital ( since 1963 ) The View ( since 1997 ) Late night Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) World News Now ( since 1992 ) Sports ESPN College Football on ABC Indianapolis 500 IndyCar Series on ABC NBA on ABC ESPN Saturday Night Football WNBA on ESPN Saturday morning Born to Explore with Richard Wiese Jack Hanna 's Wild Countdown Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin Sea Rescue Upcoming Alex , Inc . ( TBA ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( 2018 ) Child Support ( 2018 ) The Crossing ( TBA ) Dancing with the Stars : Athletes Edition ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars Junior ( 2018 ) Deception ( TBA ) For the People ( TBA ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( TBA ) Take Two ( TBA ) Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Good_Doctor_(TV_series)&oldid=816158324 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts American Broadcasting Company network shows American drama television series American medical television series American television series based on South Korean television series Autism in television English - language television programs Television series by ABC Studios Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 17 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actor that plays the good dr | [
"The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy, a young surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital. Antonia Thomas, Nicholas Gonzalez, Beau Garrett, Hill Harper, Richard Schiff, and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show. The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017. On October 3, 2017, ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes. The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia."
] | [
"Freddie Highmore"
] |
-1902033174435166138 | Resource-based view | Resource - Based View - wikipedia Resource - Based View Jump to : navigation , search The Resource - Based View ( RBV ) is an economic tool used to determine the strategic resources available to a firm . These resources can be exploited by the firm in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage . Barney ( 1991 ) formalised this theory , although it was Wernerfelt ( 1984 ) who introduced the idea of resource position barriers being roughly analogous to entry barriers in the positioning school ( see Porter , 1980 ) . RBV proposed that firms are heterogenous because they possess heterogenous resources . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Definitions 2.1 What constitutes a `` resource '' ? 2.2 What constitutes `` competitive advantage '' ? 3 Criticisms 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 References Concept ( edit ) The key points of the theory are : 1 ) Identify the firm 's potential key resources 2 ) Evaluate whether these resources fulfill the following ( VRIN ) criteria : Valuable - they enable a firm to implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness Rare - not available to other competitors Imperfectly imitable - not easily implemented by others Non-substitutable - not able to be replaced by some other non-rare resource 3 ) Care for and protect resources that pass these evaluations Definitions ( edit ) What constitutes a `` resource '' ? ( edit ) Barney ( 1991 , p101 ) - `` firm resources include all assets , capabilities , organizational processes , firm attributes , information , knowledge , etc. controlled by a firm that enable the firm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness '' Kay ( 1999 ) -- `` Resources are inputs into a firm 's production process , such as capital , equipment , the skills of individual employees , patents , finance , and talented managers . Resources are either tangible or intangible in nature . '' What constitutes `` competitive advantage '' ? ( edit ) Barney ( 1991 , p102 ) - A firm achieves competitive advantage when it is able to implement a `` value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors '' Criticisms ( edit ) Priem and Butler ( 2001 ) made four key criticisms : The RBV is tautological Different resource configurations can generate the same value for firms and thus would not be competitive advantage The role of product markets is underdeveloped in the argument The theory has limited prescriptive implications However , Barney ( 2001 ) proposed counter-arguments to these . Further criticisms are : It is perhaps difficult ( if not impossible ) to find a resource which satisfies all of the Barney 's VRIN criterion . There is the assumption that a firm can be profitable in a highly competitive market as long as it can exploit advantageous resources , but this may not necessarily be the case . It ignores external factors concerning the industry as a whole ; Porter 's Industry Structure Analysis ought also be considered . Further reading ( edit ) Peteraf , M.A. ( 1993 ) , `` The cornerstones of competitive advantage : a resource - based view '' . Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 14 , No. 3 , pp. 179 - 191 Porter , M.E. ( 1980 ) , `` Competitive Strategy : Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors '' , New York , NY : Free Press Rumelt , R.P. ( 1991 ) , `` How much does industry matter ? '' . Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 12 , No. 3 , pp. 167 - 185 Teece , D. , Pisano , G. and Shuen , A. ( 1997 ) , `` Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management '' . Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 18 , No. 7 , pp. 509 - 533 Wernerfelt , B. ( 1984 ) , `` A resource - based view of the firm '' . Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 5 , pp. 171 - 180 See also ( edit ) Porter 's Five Forces Core competences References ( edit ) Barney , Jay B. ( 1991 ) , `` Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage '' . Journal of Management , Vol. 17 , No. 1 , pp. 99 - 120 Barney , Jay B. ( 2001 ) , `` Is the resource - based `` view '' a useful perspective for strategic management research ? Yes `` . Academy of Management Review , Vol. 26 , No. 1 , pp. 41 - 55 Priem , R.L. ( 2001 ) Is the Resource - Based ' View ' a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research ? Academy of Management Review , 26 , 22 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource-based_view&oldid=799437966 '' Categories : Management Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 18 : 51 . About Wikipedia | the resourced based view of the firm (rbv school) is | [
"The Resource-Based View (RBV) is an economic tool used to determine the strategic resources available to a firm. These resources can be exploited by the firm in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Barney (1991) formalised this theory, although it was Wernerfelt (1984) who introduced the idea of resource position barriers being roughly analogous to entry barriers in the positioning school (see Porter, 1980). RBV proposed that firms are heterogenous because they possess heterogenous resources."
] | [
"an economic tool used to determine the strategic resources available to a firm"
] |
573136243499292804 | Myelin | Myelin - wikipedia Myelin Myelin Structure of simplified neuron in the PNS Neuron with oligodendrocyte and myelin sheath in the CNS Details System Nervous system Identifiers FMA 62977 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Myelin is a lipid - rich ( fatty ) substance formed in the central nervous system ( CNS ) by glial cells called oligodendrocytes , and in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) by Schwann cells . Myelin insulates nerve cell axons to increase the speed at which information ( encoded as an electrical signal ) travels from one nerve cell body to another ( as in the CNS ) or , for example , from a nerve cell body to a muscle ( as in the PNS ) . The myelinated axon can be likened to an electrical wire ( the axon ) with insulating material ( myelin ) around it . However , unlike the plastic covering on an electrical wire , myelin does not form a single long sheath over the entire length of the axon . Rather , each myelin sheath insulates the axon over a single section and , in general , each axon comprises multiple long myelinated sections separated from each other by short gaps . Each myelin sheath is formed by the concentric wrapping of an oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell process around the axon . More precisely , myelin speeds the transmission of electrical impulses called action potentials along myelinated axons by insulating the axon and reducing axonal membrane capacitance . This results in saltatory conduction whereby the action potential `` jumps '' from one node of Ranvier , over a long myelinated stretch of the axon called the internode , before ' recharging ' at the next node of Ranvier , and so on , until it reaches the axon terminal . Nodes of Ranvier are the short ( ~ 1 micron ) unmyelinated regions of the axon between adjacent long ( ~ 0.2 mm - > 1 mm ) myelinated internodes . Once it reaches the axon terminal , this electrical signal provokes the release of a chemical message or neurotransmitter that binds to receptors on the adjacent post-synaptic cell ( e.g. nerve cell in the CNS or muscle cell in the PNS ) at specialised regions called synapses . This `` insulating '' role for myelin is essential for normal motor function ( i.e. movement such as walking ) , sensory function ( e.g. hearing , seeing or feeling the sensation of pain ) and cognition ( e.g. acquiring and recalling knowledge ) , as demonstrated by the consequences of disorders that affect it , such as the genetically determined leukodystrophies ; the acquired inflammatory demyelinating disorder , multiple sclerosis ; and the inflammatory demyelinating peripheral neuropathies . Due to its high prevalence , multiple sclerosis , which specifically affects the central nervous system ( brain , spinal cord and optic nerve ) , is the best known disorder of myelin . Contents 1 Development 2 Species distribution 3 Composition 4 Function 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Demyelination 5.1. 1 Symptoms 5.1. 2 Myelin repair 5.2 Dysmyelination 6 Invertebrate myelin 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Development ( edit ) The process of generating myelin is called myelination or myelinogenesis . In the CNS , cells called oligodendrocyte precursor cells ( OPCs ; the precursors of oligodendrocytes ) synthesise myelin , and in so doing , transform into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes . In humans , myelination begins early in the 3rd trimester , although only little myelin is present in either the CNS or the PNS at the time of birth . During infancy , myelination progresses rapidly , with increasing numbers of axons acquiring myelin sheaths . This corresponds with the development of cognitive and motor skills , including language comprehension , speech acquisition , crawling and walking . Myelination continues through adolescence and early adulthood and although largely complete at this time , myelin sheaths can be added in grey matter regions such as the cerebral cortex , throughout life . Species distribution ( edit ) Myelin is considered a defining characteristic of the jawed vertebrates ( gnathostomes ) , but axons are ensheathed by glial cells in invertebrates , although these glial - wraps are quite different from vertebrate compact myelin , formed , as indicated above , by concentric wrapping of the myelinating cell process multiple times around the axon . Myelin was first described in 1854 by Rudolf Virchow , although it was over a century later , following the development of electron microscopy , that its glial cell origin and its ultrastructure became apparent. . In vertebrates , not all axons are myelinated . For example , in the PNS , a large proportion of axons are unmyelinated . Instead , they are ensheathed by non-myelinating Schwann cells known as Remak SCs and arranged in Remak bundles . In the CNS , non-myelinated ( or intermittently myelinated axons ; meaning having long non-myelinated regions between myelinated segments ) , intermingle with myelinated ones and are entwined , at least partially , by the processes of another type of glial cell called the astrocyte . Composition ( edit ) Transmission electron micrograph of a cross-section of a myelinated axon , generated at the Electron Microscopy Facility at Trinity College , Hartford CT Diagram of a myelinated axon in cross-section 1 . Axon 2 . Nucleus of Schwann cell 3 . Schwann cell 4 . Myelin sheath 5 . Neurilemma CNS myelin differs slightly in composition and configuration from PNS myelin , but both perform the same `` insulating '' function ( see above ) . Being rich in lipid , myelin appears white ; hence , the name given to the `` white matter '' of the CNS . Both CNS white matter tracts ( e.g. the optic nerve , corticospinal tract and corpus callosum ) and PNS nerves ( e.g. the sciatic nerve and the auditory nerve ; which also appear white ) each comprise thousands to millions of axons , largely aligned in parallel . Blood vessels provide the route for oxygen and energy substrates such as glucose to reach these fibre tracts , which also contain other cell types including astrocytes and microglia in the CNS and macrophages in the PNS . In terms of total mass , myelin comprises approximately 40 % water ; the dry mass comprises between 60 % and 75 % lipid and between 15 % and 25 % protein . Protein content includes myelin basic protein ( MBP ) , which is abundant in the CNS where it plays a critical , non-redundant role in formation of compact myelin ; myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein ( MOG ) , which is specific to the CNS ; and proteolipid protein ( PLP , ) which is the most abundant protein in CNS myelin , but only a minor component of PNS myelin . In the PNS , myelin protein zero ( MPZ or P0 ) has a similar role to that of PLP in the CNS in that it is involved in holding together the multiple concentric layers of glial cell membrane that constitute the myelin sheath . The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside . The intertwining hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin strengthen the myelin sheath . Cholesterol , is an essential lipid component of myelin , without which myelin fails to form . Function ( edit ) Action potential propagation in myelinated neurons is faster than in unmyelinated neurons because of Saltatory conduction . The main purpose of myelin is to increase the speed at which electrical impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber . In unmyelinated fibers , electrical impulses ( action potentials ) travel as continuous waves , but , in myelinated fibers , they `` hop '' or propagate by saltatory conduction . The latter is markedly faster than the former , at least for axons over a certain diameter . Myelin decreases capacitance and increases electrical resistance across the axonal membrane ( the axolemma ) . It has been suggested that myelin permits larger body size by maintaining agile communication between distant body parts . Myelinated fibers lack voltage - gated sodium channels along the myelinated internodes , exposing them only at the nodes of Ranvier . Here , they are highly abundant and densely packed . Positively charged sodium ions can enter the axon through these voltage - gated channels , leading to depolarisation of the membrane potential at the node of Ranvier . The resting membrane potential is then rapidly restored due to positively charged potassium ions leaving the axon through potassium channels . The sodium ions inside the axon then diffuse rapidly through the axoplasm ( axonal cytoplasm ) , to the adjacent myelinated internode and ultimately to the next ( distal ) node of Ranvier , triggering the opening of the voltage gated sodium channels and entry of sodium ions at this site . Although , the sodium ions diffuse through the axoplasm rapidly , diffusion is decremental by nature , thus nodes of Ranvier have to be ( relatively ) closely spaced , to secure action potential propagation . The action potential `` recharges '' at consecutive nodes of Ranvier as the axolemmal membrane potential depolarises to approximately + 35 mV . Along the myelinated internode , energy - dependent sodium / potassium pumps , pump the sodium ions back out of the axon and potassium ions back into the axon , to restore the balance of ions between the intracellular ( inside the cell i.e. axon in this case ) and extracellular ( outwith the cell ) fluids . Whilst the role of myelin as an `` axonal insulator '' is well - established , other functions of myelinating cells are less well known or only recently established . The myelinating cell `` sculpts '' the underlying axon by promoting the phosphorylation of neurofilaments , thus increasing the diameter or thickness of the axon at the internodal regions ; helps cluster molecules on the axolemma ( such as voltage - gated sodium channels ) at the node of Ranvier ; and modulates the transport of cytoskeletal structures and organelles such as mitochondria , along the axon . Recently , evidence came to light to support a role for the myelinating cell in `` feeding '' the axon . In other words , the myelinating cell seems to act as a local ' fueling station ' for the axon , which uses a great deal of energy to restore the normal balance of ions between it and its environment ( see above and ) , following the generation of action potentials . When a peripheral fiber is severed , the myelin sheath provides a track along which regrowth can occur . However , the myelin layer does not ensure a perfect regeneration of the nerve fiber . Some regenerated nerve fibers do not find the correct muscle fibers , and some damaged motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system die without regrowth . Damage to the myelin sheath and nerve fiber is often associated with increased functional insufficiency . Unmyelinated fibers and myelinated axons of the mammalian central nervous system do not regenerate . Some studies have revealed that optic nerve fibers can be regenerated in postnatal rats . This regeneration depends upon two conditions : axonal die - back has to be prevented with appropriate neurotrophic factors , and neurite growth inhibitory components have to be inactivated . These studies may lead to further understanding of nerve fiber regeneration in the central nervous system . Clinical significance ( edit ) Demyelination ( edit ) Further information : Demyelinating disease Demyelination is the loss of the myelin sheath insulating the nerves , and is the hallmark of some neurodegenerative autoimmune diseases , including multiple sclerosis , acute disseminated encephalomyelitis , neuromyelitis optica , transverse myelitis , chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy , Guillain -- Barré syndrome , central pontine myelinosis , inherited demyelinating diseases such as leukodystrophy , and Charcot - Marie - Tooth disease . Sufferers of pernicious anaemia can also suffer nerve damage if the condition is not diagnosed quickly . Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord secondary to pernicious anaemia can lead to slight peripheral nerve damage to severe damage to the central nervous system , affecting speech , balance , and cognitive awareness . When myelin degrades , conduction of signals along the nerve can be impaired or lost , and the nerve eventually withers . A more serious case of myelin deterioration is called Canavan disease . The immune system may play a role in demyelination associated with such diseases , including inflammation causing demyelination by overproduction of cytokines via upregulation of tumor necrosis factor or interferon . Symptoms ( edit ) Demyelination results in diverse symptoms determined by the functions of the affected neurons . It disrupts signals between the brain and other parts of the body ; symptoms differ from patient to patient , and have different presentations upon clinical observation and in laboratory studies . Typical symptoms include : blurriness in the central visual field that affects only one eye , may be accompanied by pain upon eye movement double vision loss of vision / hearing odd sensation in legs , arms , chest , or face , such as tingling or numbness ( neuropathy ) weakness of arms or legs cognitive disruption , including speech impairment and memory loss heat sensitivity ( symptoms worsen or reappear upon exposure to heat , such as a hot shower ) loss of dexterity difficulty coordinating movement or balance disorder difficulty controlling bowel movements or urination fatigue tinnitus Myelin repair ( edit ) Further information : Remyelination Research to repair damaged myelin sheaths is ongoing . Techniques include surgically implanting oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the central nervous system and inducing myelin repair with certain antibodies . While results in mice have been encouraging ( via stem cell transplantation ) , whether this technique can be effective in replacing myelin loss in humans is still unknown . Cholinergic treatments , such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ( AChEIs ) , may have beneficial effects on myelination , myelin repair , and myelin integrity . Increasing cholinergic stimulation also may act through subtle trophic effects on brain developmental processes and particularly on oligodendrocytes and the lifelong myelination process they support . By increasing oligodendrocyte cholinergic stimulation , AChEIs , and other cholinergic treatments , such as nicotine , possibly could promote myelination during development and myelin repair in older age . Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors such as lithium chloride have been found to promote myelination in mice with damaged facial nerves . Cholesterol is a necessary nutrient for the myelin sheath , along with vitamin B12 . Dysmyelination ( edit ) Dysmyelination is characterized by a defective structure and function of myelin sheaths ; unlike demyelination , it does not produce lesions . Such defective sheaths often arise from genetic mutations affecting the biosynthesis and formation of myelin . The shiverer mouse represents one animal model of dysmyelination . Human diseases where dysmyelination has been implicated include leukodystrophies ( Pelizaeus -- Merzbacher disease , Canavan disease , phenylketonuria ) and schizophrenia . Invertebrate myelin ( edit ) Functionally equivalent myelin - like sheaths are found in several invertebrate taxa including Oligochaete , Penaeid , Palaemonid , and Calanoids . These myelin - like sheaths share several structural features with the sheaths found in vertebrates including multiplicity of membranes , condensation of membrane , and nodes . However , the nodes in vertebrates are annular ; i.e. they encircle the axon . In contrast , nodes found in the sheaths of invertebrates are either annular or fenestrated ; i.e. they are restricted to `` spots . '' It is notable that the fastest recorded conduction speed ( across both vertebrates and invertebrates ) is found in the ensheathed axons of the Kuruma shrimp , an invertebrate , ranging between 90 and 200 m / s ( cf 100 - 120 m / s for the fastest myelinated vertebrate axon . ) See also ( edit ) Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system The Myelin Project , project to regenerate myelin Myelin Repair Foundation , a nonprofit medical research foundation for multiple sclerosis drug discovery . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stassart RM , Möbius W , Nave KA , Edgar JM ( 2018 ) . `` The Axon - Myelin Unit in Development and Degenerative Disease '' . Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12 : 467 . doi : 10.3389 / fnins. 2018.00467 . PMID 30050403 . Jump up ^ van der Knaap MS , Bugiani M ( September 2017 ) . `` Leukodystrophies : a proposed classification system based on pathological changes and pathogenetic mechanisms '' . Acta Neuropathologica. 134 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 382 . doi : 10.1007 / s00401 - 017 - 1739 - 1 . PMC 5563342 . PMID 28638987 . Jump up ^ Compston A , Coles A ( October 2008 ) . `` Multiple sclerosis '' . Lancet . 372 ( 9648 ) : 1502 -- 17 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 08 ) 61620 - 7 . PMID 18970977 . Jump up ^ Lewis RA ( October 2017 ) . `` Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy '' . Current Opinion in Neurology . 30 ( 5 ) : 508 -- 512 . doi : 10.1097 / WCO. 0000000000000481 . PMID 28763304 . Jump up ^ `` Pediatric Neurologic Examination Videos & Descriptions : Developmental Anatomy '' . library.med.utah.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Swire M , Ffrench - Constant C ( May 2018 ) . `` Seeing Is Believing : Myelin Dynamics in the Adult CNS '' . Neuron. 98 ( 4 ) : 684 -- 686 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2018.05. 005 . PMID 29772200 . Jump up ^ Hill RA , Li AM , Grutzendler J ( May 2018 ) . `` Lifelong cortical myelin plasticity and age - related degeneration in the live mammalian brain '' . Nature Neuroscience. 21 ( 5 ) : 683 -- 695 . doi : 10.1038 / s41593 - 018 - 0120 - 6 . PMC 5920745 . PMID 29556031 . Jump up ^ Hughes EG , Orthmann - Murphy JL , Langseth AJ , Bergles DE ( May 2018 ) . `` Myelin remodeling through experience - dependent oligodendrogenesis in the adult somatosensory cortex '' . Nature Neuroscience. 21 ( 5 ) : 696 -- 706 . doi : 10.1038 / s41593 - 018 - 0121 - 5 . PMC 5920726 . PMID 29556025 . ^ Jump up to : Hartline DK ( May 2008 ) . `` What is myelin ? '' . Neuron Glia Biology . 4 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 63 . doi : 10.1017 / S1740925X09990263 . PMID 19737435 . ^ Jump up to : Salzer JL , Zalc B ( October 2016 ) . `` Myelination '' . Current Biology . 26 ( 20 ) : R971 -- R975 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2016.07. 074 . PMID 27780071 . Jump up ^ Virchow R ( 1854 ) . `` Ueber das ausgebreitete Vorkommen einer dem Nervenmark analogen Substanz in den thierischen Geweben '' . Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie Und Physiologie Und für Klinische Medicin. 6 ( 4 ) : 562 -- 572 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02116709 . Jump up ^ Boullerne AI ( September 2016 ) . `` The history of myelin '' . Experimental Neurology . 283 ( Pt B ) : 431 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / j. expneurol. 2016.06. 005 . PMC 5010938 . PMID 27288241 . Jump up ^ Monk KR , Feltri ML , Taveggia C ( August 2015 ) . `` New insights on Schwann cell development '' . Glia. 63 ( 8 ) : 1376 -- 93 . doi : 10.1002 / glia. 22852 . PMID 25921593 . Jump up ^ Steinman L ( May 1996 ) . `` Multiple sclerosis : a coordinated immunological attack against myelin in the central nervous system '' . Cell. 85 ( 3 ) : 299 -- 302 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 81107 - 1 . PMID 8616884 . Jump up ^ Mallucci G , Peruzzotti - Jametti L , Bernstock JD , Pluchino S ( April 2015 ) . `` The role of immune cells , glia and neurons in white and gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis '' . Progress in Neurobiology. 127 - 128 : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pneurobio. 2015.02. 003 . PMC 4578232 . PMID 25802011 . Jump up ^ Greer JM , Lees MB ( March 2002 ) . `` Myelin proteolipid protein -- the first 50 years '' . The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology . 34 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / S1357 - 2725 ( 01 ) 00136 - 4 . PMID 11849988 . Jump up ^ Saher G , Brügger B , Lappe - Siefke C , Möbius W , Tozawa R , Wehr MC , Wieland F , Ishibashi S , Nave KA ( April 2005 ) . `` High cholesterol level is essential for myelin membrane growth '' . Nature Neuroscience. 8 ( 4 ) : 468 -- 75 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1426 . PMID 15793579 . ^ Jump up to : Saladin KS ( 2012 ) . Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function ( 6th ed . ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Raine CS ( 1999 ) . `` Characteristics of Neuroglia '' . In Siegel GJ , Agranoff BW , Albers RW , Fisher SK , Uhler MD . Basic Neurochemistry : Molecular , Cellular and Medical Aspects ( 6th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott - Raven . Jump up ^ Brivio V , Faivre - Sarrailh C , Peles E , Sherman DL , Brophy PJ ( April 2017 ) . `` Assembly of CNS Nodes of Ranvier in Myelinated Nerves Is Promoted by the Axon Cytoskeleton '' . Current Biology . 27 ( 7 ) : 1068 -- 1073 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2017.01. 025 . PMC 5387178 . PMID 28318976 . Jump up ^ Stassart RM , Möbius W , Nave KA , Edgar JM ( 2018 ) . `` The Axon - Myelin Unit in Development and Degenerative Disease '' . Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12 : 467 . doi : 10.3389 / fnins. 2018.00467 . PMID 30050403 . Jump up ^ Fünfschilling U , Supplie LM , Mahad D , Boretius S , Saab AS , Edgar J , Brinkmann BG , Kassmann CM , Tzvetanova ID , Möbius W , Diaz F , Meijer D , Suter U , Hamprecht B , Sereda MW , Moraes CT , Frahm J , Goebbels S , Nave KA ( April 2012 ) . `` Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long - term axonal integrity '' . Nature . 485 ( 7399 ) : 517 -- 21 . doi : 10.1038 / nature11007 . PMID 22622581 . Jump up ^ Lee Y , Morrison BM , Li Y , Lengacher S , Farah MH , Hoffman PN , Liu Y , Tsingalia A , Jin L , Zhang PW , Pellerin L , Magistretti PJ , Rothstein JD ( July 2012 ) . `` Oligodendroglia metabolically support axons and contribute to neurodegeneration '' . Nature . 487 ( 7408 ) : 443 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / nature11314 . PMC 3408792 . PMID 22801498 . Jump up ^ Engl E , Attwell D ( August 2015 ) . `` Non-signalling energy use in the brain '' . The Journal of Physiology. 593 ( 16 ) : 3417 -- 29 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 2014.282517 . PMC 4560575 . PMID 25639777 . Jump up ^ Attwell D , Laughlin SB ( October 2001 ) . `` An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain '' . Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 21 ( 10 ) : 1133 -- 45 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004647 - 200110000 - 00001 . PMID 11598490 . Jump up ^ Ledeen RW , Chakraborty G ( March 1998 ) . `` Cytokines , signal transduction , and inflammatory demyelination : review and hypothesis '' . Neurochemical Research . 23 ( 3 ) : 277 -- 89 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022493013904 . PMID 9482240 . Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic 2007 and University of Leicester Clinical Studies , 2014 Jump up ^ Windrem MS , Nunes MC , Rashbaum WK , Schwartz TH , Goodman RA , McKhann G , Roy NS , Goldman SA ( January 2004 ) . `` Fetal and adult human oligodendrocyte progenitor cell isolates myelinate the congenitally dysmyelinated brain '' . Nature Medicine . 10 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / nm974 . PMID 14702638 . Lay summary -- FuturePundit . Jump up ^ Bartzokis G ( August 2007 ) . `` Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may improve myelin integrity '' . Biological Psychiatry . 62 ( 4 ) : 294 -- 301 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2006.08. 020 . PMID 17070782 . Jump up ^ Makoukji J , Belle M , Meffre D , Stassart R , Grenier J , Shackleford G , Fledrich R , Fonte C , Branchu J , Goulard M , de Waele C , Charbonnier F , Sereda MW , Baulieu EE , Schumacher M , Bernard S , Massaad C ( March 2012 ) . `` Lithium enhances remyelination of peripheral nerves '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 10 ) : 3973 -- 8 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1121367109 . PMID 22355115 . Jump up ^ Petrov AM , Kasimov MR , Zefirov AL ( 2016 ) . `` Brain Cholesterol Metabolism and Its Defects : Linkage to Neurodegenerative Diseases and Synaptic Dysfunction '' . Acta Naturae. 8 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 73 . PMID 27099785 . Jump up ^ Miller A , Korem M , Almog R , Galboiz Y ( June 2005 ) . `` Vitamin B12 , demyelination , remyelination and repair in multiple sclerosis '' . Journal of the Neurological Sciences . 233 ( 1 - 2 ) : 93 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jns. 2005.03. 009 . PMID 15896807 . Jump up ^ Krämer - Albers EM , Gehrig - Burger K , Thiele C , Trotter J , Nave KA ( November 2006 ) . `` Perturbed interactions of mutant proteolipid protein / DM20 with cholesterol and lipid rafts in oligodendroglia : implications for dysmyelination in spastic paraplegia '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 26 ( 45 ) : 11743 -- 52 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 3581 - 06.2006 . PMID 17093095 . Jump up ^ Matalon R , Michals - Matalon K , Surendran S , Tyring SK ( 2006 ) . `` Canavan disease : studies on the knockout mouse '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 576 : 77 -- 93 ; discussion 361 -- 3 . doi : 10.1007 / 0 - 387 - 30172 - 0_6 . PMID 16802706 . Jump up ^ Tkachev D , Mimmack ML , Huffaker SJ , Ryan M , Bahn S ( August 2007 ) . `` Further evidence for altered myelin biosynthesis and glutamatergic dysfunction in schizophrenia '' . The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 10 ( 4 ) : 557 -- 63 . doi : 10.1017 / S1461145706007334 . PMID 17291371 . Further reading ( edit ) Swire M , Ffrench - Constant C ( May 2018 ) . `` Seeing Is Believing : Myelin Dynamics in the Adult CNS '' . Neuron. 98 ( 4 ) : 684 -- 686 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2018.05. 005 . PMID 29772200 . Waxman SG ( October 1977 ) . `` Conduction in myelinated , unmyelinated , and demyelinated fibers '' . Archives of Neurology . 34 ( 10 ) : 585 -- 9 . doi : 10.1001 / archneur. 1977.00500220019003 . PMID 907529 . External links ( edit ) The Myelin Project Athabasca University Biological Psychology Website The MS Information Sourcebook , Myelin The Myelin Repair Foundation H & E Histology Luxol Fast Blue : Modified Kluver 's Method to stain for Myelin Sheath Radiology and Pathology of Myelin the MedPix Medical Image Database American Society for Neurochemistry Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Nerve fascicle Funiculus Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Structures of the cell membrane Membrane lipids Lipid bilayer Phospholipids Lipoproteins Sphingolipids Sterols Membrane proteins Membrane glycoproteins Integral membrane proteins / transmembrane protein Peripheral membrane protein / Lipid - anchored protein Other Caveolae / Coated pits Cell junctions Glycocalyx Lipid raft / microdomains Membrane contact sites Membrane nanotubes Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Nuclear envelope Phycobilisomes Porosomes Protein : cell membrane proteins ( other than Cell surface receptor , enzymes , and cytoskeleton ) Arrestin SAG ARRB1 ARRB2 ARR3 Membrane - spanning 4A MS4A1 MS4A2 MS4A3 MS4A4A MS4A4E MS4A5 MS4A6A MS4A6E MS4A7 MS4A8B MS4A9 MS4A10 MS4A12 MS4A13 MS4A14 MS4A15 MS4A18 Myelin Myelin basic protein PMP2 Myelin proteolipid protein PLP1 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein Myelin - associated glycoprotein Myelin protein zero Pulmonary surfactant Pulmonary surfactant - associated protein B Pulmonary surfactant - associated protein C Tetraspanin TSPAN1 TSPAN2 TSPAN3 TSPAN4 TSPAN5 TSPAN6 TSPAN7 TSPAN8 TSPAN9 TSPAN10 TSPAN11 TSPAN12 TSPAN13 TSPAN14 TSPAN15 TSPAN16 TSPAN17 TSPAN18 TSPAN19 TSPAN20 TSPAN21 TSPAN22 TSPAN23 TSPAN24 TSPAN25 TSPAN26 TSPAN27 TSPAN28 TSPAN29 TSPAN30 TSPAN31 TSPAN32 TSPAN33 TSPAN34 Other / ungrouped Calnexin LDL - receptor - related protein - associated protein Neurofibromin 2 Presenilin PSEN1 PSEN2 HFE Phospholipid transfer proteins Dysferlin STRC OTOF see also other cell membrane protein disorders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myelin&oldid=857137138 '' Categories : Neurohistology Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2018 Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the myelin sheath that covers many cns axons is formed by | [
"Myelin is a lipid-rich (fatty) substance formed in the central nervous system (CNS) by glial cells called oligodendrocytes, and in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) by Schwann cells. Myelin insulates nerve cell axons to increase the speed at which information (encoded as an electrical signal) travels from one nerve cell body to another (as in the CNS) or, for example, from a nerve cell body to a muscle (as in the PNS). The myelinated axon can be likened to an electrical wire (the axon) with insulating material (myelin) around it. However, unlike the plastic covering on an electrical wire, myelin does not form a single long sheath over the entire length of the axon. Rather, each myelin sheath insulates the axon over a single section and, in general, each axon comprises multiple long myelinated sections separated from each other by short gaps. Each myelin sheath is formed by the concentric wrapping of an oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell process around the axon. \n"
] | [
"the concentric wrapping of an oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell process around the axon"
] |
-4796448679885090319 | The Wasp Factory | The Wasp Factory - wikipedia The Wasp Factory The Wasp Factory First edition Author Iain Banks Audio read by Peter Kenny Cover artist Philip Mann ACE Country United Kingdom Language English Publisher Macmillan Publication date 16 February 1984 Media type Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) Pages 184 ISBN 0 - 333 - 36380 - 9 OCLC 22766221 The Wasp Factory is the first novel by Scottish writer Iain Banks , published in 1984 . Before the publication of The Wasp Factory , Banks had written several science fiction novels that had not been accepted for publication . Banks decided to try a more mainstream novel in the hopes that it would be more readily accepted , and wrote about a psychopathic teenager living on a remote Scottish island . According to Banks , this allowed him to treat the story as something resembling science fiction -- the island could be envisaged as a planet , and Frank , the protagonist , almost as an alien . Following the success of The Wasp Factory , Banks began to write full - time . The Wasp Factory is written from a first person perspective , told by 16 - year - old Francis Cauldhame ( `` Frank '' ) , describing his childhood and all that remains of it . Frank observes many shamanistic rituals of his own invention , and it is soon revealed that Frank killed three children before he reached the age of ten himself . The book sold well , but was greeted with a mixture of acclaim and criticism , due to its gruesome depiction of violence . The Irish Times called it `` a work of unparalleled depravity . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Literary significance and criticism 3 Adaptations 4 Release details 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The story is told from the perspective of 16 - year - old Frank Cauldhame . Frank lives with his father on a small island in rural Scotland , and he has not seen his mother in many years . There is no official record of his birth , meaning his existence is largely unknown . Frank occupies his time with rituals , building dams , and maintaining an array of weapons ( a small catapult , pipe bombs and a crude flamethrower ) for killing small animals around the island and the coastline . He takes long walks to patrol the island and occasionally gets drunk with his only friend , a dwarf named Jamie , in the local pub . Otherwise Frank has almost no contact with the outside world . He is haunted by the memory of a dog attack in his youth , which resulted in the loss of his genitalia . He resents others for his impotence , particularly women . This is in part due to the mauling coinciding with the last time he saw his absentee mother , who had come back to the island to give birth to his younger brother , leaving immediately after . Frank 's older brother Eric escapes a mental institution in the opening of the book , having been arrested some years prior for setting fire to the town 's dogs and terrorizing local children by force - feeding them maggots and worms . Eric often calls Frank from phone boxes to inform Frank of his progress back to the island . Eric is extremely erratic ; their conversations invariably end badly , with Eric exploding in fits of rage . Frank is confused as to whether or not he is looking forward to seeing Eric , but it is clear Frank loves his brother . The `` Wasp Factory '' that the title refers to is a mechanism put together by Frank , made from a huge clock face , salvaged from the local dump , encased in a glass box . Behind each of the 12 numerals on the clock face is a trap which leads to a different ritual death ( for example burning , crushing , or drowning in Frank 's urine ) for the wasp that Frank puts into it via the hole at the centre of the clock face . Frank believes the death `` chosen '' by the wasp predicts something about the future . The Factory is in the house 's loft , which Frank 's father can not access because of a leg injury . There are also `` Sacrifice Poles '' . The bodies and heads of animals , such as mice that Frank has killed , are stuck onto the poles for the purpose of attracting birds which will fly away and alert Frank of anybody approaching the island 's borders . It is revealed that when Frank was much younger , he killed three of his relatives : two cousins and his younger brother . He also exhumed the skull of the dog that castrated him , and he uses it as part of his rituals . Eric is described as having been extremely sensitive before the incident that drove him mad : a tragic case of neglect in a hospital where Eric was a volunteer when studying to become a doctor . While attempting to feed a brain - damaged newborn with acalvaria , Eric notes that the child is unresponsive and smiling , despite usually appearing expressionless . The child 's skull is held together by a metal plate over its head . Eric checks underneath the plate to find the child 's exposed brain tissue infested and being consumed by day - old maggots . Frank 's father is distant and spends most of his time in his study , which he keeps locked at all times . Frank longs to know what is inside the study . He attempts to gain access to it each time his father leaves the house . Frank is used to being lied to by his father , who seemingly often does it purely for his own amusement or interest . At the end of the novel , Frank is alerted of Eric 's imminent return when he sees a dog that has been burned alive and discovers Eric 's campsite . This knowledge incites Frank 's father to get drunk and then forget to conceal the keys to his study , where Frank discovers male hormone drugs , tampons and what appears to be the remains of his own genitals in a jar . Frank , who hates women , assumes that his findings mean that his father is actually female . During the ensuing confrontation with his father , Eric returns and attempts to destroy the house and island with explosives and fire but is not successful . After Eric flees , the father explains that it was Frank who was born a female ; the hormones had been fed to him by his father since the dog attack in an experiment to see whether Frank would transition from female to male . The remains of his genitals were fake and it is suggested that his father 's reasoning for doing this was to distance himself from the women he felt had ruined his life . In the closing pages Frank finds Eric , half asleep , seemingly calm . Frank sits with him and considers his life up to this point and whether he should leave the island . Literary significance and criticism ( edit ) The book was initially greeted with a mixture of acclaim and criticism , due to its gruesome depiction of violence . While this is mostly against animals , Frank also recollects killing three younger children . The murders are described in an honest and matter - of - fact way , often with grotesque humour . The Irish Times called it `` a work of unparalleled depravity . '' A 1997 poll of over 25,000 readers of The Independent listed The Wasp Factory as one of the top 100 books of the 20th century . Adaptations ( edit ) In 2013 , the Australian producer and composer Ben Frost directed an opera adaptation of the Iain Banks ' novel , in which Frank is represented by three female singers . Release details ( edit ) 1984 , UK , Macmillan ( ISBN 0 - 333 - 36380 - 9 ) , Pub date 16 February 1984 , hardback ( First edition ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Banks , Iain ( 1998 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Out of this world '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iain Banks : ' In the end we 'll be smiling ' . Quote : ' '' It 's a sick , sick world when the confidence and investment of an astute firm of publishers is justified by a work of unparalleled depravity , '' wrote this newspaper 's reviewer . ' `` . The Irish Times . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ No Sartre , no Lessing , no Mailer : Frodo the hobbit beats them all - The Independent Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/oct/04/the-wasp-factory-review External links ( edit ) Iain Banks discusses The Wasp Factory on the BBC World Book Club Iain Banks discusses The Wasp Factory at the Guardian Book Club Iain Banks writing about the creation of The Wasp Factory for the Guardian hide Works of Iain Banks As Iain Banks Fiction The Wasp Factory ( 1984 ) Walking on Glass ( 1985 ) The Bridge ( 1986 ) Espedair Street ( 1987 ) Canal Dreams ( 1989 ) The Crow Road ( 1992 ) Complicity ( 1993 ) Whit ( 1995 ) A Song of Stone ( 1997 ) The Business ( 1999 ) Dead Air ( 2002 ) The Steep Approach to Garbadale ( 2007 ) Stonemouth ( 2012 ) The Quarry ( 2013 ) Non-fiction Raw Spirit ( 2003 ) Poems ( with Ken MacLeod ) ( 2015 ) As Iain M. Banks Culture series Consider Phlebas ( 1987 ) The Player of Games ( 1988 ) Use of Weapons ( 1990 ) The State of the Art ( 1991 ) Excession ( 1996 ) Inversions ( 1998 ) Look to Windward ( 2000 ) Matter ( 2008 ) Surface Detail ( 2010 ) The Hydrogen Sonata ( 2012 ) Other works Against a Dark Background ( 1993 ) Feersum Endjinn ( 1994 ) The Algebraist ( 2004 ) Transition ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wasp_Factory&oldid=836190834 '' Categories : 1984 British novels Debut novels Novels by Iain Banks Scottish bildungsromans Macmillan Publishers books Cruelty to animals in fiction Novels set on islands Novels with transgender and transsexual themes British LGBT novels Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 06 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does frank kill in the wasp factory | [
"It is revealed that when Frank was much younger, he killed three of his relatives: two cousins and his younger brother. He also exhumed the skull of the dog that castrated him, and he uses it as part of his rituals."
] | [
"three of his relatives: two cousins and his younger brother"
] |
-1345429915217925219 | List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders | List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . Contents 1 Scoring leaders 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of October 29 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,231 1,150 27.2 11,350 1,626 6,905 7 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 25,488 1,059 24.1 9,114 1,353 5,907 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,915 1,411 17.7 9,005 2,117 4,788 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,155 988 22.4 8,066 472 5,551 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 21,139 779 27.1 7,178 1,445 5,338 36 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,815 1,202 17.3 7,951 176 4,737 39 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 2,251 31,187 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 059 yrs 4,029 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Entire career with one franchise Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=866403138 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська Vèneto 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the leading scorer in the nba | [
"\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nPosition(s)\n\nTeam(s) played for (years)[3]\n\nTotal points\n\nGames played\n\nPoints per gameaverage[4]\n\nField goalsmade\n\nThree-pointfield goalsmade[5]\n\nFree throws made\n\n\n1\n\nKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[6]\n\nC\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)\n\n38,387\n\n1,560\n\n24.6\n\n15,837\n\n1\n\n6,712\n\n\n2\n\nKarl Malone*\n\nPF\n\nUtah Jazz (1985–2003)Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)\n\n36,928\n\n1,476\n\n25.0\n\n13,528\n\n85\n\n9,787\n\n\n3\n\nKobe Bryant†\n\nSG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)\n\n33,643\n\n1,346\n\n25.0\n\n11,719\n\n1,827\n\n8,378\n\n\n4\n\nMichael Jordan*\n\nSG\n\nChicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)Washington Wizards (2001–2003)\n\n32,292\n\n1,072\n\n30.1\n\n12,192\n\n581\n\n7,327\n\n\n5\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1959–1965)Philadelphia 76ers (1965–1968)Los Angeles Lakers (1968–1973)\n\n31,419\n\n1,045\n\n30.1\n\n12,681\n\n0\n\n6,057\n\n\n6\n\nLeBron James^\n\nSF/PF\n\nCleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–2018)Miami Heat (2010–2014)Los Angeles Lakers (2018–present)\n\n31,231\n\n1,150\n\n27.2\n\n11,350\n\n1,626\n\n6,905\n\n\n7\n\nDirk Nowitzki^\n\nPF/C\n\nDallas Mavericks (1999–present)\n\n31,187\n\n1,471\n\n21.2\n\n11,034\n\n1,918\n\n7,201\n\n\n8\n\nShaquille O'Neal*\n\nC\n\nOrlando Magic (1992–1996)Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)Miami Heat (2004–2008)Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)Boston Celtics (2010–2011)\n\n28,596\n\n1,207\n\n23.7\n\n11,330\n\n1\n\n5,935\n\n\n9\n\nMoses Malone*\n\nC\n\nBuffalo Braves (1976)Houston Rockets (1976–1982)Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)Washington Bullets (1986–1988)Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)\n\n27,409\n\n1,329\n\n20.6\n\n9,435\n\n8\n\n8,531\n\n\n10\n\nElvin Hayes*\n\nPF/C\n\nSan Diego/Houston Rockets (1968–1972, 1981–1984)Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets (1972–1981)\n\n27,313\n\n1,303\n\n21.0\n\n10,976\n\n5\n\n5,356\n\n\n11\n\nHakeem Olajuwon*[7]\n\nC\n\nHouston Rockets (1984–2001)Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)\n\n26,946\n\n1,238\n\n21.8\n\n10,749\n\n25\n\n5,423\n\n\n12\n\nOscar Robertson*\n\nPG\n\nCincinnati Royals (1960–1970)Milwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)\n\n26,710\n\n1,040\n\n25.7\n\n9,508\n\n0\n\n7,694\n\n\n13\n\nDominique Wilkins*\n\nSF\n\nAtlanta Hawks (1982–1994)Los Angeles Clippers (1994)Boston Celtics (1994–1995)San Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)Orlando Magic (1999)\n\n26,668\n\n1,074\n\n24.8\n\n9,963\n\n711\n\n6,031\n\n\n14\n\nTim Duncan†\n\nPF/C\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)\n\n26,496\n\n1,392\n\n19.0\n\n10,285\n\n30\n\n5,896\n\n\n15\n\nPaul Pierce†\n\nSF/SG\n\nBoston Celtics (1999–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)Washington Wizards (2014–2015)Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)\n\n26,397\n\n1,343\n\n19.7\n\n8,668\n\n2,143\n\n6,918\n\n\n16\n\nJohn Havlicek*\n\nSF/SG\n\nBoston Celtics (1962–1978)\n\n26,395\n\n1,270\n\n20.8\n\n10,513\n\n0\n\n5,369\n\n\n17\n\nKevin Garnett†\n\nPF/C\n\nMinnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)Boston Celtics (2007–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)\n\n26,071\n\n1,462\n\n17.8\n\n10,505\n\n174\n\n4,887\n\n\n18\n\nAlex English*\n\nSF\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1976–1978)Indiana Pacers (1978–1980)Denver Nuggets (1980–1990)Dallas Mavericks (1990–1991)\n\n25,613\n\n1,193\n\n21.5\n\n10,659\n\n18\n\n4,277\n\n\n19\n\nCarmelo Anthony^\n\nSF\n\nDenver Nuggets (2003–2011)New York Knicks (2011–2017)Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–2018)Houston Rockets (2018–present)\n\n25,488\n\n1,059\n\n24.1\n\n9,114\n\n1,353\n\n5,907\n\n\n20\n\nReggie Miller*\n\nSG\n\nIndiana Pacers (1987–2005)\n\n25,279\n\n1,389\n\n18.2\n\n8,241\n\n2,560\n\n6,237\n\n\n21\n\nJerry West*\n\nPG/SG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1960–1974)\n\n25,192\n\n932\n\n27.0\n\n9,016\n\n0\n\n7,160\n\n\n22\n\nVince Carter^\n\nSG/SF\n\nToronto Raptors (1999–2004)New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)Orlando Magic (2009–2010)Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)Sacramento Kings (2017–2018)Atlanta Hawks (2018–present)\n\n24,915\n\n1,411\n\n17.7\n\n9,005\n\n2,117\n\n4,788\n\n\n23\n\nPatrick Ewing*\n\nC\n\nNew York Knicks (1985–2000)Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)Orlando Magic (2001–2002)\n\n24,815\n\n1,183\n\n21.0\n\n9,702\n\n19\n\n5,392\n\n\n24\n\nRay Allen*\n\nSG\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)Boston Celtics (2007–2012)Miami Heat (2012–2014)\n\n24,505\n\n1,300\n\n18.9\n\n8,567\n\n2,973\n\n4,398\n\n\n25\n\nAllen Iverson*\n\nSG/PG\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)Memphis Grizzlies (2009)\n\n24,368\n\n914\n\n26.7\n\n8,467\n\n1,059\n\n6,375\n\n\n26\n\nCharles Barkley*\n\nPF\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1984–1992)Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)Houston Rockets (1996–2000)\n\n23,757\n\n1,073\n\n22.1\n\n8,435\n\n538\n\n6,349\n\n\n27\n\nRobert Parish*\n\nC\n\nGolden State Warriors (1976–1980)Boston Celtics (1980–1994)Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)\n\n23,334\n\n1,611\n\n14.5\n\n9,614\n\n0\n\n4,106\n\n\n28\n\nAdrian Dantley*\n\nSF\n\nBuffalo Braves (1976–1977)Indiana Pacers (1977)Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1979)Utah Jazz (1979–1986)Detroit Pistons (1986–1989)Dallas Mavericks (1989–1990)Milwaukee Bucks (1991)\n\n23,177\n\n955\n\n24.3\n\n8,169\n\n7\n\n6,832\n\n\n29\n\nElgin Baylor*\n\nSF\n\nMinneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (1958–1971)\n\n23,149\n\n846\n\n27.4\n\n8,693\n\n0\n\n5,763\n\n\n30\n\nClyde Drexler*\n\nSG\n\nPortland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)Houston Rockets (1995–1998)\n\n22,195\n\n1,086\n\n20.4\n\n8,335\n\n827\n\n4,698\n\n\n31\n\nDwyane Wade^\n\nSG\n\nMiami Heat (2003–2016, 2018–present)Chicago Bulls (2016–2017) Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018)\n\n22,155\n\n988\n\n22.4\n\n8,066\n\n472\n\n5,551\n\n\n32\n\nGary Payton*\n\nPG\n\nSeattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)Milwaukee Bucks (2003)Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)Boston Celtics (2004–2005)Miami Heat (2005–2007)\n\n21,813\n\n1,335\n\n16.3\n\n8,708\n\n1,132\n\n3,265\n\n\n33\n\nLarry Bird*\n\nSF/PF\n\nBoston Celtics (1979–1992)\n\n21,791\n\n897\n\n24.3\n\n8,591\n\n649\n\n3,960\n\n\n34\n\nHal Greer*\n\nSG/PG\n\nSyracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1958–1973)\n\n21,586\n\n1,122\n\n19.2\n\n8,504\n\n0\n\n4,578\n\n\n35\n\nKevin Durant^\n\nSF\n\nSeattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)Golden State Warriors (2016–present)\n\n21,139\n\n779\n\n27.1\n\n7,178\n\n1,445\n\n5,338\n\n\n36\n\nWalt Bellamy*\n\nC\n\nChicago Packers/Zephyrs/Baltimore Bullets (1961–1965)New York Knicks (1965–1968)Detroit Pistons (1968–1970)Atlanta Hawks (1970–1974)New Orleans Jazz (1974)\n\n20,941\n\n1,043\n\n20.1\n\n7,914\n\n0\n\n5,113\n\n\n37\n\nBob Pettit*\n\nPF/C\n\nMilwaukee/St. Louis Hawks (1954–1965)\n\n20,880\n\n792\n\n26.4\n\n7,349\n\n0\n\n6,182\n\n\n38\n\nPau Gasol^\n\nC/PF\n\nMemphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)Los Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)Chicago Bulls (2014–2016)San Antonio Spurs (2016–present)\n\n20,815\n\n1,202\n\n17.3\n\n7,951\n\n176\n\n4,737\n\n\n39\n\nDavid Robinson*\n\nC\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1989–2003)\n\n20,790\n\n987\n\n21.1\n\n7,365\n\n25\n\n6,035\n\n\n40\n\nGeorge Gervin*\n\nSG/SF\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1976–1985)Chicago Bulls (1985–1986)\n\n20,708\n\n791\n\n26.2\n\n8,045\n\n77\n\n4,541\n\n\n41\n\nMitch Richmond*\n\nSG\n\nGolden State Warriors (1988–1991)Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)Washington Wizards (1999–2001)Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)\n\n20,497\n\n976\n\n21.0\n\n7,305\n\n1,326\n\n4,561\n\n\n42\n\nJoe Johnson^\n\nSG/SF\n\nBoston Celtics (2001–2002)Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)Miami Heat (2016)Utah Jazz (2016–2018)Houston Rockets (2018)\n\n20,405\n\n1,276\n\n16.0\n\n7,822\n\n1,978\n\n2,783\n\n\n43\n\nTom Chambers\n\nPF\n\nSan Diego Clippers (1981–1983)Seattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)Phoenix Suns (1988–1993)Utah Jazz (1993–1995)Charlotte Hornets (1997)Philadelphia 76ers (1997)\n\n20,049\n\n1,107\n\n18.1\n\n7,378\n\n227\n\n5,066\n\n\n44\n\nAntawn Jamison\n\nPF/SF\n\nGolden State Warriors (1999–2003)Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)Washington Wizards (2004–2010)Cleveland Cavaliers (2010–2012)Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)\n\n20,042\n\n1,083\n\n18.5\n\n7,679\n\n1,163\n\n3,521\n\n\n45\n\nJohn Stockton*\n\nPG\n\nUtah Jazz (1984–2003)\n\n19,711\n\n1,504\n\n13.1\n\n7,039\n\n845\n\n4,788\n\n\n46\n\nBernard King*\n\nSF\n\nNew Jersey Nets (1977–1979, 1993)Utah Jazz (1979)Golden State Warriors (1980–1982)New York Knicks (1982–1985, 1987)Washington Bullets (1987–1991)\n\n19,655\n\n874\n\n22.5\n\n7,830\n\n23\n\n3,972\n\n\n47\n\nClifford Robinson\n\nPF/SF\n\nPortland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)\n\n19,591\n\n1,380\n\n14.2\n\n7,389\n\n1,253\n\n3,560\n\n\n48\n\nWalter Davis\n\nSG/SF\n\nPhoenix Suns (1977–1988)Denver Nuggets (1988–1991, 1991–1992)Portland Trail Blazers (1991)\n\n19,521\n\n1,033\n\n18.9\n\n8,118\n\n157\n\n3,128\n\n\n49\n\nTerry Cummings\n\nPF\n\nSan Diego Clippers (1982–1984)Milwaukee Bucks (1984–1989, 1995–1996)San Antonio Spurs (1989–1995)Seattle SuperSonics (1996–1997)Philadelphia 76ers (1997–1998)New York Knicks (1998)Golden State Warriors (1999–2000)\n\n19,460\n\n1,183\n\n16.4\n\n8,045\n\n44\n\n3,326\n\n\n50\n\nBob Lanier*\n\nC\n\nDetroit Pistons (1970–1980)Milwaukee Bucks (1980–1984)\n\n19,248\n\n959\n\n20.1\n\n7,761\n\n2\n\n3,724\n"
] | [
"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar"
] |
1494709351134236162 | When Calls the Heart | When Calls the Heart - wikipedia When Calls the Heart Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . When Calls the Heart Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr . Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Production location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films Release Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows When Hope Calls ( spin off ) External links ( Official website Website ) When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season , which premiered with a two - hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018 , ending in April . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season . A spin off of the show named When Hope Calls was announced at Hallmark 's Television Critics Association summer press tour on July 26 , 2018 . When Hope Calls is expected to debut in 2019 on Hallmark Movies Now streaming service . Contents 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Characters 5 Production 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 1 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) New Year 's Wish December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) Christmas December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) 5 10 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring ( edit ) Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Weller Stanton Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Mike Hickam Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Josie Bissett as AJ Foster Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Characters ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , Jack developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a flood . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts . Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22 , 2017 , and ended on December 21 , 2017 . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired all five seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm , Net Makes Announcements , Including ' When Calls the Heart ' Renewal , At Central Park Event '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Good Witch Renewed for Season 5 , When Calls the Heart Gets Spinoff '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C. '' The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Johnny Depp , When Calls the Heart , and Eggplant Emoji '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krakow , Erin ( @ erinkrakow ) ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a Season 5 WRAP for Elizabeth ! It flew ! Missing my Hope Valley friends already ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : When Calls the Heart Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb Hallmark Channel original programming Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=852814232 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2018 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2018 All articles that are excessively detailed Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 15 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays mr coulter on when calls the heart | [
"Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter"
] | [
"Kavan Smith"
] |
-7860701981144002382 | Gone with the Wind (film) | Gone with the Wind ( film ) - wikipedia Gone with the Wind ( film ) Gone with the Wind Theatrical pre-release poster Directed by Victor Fleming Produced by David O. Selznick Screenplay by Sidney Howard Based on Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Starring Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Ernest Haller Edited by Hal C. Kern James E. Newcom Production companies Selznick International Pictures Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's Inc . Release date December 15 , 1939 ( 1939 - 12 - 15 ) ( Atlanta premiere ) Running time 221 minutes 234 -- 238 minutes ( with overture , intermission , entr'acte , and exit music ) Country United States Language English Budget $3.85 million Box office > $390 million Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film , adapted from Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 novel of the same name . The film was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures and directed by Victor Fleming . Set in the American South against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era , the film tells the story of Scarlett O'Hara , the strong - willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner . It follows her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes , who is married to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton , and her subsequent marriage to Rhett Butler . The leading roles are played by Vivien Leigh ( Scarlett ) , Clark Gable ( Rhett ) , Leslie Howard ( Ashley ) , and Olivia de Havilland ( Melanie ) . Production was difficult from the start . Filming was delayed for two years because of Selznick 's determination to secure Gable for the role of Rhett Butler , and the `` search for Scarlett '' led to 1,400 women being interviewed for the part . The original screenplay was written by Sidney Howard and underwent many revisions by several writers in an attempt to get it down to a suitable length . The original director , George Cukor , was fired shortly after filming began and was replaced by Fleming , who in turn was briefly replaced by Sam Wood while Fleming took some time off due to exhaustion . The film received positive reviews upon its release , in December 1939 , although some reviewers found it overlong . The casting was widely praised , and many reviewers found Leigh especially suited to her role as Scarlett . At the 12th Academy Awards , it received ten Academy Awards ( eight competitive , two honorary ) from thirteen nominations , including wins for Best Picture , Best Director ( Fleming ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( posthumously awarded to Sidney Howard ) , Best Actress ( Leigh ) , and Best Supporting Actress ( Hattie McDaniel , becoming the first African American to win an Academy Award ) . It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time . The film has been criticized as historical revisionism glorifying slavery , and it has been credited with triggering changes in the way in which African Americans are depicted cinematically . Gone with the Wind was immensely popular when first released . It became the highest - earning film made up to that point , and held the record for over a quarter of a century . When adjusted for monetary inflation , it is still the most successful film in box - office history . It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th century and became ingrained in popular culture . The film is regarded as one of the greatest films of all time ; it has placed in the top ten of the American Film Institute 's list of the top 100 American films since the list 's inception in 1998 ; and , in 1989 , the United States Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Screenplay 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Preview , premiere and initial release 4.2 Later releases 4.3 Television and home video 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Academy Awards 5.3 Reactions from African - Americans 5.4 Audience response 5.5 Critical re-evaluation 5.6 Industry recognition 6 Analysis 6.1 Racial criticism 6.2 Depiction of marital rape 7 Legacy 7.1 In popular culture 7.2 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 On the eve of the American Civil War in 1861 , Scarlett O'Hara lives at Tara , her family 's cotton plantation in Georgia , with her parents and two sisters . Scarlett learns that Ashley Wilkes -- whom she secretly loves -- is to be married to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton , and the engagement is to be announced the next day at a barbecue at Ashley 's home , the nearby plantation Twelve Oaks . At the Twelve Oaks party , Scarlett privately declares her feelings to Ashley , but he rebuffs her by responding that he and Melanie are more compatible . Scarlett is incensed when she discovers another guest , Rhett Butler , has overheard their conversation . The barbecue is disrupted by the declaration of war and the men rush to enlist . As Scarlett watches Ashley kiss Melanie goodbye , Melanie 's younger brother Charles proposes to her . Although she does not love him , Scarlett consents and they are married before he leaves to fight . Scarlett and Rhett at the charity dance Scarlett is widowed when Charles dies from a bout of pneumonia and measles while serving in the Confederate Army . Scarlett 's mother sends her to the Hamilton home in Atlanta to cheer her up , although the O'Haras ' outspoken house slave Mammy tells Scarlett she knows she is going there only to wait for Ashley 's return . Scarlett , who should not attend a party while in mourning , attends a charity bazaar in Atlanta with Melanie where she meets Rhett again , now a blockade runner for the Confederacy . Celebrating a Confederate victory and to raise money for the Confederate war effort , gentlemen are invited to bid for ladies to dance with them . Rhett makes an inordinately large bid for Scarlett and , to the disapproval of the guests , she agrees to dance with him . The tide of war turns against the Confederacy after the Battle of Gettysburg in which many of the men of Scarlett 's town are killed . Scarlett makes another unsuccessful appeal to Ashley while he is visiting on Christmas furlough , although they do share a private and passionate kiss in the parlor on Christmas Day , just before he returns to war . Eight months later , as the city is besieged by the Union Army in the Atlanta Campaign , Scarlett and her young house slave Prissy must deliver Melanie 's baby without medical assistance after she goes into premature labor . Afterwards , Scarlett calls upon Rhett to take her home to Tara with Melanie , her baby , and Prissy ; he collects them in a horse and wagon , but once out of the city chooses to go off to fight , leaving Scarlett and the group to make their own way back to Tara . Upon her return home , Scarlett finds Tara deserted , except for her father , her sisters , and two former slaves : Mammy and Pork . Scarlett learns that her mother has just died of typhoid fever and her father has become incompetent . With Tara pillaged by Union troops and the fields untended , Scarlett vows she will do anything for the survival of her family and herself . Part 2 As the O'Haras work in the cotton fields , Scarlett 's father is killed after he is thrown from his horse in an attempt to chase away a scalawag from his land . With the defeat of the Confederacy Ashley also returns , but finds he is of little help at Tara . When Scarlett begs him to run away with her , he confesses his desire for her and kisses her passionately , but says he can not leave Melanie . Unable to pay the taxes on Tara implemented by Reconstructionists , Scarlett dupes her younger sister Suellen 's fiancé , the middle - aged and wealthy mill owner Frank Kennedy , into marrying her , by saying Suellen got tired of waiting and married another beau . Frank , Ashley , Rhett and several other accomplices make a night raid on a shanty town after Scarlett is attacked while driving through it alone , resulting in Frank 's death . With Frank 's funeral barely over , Rhett proposes to Scarlett and she accepts . They have a daughter whom Rhett names Bonnie Blue , but Scarlett , still pining for Ashley and chagrined at the perceived ruin of her figure , lets Rhett know that she wants no more children and that they will no longer share a bed . One day at Frank 's mill , Scarlett and Ashley are seen embracing by Ashley 's sister , India , and harboring an intense dislike of Scarlett she eagerly spreads rumors . Later that evening , Rhett , having heard the rumors , forces Scarlett to attend a birthday party for Ashley ; incapable of believing anything bad of her beloved sister - in - law , Melanie stands by Scarlett 's side so that all know that she believes the gossip to be false . After returning home from the party , Scarlett finds Rhett downstairs drunk , and they argue about Ashley . Rhett kisses Scarlett against her will , stating his intent to have sex with her that night , and carries the struggling Scarlett to the bedroom . The next day , Rhett apologizes for his behavior and offers Scarlett a divorce , which she rejects , saying that it would be a disgrace . When Rhett returns from an extended trip to London , Scarlett informs him that she is pregnant , but an argument ensues which results in her falling down a flight of stairs and suffering a miscarriage . As she is recovering , tragedy strikes when Bonnie dies while attempting to jump a fence with her pony . Scarlett and Rhett visit Melanie , who has suffered complications arising from a new pregnancy , on her deathbed . As Scarlett consoles Ashley , Rhett prepares to return to their home in Atlanta . Having realized that it was he she truly loved all along , and not Ashley , Scarlett pleads with Rhett to stay , but Rhett rebuffs her and storms off into the morning fog , leaving her weeping on the staircase and vowing to one day win back his love . Cast ( edit ) Despite receiving top - billing in the opening credits , Gable -- along with Leigh , Howard , and de Havilland who receive second , third and fourth billing respectively -- has a relatively low placing in the cast list , due to its unusual structure . Rather than ordered by conventional billing , the cast is broken down into three sections : the Tara plantation , Twelve Oaks , and Atlanta . The cast 's names are ordered according to the social rank of the characters ; therefore Thomas Mitchell , who plays Gerald O'Hara , leads the cast list as the head of the O'Hara family , while Barbara O'Neil as his wife receives the second credit and Vivien Leigh as the eldest daughter the third credit , despite having the most screen time . Similarly , Howard C. Hickman as John Wilkes is credited over Leslie Howard who plays his son , and Clark Gable , who plays only a visitor at Twelve Oaks , receives a relatively low credit in the cast list , despite being presented as the `` star '' of the film in all the promotional literature . Following the death of Mary Anderson -- who played Maybelle Merriwether -- in April 2014 , there are only two surviving credited cast members from the film : Olivia de Havilland who played Melanie Wilkes and Mickey Kuhn , who played her son Beau Wilkes . Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Tara plantation Thomas Mitchell as Gerald O'Hara Barbara O'Neil as Ellen O'Hara ( his wife ) Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara ( daughter ) Evelyn Keyes as Suellen O'Hara ( daughter ) Ann Rutherford as Carreen O'Hara ( daughter ) George Reeves as Brent Tarleton ( actually as Stuart ) Fred Crane as Stuart Tarleton ( actually as Brent ) Hattie McDaniel as Mammy ( house servant ) Oscar Polk as Pork ( house servant ) Butterfly McQueen as Prissy ( house servant ) Victor Jory as Jonas Wilkerson ( field overseer ) Everett Brown as Big Sam ( field foreman ) At Twelve Oaks Howard Hickman as John Wilkes Alicia Rhett as India Wilkes ( his daughter ) Leslie Howard as Ashley Wilkes ( his son ) Olivia de Havilland as Melanie Hamilton ( their cousin ) Rand Brooks as Charles Hamilton ( Melanie 's brother ) Carroll Nye as Frank Kennedy ( a guest ) Clark Gable as Rhett Butler ( a visitor from Charleston ) In Atlanta Laura Hope Crews as Aunt Pittypat Hamilton Eddie Anderson as Uncle Peter ( her coachman ) Harry Davenport as Doctor Meade Leona Roberts as Mrs. Meade Jane Darwell as Mrs. Merriwether Ona Munson as Belle Watling Minor supporting roles Paul Hurst as the Yankee deserter Cammie King Conlon as Bonnie Blue Butler J.M. Kerrigan as Johnny Gallagher Jackie Moran as Phil Meade Lillian Kemble - Cooper as Bonnie 's nurse in London Marcella Martin as Cathleen Calvert Mickey Kuhn as Beau Wilkes Irving Bacon as the Corporal William Bakewell as the mounted officer Isabel Jewell as Emmy Slattery Eric Linden as the amputation case Ward Bond as Tom , the Yankee captain Cliff Edwards as the reminiscent soldier Yakima Canutt as the renegade Louis Jean Heydt as the hungry soldier holding Beau Wilkes Olin Howland as the carpetbagger businessman Robert Elliott as the Yankee major Mary Anderson as Maybelle Merriwether Production ( edit ) Before publication of the novel , several Hollywood executives and studios declined to create a film based on it , including Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) , Pandro Berman at RKO Pictures , and David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures . Jack L. Warner liked the story , but Warner Bros. 's biggest star Bette Davis was uninterested , and Darryl Zanuck of 20th Century - Fox did not offer enough money . Selznick changed his mind after his story editor Kay Brown and business partner John Hay Whitney urged him to buy the film rights . In July 1936 -- a month after it was published -- Selznick bought the rights for $50,000 . Casting ( edit ) Publicity photo of Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh as Rhett and Scarlett The casting of the two lead roles became a complex , two - year endeavor . For the role of Rhett Butler , Selznick wanted Clark Gable from the start , but Gable was under contract to MGM , which never loaned him to other studios . Gary Cooper was considered , but Samuel Goldwyn -- to whom Cooper was under contract -- refused to loan him out . Warner offered a package of Bette Davis , Errol Flynn , and Olivia de Havilland for lead roles in return for the distribution rights . By this time , Selznick was determined to get Gable and eventually struck a deal with MGM . Selznick 's father - in - law , MGM chief Louis B. Mayer , offered in August 1938 to provide Gable and $1,250,000 for half of the film 's budget but for a high price : Selznick would have to pay Gable 's weekly salary , and half the profits would go to MGM while Loew 's , Inc -- MGM 's parent company -- would release the film . The arrangement to release through MGM meant delaying the start of production until the end of 1938 , when Selznick 's distribution deal with United Artists concluded . Selznick used the delay to continue to revise the script and , more importantly , build publicity for the film by searching for the role of Scarlett . Selznick began a nationwide casting call that interviewed 1,400 unknowns . The effort cost $100,000 and was useless for the film , but created `` priceless '' publicity . Early frontrunners included Miriam Hopkins and Tallulah Bankhead , who were regarded as possibilities by Selznick prior to the purchase of the film rights ; Joan Crawford , who was signed to MGM , was also considered as a potential pairing with Gable . After a deal was struck with MGM , Selznick held discussions with Norma Shearer -- who was MGM 's top female star at the time -- but she withdrew herself from consideration . Katharine Hepburn lobbied hard for the role with the support of her friend , George Cukor , who had been hired to direct , but she was vetoed by Selznick who felt she was not right for the part . Many famous -- or soon - to - be-famous -- actresses were considered , but only thirty - one women were actually screen - tested for Scarlett including Ardis Ankerson , Jean Arthur , Tallulah Bankhead , Diana Barrymore , Joan Bennett , Nancy Coleman , Frances Dee , Ellen Drew ( as Terry Ray ) , Paulette Goddard , Susan Hayward ( under her real name of Edythe Marrenner ) , Vivien Leigh , Anita Louise , Haila Stoddard , Margaret Tallichet , Lana Turner and Linda Watkins . Although Margaret Mitchell refused to publicly name her choice , the actress who came closest to winning her approval was Miriam Hopkins , who Mitchell felt was just the right type of actress to play Scarlett as written in the book . However , Hopkins was in her mid-thirties at the time and was considered too old for the part . Four actresses , including Jean Arthur and Joan Bennett , were still under consideration by December 1938 ; however , only two finalists , Paulette Goddard and Vivien Leigh , were tested in Technicolor , both on December 20 . Goddard almost won the role , but controversy over her marriage with Charlie Chaplin caused Selznick to change his mind . Selznick had been quietly considering Vivien Leigh , a young English actress who was still little known in America , for the role of Scarlett since February 1938 when Selznick saw her in Fire Over England and A Yank at Oxford . Leigh 's American agent was the London representative of the Myron Selznick talent agency ( headed by David Selznick 's brother , one of the owners of Selznick International ) , and she had requested in February that her name be submitted for consideration as Scarlett . By the summer of 1938 the Selznicks were negotiating with Alexander Korda , to whom Leigh was under contract , for her services later that year . Selznick 's brother arranged for them to meet for the first time on the night of December 10 , 1938 , when the burning of Atlanta was filmed . In a letter to his wife two days later , Selznick admitted that Leigh was `` the Scarlett dark horse '' , and after a series of screen tests , her casting was announced on January 13 , 1939 . Just before the shooting of the film , Selznick informed newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan : `` Scarlett O'Hara's parents were French and Irish . Identically , Miss Leigh 's parents are French and Irish . '' Screenplay ( edit ) Of original screenplay writer Sidney Howard , film historian Joanne Yeck writes , `` reducing the intricacies of Gone with the Wind 's epic dimensions was a herculean task ... and Howard 's first submission was far too long , and would have required at least six hours of film ; ... ( producer ) Selznick wanted Howard to remain on the set to make revisions ... but Howard refused to leave New England ( and ) as a result , revisions were handled by a host of local writers '' . Selznick dismissed director George Cukor three weeks into filming and sought out Victor Fleming , who was directing The Wizard of Oz at the time . Fleming was dissatisfied with the script , so Selznick brought in famed writer Ben Hecht to rewrite the entire screenplay within five days . Hecht returned to Howard 's original draft and by the end of the week had succeeded in revising the entire first half of the script . Selznick undertook rewriting the second half himself but fell behind schedule , so Howard returned to work on the script for one week , reworking several key scenes in part two . David O. Selznick in 1940 `` By the time of the film 's release in 1939 , there was some question as to who should receive screen credit , '' writes Yeck . `` But despite the number of writers and changes , the final script was remarkably close to Howard 's version . The fact that Howard 's name alone appears on the credits may have been as much a gesture to his memory as to his writing , for in 1939 Sidney Howard died at age 48 in a farm - tractor accident , and before the movie 's premiere . '' Selznick , in a memo written in October 1939 , discussed the film 's writing credits : `` ( Y ) ou can say frankly that of the comparatively small amount of material in the picture which is not from the book , most is my own personally , and the only original lines of dialog which are not my own are a few from Sidney Howard and a few from Ben Hecht and a couple more from John Van Druten . Offhand I doubt that there are ten original words of ( Oliver ) Garrett 's in the whole script . As to construction , this is about eighty per cent my own , and the rest divided between Jo Swerling and Sidney Howard , with Hecht having contributed materially to the construction of one sequence . '' According to Hecht biographer , William MacAdams , `` At dawn on Sunday , February 20 , 1939 , David Selznick ... and director Victor Fleming shook Hecht awake to inform him he was on loan from MGM and must come with them immediately and go to work on Gone with the Wind , which Selznick had begun shooting five weeks before . It was costing Selznick $50,000 each day the film was on hold waiting for a final screenplay rewrite and time was of the essence . Hecht was in the middle of working on the film At the Circus for the Marx Brothers . Recalling the episode in a letter to screenwriter friend Gene Fowler , he said he had n't read the novel but Selznick and director Fleming could not wait for him to read it . They would act out scenes based on Sidney Howard 's original script which needed to be rewritten in a hurry . Hecht wrote , `` After each scene had been performed and discussed , I sat down at the typewriter and wrote it out . Selznick and Fleming , eager to continue with their acting , kept hurrying me . We worked in this fashion for seven days , putting in eighteen to twenty hours a day . Selznick refused to let us eat lunch , arguing that food would slow us up . He provided bananas and salted peanuts ... thus on the seventh day I had completed , unscathed , the first nine reels of the Civil War epic . '' MacAdams writes , `` It is impossible to determine exactly how much Hecht scripted ... In the official credits filed with the Screen Writers Guild , Sidney Howard was of course awarded the sole screen credit , but four other writers were appended ... Jo Swerling for contributing to the treatment , Oliver H.P. Garrett and Barbara Keon to screenplay construction , and Hecht , to dialogue ... '' Filming ( edit ) Play media The `` burning '' of Atlanta from the film trailer Principal photography began January 26 , 1939 , and ended on July 1 , with post-production work continuing until November 11 , 1939 . Director George Cukor , with whom Selznick had a long working relationship , and who had spent almost two years in pre-production on Gone with the Wind , was replaced after less than three weeks of shooting . Selznick and Cukor had already disagreed over the pace of filming and the script , but other explanations put Cukor 's departure down to Gable 's discomfort at working with him . Emanuel Levy , Cukor 's biographer , claimed that Clark Gable had worked Hollywood 's gay circuit as a hustler and that Cukor knew of his past , so Gable used his influence to have him discharged . Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland learned of Cukor 's firing on the day the Atlanta bazaar scene was filmed , and the pair went to Selznick 's office in full costume and implored him to change his mind . Victor Fleming , who was directing The Wizard of Oz , was called in from MGM to complete the picture , although Cukor continued privately to coach Leigh and De Havilland . Another MGM director , Sam Wood , worked for two weeks in May when Fleming temporarily left the production due to exhaustion . Although some of Cukor 's scenes were later reshot , Selznick estimated that `` three solid reels '' of his work remained in the picture . As of the end of principal photography , Cukor had undertaken eighteen days of filming , Fleming ninety - three , and Wood twenty - four . Cinematographer Lee Garmes began the production , but on March 11 , 1939 -- after a month of shooting footage that Selznick and his associates regarded as `` too dark '' -- was replaced with Ernest Haller , working with Technicolor cinematographer Ray Rennahan . Garmes completed the first third of the film -- mostly everything prior to Melanie having the baby -- but did not receive a credit . Most of the filming was done on `` the back forty '' of Selznick International with all the location scenes being photographed in California , mostly in Los Angeles County or neighboring Ventura County . Tara , the fictional Southern plantation house , existed only as a plywood and papier - mâché facade built on the Selznick studio lot . For the burning of Atlanta , new false facades were built in front of the Selznick backlot 's many old abandoned sets , and Selznick himself operated the controls for the explosives that burned them down . Sources at the time put the estimated production costs at $3.85 million , making it the second most expensive film made up to that point , with only Ben - Hur ( 1925 ) having cost more . Although legend persists that the Hays Office fined Selznick $5,000 for using the word `` damn '' in Butler 's exit line , in fact the Motion Picture Association board passed an amendment to the Production Code on November 1 , 1939 , that forbade use of the words `` hell '' or `` damn '' except when their use `` shall be essential and required for portrayal , in proper historical context , of any scene or dialogue based upon historical fact or folklore ... or a quotation from a literary work , provided that no such use shall be permitted which is intrinsically objectionable or offends good taste . '' With that amendment , the Production Code Administration had no further objection to Rhett 's closing line . Music ( edit ) `` Tara 's Theme '' from the film trailer To compose the score , Selznick chose Max Steiner , with whom he had worked at RKO Pictures in the early 1930s . Warner Bros. -- who had contracted Steiner in 1936 -- agreed to lend him to Selznick . Steiner spent twelve weeks working on the score , the longest period that he had ever spent writing one , and at two hours and thirty - six minutes long it was also the longest that he had ever written . Five orchestrators were hired , including Hugo Friedhofer , Maurice de Packh , Bernard Kaun , Adolph Deutsch and Reginald Bassett . The score is characterized by two love themes , one for Ashley 's and Melanie 's sweet love and another that evokes Scarlett 's passion for Ashley , though notably there is no Scarlett and Rhett love theme . Steiner drew considerably on folk and patriotic music , which included Stephen Foster tunes such as `` Louisiana Belle , '' `` Dolly Day , '' `` Ringo De Banjo , '' `` Beautiful Dreamer , '' `` Old Folks at Home , '' and `` Katie Belle , '' which formed the basis of Scarlett 's theme ; other tunes that feature prominently are : `` Marching through Georgia '' by Henry Clay Work , `` Dixie , '' `` Garryowen '' and `` The Bonnie Blue Flag . '' The theme that is most associated with the film today is the melody that accompanies Tara , the O'Hara plantation ; in the early 1940s , `` Tara 's Theme '' formed the musical basis of the song `` My Own True Love '' by Mack David . In all , there are ninety - nine separate pieces of music featured in the score . Due to the pressure of completing on time , Steiner received some assistance in composing from Friedhofer , Deutsch and Heinz Roemheld , and in addition , two short cues -- by Franz Waxman and William Axt -- were taken from scores in the MGM library . Release ( edit ) Preview , premiere and initial release ( edit ) On September 9 , 1939 , Selznick , his wife , Irene , investor John `` Jock '' Whitney and film editor Hal Kern drove out to Riverside , California to preview it at the Fox Theatre . The film was still a rough cut at this stage , missing completed titles and lacking special optical effects . It ran for four hours and twenty - five minutes , but would later be cut down to under four hours for its proper release . A double bill of Hawaiian Nights and Beau Geste was playing , and after the first feature it was announced that the theater would be screening a preview ; the audience were informed they could leave but would not be readmitted once the film had begun , nor would phone calls be allowed once the theater had been sealed . When the title appeared on the screen the audience cheered , and after it had finished it received a standing ovation . In his biography of Selznick , David Thomson wrote that the audience 's response before the film had even started `` was the greatest moment of ( Selznick 's ) life , the greatest victory and redemption of all his failings '' , with Selznick describing the preview cards as `` probably the most amazing any picture has ever had . '' When Selznick was asked by the press in early September how he felt about the film , he said : `` At noon I think it 's divine , at midnight I think it 's lousy . Sometimes I think it 's the greatest picture ever made . But if it 's only a great picture , I 'll still be satisfied . '' The premiere of the film at Loew 's Grand , Atlanta About 300,000 people came out in Atlanta for the film 's premiere at the Loew 's Grand Theatre on December 15 , 1939 . It was the climax of three days of festivities hosted by Mayor William B. Hartsfield , which included a parade of limousines featuring stars from the film , receptions , thousands of Confederate flags and a costume ball . Eurith D. Rivers , the governor of Georgia , declared December 15 a state holiday . An estimated three hundred thousand residents and visitors to Atlanta lined the streets for up to seven miles to watch a procession of limousines bring the stars from the airport . Only Leslie Howard and Victor Fleming chose not to attend : Howard had returned to England due to the outbreak of World War II , and Fleming had fallen out with Selznick and declined to attend any of the premieres . Hattie McDaniel was also absent , as she and the other black cast members were prevented from attending the premiere due to Georgia 's Jim Crow laws , which would have kept them from sitting with their white colleagues . Upon learning that McDaniel had been barred from the premiere , Clark Gable threatened to boycott the event , but McDaniel convinced him to attend . President Jimmy Carter would later recall it as `` the biggest event to happen in the South in my lifetime . '' Premieres in New York and Los Angeles followed , the latter attended by some of the actresses that had been considered for the part of Scarlett , among them Paulette Goddard , Norma Shearer and Joan Crawford . From December 1939 to July 1940 , the film played only advance - ticket road show engagements at a limited number of theaters at prices upwards of $1 -- more than double the price of a regular first - run feature -- with MGM collecting an unprecedented 70 percent of the box office receipts ( as opposed to the typical 30 -- 35 percent of the period ) . After reaching saturation as a roadshow , MGM revised its terms to a 50 percent cut and halved the prices , before it finally entered general release in 1941 at `` popular '' prices . Along with its distribution and advertising costs , total expenditure on the film was as high as $7 million . 1967 re-release poster Later releases ( edit ) In 1942 , Selznick liquidated his company for tax reasons , and sold his share in Gone with the Wind to his business partner , John Whitney , for $500,000 . In turn , Whitney sold it on to MGM for $2.8 million , so that the studio owned the film outright . MGM immediately re-released the film in spring 1942 , and again in 1947 and 1954 ; the 1954 reissue was the first time the film was shown in widescreen , compromising the original Academy ratio and cropping the top and bottom to an aspect ratio of 1.75 : 1 . In doing so , a number of shots were optically re-framed and cut into the three - strip camera negatives , forever altering five shots in the film . A 1961 release commemorated the centennial anniversary of the start of the Civil War , and included a gala `` premiere '' at the Loew 's Grand Theater . It was attended by Selznick and many other stars of the film , including Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland ; Clark Gable had died the previous year . For its 1967 re-release , it was blown up to 70mm , and issued with updated poster artwork featuring Gable -- with his white shirt ripped open -- holding Leigh against a backdrop of orange flames . There were further re-releases in 1971 , 1974 and 1989 ; for the fiftieth anniversary reissue in 1989 , it was given a complete audio and video restoration . It was released theatrically one more time in the United States , in 1998 . In 2013 , a 4K digital restoration was released in the United Kingdom to coincide with Vivien Leigh 's centenary . In 2014 , special screenings were scheduled over a two - day period at theaters across the United States to coincide with the film 's 75th anniversary . Television and home video ( edit ) The film received its world television premiere on the HBO cable network on June 11 , 1976 , and played on the channel for a total of fourteen times throughout the rest of the month . It made its network television debut in November later that year : NBC paid $5 million for a one - off airing , and it was broadcast in two parts on successive evenings . It became at that time the highest - rated television program ever presented on a single network , watched by 47.5 percent of the households sampled in America , and 65 percent of television viewers , still the record for the highest rated film to ever air on television . In 1978 , CBS signed a deal worth $35 million to broadcast the film twenty times over as many years . Turner Entertainment acquired the MGM film library in 1986 , but the deal did not include the television rights to Gone with the Wind , which were still held by CBS . A deal was struck in which the rights were returned to Turner Entertainment and CBS 's broadcast rights to The Wizard of Oz were extended . It was used to launch two cable channels owned by Turner Broadcasting System : Turner Network Television ( 1988 ) and Turner Classic Movies ( 1994 ) . It debuted on videocassette in March 1985 , where it placed second in the sales charts , and has since been released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc formats . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , consumer magazines and newspapers generally gave Gone with the Wind excellent reviews ; however , while its production values , technical achievements , and scale of ambition were universally recognized , some reviewers of the time found the film to be too long and dramatically unconvincing . Frank S. Nugent for The New York Times best summed up the general sentiment by acknowledging that while it was the most ambitious film production made up to that point , it probably was not the greatest film ever made , but he nevertheless found it to be an `` interesting story beautifully told '' . Franz Hoellering of The Nation was of the same opinion : `` The result is a film which is a major event in the history of the industry but only a minor achievement in motion - picture art . There are moments when the two categories meet on good terms , but the long stretches between are filled with mere spectacular efficiency . '' `` The result is a film which is a major event in the history of the industry but only a minor achievement in motion - picture art . '' -- Franz Hoellering , reviewer for The Nation While the film was praised for its fidelity to the novel , this aspect was also singled out as the main factor in contributing to the lengthy running time . John C. Flinn wrote for Variety that Selznick had `` left too much in '' , and that as entertainment , the film would have benefited if repetitious scenes and dialog from the latter part of the story had been trimmed . The Manchester Guardian felt that the film 's one serious drawback was that the story lacked the epic quality to justify the outlay of time and found the second half , which focuses on Scarlett 's `` irrelevant marriages '' and `` domestic squabbles , '' mostly superfluous , and the sole reason for their inclusion had been `` simply because Margaret Mitchell wrote it that way '' . The Guardian believed that if `` the story had been cut short and tidied up at the point marked by the interval , and if the personal drama had been made subservient to a cinematic treatment of the central theme -- the collapse and devastation of the Old South -- then Gone With the Wind might have been a really great film . '' Likewise , Hoellering also found the second half of the film to be weaker than the first half : identifying the Civil War to be the driving force of the first part while the characters dominate in the second part , he concluded this is where the main fault of the picture lay , commenting that `` the characters alone do not suffice '' . Despite many excellent scenes , he considered the drama to be unconvincing and that the `` psychological development '' had been neglected . Much of the praise was reserved for the casting , with Vivien Leigh in particular being singled out for her performance as Scarlett . Nugent described her as the `` pivot of the picture '' and believed her to be `` so perfectly designed for the part by art and nature that any other actress in the role would be inconceivable '' . Similarly , Hoellering found her `` perfect '' in `` appearance and movements '' ; he felt her acting best when she was allowed to `` accentuate the split personality she portrays '' and thought she was particularly effective in such moments of characterization like the morning after the marital rape scene . Flinn also found Leigh suited to the role physically and felt she was best in the scenes where she displays courage and determination , such as the escape from Atlanta and when Scarlett kills a Yankee deserter . Leigh won in the Best Actress category for her performance at the 1939 New York Film Critics Circle Awards . Of Clark Gable 's performance as Rhett Butler , Flinn felt the characterization was `` as close to Miss Mitchell 's conception -- and the audience 's -- as might be imagined '' , a view which Nugent concurred with , although Hoellering felt that Gable did n't quite convince in the closing scenes , as Rhett walks out on Scarlett in disgust . Of the other principal cast members , both Hoellering and Flinn found Leslie Howard to be `` convincing '' as the weak - willed Ashley , with Flinn identifying Olivia de Havilland as a `` standout '' as Melanie ; Nugent was also especially taken with de Havilland 's performance , describing it as a `` gracious , dignified , tender gem of characterization '' . Hattie McDaniel 's performance as Mammy was singled out for praise by many critics : Nugent believed she gave the best performance in the film after Vivien Leigh , with Flinn placing it third after Leigh 's and Gable 's performances . Academy Awards ( edit ) At the 12th Academy Awards , Gone with the Wind set a record for Academy Award wins and nominations , winning in eight of the competitive categories it was nominated in , from a total of thirteen nominations . It won for Best Picture , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , and Best Editing , and received two further honorary awards for its use of equipment and color ( it also became the first color film to win Best Picture ) . Its record of eight competitive wins stood until Gigi ( 1958 ) won nine , and its overall record of ten was broken by Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) which won eleven . Gone with the Wind also held the record for most nominations until All About Eve ( 1950 ) secured fourteen . It was the longest American sound film made up to that point , and may still hold the record of the longest Best Picture winner depending on how it is interpreted . The running time for Gone with the Wind is just under 221 minutes , while Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) runs for just over 222 minutes ; however , including the overture , intermission , entr'acte , and exit music , Gone with the Wind lasts for 234 minutes ( although some sources put its full length at 238 minutes ) while Lawrence of Arabia comes in slightly shorter at 232 minutes with its additional components . Hattie McDaniel became the first African - American to win an Academy Award -- beating out her co-star Olivia de Havilland who was also nominated in the same category -- but was racially segregated from her co-stars at the awards ceremony at the Coconut Grove ; she and her escort were made to sit at a separate table at the back of the room . Meanwhile , screenwriter Sidney Howard became the first posthumous Oscar winner and Selznick personally received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for his career achievements . Academy Awards and nominations Award Recipient ( s ) Result Best Picture Selznick International Pictures Won Best Director Victor Fleming Won Best Adapted Screenplay Sidney Howard Won Best Actor Clark Gable Nominated Best Actress Vivien Leigh Won Best Supporting Actress Hattie McDaniel Won Best Supporting Actress Olivia de Havilland Nominated Best Cinematography , Color Ernest Haller and Ray Rennahan Won Best Film Editing Hal C. Kern and James E. Newcom Won Best Art Direction Lyle Wheeler Won Best Visual Effects Jack Cosgrove , Fred Albin and Arthur Johns Nominated Best Music , Original Score Max Steiner Nominated Best Sound Recording Thomas T. Moulton ( Samuel Goldwyn Studio Sound Department ) Nominated Special Award William Cameron Menzies For outstanding achievement in the use of color for the enhancement of dramatic mood in the production of Gone with the Wind . Honorary Technical Achievement Award Don Musgrave and Selznick International Pictures For pioneering in the use of coordinated equipment in the production Gone with the Wind . Honorary Reactions from African - Americans ( edit ) Hattie McDaniel , the first African - American Oscar winner Black commentators criticised the film for its depiction of black people and as a glorification of slavery . Carlton Moss , a black dramatist , complained in an open letter that whereas The Birth of a Nation was a `` frontal attack on American history and the Negro people '' , Gone with the Wind was a `` rear attack on the same '' . He went on to dismiss it as a `` nostalgic plea for sympathy for a still living cause of Southern reaction '' . Moss further criticized the stereotypical black characterizations , such as the `` shiftless and dull - witted Pork '' , the `` indolent and thoroughly irresponsible Prissy '' , Big Sam 's `` radiant acceptance of slavery '' , and Mammy with her `` constant haranguing and doting on every wish of Scarlett '' . Following Hattie McDaniel 's Oscar win , Walter Francis White , leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , accused her of being an Uncle Tom . McDaniel responded that she would `` rather make seven hundred dollars a week playing a maid than seven dollars being one '' ; she further questioned White 's qualification to speak on behalf of blacks , since he was light - skinned and only one - eighth black . Opinion in the black community was generally divided upon release , with the film being called by some a `` weapon of terror against black America '' and an insult to black audiences , and demonstrations were held in various cities . Even so , some sections of the black community recognized McDaniel 's achievements to be representative of progression : some African - Americans crossed picket lines and praised McDaniel 's warm and witty characterization , while others hoped that the industry 's recognition of her work would lead to increased visibility on screen for other black actors . In its editorial congratulation to McDaniel on winning her Academy Award , Opportunity : A Journal of Negro Life used the film as reminder of the `` limit '' put on black aspiration by old prejudices . Malcolm X would later recall that `` when Butterfly McQueen went into her act , I felt like crawling under the rug '' . Audience response ( edit ) Upon its release , Gone with the Wind broke attendance records everywhere . At the Capitol Theatre in New York alone , it was averaging eleven thousand admissions per day in late December , and within four years of its release had sold an estimated sixty million tickets across the United States -- sales equivalent to just under half the population at the time . It repeated its success overseas , and was a sensational hit during the Blitz in London , opening in April 1940 and playing for four years . By the time MGM withdrew it from circulation at the end of 1943 its worldwide distribution had returned a gross rental ( the studio 's share of the box office gross ) of $32 million , making it the most profitable film ever made up to that point . Line up to see Gone with the Wind in Pensacola , Florida ( 1947 ) Even though it earned its investors roughly twice as much as the previous record - holder , The Birth of a Nation , the box - office performances of the two films were likely much closer . The bulk of the earnings from Gone with the Wind came from its roadshow and first - run engagements , which represented 70 percent and 50 percent of the box - office gross respectively , before entering general release ( which at the time typically saw the distributor 's share set at 30 -- 35 percent of the gross ) . In the case of The Birth of a Nation , its distributor , Epoch , sold off many of its distribution territories on a `` states rights '' basis -- which typically amounted to 10 percent of the box - office gross -- and Epoch 's accounts are only indicative of its own profits from the film , and not the local distributors . Carl E. Milliken , secretary of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association , estimated that The Birth of a Nation had been seen by fifty million people by 1930 . When it was re-released in 1947 , it earned an impressive $5 million rental in the United States and Canada , and was one of the top ten releases of the year . Successful re-releases in 1954 and 1961 enabled it to retain its position as the industry 's top earner , despite strong challenges from more recent films such as Ben - Hur , but it was finally overtaken by The Sound of Music in 1966 . The 1967 reissue was unusual in that MGM opted to roadshow it , a decision that turned it into the most successful re-release in the history of the industry . It generated a box - office gross of $68 million , making it MGM 's most lucrative picture after Doctor Zhivago from the latter half of the decade . MGM earned a rental of $41 million from the release , with the U.S. and Canadian share amounting to over $30 million , placing it second only to The Graduate for that year . Including its $6.7 million rental from the 1961 reissue , it was the fourth highest - earner of the decade in the North American market , with only The Sound of Music , The Graduate and Doctor Zhivago making more for their distributors . A further re-release in 1971 allowed it to briefly recapture the record from The Sound of Music , bringing its total worldwide gross rental to about $116 million by the end of 1971 -- more than trebling its earnings from its initial release -- before losing the record again the following year to The Godfather . Across all releases , it is estimated that Gone with the Wind has sold over 200 million tickets in the United States and Canada , generating more theater admissions in that territory than any other film . The film was phenomenally successful in Western Europe too , generating approximately 35 million tickets in the United Kingdom and over 16 million in France , respectively becoming the biggest and sixth - biggest ticket - sellers in those markets . In total , Gone with the Wind has grossed over $390 million globally at the box office ; in 2007 Turner Entertainment estimated the gross to be equivalent to approximately $3.3 billion when adjusted for inflation to current prices , while Guinness World Records arrived at a figure of $3.44 billion in 2014 , making it the most successful film in cinema history . The film remains immensely popular with audiences into the 21st century , having been voted the most popular film in two nationwide polls of Americans undertaken by Harris Interactive in 2008 , and again in 2014 . The market research firm surveyed over two thousand U.S. adults , with the results weighted by age , sex , race / ethnicity , education , region and household income so their proportions matched the composition of the adult population . Critical re-evaluation ( edit ) AFI 100 Years ... series * AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 4 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Rhett Butler , Hero -- Nominated Scarlett O'Hara , Hero -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn . '' -- # 1 `` After all , tomorrow is another day ! '' -- # 31 `` As God is my witness , I 'll never be hungry again . '' -- # 59 `` Fiddle - dee - dee . '' -- Nominated `` I do n't know nothin ' ' bout birthin ' babies . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 43 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 6 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 4 Epic film American Film Institute In revisiting the film in the 1970s , Arthur Schlesinger noted that Hollywood films generally age well , revealing an unexpected depth or integrity , but in the case of Gone with the Wind time has not treated it kindly . Richard Schickel posits that one measure of a film 's quality is to ask what you can remember of it , and the film falls down in this regard : unforgettable imagery and dialogue are simply not present . Stanley Kauffmann , likewise , also found the film to be a largely forgettable experience , claiming he could only remember two scenes vividly . Both Schickel and Schlesinger put this down to it being `` badly written '' , in turn describing the dialogue as `` flowery '' and possessing a `` picture postcard '' sensibility . Schickel also believes the film fails as popular art , in that it has limited rewatch value -- a sentiment that Kauffmann also concurs with , stating that having watched it twice he hopes `` never to see it again : twice is twice as much as any lifetime needs '' . Both Schickel and Andrew Sarris identify the film 's main failing is in possessing a producer 's sensibility rather than an artistic one : having gone through so many directors and writers the film does not carry a sense of being `` created '' or `` directed '' , but rather having emerged `` steaming from the crowded kitchen '' , where the main creative force was a producer 's obsession in making the film as literally faithful to the novel as possible . Sarris concedes that despite its artistic failings , the film does hold a mandate around the world as the `` single most beloved entertainment ever produced '' . Judith Crist observes that , kitsch aside , the film is `` undoubtedly still the best and most durable piece of popular entertainment to have come off the Hollywood assembly lines '' , the product of a showman with `` taste and intelligence '' . Schlesinger notes that the first half of the film does have a `` sweep and vigor '' that aspire to its epic theme , but -- finding agreement with the film 's contemporary criticisms -- the personal lives take over in the second half , and it ends up losing its theme in unconvincing sentimentality . Kauffmann also finds interesting parallels with The Godfather , which had just replaced Gone with the Wind as the highest - grosser at the time : both were produced from `` ultra-American '' best - selling novels , both live within codes of honor that are romanticized , and both in essence offer cultural fabrication or revisionism . The critical perception of the film has shifted in the intervening years , which resulted in it being ranked 235th in Sight & Sound 's prestigious decennial critics poll in 2012 , and in 2015 sixty - two international film critics polled by the BBC voted it the 97th best American film . Industry recognition ( edit ) The film has featured in several high - profile industry polls : in 1977 it was voted the most popular film by the American Film Institute ( AFI ) , in a poll of the organization 's membership ; the AFI also ranked the film fourth on its `` 100 Greatest Movies '' list in 1998 , with it slipping down to sixth place in the tenth anniversary edition in 2007 . Film directors ranked it 322nd in the 2012 edition of the decennial Sight & Sound poll , and in 2016 it was selected as the ninth best `` directorial achievement '' in a Directors Guild of America members poll . In 2014 , it placed fifteenth in an extensive poll undertaken by The Hollywood Reporter , which ballotted every studio , agency , publicity firm and production house in the Hollywood region . Gone with the Wind was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress in 1989 for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Analysis ( edit ) Racial criticism ( edit ) Gone with the Wind has been criticized as having perpetuated Civil War myths and black stereotypes . David Reynolds writes that `` The white women are elegant , their menfolk noble or at least dashing . And , in the background , the black slaves are mostly dutiful and content , clearly incapable of an independent existence . '' Reynolds likened Gone with the Wind to The Birth of a Nation and other re-imaginings of the South during the era of segregation , in which white Southerners are portrayed as defending traditional values and the issue of slavery is largely ignored . The film has been described as a `` regression '' that promotes the myth of the black rapist and the honourable and defensive role of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction , and as a `` social propaganda '' film offering a `` white supremacist '' view of the past . From 1972 to 1996 , the Atlanta Historical Society held a number of Gone with the Wind exhibits , among them a 1994 exhibit titled , `` Disputed Territories : Gone with the Wind and Southern Myths '' . One of the questions explored by the exhibit was `` How True to Life Were the Slaves in GWTW ? '' This section showed slave experiences were diverse and concluded that the `` happy darky '' was a myth , as was the belief that all slaves experienced violence and brutality . W. Bryan Rommel Ruiz has argued that despite factual inaccuracies in its depiction of the Reconstruction period , Gone with the Wind nevertheless reflects contemporary interpretations that were common in the early 20th century . One such viewpoint is reflected in a brief scene in which Mammy fends off a leering freedman : a government official can be heard offering bribes to the emancipated slaves for their votes . The inference is taken to be that freedmen are ignorant about politics and unprepared for freedom , unwittingly becoming the tools of corrupt Reconstruction officials . While perpetuating some Lost Cause myths , the film makes concessions in regard to others . After the attack on Scarlett in the shanty town , a group of men including Scarlett 's husband Frank , Rhett Butler and Ashley raid the town ; in the novel they belong to the Ku Klux Klan , representing the common trope of protecting the white woman 's virtue , but the filmmakers consciously neutralize the presence of the Klan in the film by referring to it only as a `` political meeting '' . Thomas Cripps reasons that the film in some respects undercuts racial stereotypes ; in particular , the film created greater engagement between Hollywood and black audiences , with dozens of movies making small gestures in recognition of the emerging trend . Only a few weeks after its initial run , a story editor at Warner wrote a memorandum to Walter Wanger about Mississippi Belle , a script that contained the worst excesses of plantation films , suggesting that Gone with the Wind had made the film `` unproducible '' . More than any film since The Birth of a Nation , it unleashed a variety of social forces that foreshadowed an alliance of white liberals and blacks who encouraged the expectation that blacks would one day achieve equality . According to Cripps , the film eventually became a template for measuring social change . In 2017 , Gone with the Wind was pulled from the schedule at the Orpheum Theatre in Memphis , Tennessee after a 34 - year run of annual showings due to its perceived racially insensitive content . Depiction of marital rape ( edit ) One of the most notorious and widely condemned scenes in Gone with the Wind depicts what is now legally defined as `` marital rape '' . The scene begins with Scarlett and Rhett at the bottom of the staircase , where he begins to kiss her , refusing to be told ' no ' by the struggling and frightened Scarlett ; Rhett overcomes her resistance and carries her up the stairs to the bedroom , where the audience is left in no doubt that she will `` get what 's coming to her '' . The next scene , the following morning , shows Scarlett glowing with barely suppressed sexual satisfaction ; Rhett apologizes for his behavior , blaming it on his drinking . The scene has been accused of combining romance and rape by making them indistinguishable from each other , and of reinforcing a notion about forced sex : that women secretly enjoy it , and it is an acceptable way for a man to treat his wife . Molly Haskell has argued that nevertheless , women are mostly uncritical of the scene , and that by and large it is consistent with what women have in mind if they fantasize about being raped . Their fantasies revolve around love and romance rather than forced sex ; they will assume that Scarlett was not an unwilling sexual partner and wanted Rhett to take the initiative and insist on having sexual intercourse . Legacy ( edit ) First Archivist of the United States R.D.W. Connor receiving the film Gone with the Wind from Senator Walter F. George of Georgia ( on the left ) and Loew 's Eastern Division Manager Carter Barron , 1941 In popular culture ( edit ) Gone with the Wind and its production have been explicitly referenced , satirized , dramatized and analyzed on numerous occasions across a range of media , from contemporaneous works such as Second Fiddle -- a 1939 film spoofing the `` search for Scarlett '' -- to current television shows , such as The Simpsons . The Scarlett O'Hara War ( a 1980 television dramatization of the casting of Scarlett ) , Moonlight and Magnolias ( a 2007 play by Ron Hutchinson that dramatizes Ben Hecht 's five - day re-write of the script ) , and `` Went with the Wind ! '' ( a sketch on The Carol Burnett Show that parodied the film in the aftermath of its television debut in 1976 ) are among the more noteworthy examples of its enduring presence in popular culture . It was also the subject of a 1988 documentary , The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind , detailing the film 's difficult production history . In 1990 , the United States Postal Service issued a stamp depicting Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh embracing in a scene from the film . Sequel ( edit ) Following publication of her novel , Margaret Mitchell was inundated with requests for a sequel but claimed to not have a notion of what happened to Scarlett and Rhett , and that she had `` left them to their ultimate fate '' . Mitchell continued to resist pressure from Selznick and MGM to write a sequel until her death in 1949 . In 1975 , her brother , Stephens Mitchell ( who assumed control of her estate ) , authorized a sequel to be jointly produced by MGM and Universal Studios on a budget of $12 million . Anne Edwards was commissioned to write the sequel as a novel which would then be adapted into a screenplay , and published in conjunction with the film 's release . Edwards submitted a 775 - page manuscript entitled Tara , The Continuation of Gone with the Wind , set between 1872 and 1882 focusing on Scarlett 's divorce from Rhett ; MGM was not satisfied with the story and the deal collapsed . The idea was revived in the 1990s , when a sequel was finally produced in 1994 , in the form of a television miniseries . Scarlett was based upon the novel by Alexandra Ripley , itself a sequel to Mitchell 's book . British actors Joanne Whalley and Timothy Dalton were cast as Scarlett and Rhett , and the series follows Scarlett 's relocation to Ireland after again becoming pregnant by Rhett . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring slavery References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Loews was the parent company of MGM . ^ Jump up to : The credits at the start of the film contain an error : George Reeves is listed `` as Brent Tarleton '' , but plays Stuart , while Fred Crane is listed `` as Stuart Tarleton '' , but plays Brent . Jump up ^ From a private letter from journalist and on - set technical advisor Susan Myrick to Margaret Mitchell in February 1939 : George ( Cukor ) finally told me all about it . He hated ( leaving the production ) very much he said but he could not do otherwise . In effect he said he is an honest craftsman and he can not do a job unless he knows it is a good job and he feels the present job is not right . For days , he told me he has looked at the rushes and felt he was failing ... the thing did not click as it should . Gradually he became convinced that the script was the trouble ... David ( Selznick ) , himself , thinks HE is writing the script ... And George has continually taken script from day to day , compared the ( Oliver ) Garrett - Selznick version with the ( Sidney ) Howard , groaned and tried to change some parts back to the Howard script . But he seldom could do much with the scene ... So George just told David he would not work any longer if the script was not better and he wanted the Howard script back . David told George he was a director -- not an author and he ( David ) was the producer and the judge of what is a good script ... George said he was a director and a damn good one and he would not let his name go out over a lousy picture ... And bull - headed David said `` OK get out ! '' Selznick had already been unhappy with Cukor ( `` a very expensive luxury '' ) for not being more receptive to directing other Selznick assignments , even though Cukor had remained on salary since early 1937 . In a confidential memo written in September 1938 , Selznick flirted with the idea of replacing him with Victor Fleming. Louis B. Mayer had been trying to have Cukor replaced with an MGM director since negotiations between the two studios began in May 1938 . In December 1938 , Selznick wrote to his wife about a phone call he had with Mayer : `` During the same conversation , your father made another stab at getting George off of Gone With the Wind . '' Jump up ^ Time also reports that Hell 's Angels ( 1930 ) -- directed by Howard Hughes -- cost more , but this was later revealed to be a fallacy ; the accounts for Hell 's Angels show it cost $2.8 million , but Hughes publicized it as costing $4 million , selling it to the media as the most expensive film ever made up to that point . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Gone With the Wind '' . The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomery , Douglas ; Pafort - Overduin , Clara ( 2011 ) . Movie History : A Survey ( 2nd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 144 . ISBN 9781136835254 . Jump up ^ Noland , Claire ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Mary Anderson dies at 96 ; actress had role in ' Gone With the Wind ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Friedrich , Otto ( 1986 ) . City of Nets : A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . pp. 17 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20949 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Book Purchase '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Scarlett : Chronology '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Gavin ( February 1973 ) . `` The Making of Gone With The Wind , Part I '' . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Notes '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff . `` Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Scarlett : Girls Tested for the Role of Scarlett '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haver , Ronald ( 1980 ) . David O. Selznick 's Hollywood . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 42595 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pratt , William ( 1977 ) . Scarlett Fever . New York : Macmillan Publishers . pp. 73 -- 74 , 81 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 598560 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walker , Marianne ( 2011 ) . Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh : The Love Story Behind Gone With the Wind . Peachtree Publishers . pp. 405 -- 406 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56145 - 617 - 8 . Jump up ^ Selznick , David O. ( January 7 , 1939 ) . `` The Search for Scarlett : Vivien Leigh -- Letter from David O. Selznick to Ed Sullivan '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yeck , Joanne ( 1984 ) . Dictionary of Literary Biography . American Screenwriters . Gale . ^ Jump up to : Bartel , Pauline ( 1989 ) . The Complete Gone with the Wind Trivia Book : The Movie and More . Taylor Trade Publishing . pp. 64 -- 69 , 127 & 161 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 619 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Selznick , David O. ( 1938 -- 1939 ) . Behlmer , Rudy , ed . Memo from David O. Selznick : the creation of Gone with the wind and other motion picture classics , as revealed in the producer 's private letters , telegrams , memorandums , and autobiographical remarks . New York : Modern Library ( published 2000 ) . pp. 179 -- 180 & 224 -- 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 75531 - 6 . Jump up ^ MacAdams , William ( 1990 ) . Ben Hecht . New York : Barricade Books . pp. 199 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56980 - 028 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Myrick , Susan ( 1982 ) . White Columns in Hollywood : Reports from the GWTW Sets . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press . pp. 126 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 044 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott ( 2005 ) . Lion of Hollywood : The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer . Robson Books . pp. 258 -- 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 892 - 8 . Jump up ^ Capua , Michelangelo ( 2003 ) . Vivien Leigh : A Biography . McFarland & Company . pp. 59 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1497 - 0 . Jump up ^ Turner , Adrian ( 1989 ) . A celebration of Gone with the wind . Dragon 's World . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Molt , Cynthia Marylee ( 1990 ) . Gone with the Wind on Film : A Complete Reference . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company . pp. 272 -- 281 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 439 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Herb ( 1998 ) . The Filming of Gone with the Wind . Mercer University Press . PT4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 621 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema : G With the W '' . Time . December 25 , 1939 . pp. 1 -- 2 & 7 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott ( 1997 ) . The speed of sound : Hollywood and the talkie revolution , 1926 -- 1930 . Simon & Schuster . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81162 - 8 . Jump up ^ Leff , Leonard J. ; Simmons , Jerold L. ( 2001 ) . The Dame in the Kimono : Hollywood , Censorship , and the Production Code . University Press of Kentucky . p. 108 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Laurence E. ( 1998 ) . The Invisible Art of Film Music : A Comprehensive History . Scarecrow Press . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880157 - 56 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alison ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Inland Empire cities were once ' in ' with Hollywood for movie previews '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 1992 ) . Showman : The Life of David O. Selznick . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56833 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Gavin ( March 1973 ) . `` The Making of Gone With The Wind , Part II '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 265 ( 6 ) . pp. 56 -- 72 . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Warren G. ( 2002 ) . Clark Gable : A Biography . Harmony Books . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Cravens , Hamilton ( 2009 ) . Great Depression : People and Perspectives . Perspectives in American Social History . ABC - CLIO . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 093 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schatz , Thomas ( 1999 ) ( 1st . pub. 1997 ) . Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s . Volume 6 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22130 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Shearer , Lloyd ( October 26 , 1947 ) . `` GWTW : Supercolossal Saga of an Epic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haver , Ronald ( 1993 ) . David O. Selznick 's Gone with the wind . New York : Random House . pp. 84 -- 85 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Ellen F. ; Wiley , John , Jr. ( 2011 ) . Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind : A Bestseller 's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood . Taylor Trade Publications . pp. 287 , 293 & 322 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 527 - 3 . Jump up ^ Olson , James Stuart ( 2000 ) . Historical Dictionary of the 1950s . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30619 - 8 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Krämer , Peter ( 2005 ) . The New Hollywood : From Bonnie And Clyde To Star Wars . Short Cuts. 30 . Wallflower Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904764 - 58 - 8 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Geoff . `` Gone with the Wind '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fristoe , Roger . `` Gone with the Wind : 75th Anniversary -- Screenings and Events '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kenneth R. ( September 29 , 1988 ) . `` Tnt Rides In On ' Gone With Wind ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert , Osborne . `` Robert Osborne on TCM 's 15th Anniversary '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , Frank S. ( December 20 , 1939 ) . `` The Screen in Review ; David Selznick 's ' Gone With the Wind ' Has Its Long - Awaited Premiere at Astor and Capitol , Recalling Civil War and Plantation Days of South -- Seen as Treating Book With Great Fidelity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hoellering , Franz ( 1939 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . The Nation ( published December 16 , 2008 ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Flinn , John C. , Sr. ( December 20 , 1939 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From the archive , 28 May 1940 : Gone with the wind at the Gaiety '' . The Manchester Guardian ( published May 28 , 2010 ) . May 28 , 1940 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Film Critics Circle Awards -- 1939 Awards '' . New York Film Critics Circle . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results page -- 1939 ( 12th ) '' . Academy Awards database . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Randall , David ; Clark , Heather ( February 24 , 2013 ) . `` Oscars -- cinema 's Golden Night : The ultimate bluffer 's guide to Hollywood 's big night '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cutler , David ( February 22 , 2013 ) . Goldsmith , Belinda ; Zargham , Mohammad , eds . `` Factbox : Key historical facts about the Academy Awards '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Page : Famous Quotes '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Academy Awards : Best Picture -- Facts & Trivia '' . Filmsite.org . AMC Networks . p. 2 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` 17 Unusual Oscar Records -- Longest Film ( Running Time ) to Win an Award : 431 Minutes '' . Time . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Haskell , Molly ( 2010 ) . Frankly , My Dear : Gone With the Wind Revisited . Icons of America . Yale University Press . pp. 213 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16437 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lupack , Barbara Tepa ( 2002 ) . Literary Adaptations in Black American Cinema : From Oscar Micheaux to Toni Morrison . University of Rochester Press . pp. 209 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 103 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , David ( 2009 ) . America , Empire of Liberty : A New History . Penguin UK . pp. 241 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 190856 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' vs. ' Gone With the Wind '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the 1940 Census '' . Official 1940 Census Website . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London Movie Doings '' . The New York Times . June 25 , 1944 . X3 . ^ Jump up to : Finler , Joel Waldo ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press . pp. 47 , 356 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 66 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Show Business : Record Wind '' . Time . February 19 , 1940 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Melvyn ( 2008 ) . D.W. Griffith 's the Birth of a Nation : A History of the Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time . Oxford University Press . pp. 119 & 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533678 - 8 . Jump up ^ Grieveson , Lee ( 2004 ) . Policing Cinema : Movies and Censorship in Early - Twentieth - Century America . University of California Press . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Edward D. ( 2010 ) . Mass Appeal : The Formative Age of the Movies , Radio , and TV . Cambridge Essential Histories . Cambridge University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88908 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , spectacles , and blockbusters : a Hollywood history . Wayne State University Press . pp. 181 -- 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( May 6 , 1971 ) . `` Reissues playing big role in movie marketing today '' . The Register - Guard . Associated Press . p. 9E . Jump up ^ Kay , Eddie Dorman ( 1990 ) . Box office champs : the most popular movies of the last 50 years . Random House Value Publishing . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 69212 - 7 . Jump up ^ Akhmatova , Anna ( 1973 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 . p. 2 . As of the end of 1971 , GWTW stood as the all - time money - drawing movie , with a take of $116 million , and , with this year 's reissues , it should continue to run ahead of the second place contender and all - time kaffee - mit - schlag spectacle . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses -- Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind tops film list '' . BBC News . November 28 , 2004 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Film Chart '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 250 tous les temps en France ( Reprises incluses ) '' . JP 's Box - Office . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highest box office film gross -- inflation adjusted '' . Guinness World Records . 2014 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corso , Regina A. ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Frankly My Dear , The Force is With Them as Gone With the Wind and Star Wars are the Top Two All Time Favorite Movies '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Harris Interactive . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shannon - Missal , Larry ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Gone but Not Forgotten : Gone with the Wind is Still America 's Favorite Movie '' ( Press release ) . Harris Interactive . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... The Complete Lists '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur ( March 1973 ) . `` Time , alas , has treated Gone With the Wind cruelly '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 64 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schickel , Richard ( March 1973 ) . `` Glossy , Sentimental , Chuckle - headed '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 71 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kauffman , Stanley ( March 1973 ) . `` The Romantic Is Still Popular '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 61 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sarris , Andrew ( March 1973 ) . `` This moviest of All Movies '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 58 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crist , Judith ( March 1973 ) . `` Glorious Excesses '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 67 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Votes for Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) '' . British Film Institute . 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC Culture ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` The 100 greatest American films '' . BBC . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . June 1998 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' . American Film Institute . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 80 Best - Directed Films '' . Directors Guild of America . Spring 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's 100 Favorite Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Preservation Board : Film Registry -- Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Preservation Board : Film Registry -- Nominate '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vera , Hernán ; Gordon , Andrew Mark ( 2003 ) . Screen Saviors : Hollywood Fictions of Whiteness . Rowman & Littlefield . p. viii & 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9947 - 6 . Jump up ^ Silk , Catherine ; Silk , Johnk ( 1990 ) . Racism and Anti-Racism in American Popular Culture : Portrayals of African - Americans in Fiction and Film . Manchester University Press . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 3070 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Jennifer W. ( 2014 ) . A Tough Little Patch of History : Gone with the Wind and the politics of memory . University of Arkansas Press . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55728 - 657 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , W. Bryan Rommel ( 2010 ) . American History Goes to the Movies : Hollywood and the American Experience . Taylor & Francis . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 83373 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth , J.E. ( 2006 ) . Reconstructing American Historical Cinema : From Cimarron to Citizen Kane . University Press of Kentucky . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 7147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gone With the Wind ' screenings pulled from Memphis theater for racially ' insensitive ' content '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guardian staff and agencies ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Theatre in Memphis pulls ' racially insensitive ' Gone With the Wind '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , John ; Haenni , Sabine , eds. ( 2009 ) . Fifty Key American Films . Routledge Key Guides . Routledge . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 89113 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hickok , Eugene W. , Jr. ( 1991 ) . The Bill of Rights : Original Meaning and Current Understanding . University of Virginia Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1336 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Paludi , Michele A. ( 2012 ) . The Psychology of Love . Women 's Psychology . 2 . ABC - CLIO . p. xxvi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39315 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Julie A. ; Wrightsman , Lawrence S. ( 1993 ) . Rape : The Misunderstood Crime ( 2 ed . ) . Sage Publications . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8039 - 3707 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pagelow , Mildred Daley ; Pagelow , Lloyd W. ( 1984 ) . Family Violence . Praeger special studies . ABC - CLIO . p. 420 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 91623 - 7 . Jump up ^ Frus , Phyllis ( 2001 ) . `` Documenting Domestic Violence in American Films '' . In Slocum , J. David . Violence in American Cinema . Afi Film Readers . Routledge . p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92810 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( July 1 , 1939 ) . `` Second Fiddle ( 1939 ) The Screen ; ' Second Fiddle , ' With Tyrone Power and Sonja Heine , Opens at the Roxy -- Reports on New Foreign Films '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gómez - Galisteo , M. Carmen ( 2011 ) . The Wind Is Never Gone : Sequels , Parodies and Rewritings of Gone with the Wind . McFarland & Company . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5927 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Scarlett O'Hara War ( 1980 ) '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` Moonlight and Magnolias : Comedy captures the birth of a movie classic '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thames , Stephanie . `` The Making Of A Legend : Gone With The Wind ( 1988 ) -- Articles '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( March 5 , 1990 ) . `` Postal Service Goes Hollywood , Puts Legendary Stars on Stamp '' . The Daily Gazette . p . B9 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett ( 1994 ) '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Further reading Bridges , Herb ( 1999 ) . Gone with the Wind : The Three - Day Premiere in Atlanta . Mercer University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 672 - 1 . Cameron , Judy ; Christman , Paul J ( 1989 ) . The Art of Gone with the Wind : The Making of a Legend . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 046740 - 9 . Harmetz , Aljean ( 1996 ) . On the Road to Tara : The Making of Gone with the Wind . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 3684 - 3 . Lambert , Gavin ( 1973 ) . GWTW : The Making of Gone With the Wind . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 51284 - 8 . Vertrees , Alan David ( 1997 ) . Selznick 's Vision : Gone with the Wind and Hollywood Filmmaking . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 78729 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gone with the Wind ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gone with the Wind ( film ) Gone with the Wind on IMDb Gone with the Wind at the TCM Movie Database Gone with the Wind at the TCM Mediaroom Gone with the Wind at Rotten Tomatoes William Hartsfield and Russell Bellman premiere films at the Atlanta History Center . Producing Gone with the Wind web exhibition at the Harry Ransom Center Gone with the Wind article series at The Atlantic Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Characters Scarlett O'Hara Rhett Butler Ashley Wilkes Melanie Hamilton India Wilkes Adaptations Gone with the Wind ( film ) Scarlett ( musical ) Autant en emporte le vent Gone with the Wind ( musical ) Related works The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind Scarlett ( novel ) Scarlett ( miniseries ) The Wind Done Gone Rhett Butler 's People The Scarlett O'Hara War `` Went with the Wind ! '' Related `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn '' Tara plantation Twelve Oaks Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co . Filmography of David O. Selznick Roulette ( 1924 ) Forgotten Faces ( 1928 ) Chinatown Nights ( 1929 ) Betrayal ( 1929 ) The Man I Love ( 1929 ) The Four Feathers ( 1929 ) Street of Chance ( 1930 ) What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) Rockabye ( 1932 ) The Animal Kingdom ( 1932 ) Topaze ( 1933 ) Our Betters ( 1933 ) Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) Night Flight ( 1933 ) Meet the Baron ( 1933 ) Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) Viva Villa ! ( 1934 ) Manhattan Melodrama ( 1934 ) David Copperfield ( 1935 ) Vanessa : Her Love Story ( 1935 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) Anna Karenina ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) Little Lord Fauntleroy ( 1936 ) The Garden of Allah ( 1936 ) A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1937 ) Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) Made for Each Other ( 1939 ) Intermezzo : A Love Story ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) Reward Unlimited ( 1944 , short ) Since You Went Away ( 1944 ) I 'll Be Seeing You ( 1945 ) Spellbound ( 1945 ) Duel in the Sun ( 1946 ) The Paradine Case ( 1948 ) Portrait of Jennie ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) Gone to Earth ( 1950 ) Stazione Termini ( 1954 ) Light 's Diamond Jubilee ( 1954 , TV ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1957 ) Films directed by Victor Fleming When the Clouds Roll by ( 1919 ) The Mollycoddle ( 1920 ) Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Woman 's Place ( 1921 ) The Lane That Had No Turning ( 1922 ) Red Hot Romance ( 1922 ) Anna Ascends ( 1922 ) Dark Secrets ( 1923 ) Law of the Lawless ( 1923 ) To the Last Man ( 1923 ) The Call of the Canyon ( 1923 ) Code of the Sea ( 1924 ) Empty Hands ( 1924 ) The Devil 's Cargo ( 1925 ) Adventure ( 1925 ) A Son of His Father ( 1925 ) Lord Jim ( 1925 ) The Blind Goddess ( 1926 ) Mantrap ( 1926 ) The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) Hula ( 1927 ) The Rough Riders ( 1927 ) Abie 's Irish Rose ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Wolf Song ( 1929 ) The Virginian ( 1929 ) Common Clay ( 1930 ) Renegades ( 1930 ) Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks ( 1931 ) Red Dust ( 1932 ) The Wet Parade ( 1932 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) The Farmer Takes a Wife ( 1935 ) Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Test Pilot ( 1938 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1942 ) A Guy Named Joe ( 1943 ) Adventure ( 1945 ) Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) BNE : XX3849848 BNF : cb121139094 ( data ) GND : 4157913 - 6 LCCN : n79066095 SUDOC : 029532302 VIAF : 316751645 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)&oldid=850467743 '' Categories : 1939 films English - language films Works based on Gone with the Wind 1930s historical films 1930s romance films 1930s romantic drama films American films American Civil War films American epic films Epic films based on actual events American romantic drama films Best Picture Academy Award winners Culture of Atlanta Films scored by Max Steiner Films about American slavery Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films directed by Victor Fleming Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films produced by David O. Selznick Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films set in Atlanta Films set in London Films set in the 1860s Films set in the 19th century Films shot in California Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Rape in film Romantic epic films Selznick International Pictures films United States National Film Registry films Historical romance films Films about the Ku Klux Klan Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Good articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 02 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the movie gone with the wind take place | [
"Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film, adapted from Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel of the same name. The film was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures and directed by Victor Fleming. Set in the American South against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era, the film tells the story of Scarlett O'Hara, the strong-willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner. It follows her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes, who is married to his cousin, Melanie Hamilton, and her subsequent marriage to Rhett Butler. The leading roles are played by Vivien Leigh (Scarlett), Clark Gable (Rhett), Leslie Howard (Ashley), and Olivia de Havilland (Melanie).\n"
] | [
"the American South"
] |
7933393583242822413 | Three-point field goal | Three - point field goal - wikipedia Three - point field goal Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Field goal ( American and Canadian football ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sara Giauro shoots a three - point shot at the 2007 FIBA Europe Cup Women 's Finals Stephen Curry currently holds the record for most three - point field goals in an NBA regular season with 402 . A three - point field goal ( also called a three - pointer ) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three - point line , a designated arc surrounding the basket . A successful attempt is worth three points , in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three - point line and the one point for each made free throw . The distance from the basket to the three - point line varies by competition level : in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) from the basket ; in FIBA and the WNBA ( the latter uses FIBA 's three - point line standard ) the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 ⁄ inches from the basket ; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) from the basket . In the NBA and FIBA / WNBA , the three - point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) from each sideline ; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet ( 6.71 m ) . In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180 ° around the basket . There are more variations ( see main article ) . In 3x3 , a FIBA - sanctioned variant of the half - court 3 - on - 3 game , the `` three - point '' line exists , but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points . All other shots are worth 1 point . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rule specifications 3 Related concepts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The three - point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule . At the direction of Abe Saperstein , the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961 . Its three - point line was a radius of 25 feet ( 7.62 m ) from the baskets , except along the sides . The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963 -- 64 season . The three - point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967 -- 68 season . Then commissioner of the ABA George Mikan stated the three - pointer `` would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans . '' During the 1970s , the ABA used the three - point shot , along with the slam dunk , as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The official scorer 's report showing the first made three - point field goal in NBA history . In the 1979 -- 80 season , after having tested it in the previous pre-season , the NBA adopted the three - point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick . Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three - point shot in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 . Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day . The sport 's international governing body , FIBA , introduced the three - point line in 1984 , at a distance of 6.25 m ( 20 ft 6 in ) . The NCAA 's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule , adopting a 22 - foot ( 6.71 m ) line for the 1980 -- 81 season . Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29 , 1980 . Over the following five years , NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer . The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in ( 5.41 m ) in the Atlantic Coast Conference , and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference . Used in conference play , it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986 -- 87 men 's season at 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) , and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987 . In the same 1986 -- 87 season , the NCAA adopted the three - pointer in women 's basketball on an experimental basis , using the same 19 ft 9 in distance , and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987 -- 88 . In 2007 , the NCAA lengthened the men 's three - point distance to 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) , with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008 -- 09 season . The NCAA women 's three - point distance was moved to match the men 's distance in 2011 -- 12 . American high schools , along with elementary and middle schools , adopted a 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) line nationally in 1987 , a year after the NCAA . During the 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , and 1996 -- 97 seasons , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ( 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) at the corners ) to a uniform 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) around the basket . From the 1997 -- 98 season on , the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in ( 22 ft at the corners , with a 3 inch differential ) . Ray Allen is currently the NBA all - time leader in career made three - pointers with 2,973 . In 2008 , FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm ( 19.69 in ) to 6.75 m ( 22 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010 . In December 2012 , the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA 's distance , too , as of the 2013 season . The NBA has discussed adding a four - point line , according to president Rod Thorn . Rule specifications ( edit ) A three - point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket , and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc . In the NBA and FIBA standard , the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline . The three - point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline . The unusual formation of the three - point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three - point shot at the corners of the court ; the arc would be less than 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc . In the NCAA and American high school standards , the arc spans 180 ° around the basket , then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline ( 5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres ) . The distance of the three - point line to the center of the hoop varies by level : Arc radius Minimum distance from sidelines National Basketball Association 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) FIBA ( also used by WNBA ) 6.75 meters ( 22 ft 2 in ) 0.90 meters ( 2 ft 11 in ) National Collegiate Athletic Association 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) 4 feet 3 inches ( 1.30 m ) American High school basketball 19 feet 9 inches ( 6.02 m ) 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) A player 's feet must be completely behind the three - point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three - point attempt ; if the player 's feet are on or in front of the line , it is a two - point attempt . A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three - point attempt , as long as the ball is released in mid-air . An official raises his / her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt . If the attempt is successful , he / she raises his / her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three - point goal . The official must recognize it for it to count as three points . Instant replay has sometimes been used , depending on league rules . The NBA , WNBA , FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose . In NBA , FIBA , and WNBA games , video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot ; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game , after reviewing the video . However , in late game situations , play may be paused pending a review . If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three - pointer and subsequently misses the shot , the shooter is awarded three free - throw attempts . If a player completes a three - pointer while being fouled , the player is awarded one free - throw for a possible 4 - point play . Conceivably , if a player completed a three - pointer while being fouled , and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul , the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5 - point play . Related concepts ( edit ) Major League Lacrosse features a two - point line which forms a 15 - yard ( 14 m ) arc around the front of the goal . Shots taken from behind this line count for two points , as opposed to the standard one point . In gridiron football , a standard field goal is worth three points ; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four - point field goals . NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball 's three - point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals ; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards ( 46 m ) or more was worth four points . The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal ( like the three - point shot , the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick , as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable , and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does ) . During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s , there were proposals for two - point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance ( one proposal was a 44 - foot ( 13.4 m ) arc , which would have intersected the faceoff circles ) , but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL . It was widely believed that long - distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill ( usually resulting more from goalies ' vision being screened or obscured ) , plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two - point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game . The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football , in which a 50 - meter ( 55 yd ) arc determines the value of a goal ; within the arc , it is the usual 6 points , but 9 points are scored for a `` super goal '' scored from outside the arc . To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper . The National Professional Soccer League II , which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play , also used a three - point line , drawn 45 feet ( 14 m ) from the goal . It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues . See also ( edit ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , exclusive group of players who have made at least 50 % of two - pointers , 40 % of three - pointers , and 90 % of free throws in a season . List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article 5 : Scoring '' ( PDF ) . 3x3 Official Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Walt ; Sachare , Alex ( 1998 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Basketball . New York City : Penguin Group . Jump up ^ `` 4 - Point Play Gets Approval By ABA '' . Associated Press . July 11 , 1967 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sanders , Steve ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` 22 will get you 3 '' . Spartanburg Herald . South Carolina . p . B1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball '' . Southern Conference . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carr 's shot makes cage Hall of Fame '' . Gadsden Times . Alabama . Associated Press . May 31 , 1981 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Three - pointer turns 25 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . December 3 , 2005 . p . B3 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Butts , David ( April 3 , 1986 ) . `` NCAA adds three - point basket '' . Bryan Times Agency = UPI . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA Women 's Basketball Playing Rules History '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Important Rules Changes by Year '' ( PDF ) . NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( 27 March 1987 ) . `` High School Basketball Draws Line , Adopts 3 - Point Rule '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA has discussed bigger court , 4 - point shot '' . Espn.go.com. 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rule No. 1 -- - Court Dimensions -- Equipment '' . NBA Official Rules . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIBA . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska School Activities Association . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Description of the NBA 's new instant replay rules '' . NBA.com . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Denham , Greg ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` NAB Cup 's ruck and holding rules may run season '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) NBA. com 's Top 10 three - pointers from past 25 years Article on Columbia 's experimentation with the three - point field goal decades before its official introduction `` Long Live the Three '' by Steve Shutt , Basketball Hall of Fame Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellanous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-point_field_goal&oldid=804387919 '' Categories : Basketball terminology American Basketball Association American Basketball League ( 1961 -- 63 ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 17 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the nba institute the 3 point shot | [
"In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day."
] | [
"1979–80 season"
] |
527510741729495693 | Chennai Super Kings | Chennai Super Kings - wikipedia Chennai Super Kings Jump to : navigation , search Chennai Super Kings சென்னை சூப்பர் கிங்ஸ் Nickname ( s ) The Super Kings , The King of IPL , Lions , Yellow Brigade Personnel Captain MS Dhoni Coach Stephen Fleming Owner Chennai Super Kings Cricket Ltd Team information City Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India Colours Founded 2008 Home ground M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Secondary home ground ( s ) JSCA International Stadium Complex , Ranchi History Indian Premier League wins 2 ( 2010 , 2011 ) CLT20 wins 2 ( 2010 , 2014 ) Official website : chennaisuperkings.com The Chennai Super Kings ( abbreviated as CSK ) are a franchise cricket team based in Chennai , Tamil Nadu ( India ) , which plays in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . Founded in 2008 , the team played its home matches at the M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai . On 14 July 2015 , the Supreme Court appointed RM Lodha committee which suspended the Super Kings from the IPL for a period of two years for the alleged involvement of their owners in the 2013 Indian Premier League betting case . Prior to the suspension , the team was captained by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and coached by Stephen Fleming . The Super Kings had won the title twice in succession ( 2010 and 2011 ) . In 2010 , they won the Champions League Twenty20 for the first time and repeated the feat in 2014 . They have played 8 Final in Total including CLT - 20 and IPL. They have reached IPL playoffs each and every time . They held the record of most wins as a T20 Side till 2017 even after being banned for 2 years. They are regarded as the Best IPL Team of all . The leading run - scorer of the team is Suresh Raina , while the leading wicket - taker is Ravichandran Ashwin . The brand value of the Super Kings in 2015 was estimated at $67 million , making them the third most valuable franchise in the IPL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 2 Team history 2.1 2008 -- 2009 : First seasons 2.2 2010 : IPL and CLT20 double 2.3 2011 -- 2015 3 Home ground 4 Players 5 Team identity 5.1 Team name and logo design 5.2 Jersey colours 5.3 Sponsors 5.4 Star ambassadors 5.5 Theme song 6 Rivalries 7 Financial worth 8 Controversies 9 Seasons 10 IPL 2015 squad 11 Administration and support staff 12 Fixtures and results 12.1 Overall results in IPL 12.1. 1 Result summary 12.2 2015 season 12.3 Overall results in CLT20 13 Awards and achievements 14 References 15 External links Franchise history ( edit ) In September 2007 , the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) announced the establishment of the Indian Premier League , a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008 . In January 2008 , the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city - based franchises . The Chennai franchise was sold to the India Cements for $91 million , making it the fourth most expensive team in the league behind Mumbai , Bangalore and Hyderabad . India Cements acquired the rights to the franchise for 10 years . Former ICC Chairman N. Srinivasan was the de facto owner of the Chennai Super Kings , by means of his position as the vice-chairman and managing director of India Cements Ltd . The franchisee was transferred to a separate entity named Chennai Super Kings Cricket Ltd. , after the Supreme Court of India struck down the controversial amendment to the BCCI constitution 's clause 6.2. 4 that allowed board officials to have a commercial interest in the IPL and the Champions League T20 on January 22 , 2015 . Team history ( edit ) 2008 -- 2009 : first seasons ( edit ) Main articles : Chennai Super Kings in 2008 and 2009 Chennai Super Kings playing the Kolkata Knight Riders at the M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in the 2008 Indian Premier League . During the first player auctions for the inaugural IPL season conducted in January 2008 , the Chennai franchise bought a number of contemporary star cricketers such as Mahendra Singh Dhoni , Matthew Hayden , Stephen Fleming , Muttiah Muralitharan and Michael Hussey . Dhoni became the costliest player of the auction , as the Chennai franchise bought him for $1.5 million . The franchise named Dhoni as the captain of the team and appointed Kepler Wessels as the head coach . They played their first game on 19 April 2008 against Kings XI Punjab at Mohali . The Super Kings won the game by 33 runs after posting 240 / 5 in 20 overs , which was the highest total of the tournament , a record surpassed by themselves in 2010 . The Super Kings ended the league stage with eight wins from 14 games and finished third on the points table . They beat the Kings XI Punjab by 9 wickets in the semifinal . The Super Kings faced the Rajasthan Royals in the final of the IPL at Mumbai . Batting first , the Super Kings scored 163 / 5 in 20 overs and lost the game by 3 wickets off the final delivery of the match . They also earned a spot in the inaugural Champions League Twenty20 along with Rajasthan , but the tournament was cancelled due to the 2008 Mumbai Attacks and the Super Kings , along with Rajasthan , received $5 million each as compensation . Fleming , who had decided to retire from all forms of the game after the first season of the IPL , took over as the coach of the Super Kings team from Wessels for the next season which was to be held in South Africa . For the 2009 season , the Super Kings bought English all - rounder Andrew Flintoff for $1.55 million at the auction making him the highest - paid IPL cricketer along with English teammate Kevin Pietersen who was bought for the same amount by Royal Challengers Bangalore . However , Flintoff played only 3 matches for them before suffering a knee injury that ruled him out of the season . The Super Kings were also without the services of Hussey who had decided to skip the IPL season to focus on The Ashes . The Super Kings finished with 17 points from 14 matches and earned a second place at the league table . However , at the semi-finals , their hopes of entering the final for a second time were crushed by the Royal Challengers who beat them by 6 wickets . The Super Kings opener Matthew Hayden , who scored 572 runs in 12 innings with 5 half - centuries at an average of 52 and strike - rate of 145 , won the Orange Cap for the leading run - scorer of the season and was also adjudged Player of the Tournament . 2010 : IPL and CLT20 double ( edit ) Main article : Chennai Super Kings in 2010 In 2010 , the Super Kings struggled in the first half of the regular season , winning only two matches out of seven . They won four of their next five games in the season mainly due to the efforts of Murali Vijay and Suresh Raina . After a defeat at home to the Delhi Daredevils , the Super Kings were left with a must - win match against Kings XI Punjab at Dharamsala . The Super Kings won the match by six wickets as they chased down the target of 193 with two balls to spare with skipper Dhoni scoring an unbeaten 54 from 29 balls . Thus , with seven wins from 14 matches , Chennai finished with the same number of points as three other teams with two semi-final spots at stake . Chennai got the third place as they had the better net run rate of the four teams which finished on 14 points . In the semifinal , the Super Kings scored a modest 142 / 7 in 20 overs against the defending champions Deccan Chargers . But an inspired bowling spell from Doug Bollinger ( 4 / 13 in four overs ) did the most damage as the Chargers were bowled out for 104 . This gave the Super Kings a 38 - run victory that took them to the final . The Super Kings faced the tournament favorites Mumbai Indians at their home ground in the final . Suresh Raina 's 57 ( 35 ) helped the Super Kings recover from 68 / 3 after 12 overs to put up 168 / 5 at the end of their 20 overs . Then , their spin duo of Ravichandran Ashwin and Muralitharan conceded only 41 runs in the 8 overs bowled between them to help the Super Kings won the game by 22 runs and secure their first ever IPL title . With this , the Super Kings also qualified for the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 that was held in South Africa . At the Champions League , the Super Kings were placed in Group A along with champions of Twenty20 competitions from Australia , South Africa , New Zealand and Sri Lanka . The Super Kings topped the Group table with three wins and a Super Over defeat to the Victorian Bushrangers . In the semi-final at Durban , the Super Kings comprehensively defeated IPL rivals Royal Challengers Bangalore by 52 runs . Raina won the Man of the match for his unbeaten 94 off 48 balls . The Super Kings played their first CLT20 final at Johannesburg where they beat the Chevrolet Warriors by 8 wickets , becoming the first IPL team to win the CLT20 . Murali Vijay won not only the Man of the Match in the final for his 58 but also the Golden Bat for scoring the most runs in the tournament and Ashwin , who was the leading wicket - taker , was adjudged the Player of the Series . At the end of the season , Matthew Hayden decided to retire from the IPL . 2011 -- 2015 ( edit ) Main articles : Chennai Super Kings in 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 Suresh Raina is the leading run - scorer for the Super Kings In 2011 , as two new teams were added to the IPL , the IPL Governing Council declared that each franchise could retain a maximum of four players of their squad , only three of whom can be Indian players , and the rest of the international players would be put in the mega-auction . The Chennai franchise , keen to have the same set of core players , retained captain MS Dhoni , vice-captain Suresh Raina , Murali Vijay and all - rounder Albie Morkel for a total of $4.5 million . The retention left them with the power of spending only $4.5 million at the mega-auction . At the auction , they bought back some of their star players of previous seasons such as Hussey , Ashwin , Bollinger and Subramaniam Badrinath . In the 2011 IPL , they lost three of their first five games which placed them at the bottom of the ten - team points table . But then , they went on to win seven of their next eight games to finish second and register a spot in the knockout stages . They faced the top - ranked team Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Qualifying final which they won by 6 wickets thanks to an unbeaten 73 from Suresh Raina . In the final , they faced the same opponents again , which was held at their home ground Chepauk . Vijay and Hussey put on a 133 - run first - wicket partnership that helped the Super Kings to post a total of 205 / 5 . Their bowlers , then , restricted Bangalore to only 147 to take the Super Kings to second consecutive title in the IPL . Vijay was awarded Man of the Match for his match - winning innings of 95 . CSK also won all their home games that season becoming the first team in IPL to achieve the feat . However at the Champions League later that year , they won only one out of their four group matches and finished at the bottom . In 2012 , the franchise signed up Indian all - rounder Ravindra Jadeja for $2 million at the players ' auction . They got off to a rather slow start in the regular season , winning only five of their first 12 games which put them in doubt of qualifying for the Playoffs . Then they won three of their last four matches and qualified for the Playoffs with a better net run rate than the Royal Challengers who also finished with the same number of points . In the Eliminator , they beat the Mumbai Indians by 38 runs before comprehensively beating the table - toppers Delhi Daredevils in the Qualifying final by 86 runs . Murali Vijay , who struck his second IPL hundred ( 113 off 58 balls ) , won the Man of the Match . At the final , the Super Kings were defeated by 5 wickets by the Kolkata Knight Riders who chased down the target of 191 with two balls to spare , thus denying the Super Kings a hat - trick of titles in the IPL . At the Champions League , once again they could not progress past the group stage with two wins and two defeats . In 2013 , the Super Kings strengthened their bowling attack by signing up five overseas and five Indian bowlers . In the IPL season , they finished first in the points table with 11 wins from 16 matches and qualified for the Playoffs and 2013 CLT20 . This was the first time in six seasons that the Super Kings had topped the league table of the IPL . During the season , they also equaled Royal Challengers Bangalore 's 2011 record for most wins in succession in the IPL ( 7 wins on trot ) . In the first Qualifier at Delhi against Mumbai Indians , the Super Kings posted 192 / 1 in 20 overs riding on unbeaten half - centuries from Hussey ( 86 * off 58 balls ) and Raina ( 82 * off 42 balls ) before bowling out their opponents for 144 . Thus they entered the final of the IPL for the fourth time in succession where they would play the same opponents , Mumbai Indians , at Kolkata . At the final , batting first , the Mumbai Indians made 148 / 9 in their 20 overs . In reply , the Super Kings were reduced to 39 / 6 at one stage before an unbeaten half - century from skipper Dhoni took them close to the target . However , Mumbai Indians won the match by 23 runs to win their first ever IPL title . Super Kings opening batsman Michael Hussey , who scored 733 runs that season at an average of 52 , won the Orange Cap for the most runs in the season while all - rounder Dwayne Bravo won the Purple Cap for bagging the most wickets ( 32 ) . The Super Kings gained direct qualification for the 2013 CLT20 which was held in India in September -- October . They were placed in Group B alongside Brisbane Heat , Sunrisers Hyderabad , Titans and Trinidad & Tobago . They won their first three games before losing the final group match against Trinidad & Tobago . With 12 points from four matches , the Super Kings progressed to the semifinals where they suffered a 14 - run defeat at the hands of the Rajasthan Royals at Jaipur . In 2014 , before the players ' mega-auction , Chennai retained Dhoni , Raina , Jadeja , Ashwin and Bravo . The retention left them with a purse of ₹ 21 crores to spend at the auction . At the auction , the franchise bought the likes of Brendon McCullum , Dwayne Smith , Faf du Plessis , Ashish Nehra , Mohit Sharma among others . The first phase of the IPL season , as it coincided with the general elections , was held in UAE . The second phase returned to India , but the Super Kings ' home matches were shifted from Chennai , due to `` a deadlock between stadium authorities and the state administration '' , to JSCA International Stadium in Ranchi . The Super Kings started the season with a defeat in the opening match , after which they went on to win eight of their next nine matches to take the first spot in the points table . However , they suffered a loss of form towards the end of the regular season which resulted in three consecutive defeats . They won their last league fixture and finished third in the points table and qualified for the Eliminator against the fourth - placed Mumbai Indians . They won the Eliminator at Mumbai by 7 wickets and qualified for the Qualifier . At the Qualifier against Kings XI Punjab , the Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . Punjab went on to score 226 / 6 in their 20 overs . The Super Kings , in reply , could manage only 202 / 7 despite a 25 - ball 87 from Raina . They crashed out of the IPL , but , on account of finishing third , qualified for the main event of the 2014 CLT20 . In the group stage of the CLT20 , the Super Kings won two matches , lost one while another match was a no result . Thus with 10 points they finished second in the group table and qualified for the semifinal where they met the unbeaten team of the other group , Kings XI Punjab . After being put in to bat , the Super Kings posted 182 / 7 in 20 overs thanks to Bravo who scored a 39 - ball 67 . Then their bowlers reduced Punjab to 34 / 6 in the eighth over , and Punjab were eventually bowled out for 117 . At the final in Bangalore , the Super Kings faced the IPL champions Kolkata Knight Riders who set them a target of 181 in 20 overs . Raina guided the run - chase with an unbeaten 109 off 62 balls , helping the team to an eight - wicket win and their second CLT20 title . Super Kings spinner Pawan Negi who took 5 / 22 during Kolkata 's innings won the Man of the Match , and Raina , who finished as the highest run - getter of the tournament , was awarded Man of the Tournament . In 2015 , before the players ' auction , Chennai Super Kings gave away Ben Hilfenhaus , John Hastings , Vijay Shankar and David Hussey . At the auction they bought back Michael Hussey for a price of Rs. 1.5 crores . They also bought Kyle Abbott , Irfan Pathan , Andrew Tye , Eklavya Dwivedi , Ankush Bains , Pratyush Singh and Rahul Sharma . In the final , they lost against Mumbai . Home ground ( edit ) Home record of the Super Kings Matches Wins Losses Tie / NR Success Rate In IPL 39 26 13 0 66.67 % In CLT20 0 75 % Overall 43 29 14 0 67.44 % Main article : M.A. Chidambaram Stadium The home ground of the Super Kings is the historic M.A. Chidambaram Stadium ( commonly called `` The Chepauk '' ) located in Chennai . The stadium is named after former BCCI President M.A. Chidambaram . It is the oldest stadium in India which is in continuous use . The stadium is owned by the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association and has a seating capacity of 50,000 as of May 2013 . In 2010 , the stadium underwent a major renovation for hosting some of the matches of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup . The seating capacity was increased from 36,000 to 50,000 and three new stands were established during this renovation . The Super Kings have a 67.44 % win record at this venue , which is often referred to as `` Fortress Chepauk '' and `` Lions ' den '' . In the 2011 season , the Super Kings won all their home games ( 8 matches ) including the final against Royal Challengers Bangalore . The Super Kings thus became the first team to win all their home games in a season and also the first team to win the tournament at home . In 2014 , Chennai Super Kings played all their home matches at Ranchi due to issues with Government of Tamil Nadu . Panoramic view of the M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2012 . Players ( edit ) Main article : List of Chennai Super Kings cricketers Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the first Indian captain to win the IPL . Mahendra Singh Dhoni , who was the captain of the Indian limited - overs team in 2008 , was bought by the Super Kings for $1.5 million at the 2008 players ' auction . He was the most expensive player in the IPL until 2009 when the Super Kings signed up English all - rounder Andrew Flintoff for $1.55 million , he is not a part of the team now . Dhoni is the most successful captain in the IPL having led the team to Six finals ( Runners up 2008 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 ) , winning two ( 2010 , 2011 ) . He has a success rate of 61.05 % as captain which is the best among all captains in the IPL who have captained in at least 20 games . The vice-captain of the team since the first season is Suresh Raina . Raina is the most capped player in the history of IPL and has not missed a single match for the Super Kings till date . He is currently the highest run - scorer in the history of IPL and the only player to have scored more than 400 runs till 2014 . He also holds the record for most catches in IPL . Australian batsman Michael Hussey has the best batting average for the Super Kings . He was the first batsman from the Super Kings to score a century in the IPL . After Matthew Hayden 's retirement in 2010 , Hussey took over his place of opening batsman and was the team 's leading run - scorer in 2011 and 2013 seasons . Murali Vijay , who played for the team from 2009 to 2013 , is the only Indian batsman to have scored two centuries in the IPL . Super Kings ' spinner Ravichandran Ashwin has the third best economy rate in IPL ( 6.53 ) and is the leading wicket - taker for the team . Team identity ( edit ) Team name and logo design ( edit ) The Chennai franchise named the team as Chennai Super Kings to honor the rulers of the Tamil empire . The word `` super '' is used commonly in southern India especially in Tamil Nadu . The team name also derives from India Cements ' brand `` Coromandel King '' . The team logo features the head of a roaring lion in orange and the team name rendered in blue . The crown above the team name is the same as that used in the logo of the brand Coromandel King . According to the logo designers , since lion is the king of the jungle , the roaring lion logo reflects the team name . The details of the logo signifies various qualities such as youth , vibrancy , solid performance orientation and fiery spirit . Jersey colours ( edit ) The team 's primary colour is yellow with blue and orange stripes on either sides of the jersey . The jersey also incorporates the roaring lion logo in the center of the shirt below the logo of the main sponsor Aircel . The basic look of the jersey has remained same from the first season with no changes except for the sponsor placement . The kit manufacturer until 2014 was Reebok and from 2015 , Australian Apparel and Sports Gear manufacturer Spartan manufactures kits for the team . Sponsors ( edit ) Telecom service provider Aircel became the team 's first shirt sponsor after they signed a three - year deal in 2008 . They acquired branding rights on the players uniform including shirts and hats during IPL , rights for in - stadia branding , and sponsoring man - of - the - match awards for matches played in Chennai . In 2011 , Aircel renewed its sponsorship contract by paying more than ₹ 850 million . According to The Economic Times , it is the most expensive sponsorship deal in IPL . Besides Aircel , the team also has sponsorship deals with Gulf Oil , Pepsi , Reebok and Usha . In 2013 , they signed up Nissan Motors and VGN as associate sponsors . In April 2014 , the team signed up UST Global as its principal sponsor for a three - year period . Year Kit Manufacturers Shirt Sponsor ( Chest ) Shirt Sponsor ( Back ) 2008 Reebok Aircel India Cements 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Spartan Star ambassadors ( edit ) Actor Vijay and Actress Nayanthara are the star ambassadors . Theme song ( edit ) The title song , composed by Melody Brahma `` Manisharma '' which comes in the stadium gained the much popularity. And the theme song is the famous Whistle Podu designed by Aravind - Shankar ( duo of Aravind Murali and Jaishankar Iyer ) . Although the track was created only for YouTube in 2008 , it gained popularity during the 2009 season and later became the team 's theme song . The video of the song represents the street dance form of dappangutthu which is very popular among certain communities in Tamil Nadu . It is also a folk dance and music genre employed in Tamil cinema . The recordings of some of the Super Kings players whistling were used in the video . Rivalries ( edit ) Main articles : Chennai Super Kings -- Mumbai Indians rivalry and Chennai Super Kings - Royal Challengers Bangalore rivalry The Chennai Super Kings have active rivalries with the Mumbai Indians and the Royal Challengers Bangalore . The Super Kings and Mumbai Indians have played against each other more number of times than any other two teams in the IPL . They are the two most successful IPL teams and often termed as `` big spenders '' at the players auction . The two sides have met each other at the final of the IPL thrice , with Mumbai winning two of them and Chennai winning once . The rivalry with Royal Challengers Bangalore stems from the Kaveri River water dispute between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu . The rivalry is also called `` Kaveri derby '' and `` South Indian derby '' . The Super Kings beat the Royal Challengers in the final of the 2011 IPL , the only meeting between the two teams at an IPL final . Financial worth ( edit ) The Economic Times commissioned UK - based Brand Finance to carry out brand evaluation of the IPL and also each of the eight franchise teams ( that was increased to 10 in 2011 ) . Chennai Super Kings was rated as the `` most valuable team '' in the Indian Premier League in 2010 -- 11 , with a brand value of $100 million ( app ₹ 2.24 billion ) . In February 2013 , London based Brand Finance evaluated the top 150 most valuable teams in the world , in which Chennai Super Kings is placed in the 147th place valued at $46 million just behind the Mumbai Indians . Controversies ( edit ) Until September 2008 , BCCI regulation , Clause 6.2. 4 stated that `` No administrator could have , directly or indirectly , any commercial interest in the matches or events conducted by the board '' . However , N. Srinivasan , who was then the treasurer and vice-chairman of BCCI , became the de facto owner of the Chennai Super Kings since he was the Managing Director of India Cements . Former BCCI President A.C. Muthiah wrote to the BCCI regarding the violation of this clause in 2008 but the BCCI did not respond . In September 2008 , Muthiah went to the Madras High Court to restrain BCCI from allowing Srinivasan to participate in the general body meeting where the election was to be held . However , the suit was dismissed by the High Court and the following day , Srinivasan was elected as the Secretary of BCCI . The clause was amended as `` No administrator shall have , directly or indirectly , any commercial interest in any of the events of the BCCI , excluding IPL , Champions League and Twenty20 '' . Muthiah then moved to the Supreme Court which gave a split verdict in April 2011 . Later in August 2011 , Muthiah filed another petition to stop Srinivasan from taking over as the BCCI President but the Supreme Court rejected the petition , and Srinivasan was elected the President of BCCI . In 2011 , the owners of other teams were concerned about the possible rigging that could have taken place in the IPL auctions . Nita Ambani , the owner of Mumbai Indians questioned the changing the order of players just before the auction began . Former IPL chairman Lalit Modi accused Srinivasan of arm - twisting him and rigging the 2009 IPL auction to ensure that English all - rounder Andrew Flintoff was bought by the Chennai Super Kings while it was refuted by Srinivasan . In May 2013 , Gurunath Meiyappan , son - in - law of Srinivasan , was arrested by Mumbai Police on charges of placing bets on IPL matches Meiyappan , who was the Team Principal of the Super Kings , was issued a summons by the Mumbai Police and on interrogation it was found that Meiyappan was in contact with bookies through actor Vindu Dara Singh . Following this , Srinivasan , on 2 June 2013 , decided to step aside as BCCI President temporarily until the inquiry into the betting case completed . In February 2014 , the three member panel appointed by the Supreme Court of India enquired into the betting case indicted Meiyappan for illegal betting during the 2013 IPL . On 25 March 2014 , the Supreme Court of India issued an ultimatum to the BCCI demanding that Srinivasan either step down as President or be removed from his position . On 14 July 2015 , the Supreme Court appointed RM Lodha committee suspended the owners of Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings from the Indian Premier League for a period of two years . On 24 February 2016 , the Supreme Court of India agreed to hear a plea for lifting the ban on the Chennai Super Kings . Seasons ( edit ) Year Indian Premier League Champions League Twenty20 2008 Runners - up Cancelled ( Q ) 2009 Semifinalists DNQ Champions Champions 2011 Champions Group stage 2012 Runners - up Group stage 2013 Runners - up Semifinalists 2014 Semifinalists Champions 2015 Runners - up Tournament Defunt Year Indian Premier League 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 Returns IPL 2015 squad ( edit ) Players with international caps are listed in bold . * denotes a player who is currently unavailable for selection . * denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season . No . Name Nat . Birth date Batting style Bowling style Signed year Salary Notes Batsmen Suresh Raina ( 1986 - 11 - 27 ) 27 November 1986 ( age 30 ) Left - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 95 million ( US $1.5 million ) Vice-captain 12 Mithun Manhas ( 1979 - 10 - 12 ) 12 October 1979 ( age 37 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 13 Faf du Plessis ( 1984 - 07 - 13 ) 13 July 1984 ( age 33 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2014 ₹ 47.5 million ( US $740,000 ) Overseas 42 Brendon McCullum ( 1981 - 09 - 27 ) 27 September 1981 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2014 ₹ 32.5 million ( US $510,000 ) Overseas 48 Michael Hussey ( 1975 - 05 - 27 ) 27 May 1975 ( age 42 ) Left - handed Right - arm medium 2015 ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) Overseas All - rounders 5 Baba Aparajith ( 1994 - 07 - 08 ) 8 July 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) 8 Ravindra Jadeja ( 1988 - 12 - 06 ) 6 December 1988 ( age 28 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2014 ₹ 75 million ( US $1.2 million ) 47 Dwayne Bravo ( 1983 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1983 ( age 33 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 40 million ( US $620,000 ) Overseas 50 Dwayne Smith ( 1983 - 04 - 12 ) 12 April 1983 ( age 34 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 45 million ( US $700,000 ) Overseas 56 Irfan Pathan ( 1984 - 10 - 27 ) 27 October 1984 ( age 32 ) Left - handed Left - arm medium - fast 2015 ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) 68 Andrew Tye ( 1986 - 12 - 12 ) 12 December 1986 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2015 ₹ 2 million ( US $31,000 ) Overseas Wicket - keepers Eklavya Dwivedi ( 1988 - 07 - 22 ) 22 July 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed 2015 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 7 MS Dhoni ( 1981 - 07 - 07 ) 7 July 1981 ( age 36 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2014 ₹ 125 million ( US $1.9 million ) Captain 9 Ankush Bains ( 1995 - 12 - 06 ) 6 December 1995 ( age 21 ) Right - handed 2015 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) Bowlers 6 Pawan Negi ( 1993 - 01 - 06 ) 6 January 1993 ( age 24 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2014 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 15 Ishwar Pandey ( 1989 - 08 - 15 ) 15 August 1989 ( age 28 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) 18 Mohit Sharma ( 1988 - 09 - 18 ) 18 September 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 30 million ( US $470,000 ) 19 Pratyush Singh ( 1994 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2015 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 21 Matt Henry ( 1991 - 12 - 14 ) 14 December 1991 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2014 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) Overseas 22 Ronit More ( 1992 - 02 - 11 ) 11 February 1992 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 27 Rahul Sharma ( 1986 - 09 - 30 ) 30 September 1986 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2015 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) 64 Ashish Nehra ( 1979 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1979 ( age 38 ) Right - handed Left - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 20 million ( US $310,000 ) 77 Samuel Badree ( 1981 - 03 - 09 ) 9 March 1981 ( age 36 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2014 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) Overseas 87 Kyle Abbott ( 1987 - 06 - 18 ) 18 June 1987 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2015 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) Overseas 99 Ravichandran Ashwin ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) 17 September 1986 ( age 31 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 55 million ( US $860,000 ) Administration and support staff ( edit ) Owner -- Chennai Super Kings Cricket Ltd Coach -- Stephen Fleming Bowling coach -- Andy Bichel Fielding coach -- Steve Rixon Physical trainer -- Gregory King Physio -- Tommy Simsek Team manager -- Radha Krishnan High Performance analyst -- Lakshmi Narayanan Team Doctor - Dr. Madhu Thottappillil Fixtures and results ( edit ) Overall results in IPL ( edit ) Performance summary in Indian Premier League Year Matches Wins Losses No Result Tied Success Rate Position Summary 2008 16 9 7 0 0 56.25 % 2nd Runners - up 2009 15 8 6 0 53.33 % 4th Semi-finalists 16 9 7 0 0 56.25 % 1st Champions 2011 16 11 5 d 0 68.75 % 1st Champions 2012 20 11 8 0 57.89 % 2nd Runners - up 2013 18 12 6 0 0 61.11 % 2nd Runners - up 2014 16 10 6 0 0 62.50 % 3rd Playoffs 2015 17 10 7 0 0 58.8 % 2nd Runners - up 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 TBD Total 132 79 51 0 59.84 Result summary ( edit ) By opposition Opposition Span Mat Won Lost Tied NR Success Rate Deccan Chargers 2008 -- 2012 10 6 0 0 60 % Delhi Daredevils 2008 -- 2015 16 12 0 0 75.00 % Kings XI Punjab 2008 -- 2015 16 9 5 0 56.25 % Kochi Tuskers Kerala 2011 0 0 50 % Kolkata Knight Riders 2008 -- 2015 16 10 6 0 0 62.50 % Mumbai Indians 2008 -- 2015 22 10 12 0 0 45.45 % Pune Warriors India 2011 -- 2013 6 0 0 66.67 % Rajasthan Royals 2008 -- 2015 16 10 6 0 0 62.50 % Royal Challengers Bangalore 2008 -- 2015 21 13 7 0 61.90 % Sunrisers Hyderabad 2013 - 2015 6 0 0 66.67 % Total 2008 -- 2015 128 86 41 67.18 % 2015 season ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Indian Premier League Chennai Super Kings 2014 IPL Fixtures No . Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard Link 000000002015 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 2015 Delhi Daredevils Chennai Won by 1 Run , MoM -- Ashish Nehra 3 / 25 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Chennai Won by 45 Runs , MoM - Brendon McCullum 100 * ( 56 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2015 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 6 wickets , MoM - Ashish Nehra 3 / 23 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 2015 Rajasthan Royals Ahmedabad Lost by 8 Wickets Scorecard 5 000000002015 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 27 Runs , MoM - Suresh Raina 62 ( 32 ) Scorecard 6 000000002015 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2015 Kings XI Punjab Chennai Won by 97 Runs , MoM - Brendon McCullum 66 ( 44 ) Scorecard 7 000000002015 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Chennai Won by 2 Runs , MoM - Dwayne Bravo 3 / 22 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard 8 000000002015 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 7 Wickets Scorecard 9 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Lost by 22 runs Scorecard 10 000000002015 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Chennai Won by 24 Runs , MoM -- Suresh Raina 52 ( 46 ) Scorecard 11 000000002015 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2015 Mumbai Indians Chennai Lost by 6 Wickets Scorecard 12 000000002015 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2015 Rajasthan Royals Chennai Won by 12 Runs , MoM - Ravindra Jadeja 4 / 11 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 13 000000002015 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2015 Delhi Daredevils Raipur Lost by 6 Wickets Scorecard 14 000000002015 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2015 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won by 7 Wickets MoM - Pawan Negi 2 / 25 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 15 000000002015 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2015 Mumbai Indians ( Qualifier 1 ) Mumbai Lost by 25 Runs Scorecard 16 000000002015 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore ( Qualifier 2 ) Ranchi Won by 3 Wickets , MoM - Ashish Nehra 3 / 28 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 17 000000002015 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2015 Mumbai Indians ( Final ) Kolkata Lost by 41 runs Overall results in CLT20 ( edit ) Performance summary in Champions League Year Matches Wins Losses No Result Success Rate Summary 2008 Cancelled 6 5 0 83.33 % Champions 2011 0 25 % Group stage 2012 0 50 % Group stage 2013 5 0 60 % Semifinalists 2014 6 66.66 % Champions Total 25 15 9 60.00 % Awards and achievements ( edit ) 2008 Indian Premier League Runners - up of 2008 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Highest total of the tournament ( 240 / 5 ) Centuries : ( Michael Hussey 116 * ) Hat - tricks : ( Lakshmipathy Balaji and Makhaya Ntini ) 2009 Indian Premier League Semi-finalists of 2009 Indian Premier League Winner of Orange Cap ( Matthew Hayden ) Player of the Tournament ( Matthew Hayden ) 2010 Indian Premier League Champions of the 2010 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Highest team total of the tournament ( 246 / 5 ) Best bowling figures of the tournament ( Doug Bollinger ) Highest score in the tournament ( Murali Vijay 127 ) Centuries ( Murali Vijay 127 ) IPL Awards : Best Fielder ( Suresh Raina ) IPL Awards : Most Economical Bowler ( Ravichandran Ashwin ) 2010 Champions League Champions of 2010 Champions League Twenty20 Winner of Golden Bat ( Murali Vijay ) Highest individual score ( Suresh Raina 94 * ) Winner of Golden Wicket ( Ravichandran Ashwin ) Best bowling figures of the tournament ( Ravichandran Ashwin 4 / 18 ) Player of the Tournament ( Ravichandran Ashwin ) 2011 Indian Premier League Champions of the 2011 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Won all home matches 2012 Indian Premier League Runners - up of 2012 Indian Premier League Highest team total of the tournament ( 222 / 5 ) Best bowling figure of the tournament ( Ravindra Jadeja 5 / 16 ) Centuries : ( Murali Vijay 113 ) 1st player to score 2000 runs in IPL ( Suresh Raina ) 2013 Indian Premier League Runners - up of 2013 Indian Premier League 1st team to register 50 wins in IPL Fair Play Award Winner Centuries : ( Suresh Raina 100 * ) Winner of Orange Cap ( Michael Hussey ) Winner of Purple Cap ( Dwayne Bravo ) 2014 Indian Premier League Semi-Finalists Fair Play Award Winner First Team to play 100 games in IPL Suresh Raina becomes the first player to play 100 games and score 3000 runs in IPL Winner of Purple Cap ( Mohit Sharma ) 2014 Champions League Champions of 2014 Champions League Twenty20 Centuries : ( Suresh Raina 109 * ) Player of the Tournament : ( Suresh Raina ) Leading Run - Scorer of the Tournament : ( Suresh Raina ) Best Bowling Figures of the Tournament : ( Pawan Negi ) Maximum Sixes of the Tournament : ( Suresh Raina ) 2015 Indian Premier league Runners Up of 2015 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Centuries : ( Brendon McCullum 100 * ) Best Bowling Figures : ( Ashish Nehra ) 4 / 10 ( 4 Overs ) Winner of Purple Cap : ( Dwayne Bravo ) 26 wickets Best catch of the season : ( Dwayne Bravo ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India cements transfers CSK to new subsidiary with effect from jan 1 '' . CNN - IBN. 11 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` CSK , RR owners suspended for two years '' . ESPNCricinfo.com. 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings again the team to beat '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IPL fever : KKR beats CSK in brand value race '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Franchises for board 's new Twenty20 league '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court struck down controversial amendment '' . Espncricinfo . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IPL Auction : Players ' worth '' . rediff.com . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni snapped up for 1.5 million dollars at IPL auction '' . Sify . Jump up ^ `` Kepler Wessels to coach Chennai Super Kings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2007 / 08 Kings XI Punjab v Chennai Super Kings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2007 / 08 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inspired Chennai send Punjab packing '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan champions after cliffhanger '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI sanctions $5 million for IPL teams in 2008 Champions League '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flintoff and Pietersen most expensive buys '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worn down Hussey wo n't play in IPL '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2009 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Efficient Bangalore outplay Chennai Royal Challengers Bangalore v Chennai Super Kings , IPL semi-final Report Cricket News '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Premier League , 2009 / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni blasts Chennai to semi-finals Punjab v Chennai , IPL 2010 , Dharamsala Report Cricket News '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2009 / 10 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bollinger charges Chennai into final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - round strength gives Mumbai the edge '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raina , Dhoni star in Chennai triumph '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2010 / 11 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CLT20 : Ruthless Raina takes Chennai to final Bangalore v Chennai , CLT20 , 1st semi-final , Durban Report Cricket News ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors v Chennai : Dominant Chennai seal title Warriors v Chennai , CLT20 2010 , Johannesburg Report Cricket News ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ 2011 ; view = pointstable Indian Premier League , 2011 / Points table Jump up ^ `` Raina stuns Bangalore to power Chennai into final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vijay stars in Chennai 's successful title defence '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia Champions League T20 , 2011 / 12 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millions for Jadeja , Jayawardene and Vinay '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Points Table - Indian Premier League - ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Vijay century overpowers Delhi '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata take title after Bisla blitz '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2012 / 13 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings sign five uncapped bowlers '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raina ton makes it seven in seven for Chennai '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CSK crush Mumbai to reach fifth final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aggressive Mumbai end title drought '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Final Chennai Super Kings v Mumbai Indians '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2013 / 14 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Semi-Final : Rajasthan Royals v Chennai Super Kings at Jaipur , Oct 4 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings Set to Play All ' Home ' Indian Premier League Matches in Ranchi '' . NDTV . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ranchi to host Chennai Super Kings ` remaining home matches '' . Zee News . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warner keeps Sunrisers in the race '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifier 2 : Chennai Super Kings v Kings XI Punjab at Mumbai , May 30 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2014 / 15 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2nd Semi-Final : Kings XI Punjab v Chennai Super Kings at Hyderabad ( Deccan ) , Oct 2 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raina century leads CSK to title '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , Final : Chennai Super Kings v Kolkata Knight Riders at Bangalore , Oct 4 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IPL final : Chennai Super Kings lost because they are stuck in the past '' . Firstpost . Jump up ^ `` MA Chidambaram Stadium '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore face Chennai challenge at Chepauk '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Warriors hope to survive Lions ' den '' . The New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League / Records / Most matches as captain '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League / Records / Most matches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League / Records / Most catches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / Batting averages '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2011 - Chennai Super Kings / Records / Batting and bowling averages '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 - Chennai Super Kings / Records / Batting and bowling averages '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League / Records / Best economy rates '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / Bowling averages '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings '' . Cricket Circle . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Logos of IPL -- The Indian Premier League '' . LogosDesignNext . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aircel to sponsor Chennai Super Kings '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aircel signs most expensive sponsorship deal in IPL with Dhoni 's Chennai Super Kings '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings takes Nissan , VGN on board '' . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UST Global signs three - year sponsorship deal with CSK '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with the creators of Whistle Podu '' . mPower . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IPL : Familiar foes , Mumbai Indians and Chennai Super Kings , face off in virtual quarterfinal '' . DNA India . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2014 : Chennai Super Kings Team Profile '' . India Today . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big spenders still searching for returns '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The battle of the Kaveri '' . Cricbuzz . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bitter rivals square off in marquee southern derby '' . Cricbuzz . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings face royal challenge '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official We97 - 91 - 051044bsite of Chennai Super Kings -- CHAMPIONS 2011 '' . Chennaisuperkings.com. 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brand Finance : Top 150 most valuable teams by Financial Express '' . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI top brass feels fixing heat '' . Times of India . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` N Srinivasan 's rise in the BCCI '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Srinivasan faces petition against BCCI presidency '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` N Srinivasan becomes BCCI president '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Was IPL auction fair ? '' . Times of India . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flintoff sale rigged at 2009 IPL auction -- Modi '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gurunath Meiyappan arrested in Mumbai '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meiyappan placed heavy bets on IPL matches , say Mumbai Police '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Srinivasan steps aside temporarily ; Dalmiya to run BCCI affairs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IPL spot - fixing : Gurunath Meiyappan guilty of betting , CSK faces uncertain future '' . Economic Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Srinivasan must step down '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Court Agrees To Hear Plea For Lifting Ban On Chennai Super Kings '' . NDTV . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Website of Chennai Super Kings '' . Chennai Super Kings . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / List of match results ( by season ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 - Chennai Super Kings / Records / List of match results ( by season ) '' . ESPNcricnfo . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ than says : ( 21 April 2009 ) . `` IPL 2008 Fair Play Standings '' . Cricket Xtra . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2007 / 08 / Records / Highest totals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2007 / 08 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 31st match : Chennai Super Kings v Kings XI Punjab at Chennai , May 10 , 2008 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 41st match : Kolkata Knight Riders v Chennai Super Kings at Kolkata , 18 May 2008 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings 2010 Performance '' . IPLCricketNow.com . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2009 / 10 / Records / Highest totals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Premier League , 2009 / 10 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chennai Super Kings performance 2010 '' . IPLCricketnow.com . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2010 / 11 / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2010 / 11 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2010 / 11 / Records / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2010 / 11 / Records / Best bowling figures in an innings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final : Warriors v Chennai Super Kings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2011 Kingfisher Fair Play Award '' . Contentcarry. 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai v Kochi : Determined Chennai surge to top spot Chennai v Kochi , IPL 2011 , Chennai Report Cricket News '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2012 / Records / Highest totals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2012 / Records / Best bowling figures in an innings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2012 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 / Records / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 19 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official Chennai Super Kings Website Chennai Super Kings at IPL official site Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Awards List of awards Fair Play Award Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Chennai Super Kings Lists Players Records Home ground M.A. Chidambaram Stadium JSCA International Stadium Complex Captains MS Dhoni Suresh Raina Coaches Kepler Wessels ( 2008 ) Stephen Fleming ( 2009 -- 2015 ) Honours 2010 Indian Premier League 2010 Champions League Twenty20 2011 Indian Premier League 2014 Champions League Twenty20 Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Rivalries Mumbai Indians rivalry Royal Challengers Bangalore rivalry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai_Super_Kings&oldid=801236737 '' Categories : Sport in Chennai Cricket clubs established in 2008 Sports clubs in India Indian Premier League teams Cricket in Chennai Hidden categories : EngvarB from March 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2014 Pages using infobox cricket team with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français 한국어 हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 14 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the captain of chennai super king | [
"Mahendra Singh Dhoni, who was the captain of the Indian limited-overs team in 2008, was bought by the Super Kings for $1.5 million at the 2008 players' auction. He was the most expensive player in the IPL until 2009 when the Super Kings signed up English all-rounder Andrew Flintoff for $1.55 million, he is not a part of the team now. Dhoni is the most successful captain in the IPL having led the team to Six finals(Runners up 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015), winning two(2010, 2011). He has a success rate of 61.05% as captain which is the best among all captains in the IPL who have captained in at least 20 games.[60]"
] | [
"Mahendra Singh Dhoni"
] |
-5260945611712174436 | See You Again (Miley Cyrus song) | See You Again ( Miley Cyrus song ) - wikipedia See You Again ( Miley Cyrus song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` See You Again '' Single by Miley Cyrus from the album Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus and Breakout Released September 15 , 2007 August 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 25 ) ( Rock Mafia remix ) Format CD single digital download Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 10 3 : 16 ( Rock Mafia remix ) Label Hollywood Songwriter ( s ) Miley Cyrus Antonina Armato Tim James Producer ( s ) Antonina Armato Tim James Miley Cyrus singles chronology `` Ready , Set , Do n't Go '' ( 2007 ) `` See You Again '' ( 2007 ) `` Start All Over '' ( 2008 ) `` Ready , Set , Do n't Go '' ( 2007 ) `` See You Again '' ( 2007 ) `` Start All Over '' ( 2008 ) Miley Cyrus singles chronology `` 7 Things '' ( 2008 ) 7 Things 2008 `` See You Again ( Rock Mafia remix ) '' ( 2008 ) See You Again ( Rock Mafia remix ) 2008 `` Fly on the Wall '' ( 2008 ) Fly on the Wall 2008 Music video `` See You Again '' on YouTube `` See You Again '' ( Rock Mafia remix ) single cover `` See You Again '' is the debut single by American recording artist Miley Cyrus . It was recorded for Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) , the second soundtrack album from the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana and the debut studio album of Cyrus . It was written by Cyrus ( credited as Destiny Hope Cyrus ) with the song 's producers Antonina Armato and Tim James . It was released as the lead single from the album by Hollywood Records . Later , it was remixed by Rock Mafia and released on August 25 , 2008 by Hollywood Records , as the second single from Cyrus ' second studio album , Breakout ( 2008 ) . Musically , the track is a pop rock number that contains influences from various musical genres , including electronic music . Lyrically , the track speaks of teenage romance . `` See You Again '' was a critical success , with contemporary critics praising its musical composition and vocal delivery . To follow , it also became Cyrus ' first commercially successful single . The song introduced her to new audiences and new countries , paving the way for future hits . `` See You Again '' became Cyrus ' best - charting single at the time by peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . Its highest peak internationally was at number four on the Canadian Hot 100 . Although an official music video for the song was never filmed , it was given a promotional music video , taken from a performance at the 2007 Disney Channel Games . The song was promoted through a multitude of live television performances . It was included on the set list of Cyrus ' headlining tours , the Best of Both Worlds Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) , the Wonder World Tour ( 2009 ) and the Gypsy Heart Tour ( 2011 ) . `` See You Again '' has been covered by various notable artists , including Little Boots and Breathe Carolina . Even without a music video , the song managed to peak at 10 in the US and sold 2.5 million copies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Live performances 6 Cover versions 7 Release history 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) When Cyrus starred as Miley Stewart , a girl with a secret double life as the popstar Hannah Montana , on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana , she developed fame as a teen idol and released the series ' first soundtrack while being credited to Hannah Montana . In late 2006 , Cyrus began execution for her debut album . Cyrus ' debut studio album Meet Miley Cyrus was attached to the series ' second soundtrack , Hannah Montana 2 , and released as the second disc of the Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) double - disc album . `` See You Again '' was written by Cyrus , who was credited to her birth name Destiny Hope Cyrus , Antonina Armato , and Tim James . The writing group has executed numerous songs recorded by Cyrus , contributing to a large part of all three of her studio albums . When composing tracks for Meet Miley Cyrus , Cyrus was originally very apprehensive in regards to adding `` See You Again '' to the album . `` I 'm not sure about this song . I do n't think I want to put it on the album . I do n't really like it that much . It 's just O.K. '' , she said . However , she was convinced to record it and , once she listened to the finished product , she changed her mind . She thought it was odd , but in a positive light , and decided to include it on her debut album . Cyrus says `` See You Again '' is a dance song with a special meaning to her . The song was remixed by Rock Mafia for the release of Cyrus ' second studio album Breakout ( 2008 ) . Composition ( edit ) `` See You Again '' ( 2007 ) An 18 - second preview of Miley Cyrus ' `` See You Again '' . The song is a pop rock number that fuses sultry vocals with lyrics that center around teenage romance . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` See You Again '' is a pop rock song with a length of three minutes and ten seconds . The songs contains numerous influences from electronic , new wave , and techno music . The song is set in the time signature of common time and has a fast tempo of 138 beats per minute . It is written in the key of A minor and Cyrus ' vocals span one octave , from G to A. Throughout the song , Cyrus ' edgy and sultry vocal performance maintains in the contralto range . The lyrics of `` See You Again '' are about a teenage romance . In verses , Cyrus discusses her sentiments and perceptions about her love interest , such as believing the couple had previously encountered in a previous incarnation . `` See You Again '' 's refrains detail previous scenes of an encounter between the couple : `` The last time I freaked out / I just kept looking down / I st - st - stuttered when you asked me what I 'm thinking ' bout . '' Towards the conclusion of the refrains , Cyrus vows to redeem herself . Critical reception ( edit ) Cyrus performing `` See You Again '' during the Wonder World Tour . Chuck Taylor of Billboard felt that , by offering meaningful airplay to `` See You Again '' , mainstream radio stations were getting with the program . Taylor described the song `` a sassy , uptempo stinger that adds appealing youthful buzz to the airwaves '' and complimented Cyrus ' vocals with comparisons with Hilary Duff and Avril Lavigne . `` Cyrus ( ... ) at last adds the missing link to TV and movie acclaim . Alas , FM , better late than never '' , he concluded . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said , `` The Hannah Montana star 's 2007 single ' See You Again ' managed to click with non-tween listeners thanks ( to being ) gustier than anything her fellow Disney Channel superstar Hilary Duff has ever put to digital . Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times believed the song was `` no shortage of crafty tween - rock gems '' . Ash Dosanjh of Yahoo ! Music believed the Rock Mafia remix of the song was a so `` glorious '' that it signaled Breakout would do exactly that . Josh Timmermann of PopMatters referred to the remix as the best song on Breakout , describing it as a `` marvelous slice of teenaged life set to club rock beats . '' Timmermann continued to praise the track , saying it felt `` infinitely more genuine and thoughtful than '' any other track on Breakout and that the small - time teen drama fit Cyrus ' voice . `` It sounds far less ludicrously melodramatic than it might have delivered by less forceful pipes '' , he concluded . George Lang of The Oklahoman thought the inclusion of the song 's remix on Breakout was used to cover more musical genres in order to appeal to a wider fanbase . In 2008 , the track was listed as a `` Winning Song '' by Broadcast Music Incorporated ( BMI ) . Commercial performance ( edit ) On the week ending December 22 , 2007 , `` See You Again '' debuted at number 94 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In the succeeding week , the song ascended to number 78 and , on the week ending February 16 , 2008 , it charted at its newfound peak of number 17 , therefore becoming Cyrus ' best - charting effort on the Billboard Hot 100 , surpassing the Hannah Montana - credited `` Life 's What You Make It '' , which peaked at number 25 in August 2007 . On the week ending May 3 , 2008 , `` See You Again '' became Cyrus ' first top ten single by reaching its peak at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` See You Again '' spent a total of 27 weeks upon the chart . It also peaked at number four on Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) and number twenty - one on Adult Pop Songs in the United States . The song entered at number 86 and peaked at number four on the Canadian Hot 100 , its highest peak internationally . As of August 2013 , `` See You Again '' has sold 2,456,000 copies in the United States . In Australia , `` See You Again '' debuted at number 25 on the week ending June 22 , 2008 . The following week , it ascended to number ten and , after five weeks of ascending the top ten , reached its peak at number six , where it remained for three consecutive weeks . The single was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for the sale of over 70,000 copies . On the week ending August 4 , 2008 , `` See You Again '' debuted at number 32 on the New Zealand Singles Chart . It eventually peaked at number 11 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for the shipment of 7,500 copies . In the United Kingdom , the track peaked at number 11 . The song is tied with `` The Climb '' and `` Party in the U.S.A. '' , which charted in March and November 2009 , respectively , for Cyrus ' best - charting effort in the United Kingdom . Elsewhere in Europe , `` See You Again '' peaked at number 38 on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , number 14 on the Irish Singles Chart and number seven on the Hungarian Singles Chart . Live performances ( edit ) Cyrus performed `` See You Again '' during Gypsy Heart Tour Cyrus performed `` See You Again '' live on the 2007 Disney Channel Games held on April 27 , 2007 at Walt Disney World in Orlando , Florida , as part of Disney Channel 's summer - season activities . She wore a yellow and black - striped tank top , black and white - plaid skirt , high knee socks , and black sneakers in the performance . Cyrus also performed the song on Idol Gives Back , as she continued to promote the single in the United States . `` See You Again '' was also a part of the set list for Cyrus ' first headlining concert tour , the Best of Both Worlds Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) . Cyrus was costumed in a white tank top , studded jeans , and metallic accessories . Cyrus and several backup dancers began the performance on the upper level of the stage , where they proceeded down a ramp as they perform dance routines . Cyrus and the backup dancers roamed throughout the stage for the remainder of the performance . Jane Stevenson of the Canadian Online Explorer listed `` See You Again '' as one of the highlights at the concert at Air Canada Centre on December 15 , 2007 , in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . She said that Cyrus ' wardrobe indicated that `` Miley , it turns out , is the marginally tougher cookie of the two singers . '' Cyrus performed `` See You Again '' at the opening of the 2008 Disney Channel Games , held on May 3 , 2008 . During the performance , which a recording of was used as a promotional music video for the Rock Mafia release , Cyrus was dressed in a white vest and white pants . In 2008 , Cyrus performed the song at the 2008 Zootopia , Good Morning America , The Today Show , and BBC Switch in the United Kingdom . Cyrus performed `` See You Again '' , dressed in casual clothing , on the Kids ' Inaugural : `` We Are the Future '' event . The event was held on January 19 , 2009 , in Washington D.C. at the Verizon Center to celebrate the inauguration of Barack Obama as President of the United States . Cyrus performed the song along with several other songs on April 24 , 2009 in a London Apple Store . These performances were recorded and sold exclusively by the United Kingdom iTunes Store as a live extended play titled iTunes Live from London . The song has been performed at the twentieth annual A Time for Heroes Celebrity Carnival , Rock in Rio concerts in Lisbon , Portugal , and Madrid , Spain , the 1515 Club in Paris , France , Heaven and G-A-Y in London , England . The song was also used as the penultimate number of Cyrus ' Wonder World Tour ( 2009 ) , her first world tour . The performances began with backup dancers in bodysuits marching as they emerged from the bottom of the stage . The banging of a gong announced Cyrus ' arrival . She dressed in a white tank top and shorts , boots , and a metallic vest . Cyrus and the multiple backup dancers performed elaborate dance routines as images on overhead screens depicted geometric patterns . The dancers exited the stage by throwing themselves inside the stage as Cyrus prepared for the next performance . Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times , who attended the September 22 , 2009 , concert at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California , referred to the performance of `` See You Again '' as an uptempo highlight that was , however , unable `` to give her fans a deeper idea of who she is and what her music means '' . On September 15 , 2017 , exactly 10 years after the single was released , Cyrus performed `` See You Again '' for the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge accompanied with other songs like `` Malibu '' , `` Younger Now '' , `` Party in the U.S.A. '' and a cover of Roberta Flack 's `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' . It was the first performance of the song in nearly six years . Cover versions ( edit ) Electropop duo , Breathe Carolina covered `` See You Again '' on the compilation Punk Goes Pop 2 . English electropop singer Little Boots recorded a cover version of `` See You Again '' that surfaced the Internet in December 2008 . In an interview with Digital Spy , Little Boots said , `` That 's a wicked song ! The line ' My best friend Lesley said , `` Oh she 's just being Miley '' ' is awesome . Me and my friend have been obsessing over that lyrics for ages now , it 's getting ridiculous ! '' Breathe Carolina 's act consisted of a balance of pop punk and rock music , which stood out to their record label , Fearless Records . Because of it , Fearless Records decided to reserve a spot for them on their upcoming compilation Punk Goes Pop 2 ( 2009 ) , where they performed a cover version of `` See You Again '' , produced by Mike Green . Breathe Carolina included their version of `` See You Again '' in their set list for the Warped Tour 2009 . The cover later appeared on the deluxe edition of the band 's second studio album Hello Fascination ( 2010 ) . Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format United Kingdom August 21 , 2008 CD single Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 -- 08 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 6 Austrian Singles Chart 30 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 43 Canadian Hot 100 Czech Airplay Singles Chart 69 Eurochart Hot 100 Singles 38 German Singles Chart 52 Hungarian Singles Chart 7 Irish Singles Chart 13 New Zealand Singles Chart 11 Slovakian Airplay Singles Chart 45 UK Singles Chart 11 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Pop Songs US Adult Pop Songs 21 Venezuela Pop Rock ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 26 Canadian Hot 100 21 New Zealand Singles Chart 43 UK Singles Chart 103 US Billboard Hot 100 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 0 United States ( RIAA ) 3x Platinum 2,456,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Miley Cyrus interview : I 'm going to hire an acting coach '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( December 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' Hannah Montana ' Star Miley Cyrus Ready To Break Out , Hilary - Style '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( July 4 , 2007 ) . `` Cyrus Sidesteps Clarkson To Debut At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walmart Soundcheck : Interview -- Part 2 '' . Walmart Soundcheck . Wal - Mart . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` I surrender , Miley Cyrus ! '' . Entertainment Weekly : Popwatch . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani , Sal ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus -- Breakout '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dosanjh , Ash ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Miley Cyrus -- Breakout '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Digital sheet music -- Miley Cyrus -- See You Again '' . Musicnotes.com . Alfred Publishing . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Timmermann , Josh ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` Miley Cyrus : Breakout '' . PopMatters . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Chuck ( January 12 , 2008 ) . `` Singles : See You Again '' . Billboard . New York : Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 120 ( 2 ) : 64 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Mikael ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Live review : Miley Cyrus ' ' Wonder World ' concert at Staples Center '' . The Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lang , George . `` Music Review : Miley Cyrus , `` Breakout '' ( Hollywood ) `` . The Oklahoman . Oklahoma Publishing Company . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again ( Legal Title ) '' . BMI.com . Broadcast Music Incorporated . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : `` Week of December 22 , 2007 '' `` . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : `` Week of February 16 , 2008 '' `` . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Lil Wayne Scores First Hot 100 Chart - Topper '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` See You Again '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Week Ending Aug. 25 , 2013 . Songs : Robin & Marvin '' . Chart Watch . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miley Cyrus -- See You Again ( Song ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2008 Singles '' . ARIA.com.au . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miley Cyrus -- See You Again ( Song ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Gold / Platinum Singles '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Radioscope . September 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats -- Miley Cyrus -- See You Again '' . Chartstats.com . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- Miley Cyrus '' . Chartstats.com . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Miley Cyrus '' . Irish-charts.com . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Single ( track ) top 10 lista -- és válogatáslemez - lista -- 200952 '' . Mahasz ( in Hungarian ) . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford , Kristin ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` The Cheetah Girls at Disney Channel Games '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus to appear on ' Idol Gives Back ' '' . msnbc.com . NBC Universal and Microsoft . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Jane ( December 15 , 2007 ) . `` Young fans show Hannah Montana love '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Sun Media Corporation . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miley Cyrus ( 2008 ) . Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert . Walt Disney Records . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Thanks Fans For Their Support During Disney Games Set '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus -- See You Again '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( May 19 , 2008 ) . `` Jonas Brothers , New Kids on the Block , Miley Cyrus Earn Fans ' Shrieks at Zootopia '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sterns , Olivia ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Miley Ready to ' Breakout ' After VF ' Mistake ' '' . ABC News . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus Performs ' 7 Things ' on ' Today Show ' ( July 25 , 2008 ) '' . Access Hollywood . NBC Universal Television Distribution . July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Miley Cyrus -- BBBC Switch Live '' . BBC Online . BBC . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inaugural Committee Announces Talent Lineup for Neighborhood Inaugural Ball and Kids ' Inaugural Concert '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( January 19 , 2009 ) . `` Jonas Brothers , Miley Cyrus Entertain Vets ( And Obamas ) At ' Kids ' Inaugural ' '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes : Live from London '' . iTunes Store United Kingdom . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus -- A Time for Heroes Celebrity Carnival '' . InStyle . IPC Media . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Rocks Out at the AIDS Benefit in LA ! '' . Seventeen . Hearst Corporation . June 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` My oh Miley ! Disney star struts around on stage in a VERY racy costume '' . Daily Mail . Daily Mail and General Trust . May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Llewellyn , Howell ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Miley Cyrus To Play Rock In Rio Madrid '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus Private Concert in Paris '' . Terra.com . Terra Networks . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Alison ( June 7 , 2010 ) . `` Wild child Miley Ca n't Be Tamed '' . The Sun . News International . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Miley Cyrus ( 2010 ) . Ca n't Be Tamed ( Deluxe Edition ) ( Live in London ) . Hollywood Records . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus Returned To Live Lounge And Performed ' See You Again ' In The Year 2017 '' . MTV News . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( December 28 , 2008 ) . `` Ones To Watch In 2009 : Little Boots '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi Ltd . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Michael ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` Breathe Carolina 's Kyle Evans discusses the joys and dangers of the Warped Tour '' . Westword . Village Voice Media . p. 2 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hello Fascination ( Deluxe Edition ) by Breathe Carolina '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/See-You-Again-2008-Edit/dp/B001E4424Q/ref=sr_1_33?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1430294305&sr=1-33 Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus - See You Again ( Song ) '' . Austriancharts.at . Ö3 Austria Top 75 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus - See You Again ( Song ) '' . Ultratop.be/nl ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again -- Radio Top100 Oficiální '' . IFPIcr.cz . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cyrus , Miley ( Hannah Montana ) : See You Again ( 2 - track ) '' . Musicline.de ( in Dutch ) . Media Control Charts . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Owns My Heart -- Radio Top100 Oficiálna '' . IFPIcr.sk . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 2008 - 04 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2008 '' . ARIA.com.au . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2008 - Canadian Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIANZ Annual Top 50 Singles Chart 2008 ( see `` 2008 -- Singles '' ) `` . RIANZ.org.nz . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Year - end Songs 2008 '' ( PDF ) . ChartsPlus . The Official Charts Company . p. 5 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2008 - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2009 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Miley Cyrus -- See You Again '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) `` See You Again '' music video on YouTube ( posted by Polydor Records ) ( hide ) Miley Cyrus songs Discography Meet Miley Cyrus `` See You Again '' `` Start All Over '' `` I Miss You '' Breakout `` Breakout '' `` 7 Things '' `` Fly on the Wall '' The Time of Our Lives `` Party In The U.S.A. '' `` When I Look at You '' `` The Climb '' Ca n't Be Tamed `` Liberty Walk '' `` Who Owns My Heart '' `` Ca n't Be Tamed '' `` Every Rose Has Its Thorn '' Bangerz `` Adore You '' `` We Ca n't Stop '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` 4x4 '' `` Wrecking Ball '' `` # GetItRight '' `` Drive '' `` FU '' `` Someone Else '' Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz `` Dooo It ! '' `` BB Talk '' `` Lighter '' Younger Now `` Younger Now '' `` Malibu '' `` Week Without You '' `` Inspired '' Collaborations `` Ready , Set , Do n't Go '' `` Send It On '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Nothing to Lose '' `` Decisions '' `` Ashtrays and Heartbreaks '' `` Fall Down '' `` 23 '' `` Real and True '' `` Feelin ' Myself '' `` Come Get It Bae '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' Other songs `` I Thought I Lost You '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' `` Part of Your World '' `` Hoedown Throwdown '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Butterfly Fly Away '' `` My Sad Christmas Song '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=See_You_Again_(Miley_Cyrus_song)&oldid=816896243 '' Categories : 2007 singles Debut singles Miley Cyrus songs Songs written by Antonina Armato Songs written by Tim James ( record producer ) Hollywood Records singles Songs written by Miley Cyrus Song recordings produced by Rock Mafia 2007 songs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Cite certification used with missing parameters Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 13 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote see you again by miley cyrus | [
"\"See You Again\" is the debut single by American recording artist Miley Cyrus. It was recorded for Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus (2007), the second soundtrack album from the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana and the debut studio album of Cyrus. It was written by Cyrus (credited as Destiny Hope Cyrus) with the song's producers Antonina Armato and Tim James. It was released as the lead single from the album by Hollywood Records. Later, it was remixed by Rock Mafia and released on August 25, 2008 by Hollywood Records, as the second single from Cyrus' second studio album, Breakout (2008). Musically, the track is a pop rock number that contains influences from various musical genres, including electronic music. Lyrically, the track speaks of teenage romance.",
"\"See You Again\" is the debut single by American recording artist Miley Cyrus. It was recorded for Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus (2007), the second soundtrack album from the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana and the debut studio album of Cyrus. It was written by Cyrus (credited as Destiny Hope Cyrus) with the song's producers Antonina Armato and Tim James. It was released as the lead single from the album by Hollywood Records. Later, it was remixed by Rock Mafia and released on August 25, 2008 by Hollywood Records, as the second single from Cyrus' second studio album, Breakout (2008). Musically, the track is a pop rock number that contains influences from various musical genres, including electronic music. Lyrically, the track speaks of teenage romance.",
"\"See You Again\" is the debut single by American recording artist Miley Cyrus. It was recorded for Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus (2007), the second soundtrack album from the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana and the debut studio album of Cyrus. It was written by Cyrus (credited as Destiny Hope Cyrus) with the song's producers Antonina Armato and Tim James. It was released as the lead single from the album by Hollywood Records. Later, it was remixed by Rock Mafia and released on August 25, 2008 by Hollywood Records, as the second single from Cyrus' second studio album, Breakout (2008). Musically, the track is a pop rock number that contains influences from various musical genres, including electronic music. Lyrically, the track speaks of teenage romance."
] | [
"Miley Cyrus",
"Antonina Armato",
"Antonina"
] |
1737560198485185802 | Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series) | Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) - wikipedia Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clifford the Big Red Dog Genre Education Comedy Fantasy Based on Clifford the Big Red Dog by Norman Bridwell Directed by John Over Voices of John Ritter Grey DeLisle Cree Summer Kel Mitchell Cam Clarke Kath Soucie Gary LeRoi Gray Ulysses Cuadra Earl Boen Edie McClurg Nick Jameson Tony Plana Composer ( s ) Josh Mancell Mark Mothersbaugh Country of origin United States United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 65 ( 130 Segments ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Deborah Forte Gary Conrad Running time 30 minutes ( 15 minutes per segment ) ( approx . per episode ) Production company ( s ) Scholastic Productions Mike Young Productions Release Original network PBS Kids ( US ) BBC ( UK ) Original release September 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 04 ) -- February 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 25 ) Chronology Followed by Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford the Big Red Dog is an American - British educational animated children 's television series , based upon Norman Bridwell 's children 's book series of the same name . Produced by Scholastic Productions , it originally aired on PBS Kids from September 4 , 2000 to February 25 , 2003 . The UK version ( where it was dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original American soundtrack ) originally aired on BBC 2 on April 1 , 2002 . Two 15 - minute stories made up each half - hour cartoon . Usually one story featured Clifford and his canine friends , Cleo and T - Bone among them ; the other story would focus on Clifford 's owner Emily Elizabeth and her friends . During scenes focusing on the dog character 's perspective , human speech would replace barking to engage viewers in the storyline from the dogs ' point of view . John Ritter voiced Clifford in all episodes . This was originally done by Brent Titcomb in the series that debuted in 1988 and ran into the early 1990s . Generally speaking , his schedule dictated the production of Clifford the Big Red Dog . By the time the last of the 68 half - hour cartoons and the movie were completed , Ritter was back on ABC 's prime - time schedule , starring in 8 Simple Rules . Ritter 's death on September 11 , 2003 came less than a week before PBS debuted Clifford 's Puppy Days , a function of keeping Clifford 's legacy going . While no new Clifford episodes have been released since Ritter 's death in 2003 , voice actors for the main characters have reprised some of their roles for the Ready to Learn PBS Kids PSAs . The film Clifford 's Really Big Movie serves as the series finale due to Ritter 's death , as no new episodes were made to continue from where it left off . However , Clifford 's Puppy Days still continued to air until its cancellation in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Dogs 1.2 Humans 2 Setting 3 Format 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Episodes 7 In other media 7.1 Film 7.2 Video games 7.2. 1 Original series 7.2. 2 Modern series 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Characters ( edit ) Dogs ( edit ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( voiced by John Ritter ; Tom Eastwood in the British version ) : A giant red Labrador Retriever / Vizsla cross . The depiction of Clifford 's size is inconsistent ; he is often shown as being about 25 feet tall ( 7.6 m ) from paws to head , but can appear far larger . The character is based on the imaginary friend of creator Norman Bridwell 's wife . Clifford is devoted to his owner Emily Elizabeth . He is friendly , shy , lovable , loyal , gentle and helpful but sometimes gets into trouble because of his size , or is tempted into trouble by his friends and those he meets . Despite being the protagonist , he seldom has episodes focusing on him , usually serving as the voice - of - reason for his friend 's adventures . Cleo ( voiced by Cree Summer ; Regine Candler in the British version ) : An energetic , selfish , trouble - making purple poodle with a tendency to not tell the truth . Her catchphrase is `` Have I ever steered you wrong ? '' which she inadvertently does immediately after . She is one of Clifford 's best friends . Her owner is Mrs. Diller . T - Bone ( voiced by Kel Mitchell ; Benjamin Small in the British version ) : A male yellow and orange bulldog with a large appetite . He is often cowardly , clumsy , and cautious , but does have his moments of bravery . He is one of Clifford 's best friends . T - Bone is in love with Mimi , another dog who visits from time to time . His owner is Sheriff Lewis . T - Bone had a best friend named Hamburger ( voiced by Kel Mitchell 's longtime comedy partner Kenan Thompson ) who moved away before Clifford arrived . Mac ( voiced by Cameron Clarke ) : A male blue greyhound with an inflated sense of self - importance , who shifts between aloofness and wanting to be part of Clifford , Cleo , and T - Bone 's circle of friends . Mac competes in dog shows . He can be vain , bossy and selfish . However , he appears to be devoted to his owner Jetta . It is revealed in a few episodes that his name is short for Machiavelli . Humans ( edit ) Emily Elizabeth Howard ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ; Joanna Ruiz in the British version ) : Clifford 's eight - year - old owner . A friendly , curious , and helpful girl . The best skater on the island , and also very good at soccer . Emily Elizabeth adopted Clifford when he was a very small puppy , when her parents gave him to her on her 6th birthday . Emily 's love apparently caused Clifford to grow enormous , thus starting their new lives on Birdwell Island . Just like Clifford , she rarely has episodes about her and ends up being the voice of reason . Emily was named for creator Norman Bridwell 's daughter and based on the imaginary adventures of Bridwell 's wife . Caroline Howard ( also voiced by Grey DeLisle ) : Emily Elizabeth 's mom Mark Howard ( voiced by Cameron Clarke ) : Emily Elizabeth 's dad Charley ( voiced by Gary LeRoi Gray ) : Emily Elizabeth 's best friend and the best soccer player on the Birdwell Birds ( the school soccer team ) . He lives on a houseboat with his father , who owns a restaurant . Samuel ( voiced by Terrence C. Carson ) : Charley 's father and the Jamaican owner of Samuel 's Fish and Chips . He is a great storyteller and runs most of the pier . Jetta Handover ( voiced by Kath Soucie ) : Mac 's owner . She is a wealthy , self - centered friend of Emily Elizabeth who is often oblivious to others ' feelings . She is often shown leading parades and competing in talent shows as a majorette . Jetta often claims her accomplishments are bigger or better than others ' and finds herself humbled when she aims too high to the point where she needs help . Her mother owns one of the island stores and seems somewhat oblivious to Jetta 's behavior . She often appears to dislike Clifford , criticizing him for minor accidents caused by his size , but occasionally she will show that she really does like him . Cosmo Handover ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) is the infant brother of Jetta . He is first seen in the episode `` And Baby Makes 4 '' . Vaz ( voiced by Ulysses Cuadra ) : Somewhat clumsy and shy boy who is friends with Emily Elizabeth and Charley . Sheriff Lewis ( voiced by Nick Jameson ) : T - Bone 's owner . The island 's sheriff and the soccer coach . He feeds T - Bone often , ( explaining why T - Bone is overweight ) . He had a best friend named Chief Wilson who moved away with T - Bone 's best buddy , Hamburger . Ms. Diller ( voiced by Cree Summer ) : Cleo 's owner . Horace Bleakman ( voiced by Earl Boen ) lives with his wife Violet . He is often grumpy and impatient about the noise and mess Clifford inadvertently causes , but he is still a good neighbor and helps Clifford and the others from time to time . Violet Bleakman ( voiced by Edie McClurg ) is the first neighbor of the Howards to introduce herself . She is a little more nice , calm , and patient than her cranky husband Horace . Pedro and Victor ( both voiced by Tony Plana ) are dock workers who help unload the boat in `` Welcome to Birdwell Island '' . Setting ( edit ) Birdwell Island Series Clifford the Big Red Dog Type Island First appearance `` My Best Friend '' Last appearance Clifford 's Really Big Movie The TV series takes place in the fictional island of Birdwell Island , where Clifford lives . The name is inspired by Norman Bridwell , the author of the books , but the letters I and R are switched . It is based on Martha 's Vineyard , where Bridwell lived . Emily Elizabeth used to live in an apartment in New York City , but she moved away with her parents and Clifford to Birdwell Island because her mother told her that a small apartment is no place for a big dog like Clifford . Format ( edit ) The series has at least 5 segments in the show , which are : Theme Song 1st Story - The opening theme is followed by the first central story , which is about the dogs , and a problem they face . Storytime with Speckle - Between the first and second story , Emily Elizabeth reads Clifford the Speckle Story , a small 60 seconds ( approximately ) time filler about a fictional dog ( Speckle ) , and his animal friends . 2nd Story - This is followed by another central story , about Emily Elizabeth and her friends . Clifford 's Big Ideas - Before the credits , another 30 - second short takes place called Clifford 's Big Ideas . The short is basically an animation of an etiquette , a proverb , or basic truth such as `` Play Fair '' , `` Help Others '' , etc. , with narration by Emily Elizabeth . Production ( edit ) This series was produced by Mike Young Productions and Scholastic Studios . Broadcast ( edit ) Clifford The Big Red Dog is shown on BBC One and Tiny Pop in United Kingdom . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Clifford the Big Red Dog episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 40 September 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 04 ) December 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 05 ) 25 May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) February 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 25 ) In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) In 2004 , Warner Bros. Pictures distributed a feature - length animated film based on the show titled Clifford 's Really Big Movie . It was about Clifford , Cleo and T - Bone joining an animal show to win a lifetime supply of dog food to provide for Clifford . This was John Ritter 's last film as he died on September 11 , 2003 , after completing voice work for the film . The film was dedicated to his memory . The movie also stars Wayne Brady as Shackleford the Ferret , Judge Reinhold as Amazing Larry , John Goodman as George Wolfsbottom , and Jenna Elfman as Dorothy the Cow . The film also serves as the series finale . Video games ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Clifford 's Reading Clifford 's Thinking Games Modern series ( edit ) Clifford 's Learning Activities Clifford 's Musical Memory Games Clifford 's Phonics Clifford 's Big Puzzle Game ( A Wendy 's Kids ' Meal DVD game , available for a limited time only ) See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie References ( edit ) ^ Media and Culture , 5th ed. , Richard Campbell , Christopher R. Martin and Bettina Fabos . ^ Jump up to : `` Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) ( 2000 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` He 's Big ! He 's Red ! He 's Coming to PBS Kids ! Scholastic Productions ' `` Clifford the Big Red Dog '' Animated Series Debuts on PBS Fall 2000 '' ( Press release ) . PBS . January 7 , 2000 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( July 13 , 2000 ) . `` PBS gives kids new Saturday morning shows '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Markstein , Donald D. `` Don Markstein 's Toonopedia : Clifford the Big Red Dog '' . www.toonopedia.com . Jump up ^ `` The Cast of Clifford the Big Red Dog ® '' . PBS Kids . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Little Clifford '' 19 September 2000 , 6 candles on cake Jump up ^ Alvarez , Victor Paul ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) . `` ' Clifford the Big Red Dog ' Author Dies at 86 '' . Boston.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Clifford the Big Red Dog on IMDb Official site of book series Clifford the Big Red Dog at TV.com Good article about Clifford 's creation Norman Bridwell 's Clifford the Big Red Dog Clifford ( character ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 1988 series ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) List of episodes Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie PBS Kids original programming Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Thomas & Friends ( 1989 -- 2017 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Lamb Chop 's Play Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why ! ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Animalia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Biz Kid $ ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Martha Speaks ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Lomax , the Hound of Music ( 2008 ) The Electric Company ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 2010s debuts SciGirls ( 2010 - 2018 ) Mack & Moxy ( 2016 ) Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Cyberchase ( since 2002 ) Bob the Builder ( since 2005 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! ( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Let 's Go Luna ! ( Fall 2018 ) Molly of Denali ( Summer 2019 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go ! PBS Kids Preschool Block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clifford_the_Big_Red_Dog_(TV_series)&oldid=841291185 '' Categories : Television programs based on children 's books American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Series of children 's books PBS network shows English - language television programs 2000s American animated television series 2000 American television series debuts 2003 American television series endings Television shows set in Vermont Preschool education television series 2000s British animated television series 2000 British television programme debuts 2003 British television programme endings BBC children 's television programmes Television shows about dogs Television series about friendship Size change in fiction PBS Kids shows American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series British children 's animated television programmes British fantasy television series American television series with live action and animation British television series with live action and animation Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from July 2013 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Română Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 23 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the voice for clifford the big red dog | [
"\nClifford the Big Red Dog (voiced by John Ritter; Tom Eastwood in the British version): A giant red Labrador Retriever/Vizsla cross. The depiction of Clifford's size is inconsistent; he is often shown as being about 25 feet tall (7.6 m) from paws to head, but can appear far larger. The character is based on the imaginary friend of creator Norman Bridwell's wife.[5] Clifford is devoted to his owner Emily Elizabeth. He is friendly, shy, lovable, loyal, gentle and helpful but sometimes gets into trouble because of his size, or is tempted into trouble by his friends and those he meets. Despite being the protagonist, he seldom has episodes focusing on him, usually serving as the voice-of-reason for his friend's adventures.\nCleo (voiced by Cree Summer; Regine Candler in the British version): An energetic, selfish, trouble-making purple poodle with a tendency to not tell the truth. Her catchphrase is \"Have I ever steered you wrong?\" which she inadvertently does immediately after. She is one of Clifford's best friends. Her owner is Mrs. Diller.\nT-Bone (voiced by Kel Mitchell; Benjamin Small in the British version): A male yellow and orange bulldog with a large appetite. He is often cowardly, clumsy, and cautious, but does have his moments of bravery. He is one of Clifford's best friends. T-Bone is in love with Mimi, another dog who visits from time to time. His owner is Sheriff Lewis.\n\nT-Bone had a best friend named Hamburger (voiced by Kel Mitchell's longtime comedy partner Kenan Thompson) who moved away before Clifford arrived.\n\n\nMac (voiced by Cameron Clarke): A male blue greyhound with an inflated sense of self-importance, who shifts between aloofness and wanting to be part of Clifford, Cleo, and T-Bone's circle of friends. Mac competes in dog shows. He can be vain, bossy and selfish. However, he appears to be devoted to his owner Jetta. It is revealed in a few episodes that his name is short for Machiavelli.\n",
"\nClifford the Big Red Dog (voiced by John Ritter; Tom Eastwood in the British version): A giant red Labrador Retriever/Vizsla cross. The depiction of Clifford's size is inconsistent; he is often shown as being about 25 feet tall (7.6 m) from paws to head, but can appear far larger. The character is based on the imaginary friend of creator Norman Bridwell's wife.[5] Clifford is devoted to his owner Emily Elizabeth. He is friendly, shy, lovable, loyal, gentle and helpful but sometimes gets into trouble because of his size, or is tempted into trouble by his friends and those he meets. Despite being the protagonist, he seldom has episodes focusing on him, usually serving as the voice-of-reason for his friend's adventures.\nCleo (voiced by Cree Summer; Regine Candler in the British version): An energetic, selfish, trouble-making purple poodle with a tendency to not tell the truth. Her catchphrase is \"Have I ever steered you wrong?\" which she inadvertently does immediately after. She is one of Clifford's best friends. Her owner is Mrs. Diller.\nT-Bone (voiced by Kel Mitchell; Benjamin Small in the British version): A male yellow and orange bulldog with a large appetite. He is often cowardly, clumsy, and cautious, but does have his moments of bravery. He is one of Clifford's best friends. T-Bone is in love with Mimi, another dog who visits from time to time. His owner is Sheriff Lewis.\n\nT-Bone had a best friend named Hamburger (voiced by Kel Mitchell's longtime comedy partner Kenan Thompson) who moved away before Clifford arrived.\n\n\nMac (voiced by Cameron Clarke): A male blue greyhound with an inflated sense of self-importance, who shifts between aloofness and wanting to be part of Clifford, Cleo, and T-Bone's circle of friends. Mac competes in dog shows. He can be vain, bossy and selfish. However, he appears to be devoted to his owner Jetta. It is revealed in a few episodes that his name is short for Machiavelli.\n"
] | [
"John Ritter",
"Tom Eastwood"
] |
6554423586005355606 | Super Bowl LII | Super Bowl LII - wikipedia Super Bowl LII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) New England Patriots ( AFC ) 41 33 Total PHI 9 13 7 12 41 NE 9 14 7 33 Date February 4 , 2018 Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota MVP Nick Foles , Quarterback Favorite Patriots by 5.5 Referee Gene Steratore Attendance 67,612 Ceremonies National anthem Pink Coin toss Hershel W. Williams , representing Medal of Honor recipients Halftime show Justin Timberlake TV in the United States Network NBC Universo ( Spanish language ) Announcers Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Edgar López ( play - by - play - Universo ) René Giraldo and Rolando Cantú ( analysts - Universo ) Verónica Contreras ( sidelines - Universo ) Nielsen ratings 43.1 ( national ) 56.2 ( Philadelphia ) 55.9 ( Boston ) U.S. viewership : 103.4 million est . avg . Market share 68 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $5 million Radio in the United States Network Westwood One ESPN Deportes Radio ( Spanish language ) Announcers Kevin Harlan ( play - by - play ) Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren ( analysts ) Ed Werder and Tony Boselli ( sideline reporters ) Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play - ESPN Deportes Radio ) Raúl Allegre ( analyst - ESPN Deportes Radio ) John Sutcliffe ( sideline - ESPN Deportes Radio ) ← LI Super Bowl LIII → Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference ( AFC ) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city . New England finished the regular season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 record , then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten , their third in four years , and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . Philadelphia also finished the regular season with an NFC - best 13 -- 3 record , a year after Dallas did it in 2016 , but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season - ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles . Still , the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance , having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX . Several records were set during Super Bowl LII , including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined ( 1,151 ) , the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl ( one ) , and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team ( 33 ) . The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1 : 05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points , and Brady 's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired . Foles , who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception , and caught a one - yard touchdown pass , was named Super Bowl MVP . Foles ' touchdown catch later became known as The Philly Special and joined NFL lore . The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years , with an average of 103.4 million viewers . Average TV viewership for the halftime show , headlined by Justin Timberlake , was 106.6 million American television viewers , 9 percent less than the previous year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - city selection 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 2 New England Patriots 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pre-game notes 1.4. 1 Operations 1.4. 2 Associated events 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Advertising 2.1. 2 Lead - out programs 2.2 International broadcasts 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pre-game 3.2 Halftime show 4 Game summary 4.1 First Quarter 4.2 Second Quarter 4.3 Third Quarter 4.4 Fourth Quarter 4.5 Game statistics 4.6 Box score 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual statistics 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host - city selection ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where Super Bowl LII was held . On October 8 , 2013 , the league announced that three venues would vie to host Super Bowl LII : U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which was torn down after the 2013 season and replaced in 2014 and 2015 by U.S. Bank Stadium . Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The city has hosted 10 Super Bowls , including seven at the Superdome , most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . On May 20 , 2014 , the league 's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta , Georgia . Teams ( edit ) The NFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles , while the AFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed New England Patriots , marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Nick Foles in 2014 . The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , the same as New England , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh , but the various tie - breaking provisions gave them the NFC 's top seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . It was a substantial improvement for the team under second - year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7 -- 9 records . In the 2017 season , the team scored 457 points ( third in the NFL ) , while giving up just 295 ( fourth ) points . The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz . In just his second season , he recorded a passer rating of 101.9 , throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns , with only seven interceptions . His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz , who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns . Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off - season free agency : Alshon Jeffery , who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores ; and Torrey Smith , who had 36 receptions for 430 yards . Meanwhile , third - year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career , hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns , a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined . The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players , LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi . Blount , an off - season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots , gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns , while Ajayi , picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins , rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams . Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line , lead by two Pro Bowl selections : Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks . The Eagles defense allowed the fourth - fewest yards in the league ( 4,904 ) . Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career , recording 5 ⁄ sacks and two fumble recoveries , and he had plenty of help around him , such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long , who had five sacks and forced four fumbles , and defensive end Brandon Graham , who led the team with 9 ⁄ sacks . Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88 . The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins , who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions , along with cornerback Patrick Robinson , who led the team with four interceptions . Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games , but suffered a major setback on December 10 , when Wentz went down with a season - ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles , who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles . Still , Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game , as well as the next two . The Eagles lost a meaningless week 17 matchup with the Cowboys led by third - string quarterback Nate Sudfeld . Then in their two playoff games , Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards , three touchdowns and no interceptions . New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New England Patriots season Tom Brady in 2016 . The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions . For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65 - year old coach Bill Belichick , they recorded a double - digit win season , finishing the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , one of four teams ( along with Philadelphia , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh ) with that record . By virtue of the tie - breaking procedures , they were granted the AFC 's number one overall seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . The previous season 's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season - ending injury . Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2 -- 2 record after four weeks , and the worst overall defense in the league at that point . The defense came together as a unit , and tighten up over the rest of the season however , with the Patriots going 11 -- 1 after week 4 . Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins , a division rival , though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one - game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week . The Patriots ' defense was improved by several late - season free - agent signings , including Eric Lee , a defensive end , previously from the Buffalo Bills , whom the Patriots signed in Week 12 , and James Harrison , a perennial All - Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers , whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas . In just six games for New England , Lee recorded 3 ⁄ sacks , a safety , and an interception . In his only regular season game with the Patriots , Harrison recorded two sacks . During the regular season , New England 's offense led the league in yards gained ( 6,307 ) and ranked second in points scored ( 458 ) . The 40 - year - old Brady finished his 18th season with a league - leading 4,577 passing yards , 32 touchdowns and just eight interceptions , earning him his 13th selection to the Pro Bowl and his third league MVP award . One change that helped make up for the loss of Edelman was the acquisition of receiver Brandin Cooks , who caught 65 passes for 1,082 yards and seven touchdowns . Brady was also aided by the healthy return of Gronkowski , who had played just eight games in the previous season , finishing this year with 69 catches for 1,084 yards and eight scores . Receiver Danny Amendola added 61 receptions for 659 yards , as well as another 240 yards returning punts . With the loss of their previous season 's rushing leader LeGarrette Blount to free agency , Dion Lewis stepped up to take the lead , rushing for 896 yards and six touchdowns despite starting only eight games . He also caught 32 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns and added 570 yards and another touchdown returning kickoffs . Rex Burkhead chipped in 518 all - purpose yards , 30 receptions , and eight touchdowns . In passing situations , the team relied heavily on running back James White , who caught 56 passes for 429 yards and rushed for 171 on the ground . These backs were aided by the blocking of fullback James Develin , who earned his first Pro Bowl selection . On special teams , kicker Stephen Gostkowski ranked second in the NFL with 156 points and fourth in field goals made with 37 , while veteran special team ace Matthew Slater earned his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection . The Patriots ' defense ranked only 29th in yards allowed ( 5,856 ) , but ranked fifth in fewest points , giving up only 296 . Defensive end Trey Flowers led the team with 6 ⁄ sacks while also forcing two fumbles . Linebacker Kyle Van Noy had 73 tackles and 5 ⁄ sacks . The Patriots also had a superb secondary , led by cornerbacks Malcolm Butler ( two interceptions , three forced fumbles ) and Stephon Gilmore ( two interceptions , 47 solo tackles ) , as well as safeties Devin McCourty ( 97 combined tackles , one interception , one fumble recovery ) , Patrick Chung ( 84 tackles , one interception , two fumble recoveries ) and Duron Harmon ( four interceptions ) . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs In the playoffs , the Patriots earned a first - round bye and home - field advantage due to their status as the AFC 's first overall seed . In the divisional round , they defeated the Tennessee Titans 35 -- 14 , as Brady passed for 337 yards and three touchdowns . In that game , the defense amassed eight quarterback sacks of Marcus Mariota and held the Titans ' running game to 65 yards rushing . They then defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 24 -- 20 in the AFC Championship Game , rallying from behind to win the game after the Jaguars jumped out to an early 14 -- 3 lead and whose league - best defense stymied Brady and the rest of the offense for most of the first half . Down 20 -- 10 in the fourth quarter , the Patriots comeback was sealed by two Brady - led drives , both resulting in touchdown passes to Danny Amendola , as well as a key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore , whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville 's last chance to score . Rob Gronkowski was injured in the game with a concussion , leaving his status for the Super Bowl in doubt . Amendola was the breakout star for the Patriots during their two playoff wins , leading the team with 196 receiving yards , and serving as Brady 's primary target . Meanwhile , Philadelphia started off the divisional round by narrowly defeating the Atlanta Falcons 15 -- 10 , by stopping the Falcons on four consecutive plays after they had a first - down - and - goal situation on the Eagles 9 - yard line during their final drive . They then soundly defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship Game . Despite the Vikings scoring on their opening drive , the Eagles defense held them to three punts , two turnovers on downs , two interceptions , and one lost fumble in their remaining drives of the game . Meanwhile , Foles had a great game , in which he completed 26 of 33 passes for 353 yards and three touchdowns . Pre-game notes ( edit ) This game was a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX . Only one player , Patriots starting quarterback Tom Brady , remained on either roster from that contest . Bill Belichick , the Patriots ' head coach in that contest , also remained in that position . Two Eagles , running back LeGarrette Blount and defensive lineman Chris Long , had been Patriots in 2017 's Super Bowl LI . The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII , because the AFC team is the designated home team in even - numbered years and the NFC team in odd - numbered years . As the designated home team , the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants , becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back - to - back Super Bowls , following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII . The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants . Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys . The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV ( who , coincidentally , had also worn green jerseys ) . Operations ( edit ) Security prescreening at the Mall of America before boarding the Metro Blue Line to U.S. Bank Stadium . To coordinate the game and 10 days of events , the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium . More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days . Among them were some 5,000 - plus media members ; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota . No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events , including parking . To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium , the stadium 's light rail station was shut down for 48 hours before the game , and a nearby homeless shelter was temporarily moved beyond the security perimeter . The Blue Line of the light rail system was only open to ticketholders and passengers with a Gameday Pass , while the Green Line only ran to Stadium Village station on the University of Minnesota campus before continuing on with restricted access . Metro Transit ran shuttle buses between light rail stations , as well as regular bus service was moved for several weeks due to street closures . Thirty activist groups organized a rally and protest against police brutality , corporate greed , and racist practices . 17 people blocked the Green Line train for 90 minutes before the game , and 200 protesters blocked an entrance to the stadium 's security perimeter . Under a 1998 agreement , the Patriots and Eagles owners split the tickets , and the league controlled the game presentation and entertainment in the stadium . The Patriots practiced at the Minnesota Vikings facilities in Eden Prairie while the Eagles used the University of Minnesota . The Eagles got the Vikings ' locker room and sideline . The Vikings had advanced to the NFC Championship Game before losing to the Eagles ; until that point , the possibility of the Vikings advancing to the Super Bowl and thus becoming the first team to play the game in its home stadium was plausible . Had that happened , the Vikings would have used their own locker rooms and training facilities , while the AFC champion would have used the University of Minnesota . Associated events ( edit ) Nicollet Mall hosted the outdoor Super Bowl Live festival during the lead - up to the game . The Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee presented Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis . This ten - day free festival and concert series featured Sheila E. , the Revolution , Morris Day and the Time , and the New Power Generation , musicians from Minnesota who collaborated with Prince , a Minneapolis native . Produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Super Bowl Live also included performances by Idina Menzel , Soul Asylum , the Suburbs , Bob Mould , Sounds of Blackness , Dessa , VocalEssence , Mint Condition , and the Jets . In addition to the concert series , Super Bowl Live featured a 200 - foot ( 61 m ) American Birkebeiner International Bridge on Nicollet Mall to showcase cross-country skiing , skijoring , fat - tire bicycle racing , and snow tubing demonstrations . There was also a snowmobile stunt show on February 3 . The NFL presented the Super Bowl Experience at the Minneapolis Convention Center from January 27 to February 3 with an entrance fee . Kelly Clarkson performed at the Minneapolis Armory and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl . The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez , Imagine Dragons , and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium . Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl . Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed `` listening session '' of his newest album at Prince 's Paisley Park . Dave Matthews Band will perform at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul . The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani , the Chainsmokers , Florida Georgia Line , and Kygo . Planners originally scheduled a 64,000 - square - foot ( 5,900 m ) traveling nightclub for 9500 people , but cancelled , moving its concerts into the main casino . Ellie Goulding 's appearance with Kygo was cancelled at the same time . The Mystic Lake Casino in Prior Lake , Minnesota , has the second - largest hotel in the Twin Cities metropolitan area , and Prior Lake hosted Super Bowl - week events including winter activities , a hotdish competition , and fundraisers . Other events were held at the Mall of America ( including Radio Row as a home for national shows ) , Saint Paul 's RiverCentre and Xcel Energy Center , the Minnesota Vikings ' Winter Park location in Eden Prairie , and the University of Minnesota . `` Taste of the NFL '' is a fundraiser for food banks and was held in Saint Paul . Minneapolis also offered a temporary zip - line across the Mississippi River near downtown . The Luminary Loppet around Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis featured fire dancing , an ice pyramid , and luminary candles at night . The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival took place leading up to , during and after the Super Bowl . Carnival organizers built a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities , as with Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 . The ice palace was planned , cancelled for lack of funds , then re-announced with sponsors . Events in Saint Paul will also include an extreme sports demonstration , a `` giant slide '' , and a block party . Officials in the capital city hoped to attract Minneapolis Super Bowl visitors . The Minneapolis Institute of Art had a free 20 - by - 40 - foot ( 6.1 m × 12.2 m ) , 6 - foot - tall ( 1.8 m ) ice maze . The Great Northern was a winter festival in the Twin Cities from January 25 to February 4 that included the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships , an ice bar , and an `` urban ski competition '' . ESPN broadcast its studio programming from the IDS Center in downtown Minneapolis , while Golf Channel ( a sister network of Super Bowl LII broadcaster NBC ) aired two live episodes of David Feherty 's eponymous series from the State Theatre . Native American communities of Minnesota performed nightly drum ceremonies . Various drumlines from around the state performed at different locations throughout the day . Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) NBC broadcast Super Bowl LII , as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL . NBC 's lead NFL team of play - by - play man Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth called the game . Sister cable network Universo carried a full Spanish language broadcast produced by Telemundo Deportes , with Edgar Lopez and Rene Giraldo . The Universo Spanish audio was also available on NBC through the SAP channel , where available . NBC employed 73 cameras within the stadium , and introduced `` volumetric - AR '' graphics featuring 3D body scanning of players . This was the last game in Westwood One 's current national radio contract with the NFL . Each participating team 's flagship station ( the Patriots Radio Network 's WBZ - FM / Boston , and the Eagles Radio Network 's WIP - FM / Philadelphia , along with WEMG / Camden , New Jersey for Spanish play - by - play ) carried the game with local announcers . ( For the second consecutive year , none of the local flagships are clear - channel stations , and thus the local commentators were only audible for free within each respective team 's immediate metropolitan area ; listeners who live outside the flagship stations ' broadcast ranges were required to subscribe to Sirius XM Radio or TuneIn Premium to access the local broadcasts . ) Under the terms of the Westwood One contract , any radio station that is not a local flagship , if it is to carry the game , is required to utilize the Westwood One feed . It was the first title win called by Eagles play - by - play announcer Merrill Reese , who has been the primary radio voice of the team since 1977 . Online streams of the game were provided by NBC . It was available on NBCSports.com , the NBC Sports app for mobile devices , tablets , connected - TV devices , and NBC.com without any required login . The Spanish - language broadcast was available on the Telemundo Deportes En Vivo app and TelemundoDeportes.com for desktop devices , connected TV devices , and tablets but not mobile devices . Under new digital rights deals that began with the 2017 -- 18 playoffs , Verizon still offers mobile streaming of games , but no longer holds exclusive rights to stream NFL games on smartphones or make them exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers . Instead , Verizon elected to use the deal to bolster its recent acquisition of Yahoo ! ; on January 9 , 2018 , Verizon announced that it would host streams of playoff games through the Yahoo ! Sports and go90 app , including Super Bowl LII . As a result of the deal , the online stream was available to viewers on all Internet devices for the first time , regardless of network ( because of Verizon 's previous exclusive rights deal , non-Verizon phones had previously been blocked from receiving any NFL telecasts , regardless of source ) . The game was also available through the NFL Mobile app with the aforementioned change to viewing through the app now being allowed on all mobile carriers . Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh served as the lead hosts for NBC 's pre-game coverage . Mike Tirico , who replaced the retiring Bob Costas in 2017 as NBC 's lead studio host for both the NFL and the Olympic Games , did not participate in coverage of Super Bowl LII due to his commitments to prepare for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea ( which opened on the Friday following the game ) . As NBC Sports Regional Networks operates regional sports networks in the markets of both teams which participated , the NBC Sports Boston and NBC Sports Philadelphia channels were used to provide additional coverage of the game from a local perspective . Both networks aired coverage from Minneapolis , including pre-game specials focusing on their respective team , followed by a joint broadcast immediately prior to the game . Nielsen reported a 47.4 / 70 % overnight rating in metered markets , peaking at 52.2 / 74 during the fourth quarter . These numbers are about 3 % lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI , and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 . Advertising ( edit ) Dan Lovinger , NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales , stated to Variety in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price `` north of $5 million '' ( the price set for the previous two Super Bowls ) for a 30 - second commercial during Super Bowl LII . As they began five days after the Super Bowl , NBC offered advertising packages that covered both Super Bowl LII and the 2018 Winter Olympics ( which marked the first time since 1992 that a single broadcast network had aired both the Super Bowl and Winter Olympics in the same year ) ; the network estimated that it would bring in at least $1 billion in advertising revenue from the two events . During the second quarter , an equipment failure caused NBC 's broadcast to experience dead air for 30 seconds during a commercial break . No actual commercial time was lost . Anheuser - Busch has , as it has done in previous Super Bowls , purchased multiple commercials in the game , advertising Bud Light , Stella Artois and Michelob Ultra . For the first time since Super Bowl VIII , the company reduced the appearances of the Budweiser Clydesdales in a Super Bowl commercial . However , a Clydesdale was featured in a commercial for Tide detergent and the Budweiser Clydesdales only appeared in a 5 - second Budweiser commercial to remind viewers of the `` ClydesdaleCam '' livestreaming event . Other signed advertisers included The Coca - Cola Company and Avocados from Mexico . Cellphone carrier T - Mobile aired a minute long ad with actress Kerry Washington narrating , featuring babies of various ethnic backgrounds . The commercial also features Nirvana 's song `` All Apologies '' played as a lullaby . In the ad , Washington talks about the babies being born with natural instincts of love and not racism calling them `` unstoppable '' and that they will demand fair and equal pay . T - Mobile CEO John Legere posted to his Twitter account afterwards saying , `` This year , we wanted to use our # SuperBowl airtime to share that @ TMobile believes we all started in the same place . We are more alike than different . And we are unstoppable . '' Fiat Chrysler subsidiary Ram Trucks was met with swift and harsh criticism for its use of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr 's sermon `` The Drum Major Instinct '' . Major news outlets and social media erupted in the controversy . Particularly disturbing to many viewers was the selective exploitation of King 's anti-consumerist , anti-advertising speech in an attempt to sell trucks . Lead - out programs ( edit ) NBC 's lead - out program was an episode of This Is Us , titled `` Super Bowl Sunday '' , alongside a special episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from Minneapolis ' Orpheum Theatre , with halftime performer Justin Timberlake , Dwayne Johnson , Chris Stapleton and the cast of This Is Us as guests . In a surprise move , Netflix used its advertising time to announce it had acquired the rights to The Cloverfield Paradox , the third film in the Cloverfield series , and would make it available immediately after the game , potentially undercutting viewership of the lucrative post-game slot on NBC . International broadcasts ( edit ) Rights holder ( s ) Australia The event aired live on the Seven Network and 7mate Brazil The Super Bowl was shown live by ESPN Brasil , with Paulo Antunes and Everaldo Marques as the announcers for the evening . It was also shown live on Cinemark , Cinépolis , Kinoplex and UCI movie theaters across the country . Canada Bell Canada holds broadcast rights for local stations in Canada and aired the game across its networks on CTV , CTV Two , RDS ( for French ) , TSN Radio and TSN2 ; TSN 's regional networks did not carry the game due to a schedule conflict with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts , the national women 's curling championship . Bell reprised the previous year 's usage of a sweepstakes and entertainment features to retain Canadian audiences . On RDS , the announcer was David Arsenault with Pierre Vercheval as analyst and Didier Orméjuste on the sidelines . France beIn Sports2 and W9 broadcast the event . Germany ProSieben broadcast the Super Bowl for the first time , after it had previously been on sister channel Sat. 1 since Super Bowl XLVI . It was shown for no additional cost in standard - definition and on ProSieben HD in high - definition on HD+ as well as multiple cable and IPTV providers . It was also available on internet streaming service DAZN for no cost in addition to the regular subscription fee . Philippines The 5 Network broadcast the event in the Philippines . United Kingdom As per recent years , Super Bowl LII aired live on BBC One for no additional cost over the license fee . It was also available on Sky Sports with a subscription , through a Now TV Sports Pass , or as part of the NFL Gamepass Playoffs package . In a change to tradition , the BBC chose to use NBC 's feed instead of the NFL Films and NFL Network produced World Feed . U.S. military bases American Forces Network carried the Super Bowl live to members of the United States Armed Forces in Eurasia . Entertainment ( edit ) Pre-game ( edit ) The inside of the stadium on game day . Pink performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , while Leslie Odom Jr. sang `` America the Beautiful '' . Pink spit out a throat lozenge shortly before singing the anthem , later verified after many commentators thought she had spit out a piece of gum . She reported being ill with flu symptoms during her performance . No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem , in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2016 and 2017 seasons . Fifteen Medal of Honor recipients participated in the coin toss ceremony . World War II hero Hershel W. Williams was the honorary captain and had the honors of flipping the coin . Halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show Justin Timberlake performs on piano alongside projected archive footage of Prince during the Super Bowl LII halftime show . Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show , along with his band `` The Tennessee Kids '' and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band . Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC , and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Janet Jackson . Timberlake 's performance drew criticism for not being `` spectacular '' , looking to be safe and avoid incidents such as the infamous `` wardrobe malfunction '' encountered during his performance with Jackson , and for incorporating a video of Prince , who opposed performances combining the dead and the living . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) A Philadelphia Eagles handoff during the first quarter . The New England Patriots won the opening coin toss and elected to defer to the second half . The Patriots kicked off to the Eagles , who opened the game with a 14 - play , 67 - yard drive that took 7 : 05 off the clock and resulted in a 25 - yard Jake Elliott field goal , giving the Eagles a 3 -- 0 lead . The drive was controlled by the arm of Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , who completed 6 of 9 passes to five different receivers for 61 yards , with a few short runs by LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi mixed in . Foles also made two critical completions on third down plays , hitting Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard gain on third - and - 4 , and later found Torrey Smith for a 15 - yard completion on third - and - 12 . The Patriots responded with a drive of their own , almost with the exact same results ; quarterback Tom Brady completed 6 of 8 passes for 60 yards to four different receivers , the longest a 28 - yard strike to Chris Hogan . The drive stalled out on the Eagles 8 - yard line , where they had to settle for Stephen Gostkowski 's 26 - yard field goal , which tied the game at 3 -- 3 . The game 's first touchdown was scored by the Eagles on the next drive , taking only three plays : a short pass from Foles to Nelson Agholor , a 36 - yard run up the middle by Blount , and a 34 - yard touchdown pass from Foles to Jeffery to the left side of the field . The ensuing extra point attempt from Elliott was missed wide right , which made the score 9 -- 3 in favor of the Eagles . The Patriots responded by advancing the ball to the Philadelphia 11 - yard line on their next drive , which was set up by a 50 - yard completion from Brady to Danny Amendola , where the quarter ended . Second quarter ( edit ) With the second quarter under way , the Patriots came away empty - handed on the drive , as Gostkowski missed a 26 - yard field goal attempt after holder Ryan Allen mishandled the snap . New England 's defense forced the game 's only punt on the next drive . On the following drive , Brady completed a 23 - yard pass to Brandin Cooks , but a hard hit by defender Malcolm Jenkins knocked the receiver out of the game with a concussion . On third down from near mid-field , the Patriots attempted a trick play that involved two handoffs and a pass downfield to Tom Brady . Brady was open , but dropped the throw from Amendola . They went for it on fourth down , and a pass intended for tight end Rob Gronkowski fell incomplete , giving the Eagles the ball on their own 35 - yard line on a turnover - on - downs . The Eagles capitalized on a drive featuring two key completions , a 19 - yard catch by Zach Ertz on third - and - 7 , and a 22 - yard reception by Jeffery on the Patriots 21 - yard line . On the next play , a 21 - yard rumble by Blount gave the Eagles another touchdown . They attempted a two - point conversion , which failed and brought the score to 15 -- 3 . The Patriots quickly struck back , as Brady completed a 46 - yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the first play after the kickoff . But the team could only gain two more yards , resulting in Gostkowski 's 45 - yard field goal that got the score to 15 -- 6 . The Eagles got the ball back with 7 : 24 on the clock and looked poised to score another touchdown , when a 26 - yard run by Ajayi gave them a first down on the Patriots 43 - yard line . But on the next play , Foles threw a pass that bounced off Jeffery as he tried to make a one - handed catch , and went into the hands of Patriots safety Duron Harmon for an interception , which he returned eight yards to the 10 - yard line . The Patriots took advantage of the turnover with a seven - play , 90 - yard drive , featuring a 43 - yard completion from Brady to Hogan . On the next play , James White scored with a 26 - yard touchdown run . Gostkowski missed the ensuing extra point , but the score was now 15 -- 12 . Eagles running back Kenjon Barner returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to his own 30 - yard line as time ran down to the two - minute warning . Two plays later , on third down - and - 3 , Foles completed a short pass to running back Corey Clement , who took off for a 55 - yard gain to the New England 8 - yard line . Clement then ran the ball six yards to the two - yard line on the next play . Two plays later , Philadelphia faced fourth - and - goal on the 1 - yard line with 38 seconds left on the clock . Deciding to go for the touchdown , they attempted a similar trick play to the one that had failed for the Patriots earlier . As Foles stepped up to the running back position , Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball perfectly to Foles , who was wide open in the right side of the end zone . Foles caught the football , making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , and the ensuing extra point was good , giving the Eagles a 22 -- 12 lead , which was taken into the locker room following a short drive by the Patriots . The first half resulted in numerous Super Bowl records from both teams , including most total yards combined ( 673 ) . This was also the first time two quarterbacks had thrown for over 200 yards in the first half of a Super Bowl , with Brady throwing for 276 yards and Foles throwing for 215 yards . Third quarter ( edit ) The Patriots received the second - half kickoff and Brady led New England 75 yards in eight plays . Gronkowski , who only caught one pass for nine yards in the first half , caught five passes for 68 yards on the drive , the last a 5 - yard touchdown reception to make the score 22 -- 19 . The Eagles responded by moving the ball 85 yards in 11 plays on a drive that consumed less than five minutes and featured three critical third down conversions by Foles . The first was a 17 - yard pass to Agholor on third - and - 6 from the Eagles 19 - yard line . Later in the drive , he threw a 14 - yard completion to Ertz on third - and - 1 from the New England 40 - yard line . Finally , he finished the possession with a 22 - yard touchdown pass to Clement on third - and - 6 . The touchdown was held up by a replay review , but replay officials confirmed that Clement kept both feet inbounds and controlled the ball . An Elliott extra point brought the score to 29 -- 19 in favor of the Eagles . Brady responded with a 10 - play , 75 - yard drive , completing all three of his passes for 61 yards , the last one a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Hogan that brought the score to 29 -- 26 . The Eagles followed with an 8 - play , 51 - yard drive featuring a 24 - yard completion from Foles to Agholor on the first play . By the end of the third quarter , the team had made it to the New England 16 - yard line . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32 -- 26 . However , Brady came back with another 75 - yard drive featuring a 30 - yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four - yard pass to Gronkowski , his second touchdown of the game , giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33 -- 32 . On their next drive , the Eagles faced third - and - 6 after two plays , but were able to keep the ball with a 7 - yard catch by Ertz . Eventually , they faced a fourth - and - 1 on their own 45 - yard line with 5 : 39 left in the game . Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt , Foles completed a 2 - yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive . Then after a 1 - yard Blount run , he picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10 , 18 , and 10 yards , respectively , moving the ball to the New England 14 - yard line . Following a 3 - yard run by Ajayi , Foles threw a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2 : 21 remaining in the game . The play was held up on review , as Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone ; it was however determined that he established himself as a runner and also maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line . However , a failed two - point conversion left the Eagles with a 38 -- 33 lead . On the Patriots ' next drive , Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady on the drive 's second play for the only sack of the game for either team . Defensive end Derek Barnett of the Eagles recovered the ball , allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1 : 05 and forcing New England to use up all their remaining timeouts . Elliott then kicked a 46 - yard field goal , putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points , with the score at 41 -- 33 , and New England needing a touchdown and a two - point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime . After nine plays ( one of them a 13 - yard catch by Amendola on fourth - and - 10 ) , Brady reached the 49 - yard line , and with only nine seconds remaining , he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone , to no avail as time expired . The Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history , and their first league championship since 1960 , ending what was the third - longest championship drought in the NFL at 57 years . Game Statistics ( edit ) The trophy presentation after the game . The combined 74 points scored by both teams was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75 , set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995 ; it and this game marked only the second time in the game 's history where the two teams combined for 70 + points . The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams ( combined ) with 1,151 yards , the most for any single game , regular season or postseason . The game had many other Super Bowl records set as well , including fewest punts from both teams ( one ) , most yards gained by a team ( 613 for New England ) and most points scored by a losing team ( 33 ) . Foles completed 28 - of - 43 passes for 373 yards and three touchdowns , with one interception , and caught a touchdown pass . Clement , who caught only 10 passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns during the season , was the Eagles leading receiver with four receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for eight yards . Agholor had nine receptions for 84 yards . Blount was the game 's top rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown . Brady completed 28 - of - 48 passes for 505 yards and three touchdowns , breaking the record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl that he had set in the previous season . Amendola was his top target with eight receptions for 152 yards , while Hogan had six for 128 yards and a touchdown and Gronkowski caught nine passes for 116 yards and two scores . Box score ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Eagles ( NFC ) 9 13 7 12 41 Patriots ( AFC ) 9 14 7 33 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : February 4 , 2018 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 67,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth , Michele Tafoya Recap , Game Book ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP PHI NE 7 : 55 14 67 7 : 05 PHI 25 - yard field goal by Elliott 0 4 : 17 9 67 3 : 38 NE 26 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 2 : 34 77 1 : 43 PHI Jeffery 34 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick no good ( wide right ) 9 8 : 48 6 65 3 : 05 PHI Blount 21 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass no good 15 7 : 24 5 48 1 : 24 NE 45 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 15 6 2 : 04 7 90 2 : 57 NE White 26 - yard touchdown run , Gostkowski kick no good ( wide left ) 15 12 0 : 34 7 70 1 : 30 PHI Foles 1 - yard touchdown reception from Burton , Elliott kick good 22 12 12 : 15 8 75 2 : 45 NE Gronkowski 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 22 19 7 : 18 11 85 4 : 57 PHI Clement 22 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick good 29 19 3 : 23 7 75 3 : 55 NE Hogan 26 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 29 26 14 : 09 8 51 4 : 14 PHI 42 - yard field goal by Elliott 32 26 9 : 22 10 75 4 : 47 NE Gronkowski 4 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 32 33 2 : 21 14 75 7 : 01 PHI Ertz 11 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , 2 - point pass no good 38 33 1 : 05 1 : 04 PHI 46 - yard field goal by Elliott 41 33 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 41 33 Final Statistics ( edit ) Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots First downs 25 29 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 19 23 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 10 / 16 5 / 10 Fourth down efficiency 2 / 2 1 / 2 Total net yards 538 613 Net yards rushing 164 113 Rushing attempts 27 22 Yards per rush 6.1 5.1 Net yards passing 374 500 Passing -- completions / attempts 29 / 44 28 / 49 Times sacked -- total yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 Interceptions thrown 0 Punt returns -- total yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 98 3 -- 44 Interceptions -- total return yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 8 Punts -- average yardage 1 -- 41 0 -- 0 Fumbles -- lost 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 6 -- 35 1 -- 5 Time of possession 34 : 04 25 : 56 Turnovers The lone Eagles punt was received with a fair catch . Records set ( Unless otherwise noted , all records were only Super Bowl records ) Most yards allowed 613 Philadelphia Eagles Most yards allowed in a win 613 Most Super Bowl appearances , as team 10 New England Patriots Most points scored in a Super Bowl , losing team 33 Most total yards , team ( game ) 613 Most passing yards , team ( postseason game ) 500 Fewest punts , team ( game ) 0 Most players , 100 or more receiving yards ( Amendola 152 , Hogan 128 , Gronkowski 116 ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as player 8 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as starting player 8 Most pass attempts , player ( career ) 357 Most pass completions , player ( career ) 235 Most passing yards , player ( any postseason game ) 505 Most passing yards , player ( career ) 2,576 Most touchdown passes , player ( career ) 18 Oldest quarterback , as player 40 years 185 days Oldest quarterback , as starting player 40 years 185 days Most Super Bowl appearances , as head coach 8 Bill Belichick ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as coach 11 Most Super Bowl appearances , in any capacity 11 Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( game ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia ) Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( career ) Most Super Bowl games with TD pass and TD reception Longest field goal kicked by a rookie 46 yards Jake Elliott ( Philadelphia ) Most receiving yards , game , tight end 116 Rob Gronkowski ( New England ) Most total yards , both teams ( any NFL game ) 1,151 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs passing , both teams ( game ) 42 Most passing yards , both teams ( any postseason game ) 874 Most missed PAT attempts , both teams ( game ) Fewest punts , both teams ( game ) Records tied Fewest times sacked , as team ( game ) 0 Philadelphia Eagles Fewest fumbles , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest fumbles lost , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most missed PAT attempts , as team ( game ) Most Super Bowl losses , as team 5 New England Patriots Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most Super Bowl appearances , as kicker 5 Stephen Gostkowski ( New England ) Most pass attempts with no interceptions ( game ) 48 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most field goals , both teams ( game ) 5 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs , both teams ( game ) 54 Most pass attempts , both teams ( game ) 93 Most touchdown passes , both teams ( game ) 7 Fewest times sacked , both teams ( game ) Fewest punt returns , both teams ( game ) 0 Fewest punt return yards , both teams ( game ) 0 Individual statistics ( edit ) Eagles passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Nick Foles 28 / 43 373 Trey Burton 1 / 1 0 Eagles rushing Car Yds TD LG LeGarrette Blount 14 90 36 Jay Ajayi 9 57 0 26 Nelson Agholor 9 0 9 Corey Clement 8 0 6 Eagles receiving Rec Yds TD LG Nelson Agholor 9 84 0 24 Zach Ertz 7 67 19 Torrey Smith 5 49 0 17 Corey Clement 100 55 Alshon Jeffery 73 34 Nick Foles Trey Burton 0 0 0 0 Patriots passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Tom Brady 28 / 48 505 0 Danny Amendola 0 / 1 0 0 0 Patriots rushing Car Yds TD LG James White 7 45 26 Dion Lewis 9 39 0 8 Rex Burkhead 18 0 9 Tom Brady 6 0 6 Chris Hogan 0 Brandin Cooks 0 Patriots receiving Rec Yds TD LG Rob Gronkowski 9 116 25 Danny Amendola 8 152 0 50 Chris Hogan 6 128 43 James White 21 0 15 Rex Burkhead 46 0 46 Brandin Cooks 23 0 23 Phillip Dorsett 19 0 19 Tom Brady 0 0 0 0 James Develin 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Philadelphia Position Position New England Offense Alshon Jeffery WR Brandin Cooks Halapoulivaati Vaitai LT Nate Solder Stefen Wisniewski LG Joe Thuney Jason Kelce David Andrews Brandon Brooks RG Shaq Mason Lane Johnson RT Cameron Fleming Zach Ertz TE Rob Gronkowski Nelson Agholor WR Chris Hogan Nick Foles QB Tom Brady LeGarrette Blount RB Dion Lewis Torrey Smith WR FB James Develin Defense Vinny Curry DE LE Trey Flowers Timmy Jernigan DT Lawrence Guy Fletcher Cox DT Malcom Brown Brandon Graham DE LB James Harrison Mychal Kendricks OLB LB Kyle Van Noy Nigel Bradham OLB LB Elandon Roberts Jalen Mills CB RCB Stephon Gilmore Ronald Darby CB LCB Eric Rowe Corey Graham Patrick Chung Rodney McLeod Devin McCourty Malcolm Jenkins Duron Harmon Officials ( edit ) Super Bowl LII had eight officials . The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers . Referee : Gene Steratore ( 114 ) Umpire : Roy Ellison ( 81 ) Down judge : Jerry Bergman ( 91 ) Line judge : Byron Boston ( 18 ) Field judge : Tom Hill ( 97 ) Side judge : Scott Edwards ( 3 ) Back judge : Perry Paganelli ( 46 ) Replay official : Paul Weidner This was Steratore 's first Super Bowl as a referee , though he had been previously selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XLIV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Officials Named '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Referee GENE STERATORE will lead the seven - person crew of on - field game officials selected to work Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 at U.S. Bank Stadium , the NFL announced today Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles beat New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . February 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 4 , 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hanzus , Dan ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` P ! NK to perform national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL to salute Medal of Honor recipients at Super Bowl LII '' . NFL.com . National Football League . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Timberlake headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Super Bowl LII smallest since 2009 , still massive ; ' This Is Us ' scores big ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Commercials 2018 : Expectations , Rumors and Most - Hyped Movie Trailers '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jason ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots just tied the record for most Super Bowl losses '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LII '' . U.S. Bank Stadium . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Forliti , Amy ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Embrace the ' Bold North ' in Minneapolis for Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Super Bowl executives swarm Twin Cities to work out most ' complex ' event in league history '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shook , Nick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles - Patriots sets multiple Super Bowl records '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles QB Nick Foles wins Super Bowl LII MVP '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans , Minneapolis , Indy finalists for Super Bowl LII '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Three bid cities tabbed finalists to host Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . October 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . NFL Media 's Albert Breer reported Tuesday that the three bid cities for the game are Indianapolis , Minneapolis , and New Orleans , according to sources involved with the process . NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed the news during his Tuesday news conference Jump up ^ NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell on future Super Bowls , expanding postseason . National Football League . October 8 , 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 05 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . We will have three cities competing for Super Bowl LII : New Orleans , Minneapolis and Indianapolis Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI -- New York Giants vs. New England Patriots -- February 5th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowls in New Orleans : All 10 of them ! '' . NOLA.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- San Francisco 49ers vs. Baltimore Ravens -- February 3rd , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Tricentennial -- The 300th Anniversary '' . NOLA 2018 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike . `` Minneapolis awarded Super Bowl in 2018 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Seeds '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 21 , 2018 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl preview : The 52 things you must know about Eagles vs. Patriots '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Six Eagles Named To The 2018 Pro Bowl '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : Eagles ' Patrick Robinson Returns Interception 50 Yards for a Touchdown '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Henry ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Reviewing sad state of Patriots defense after Week 4 loss to Panthers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Lee Statistics '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harrison notches two sacks in debut as Patriots wrap up AFC home - field advantage '' . USA Today . December 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Four Patriots Selected to the AFC Pro Bowl Squad '' . Patriots.com . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 New England Patriots Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011301/2017/POST19/titans@patriots?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000906166&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL playoffs schedule , Super Bowl LII coverage '' . ESPN . January 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011300/2017/POST19/falcons@eagles?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000905891&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Weekly League Schedule '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Danny ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Super Bowl Rematch That Is n't '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krammer , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Trading places : Eagles ' LeGarrette Blount , Chris Long bring Patriots intel to Philadelphia huddles '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` New England Patriots to wear white in Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Why it 's better to wear white on Super Bowl Sunday '' . TheScore.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hartman , Sid ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Hartman : Twin Cities setting stage for Super Bowl LII in grand fashion '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruch , Michelle ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Navigating the Super Bowl '' . Southwest Journal . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Department of Revenue . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Bank Stadium rail stop wo n't be an option in 48 hours before Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayerle , Jennifer ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Homeless Shelter To Temporarily Move During Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Tim ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` A month of Super Bowl disruptions ahead for Metro Transit riders '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ; Pheifer , Pat ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl will limit light - rail use to ticket holders on game day '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ; Pheifer , Pat ; Sawyer , Liz ; Adler , Erin ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Protesters block light rail , rally outside U.S. Bank Stadium '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings would play Super Bowl as visitor in their home stadium '' . Yahoo Sports . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Super Bowl Host Committee raises $50 million , plans street closures '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` A ' very Minnesota ' Super Bowl Live lineup announced for free concerts on mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Birkebeiner Bridge will be part of Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for Super Bowl Experience ' theme park ' go on sale Tuesday '' . TwinCities.com . December 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson to headline game - day parties for Super Bowl LII ticket holders '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Norfleet , Nicole ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remodeled Minneapolis Armory to host days - long entertainment during Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raihala , Ross ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , the Chainsmokers to play local concerts during Super Bowl '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons to play Armory during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pink added to Super Bowl concert lineup at Armory '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to party at Prince 's Paisley Park during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , Liz ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake helps tout Prior Lake as suburban epicenter for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riemenschneider , Chris ; Olson , Rochelle ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Club Nomadic canceled at Mystic Lake , concerts move to much smaller venues '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Massive traveling nightclub with expected big acts coming to Mystic Lake for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake slashes prices , loses one act in Super Bowl concert mix '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ December 15 , 2017 . `` There 's still time to get paid to work the Super Bowl '' . KARE . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Andy ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Suburbs ready for NFL weekend '' . Sun ThisWeek . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Fans can watch Super Bowl players , coach , national media at St. Paul pregame party '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` For Super Bowl , Minneapolis can expect rooftop snipers , restricted access and lots of security '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl tickets available Friday -- for Taste of the NFL event '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zipline across the Mississippi River during Super Bowl festival '' . Fox9.com . Fox Television Stations . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival considering an ice palace for 2018 at the State Capitol '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival plans to build ice castle after all '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` St. Paul hopes to cash in on Super Bowl with palace - sized plans '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCardle , Ellery ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` SB52 : Ice palace returning to St. Paul 's Winter Carnival '' . KARE . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ; Woltman , Nick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Haunted by 1992 , St. Paul Winter Carnival cancels Super Bowl ice palace '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul has big plans to capitalize on Super Bowl tourism '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Maze Coming To South Minneapolis Ahead Of Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . CBS Corporation . January 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Your Definitive Guide To Super Bowl LII '' . Forbes Travel Guide . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN chooses IDS Crystal Court for Super Bowl week set '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Feherty Hosting Back - to - Back Nights of `` Feherty Live '' in Minneapolis During Week of Super Bowl `` . Golf Channel . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Drumline to Perform Saturday at Super Bowl Live ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Drumline helps kick off Super Bowl Live event '' . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spain , Kevin ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBC looking to sell Super Bowl , Olympics ad combos '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC SPORTS ANNOUNCES SUPER BOWL LII ON - AIR TEAM FOR PATRIOTS - EAGLES -- NETWORK 'S 19TH SUPER BOWL BROADCAST '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO DEPORTES & UNIVERSO TO ONCE AGAIN PRESENT LIVE , EXCLUSIVE SPANISH - LANGUAGE NFL GAMES THIS SEASON -- INCLUDING SUPER BOWL LII '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC Sports Embarks on Largest - Scale Live Game Production in History '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC To Debut Virtual 3D Graphics Tech Incorporating Player Body Scans '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension '' . Dial Global Sports . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clapp , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's the Philadelphia Eagles ' radio call of the final play to win Super Bowl LII '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , TV News . `` Spanish - Language Live Super Bowl Telecast Will Be Presented by Telemundo Deportes and Universo '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Michelle ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Yahoo Sports will start streaming NFL playoff games this weekend , says Oath CEO Tim Armstrong '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon , NFL agree to new 5 - year deal worth nearly $2.5 billion '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` NFL games will start streaming on all mobile carriers in January -- not just Verizon '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas wo n't work Super Bowl for NBC , even though he 's also not working the Olympics '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why NBC 's Mike Tirico will be skipping the Super Bowl in Minneapolis '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC Sports Regional Networks Are All About Synergy in Minneapolis '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Patton , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ratings Slip To 8 - Year Low As Eagles Score Historic Win '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Madison Avenue , NBC Wrangle Over $5 Million Super Bowl Ads ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Erika ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ads Ca n't Save TV '' . Fortune ( print mail distribution ) : 11 . ISSN 0015 - 8259 ... and pay rapt attention to commercials that cost roughly $5 million a ( 30 - second ) pop . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Expects More Than $1 Billion in Ad Sales from Super Bowl , Winter Olympics '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What caused a nearly 30 - second ad blackout during Super Bowl '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian . `` NBC blames ' equipment failure ' for brief blackout during Super Bowl '' . CNNMoney . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser benches famous Clydesdales for Super Bowl LII '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile 's ad : Nirvana , Kerry Washington and a timely statement about equality '' . Money.Cnn.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/business/media/mlk-commercial-ram-dodge.html Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' To Air After the Super Bowl , Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Fallon to host ' Tonight Show ' live from Minneapolis after Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Fallon unveils guests for Mpls . Super Bowl show : Timberlake , the Rock , ' This Is Us ' cast '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mike ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Why Netflix 's surprise ' Cloverfield Paradox ' release could be a game - changer '' . Market Watch . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Darren ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 Brisbane : Best places to watch , when it starts , odds '' . News.com.au . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CTV 'S $300,000 Watch to Win Contest is Back -- Article -- TSN '' . January 29 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Football - Sonntag '' . ProSieben ( in German ) . January 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 : TV channel , kick - off time and half - time show for Super Bowl 52 at the US Bank Stadium '' . The Sun . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Carlsonsports/status/960264692575895557 Jump up ^ Smith , George A. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` AFN Airing Super Bowl LII Live on TV and Radio '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom , Jr. to sing ' America The Beautiful ' at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Performer of ' America the Beautiful ' at Super Bowl LII is chosen '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wanshel , Elyse ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` This Is What Pink Spit Out Before The Super Bowl National Anthem '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pink defends Super Bowl performance '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl coin toss salute for Medal of Honor recipients '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWII Medal recipient does Super Bowl LII coin toss '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake set for SB LII halftime show '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris . `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake performing at Super Bowl LII halftime '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Justin Timberlake to Headline Super Bowl Halftime '' . Variety . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Rodger . `` The Winners and Losers From Super Bowl LII '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Play By Play '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Patriots 26 - yard field goal attempt ends with crazy miss '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Felt , Hunter ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Eagles beat Patriots to win first title -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loumena , Dan ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Checking the stats at halftime '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots and Eagles gave us the 2nd highest - scoring Super Bowl ever '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Quarter - by - Quarter Score , Final Stats for Eagles vs. Patriots '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Lindsay ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Who are the officials ? '' . The Post-Standard . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LII . Official website Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII champions 4 Jake Elliott 6 Caleb Sturgis 7 Nate Sudfeld 8 Donnie Jones 9 Nick Foles ( MVP ) 10 Mack Hollins 11 Carson Wentz 13 Nelson Agholor 14 Marcus Johnson 16 Bryce Treggs 17 Alshon Jeffery 18 Shelton Gibson 19 Rashard Davis 21 Patrick Robinson 22 Sidney Jones 23 Rodney McLeod 24 Corey Graham 26 Jaylen Watkins 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Wendell Smallwood 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 31 Jalen Mills 32 Rasul Douglas 33 De'Vante Bausby 34 Donnel Pumphrey 35 D.J. Killings 36 Jay Ajayi 38 Kenjon Barner 39 Harold Jones - Quartey 41 Ronald Darby 42 Chris Maragos 43 Darren Sproles 45 Rick Lovato 47 Nathan Gerry 49 Tre Sullivan 50 Bryan Braman 51 Steven Means 52 Najee Goode 53 Nigel Bradham 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill 55 Brandon Graham 56 Chris Long 57 Dannell Ellerbe 58 Jordan Hicks 59 Joe Walker 61 Stefen Wisniewski 62 Jason Kelce 65 Lane Johnson 66 Will Beatty 67 Chance Warmack 68 Josh Andrews 71 Jason Peters 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai 73 Isaac Seumalo 75 Vinny Curry 78 Darrell Greene 79 Brandon Brooks 82 Torrey Smith 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz 87 Brent Celek 88 Trey Burton 89 Greg Ward Jr . 91 Fletcher Cox 93 Timmy Jernigan 94 Beau Allen 95 Mychal Kendricks 96 Derek Barnett 97 Destiny Vaeao 98 Elijah Qualls Randall Goforth Aziz Shittu Dom Williams Head coach : Doug Pederson Coaches : Eugene Chung Phillip Daniels John DeFilippo Dave Fipp Ken Flajole Keith Gray Mike Groh Matthew Harper Tim Hauck Josh Hingst Shaun Huls Trent Miles Ryan Paganetti T.J. Paganetti Justin Peelle Spencer Phillips Frank Reich Jim Schwartz Duce Staley Jeff Stoutland Press Taylor Cory Undlin Dino Vasso Chris Wilson Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . NFL on NBC Related programs The NFL on NBC pregame show ( Football Night in America ) NBC Sunday Night Football NFL on NBC Radio Thursday Night Football ( 2016 -- 2017 ) College football programs College Football on NBC ( Notre Dame ) College Football on USA Other pro football programs Arena Football League on NBC Canadian Football League World League of American Football on USA XFL on NBC Related articles NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) American Football League 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Baltimore Colts 1960 1961 Pittsburgh Steelers 1960 1961 Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Sunday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators AFC Championship Game Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Pregame show panelists Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL Championship Game AFL All - Star Game NFL Championship Game Preseason games American Bowl Lore 1982 CFL season Announcerless Game `` The Clock Play '' Cleveland Browns relocation controversy `` The Holy Roller '' `` Snowplow Game '' `` Leon Lett Blunder II '' Postseason lore `` The Epic in Miami '' `` Ghost to the Post '' `` Immaculate Reception '' `` Red Right 88 '' `` The Freezer Bowl '' `` The Drive '' `` The Fumble '' `` The Comeback '' `` Beast Quake '' `` The Interception '' `` Philly Special '' Pre-AFL -- NFL merger lore `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' `` Heidi Game '' Sunday Night Football lore `` 4th and 2 '' 16 -- 0 `` Butt fumble '' Music John Colby Randy Edelman John Tesh Sunday Night Football John Williams `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' Faith Hill Pink Carrie Underwood NFL Championship 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 AFL Championship 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) III ( 1968 ) AFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1997 ) V ( 1970 ) VII ( 1972 ) IX ( 1974 ) XI ( 1976 ) XIII ( 1978 ) XV ( 1980 ) XVII ( 1982 ) XX ( 1985 ) XXIII ( 1988 ) XXVII ( 1992 ) XXVIII ( 1993 ) XXX ( 1995 ) XXXII ( 1997 ) Sunday Night Football era ( 2006 -- present ) XLIII ( 2008 ) XLVI ( 2011 ) XLIX ( 2014 ) LII ( 2017 ) LV ( 2020 ) Pro Bowl 1952 1953 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1972 2009 2012 2013 2014 Website : NBC Sports - NFL News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII&oldid=835694389 '' Categories : 2010s in Minneapolis 2017 National Football League season 2018 in American football 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota American football in Minnesota February 2018 sports events in the United States New England Patriots postseason Philadelphia Eagles postseason Sports in Minneapolis Super Bowl Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from February 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles contradicting other articles Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 06 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the super bowl being played at this year | [
"Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots, 41–33, to win their first Super Bowl[10] and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[11] This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season,[12] and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold-weather city.[13]"
] | [
"U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota"
] |
6182731490713533255 | Tiger Woods | Tiger Woods - wikipedia Tiger Woods Jump to : navigation , search Tiger Woods Woods in June 2014 Full name Eldrick Tont Woods Nickname Tiger ( 1975 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Cypress , California Height 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) Weight 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Nationality United States Residence Jupiter Island , Florida Spouse Elin Nordegren ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Children Career College Stanford University ( did not graduate ) Turned professional Current tour ( s ) PGA Tour ( joined 1996 ) Professional wins 106 Number of wins by tour PGA Tour 79 ( 2nd all time ) European Tour 40 ( 3rd all time ) Japan Golf Tour Asian Tour PGA Tour of Australasia Other 16 Best results in major championships ( wins : 14 ) Masters Tournament Won : 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 U.S. Open Won : 2000 , 2002 , 2008 The Open Championship Won : 2000 , 2005 , 2006 PGA Championship Won : 1999 , 2000 , 2006 , 2007 Achievements and awards PGA Tour Rookie of the Year PGA Player of the Year 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 PGA Tour Player of the Year 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 PGA Tour leading money winner 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 Vardon Trophy 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 Byron Nelson Award 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 FedEx Cup Champion 2007 , 2009 ( For a full list of awards , see here ) Eldrick Tont Woods ( born December 30 , 1975 ) better known as Tiger Woods , is an American professional golfer who is among the most successful golfers of all time . He has been one of the highest - paid athletes in the world for several years . Following an outstanding junior , college , and amateur career , Woods was 20 years old when he turned professional at the end of summer in 1996 . By the end of April 1997 , he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major , the 1997 Masters . Woods won this tournament by 12 strokes in a record - breaking performance and earned $486,000 . He first reached the number one position in the world rankings in June 1997 , less than a year after turning pro . Throughout the 2000s , Woods was the dominant force in golf -- he won the 2000 U.S. Open by an incredible 15 - shot margin . He was the top - ranked golfer in the world from August 1999 to September 2004 ( 264 weeks ) and again from June 2005 to October 2010 ( 281 weeks ) . Woods took a hiatus from professional golf from December 2009 to early April 2010 in order to focus on difficult issues in his marriage . He and his estranged wife Elin eventually divorced . His many alleged extramarital indiscretions were revealed by several women , through many worldwide media sources . This was followed by a loss of golf form , and his ranking gradually fell to a low of No. 58 in November 2011 . He ended a career - high winless streak of 107 weeks when he triumphed in the Chevron World Challenge in December 2011 . After winning the Arnold Palmer Invitational on March 25 , 2013 , he ascended to the No. 1 ranking once again , holding the top spot until May 2014 . Woods had back surgery in April 2014 and September 2015 and has struggled since to regain his dominant form . By March 29 , 2015 , Woods had fallen to # 104 , outside of the top 100 for the first time since 1996 . In May 2016 , Woods dropped out of the world top 500 for the first time in his professional career . In July 2017 , the Official World Golf Ranking placed Woods at number 1,005 , the worst of his career and only time he has ever been out of the top 1,000 . He had ranked number one for a total of 683 weeks , more than any other player in history . Woods has broken numerous golf records . He has been World Number One for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any golfer . He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year a record eleven times , the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times , and has the record of leading the money list in ten different seasons . He has won 14 professional major golf championships , where he trails only Jack Nicklaus who leads with 18 , and 79 PGA Tour events , second all - time behind Sam Snead ( 82 ) . Woods leads all active golfers in career major wins and career PGA Tour wins . He is the youngest player to achieve the career Grand Slam , and the youngest and fastest to win 50 tournaments on tour . Additionally , Woods is only the second golfer ( after Nicklaus ) to have achieved a career Grand Slam three times . Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships , and won at least one of those events in each of the first 11 years after they began in 1999 . Woods and Rory McIlroy are the only golfers to win both The Silver Medal and The Gold Medal at The Open Championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and family 2 Early life and amateur golf career 3 College golf career 4 Professional career 4.1 Honors 4.2 Endorsements 4.3 Accumulated wealth 4.4 Tiger - proofing 5 Career achievements 5.1 Major championships 5.1. 1 Wins ( 14 ) 5.1. 2 Results timeline 5.1. 3 Summary 5.2 World Golf Championships 5.2. 1 Wins ( 18 ) 5.2. 2 Results timeline 5.3 PGA Tour career summary 5.4 Guinness Book of Records 6 Playing style 7 Equipment 8 Other ventures 8.1 Tiger Woods Foundation 8.2 Tiger Woods Design 8.3 Writings 9 Personal life 9.1 Marriage and children 9.2 Infidelity scandal and fallout 9.3 2017 arrest 9.4 Other pursuits 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background and family Woods and his father Earl at Fort Bragg in 2004 Woods was born in 1975 in Cypress , California , to Earl ( 1932 -- 2006 ) and Kultida `` Tida '' Woods ( b . 1944 ) . He is the only child of their marriage ; however , he does have two half - brothers , Earl Jr. ( b . 1955 ) and Kevin ( b . 1957 ) , and a half - sister , Royce ( b . 1958 ) from the 18 - year marriage of Earl Woods and his first wife , Barbara Woods Gray . Kultida ( née Punsawad ) is originally from Thailand , where Earl had met her on a tour of duty in 1968 . She is of mixed Thai , Chinese , and Dutch ancestry . Earl was a retired lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran who was mostly African American with traces of European descent . Earl 's mother Maude Carter was of light skin . Some people suggested that she had Native American and Chinese ancestry . Tiger refers to his ethnic make - up as `` Cablinasian '' ( a syllabic abbreviation he coined from Caucasian , Black , American Indian , and Asian ) . Woods ' first name -- Eldrick -- was coined by his mother because it began with `` E '' ( for Earl ) and ended with `` K '' ( for Kultida ) . His middle name Tont is a traditional Thai name . He was nicknamed Tiger in honor of his father 's friend Col. Vuong Dang Phong , who had also been known as Tiger . Woods ' niece , Cheyenne Woods , played for the Wake Forest University golf team and turned professional in 2012 , when she made her pro debut in the LPGA Championship . Early Life and Amateur golf career Woods grew up in Orange County , California . He was a child prodigy who was introduced to golf before the age of two by his athletic father , Earl Woods . Earl was a single - digit handicap amateur golfer who was also one of the earliest African - American college baseball players at Kansas State University . Tiger 's father was a member of the military and had playing privileges at the Navy golf course beside the Joint Forces Training Base in Los Alamitos , which allowed Tiger to play there . Tiger also played at the par 3 Heartwell golf course in Long Beach , as well as some of the municipals in Long Beach . In 1978 , Tiger putted against comedian Bob Hope in a television appearance on The Mike Douglas Show . At age three , he shot a 48 over nine holes at the Navy course . At age five , he appeared in Golf Digest and on ABC 's That 's Incredible ! Before turning seven , Tiger won the Under Age 10 section of the Drive , Pitch , and Putt competition , held at the Navy Golf Course in Cypress , California . In 1984 at the age of eight , he won the 9 -- 10 boys ' event , the youngest age group available , at the Junior World Golf Championships . He first broke 80 at age eight . He went on to win the Junior World Championships six times , including four consecutive wins from 1988 to 1991 . Woods ' father Earl wrote that Tiger first defeated him at the age of 11 years , with Earl trying his best . Earl lost to Tiger every time from then on . Woods first broke 70 on a regulation golf course at age 12 . When Woods was 13 years old , he played in the 1989 Big I , which was his first major national junior tournament . In the final round , he was paired with pro John Daly , who was then relatively unknown . The event 's format placed a professional with each group of juniors who had qualified . Daly birdied three of the last four holes to beat Woods by only one stroke . As a young teenager , Woods first met Jack Nicklaus in Los Angeles at the Bel - Air Country Club , when Nicklaus was performing a clinic for the club 's members . Woods was part of the show , and he impressed Nicklaus and the crowd with his skills and potential . Earl Woods had researched in detail the career accomplishments of Nicklaus and had set his young son the goals of breaking those records . Woods was 15 - years - old and a student at Western High School in Anaheim when he became the youngest - ever U.S. Junior Amateur champion ; this was a record that stood until it was broken by Jim Liu in 2010 . He was named 1991 's Southern California Amateur Player of the Year ( for the second consecutive year ) and Golf Digest Junior Amateur Player of the Year . In 1992 , he defended his title at the U.S. Junior Amateur Championship , becoming the tournament 's first two - time winner . He also competed in his first PGA Tour event , the Nissan Los Angeles Open ( he missed the 36 - hole cut ) , and was named Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year , Golf World Player of the Year , and Golfweek National Amateur of the Year . The following year , Woods won his third consecutive U.S. Junior Amateur Championship ; he remains the event 's only three - time winner . In 1994 , at the TPC at Sawgrass in Florida , he became the youngest - ever winner of the U.S. Amateur Championship , a record he held until 2008 when it was broken by Danny Lee . He was a member of the American team at the 1994 Eisenhower Trophy World Amateur Golf Team Championships ( winning ) , and the 1995 Walker Cup ( losing ) . Woods graduated from Western High School at age 18 in 1994 and was voted `` Most Likely to Succeed '' among the graduating class . He had starred for the high school 's golf team under coach Don Crosby . Woods overcame difficulties with stuttering as a boy . This was not known until he wrote a letter to a boy who contemplated suicide . Woods wrote , `` I know what it 's like to be different and to sometimes not fit in . I also stuttered as a child and I would talk to my dog and he would sit there and listen until he fell asleep . I also took a class for two years to help me , and I finally learned to stop . '' College golf career Woods was heavily recruited by college golf powers . He chose Stanford University , the 1994 NCAA champions . He enrolled at Stanford in the fall of 1994 under a golf scholarship and won his first collegiate event , the 40th Annual William H. Tucker Invitational , that September . He selected a major in economics and was nicknamed `` Urkel '' by college teammate Notah Begay III . In 1995 , he successfully defended his U.S. Amateur title at the Newport Country Club in Rhode Island and was voted Pac - 10 Player of the Year , NCAA First Team All - American , and Stanford 's Male Freshman of the Year ( an award that encompasses all sports ) . At age 19 ( two years before he won the tournament ) , Woods participated in his first PGA Tour major , the 1995 Masters , and tied for 41st as the only amateur to make the cut . At age 20 in 1996 , he became the first golfer to win three consecutive U.S. Amateur titles and won the NCAA individual golf championship . In winning the silver medal as leading amateur at The Open Championship , he tied the record for an amateur aggregate score of 281 . He left college after two years in order to turn professional in the golf industry . In 1996 , Woods moved out of California , stating in 2013 that it was due to the state 's high tax rate . Professional career Main article : Professional golf career of Tiger Woods Woods in 2001 Woods turned pro at age 20 in August 1996 and immediately signed advertising deals with Nike , Inc. and Titleist that ranked as the most lucrative endorsement contracts in golf history at that time . Woods was named Sports Illustrated 's 1996 Sportsman of the Year and PGA Tour Rookie of the Year . In April 1997 , he won his first major , the Masters , in record - breaking fashion and became the tournament 's youngest - ever winner at age 21 . Two months later , he set the record for the fastest - ever ascent to No. 1 in the Official World Golf Rankings . After a lackluster 1998 , Woods finished the 1999 season with eight wins , including the PGA Championship , a feat not achieved since 1974 . In 2000 , Woods won six consecutive events on the PGA Tour , which was the longest winning streak since Ben Hogan did it in 1948 . One of these was the 2000 U.S. Open , where he broke or tied nine tournament records in what Sports Illustrated called `` the greatest performance in golf history '' , in which Woods won the tournament by a record 15 - stroke margin and earned a check for $800,000 . At age 24 , he became the youngest golfer to achieve the Career Grand Slam . At the end of 2000 , Woods had won nine of the twenty PGA Tour events he entered and had broken the record for lowest scoring average in tour history . He was named the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year , the only athlete to be honored twice , and was ranked by Golf Digest magazine as the twelfth - best golfer of all time . Woods at the 2004 Ryder Cup When Woods won the 2001 Masters . he became the only player to win four consecutive major professional golf titles , although not in the same calendar year . Following a stellar 2001 and 2002 in which Woods continued to dominate the tour , Woods ' career hit a slump . He did not win a major in 2003 or 2004 . In September 2004 , Vijay Singh overtook Woods in the Official World Golf Rankings , ending Woods ' record streak of 264 weeks at # 1 . Woods rebounded in 2005 , winning six official PGA Tour money events and reclaiming the top spot in July after swapping it back and forth with Singh over the first half of the year . Woods began dominantly in 2006 , winning his first two PGA tournaments but failing to capture his fifth Masters championship in April . Following the death of his father in May , Woods took a nine - week hiatus from the tour and appeared rusty upon his return at the U.S. Open at Winged Foot , where he missed the cut . However , he quickly returned to form and ended the year by winning six consecutive tour events . At the season 's close , Woods had 54 total wins that included 12 majors ; he had broken the tour records for both total wins and total majors wins over eleven seasons . Woods at the 2006 Masters Woods continued to excel in 2007 and the first part of 2008 . In April 2008 , he underwent knee surgery and missed the next two months on the tour . Woods returned for the 2008 U.S. Open , where he struggled the first day but ultimately claimed a dramatic sudden death victory over Rocco Mediate that followed an 18 - hole playoff , after which Mediate said , `` This guy does things that are just not normal by any stretch of the imagination , '' and Kenny Perry added , `` He beat everybody on one leg . '' Two days later , Woods announced that he would miss the remainder of the season due to additional knee surgery , and that his knee was more severely damaged than previously revealed , prompting even greater praise for his U.S. Open performance . Woods called it `` my greatest ever championship . '' In Woods ' absence , TV ratings for the remainder of the season suffered a huge decline from 2007 . Woods competing at the third annual Earl Woods Memorial Pro-Am ( July 1 , 2009 ) Woods had a much anticipated return to golf in 2009 , when he performed well . His comeback included a spectacular performance at the 2009 Presidents Cup , but he failed to win a major , the first year since 2004 that he had not done so . After his marital infidelities came to light and received massive media coverage at the end of 2009 ( see further details below ) , Woods announced in December that he would be taking an indefinite break from competitive golf . In February 2010 , he delivered a televised apology for his behavior , saying `` I was wrong and I was foolish . '' During this period , several companies ended their endorsement deals with Woods . Woods returned to competition in April at the 2010 Masters , where he finished tied for fourth place . He followed the Masters with poor showings at the Quail Hollow Championship and the Players Championship , where he withdrew in the fourth round , citing injury . Shortly afterward , Hank Haney , Woods ' coach since 2003 , resigned the position . In August , Woods hired Sean Foley as Haney 's replacement . The rest of the season went badly for Woods , who failed to win a single event for the first time since turning professional , while nevertheless finishing the season ranked No. 2 in the world . Woods at a Chevron World Challenge charity event ( 2011 ) In 2011 , Woods ' performance continued to suffer ; this took its toll on his ranking . After falling to No. 7 in March , he rebounded to No. 5 with a strong showing at the 2011 Masters Tournament , where he tied for fourth place . Due to leg injuries incurred at the Masters , he missed several summer stops on the PGA Tour . In July , he fired his longtime caddy Steve Williams ( who was shocked by the dismissal ) , and replaced him on an interim basis with friend Bryon Bell . After returning to tournament play in August , Woods continued to falter , and his ranking gradually fell to a low of # 58 . He rose to No. 50 in mid-November after a third - place finish at the Emirates Australian Open , and broke his winless streak with a victory at December 's Chevron World Challenge . Woods began his 2012 season with two tournaments ( the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship and the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ) where he started off well , but struggled on the final rounds . Following the WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship , where he was knocked out in the second round by missing a 5 - foot putt , Woods revised his putting technique and tied for second at the Honda Classic , with the lowest final round score in his PGA Tour career . After a short time off due to another leg injury , Woods won the Arnold Palmer Invitational , his first win on the PGA Tour since the BMW Championship in September 2009 . Following several dismal performances , Woods notched his 73rd PGA Tour win at the Memorial Tournament in June , tying Jack Nicklaus in second place for most PGA Tour victories ; a month later , Woods surpassed Nicklaus with a win at the AT&T National , to trail only Sam Snead , who accumulated 82 PGA tour wins . The year 2013 would bring a return of Woods ' dominating play . In January , he won the Farmers Insurance Open by four shots for his 75th PGA Tour win . It was the seventh time he had won the event . In March , he won the WGC - Cadillac Championship , also for the seventh time , giving him his 17th WGC title and first since 2009 . Two weeks later , he won the Arnold Palmer Invitational , winning the event for a record - tying 8th time . The win moved him back to the top of the world rankings . To commemorate that achievement , Nike was quick to launch an ad with the tagline `` winning takes care of everything '' . During the 2013 Masters , Woods was up for disqualification over allegations that he took an illegal drop on the par - 5 15th hole after his third shot had bounced off of the pin and into the water . After further review , Woods was assessed a two - stroke penalty for the drop and was not disqualified . He finished tied for fourth in the event . Woods won The Players Championship in May 2013 , his second career win at the event , notching his fourth win of the 2013 season . It was the quickest he had ever gotten to four wins in any season in his professional career . Woods had a poor showing at the 2013 U.S Open as a result of an elbow injury sustained at The Players Championship . In finishing at 13 - over-par , he recorded his worst score ever as a professional and finished 12 strokes behind winner Justin Rose . After a prolonged break because of the injury , during which he missed the Greenbrier Classic and his own AT&T National , he returned at the Open Championship at Muirfield . Despite being in contention all week and beginning the final round only two strokes behind Lee Westwood , he struggled with the speed of the greens and could only manage a 3 - over-par 74 that left him tied for 6th place , five strokes behind eventual winner Phil Mickelson . Two weeks later , Woods returned to form at the WGC - Bridgestone Invitational , recording his 5th win of the season and 8th win at the event in its 15 - year history . His second round 61 matched his record score on the PGA Tour and could easily have been a 59 were it not for some short missed birdie putts on the closing holes . This gave him a seven stroke lead that he held onto for the rest of the tournament . Woods would never contend at the PGA Championship at Oak Hill Country Club and would come short of winning a major for the 5th full season , only contending in two of the four majors in 2013 . After a slow start to 2014 , Woods injured himself during the final round of the Honda Classic and was unable to finish the tournament . He withdrew after the 13th hole , citing back pain . He subsequently competed in the WGC - Cadillac Championship but was visibly in pain during much of the last round . He was forced to skip the Arnold Palmer Invitational at the end of March 2014 , and after undergoing back surgery , he announced on April 1 that he would miss the Masters for the first time since 1994 . Woods returned at the Quicken Loans National in June , however he stated that his expectations for the week were low . He would struggle with nearly every aspect of his game and miss the cut . He next played at The Open Championship , contested at Hoylake , where Woods had won eight years prior . Woods fired a brilliant 69 in the first round to put himself in contention , but shot 77 on Friday and would eventually finish 69th . Despite his back pain , he played at the 2014 PGA Championship where he failed to make the cut . On August 25 , 2014 , Woods and his swing coach Sean Foley parted ways . In the four years under Foley , he won eight times but no majors . He had previously won eight majors with Harmon and six with Haney . Woods said there is currently no timetable to find a replacement swing coach . On February 5 , 2015 , Woods withdrew from the Farmers Insurance Open after another back injury . Woods stated on his website that it was unrelated to his previous surgery and he would take a break from golf until his back healed . He returned for the Masters , finishing in a tie for 17th . In the final round , Woods injured his wrist after his club hit a tree root . He later stated that a bone popped out of his wrist , but he adjusted it back into place and finished the round . Woods then missed the cut at the 2015 U.S. Open and Open Championship , the first time ever Woods missed the cut at consecutive majors , finishing near the bottom of the leaderboard both times . He finished tied for 18th at the Quicken Loans National on August 2 . In late August 2015 , Woods played quite well at the Wyndham Championship finishing the tournament at 13 - under , only four strokes behind the winner , and tied for 10th place . Woods offered only a brief comment on the speculation that he was still recovering from back surgery , saying it was `` just my hip '' but offering no specifics . Woods had back surgery on September 16 , 2015 . In late March 2016 , he announced that he would miss the Masters while he recovered from the surgery ; he had also missed the 2014 Masters due to a back problem . `` I 'm absolutely making progress , and I 'm really happy with how far I 've come , '' he explained in a statement . `` But I still have no timetable to return to competitive golf . '' However , he did attend the Masters Champions Dinner on April 5 , 2016 . For the first time in his career , he missed all four majors in one year due to problems with his back . In October 2016 , he told Charlie Rose on PBS that he still wanted to break Jack Nicklaus 's record of 18 major titles . Woods underwent back surgery in December 2016 and spent the next 15 months off the Tour . He made his return to competitive golf in the Hero World Challenge . Woods ' back problems continued to hinder him in 2017 , as he missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open in January , and pulled out of a European Tour event in Dubai on February 3 . On March 31 , Woods announced on his website that he would not be playing in the 2017 Masters Tournament despite being cleared to play by his doctors . Woods said that although he was happy with his rehabilitation , he did not feel `` tournament ready . '' On April 20 , Woods announced that he had undergone his fourth back surgery since 2014 to alleviate back and leg pain . Recovery time required up to six months , meaning that Woods would spend the rest of the year without playing any professional golf . Woods returned to competitive golf at the Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas . He went 69 - 68 - 75 - 68 and finished at 8 under tied for 9th . His world ranking went from 1,199 th to 668th , which was the biggest jump in the world rankings in his career . On Sunday , March 11 , 2018 , he finished one - shot back and tied for second at the Valspar Championship in Florida . Honors Woods checking his drive in 2007 On August 20 , 2007 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria Shriver announced that Woods would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame . He was inducted December 5 , 2007 at The California Museum for History , Women and the Arts in Sacramento . In December 2009 , Woods was named `` Athlete of the Decade '' by the Associated Press . He was named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year a record - tying four times , and is one of only two people to be named Sports Illustrated 's Sportsman of the Year more than once . Since his record - breaking win at the 1997 Masters , Woods became the biggest name in golf , and his presence in tournaments drew a huge fan following . Some sources have credited him for dramatically increasing prize money in golf , generating interest in new PGA tournament audiences , and for drawing the largest TV ratings in golf history . Endorsements During the first decade of his professional career , Woods was the world 's most marketable athlete . Shortly after his 21st birthday in 1996 , he signed endorsement deals with numerous companies , including General Motors , Titleist , General Mills , American Express , Accenture , and Nike , Inc . In 2000 , he signed a 5 - year , $105 million contract extension with Nike , which was the largest endorsement package ever signed by a professional athlete at that time . Woods ' endorsement has been credited with playing a significant role in taking the Nike Golf brand from a `` start - up '' golf company earlier in the previous decade to becoming the leading golf apparel company in the world and a major player in the equipment and golf ball market . Nike Golf is one of the fastest growing brands in the sport , with an estimated $600 million in sales . Woods has been described as the `` ultimate endorser '' for Nike Golf , frequently seen wearing Nike gear during tournaments , and even in advertisements for other products . Woods receives a percentage from the sales of Nike Golf apparel , footwear , golf equipment , golf balls , and has a building named after him at Nike 's headquarters campus in Beaverton , Oregon . Woods visiting aircraft carrier USS George Washington ( CVN - 73 ) in the Persian Gulf before participating in the 2004 Dubai Desert Classic In 2002 , Woods was involved in every aspect of the launch of Buick 's Rendezvous SUV . A company spokesman stated that Buick was happy with the value of Woods ' endorsement , pointing out that more than 130,000 Rendezvous vehicles were sold in 2002 and 2003 . `` That exceeded our forecasts , '' he was quoted as saying , `` It has to be in recognition of Tiger . '' In February 2004 , Buick renewed Woods ' endorsement contract for another five years , in a deal reportedly worth $40 million . Woods collaborated closely with TAG Heuer to develop the world 's first professional golf watch , which was released in April 2005 . The lightweight , titanium - construction watch , designed to be worn while playing the game , incorporates numerous innovative design features to accommodate golf play . It is capable of absorbing up to 5,000 Gs of shock , far in excess of the forces generated by a normal golf swing . In 2006 , the TAG Heuer Professional Golf Watch won the prestigious iF product design award in the Leisure / Lifestyle category . Woods preparing for a photo shoot in 2006 Woods also endorsed the Tiger Woods PGA Tour series of video games ; he has done so since 1999 . In 2006 , he signed a six - year contract with Electronic Arts , the series ' publisher . In February 2007 , Woods , Roger Federer and Thierry Henry became ambassadors for the `` Gillette Champions '' marketing campaign . Gillette did not disclose financial terms , though an expert estimated the deal could total between $10 million and $20 million . In October 2007 , Gatorade announced that Woods would have his own brand of sports drink starting in March 2008 . `` Gatorade Tiger '' was his first U.S. deal with a beverage company and his first licensing agreement . Although no figures were officially disclosed , Golfweek magazine reported that it was for five years and could pay him as much as $100 million . The company decided in early fall 2009 to discontinue the drink due to weak sales . In July 2011 , Woods appeared on a 15 - second Japanese television commercial , endorsing a heat backrub by Kowa Co. , the Vantelin Kowa rub . Details of the deal , which was made in late 2010 , were not disclosed . In October 2012 , it was announced that Woods had signed an exclusive endorsement deal with Fuse Science , Inc , a sports nutrition firm . In 1997 , Woods and golfer Arnold Palmer initiated a case against Bruce Matthews ( the owner of Gotta Have It Golf , Inc . ) and others in the effort to stop the unauthorized sale of their images and alleged signatures in the memorabilia market . Matthews and associated parties counterclaimed that Woods and his company , ETW Corporation , committed several acts including breach of contract , breach of implied duty of good faith , and violations of Florida 's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act . Palmer was also named in the counter-suit , accused of violating the same licensing agreement in conjunction with his company Arnold Palmer Enterprises . On March 12 , 2014 , a Florida jury ruled in favor of Gotta Have It on its breach of contract and other related claims , rejected ETW 's counterclaims , and awarded Gotta Have It $668,346 in damages . The award may end up exceeding $1 million once interest has been factored in , though the ruling may be appealed . In August 2016 , Woods announced that he would be seeking a new golf equipment partner after the news of Nike 's exit from the equipment industry . It was announced on January 25 , 2017 , that he would be signing a new club deal with TaylorMade . He added the 2016 M2 driver along with the 2017 M1 fairway woods , with irons to be custom made at a later date . He also added his Scotty Cameron Newport 2 GSS , a club he used to win 13 of his 14 majors . Also , in late 2016 , he would add Monster Energy as his primary bag sponsor , replacing MusclePharm . Accumulated wealth According to Golf Digest , Woods made $769,440,709 from 1996 to 2007 , and the magazine predicted that Woods would pass one billion dollars in earnings by 2010 . In 2009 , Forbes confirmed that Woods was indeed the world 's first athlete to earn over a billion dollars in his career , after accounting for the $10 million bonus Woods received for the FedEx Cup title . The same year , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $600 million , making him the second richest person of color in the United States , behind only Oprah Winfrey . In 2015 , Woods ranked ninth in Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes , being the top among Asian Americans or the fourth among African Americans . Woods is currently considered to be the highest - paid golfer . Tiger - Proofing Early in Woods ' career , a small number of golf experts expressed concern about his impact on the competitiveness of the game and the public appeal of professional golf . Sportswriter Bill Lyon of Knight Ridder asked in a column , `` Is n't Tiger Woods actually bad for golf ? '' ( though Lyon ultimately concluded that he was not ) . At first , some pundits feared that Woods would drive the spirit of competition out of the game of golf by making existing courses obsolete and relegating opponents to simply competing for second place each week . A related effect was measured by University of California economist Jennifer Brown , who found that other golfers scored higher when competing against Woods than when he was not in the tournament . The scores of highly skilled ( exempt ) golfers are nearly one stroke higher when playing against Woods . This effect was larger when he was on winning streaks and disappeared during his well - publicized slump in 2003 -- 04 . Brown explains the results by noting that competitors of similar skill can hope to win by increasing their level of effort , but that , when facing a `` superstar '' competitor , extra exertion does not significantly raise one 's level of winning while increasing risk of injury or exhaustion , leading to reduced effort . Many courses in the PGA Tour rotation ( including major championship sites like Augusta National ) have added yardage to their tees in an effort to reduce the advantage of long hitters like Woods , a strategy that became known as `` Tiger - Proofing '' . Woods said he welcomed the change , in that adding yardage to courses did not affect his ability to win . Career achievements Main article : List of career achievements by Tiger Woods Woods has won 79 official PGA Tour events , including 14 majors . He was 14 -- 1 when going into the final round of a major with at least a share of the lead . Multiple golf experts have heralded Woods as `` the greatest closer in history '' . He owns the lowest career scoring average and the most career earnings of any player in PGA Tour history . Woods ' victory at the 2013 Players Championship also marked a win in his 300th PGA Tour start . He also won golf tournaments in his 100th ( in 2000 ) and 200th ( in 2006 ) tour starts . Woods has spent the most consecutive and cumulative weeks atop the world rankings . He is one of five players ( along with Gene Sarazen , Ben Hogan , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus ) to have won all four professional major championships in his career , known as the Career Grand Slam , and was the youngest to do so . Woods is the only player to have won all four professional major championships in a row , accomplishing the feat in the 2000 -- 2001 seasons . PGA Tour wins ( 79 ) European Tour wins ( 40 ) Japan Golf Tour wins ( 2 ) Asian Tour wins ( 1 ) PGA Tour of Australasia wins ( 1 ) Other professional wins ( 16 ) Amateur wins ( 21 ) Major Championships Wins ( 14 ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1997 Masters Tournament 09 9 shot lead - 18 − 18 ( 70 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 270 ) 12 12 strokes Tom Kite 1999 PGA Championship 00 Tied for lead - 11 − 11 ( 70 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 277 ) 01 1 stroke Sergio García 2000 U.S. Open 10 10 shot lead - 12 − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 272 ) 15 15 strokes Ernie Els , Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 The Open Championship 06 6 shot lead - 19 − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 08 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn , Ernie Els 2000 PGA Championship ( 2 ) 01 1 shot lead - 18 − 18 ( 66 - 67 - 70 - 67 = 270 ) 00 Playoff Bob May 2001 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) 01 1 shot lead - 16 − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 02 2 strokes David Duval 2002 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) 00 Tied for lead - 12 − 12 ( 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 ) 03 3 strokes Retief Goosen 2002 U.S. Open ( 2 ) 04 4 shot lead - 03 − 3 ( 67 - 68 - 70 - 72 = 277 ) 03 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 2005 Masters Tournament ( 4 ) 03 3 shot lead - 12 − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 65 - 71 = 276 ) 00 Playoff Chris DiMarco 2005 The Open Championship ( 2 ) 02 2 shot lead - 14 − 14 ( 66 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 274 ) 05 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 2006 The Open Championship ( 3 ) 01 1 shot lead - 18 − 18 ( 67 - 65 - 71 - 67 = 270 ) 02 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 2006 PGA Championship ( 3 ) 00 Tied for lead - 18 − 18 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 270 ) 05 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 2007 PGA Championship ( 4 ) 03 3 shot lead - 08 − 8 ( 71 - 63 - 69 - 69 = 272 ) 02 2 strokes Woody Austin 2008 U.S. Open ( 3 ) 01 1 shot lead - 01 − 1 ( 72 - 68 - 70 - 73 = 283 ) 00 Playoff Rocco Mediate Defeated May in three - hole playoff by 1 stroke : Woods ( 3 - 4 - 5 = 12 ) , May ( 4 - 4 - 5 = 13 ) Defeated DiMarco in a sudden - death playoff : Woods ( 3 ) and DiMarco ( 4 ) . Defeated Mediate with a par on 1st sudden death hole after 18 - hole playoff was tied at even par Results timeline Tournament 1995 1997 1998 1999 Masters Tournament T41 LA CUT T8 T18 U.S. Open WD T82 T19 T18 T3 The Open Championship T68 T22 LA T24 T7 PGA Championship T29 T10 Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Masters Tournament 5 T15 T22 T3 T2 T6 U.S. Open T12 T20 T17 CUT T2 T6 The Open Championship T25 T28 T4 T9 T12 CUT PGA Championship T29 T39 T24 T4 Tournament 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Masters Tournament T4 T4 T40 T4 T17 U.S. Open T4 T21 T32 CUT The Open Championship T23 T3 T6 69 CUT PGA Championship T28 CUT T11 T40 CUT CUT Win Top 10 Did not play LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half - way cut WD = withdrew `` T '' indicates a tie for a place Summary Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top - 5 Top - 10 Top - 25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 11 13 17 20 19 U.S. Open 7 8 14 19 16 The Open Championship 0 6 9 14 19 17 PGA Championship 0 7 8 10 18 15 Totals 14 6 31 38 55 76 67 Most consecutive cuts made -- 39 ( 1996 U.S. Open -- 2006 Masters ) Longest streak of top - 10s -- 8 ( 1999 U.S. Open -- 2001 Masters ) World golf Championships Wins ( 18 ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1999 Invitational 1 ! WGC - NEC Invitational 05 5 shot lead - 10 − 10 ( 66 - 71 - 62 - 71 = 270 ) 01 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1999 Championship 1 ! WGC - American Express Championship - 03 1 shot deficit - 06 -- 6 ( 71 - 69 - 70 - 68 = 278 ) 00 Playoff Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 Invitational 2 ! WGC - NEC Invitational ( 2 ) 09 9 shot lead - 21 − 21 ( 64 - 61 - 67 - 67 = 259 ) 11 11 strokes Justin Leonard , Phillip Price 2001 Invitational 3 ! WGC - NEC Invitational ( 3 ) - 02 2 shot deficit - 12 − 12 ( 66 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 268 ) 00 Playoff Jim Furyk 2002 Championship 2 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 2 ) 05 5 shot lead - 25 − 25 ( 65 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 263 ) 01 1 stroke Retief Goosen 2003 Match play 1 ! WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship n / an / a n / a2 & 1 n / an / a David Toms 2003 Championship 3 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 3 ) 02 2 shot lead - 06 − 6 ( 67 - 66 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 02 2 strokes Stuart Appleby , Tim Herron , Vijay Singh Match play 2 ! WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2 ) n / an / a n / a3 & 2 n / an / a Davis Love III 2005 Invitational 4 ! WGC - NEC Invitational ( 4 ) 00 Tied for lead - 06 − 6 ( 66 - 70 - 67 - 71 = 274 ) 01 1 stroke Chris DiMarco 2005 Championship 4 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 4 ) - 02 2 shot deficit - 10 − 10 ( 67 - 68 - 68 - 67 = 270 ) 00 Playoff John Daly 2006 Invitational 5 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 5 ) - 03 1 shot deficit - 10 − 10 ( 67 - 64 - 71 - 68 = 270 ) 00 Playoff Stewart Cink 2006 Championship 5 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 5 ) 06 6 shot lead - 23 − 23 ( 63 - 64 - 67 - 67 = 261 ) 08 8 strokes Ian Poulter , Adam Scott 2007 Championship 6 ! WGC - CA Championship ( 6 ) 04 4 shot lead - 10 − 10 ( 71 - 66 - 68 - 73 = 278 ) 02 2 strokes Brett Wetterich 2007 Invitational 6 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 6 ) - 03 1 shot deficit - 08 − 8 ( 68 - 70 - 69 - 65 = 272 ) 08 8 strokes Justin Rose , Rory Sabbatini 2008 Match play 3 ! WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 3 ) n / an / a n / a8 & 7 n / an / a Stewart Cink 2009 Invitational 7 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 7 ) - 01 3 shot deficit - 12 − 12 ( 68 - 70 - 65 - 65 = 268 ) 04 4 strokes Robert Allenby , Pádraig Harrington 2013 Championship 7 ! WGC - Cadillac Championship ( 7 ) 04 4 shot lead - 19 − 19 ( 66 - 65 - 67 - 71 = 269 ) 02 2 strokes Steve Stricker 2013 Invitational 8 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 8 ) 07 7 shot lead - 15 − 15 ( 66 - 61 - 68 - 70 = 265 ) 07 7 strokes Keegan Bradley , Henrik Stenson Won on the first hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the seventh hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the second hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the fourth hole of a sudden - death playoff Results Timeline Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Match Play QF R64 R32 R16 R16 R32 DNP R64 R32 R64 Championship T5 NT 9 5 T9 T10 WD T25 Invitational T4 T2 T78 T37 T8 WD Champions T6 T6 Canceled following the September 11 attacks . Win Top 10 Did not play QF , R16 , R32 , R64 = Round in which player lost in match play WD = withdrew NT = No tournament `` T '' = tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009 . PGA Tour career summary Season Starts Cuts made Wins ( majors ) 2nd 3rd Top 10 Top 25 Earnings ( $ ) Money list rank 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1993 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1995 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 11 10 0 5 8 790,594 24 1997 21 20 4 ( 1 ) 9 14 2,066,833 1998 20 19 13 17 1,841,117 1999 21 21 8 ( 1 ) 16 18 6,616,585 2000 20 20 9 ( 3 ) 17 20 9,188,321 2001 19 19 5 ( 1 ) 0 9 18 5,687,777 2002 18 18 5 ( 2 ) 13 16 6,912,625 2003 18 18 5 0 12 16 6,673,413 19 19 14 18 5,365,472 2005 21 19 6 ( 2 ) 13 17 10,628,024 2006 15 14 8 ( 2 ) 11 13 9,941,563 2007 16 16 7 ( 1 ) 0 12 15 10,867,052 2008 6 6 4 ( 1 ) 0 6 6 5,775,000 2009 17 16 6 0 14 16 10,508,163 12 11 0 0 0 7 1,294,765 68 2011 9 7 0 0 0 660,238 128 2012 19 17 9 13 6,133,158 2013 16 16 5 0 8 10 8,553,439 2014 7 5 0 0 0 0 108,275 201 2015 11 6 0 0 0 448,598 162 2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a 2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a Career * 328 300 79 ( 14 ) 29 19 186 249 110,061,012 * As of the 2017 season . Guinness book of records Woods claimed 17 Guinness World Records , within golf and 3 other records related to his appearance in the video game . After Usain Bolt and Michael Phelps , he holds the third highest number of Guinness World Records claimed by a sportsman within one discipline . Most consecutive US Amateur golf titles Most US PGA Tour tournament wins in the modern era Lowest score under par in the Open golf championships Most awards for Professional Golfers ' Association Tour Player of the Year Youngest winner of the golf US Masters Highest career earnings on the US Professional Golfers ' Association Tour Largest margin of victory in the golf US Masters Largest margin of victory in a golf major championships Most wins of the PGA Player of the Year award Most consecutive golf Major tournaments won Highest annual earnings for a golfer ( ever ) Longest golf drive on the PGA Tour Lowest total score ( 72 holes ) at the golf US Masters Longest drive in Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 Golf , World Cup - Lowest individual score Lowest total score ( first 54 holes ) in the golf US Masters Highest annual earnings for an athlete ( ever ) Playing style Woods practicing before 2004 Ryder Cup at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Township , Michigan When Woods first joined the PGA Tour in 1996 , his long drives had a large impact on the world of golf . However , when he did not upgrade his equipment in the following years ( insisting upon the use of True Temper Dynamic Gold steel - shafted clubs and smaller steel clubheads that promoted accuracy over distance ) , many opponents caught up to him . Phil Mickelson even made a joke in 2003 about Woods using `` inferior equipment '' , which did not sit well with Nike , Titleist or Woods . During 2004 , Woods finally upgraded his driver technology to a larger clubhead and graphite shaft , which , coupled with his clubhead speed , made him one of the Tour 's lengthiest players off the tee once again . Despite his power advantage , Woods has always focused on developing an excellent all - around game . Although in recent years he has typically been near the bottom of the Tour rankings in driving accuracy , his iron play is generally accurate , his recovery and bunker play is very strong , and his putting ( especially under pressure ) is possibly his greatest asset . He is largely responsible for a shift to higher standards of athleticism amongst professional golfers , and is known for utilizing more hours of practice than most . From mid-1993 ( while he was still an amateur ) until 2004 , Woods worked almost exclusively with leading swing coach Butch Harmon . From mid-1997 , Harmon and Woods fashioned a major redevelopment of Woods ' full swing , achieving greater consistency , better distance control , and better kinesiology . The changes began to pay off in 1999 . From March 2004 to 2010 , Woods was coached by Hank Haney , who worked on flattening his swing plane . Woods continued to win tournaments with Haney , but his driving accuracy dropped significantly . Haney resigned in May 2010 and was replaced by Sean Foley . Fluff Cowan served as Woods ' caddie from the start of his professional career until Tiger fired him in March 1999 . He was replaced by Steve Williams , who became a close friend of Woods and is often credited with helping him with key shots and putts . In June 2011 , Woods fired Williams and replaced him with friend Bryon Bell on an interim basis . Joe LaCava , a former caddie of both Fred Couples and Dustin Johnson , was hired by Woods shortly after and has remained Woods ' caddie since then , but he has seen very limited work . Equipment As of 2017 Omega Dubai Desert Classic : Driver : TaylorMade M2 ( 9.5 - degree ; Mitsubishi Rayon Tensei CK Pro White 70TX ) Fairway woods : TaylorMade M1 15 & 19 Degree ( Mitsubishi Rayon Tensei CK Pro White 90TX ) Irons : Nike VR Pro ( 3 - PW ) ( True Temper Dynamic Gold Tour Issue X100 ) All irons are 1 - degree upright , have D4 swingweight , standard size Tour Velvet grips and True Temper Dynamic Gold X-100 shafts . He announced he is working with TaylorMade to build custom irons Wedges : Nike VR Forged ( 56 and 60 - degree ; True Temper Dynamic Gold S400 shafts ) Putter : Scotty Cameron Newport 2 GSS with Ping Blackout PP58 Grip Ball : Bridgestone B330S ( with `` Tiger '' imprint ) Golf glove : Nike Dri - FIT Tour glove Golf shoes : Nike TW ' 17 Driver club cover : Frank , a plush tiger head club cover created by his mother . Frank has appeared in several commercials . Wood covers : Stitch Brand with TGR Logo . Putter cover : Nike Putter Cover . Other ventures Tiger Woods Foundation The Tiger Woods Foundation was established in 1996 by Woods and his father Earl , with the primary goal of promoting golf among inner - city children . The foundation has conducted junior golf clinics across the country , and sponsors the Tiger Woods Foundation National Junior Golf Team in the Junior World Golf Championships . As of December 2010 , TWF employed approximately 55 people . The foundation operates the Tiger Woods Learning Center , a $50 million , 35,000 - square - foot ( 3,250 m2 ) facility in Anaheim , California , providing college - access programs for underserved youth . The TWLC opened in 2006 and features seven classrooms , extensive multi-media facilities and an outdoor golf teaching area . The center has since expanded to four additional campuses : two in Washington , D.C. ; one in Philadelphia ; and one in Stuart , Florida . Woods giving a speech at We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial ( January 2009 ) The foundation benefits from the annual Chevron World Challenge and AT&T National golf tournaments hosted by Woods . In October 2011 , the foundation hosted the first Tiger Woods Invitational at Pebble Beach . Other annual fundraisers have included the concert events Block Party , last held in 2009 in Anaheim , and Tiger Jam , last held in 2011 in Las Vegas after a one - year hiatus . Tiger Woods Design In November 2006 , Woods announced his intention to begin designing golf courses around the world through a new company , Tiger Woods Design . A month later , he announced that the company 's first course would be in Dubai as part of a 25.3 million - square - foot development , The Tiger Woods Dubai . The Al Ruwaya Golf Course was initially expected to finish construction in 2009 . As of February 2010 , only seven holes had been completed ; in April 2011 , The New York Times reported that the project had been shelved permanently . In 2013 , the partnership between Tiger Woods Design and Dubai Holding was dissolved . Tiger Woods Design has taken on two other courses , neither of which has materialized . In August 2007 , Woods announced The Cliffs at High Carolina , a private course in the Blue Ridge Mountains near Asheville , North Carolina . After a groundbreaking in November 2008 , the project suffered cash flow problems and suspended construction . A third course , in Punta Brava , Mexico , was announced in October 2008 , but incurred delays due to issues with permits and an environmental impact study . Construction on the Punta Brava course has not yet begun . These projects have encountered problems that have been attributed to factors that include overly optimistic estimates of their value , declines throughout the global economy ( particularly the U.S. crash in home prices ) , and the decreased appeal and marketability of Woods following his 2009 infidelity scandal . Writings Woods wrote a golf instruction column for Golf Digest magazine from 1997 to February 2011 . In 2001 he wrote a best - selling golf instruction book , How I Play Golf , which had the largest print run of any golf book for its first edition , 1.5 million copies . In March 2017 , he published a memoir , The 1997 Masters : My Story , co-authored by Lorne Rubenstein , which focuses on his first Masters win . Personal Life Marriage and children In November 2003 , Woods became engaged to Elin Nordegren , a Swedish former model and daughter of former minister of migration Barbro Holmberg and radio journalist Thomas Nordegren . They were introduced during The Open Championship in 2001 by Swedish golfer Jesper Parnevik , who had employed her as an au pair . They married on October 5 , 2004 , at the Sandy Lane resort in Barbados , and lived at Isleworth , a community in Windermere , a suburb of Orlando , Florida . In 2006 , they purchased a $39 - million estate in Jupiter Island , Florida , and began constructing a 10,000 - square - foot home ; Woods moved there in 2010 following the couple 's divorce . The first child of Woods and Nordegren , a daughter who they named Sam Alexis Woods , was born in 2007 . Woods chose the name because his own father had always called him Sam . Their son , Charlie Axel Woods , was born in 2009 . Infidelity scandal and fallout In November 2009 , the National Enquirer published a story claiming that Woods had an extramarital affair with New York City nightclub manager Rachel Uchitel , who denied the claim . Two days later , around 2 : 30 a.m. on November 27 , Woods was driving from his Florida mansion in his Cadillac Escalade SUV when he collided with a fire hydrant , a tree , and several hedges near his home . He was treated for minor facial lacerations and received a ticket for careless driving . Following intense media speculation about the cause of the accident , Woods released a statement on his website and took sole responsibility for the accident , calling it a `` private matter '' and crediting his wife for helping him from the car . On November 30 , Woods announced that he would not be appearing at his own charity golf tournament , the Chevron World Challenge , nor any other tournaments in 2009 , due to his injuries . On December 2 , following Us Weekly 's prior day reporting of a purported mistress and subsequent release of a voicemail message allegedly left by Woods for the woman , Woods released a further statement ; there , he admitted `` transgressions '' and apologized to `` all of those who have supported ( him ) over the years '' , while reiterating his and his family 's right to privacy . Over the next few days , more than a dozen women claimed in various media outlets to have had affairs with Woods . On December 11 , he released a third statement admitting to infidelity and apologizing again , as well as announcing that he would be taking `` an indefinite break from professional golf . '' In the days and months following Woods ' admission of multiple infidelities , several companies re-evaluated their relationships with him . Accenture , AT&T , Gatorade and General Motors completely ended their sponsorship deals , while Gillette suspended advertising featuring Woods . TAG Heuer dropped Woods from advertising in December 2009 and officially ended their deal when his contract expired in August 2011 . Golf Digest suspended Woods ' monthly column beginning with the February 2010 issue . In contrast , Nike continued to support Woods , as did Electronic Arts , which was working with Woods on the game Tiger Woods PGA Tour Online . A December 2009 study estimated the shareholder loss caused by Woods ' affairs to be between $5 billion and $12 billion . On February 19 , 2010 , Woods gave a televised statement in which he said he had been in a 45 - day therapy program since the end of December . He again apologized for his actions . `` I thought I could get away with whatever I wanted to , '' he said . `` I felt that I had worked hard my entire life and deserved to enjoy all the temptations around me . I felt I was entitled . Thanks to money and fame , I did n't have to go far to find them . I was wrong . I was foolish . '' He said he did not know yet when he would be returning to golf . He announced a few weeks later on March 16 that he would be returning at the 2010 Masters Tournament on April 8 . After six years of marriage , Woods and his wife Elin divorced on August 23 , 2010 . 2017 arrest On May 29 , 2017 , Woods was arrested near his Jupiter , Florida home by the Palm Beach County Sheriff 's Office at about 3 : 00 a.m. EDT for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs . He was asleep in his car that was stopped in a traffic lane with its engine running . He later stated that he was taking prescription drugs and did not realize how they might interact together . On July 3 , 2017 , Woods tweeted that he had completed an out - of - state intensive program to tackle an unspecified issue . On August 9 , 2017 , Woods , who skipped his arraignment , entered a not guilty plea through his attorney Douglas Duncan and agreed to take part in a first time DUI offender program and hold another arraignment on October 25 . At a hearing on October 27 , Woods pled guilty to reckless driving . He received a year of probation , was fined $250 , and ordered to undergo 50 hours of community service along with regular drug tests , and was not allowed to drink alcohol during his time of probation . If he violated his probation , he would have been sentenced to 90 days in jail with an additional $500 fine . Other pursuits United States President Barack Obama and Woods meet in the Oval Office , April 2009 Woods shoots a handgun at a shooting range outside San Diego . From childhood , Woods was raised as a Buddhist , and he actively practiced this faith from childhood until well into his adult professional golf career . In a 2000 article , Woods was quoted as saying he `` believes in Buddhism ... Not every aspect , but most of it . '' He has attributed his deviations and infidelity to his losing track of Buddhism . He said , `` Buddhism teaches me to stop following every impulse and to learn restraint . Obviously I lost track of what I was taught . '' Woods is registered to vote as an independent . In January 2009 , Woods delivered a speech commemorating the military at the We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial . In April 2009 , Woods visited the White House while in the Washington , D.C. , area promoting the golf tournament he hosts , the AT&T National . In December 2016 and again in November 2017 , Woods played golf with President Donald Trump at the Trump International Golf Club in West Palm Beach . Woods underwent laser eye surgery in 1999 . Before this surgery , he was severely myopic his eyesight being - 11 diopters . He considered the surgery a big help in his career and a good alternative to the glasses and contact lenses . He immediately started winning tour events after the surgery . He received money from TLC Laser Eye Centers to endorse them . In 2007 , he had a second laser eye surgery when his vision began to deteriorate again . On March 18 , 2013 , Woods announced that he and Olympic gold medal skier Lindsey Vonn were dating . They split up in May 2015 . See also Career Grand Slam Champions List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of golfers with most wins in one PGA Tour event List of longest PGA Tour win streaks List of men 's major championships winning golfers Most PGA Tour wins in a year Biography portal Golf portal United States portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods -- Profile '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This is calculated by adding Woods ' 79 PGA Tour victories , 8 regular European Tour titles , 2 Japan Tour wins , 1 Asian Tour crown , and the 16 other wins in his career . Jump up ^ These are the 14 majors , 18 WGC events , and his eight tour wins . Jump up ^ 2009 European Tour Official Guide Section 4 Page 577 PDF 21 . European Tour . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . Archived January 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Divorce decree '' ( PDF ) . August 23 , 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sounes , Howard ( 2004 ) . The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf . Harper Collins . pp. 120 -- 121 , 293 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Biography : Golfer ( 1975 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dahlberg , Tim ( December 12 , 2009 ) . `` Two weeks that shattered the legend of Tiger Woods '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Westwood becomes world number one '' . BBC News . October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods moves to 50th in rankings '' . ESPN . November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Undergoes Successful Back Surgery , Is Hopeful To Return In Early 2016 '' . TigerWoods.com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods decides to play in the Masters '' . USA Today . April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Martin ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods falls out of world top 500 '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Zak , Sean ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods no longer a top 1,000 player in the world golf ranking '' . Golf.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Woods Clinches PGA Player of the Year Award '' . About.com : Golf . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking Tiger '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Biography - childhood , children , parents , name , history , mother , young , son , old , information , born '' . Notablebiographies.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods ' father , Earl , succumbs to cancer '' . Espn.com . May 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Tiger Woods ' Parents : Meet Mom and Dad '' . Thoughtco.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ His Father 's Son : Earl and Tiger Woods , by Tom Callahan , 2010 ; The Wicked Game , by Howard Sounes , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Earning His Stripes '' . AsianWeek . October 11 , 1996 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 1998 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Woods '' ( obituary ) . Telegraph ( June 5 , 2006 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woods stars on Oprah , says he 's ' Cablinasian ' '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Associated Press . April 23 , 1997 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Tom ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger 's dad gave us all some lessons to remember '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Rick ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' niece makes her major pro golf tourney debut today '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Training a Tiger : Raising a Winner in Golf and in Life , by Earl Woods and Pete McDaniel , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Play Golf Where Tiger Became Tiger '' . Golf.com . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Timeline '' . Infoplease . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Training A Tiger , by Earl Woods and Pete McDaniel , 1997 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes , 2004 , William Morrow , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 , p. 187 ; originally appeared in The Wall Street Journal , Nike 's Tiger Woods professional career launch advertisement , August 1996 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Training A Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life , by Earl Woods with Pete McDaniel , 1997 , Harper Collins , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 270178 - 9 , p. 23 ; Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes . ^ Jump up to : His Father 's Son : Earl and Tiger Woods , by Tom Callahan , 2010 Jump up ^ Training A Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life , by Earl Woods with Pete McDaniel , 1997 , Harper Collins , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 270178 - 9 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Jack Nicklaus : Memories and Mementos from Golf 's Golden Bear , by Jack Nicklaus with David Shedloski , 2007 , Stewart , Tabori & Chang , New York , ISBN 1 - 58479 - 564 - 6 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods '' . IMG Speakers . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sounes , p. 277 . Jump up ^ `` Notable Past Players '' . International Golf Federation . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( September 9 , 1995 ) . `` Ailing Woods Unsure for Walker Cup '' . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes , 2004 , William Morrow , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 , information listed on inset photos between pages 168 and 169 . Jump up ^ `` Famous People -- Speech Differences and Stutter '' . Disabled World . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods writes letter of support to fellow stutterer '' . The Guardian . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Former stutterer Tiger Woods writes letter to young boy being bullied '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Writes Letter to Boy With Stuttering Problem '' . ABC News . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Men 's Golf Team -- Tiger Woods '' . Stanford Men 's Golf Team . April 8 , 2003 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosaforte , Tim ( 1997 ) . Tiger Woods : The Makings of a Champion . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 84 , 101 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 96437 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` PAC - 10 Men 's Golf '' ( PDF ) . PAC - 10 Conference . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods through the Ages ... '' Geocities . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sounes , p. 277 Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Captures 1996 NCAA Individual Title '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosaforte 1997 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods admits he left California because of high tax rates after rival Phil Mickelson apologizes for saying he may quit West Coast '' . Daily Mail . January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Robert W. ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods Moved Too , Says Mickelson Was Right About Taxes '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martosko , David ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods : I left California over tax rates too '' . Daily Caller . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 1 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` Golf 's first Billion - Dollar Man '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Rick ( December 23 , 1996 ) . `` 1996 : Tiger Woods '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 2 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods scoops world rankings award '' . London : BBC Sport . March 15 , 2006 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Jaime . `` The Truth about Tiger '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods is PGA Tour player of year '' . The Topeka Capital - Journal . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garrity , John ( June 26 , 2000 ) . `` Open and Shut '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 3 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Price , S.L. ( April 3 , 2000 ) . `` Tunnel Vision '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yocom , Guy ( July 2000 ) . `` 50 Greatest Golfers of All Time : And What They Taught Us '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The remarkable drive of Tiger Woods '' . CNN . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shedloski , Dave ( July 27 , 2006 ) . `` Woods is starting to own his swing '' . PGA Tour . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hard labor pays off for Singh '' . Sports Illustrated . Reuters . September 7 , 2004 . Retrieved May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Verdi , Bob . `` A Rivalry is Reborn '' . Golf World . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morfit , Cameron ( March 6 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods 's Rivals Will Be Back . Eventually '' . Golf Magazine . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( April 10 , 2006 ) . `` Golf : Notebook ; Trouble on Greens Keeps Woods From His Fifth Green Jacket '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Earl Woods , 74 , Father of Tiger Woods , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Year '' . PGA . Associated Press . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods undergoes knee surgery '' . Agence France - Presse. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger puts away Mediate on 91st hole to win U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Savage , Brendan ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Rocco Mediate still riding U.S. Open high into Buick Open '' . The Flint Journal . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Mediate makes the most of his brush with Tiger '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Mark ( June 18 , 2008 ) . `` Tiger Woods to Undergo Reconstructive Knee Surgery and Miss Remainder of 2008 Season '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dorman , Larry ( June 19 , 2008 ) . `` Woods to Have Knee Surgery , Ending His Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Donegan , Lawrence ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` Woods savours ' greatest triumph ' after epic duel with brave Mediate '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger 's Return Expected To Make PGA Ratings Roar '' . The Nielsen Company 2009 . February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dahlberg , Tim ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Anything can happen : It did in Tiger 's return '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Doug ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Americans win the Presidents Cup '' . Cumberland Times - News . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barber , Phil ( October 11 , 2009 ) . `` Americans win the Presidents Cup '' . The Press Democrat . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods apologises to wife Elin for affairs '' . BBC Sport . London . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AT&T cuts connection with Woods '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mickelson wins Masters ; Tiger 5 back '' . ESPN . April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( May 1 , 2010 ) . `` Woods misses sixth PGA Tour cut '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ pgatour.com , Official World Golf Ranking for March 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ pgatour.com , Official World Golf Ranking for April 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ pgatour.com , 2011 Masters tournament data Jump up ^ http://www.tigerwoods.com , June 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Howard Sounes : The Wicked Game Jump up ^ pgatour.com , December 4 , 2011 , Tiger ends two - year winless streak Jump up ^ Evans , Farrell ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Nick Watney eliminates Tiger Woods '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger wins Memorial to match Nicklaus on 73 wins '' . The Times of India . June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods wins AT&T to pass Jack Nicklaus record '' . BBC Sport . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Farrell ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger takes Torrey for 75th tour win '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods prevails at Doral '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger returns to No. 1 , wins Bay Hill '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods Nike ad causes a stir with `` winning takes care of everything '' message `` . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Is Tiger Woods facing disqualification at Masters ? '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods walks off at Honda Classic '' . bunkered . March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods a doubt for the Masters '' . bunkered . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods out of the Masters '' . bunkered. April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods splits with swing coach Sean Foley '' . USA Today . August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Van Sickle , Gary ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Withdraws From the Farmers Insurance Open With Bad Back '' . Golf.com . Jump up ^ `` His back feeling better , Tiger plans to work on his game and play again soon '' . tigerwoods.com . February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nick ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods hurts his wrist after hitting a root at the Masters '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods improves with 76 , but misses cut badly at 2015 US Open '' . CBS Sports . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 British Open : Tiger Woods cut at consecutive majors for first time ever '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger confident after results at Quicken Loans National '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velin , Bob ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods falls short , ends season at Wyndham '' . USA Today . Tyson 's Corners , Virginia . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalland , Bobby ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods sputters in final round , shoots 70 at Wyndham Championship '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grez , Matias ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods : Golfer to miss the Masters '' . CNN International . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods chooses health over Masters '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Christine ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Brennan : Tiger Woods is n't playing in Masters but still very much present '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Wood 's bold vision to break Jack Nicklaus 's record of 18 major titles '' . Golf Channel . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods looks to the positives after fading following flying start '' . Irish Independent . Press Association . December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods to miss Masters for third time in four years '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger not ' tournament ready , ' will miss Masters '' . www.tigerwoods.com . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zak , Sean ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking : Tiger Woods undergoes back surgery to alleviate ongoing pain '' . Golf Magazine . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods has a 4th back surgery '' . MSN News . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/11/sports/golf/tiger-woods-valspar-championship.html Jump up ^ `` Apple CEO among latest inductees to California Hall of Fame '' . U-T San Diego . August 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` California Hall of Fame : 2007 Inductees '' Archived January 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , californiamuseum.org . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods named top athlete of decade '' . ESPN . December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger named AP 's Athlete of the Decade '' . NY Daily News . Associated Press . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Carol ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger 's Tour , 10 years after his Masters breakthrough '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ; Garrity , John ; Diaz , Jaime ( April 1 , 1997 ) . `` Tiger 1997 : The buzz that rocked the cradle '' . Golf Magazine . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` With Tiger not a factor , preliminary ratings down for PGA '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . August 20 , 2001 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ziemer , Tom ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` PGA jungle needs its Tiger on prowl '' . The Badger Herald . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitmer , Michael ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` Woods shows mettle again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Berger , Brian. , `` Nike Golf Extends Contract with Tiger Woods '' , Sports Business Radio , December 11 , 2006 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : DiCarlo , Lisa ( March 18 , 2004 ) . `` Six Degrees Of Tiger Woods '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Branding and Celebrity Endorsements '' Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , VentureRepublic.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Alice. , `` Member of the Club '' , Time , April 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ AP , `` Nike sees dollar signs in Woods ' magical shot '' , MSNBC , April 13 , 2005 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Krakow , Gary. , `` Tiger Woods watch is a technological stroke '' , MSNBC.com , November 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Archived March 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tag Heuer 's Innovative Creation Wins Prestigious Award '' Archived September 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , best-watch.net Watch News , January 31 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ; Rothman , Wilson ( September 26 , 2004 ) . `` Q&A with Tiger Woods '' . Time . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods to play another six with EA '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abelson , Jenn ( February 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gillette lands a trio of star endorsers '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gatorade Unveils a Taste of Tiger '' . The Washington Post . October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gatorade confirms it is dropping Tiger Woods drink , but decided to before fateful car wreck '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Is that really an appropriate item to be advertising ? First look at Tiger Woods endorsing Japanese ' heat rub ' '' . Daily Mail . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports nutrition firm Fuse Science signs on as sponsor of Woods ' bag '' . PGA of America . Associated Press . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Palmer v. Gotta Have It Golf Collectibles , Inc '' . 106 F. Supp. 2d 1289 ( 2000 ) United States District Court , S.D. Florida . June 22 , 2000 . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Batterman , L. Robert ; Cardozo , Michael ; Freeman , Robert E. ; Ganz , Howard L. ; Katz , Wayne D. ; Leccese , Joseph M. ( May 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tiger Woods Misses the Cut in Golf Memorabilia Dispute '' . National Law Review . Proskauer Rose LLP . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gotta Have It Golf , Inc. v. Arnold Palmer Enterprises , Inc. , No. 03 - 19490 ( Fla . Cir . Ct . Jury Verdict ) '' . March 12 , 2014 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McEwan , Michael ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods to seek new equipment partner '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Dennett , Craig ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Nike to exit golf equipment industry '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' move to TaylorMade '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Sobel , Jason ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger adds Cameron back into bag '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods picks up Monster Energy '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Freedman , Jonah ( 2007 ) . `` The Fortunate 50 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron ( February 2008 ) . `` The Golf Digest 50 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tiger richest athlete in history '' . ESPN . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Woods is sports ' first billion - dollar man '' . Forbes . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Wealthiest Black Americans '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes , Forbes . Jump up ^ How Much Do The World 's Top 10 Golfers Earn Per Shot ? Jump up ^ Lyon , Bill ( August 16 , 2000 ) . `` Woods bad for golf ? There 's an unplayable lie '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Brown , Jennifer ; Quitters Never Win : The ( Adverse ) Incentive Effects of Competing with Superstars Archived April 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Job Market Paper , November 2007 Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Press Conference : The Open Championship '' . TigerWoods.com . ASAP Sports . July 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Celizic , Mike ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger is greatest closer ever '' . MSNBC . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maginnes , John ( August 12 , 2007 ) . `` Goliath will surely fall one day . Or will he ? '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cabrera wins devilish battle at U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods shows off his command '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romine , Brentley ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` 5 Things : Woods captures fourth Tour title in ' 13 '' . Golfweek . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights : How Dufner won the 95th PGA Champ '' . Golf Channel . August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Andy ( July 24 , 2000 ) . `` Woods moves majestically to grand slam '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Career Money Leaders '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records online registry , the result of the linked search will display higher number of records , however many of those displayed contain the name of Usain Bolt in the description of the record but do n't belong to him '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Woods threatens all records at the Masters '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Associated Press . April 12 , 1997 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger had more than just length in annihilating Augusta '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . April 14 , 1997 . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Polinski , Cara ( July 8 , 2003 ) . `` True Temper Wins Again ! '' . The Wire . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods , Mickelson clear the air , put spat behind them '' . ESPN . February 13 , 2003 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson clarifies Tiger comments '' . Golf Today . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study : Tiger Woods '' . Linkage Incorporated . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` When Par is n't good enough '' . APMP.org . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Ed ( September 3 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods Up Close And Personal '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Butch ( 2006 ) . The Pro : Lessons About Golf and Life from My Father , Claude Harmon , Sr. Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 307 - 33804 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Swing Coach Foley Helping Tiger At PGA Championship '' . Canadian Press . August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Woods Dismisses His Caddie Cowan '' . The New York Times . March 9 , 1999 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger 's Caddie Reflects on `` Defining '' Moment at Medinah `` . Golf Channel . Associated Press . August 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods hires caddie Joe LaCava '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gray , Will ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Woods signs with TaylorMade for woods , irons '' . Golf Channel . Jump up ^ Wall , Jonathan ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger to debut TW ' 17 shoe at Hero World Challenge '' . PGA Tour . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , Mark ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger Pitch Ad - Nauseam '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger WITB 2017 '' . GolfWRX . November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wood covers : Stitch Brand with TGR Logo '' . Archived from the original Check url = value ( help ) on July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mattingly Expected to Retire After Sitting Out 1996 Season '' . The Los Angeles Times . January 22 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Patricia ( April 13 , 1997 ) . `` The Changing Face of Golf ; A CBS Profile of the Hottest Guy on the Links '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` With Clinton at his side , Woods opens his learning center '' . GolfWeb Wire Services . February 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Programs : TWLC : Junior Golf Team '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Harig , Bob ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' foundation suffered greatly '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lamport - Stokes , Mark ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger eyes legacy away from sport '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger visits new TWLC Florida campus in Stuart '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Events : Tiger Woods Invitational '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The fifth annual Block Party raises more than $500,000 '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . October 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Speaks About Injury , PGA Tour Athlets During Jam '' . GolfLasVegasNow.com. April 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Eric ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger Woods takes hiatus from OC foundation '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Soltau , Mark ( November 6 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' next step : Design golf courses '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfensberger , Marc ( December 3 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods Will Design First Golf Course in Dubai '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fattah , Zainab ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods 's Dubai Golf Resort Will Be Completed , Builder Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Paul ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` For Tiger Woods , a Golf Course Design Business Is in the Rough '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGinley , Shane ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Dubai Holding ' dissolves ' Tiger Woods partnership '' . arabianbusiness.com . ITP Publishing Group . Jump up ^ `` Tiger to design his first U.S. course '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Louis , Brian ; Taub , Daniel ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Tiger Woods and Flagship to Build Mexico Golf Resort '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New deal includes instruction , Web pieces '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 8 , 2002 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( October 9 , 2001 ) . `` Tiger Woods joins the club of golf book authors '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stachura , Mike ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' new book is a vivid but cautious reflection on his landmark win '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five things you did n't know about Elin Nordegren '' . CNN . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Woods ties the knot '' . BBC Sport . October 6 , 2004 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods buys $40 million estate '' . The New York Times . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` As Tiger Woods completes his £ 30m new home Elin reminds him what he HASN 'T got '' . Daily Mail . October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Joseph ( July 3 , 2007 ) . `` Woods played U.S. Open while wife was in hospital '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger becomes dad for second time '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Exclusive : Woman at Center of Tiger Woods Cheating Scandal Exposed ! ! '' . National Enquirer . November 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods admits `` transgressions , '' apologizes `` . Reuters . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DiMeglio , Steve ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` Woods crash did $3,200 damage to hydrant , tree '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ( November 28 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger injured in late - night car accident '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods issues statement on crash '' . USA Today . Associated Press . November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` Statement from Tiger Woods '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Cancels Tourney Appearance '' . CBS News . November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Tiger Panic to Mistress : `` My Wife May Be Calling You '' `` . Us Weekly . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger comments on current events '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GM ends car loans for Tiger Woods '' . BBC News . London . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods loses Gatorade sponsorship '' . BBC News . February 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Another major blow for Tiger Woods as $10 m sponsor Tag Heuer gives him the elbow '' . Daily Mail . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Golf Digest , February 2010 . Jump up ^ Klayman , Ben ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` EA Sports moves forward with Tiger game rollout '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldiner , Dave ( December 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' mistress scandal costs shareholders of sponsors like Nike , Gatorade $12 billion '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Tiger 's public statement '' . Web.tigerwoods.com . ASAP Sports . February 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rude , Jeff ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Woods ' return shows he 's ready to win '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helling , Steve ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods and Elin Nordegren 's Divorce Is Final '' . People . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Booking Blotter '' . Palm Beach County Sheriff 's Office . May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Harriet ; Curtis , Ben ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods blames driving arrest on ' prescribed medications ' , not alcohol '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods found asleep in car at time of arrest ; no alcohol found in breath test '' . ESPN . May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bieler , Des ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods announces that he 's completed a ' private intensive program ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Winsor , Morgan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods pleads not guilty to DUI charges '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Greenlee , Will ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods to take part in DUI first - offender program -- Videos '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Curt ; Spencer , Terry ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods found guilty of reckless driving '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods makes emotional apology for infidelity '' . BBC News . London . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert ( July 24 , 2000 ) . `` Gandhi and Tiger Woods '' . Slate . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Returns to Buddhism '' . ISKCON News . February 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abcarian , Robin ( December 13 , 2009 ) . `` How did Tiger keep his secrets ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger to speak at Lincoln Memorial '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods gives speech at Obama inauguration '' . Golf Today . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montopoli , Brian ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger Woods in the White House '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` President Trump plays post-Thanksgiving golf with Tiger Woods and Dustin Johnson '' . CBS News . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods undergoes second laser eye surgery '' . Golf Today . May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bestrom , Craig ; Strege , John . `` Eyes of the Tiger : Tiger Woods -- LASIK laser eye surgery '' . Eyesurgeryusa.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woods has second laser eye surgery '' . Golf Magazine . May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods announces his relationship with Lindsey Vonn '' . USA Today . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsey Vonn on Facebook ) '' . May 3 , 2015 . Further reading Andrisani , John ( 1997 ) . The Tiger Woods Way : An Analysis of Tiger Woods ' Power - Swing Technique . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80139 - 2 . OCLC 55124056 . Clary , Jack ( 1997 ) . Tiger Woods . Twickenham , England : Tiger Books International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85501 - 954 - 6 . OCLC 40859379 . Feinstein , John ( 1999 ) . The Majors : In Pursuit of Golf 's Holy Grail . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 27971 - 0 . OCLC 40602886 . Londino , Lawrence J. ( 2006 ) . Tiger Woods : A Biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33121 - 3 . OCLC 61109403 . Rosaforte , Tim ( 2000 ) . Raising the Bar : The Championship Years of Tiger Woods . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27212 - 8 . OCLC 45248211 . Woods , Tiger ( 2001 ) . How I Play Golf . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 52931 - 0 . OCLC 46992172 . Woods , Earl ; McDaniel , Pete ( 1997 ) . Training a Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 270178 - 7 . OCLC 35925055 . External links Find more aboutTiger Woodsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Tiger Woods at the PGA Tour official site Tiger Woods at the European Tour official site Tiger Woods at the Japan Golf Tour official site Tiger Woods at the Official World Golf Ranking official site Tiger Woods Foundation Tiger Woods Learning Center Tiger Woods on IMDb Works by or about Tiger Woods in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Tiger Woods ' Videos on mReplay Tiger Woods Video on ESPN Video Archive Tiger Woods Video on FoxSports Video Archive Tiger Woods Family Elin Nordegren ( ex-wife ) Earl Woods ( father ) Cheyenne Woods ( niece ) Golf achievements Professional career Career achievements Tournament performances Foundation Quicken Loans National Learning Center Hero World Challenge Tiger Woods Design The Cliffs at High Carolina Al Ruwaya Golf Course Punta Brava Other ventures PGA Tour Monday Night Golf Films and television The Tiger Woods Story Related Steve Williams ( caddie ) Tiger Woods in the major championships Masters Tournament champions 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen † 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 ‡ Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson † 1943 -- 45 cancelled due to World War II 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead † 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 ‡ Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer † 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus † 1967 Gay Brewer 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper † 1971 Charles Coody 1972 ‡ Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1980 Seve Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler † 1983 Seve Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize † 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo † 1990 Nick Faldo † 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Bernhard Langer 1994 José María Olazábal 1995 Ben Crenshaw 1996 Nick Faldo 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 José María Olazábal 2000 Vijay Singh 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Mike Weir † 2004 Phil Mickelson 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Phil Mickelson 2007 Zach Johnson 2008 Trevor Immelman 2009 Ángel Cabrera † 2010 Phil Mickelson 2011 Charl Schwartzel 2012 Bubba Watson † 2013 Adam Scott † 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 ‡ Jordan Spieth 2016 Danny Willett 2017 Sergio García † † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire U.S. Open champions 1895 Horace Rawlins 1896 James Foulis 1897 Joe Lloyd 1898 Fred Herd 1899 Willie Smith 1900 Harry Vardon 1901 Willie Anderson † 1902 Laurie Auchterlonie 1903 Willie Anderson † 1904 Willie Anderson 1905 Willie Anderson 1906 Alex Smith 1907 Alec Ross 1908 Fred McLeod † 1909 George Sargent 1910 Alex Smith † 1911 John McDermott † 1912 John McDermott 1913 Francis Ouimet # † 1914 ‡ Walter Hagen 1915 Jerome Travers # 1916 Chick Evans # 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Walter Hagen † 1920 Ted Ray 1921 ‡ Jim Barnes 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Bobby Jones # † 1924 Cyril Walker 1925 Willie Macfarlane † 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 Tommy Armour † 1928 Johnny Farrell † 1929 Bobby Jones # † 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Billy Burke † 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 Johnny Goodman # 1934 Olin Dutra 1935 Sam Parks , Jr . 1936 Tony Manero 1937 Ralph Guldahl 1938 Ralph Guldahl 1939 Byron Nelson † 1940 Lawson Little † 1941 Craig Wood 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Lloyd Mangrum † 1947 Lew Worsham † 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Cary Middlecoff 1950 Ben Hogan † 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 ‡ Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Jack Fleck † 1956 Cary Middlecoff 1957 Dick Mayer † 1958 Tommy Bolt 1959 Billy Casper 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gene Littler 1962 Jack Nicklaus † 1963 Julius Boros † 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Gary Player † 1966 Billy Casper † 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 Lee Trevino 1969 Orville Moody 1970 ‡ Tony Jacklin 1971 Lee Trevino † 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Johnny Miller 1974 Hale Irwin 1975 Lou Graham † 1976 Jerry Pate 1977 Hubert Green 1978 Andy North 1979 Hale Irwin 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 David Graham 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Larry Nelson 1984 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1985 Andy North 1986 Raymond Floyd 1987 Scott Simpson 1988 Curtis Strange † 1989 Curtis Strange 1990 Hale Irwin † 1991 Payne Stewart † 1992 Tom Kite 1993 Lee Janzen 1994 Ernie Els † 1995 Corey Pavin 1996 Steve Jones 1997 Ernie Els 1998 Lee Janzen 1999 Payne Stewart 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods 2001 Retief Goosen † 2002 ‡ Tiger Woods 2003 Jim Furyk 2004 Retief Goosen 2005 Michael Campbell 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Ángel Cabrera 2008 Tiger Woods † 2009 Lucas Glover 2010 Graeme McDowell 2011 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2012 Webb Simpson 2013 Justin Rose 2014 ‡ Martin Kaymer 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Brooks Koepka † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur The Open Championship champions 1860 Willie Park Sr . 1861 Tom Morris Sr . 1862 Tom Morris Sr . 1863 Willie Park Sr . 1864 Tom Morris Sr . 1865 Andrew Strath 1866 Willie Park Sr . 1867 Tom Morris Sr . 1868 Tom Morris Jr . 1869 Tom Morris Jr . 1870 Tom Morris Jr . 1871 No championship 1872 Tom Morris Jr . 1873 Tom Kidd 1874 Mungo Park 1875 Willie Park Sr . 1876 Bob Martin † 1877 Jamie Anderson 1878 Jamie Anderson 1879 Jamie Anderson 1880 Bob Ferguson 1881 Bob Ferguson 1882 Bob Ferguson 1883 Willie Fernie † 1884 Jack Simpson 1885 Bob Martin 1886 David Brown 1887 Willie Park Jr . 1888 Jack Burns 1889 Willie Park Jr. † 1890 John Ball # 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 1892 Harold Hilton # 1893 William Auchterlonie 1894 John Henry Taylor 1895 John Henry Taylor 1896 Harry Vardon † 1897 Harold Hilton # 1898 Harry Vardon 1899 Harry Vardon 1900 John Henry Taylor 1901 James Braid 1902 Sandy Herd 1903 Harry Vardon 1904 Jack White 1905 James Braid 1906 James Braid 1907 Arnaud Massy 1908 James Braid 1909 John Henry Taylor 1910 James Braid 1911 Harry Vardon † 1912 ‡ Edward Ray 1913 John Henry Taylor 1914 Harry Vardon 1915 -- 19 No Championships due to World War I 1920 George Duncan 1921 Jock Hutchison † 1922 Walter Hagen 1923 Arthur Havers 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Jim Barnes 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 ‡ Bobby Jones # 1928 Walter Hagen 1929 Walter Hagen 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Tommy Armour 1932 ‡ Gene Sarazen 1933 Denny Shute † 1934 ‡ Henry Cotton 1935 Alf Perry 1936 Alf Padgham 1937 Henry Cotton 1938 Reg Whitcombe 1939 Dick Burton 1940 -- 45 No Championships due to World War II 1946 Sam Snead 1947 Fred Daly 1948 Henry Cotton 1949 Bobby Locke † 1950 Bobby Locke 1951 Max Faulkner 1952 Bobby Locke 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Peter Thomson 1955 Peter Thomson 1956 Peter Thomson 1957 Bobby Locke 1958 Peter Thomson † 1959 Gary Player 1960 Kel Nagle 1961 Arnold Palmer 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Bob Charles † 1964 Tony Lema 1965 Peter Thomson 1966 Jack Nicklaus 1967 Roberto De Vicenzo 1968 Gary Player 1969 Tony Jacklin 1970 Jack Nicklaus † 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Lee Trevino 1973 ‡ Tom Weiskopf 1974 Gary Player 1975 Tom Watson † 1976 Johnny Miller 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Seve Ballesteros 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Tom Watson 1984 Seve Ballesteros 1985 Sandy Lyle 1986 Greg Norman 1987 Nick Faldo 1988 Seve Ballesteros 1989 Mark Calcavecchia † 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Ian Baker - Finch 1992 Nick Faldo 1993 Greg Norman 1994 Nick Price 1995 John Daly † 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Justin Leonard 1998 Mark O'Meara † 1999 Paul Lawrie † 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 David Duval 2002 Ernie Els † 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton † 2005 ‡ Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Pádraig Harrington † 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Stewart Cink † 2010 Louis Oosthuizen 2011 Darren Clarke 2012 Ernie Els 2013 Phil Mickelson 2014 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2015 Zach Johnson † 2016 Henrik Stenson 2017 Jordan Spieth † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire in 72 - holes ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur PGA Championship champions Match play era 1916 Jim Barnes 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Jim Barnes 1920 Jock Hutchison 1921 Walter Hagen 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Gene Sarazen 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Walter Hagen 1926 Walter Hagen 1927 Walter Hagen 1928 Leo Diegel 1929 Leo Diegel 1930 Tommy Armour 1931 Tom Creavy 1932 Olin Dutra 1933 Gene Sarazen 1934 Paul Runyan 1935 Johnny Revolta 1936 Denny Shute 1937 Denny Shute 1938 Paul Runyan 1939 Henry Picard 1940 Byron Nelson 1941 Vic Ghezzi 1942 Sam Snead 1943 Cancelled due to World War II 1944 Bob Hamilton 1945 Byron Nelson 1946 Ben Hogan 1947 Jim Ferrier 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Chandler Harper 1951 Sam Snead 1952 Jim Turnesa 1953 Walter Burkemo 1954 Chick Harbert 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Lionel Hebert Stroke play era 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Bob Rosburg 1960 Jay Hebert 1961 Jerry Barber † 1962 Gary Player 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 ‡ Bobby Nichols 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Al Geiberger 1967 Don January † 1968 Julius Boros 1969 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1970 Dave Stockton 1971 Jack Nicklaus 1972 Gary Player 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Lee Trevino 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Dave Stockton 1977 Lanny Wadkins † 1978 John Mahaffey † 1979 David Graham † 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 Larry Nelson 1982 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1983 ‡ Hal Sutton 1984 Lee Trevino 1985 Hubert Green 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Larry Nelson † 1988 Jeff Sluman 1989 Payne Stewart 1990 Wayne Grady 1991 John Daly 1992 Nick Price 1993 Paul Azinger † 1994 Nick Price 1995 Steve Elkington † 1996 Mark Brooks † 1997 Davis Love III 1998 Vijay Singh 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods † 2001 David Toms 2002 Rich Beem 2003 Shaun Micheel 2004 Vijay Singh † 2005 Phil Mickelson 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Y.E. Yang 2010 Martin Kaymer † 2011 Keegan Bradley † 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Jason Dufner 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jason Day 2016 Jimmy Walker 2017 Justin Thomas † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire Men 's Career Grand Slam Champion Golfers 1930 Bobby Jones ( 1 ) 1935 Gene Sarazen ( 1 ) 1953 Ben Hogan ( 1 ) 1965 Gary Player ( 1 ) 1966 Jack Nicklaus ( 1 ) 1971 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) 1978 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) 2000 Tiger Woods ( 1 ) 2005 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) 2008 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) World Golf Championships champions WGC - Championship 1999 Tiger Woods † 2000 Mike Weir 2001 Cancelled 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Ernie Els 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Geoff Ogilvy 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Ernie Els 2011 Nick Watney 2012 Justin Rose 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Patrick Reed 2015 Dustin Johnson 2016 Adam Scott 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Phil Mickelson WGC - Match Play 1999 Jeff Maggert 2000 Darren Clarke 2001 Steve Stricker 2002 Kevin Sutherland 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Tiger Woods 2005 David Toms 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Henrik Stenson 2008 Tiger Woods 2009 Geoff Ogilvy 2010 Ian Poulter 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Hunter Mahan 2013 Matt Kuchar 2014 Jason Day 2015 Rory McIlroy 2016 Jason Day 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Bubba Watson WGC - Invitational 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods † 2002 Craig Parry 2003 Darren Clarke 2004 Stewart Cink 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods † 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Vijay Singh 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Hunter Mahan 2011 Adam Scott 2012 Keegan Bradley 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Shane Lowry 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Hideki Matsuyama WGC - Champions 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Francesco Molinari 2011 Martin Kaymer 2012 Ian Poulter 2013 Dustin Johnson 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 Russell Knox 2016 Hideki Matsuyama 2017 Justin Rose WGC - World Cup 2000 David Duval / Tiger Woods 2001 Ernie Els / Retief Goosen 2002 Toshimitsu Izawa / Shigeki Maruyama 2003 Trevor Immelman / Rory Sabbatini 2004 Paul Casey / Luke Donald 2005 Stephen Dodd / Bradley Dredge 2006 Bernhard Langer / Marcel Siem No longer WGC event † indicates the event was won in a playoff Players Championship champions 1974 Jack Nicklaus 1975 Al Geiberger 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Mark Hayes 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Lanny Wadkins 1980 Lee Trevino 1981 Raymond Floyd † 1982 Jerry Pate 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Fred Couples 1985 Calvin Peete 1986 John Mahaffey 1987 Sandy Lyle † 1988 Mark McCumber 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Jodie Mudd 1991 Steve Elkington 1992 Davis Love III 1993 Nick Price 1994 Greg Norman 1995 Lee Janzen 1996 Fred Couples 1997 Steve Elkington 1998 Justin Leonard 1999 David Duval 2000 Hal Sutton 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Craig Perks 2003 Davis Love III 2004 Adam Scott 2005 Fred Funk 2006 Stephen Ames 2007 Phil Mickelson 2008 Sergio García † 2009 Henrik Stenson 2010 Tim Clark 2011 K.J. Choi † 2012 Matt Kuchar 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Martin Kaymer 2015 Rickie Fowler † 2016 Jason Day 2017 Kim Si - woo † indicates the event was won in a playoff Tiger Woods in the Ryder Cup United States Ryder Cup team -- 1997 Fred Couples Brad Faxon Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Lee Janzen Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Tom Kite ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1999 David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Steve Pate Payne Stewart Hal Sutton Tiger Woods Ben Crenshaw ( non-playing captain ) Won : 14.5 -- 13.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2002 Paul Azinger Mark Calcavecchia Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Hal Sutton David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Curtis Strange ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 12.5 -- 15.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2004 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry Chris Riley David Toms Tiger Woods Hal Sutton ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2006 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Jim Furyk J.J. Henry Zach Johnson Phil Mickelson Vaughn Taylor David Toms Scott Verplank Brett Wetterich Tiger Woods Tom Lehman ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2010 Stewart Cink Rickie Fowler Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Jeff Overton Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Corey Pavin ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2012 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Davis Love III ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 Tiger Woods in the Presidents Cup United States Presidents Cup team -- 1998 Mark Calcavecchia Fred Couples David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch John Huston Lee Janzen Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 11.5 -- 20.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2000 Paul Azinger Notah Begay III Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Loren Roberts Hal Sutton Kirk Triplett Tiger Woods Ken Venturi ( non-playing captain ) Won : 21.5 -- 10.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2003 Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Charles Howell III Jerry Kelly Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Tied : 17 -- 17 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2005 Stewart Cink Fred Couples Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2007 Woody Austin Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Charles Howell III Zach Johnson Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Steve Stricker David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2009 Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Zach Johnson Anthony Kim Justin Leonard Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Sean O'Hair Kenny Perry Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2011 Jim Furyk Bill Haas Dustin Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Steve Stricker David Toms Nick Watney Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19 -- 15 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2013 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Bill Haas Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Jordan Spieth Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 U.S. Amateur champions 1895 Charles B. Macdonald 1896 H.J. Whigham 1897 H.J. Whigham 1898 Findlay S. Douglas 1899 Herbert M. Harriman 1900 Walter Travis 1901 Walter Travis 1902 Louis N. James 1903 Walter Travis 1904 Chandler Egan 1905 Chandler Egan 1906 Eben Byers 1907 Jerome Travers 1908 Jerome Travers 1909 Robert A. Gardner 1910 William C. Fownes Jr . 1911 Harold Hilton † 1912 Jerome Travers 1913 Jerome Travers 1914 Francis Ouimet 1915 Robert A. Gardner 1916 Chick Evans 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 S. Davidson Herron 1920 Chick Evans 1921 Jesse P. Guilford 1922 Jess Sweetser 1923 Max R. Marston † 1924 Bobby Jones 1925 Bobby Jones 1926 George Von Elm 1927 Bobby Jones 1928 Bobby Jones 1929 Harrison R. Johnston 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Francis Ouimet 1932 Ross Somerville 1933 George Dunlap 1934 Lawson Little 1935 Lawson Little 1936 John Fischer † 1937 Johnny Goodman 1938 Willie Turnesa 1939 Bud Ward 1940 Dick Chapman 1941 Bud Ward 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Ted Bishop † 1947 Skee Riegel 1948 Willie Turnesa 1949 Charles Coe 1950 Sam Urzetta † 1951 Billy Maxwell 1952 Jack Westland 1953 Gene Littler 1954 Arnold Palmer 1955 Harvie Ward 1956 Harvie Ward 1957 Hillman Robbins 1958 Charles Coe 1959 Jack Nicklaus 1960 Deane Beman 1961 Jack Nicklaus 1962 Labron Harris Jr . 1963 Deane Beman 1964 William C. Campbell 1965 Bob Murphy 1966 Gary Cowan † 1967 Bob Dickson 1968 Bruce Fleisher 1969 Steve Melnyk 1970 Lanny Wadkins 1971 Gary Cowan 1972 Vinny Giles 1973 Craig Stadler 1974 Jerry Pate 1975 Fred Ridley 1976 Bill Sander 1977 John Fought 1978 John Cook 1979 Mark O'Meara 1980 Hal Sutton 1981 Nathaniel Crosby 1982 Jay Sigel 1983 Jay Sigel 1984 Scott Verplank 1985 Sam Randolph 1986 Buddy Alexander 1987 Billy Mayfair 1988 Eric Meeks 1989 Chris Patton 1990 Phil Mickelson 1991 Mitch Voges 1992 Justin Leonard 1993 John Harris 1994 Tiger Woods 1995 Tiger Woods 1996 Tiger Woods † 1997 Matt Kuchar 1998 Hank Kuehne 1999 David Gossett 2000 Jeff Quinney † 2001 Bubba Dickerson 2002 Ricky Barnes 2003 Nick Flanagan † 2004 Ryan Moore 2005 Edoardo Molinari 2006 Richie Ramsay 2007 Colt Knost 2008 Danny Lee 2009 An Byeong - hun 2010 Peter Uihlein 2011 Kelly Kraft 2012 Steven Fox † 2013 Matthew Fitzpatrick 2014 Gunn Yang 2015 Bryson DeChambeau 2016 Curtis Luck 2017 Doc Redman † indicates the event was won in extra holes . Tiger Woods awards and achievements World Number One golfers since 1986 Seve Ballesteros Fred Couples Jason Day Luke Donald David Duval Ernie Els Nick Faldo Dustin Johnson Martin Kaymer Bernhard Langer Tom Lehman Rory McIlroy Greg Norman Nick Price Adam Scott Vijay Singh Jordan Spieth Lee Westwood Tiger Woods Ian Woosnam Player in bold denotes current number one Official World Golf Ranking PGA Tour Rookies of the Year 1990 Robert Gamez 1991 John Daly 1992 Mark Carnevale 1993 Vijay Singh 1994 Ernie Els 1995 Woody Austin 1996 Tiger Woods 1997 Stewart Cink 1998 Steve Flesch 1999 Carlos Franco 2000 Michael Clark II 2001 Charles Howell III 2002 Jonathan Byrd 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton 2005 Sean O'Hair 2006 Trevor Immelman 2007 Brandt Snedeker 2008 Andrés Romero 2009 Marc Leishman 2010 Rickie Fowler 2011 Keegan Bradley 2012 John Huh 2013 Jordan Spieth 2014 Chesson Hadley 2015 Daniel Berger 2016 Emiliano Grillo 2017 Xander Schauffele PGA and PGA Tour Players of the Year PGA Players of the Year 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Ben Hogan 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Dick Mayer 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Jerry Barber 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Julius Boros 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Billy Casper 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 No award 1969 Orville Moody 1970 Billy Casper 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Johnny Miller 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Tom Watson 1979 Tom Watson 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Tom Watson 1985 Lanny Wadkins 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Paul Azinger 1988 Curtis Strange 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Corey Pavin 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas PGA Tour Players of the Year 1990 Wayne Levi 1991 Fred Couples 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 2000 -- 01 : Tiger Woods 2002 : Michael Schumacher 2003 : Lance Armstrong * 2004 : Michael Schumacher 2005 -- 08 : Roger Federer 2009 -- 10 : Usain Bolt 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Usain Bolt 2014 : Sebastian Vettel 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Usain Bolt 2018 : Roger Federer PGA Tour FedEx Cup Playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Seasons and winners 2007 : Tiger Woods 2008 : Vijay Singh 2009 : Tiger Woods 2010 : Jim Furyk 2011 : Bill Haas 2012 : Brandt Snedeker 2013 : Henrik Stenson 2014 : Billy Horschel 2015 : Jordan Spieth 2016 : Rory McIlroy 2017 : Justin Thomas 2018 : Point distributions Current Former Awards and achievements Preceded by Maurice Greene BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2000 Succeeded by Goran Ivanišević Preceded by Andre Agassi L'Équipe Champion of Champions 2000 Succeeded by Michael Schumacher VIAF : 85369508 LCCN : n95039225 ISNI : 0000 0001 1494 6380 GND : 119501562 SUDOC : 035588519 BNF : cb13323178f ( data ) NLA : 49785943 NDL : 00649830 NKC : xx0010570 BNE : XX1083888 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger_Woods&oldid=834033270 '' Categories : Tiger Woods 1975 births Living people African - American Buddhists African - American golfers American male golfers American people of Dutch descent American people of Dutch - Indonesian descent American people of Native American descent American philanthropists American sportspeople of Chinese descent American sportspeople of Thai descent Golf writers and broadcasters Golfers from California Laureus World Sports Awards winners Men 's Career Grand Slam champion golfers Native American sportspeople People from Cypress , California People from Jupiter Island , Florida People from Windermere , Florida PGA Tour golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sportspeople from Anaheim , California Stanford Cardinal men 's golfers Winners of men 's major golf championships People named in the Panama Papers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with URL errors Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 15 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did tiger woods win his last pga tournament | [
"\n\nTiger Woods\n\n\n\nWoods in June 2014\n\n\n\nPersonal information\n\n\nFull name\nEldrick Tont Woods\n\n\nNickname\nTiger\n\n\nBorn\n(1975-12-30) December 30, 1975 (age 42)\nCypress, California\n\n\nHeight\n6 ft 1 in (185 cm)[1]\n\n\nWeight\n185 lb (84 kg)[1]\n\n\nNationality\n United States\n\n\nResidence\nJupiter Island, Florida\n\n\nSpouse\nElin Nordegren (2004–2010)\n\n\nChildren\n2\n\n\nCareer\n\n\nCollege\nStanford University\n(did not graduate)\n\n\nTurned professional\n1996\n\n\nCurrent tour(s)\nPGA Tour (joined 1996)\n\n\nProfessional wins\n106[2]\n\n\nNumber of wins by tour\n\n\nPGA Tour\n79 (2nd all time)\n\n\nEuropean Tour\n40 (3rd all time)[3][4]\n\n\nJapan Golf Tour\n2\n\n\nAsian Tour\n1\n\n\nPGA Tour of Australasia\n1\n\n\nOther\n16\n\n\nBest results in major championships\n(wins: 14)\n\n\nMasters Tournament\nWon: 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005\n\n\nU.S. Open\nWon: 2000, 2002, 2008\n\n\nThe Open Championship\nWon: 2000, 2005, 2006\n\n\nPGA Championship\nWon: 1999, 2000, 2006, 2007\n\n\nAchievements and awards\n\n\nPGA Tour\nRookie of the Year\n1996\n\n\nPGA Player of the Year\n1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013\n\n\nPGA Tour\nPlayer of the Year\n1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013\n\n\nPGA Tour\nleading money winner\n1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013\n\n\nVardon Trophy\n1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2013\n\n\nByron Nelson Award\n1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009\n\n\nFedEx Cup Champion\n2007, 2009\n\n\n(For a full list of awards, see here)\n\n"
] | [
"2007"
] |
-3182539626890716082 | Waybury Inn | Waybury inn - wikipedia Waybury inn Waybury Inn U.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of Vermont Show map of the US Show all Location 457 East Main Street East Middlebury , Vermont Coordinates 43 ° 58 ′ 18.37 '' N 73 ° 05 ′ 31.35 '' W / 43.9717694 ° N 73.0920417 ° W / 43.9717694 ; - 73.0920417 Coordinates : 43 ° 58 ′ 18.37 '' N 73 ° 05 ′ 31.35 '' W / 43.9717694 ° N 73.0920417 ° W / 43.9717694 ; - 73.0920417 Built 1810 ( 1810 ) Architect John Foot NRHP reference # 83003204 Added to NRHP July 14 , 1983 The Waybury Inn is an inn at 457 East Main Street in Middlebury , Vermont , United States . The inn was built in 1810 , and is one of the oldest operating traveler 's accommodations in the state . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . It is well known for its use in exterior shots of the Newhart television series . Contents 1 Description 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Description ( edit ) The Waybury Inn is located on the north side of East Main Street ( Vermont Route 125 ) , near the eastern end of East Middlebury village . It is set near the westernmost end of one of the major routes across the Green Mountains in central Vermont . It consists of a 2 - 1 / 2 story gable - roofed main block , from which a two - story block extends to the rear . A single - story porch , covered by a hip roof , extends across the front and around to one side . The interior is arranged in a central hall plan , with large rooms , extending the full depth of the main block , on either side of the main staircase . History ( edit ) The inn was built in 1810 by John Foot ( or Foote ) . The pass to the east had opened as a toll road ( turnpike ) in 1808 , and Foot sought to capitalize on the traffic it would bring . However , the turnpike never brought a high volume of traffic , and efforts to develop a glassworks in the village also cramped growth in the area . Moderate growth in the village by 1850 prompted its second proprietor , Royal Farr , to expand the premises in 1867 by adding the ell to the rear . This included a ballroom , and far added other amenities to make the inn a local site for social events . The inn was variously known as the Glen House and Green Mountain House before being given its present name in the 20th century . The only period of time in which the inn was closed was during World War II . The inn maintains a tradition in which , in room 9 , there is an antique desk with a secret drawer . Following the lead of a couple who found the drawer in 1987 , guests often put notes in the drawer . The Waybury Inn was also used as a location for exterior shots on the Bob Newhart television series , Newhart , from 1982 to 1990 . Featured as the Stratford Inn , the Waybury Inn was painted white for the show . After the show went off the air in 1990 , the inn was repainted green to match the nearby Green Mountains . See also ( edit ) National Register of Historic Places listings in Addison County , Vermont References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : Hugh Henry ( 1983 ) . `` NRHP nomination for Waybury Inn '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . with photos from 1983 Jump up ^ Douglas Anderson . `` The Secret in Room no . 9 '' . Yankee Magazine . wayburyinn.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Historic Waybury Inn '' . Vermont Living . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Waybury Inn website U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waybury_Inn&oldid=751560913 '' Categories : Hotel buildings completed in 1810 Hotels in Vermont Middlebury , Vermont Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont Buildings and structures in Addison County , Vermont National Register of Historic Places in Addison County , Vermont Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 November 2016 , at 13 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where was the newhart show filmed in vermont | [
"The Waybury Inn is an inn at 457 East Main Street in Middlebury, Vermont, United States. The inn was built in 1810, and is one of the oldest operating traveler's accommodations in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.[1] It is well known for its use in exterior shots of the Newhart television series.\n"
] | [
"The Waybury Inn"
] |
595320554055391627 | Edelweiss (song) | Edelweiss ( song ) - wikipedia Edelweiss ( song ) For other uses , see Edelweiss ( disambiguation ) . `` Edelweiss '' Song Published 1959 Composer ( s ) Richard Rodgers Lyricist ( s ) Oscar Hammerstein II The Edelweiss white flower Leontopodium alpinum `` Edelweiss '' is a show tune from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music . It is named after the edelweiss , a white flower found high in the Alps ( Leontopodium alpinum ) . It was created for the 1959 Broadway production of The Sound of Music in the role originated by performer Theodore Bikel as a song for the character of Captain Georg Ludwig von Trapp . In the musical , Captain von Trapp and his family sing this song during the concert near the end of Act II as a statement of Austrian patriotism in the face of the pressure put upon him to join the navy of Nazi Germany following the Anschluss . It is also Captain von Trapp 's subliminal goodbye to his beloved homeland , using the flower as a symbol of his loyalty to Austria . In the 1965 film adaptation , the song is also sung by the Captain earlier in the film when he rediscovers music with his children . Contents 1 Writing of the song 2 Film adaptation 3 Misconceptions about the song 4 Legal problems 5 Other versions 6 References Writing of the song ( edit ) While The Sound of Music was in tryouts in Boston , Richard Rodgers felt Captain von Trapp should have a song with which he would bid farewell to the Austria he knew and loved . Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II decided to write an extra song that Captain von Trapp would sing in the festival concert sequence towards the end of the show . As they were writing it , they felt that this song could also utilize the guitar - playing and folk - singing talents of Theodore Bikel , who had been cast as the Captain . The Lindsay and Crouse script provides the metaphor of the simple edelweiss wildflower as a symbol of the Austria that Captain von Trapp , Maria , and their children knew would live on , in their hearts , despite the Nazi annexation of their homeland . The metaphor of this song builds on an earlier scene when Gretl presents a bouquet of edelweiss flowers to Baroness Elsa Schräder during her visit to the von Trapp household . Rodgers provided a simple , yet haunting and affecting waltz - time melody , to the simple Italian style ritornello lyric that Hammerstein wrote about the appearance of the edelweiss flower . This song turned out to be one of the most beloved songs in the musical , and also one of the best - loved songs of Rodgers and Hammerstein . This song was the last song that Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together ; Hammerstein was suffering from stomach cancer , which would take his life nine months after The Sound of Music opened on Broadway . Film adaptation ( edit ) Although the stage production uses the song only during the concert sequence , Ernest Lehman 's screenplay for the film adaptation uses the song twice . Lehman created a scene that makes extra use of the song . This scene , inspired by a line in the original script by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse , calls for Captain von Trapp to sing this song with his children in their family drawing room and rediscover the love he felt for them , with Liesl accompanying him . Lehman also expanded the scope of the song when it was sung in the Salzburg Festival concert scene so that Captain von Trapp and his family would call the crowds to join in the song with him , in defiance of the Nazi soldiers posted around the arena . Misconceptions about the song ( edit ) The great popularity of the song in the Anglophone world has led many of its audience to believe that it is an Austrian folk song or even the official national anthem . Austria 's official anthem is in fact `` Land der Berge , Land am Strome '' and the anthem used from 1929 until the Anschluss was `` Sei gesegnet ohne Ende . '' The edelweiss is a popular flower in Austria and was featured on the old 1 Schilling coin . It can also now be seen on the 2 cent Euro coin . The flower is protected in Austria and illegal to pick . An `` edelweiss '' is also worn as a cap emblem by certain Austrian Army and the German Gebirgsjäger ( mountain troopers ) units stationed in the nearby Bavarian Alps . There is similar confusion about another song co-authored by Hammerstein , `` Ol ' Man River '' from the musical Show Boat , which is widely ( though erroneously ) believed to be an African - American spiritual . The similarity in misconception about the two songs has been noted by two writers , both of whom see it as tribute to Hammerstein 's talents . Alyson McLamore in her book Musical Theater : An Appreciation writes , `` The last song to be written for the show was ' Edelweiss , ' a tender little homage to a native flower of Austria that has the effect of authentic Austrian folksong , much as ' Ol ' Man River ' struck listeners as a genuine African American spiritual . '' Hugh Fordin in his biography of Oscar Hammerstein speaks of `` the ability of the authors to simulate the quality of an authentic folk song ... ' Ol ' Man River ' had the ring of a black laborer 's song ... Thirty years later , ' Edelweiss ' was widely believed to be an old Austrian song , though Oscar ... composed it for the Sound of Music . '' Theodore Bikel , in his autobiography , Theo ( 2002 ) , wrote that , after performances , he was once approached by a native Austrian who said `` I love that Edelweiss '' , and then added with total confidence , `` of course , I have known it for a long time , but only in German '' Legal problems ( edit ) The estates of Rodgers and Hammerstein have not authorized the use of alternative lyrics with the melody of the song , making certain commercial uses of those versions potentially infringing if they do not fall under fair use . Rodgers stated that `` he would take legal action against any group '' using the `` Edelweiss '' melody with altered words ; the current rightsholders comply with his wishes , refusing to grant permission for these commercial requests , which are `` inconsistent with the creators ' intentions '' . Other versions ( edit ) This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( July 2017 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Theodore Bikel , who originated the role of Captain von Trapp on Broadway , performed `` Edelweiss '' ( as a duet with Mary Martin ) on the original cast album , and included it in his album , In My Own Lifetime - 12 Musical Theater Classics . Playback singer Bill Lee dubbed the singing voice of Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp in the 1965 film adaptation , and its soundtrack album , which included this song . Josephine Siao Fong - Fong ( 蕭芳芳 ) performed a Chinese ( Cantonese ) version of the song in the 1967 film , Lightning Killer ( 閃電 煞 星 ) . The Belgian performer Michael Junior performed this song in his concerts . German Americans play the same tune every year during the Oktoberfest in Hard Bargain Farm , Maryland , with the ringing of cowbells . The Irish group Tony and The Graduates had a # 7 hit in the Irish Charts with their cover version in November 1966 . The English singer Vince Hill reached # 2 in the UK Singles Chart in 1967 with his cover version of the track . The Canadian singer Sarah Slean has performed the song as a singalong in her concerts . Linda Eder recorded a version of the song for her 2003 album , Broadway , My Way . 10 - year - old Hollie Steel performed the song on the third series of Britain 's Got Talent and infamously broke down halfway through due to nerves . It is also due to be her second single , for her album , Hollie , which was released on 29 March 2010 . Elaine Paige recorded the song for her 2006 album , Essential Musicals . The virtual singer Megurine Luka performed this song . The song was featured in a comedy skit performed by Seth MacFarlane and Alex Borstein on Seth and Alex 's Almost Live Comedy Show , in which Borstein opposes MacFarlane 's singing of the song , only to be jokingly reminded that , as a result of the Holocaust , Borstein 's only competition as a female Jewish comedian in Hollywood is Sarah Silverman . Borstein then joins MacFarlane in singing the song . Bryn Terfel has included this song in his 1996 Rodgers & Hammerstein album , Something Wonderful : Bryn Terfel Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein . Julie Andrews has recorded it for her Richard Rodgers tribute album Broadway : The Music of Richard Rodgers . Iranian singer Farhad Mehrad performed it in both Persian and English in opposition to Iran 's post-revolutionary regime , pointing the similarities between Iran after revolution and Austria under Nazi occupation . Austrian singers , Sigrid & Marina made a recording of the song in 2009 . André Rieu has recorded his own arrangement and released it on his 2002 album , Dreaming . Tanya Donelly , best known for her work with Throwing Muses , The Breeders , and Belly recorded a version of the song which was self - released as a free download on her website , circa 2001 . Joe Junior and Sire Ma performed this song in their roles as Louis Kim and Kim Yee - Wah respectively in TVB 's 2012 series Bullet Brain . The Voice Australia contestant Celia Pavey performed and recorded Edelweiss in May 2013 . Andy Conaghan recorded the song for ABC Classics as part of a compilation album , I Dreamed a Dream : The Hit Songs of Broadway in 2013 . Stephen Moyer performed the song as part of his role as Captain Georg von Trapp during the December 2013 television broadcast of The Sound of Music Live ! on NBC . The song is frequently performed by The von Trapps , the real life great - grandchildren of the Captain and Maria . It appears on their A Capella album and on their 2014 album , the latter of which is also a duet with Charmian Carr ( who played Liesl in the movie ) . A performance by Jeanette Olsson is used as the opening sequence music for the Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle . Singer / songwriter Lady Gaga performed the song along with a medley of others from the musical as part of a tribute to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the film at the 87th Academy Awards . Victor Garber , as his character Martin Stein impersonating Max Lorenz in a Nazi - run Parisian Nightclub , sang a cover of this song in Legends of Tomorrow . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Was `` Edelweiss '' Based on an Austrian Folk Song ? `` . Entertainment Urban Legends Revealed . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maslon , Lawrence ( 2007 ) , The Sound of Music Companion , New York : Simon and Schuster , p. 177 , ISBN 1416549544 Jump up ^ `` Oscar Hammerstein II Is Dead '' . The New York Times . August 23 , 1960 . p. 1 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria '' . BBC . November 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meriam , Ray ( 1999 ) . Gebirgsjaeger : Germany 's Mountain Troops . World War II Arsenal. 3 . Merriam Press . p. 44 . ISBN 1576381633 . Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( December 5 , 1997 ) . `` Where Have You Gone , Oscar Hammerstein ? '' . Slate . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLamore , Alyson ( 2004 ) . Musical theater : an appreciation . Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 156 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 048583 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fordin , Hugh ( 1995 ) . Getting to know him : a biography of Oscar Hammerstein II . Da Capo Press . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80668 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bikel , Theodore ( 2014 ) . Theo : An Autobiography . University of Wisconsin Pres . p. 210 . ISBN 9780299300548 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Dean ( 2001 ) . `` The Edelweiss Benediction : It 's Still Against the Law '' . General Board of Discipleship . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Benedict , Jr. ( 1999 ) . `` '' Edelweiss '' - A Song We Love But Must Not Abuse `` . General Board of Discipleship . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 閃電 煞 星 ( 全 片 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ 閃電 煞 星 ( 1967 ) Lightning Killer Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 253 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hollie Steel - 1st + 2nd Attempts , Britain 's Got Talent Semi-Final on YouTube Jump up ^ `` I Dreamed A Dream -- Hit Songs of Broadway '' . ABC . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Edelweiss ' : An American Song for Global Dystopia '' . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Ca n't Tell Which of These Two Moments From Last Night 's Legends of Tomorrow I Love More '' . io9 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event Trapp Family Singers Members Maria von Trapp Georg von Trapp Rupert Agathe Maria Franziska Werner Hedwig Johanna Martina Johannes Memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers Films The Trapp Family ( 1956 ) The Trapp Family in America ( 1958 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The von Trapp Family : A Life of Music ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Sound of Music ( 1959 musical ) Trapp Family Story ( 1991 anime ) The Sound of Music Live ! ( 2013 ) The Sound of Music Live ( 2015 ) Songs `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` Edelweiss '' `` Something Good '' Albums The Groovy Sound of Music ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event ( 2013 ) Related Elisabeth von Trapp The von Trapps Trapp Family Lodge Trapp Family Austrian Relief Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edelweiss_(song)&oldid=864844062 '' Categories : 1959 songs Harry Connick Jr. songs Hollie Steel songs Songs from The Sound of Music Songs with music by Richard Rodgers Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II Songs about plants Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Articles with too many examples Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 21 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song in the man in the high castle | [
"A performance by Jeanette Olsson is used as the opening sequence music for the Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle.[17]"
] | [
"Jeanette Olsson"
] |
-787607155911348838 | Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series) | Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Genre Comedy Created by Dan Patterson Mark Leveson Presented by Drew Carey ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Aisha Tyler ( 2013 -- present ) Starring Ryan Stiles Colin Mochrie Wayne Brady Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 309 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Hat Trick Productions Warner Bros. Television Angst Productions Warner Horizon Television Release Original network ABC ABC Family The CW Picture format 4 : 3 ( ABC ) HDTV 1080i ( The CW ) Original release August 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( UK TV series ) External links Website www.cwtv.com/shows/whose-line-is-it-anyway Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( often known as simply Whose Line ? ) is an American improvisational comedy show , which was originally hosted by Drew Carey on ABC and ABC Family and ran from August 5 , 1998 to December 15 , 2007 . A revival of the show , hosted by Aisha Tyler , began airing on The CW on July 16 , 2013 . The series is an official adaptation of the British show of the same name and features Ryan Stiles , Colin Mochrie , and Wayne Brady as its regular performers with the fourth seat occupied by a guest panelist . All three regulars appeared on the British series ; Stiles and Mochrie were both regulars ( first appearing in the second and third series ' respectively , and both appearing in every episode from series 8 onwards ) , with Brady a frequent guest in the final series which moved production from London to Hollywood . Ryan Stiles is the most prolific performer in the history of Whose Line ? , having made 76 appearances in the British version , and only having missed two episodes since the start of the run in the U.S. Colin Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared in every episode of the U.S. version of the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Performers / players 1.2 Games 2 History 2.1 Hiatus 2.2 CW revival 3 Performers 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.3 Musicians 3.4 Guest stars 4 Episodes 5 Awards and nominations 6 International broadcast 7 DVD releases 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Format ( edit ) The show consists of a panel of four performers who create characters , scenes , and songs on the spot , in the style of short - form improvisation games . Topics for the games are based on either audience suggestions or predetermined prompts from the host , who would set up a game and situation that the performers would improvise . The original host Drew Carey awarded arbitrary point values after each game , often citing a humorous reason for his decision . The points were purely decorative and served no practical purpose . He would reiterate this at the beginning of , and multiple times throughout , each episode by describing Whose Line as `` the show where everything 's made up and the points do n't matter '' . The style of the games were varied ( see Games , below ) . Some featured all four performers , while others featured fewer . Between games , the performers sat in four chairs facing the audience . The performers who were not involved in a game remained in their seats . Additionally , the show was marked by humorous banter among the performers and host . At the conclusion of each episode , a winner or several winners were chosen arbitrarily by Carey . The `` prize '' was either to play a game with the host , or to sit out while the other performers did so . After this game during the first season of the series , credits simply rolled under the show 's theme . In the second season , the reading of the credits was performed by one or more cast members in a comedic fashion , based on a theme announced by Carey that often derived from a successful joke earlier in the show . The show 's `` short - form '' approach to improv received criticism from some improv actors . However , performer Colin Mochrie has stated the show was never intended to be the `` be-all and end - all '' of improv , but that it was meant to introduce improv to the masses . Performers / players ( edit ) Colin Mochrie , who joined the U.S. version after originally appearing on the UK version Like the UK original , the U.S. version of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? features four performers , two of whom , Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles , were regular , permanent performers throughout the original format , having featured prominently in the UK original ; Stiles since his first appearance in its second season in 1989 , while Mochrie since his first appearance in the following season in 1991 , with both making regular appearances in the UK version from 1995 until its end in 1999 . Another performer who made frequent , recurring appearances was Wayne Brady , who appeared in the majority of episodes of the original format . During his tenure as host , Drew Carey also took part , though only in one game , after one of the performers was declared the `` winner '' and allowed to take his place at his desk in the studio ; host Aisha Tyler did not take part in games when the show was revived , but has occasionally joined in for a quick scene during the Scenes from a Hat game . As of 2017 , Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared on every single episode of the American version . Alongside Mochrie and Stiles , other veterans of the UK series appeared on the U.S. version included Greg Proops , Brad Sherwood , and Chip Esten , with the show introducing several newcomers that took part , including Denny Siegel , Kathy Greenwood , Jeff Davis , Patrick Bristow , Stephen Colbert , Kathy Kinney , and Ian Gomez , though mainly in the early seasons of the show . Unlike the UK original , the US version occasionally featured a celebrity guest performer , such as Robin Williams , Kathy Griffin , and Whoopi Goldberg , while on other occasions , a celebrity made a guest appearance for individual games ; such appearance have included Sid Caesar , David Hasselhoff , Florence Henderson , Jerry Springer , Joanie `` Chyna '' Laurer , Richard Simmons , Katie Harman , Jayne Trcka , the Loyola Marymount University cheerleaders , Hugh Hefner , and Lassie . Celebrity guests became a regular feature of the show beginning with season 9 . Improvisational musician Laura Hall , who appeared in the final season of the UK original , joined the original U.S. format for its entire run and performed piano and keyboards in games featuring improvisational singing by the cast members . From the second season onward , other musicians joined Hall -- Linda Taylor made frequent appearances playing guitar and occasionally keyboards , while Cece Worrall - Rubin , Anne King , Candy Girard , and Anna Wanselius appeared alongside Hall ( and sometimes also Taylor ) on occasion . Games ( edit ) The number and type of games played varied from episode to episode , yet while some games became more common over time , others faded from use . Some games are based on traditional improv games , with a considerable number brought over from the UK original , including Scenes from a Hat , Greatest Hits , Props , Hoedown , Helping Hands , Questions Only and Party Quirks . Others were new and uniquely created for both the U.S. original format , and the revived show , with several only receiving 1 or 2 playings due to them not having been well received by audiences . Game Performers Episodes Overall Seasons 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 5 2002 -- 03 6 7 2005 8 2005 -- 07 9 2013 10 2014 11 2015 12 2016 13 2017 Scenes from a Hat All / Aisha 151 15 10 16 23 11 6 18 16 18 12 Greatest Hits Colin , Ryan , Wayne / 4th Seat 97 9 13 16 9 7 5 10 5 6 8 Props All / Drew 93 9 13 12 7 6 9 8 9 5 6 Hoedown All / Drew 86 9 21 14 10 7 7 Let 's Make a Date All 82 9 14 9 7 5 8 7 6 5 Weird Newscasters All 81 13 16 8 9 5 6 6 Duet Wayne & 4th Seat 79 8 10 6 5 7 7 15 7 Song Styles Wayne 67 8 12 10 6 9 5 5 Helping Hands Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 60 6 7 6 8 7 9 5 Questions Only All 52 10 5 5 6 Party Quirks All 49 9 8 7 8 Newsflash Colin , Ryan & 4th Seat 47 11 8 Hollywood Director All 48 5 6 7 7 7 Living Scenery All 47 7 6 9 7 7 Sound Effects Colin & Ryan 43 5 6 7 9 Dubbing All 35 5 5 7 5 6 World 's Worst All / Drew / Aisha 33 5 Film TV and Theater Styles Colin , Ryan & Wayne 32 11 9 6 Superheroes All 32 8 8 Three - Headed Broadway Star Colin / Ryan / Wayne / 4th Seat / Drew 29 9 11 Irish Drinking Song All / Drew 28 6 7 Film Dub All 27 Doo - Wop Wayne / Colin / Ryan / 4th Seat 22 5 Foreign Film Dub All / Drew 21 Scene to Rap All 21 6 5 6 Whose Line Colin & Ryan 21 6 Narrate Colin & Ryan 16 Two - Line Vocabulary Colin , Ryan & 4th Seat 15 Infomercial Colin & Ryan 15 Themed Restaurant All / Drew 14 Hats All 12 90 Second Alphabet All / Drew 12 6 Moving People Colin & Ryan 12 5 Motown Group Wayne , 4th Seat / Colin / Ryan 12 5 Secret Colin & Ryan 12 5 If You Know What I Mean Colin , Ryan & Brad 10 Title Sequence All 10 Day Time Talk Show All 9 5 Song Titles All 9 Number of Words All 9 Stand , Sit , Lie / Bend Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 8 Improbable Mission Colin & Ryan 8 Dead Bodies Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 7 Fashion Models Colin , Ryan , 4th Seat / Wayne 7 Sportcasters All 7 The Millionaire Show All 7 Show - Stopping Number Colin , Ryan & Wayne 7 Press Conference All 7 What 's in the Bag Colin , Ryan & Wayne 7 5 Multiple Personalities Colin , Ryan & Greg 6 Action Replay All 6 Award Show All 6 Bartender All 6 Sideways Scene Colin , Wayne & 4th Seat 6 6 African Chant Wayne 5 Hey , You Down There ! Colin , Ryan & 4th Seat Quick Change All / Drew Scene With An Audience Member Colin & Ryan Change Letter All Telethon All Old Job - New Job All Scenes Cut From a Movie All Scene To Music Colin , Ryan & Wayne Forward Rewind All Remote Control All Funeral Colin , Ryan & Greg Backwards Scene Colin , Ryan & Brad Make a Monster All All In One Voice All Boogie Woogie Sisters Ryan , Wayne & Brad Game Show All Animals Colin , Ryan & Brad Change of Cast All Change Emotion All Ballad of Wayne What Are You Trying to Say ? Colin & Ryan Survival Show All Good Cop / Bad Cop Colin , Ryan & Wayne Reunion Colin , Ryan & Greg Wedding All Meet the Family All Really Bad Hangover All Ice Skaters All Shopping From Home Colin & Ryan Dating Profile All Mixed Messages Colin , Ryan & Wayne ^ Note 1 : Played with Greg instead of Ryan for 1 episode in season 10 . Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 2 episodes in season 1 and season 12 . ^ Note 2 : Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 2 episodes in season 12 . ^ Note 3 : Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 3 episodes in seasons 1 and 8 . ^ Note 4 : Played with Cedric The Entertainer instead of Gary for 1 episode in season 11 . ^ Note 5 : Played with Drew instead of Colin for 1 episode in season 1 . ^ Note 6 : Played with Greg instead of Ryan for 1 episode in season 10 . ^ Note 7 : Played with Brad instead of Ryan in season 12 . All games were designed with the same principle of those from the UK original -- to test the performers ' improvisational comedy skills , with some games requiring the host to ask the studio audience for suggestions for specific topics or situations , while at other times these suggestions were written by the production staff , or submitted by the audience in advance , and chosen from among these . In addition , the host would control a buzzer which would signify the end of most games , or the end of individual sections of rapid - fire games such as `` Scenes from a Hat '' . In addition to being tested on their comedy skills in improv games , the performers are also tested on other skills , such as singing , dancing , or impressions , as Whose Line features a number of musical games , with one or more of the show 's resident musicians playing live backing music for them , except on a few occasions when pre-recorded music was also used . Although they had no bad feelings about these sort of games , many of the performers disliked them ; while Wayne Brady turned out to be well suited to them , having Chip Esten , Jeff Davis , Brad Sherwood and Gary Anthony Williams making frequent appearances as his duet partner , Stiles frequently expressed open disdain towards the `` Hoedown '' game , which became a bit of a running gag , while Mochrie rarely sings any lyrics , mainly preferring to deliver his lines in a spoken word fashion , much like in the UK original . History ( edit ) The title card of seasons 1 -- 8 of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Whose Line Is It Anyway ? was created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson in 1988 as a radio show on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom . This early incarnation of the show is notable as being the origin of its tradition of having the performers read the credits in an amusing style ; as it was a radio show , it was necessary for somebody to read the credits , and it was decided that it might as well be done as part of the program , rather than being done by a traditional BBC Radio announcer . This approach to reading credits was pioneered by the earlier BBC radio show I 'm Sorry , I 'll Read That Again . Indeed , the title of the show itself is a comedic riposte to another radio show , What 's My Line , merged with the title of a 1972 teleplay ( and eventual theatrical play ) Whose Life Is It Anyway ? . The radio series lasted for six episodes , after which Channel 4 developed the franchise for television . The British television version lasted for a total of 10 seasons , with 136 episodes , all of which were hosted by Clive Anderson . Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles , who would later star in the U.S. version , became regular cast members in the seventh and eighth seasons . The UK series was brought to the attention of Drew Carey , who worked with regular Whose Line ? performer Ryan Stiles , a co-star on The Drew Carey Show . Carey convinced ABC to air test episodes in the United States . The show turned into an inexpensive hit ( though less so than the British version ) , and ABC kept Carey on as host . In its first season , the show aired on Wednesday nights at 9 : 30 , right after The Drew Carey Show . It ranked 29th for the season , and averaged 13.1 million viewers per episode . The show ran on ABC for six seasons , benefiting from the low expectations of its Thursday night time slot , as ABC was not expected to mount a serious threat to what was then NBC 's longtime Thursday dominance in the Nielsen ratings . While the network would regularly premiere two new episodes in one night , there were several occurrences in which some episodes were skipped or postponed until a later date because of the airing of other new shows or specials . The format of the American version was very similar to the British program . A major difference was Carey 's use of the game - show facade , explicitly stating at the start of each episode that `` the points do n't matter , '' and sometimes emphasizing this throughout the episodes . The difference in standards in the UK compared to U.S. prime time meant stricter censoring of both language and content on the U.S. series . Production of the American version was canceled by ABC in 2003 because of low ratings , with already - produced episodes airing first - run into 2004 . The ABC Family cable channel , which had been airing repeats of the show since 2002 , also showed `` new '' episodes from 2005 to 2006 , formed from previously filmed but unaired performances . Hiatus ( edit ) Following the cancellation , Drew Carey went on to create the short - lived Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show , which premiered in 2004 on the WB . The series was very similar to Whose Line ? , and featured many of the same cast . The major gimmick on that series was that the acting was done in front of a green screen , and animators later added cartoon imagery to the scenes . Carey and several cast members also started touring North America with a live - action show called ( Drew Carey 's ) Improv All - Stars . The show was a live stage show similar to Whose Line ? , and featuring many of the same games , though also with some new ones . The live shows started in 2003 , and since 2006 , are only seen on occasion , mostly due to Carey 's current television obligations . Colin Mochrie , Brad Sherwood and Drew Carey performed at the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal as `` Improv All - Stars '' in 2003 and 2004 . Since 2005 , Mochrie and Sherwood have toured semi-regularly as An Evening With Colin and Brad . The show was recorded on Stage 29 at Paramount Studios . Greg Proops and Ryan Stiles presented Stiles & Proops Unplanned which was a live improv comedy show based on the successful Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned format that took place at Centaur Theatre in Montreal , Canada in July 2008 . They also tour with former co-star Jeff Davis under the name Whose Live Anyway ? doing live improv . Proops appeared as Max Madigan on Nickelodeon 's True Jackson , VP , and is currently hosting Head Games on The Science Channel and was the host of `` Odd News '' segments for Yahoo ! ( now called Broken News Daily ) while Esten has made multiple appearances in various TV series including The Office , ER ( also produced by Warner Bros . ) and Big Love and guest - starred in Enlightened . In 2007 , Mochrie was host of a five - episode run of Are You Smarter Than a Canadian 5th Grader ? on Global TV in Canada . Carey , Stiles , Brady , and Esten were all later employed by American television network CBS ; Carey succeeded Bob Barker as the host of the long - running game show The Price Is Right ( after a short stint as host of another game show , Power of 10 ) . In addition , Sherwood and Davis served as guest announcers for the 2010 - 11 season of The Price Is Right , after the departure of Rich Fields , who was eventually replaced by George Gray . Stiles appeared as a supporting character on the sitcom Two and a Half Men . Esten had a recurring role on The New Adventures of Old Christine and made a guest appearance in NCIS : Los Angeles , before moving to star in the ABC drama Nashville . Brady had a summer variety show on ABC in 2001 , The Wayne Brady Show and then hosted a daytime talk show of the same name for two seasons , starting in September 2002 . He also was the host of Fox 's Do n't Forget the Lyrics . In 2007 , he made a guest appearance in one episode of 30 Rock , and has made several appearances on How I Met Your Mother as Barney Stinson 's homosexual brother . He also had a couple of guest appearances on Chappelle 's Show . Since October 5 , 2009 , Brady has been the host of CBS ' revival of the classic game show Let 's Make a Deal . Featuring Jonathan Mangum as announcer and Co-Host , this new iteration utilized some classic elements of improv from Whose Line , most notably Brady 's singing and comedic abilities , occasionally breaking out into spontaneous musical improv in front of or involving contestants , and not being a stipulated aspect of the particular game to be played . As of 2009 , every main Whose Line participant has hosted at least one game show except Ryan Stiles . On November 18 , 2010 , Variety announced that Drew Carey would start a primetime improv show on GSN . The series , entitled Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza , debuted on April 11 , 2011 and featured most of the Whose Line regular cast before ending in June 2011 ; Rich Fields was the announcer for the series . A second season was not ordered and the show was terminated . On July 10 , 2012 , ABC premiered a new improv comedy series featuring several of the Whose Line alumni called Trust Us With Your Life . Some of the players included Colin Mochrie , Wayne Brady , Greg Proops , Jonathan Mangum , and Nicole Parker . However , on July 30 , after only six episodes had aired , ABC pulled the remaining episodes after its host Fred Willard was arrested on a lewd - conduct charge at the Tiki Theater , an adult movie theater in Hollywood , California . In February 2013 , Ryan Stiles revealed in an interview that he would be returning to Los Angeles in April for a new season of Whose Line , hosted by Aisha Tyler and featuring the original cast of the U.S. version . Colin Mochrie would later confirm the revival . CW revival ( edit ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? returned to television , this time on The CW , with Colin Mochrie , Ryan Stiles , and Wayne Brady , and Aisha Tyler taking the role of the host . In addition to the traditional rotating fourth improv player ( often drawn from same pool of regulars that appeared on the original show ) , a new feature was that of a `` special guest '' . This fifth player would not necessarily have an improv background , but would still participate in some of the improv games . The initial summer run was made up of twelve half - hour episodes with the three veteran players joined by a featured player , along with a different special guest for each episode who would play in some of the games . On July 29 , 2013 , The CW announced that it had renewed the show for a 24 - episode season , airing Fridays at 8 ET / PT starting March 21 , 2014 , due to solid ratings . Illness prevented Stiles from appearing in two season 10 episodes , the first Whose Line shows he had missed in nearly 20 years , dating back to the original British series . Frequent guest Greg Proops filled in for Stiles on these occasions . On July 18 , 2014 , The CW announced that the show will be returning for a 24 - episode eleventh season ( and third season on The CW ) which started airing on April 17 , 2015 . On August 11 , 2015 the series was renewed for a twelfth season ( fourth on The CW ) to start airing May 23 , 2016 . On October 24 , 2016 The CW renewed the show for a thirteenth season ( fifth season on The CW ) to start airing May 29 , 2017 . Performers ( edit ) Several of the performers , including the three regulars Brady , Mochrie and Stiles , had previously appeared in the original run of Whose Line in the UK ; other performers who had made appearances in the British version are Greg Proops , Brad Sherwood , Chip Esten , Karen Maruyama and Josie Lawrence , as well as musician Laura Hall . Mochrie and Stiles have been regulars since the show started , whilst Brady became a regular from season 2 - 7 , appearing as a recurring performer in seasons 1 and 8 . Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared in every episode of the US series of Whose Line ? , appearing in all 302 episodes thus far . The original host of the U.S. show was Drew Carey , who appeared in every episode of series 1 - 8 . Carey notably took more of an active role in the show than his predecessor Clive Anderson , as following the announcement of the `` winner '' of each show , Carey would perform a game with the other performers . After the CW revival in 2013 , Aisha Tyler took over as host , as Carey was the host of The Price is Right , which ran at the same time as Whose Line , however Carey is mentioned numerous times by Tyler and the other performers . Unlike Carey , Tyler does not perform full games with the other performers , however does occasionally interject in quick fire games such as Scenes from a Hat with her own suggestions . Main ( edit ) Colin Mochrie -- 309 episodes Ryan Stiles -- 307 episodes Wayne Brady -- 299 episodes ( starring seasons 2 -- 7 , 9 -- ; recurring seasons 1 & 8 ) Drew Carey ( host ) -- 219 episodes ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Aisha Tyler ( host ) -- 90 episodes ( season 9 -- ) Recurring ( edit ) Brad Sherwood -- 66 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 8 , 10 -- ) Greg Proops -- 65 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 8 , 10 -- ) Charles `` Chip '' Esten -- 40 episodes ( Seasons 2 -- 8 , 13 ) Jeff Davis -- 33 episodes ( Seasons 3 -- 5 , 7 -- ) Kathy Greenwood -- 33 episodes ( Seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 -- 8 ) Gary Anthony Williams -- 17 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- ) Denny Siegel -- 14 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 2 , 6 , 8 ) Jonathan Mangum -- 14 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- ) Heather Anne Campbell -- 9 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 11 , 13 -- ) Keegan - Michael Key -- 8 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 12 ) Nyima Funk -- 4 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 10 ) Karen Maruyama -- 3 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Musicians ( edit ) Laura Hall -- 266 episodes Linda Taylor -- 158 episodes Cece Worrall -- 37 episodes Anne King -- 10 episodes Anna Wanselius -- 6 episodes Guest stars ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Seasons 1 -- 8 Kathy Griffin -- 4 episodes Patrick Bristow -- 2 episodes Stephen Colbert -- 2 episodes Whoopi Goldberg -- 2 episodes Ian Gomez -- 2 episodes Josie Lawrence -- 2 episodes Jerry Springer -- 2 episodes Kathy Kinney ( season 1 , episode 6 ) Robin Williams ( season 3 , episode 9 ) Lassie and Sid Caesar ( season 4 , episode 15 ) Hugh Hefner , Ava Fabian , and Victoria Fuller ( season 4 , episode 24 ) Katie Harman , Miss America 2002 ( Season 5 , episode 2 ) Florence Henderson ( season 5 , episode 4 ) Joanie `` Chyna '' Laurer ( season 5 , episode 8 ) Richard Simmons ( season 5 , episode 17 ) David Hasselhoff ( Season 5 , episode 19 ) Jayne Trcka ( Season 5 , episode 21 ) Veena and Neena Bidasha ( Season 5 , episode 25 ) Undarma Darihu ( Season 5 , episode 28 ) Loyola Marymount University Cheerleaders ( Season 6 , episode 6 ) Santa Claus and Donner ( Season 8 , episode 6 ) Season 9 Lauren Cohan ( episode 1 ) Kevin McHale ( episode 2 ) Candice Accola ( episode 3 ) Kyle Richards ( episode 4 ) Mary Killman and Mariya Koroleva ( episode 5 ) Wilson Bethel ( episode 6 ) Lisa Leslie ( episode 7 ) Laila Ali ( episode 9 ) Maggie Q ( episode 10 ) Chloe Butler ( episode 11 ) Shawn Johnson ( episode 12 ) Season 10 Kat Graham ( episode 1 ) Tara Lipinski ( episode 2 ) Verne Troyer ( episode 3 ) Darren Criss ( episode 4 ) Michael Weatherly ( episode 5 ) Byambajav Ulambayar ( episode 6 ) Nolan Gould ( episode 7 ) Mircea Monroe ( episode 8 ) Jack Osbourne ( episode 10 ) Rob Gronkowski ( episode 11 ) Robbie Amell ( episode 12 ) Misha Collins ( episode 13 ) Sheryl Underwood ( episode 14 ) Mel B. ( episode 15 ) Kunal Nayyar ( episode 16 ) Padma Lakshmi ( episode 18 ) Matt Barnes ( episode 20 ) Brian Shaw ( episode 22 ) Wendi McLendon - Covey ( episode 23 ) Season 11 Cedric the Entertainer ( episode 1 ) Adelaide Kane ( episode 2 ) Jaime Camil ( episode 4 ) Scott Porter ( episode 5 ) Willie Robertson ( episode 6 ) Heather Morris ( episode 7 ) Vernon Davis ( episode 8 ) Penn & Teller ( episode 10 ) Kathie Lee Gifford ( episode 11 ) Randy Couture ( episode 12 ) Gina Rodriguez ( episode 13 ) Nina Agdal ( episode 15 ) Bill Nye ( episode 17 ) Carson Kressley ( episode 19 ) Season 12 Alfonso Ribeiro ( episode 1 ) Karla Souza ( episode 3 ) Yvette Nicole Brown ( episode 4 ) Kaitlin Doubleday ( episode 5 ) Lolo Jones ( episode 6 ) Joey Fatone ( episode 8 ) Tamera Mowry ( episode 9 ) Misty May - Treanor ( episode 11 ) Lyndie Greenwood ( episode 12 ) Chris Jericho ( episode 13 ) Rachel Bloom ( episode 14 ) Lea Thompson ( episode 15 ) Katie Cassidy ( episode 16 ) Brett Dier ( episode 17 ) Emily Bett Rickards ( episode 18 ) Cheryl Hines ( episode 20 ) Season 13 Tony Hawk ( episode 1 ) The Bella Twins ( episode 2 ) Candice Patton ( episode 3 ) Malcolm Goodwin ( episode 4 ) Wil Wheaton ( episode 5 ) Kearran Giovanni ( episode 6 ) Ralph Macchio ( episode 8 ) Tony Cavalero ( episode 9 ) Jillian Michaels ( episode 10 ) Charles `` Chip '' Esten ( episode 11 ) Wanya Morris ( episode 12 ) Danielle Panabaker ( episode 13 ) Marisol Nichols ( episode 14 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( U.S. TV series ) episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 20 August 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ) March 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 24 ) ABC 39 September 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 16 ) May 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 18 ) 39 October 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 12 ) June 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 21 ) 31 September 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 06 ) April 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 11 ) 5 34 September 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 09 ) September 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 05 ) 6 10 June 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 24 ) September 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 04 ) 7 25 January 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 17 ) May 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 23 ) ABC Family 8 21 October 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 03 ) December 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 15 ) 9 12 July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) The CW 10 24 March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) 11 20 April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 12 20 May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 13 TBA May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won : 2003 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program for Wayne Brady Nominated : 2001 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Wayne Brady 2002 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Wayne Brady 2002 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Ryan Stiles International broadcast ( edit ) The U.S. version of Whose Line ? has been broadcast in the UK , originally on Channel 4 . Challenge was the first non-terrestrial channel to broadcast the show for a brief period in 2005 . From 2007 to 2012 , 5USA aired the show . In Canada , the show also ran on the CTV network from 1998 to 2003 , and then on The Comedy Network from 2003 onwards . The show 's original run in Australia was on the Nine Network in an early morning time slot ; One repeated the program from 2011 . It also airs on The Comedy Channel . In New Zealand , the show was broadcast on the Box . From 2014 , South African youth channel Vuzu started airing the CW revival . In India , the earlier seasons were aired on FX while the revived series has been aired on Comedy Central . DVD releases ( edit ) The first DVD , Season 1 , Volume 1 , of the U.S. version of Whose Line ? was released on September 26 , 2006 . It comes in `` censored '' or `` uncensored '' versions . Both releases include the first ten episodes of the first season , with the episodes being the same on either version . The first seven episodes have had their original theme music ( including all credits and ad bumpers ) replaced with the version used for the rest of the episodes . Warner Home Video released Season 1 , Volume 2 on October 9 , 2007 , but only in an `` uncensored '' version . Warner Home Video released a two - disc `` best of '' compilation with ten episodes on June 9 , 2009 . Featured in this release were celebrity guest episodes including appearances by David Hasselhoff , Florence Henderson , Jerry Springer , Richard Simmons and bodybuilder Jayne Trcka , along with the hour - long `` Best of Whose Line '' compilation episode aired at the beginning of season three . DVD title No. of episodes Run time ( minutes ) Release Notes Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 1 10 110 September 26 , 2006 Uncensored Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 1 10 220 October 9 , 2007 Censored Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 2 10 260 October 9 , 2007 Uncensored The Best of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? 11 300 June 9 , 2009 Uncensored ; includes the special `` Best of Whose Line '' episode See also ( edit ) List of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? episodes Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza Trust Us With Your Life Wild ' n Out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . New York : Ballantine . p. 1517 . ISBN 1419835599 . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . ABC Family . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Conversations with Ross : Featuring Colin Mochrie http://www.rosscarey.com/2011/07/28/episode-40-featuring-colin-mochrie/ ^ Jump up to : `` Sid Caesar , Lassie guest on ` Whose Line ' '' . Chicago Tribune . 2001 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special `` Salute to American Television '' episode . Featured special guests Lassie and Sid Caesar `` . TV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jayne Tricka IMDb profile '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Conversations with Ross : Featuring Brad Sherwood http://www.rosscarey.com/2011/08/17/episode-42-featuring-brad-sherwood/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091029011819/http://geocities.com/Hollywood/4616/ew0604.html Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Episode 8021 Guide '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Improv All - Stars website '' . Improvallstars.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ An Evening With Colin Mochrie and Brad Sherwood Jump up ^ Proops , Greg . `` Smartest Man In The World Podcast # 241 , Vans '' . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Carey to produce , host GSN primetime series '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Debuts `` Trust Us With Your Life '' on Tuesday , July 10th , at 9 : 00PM ET `` . BuzzerBlog. 2012 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ABC pulls Fred Willard improv show after arrest '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rachel HansenWorld staff writer . `` His line : Improv master Ryan Stiles returns to the PAC '' . The Wenatchee World . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/colinmochrie/status/307490163267862528 Jump up ^ `` - returns - to - television - as - part - of - the - cw 's - summer - 2013 - schedule / `` '' Whose Line is it Anyway ? '' Returns to Television as Part of The CW 's Summer 2013 Schedule `` . 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) . `` CW Announces Premiere Date for Whose Line is It Anyway ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana . `` '' Whose Line is it Anyway ? '' Being Revived By The CW `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` CW adds two dramas to its midseason schedule '' . USA Today . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TCA : The CW Renews Revived ' Whose Line ' For Second Season '' . Variety . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' renewed for third season on The CW '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/08/11/whose-line-is-it-anyway-penn-teller-fool-us-renewed-for-new-cycles-by-the-cw/446932/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/whose-line-is-it-anyway-penn-teller-fool-us-masters-of-illusion-will-be-back-in-summer-2017/ Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? DVD news : Drew Carey To Get Some Helping Hands With September Release Date ! TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com < ! . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? DVD news : Announcement for Whose Line Is It Anyway ? -- Season 1 , Volume 2 ( Uncensored ) TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com < ! . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? DVD news : Announcement for Whose Line Is It Anyway ? -- Best Of ( Uncensored ) TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com < ! . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Whose-Line-Anyway-Season-Uncensored/dp/B000GRUQJC/ref=sr_1_3?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1366307276&sr=1-3&keywords=Whose+Line+is+it+Anyway Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Whose-Line-Anyway-Censored-Version/dp/B000GRUQJM/ref=sr_1_7?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1366307276&sr=1-7&keywords=Whose+Line+is+it+Anyway Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Whose-Line-Anyway-Season-Vol/dp/B000T28PXI/ref=sr_1_4?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1366307276&sr=1-4&keywords=Whose+Line+is+it+Anyway Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/The-Best-Whose-Line-Anyway/dp/B001U3ZYX4 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Whose Line Is It Anyway ? on IMDb Whose Line Is It Anyway ? , The CW website , includes all past U.S. episodes Whose Line Is It Anyway ? , Hat Trick Productions website Whose Line Is It Anyway ? U.S. and U.K. episodes Whose Line Is It Anyway ? UK version Episodes US version Episodes Additional versions UK radio version Israeli version Dutch version Australian version Related topics Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show Fast and Loose Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza Trust Us with Your Life The CW programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life A Wicked Offer Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society MADtv Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The L.A. Complex Lifechangers Life Unexpected The Messengers The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Originals ( since 2013 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) The Robert Irvine Show ( since 2016 , daytime ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Upcoming Black Lightning ( 2018 ) Dynasty ( 2017 ) Life Sentence ( 2018 ) Valor ( 2017 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whose_Line_Is_It_Anyway%3F_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=801983645 '' Categories : 1990s American comedy television series 1998 American television series debuts 2000s American comedy television series 2007 American television series endings 2010s American comedy television series 2013 American television series debuts ABC Family shows American Broadcasting Company network shows American sketch comedy television shows American television series based on British television series English - language television programs Television series by Hat Trick Productions Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series revived after cancellation Improvisational television series Television series by Warner Horizon Television Hidden categories : Use American English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Македонски Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 06 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's line is it anyway original cast | [
"Like the UK original, the U.S. version of Whose Line Is It Anyway? features four performers, two of whom, Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles, were regular, permanent performers throughout the original format, having featured prominently in the UK original; Stiles since his first appearance in its second season in 1989, while Mochrie since his first appearance in the following season in 1991, with both making regular appearances in the UK version from 1995 until its end in 1999. Another performer who made frequent, recurring appearances was Wayne Brady, who appeared in the majority of episodes of the original format. During his tenure as host, Drew Carey also took part, though only in one game, after one of the performers was declared the \"winner\" and allowed to take his place at his desk in the studio; host Aisha Tyler did not take part in games when the show was revived, but has occasionally joined in for a quick scene during the Scenes from a Hat game. As of 2017, Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared on every single episode of the American version.",
"Like the UK original, the U.S. version of Whose Line Is It Anyway? features four performers, two of whom, Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles, were regular, permanent performers throughout the original format, having featured prominently in the UK original; Stiles since his first appearance in its second season in 1989, while Mochrie since his first appearance in the following season in 1991, with both making regular appearances in the UK version from 1995 until its end in 1999. Another performer who made frequent, recurring appearances was Wayne Brady, who appeared in the majority of episodes of the original format. During his tenure as host, Drew Carey also took part, though only in one game, after one of the performers was declared the \"winner\" and allowed to take his place at his desk in the studio; host Aisha Tyler did not take part in games when the show was revived, but has occasionally joined in for a quick scene during the Scenes from a Hat game. As of 2017, Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared on every single episode of the American version.",
"Like the UK original, the U.S. version of Whose Line Is It Anyway? features four performers, two of whom, Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles, were regular, permanent performers throughout the original format, having featured prominently in the UK original; Stiles since his first appearance in its second season in 1989, while Mochrie since his first appearance in the following season in 1991, with both making regular appearances in the UK version from 1995 until its end in 1999. Another performer who made frequent, recurring appearances was Wayne Brady, who appeared in the majority of episodes of the original format. During his tenure as host, Drew Carey also took part, though only in one game, after one of the performers was declared the \"winner\" and allowed to take his place at his desk in the studio; host Aisha Tyler did not take part in games when the show was revived, but has occasionally joined in for a quick scene during the Scenes from a Hat game. As of 2017, Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared on every single episode of the American version.",
"Like the UK original, the U.S. version of Whose Line Is It Anyway? features four performers, two of whom, Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles, were regular, permanent performers throughout the original format, having featured prominently in the UK original; Stiles since his first appearance in its second season in 1989, while Mochrie since his first appearance in the following season in 1991, with both making regular appearances in the UK version from 1995 until its end in 1999. Another performer who made frequent, recurring appearances was Wayne Brady, who appeared in the majority of episodes of the original format. During his tenure as host, Drew Carey also took part, though only in one game, after one of the performers was declared the \"winner\" and allowed to take his place at his desk in the studio; host Aisha Tyler did not take part in games when the show was revived, but has occasionally joined in for a quick scene during the Scenes from a Hat game. As of 2017, Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared on every single episode of the American version."
] | [
"Colin Mochrie",
"Ryan Stiles",
"Wayne Brady",
"Drew Carey"
] |
2607445319782135485 | United States Department of Education | United States Department of Education - wikipedia United States Department of Education Jump to : navigation , search For the earlier incarnation with the same name , established in 1867 , see Office of Education . United States Department of Education Seal of the U.S. Department of Education Flag of the U.S. Department of Education Lyndon Baines Johnson Building , Department Headquarters Department overview Formed October 17 , 1979 ; 38 years ago ( 1979 - 10 - 17 ) Preceding agencies Department of Health , Education , and Welfare Office of Education Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Lyndon Baines Johnson Building 400 Maryland Avenue Southwest , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 11.45 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 7.86 '' W / 38.8865139 ° N 77.0188500 ° W / 38.8865139 ; - 77.0188500 Employees 3912 ( 2018 ) Annual budget $68 billion ( 2016 ) Department executives Betsy DeVos , Secretary Vacant , Deputy Secretary Vacant , Under Secretary Phillip H. Rosenfelt , Acting , General Counsel Key document Department of Education Organization Act Website www.ed.gov The United States Department of Education ( ED or DoED ) , also referred to as the ED for ( the ) Education Department , is a Cabinet - level department of the United States government . It began operating on May 4 , 1980 , having been created after the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare was split into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services by the Department of Education Organization Act ( Public Law 96 - 88 ) , which President Jimmy Carter signed into law on October 17 , 1979 . The Department of Education is administered by the United States Secretary of Education . It has approximately 4,400 employees and an annual budget of $68 billion ( 2016 ) . Its official abbreviation is `` ED '' ( `` DOE '' refers to the United States Department of Energy ) and is also often abbreviated informally as `` DoEd '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 2 Budget 3 History 3.1 Establishment 3.2 Early history 3.3 Later history 4 Organization 5 See also 5.1 Related legislation 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Functions ( edit ) The primary functions of the Department of Education are to `` establish policy for , administer and coordinate most federal assistance to education , collect data on US schools , and to enforce federal educational laws regarding privacy and civil rights . '' The Department of Education does not establish schools or colleges . Unlike the systems of most other countries , education in the United States is highly decentralized , and the federal government and Department of Education are not heavily involved in determining curricula or educational standards ( with the recent exception of the No Child Left Behind Act ) . This has been left to state and local school districts . The quality of educational institutions and their degrees is maintained through an informal private process known as accreditation , over which the Department of Education has no direct public jurisdictional control . The Department 's mission is : to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access . Aligned with this mission of ensuring equal access to education , the Department of Education is a member of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness , and works with federal partners to ensure proper education for homeless and runaway youth in the United States . Opposition to the Department of Education mainly stems from conservatives , who see the department as an undermining of states rights , and libertarians who believe it results in a state - imposed leveling towards the bottom and low value for taxpayers ' money . Budget ( edit ) Pell Grants : $28.856 B ( 33.0 % ) Federal Direct Student Loan Program : $23.661 B ( 27.1 % ) Title I Grants : $14.41 B ( 16.5 % ) Special education : $12.522 B ( 14.3 % ) Other : $7.92 B ( 9.1 % ) Budget of the Department of Education for FY 2015 , showing its largest components Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal For 2006 , the ED discretionary budget was $56 billion and the mandatory budget contained $23 billion . In 2009 it received additional ARRA funding of $102 billion . As of 2011 , the discretionary budget is $70 billion . History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) A previous Department of Education was created in 1867 but was soon demoted to an Office in 1868 . As an agency not represented in the president 's cabinet , it quickly became a relatively minor bureau in the Department of the Interior . In 1939 , the bureau was transferred to the Federal Security Agency , where it was renamed the Office of Education . In 1953 , the Federal Security Agency was upgraded to cabinet - level status as the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare . In 1979 , President Carter advocated for creating a cabinet - level Department of Education . Carter 's plan was to transfer most of the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare 's education - related functions to the Department of Education . Carter also planned to transfer the education - related functions of the departments of Defense , Justice , Housing and Urban Development , and Agriculture , as well as a few other federal entities . Among the federal education - related programs that were not proposed to be transferred were Headstart , the Department of Agriculture 's school lunch and nutrition programs , the Department of the Interior 's Native Americans ' education programs , and the Department of Labor 's education and training programs . Upgrading Education to cabinet level status in 1979 was opposed by many in the Republican Party , who saw the department as unconstitutional , arguing that the Constitution does n't mention education , and deemed it an unnecessary and illegal federal bureaucratic intrusion into local affairs . However , many see the department as constitutional under the Commerce Clause , and that the funding role of the Department is constitutional under the Taxing and Spending Clause . The National Education Association supported the bill , while the American Federation of Teachers opposed it . As of 1979 , the Office of Education had 3,000 employees and an annual budget of $12 billion . Congress appropriated to the Department of Education an annual budget of $14 billion and 17,000 employees when establishing the Department of Education . During the 1980 presidential campaign , Gov. Reagan called for the total elimination of the U.S. Department of Education , severe curtailment of bilingual education , and massive cutbacks in the federal role in education . Once in office , President Reagan significantly reduced its budget . Early History ( edit ) The Republican Party platform of 1980 called for the elimination of the Department of Education created under Carter and President Ronald Reagan promised during the 1980 presidential election to eliminate it as a cabinet post , but he was not able to do so with a Democratic House of Representatives . In the 1982 State of the Union Address , he pledged : `` The budget plan I submit to you on Feb. 8 will realize major savings by dismantling the Department of Education . '' By 1984 the GOP had dropped the call for elimination from its platform , and with the election of President George H.W. Bush the Republican position evolved in almost lockstep with that of the Democrats , with Goals 2000 a virtual joint effort . After the Newt Gingrich - led `` revolution '' in 1994 had taken control of both Houses of Congress , federal control of and spending on education soared . That trend continued unabated despite the fact that the Republican Party made abolition of the Department a cornerstone of 1996 platform and campaign promises , calling it an inappropriate federal intrusion into local , state , and family affairs . The GOP platform read : `` The Federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the market place . This is why we will abolish the Department of Education , end federal meddling in our schools , and promote family choice at all levels of learning . '' In 2000 , the Republican Liberty Caucus passed a resolution to abolish the Department of Education . Abolition of the organization was not pursued under the George W. Bush administration , which made reform of federal education a key priority of the President 's first term . In 2008 and 2012 , presidential candidate Ron Paul campaigned in part on an opposition to the Department . Later History ( edit ) A construction project to repair and update the building façade at the Department of Education headquarters in 2002 resulted in the installation of structures at all of the entrances to protect employees and visitors from falling debris . ED redesigned these protective structures to promote the No Child Left Behind Act . The structures were temporary and were removed in 2008 . Source : U.S. Department of Education , Under President George W. Bush , the Department primarily focused on elementary and secondary education , expanding its reach through the No Child Left Behind Act . The Department 's budget increased by $14 billion between 2002 and 2004 , from $46 billion to $60 billion . On March 23 , 2007 , President George W. Bush signed into law H.R. 584 , which designates the ED Headquarters building as the Lyndon B. Johnson Department of Education Building . On February 7 , 2017 , Representative Thomas Massie ( R - KY ) introduced H.R. 899 , a bill to abolish the department . Massie 's bill , which is one sentence long , states , `` The Department of Education shall terminate on December 31 , 2018 . '' Organization ( edit ) Department of Education structure Office of the Secretary ( OS ) Office of Communications and Outreach ( OCO ) Office of the General Counsel ( OGC ) Office of Inspector General Office of Legislation and Congressional Affairs ( OLCA ) Office for Civil Rights ( OCR ) Office of Educational Technology ( OET ) Institute of Education Sciences ( IES ) National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES ) National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP ) Education Resources Information Center ( ERIC ) Office of Innovation and Improvement ( OII ) Office of the Chief Financial Officer Office of Management Office of the Chief Information Officer Office of Planning , Evaluation and Policy Development Budget Service Risk Management Service Office of the Under Secretary ( OUS ) Office of Postsecondary Education ( OPE ) Office of Career , Technical , and Adult Education ( OCTAE ) Office of Federal Student Aid ( FSA ) President 's Advisory Board on Tribal Colleges and Universities ( WHITCU ) President 's Advisory Board on Historically Black Colleges and Universities ( WHIHBCU ) Office of the Deputy Secretary ( ODS ) / Chief Operating Officer Office of Elementary and Secondary Education ( OESE ) Education Facilities Clearinghouse Office of Migrant Education ( OME ) Office of Safe and Healthy Students ( OSHS ) Student Achievement and School Accountability Programs ( SASA ) White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders ( AAPI ) White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans Office of English Language Acquisition , Language Enhancement and Academic Achievement for Limited English Proficient Students ( OELA ) Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services ( OSERS ) National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research ( NIDRR ) Office of Special Education Programs ( OSEP ) Rehabilitation Services Administration ( RSA ) Office of Innovation and Improvement ( OII ) Associated federal organizations Advisory Councils and Committees National Assessment Governing Board ( NAGB ) ( 1 ) National Advisory Council on Indian Education ( NACIE ) Federal Interagency Committee on Education ( FICE ) Advisory Commission on Accessible Instructional Materials in Postsecondary Education for Students with Disabilities National Board for Education Sciences National Board of the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education ( FIPSE ) Federally aided organizations Gallaudet University Howard University National Technical Institute for the Deaf See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Education portal Council for Higher Education Accreditation Educational attainment in the United States Free Application for Federal Student Aid FICE code Federal Student Aid National Diffusion Network School Improvement Grant Title 34 of the Code of Federal Regulations Related legislation ( edit ) 1965 : Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ESEA ) 1965 : Higher Education Act of 1965 ( HEA ) ( Pub . L. No. 89 - 329 ) 1974 : Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act ( FERPA ) 1974 : Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 ( EEOA ) 1975 : Education for All Handicapped Children Act ( EHA ) ( Pub . L. No. 94 - 142 ) 1978 : Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment 1980 : Department of Education Organization Act ( Pub . L. No. 96 - 88 ) 1984 : Equal Access Act 1990 : The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act ( Clery Act ) 1994 : Improving America 's Schools Act of 1994 2001 : No Child Left Behind Act ( NCLB ) 2004 : Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) 2005 : Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005 ( HERA ) ( Pub . L. No. 109 - 171 ) 2006 : Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act 2007 : America COMPETES Act 2008 : Higher Education Opportunity Act ( HEOA ) ( Pub . L. No. 110 - 315 ) 2009 : Race to the Top 2009 : Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act 2010 : Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 2015 : Every Student Succeeds Act ( ESSA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stratford , Michael ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Education Department goes into shutdown mode '' . Politico . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : About ED Jump up ^ Department of Education Organization Act As Enacted Jump up ^ What We Do . ED.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the U.S. Department of Education , p. 2 '' . United States Department of Education . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the U.S. Department of Education , p. 1 '' . United States Department of Education . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Education Member Agency United States Interagency Council on Homelessness ( USICH ) '' . Usich.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Laissez - faire - learning '' . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ED History '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Education . 2015 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overview '' . U.S. Department of Education Budget Office . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ FY2011 Federal Budget Jump up ^ Department of Education Act of 1867 As Enacted Jump up ^ Chap . CLVIII. 14 Stat. 434 from `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . Library of Congress , Law Library of Congress . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Education Outlined '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , via Google News . Associated Press . February 9 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` House Narrowly Passes Department of Education Bill '' . Spokane , Washington : The Spokesman - Review , via Google News . The New York Times . July 12 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Hechinger , Fred M ( September 3 , 1979 ) . `` Federal Education Branch Is Foundering , Leaderless '' . Lexington , North Carolina : The Dispatch , via Google News . New York Times News Service . Jump up ^ `` Education Department Created '' . The Palm Beach Post , via Google News . United Press International . October 18 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Educational Horizons : `` The Educational Legacy of Ronald Reagan '' , Summer 2004 v. 82 n . 4 p. 256 Jump up ^ `` Online Backgrounders : The Department of Education '' . PBS . Fall 1996 . Retrieved 2005 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Veronique de Rugy and Marie Gryphon ( 2004 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Elimination Lost : What happened to abolishing the Department of Education ? '' . Cato Institute . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . This article originally appeared in National Review Online on February 11 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Education '' . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stossel , John ( 2007 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Ron Paul Unplugged '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Paige Fields Team to Leave No Child Behind '' . United States Department of Education . April 11 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` President Bush Signs H.R. 584 , Designates U.S. Department of Education as the Lyndon Baines Johnson Federal Building '' . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2007 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://massie.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/rep-massie-introduces-bill-to-abolish-federal-department-of-education Further reading ( edit ) Radin , Beryl A. , and Willis D. Hawley ( 1988 ) . Politics of Federal Reorganization : Creating the U.S. Department of Education , ISBN 978 - 0080339771 Heffernan , Robert V. ( 2001 ) . Cabinetmakers : Story of the Three - Year Battle to Establish the U.S. Department of Education , ISBN 978 - 0595158706 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Education . Official website Department of Education in the Federal Register ERIC Digests -- Informational digests on educational topics produced by the U.S. Department of Education before 1983 . Works by United States Department of Education at Project Gutenberg Works by or about United States Department of Education at Internet Archive United States Government Manual , Department of Education Agencies under the United States Department of Education Headquarters : 400 Maryland Avenue SW ( Education Department Building ) Betsy Devos , Secretary of Education Vacant , Acting Deputy Secretary of Education Secretary of Education Office for Civil Rights Institute of Education Sciences Deputy Secretary of Education Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools Office of Innovation and Improvement Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services Office of English Language Acquisition Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Under Secretary of Education Office of Federal Student Aid Office of Career , Technical , and Adult Education Office of Postsecondary Education White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities Programs National Center for Education Statistics National Library of Education National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Office of Migrant Education Education Resources Information Center National Assessment of Educational Progress Independent organizations Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance National Institute for Literacy National Assessment Governing Board National Board for Education Sciences White House Initiative on Tribal Colleges and Universities White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Education&oldid=823664408 '' Categories : United States Department of Education 1979 establishments in the United States Education ministries Government agencies established in 1979 United States federal executive departments Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many employees does department of education have | [
"The Department of Education is administered by the United States Secretary of Education. It has approximately 4,400 employees and an annual budget of $68 billion (2016).[2] Its official abbreviation is \"ED\" (\"DOE\" refers to the United States Department of Energy) and is also often abbreviated informally as \"DoEd\"."
] | [
"approximately 4,400"
] |
8476233861273398770 | Beanie Babies | Beanie Babies - wikipedia Beanie Babies Jump to : navigation , search Beanie Babies Sizzle the Bear , one of many teddy bear varieties of Beanie Babies Type Stuffed toy Inventor Ty Warner Company Ty Inc . Availability 1993 -- 1999 , 2000 -- present Beanie Babies are a line of stuffed animals ( a.k.a. plush toys ) created by Ty Warner , the man who founded Ty Inc. ( named in November 1991 ) . The toys are unique because each toy is stuffed with plastic pellets ( `` beans '' ) rather than conventional soft stuffing ( PVC and PE ) , giving Beanie Babies a more flexible feel . In a rare interview , the publicity - averse Warner said , `` The whole idea was it looked real because it moved . '' During the later half of the 1990s , the toy emerged as a major fad , and were collected not only as toys but also as a financial investment due to the high resale value of some Beanie Babies . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Collectibility 3 Design 4 Notable Beanie Babies 4.1 Garcia the bear 4.2 Princess the bear 4.3 Decade the bear 4.4 Tabasco the bull 4.5 Peanut the Royal Blue Elephant 5 Counterfeit Beanie Babies 5.1 Cases 6 Media 7 Licensed Beanies 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Nine original Beanie Babies were launched in 1993 : Legs the Frog , Squealer the Pig , Spot the Dog , Flash the Orca , Splash the Whale , Chocolate the Moose , Patti the Platypus , Brownie the Bear ( later renamed `` Cubbie '' ) , and Pinchers the Lobster ( with some tag errors with `` Punchers '' ) . They were not in factory production until 1994 . Sales were slow at first to the point that by 1995 many retailers refused to buy the products in the bundles Ty offered them while others outright refused to buy them in any form . The popularity soon grew however , first starting locally in Chicago before growing into a national craze in the USA . In 1996 , Ty Inc. released a new product called Teenie Beanies , a miniature offshoot of the original Beanie Babies line . They were sold alongside McDonald 's Happy Meals to celebrate that product 's 17th anniversary . Ty , Inc. stopped producing the product in December 1999 , but consumer demand led them to reconsider . Production restarted in 2000 with a Beanie Baby named `` The Beginning . '' In early 2008 , Ty released a new version of Beanie Babies called Beanie Babies 2.0 . The purchase of a Beanie Baby 2.0 provided its owner with a code to access an online Beanie Babies interactive website . The website has since been shut down . Collectibility ( edit ) Beanie Babies began to emerge as popular collectibles in late 1995 , and became a hot toy . The company 's strategy of deliberate scarcity , producing each new design in limited quantity , restricting individual store shipments to limited numbers of each design and regularly retiring designs , created a huge secondary market for the toys and increased their popularity and value as a collectible . Ty systematically retired various designs , and many people assumed that all `` retired '' designs would rise in value the way that early retirees had . The craze lasted through 1999 and slowly declined after the Ty company announced that they would no longer be making Beanie Babies and made a bear called `` The End '' . Some time after the original announcement that the company would stop production , Ty asked the public to vote on whether the product should continue ; fans and collectors voted `` overwhelmingly '' to keep the toys on the market . At its height of popularity people would flip Beanies at as much as ten-fold on eBay . Indeed , at the height , Beanies made up 10 % of eBay 's sales . Some collectors insured their purchases for a price in the thousands . Warner was keenly aware that the Beanie Babies bubble could burst and eventually started requiring retailers who sold Beanies to also stock other product lines by his company if they wished to continue selling Beanies . None of these lines did as well as Beanie Babies , although they kept the company alive after the fad ended and eventually some became successful in their own right . Design ( edit ) Beanie Babies are deliberately under stuffed . This led to a criticism that the toys looked `` cheap '' however this set them apart from most stuffed animals on the market which could not be posed easily . Ty Warner has said that this understuffing method made the toys look `` real '' . Another important design element is that of the tag . Since the beginning , Beanie Babies have included two tags for identification : a heart - shaped `` swing tag '' at the top , and a fabric `` tush tag '' at the bottom . Both tags have been redesigned completely over time . Between 1994 and 1996 , the swing tags had `` To '' and `` From '' blanks in them for use as gifts . Starting in early 1996 , the tags include four - line poems related to the Beanie Baby , and a date of birth for the toy . It was not uncommon for Beanie Babies to be accidentally shipped out with incorrect or misspelled tags , which sometimes increased the toy 's value . On occasion , the poems , birth dates and even the names have been changed on certain Beanie Babies . Notable Beanie Babies ( edit ) Garcia the bear ( edit ) Garcia the bear was released in January 1996 and retired in May 1997 . He is a tie - dyed bear that seems to be a tribute to musician Jerry Garcia of The Grateful Dead who died in 1995 , designed by Nicholas Scarbrough . A group of differently colored dancing bears , originally artwork from the back of an album cover , was one of the band 's many iconic images . The bear was supposedly `` born '' the date that Jerry died ( August 9 , 1995 ) . The fast retirement for this Beanie Baby was due to an alleged lawsuit that the Garcia family filed against the Ty company , claiming that the name `` Garcia '' was used without permission from the family . In cooperation with the lawsuit , Garcia was retired and a similar bear named Peace was released . Peace has a peace sign , while Garcia does not . The bright colors on Garcia the bear made him one of the most popular Beanie Baby styles . Princess the bear ( edit ) Diana , Princess of Wales died on August 31 , 1997 . Warner announced the Beanie Baby Princess on October 29 , 1997 in honor of Princess Diana . Warner said that all proceeds would be donated to the Diana , Princess of Wales Memorial Fund . The Princess Diana Beanie Baby was sent to vendors to distribute in the second week of December 1997 . Some vendors had to wait until February 1998 . Only 12 Beanie Baby Princesses were released to each vendor initially , but this changed due to strong demand . Decade the bear ( edit ) Decade the bear Decade the bear was made in honor of Beanie Babies ' tenth anniversary . Decade bears were made in white , royal blue , red , purple , orange , hot pink , green , gold , brown , and light blue . Most Decade bears have silver sparkles on their bodies . It was made in 2003 . Tabasco the bull ( edit ) Originally named after the Tabasco sauce , the name was changed to `` Snort '' to avoid trademark infringement . Tabasco has all red `` feet '' while Snort has all white . The poem stayed the same . Peanut the royal blue Elephant ( edit ) Peanut the Royal Blue Elephant is one of the most notable of the Beanies . It first started production in 1995 as a royal blue color . Then , Ty noticed that the fabric coloring was wrong , and that it needed to be the light blue color , so they started the light blue version and stopped the royal blue . They made the light blue until his retirement in 1999 . They only made about 500 of these beanies and can go for $1500 with an original tag . Counterfeit Beanie Babies ( edit ) Ty copyright infringement . Photograph submitted to the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals on first page of the appendix depicting Ty 's Beanie Baby : `` Squealer '' ( Top ) and GMA 's stuffed animal : `` Preston the Pig '' ( Bottom ) Counterfeit Beanie Babies began to surface in 1997 . Early on , cheap knock - offs and fakes of commons were widely available at discount prices . Cases ( edit ) Authorities cracked down on counterfeit Beanie Babies in the late 1990s . People were prosecuted for their involvement in the commerce of counterfeit Babies . In 1998 , English authorities seized more than 6,000 Princesses and Britannias . In 1999 , a Minnesota man was imprisoned , fined , and put on probation for involvement in smuggling counterfeit beanies . Media ( edit ) During the wake of Beanie Babies ' success , Beanie Baby - centric publications were issued . One of the largest was Mary Beth 's Bean Bag World , a monthly magazine dedicated to Beanie Babies and competing plush toys . This magazine ran from 1997 to 2001 . Licensed Beanies ( edit ) In the late 2000s , Beanie Babies modeled after characters from popular children 's franchises by Nickelodeon , DreamWorks and Paramount began appearing . These included characters from cartoons on the Nickelodeon television channel such as SpongeBob SquarePants and Dora the Explorer , as well as characters from DreamWorks Animation movies such as Shrek the Third and 20th Century Fox 's Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs . Beanie Babies have also been produced for characters from Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole and Guardians of Ga'Hoole book series . Recently Beanie Babies modeled after Disney characters have been created , including characters from the Disney Junior TV series Doc McStuffins . See also ( edit ) Economic bubble Tulip mania Uglydoll Sock monkey 1990s portal 2000s portal 2010s portal Toys portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halbfinger , David M. ( 1999 - 03 - 12 ) . `` On the Trail of a Beanie Burglar '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Bryan ( May 2014 ) . `` Behind the Beanie Babies : The Secret Life of Ty Warner '' . Chicago Magazine . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chupka , Kevin . `` Beanie Babies : Whatever happened to Millennials ' favorite toy ? '' . Yahoo ! Finance . Yahoo . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Carr , Amy ( August 14 , 1997 ) . `` Those Beanies are still hot , and there 's no sign of the frenze slowing down '' . Daily Herald . Punchers the red lobster . Originally introduced in 1993 at a toy fair , Punchers was redesigned in 1994 and renamed Pinchers . Jump up ^ The Perfect Store : Inside eBay via Google Books ^ Jump up to : Bissonnette , Zach . `` How A Blue Elephant Named Peanut Sparked The Beanie Baby Craze '' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Beanie Baby Beanies News '' . Aboutbeanies.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Beanie Baby Beanies News '' . Aboutbeanies.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Berr , Johnathin . `` How the Great Beanie Baby Bubble Went Bust '' . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ VanderMey , Anne . `` Lessons from the great Beanie Babies crash '' . Fortune . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Symington , Steve . `` 3 Business Lessons From Ty Warner , the Beanie Babies Billionaire '' . Motleyfool . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Dunne , Claudia ; Sara Nelson ( September 1998 ) . `` Tag Training 101 '' . Mary Beth 's Bean Bag World . H&S Media Incorporated. 1 ( 7 ) : 20 -- 28 . ISSN 1097 - 0444 . Jump up ^ `` peacebears.com '' . magazine.peacebears.com . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SUNDAY , JULY 5 , 1998 : CRIME ; A World Gone Beanie Mad ! '' . The New York Times . 1998 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` How A Blue Elephant Named Peanut Sparked The Beanie Baby Craze '' . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Date , SUSAN DODGE ( 1998 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Chicago Sun - Times : : Search '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19416915.html Jump up ^ `` Couple sentenced for selling counterfeit Beanie Babies. ( NEWS ) '' . 6 August 1999 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Want The ' Scoop ' On The Beanie Industry For The Millennium ? '' . PR Newswire. 1999 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beanie Babies . Ty official website Database of beanie babies Ty Inc . Key people Ty Warner Beanie Babies Beanie Babies 2.0 Clubby Princess Teenie Beanies Other products Beanie Buddies Ty Girlz Teddy bears Manufacturers Build - A-Bear Workshop Chad Valley J.K. Farnell Gund Ideal Toy Company Margarete Steiff GmbH Merrythought Teddy Atelier Stursberg Teddy - Hermann Ty Inc . Vermont Teddy Bear Company Types AG Bear Beanie Babies Boyds Bears Care Bears Coffee Bean Bears Forever Friends Freddy Teddy Gund Snuffles Holiday Beanie Babies Me to You Bears WereBears Museums Dorset Teddy Bear Museum Teddy bear museum Teddy Bear Museum of Naples Famous teddies Aloysius Archibald Ormsby - Gore Benjamin Bear Bamse Berlino Duffy the Disney Bear Corduroy Fozzie Bear Freddy Fazbear Grizzly Teddy Lotso Microsoft Bear Misha Nassur Nev Paddington Bear Pooky Pudsey Bear Rilakkuma Roosevelt Rupert Bear Rupert ( Family Guy ) Smokey Sooty SuperTed Teddy ( Mr. Bean ) Teddy Ruxpin Uszatek Mr Whoppit Winnie - the - Pooh Yogi Bear Film and television The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin Bear Behaving Badly Becky and Barnaby Bear Boonie Bears C Bear and Jamal Colargol Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Issi Noho Old Bear Stories Paddington The Secret World of Benjamin Bear SuperTed Ted Ted 2 Teddybears The Teddy Bear Master Teddy Edward The Upstairs Downstairs Bears The Yogi Bear Show Books Corduroy Little Bear Old Bear and Friends Teddy Dressing The Berenstain Bears Polar the Titanic Bear Uppo - Nalle Winkie Winnie - the - Pooh Music `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Psycho Teddy '' `` Teddy Bears ' Picnic '' `` The Teddy Bear Song '' Video games Build - A-Bear Workshop Hubert the Teddy Bear : Winter Games Opération Teddy Bear Teddy Together Related topics The Bear Club Peter Bull Gummy bears Round and Round the Garden SGUL Teddy Bear Hospital Richard Steiff Stuffed toys Sudanese blasphemy case Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012 Teddy bear parachuting Teddy Bear Review Teddy bear toss Teddy Grahams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beanie_Babies&oldid=835128148 '' Categories : Beanie Babies 1990s fads and trends 1990s toys 2000s toys 2010s toys Children 's websites Products introduced in 1993 Stuffed toys Toy animals Toy collecting Virtual pets Virtual reality communities Economic bubbles Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 18 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first beanie baby come out | [
"Nine original Beanie Babies were launched in 1993: Legs the Frog, Squealer the Pig, Spot the Dog, Flash the Orca, Splash the Whale, Chocolate the Moose, Patti the Platypus, Brownie the Bear (later renamed \"Cubbie\"), and Pinchers the Lobster (with some tag errors with \"Punchers\"). They were not in factory production until 1994.[4][5] Sales were slow at first to the point that by 1995 many retailers refused to buy the products in the bundles Ty offered them while others outright refused to buy them in any form.[6] The popularity soon grew however, first starting locally in Chicago before growing into a national craze in the USA.[6]"
] | [
"1993"
] |
-4273721796149572327 | Economy of Argentina | Economy of Argentina - Wikipedia Economy of Argentina Economy of Argentina Buenos Aires Central Business District Currency Argentine peso ( ARS ) Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organizations WTO , Mercosur , Unasur Statistics GDP $639.224 billion ( nominal ) ( 21st , 2018 ) $952.464 billion ( PPP ) ( 25th , 2018 ) GDP growth 3.5 % ( 2017 ) GDP per capita $14,342 ( nominal ) ( 53rd , 2018 ) $21,370 ( PPP ) ( 56th , 2018 ) GDP by sector Agriculture , forestry , and fishing , 6.0 % mining , 3.6 % manufacturing , 17.2 % construction , 5.6 % commerce and tourism , 16.9 % transport , communications , and utilities , 7.9 % government , 9.5 % business , social and other services , 33.3 % . ( 2015 ) Inflation ( CPI ) 24.8 % ( CPI , 2017 ) Population below poverty line 25.7 % ( 2017 ) Gini coefficient 0.417 ( 2017 ) Labor force 17.9 million ( 2012 ) Labor force by occupation Agricultural 7.3 % manufacturing 13.1 % construction 7.6 % commerce and tourism 21.4 % transport , communications and utilities 7.8 % financial , real estate and business service , 9.4 % public administration and defense 6.3 % social services and other 27.1 % ( 2006 ) Unemployment 7.2 % ( September -- December 2017 ) Average gross salary AR $ 21.248 monthly ( September 2017 ) Main industries Food processing and beverages motor vehicles and auto parts appliances and electronics machinery and equipment chemicals pharmaceuticals glass steel and aluminum cement textiles tobacco products publishing furniture leather Ease - of - doing - business rank 116th ( 2017 ) External Exports $56.76 billion ( 2015 ) Export goods Soybeans and derivatives , petroleum and gas , vehicles , corn , wheat Main export partners Brazil 17 % China 8.6 % United States 5.9 % ( 2015 ) Imports $57.18 billion ( 2015 ) Import goods Machinery , motor vehicles , petroleum and natural gas , organic chemicals , plastics Main import partners Brazil 22.4 % United States 16.3 % China 15.5 % Germany 5.1 % ( 2015 ) FDI stock $94.19 billion ( 2015 ) Gross external debt $163.2 billion ; of which public , $92.5 billion ( March 2016 ) Public finances Public debt $222.7 billion ( bonds , 68 % ) ; 44.8 % of GDP ( December 2015 ) Revenues $142.9 billion ( 2015 ) ( social security , 25.9 % ; income and capital gains , 23.6 % ; value - added sales tax , 20.1 % ; trade and duties , 15.1 % ; financial tax , 6.3 % ; excise and other , 9.0 % ) Expenses $167.3 billion ( 2015 ) ( social security , 38.8 % ; subsidies and infrastructure , 22.5 % ; debt service , 9.2 % ; education , culture and research , 8.8 % ; social assistance , 5.4 % ; health , 3.4 % ; security , 3.1 % ; defense , 2.1 % ; other , 6.7 % ) Credit rating B - ( Domestic ) SD ( Foreign ) B - ( T&C Assessment ) ( Standard & Poor 's ) Foreign reserves $61.61 billion ( April 2018 ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of Argentina is a high income economy for fiscal year 2017 according to World Bank Latin America 's third largest , and the second largest in South America behind Brazil . The country benefits from rich natural resources , a highly literate population , an export - oriented agricultural sector , and a diversified industrial base . Argentina 's economic performance has historically been very uneven , in which high economic growth alternated with severe recessions , particularly during the late twentieth century , and income maldistribution and poverty increased . Early in the twentieth century Argentina had one of the ten highest per capita GDP levels in the world , at par with Canada and Australia and surpassing both France and Italy . Argentina today ( 2018 ) is plagued by currency crisis which involved a potential bailout from International Monetary Fund . The currency declined by 18 % over a period of 12 days in May 2018 to more than 25 Argentine pesos per U.S. Dollar . Argentina is considered an emerging market by the FTSE Global Equity Index ( 2018 ) , and is one of the G - 20 major economies . Contents 1 History 2 Sectors 2.1 Agriculture 2.2 Natural resources 2.3 Industry 2.4 Services 2.4. 1 Banking 2.4. 2 Tourism 2.5 GDP by value added 2.6 Energy 3 Infrastructure 4 Foreign trade 5 Foreign investment 6 Issues 6.1 Reliability of official CPI estimates 6.2 Inflation 6.3 Income distribution 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of Argentina Historical growth of Argentina from 1961 to 2016 Prior to the 1880s , Argentina was a relatively isolated backwater , dependent on the salted meat , wool , leather , and hide industries for both the greater part of its foreign exchange and the generation of domestic income and profits . The Argentine economy began to experience swift growth after 1880 through the export of livestock and grain commodities , as well as through British and French investment , marking the beginning of a fifty - year era of significant economic expansion and mass European immigration . During its most vigorous period , from 1880 to 1905 , this expansion resulted in a 7.5-fold growth in GDP , averaging about 8 % annually . One important measure of development , GDP per capita , rose from 35 % of the United States average to about 80 % during that period . Growth then slowed considerably , such that by 1941 Argentina 's real per capita GDP was roughly half that of the U.S. Even so , from 1890 to 1950 the country 's per capita income was similar to that of Western Europe ; although income in Argentina remained considerably less evenly distributed . The Great Depression caused Argentine GDP to fall by a fourth between 1929 and 1932 . Having recovered its lost ground by the late 1930s partly through import substitution , the economy continued to grow modestly during World War II ( in contrast to the recession caused by the previous world war ) . The war led to a reduced availability of imports and higher prices for Argentine exports that combined to create a US $1.6 billion cumulative surplus , a third of which was blocked as inconvertible deposits in the Bank of England by the Roca -- Runciman Treaty . Benefiting from innovative self - financing and government loans alike , value added in manufacturing nevertheless surpassed that of agriculture for the first time in 1943 , employed over 1 million by 1947 , and allowed the need for imported consumer goods to decline from 40 % of the total to 10 % by 1950 . The populist administration of Juan Perón nationalized the Central Bank , railways , and other strategic industries and services from 1945 to 1955 . The subsequent enactment of developmentalism after 1958 , though partial , was followed by a promising fifteen years . Inflation first became a chronic problem during this period ( it averaged 26 % annually from 1944 to 1974 ) ; but though it did not become fully `` developed , '' from 1932 to 1974 Argentina 's economy grew almost fivefold ( or 3.8 % in annual terms ) while its population only doubled . While unremarkable , this expansion was well - distributed and so resulted in several noteworthy changes in Argentine society - most notably the development of the largest proportional middle class ( 40 % of the population by the 1960s ) in Latin America as well as the region 's highest - paid , most unionized working class . The economy , however , declined during the military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983 , and for some time afterwards . The dictatorship 's chief economist , José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz , advanced a corrupt , anti-labor policy of financial liberalization that increased the debt burden and interrupted industrial development and upward social mobility . Over 400,000 companies of all sizes went bankrupt by 1982 , and neoliberal economic policies prevailing from 1983 through 2001 failed to reverse the situation . Record foreign debt interest payments , tax evasion , and capital flight resulted in a balance of payments crisis that plagued Argentina with severe stagflation from 1975 to 1990 , including a bout of hyperinflation in 1989 and 1990 . Attempting to remedy this situation , economist Domingo Cavallo pegged the peso to the U.S. dollar in 1991 and limited the growth in the money supply . His team then embarked on a path of trade liberalization , deregulation , and privatization . Inflation dropped to single digits and GDP grew by one third in four years . External economic shocks , as well as a dependency on volatile short - term capital and debt to maintain the overvalued fixed exchange rate , diluted benefits , causing erratic economic growth from 1995 and the eventual collapse in 2001 . That year and the next , the economy suffered its sharpest decline since 1930 ; by 2002 , Argentina had defaulted on its debt , its GDP had declined by nearly 20 % in four years , unemployment reached 25 % , and the peso had depreciated 70 % after being devalued and floated . Argentina 's socio - economic situation has since been steadily improving . Expansionary policies and commodity exports triggered a rebound in GDP from 2003 onward . This trend has been largely maintained , creating over five million jobs and encouraging domestic consumption and fixed investment . Social programs were strengthened , and a number of important firms privatized during the 1990s were renationalized beginning in 2003 . These include the postal service , AySA ( the water utility serving Buenos Aires ) , Pension funds ( transferred to ANSES ) , Aerolíneas Argentinas , the energy firm YPF , and the railways . The economy nearly doubled from 2002 to 2011 , growing an average of 7.1 % annually and around 9 % for five consecutive years between 2003 and 2007 . Real wages rose by around 72 % from their low point in 2003 to 2013 . The global recession did affect the economy in 2009 , with growth slowing to nearly zero ; but high economic growth then resumed , and GDP expanded by around 9 % in both 2010 and 2011 . Foreign exchange controls , austerity measures , persistent inflation , and downturns in Brazil , Europe , and other important trade partners , contributed to slower growth beginning in 2012 , however . Growth averaged just 1.3 % from 2012 to 2014 , and rose to 2.4 % in 2015 . The Argentine government bond market is based on GDP - linked bonds , and investors , both foreign and domestic , netted record yields amid renewed growth . Argentine debt restructuring offers in 2005 and 2010 resumed payments on the majority of its almost US $100 billion in defaulted bonds and other debt from 2001 . Holdouts controlling 7 % of the bonds , including some small investors , hedge funds , and vulture funds led by Paul Singer 's Cayman Islands - based NML Capital Limited , rejected the 2005 and 2010 offers to exchange their defaulted bonds . Singer , who demanded US $832 million for Argentine bonds purchased for US $49 million in the secondary market in 2008 , attempted to seize Argentine government assets abroad and sued to stop payments from Argentina to the 93 % who had accepted the earlier swaps despite the steep discount . Bondholders who instead accepted the 2005 offer of 30 cents on the dollar , had by 2012 received returns of about 90 % according to estimates by Morgan Stanley . Argentina settled with virtually all holdouts in February 2016 at a cost of US $9.3 billion ; NML received US $2.4 billion , a 392 % return on the original value of the bonds . While the Argentine Government considers debt left over from illegitimate governments unconstitutional odious debt , it has continued servicing this debt despite the annual cost of around US $14 billion and despite being nearly locked out of international credit markets with annual bond issues since 2002 averaging less than US $2 billion ( which precludes most debt roll over ) . Argentina has nevertheless continued to hold successful bond issues , as the country 's stock market , consumer confidence , and overall economy continue to grow . The country 's successful , US $16.5 billion bond sale in April 2016 was the largest in emerging market history . On May 2018 , Argentina 's government asked to the International Monetary Fund for its intervention , with an emergency loan for a thirty billion bailout , as it is has been reported by Bloomberg . On May 2018 the official estimated inflation has peaked up to 25 percent a year , and on May 4 Argentina 's central bank has raised interest rates on pesos to 40 percent from 27.25 percent , which is the highest in the world , since the national currency has lost 18 % of its value by the beginning of the year . Sectors ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Argentina Soy field in Argentina 's fertile Pampas . The versatile legume makes up about half the nation 's crop production . Vinyard in Mendoza Province . The country is the fifth largest producer in the world . Argentina is one of the world 's major agricultural producers , ranking among the top producers in most of the following , exporters of beef , citrus fruit , grapes , honey , maize , sorghum , soybeans , squash , sunflower seeds , wheat , and yerba mate . Agriculture accounted for 9 % of GDP in 2010 , and around one fifth of all exports ( not including processed food and feed , which are another third ) . Commercial harvests reached 103 million tons in 2010 , of which over 54 million were oilseeds ( mainly soy and sunflower ) , and over 46 million were cereals ( mainly maize , wheat , and sorghum ) . Soy and its byproducts , mainly animal feed and vegetable oils , are major export commodities with one fourth of the total ; cereals added another 10 % . Cattle - raising is also a major industry , though mostly for domestic consumption ; beef , leather and dairy were 5 % of total exports . Sheep - raising and wool are important in Patagonia , though these activities have declined by half since 1990 . Biodiesel , however , has become one of the fastest growing agro-industrial activities , with over US $2 billion in exports in 2011 . Fruits and vegetables made up 4 % of exports : apples and pears in the Río Negro valley ; rice , oranges and other citrus in the northwest and Mesopotamia ; grapes and strawberries in Cuyo ( the west ) , and berries in the far south . Cotton and tobacco are major crops in the Gran Chaco , sugarcane and chile peppers in the northwest , and olives and garlic in the west . Yerba mate tea ( Misiones ) , tomatoes ( Salta ) and peaches ( Mendoza ) are grown for domestic consumption . Organic farming is growing in Argentina , and the nearly 3 million hectares ( 7.5 million acres ) of organic cultivation is second only to Australia . Argentina is the world 's fifth - largest wine producer , and fine wine production has taken major leaps in quality . A growing export , total viticulture potential is far from having been met . Mendoza is the largest wine region , followed by San Juan . Government policy towards the lucrative agrarian sector is a subject of , at times , contentious debate in Argentina . A grain embargo by farmers protesting an increase in export taxes for their products began in March 2008 , and , following a series of failed negotiations , strikes and lockouts largely subsided only with the 16 July , defeat of the export tax - hike in the Senate . Argentine fisheries bring in about a million tons of catch annually , and are centered on Argentine hake , which makes up 50 % of the catch ; pollock , squid , and centolla crab are also widely harvested . Forestry has long history in every Argentine region , apart from the pampas , accounting for almost 14 million m3 of roundwood harvests . Eucalyptus , pine , and elm ( for cellulose ) are also grown , mainly for domestic furniture , as well as paper products ( 1.5 million tons ) . Fisheries and logging each account for 2 % of exports . The Vaca Muerta shale oil field holds 16.2 billion barrels of oil and 308 cubic feet of natural gas . It is estimated to be the third largest in the world . Natural resources ( edit ) See also : Mining in Argentina Mining and other extractive activities , such as gas and petroleum , are growing industries , increasing from 2 % of GDP in 1980 to around 4 % today . The northwest and San Juan Province are the main regions of activity . Coal is mined in Santa Cruz Province . Metals and minerals mined include borate , copper , lead , magnesium , sulfur , tungsten , uranium , zinc , silver , titanium , and gold , whose production was boosted after 1997 by the Bajo de Alumbrera mine in Catamarca Province and Barrick Gold investments a decade later in San Juan . Metal ore exports soared from US $200 million in 1996 to US $1.2 billion in 2004 , and to over US $3 billion in 2010 . Around 35 million m3 each of petroleum and petroleum fuels are produced , as well as 50 billion m3 of natural gas , making the nation self - sufficient in these staples , and generating around 10 % of exports . The most important oil fields lie in Patagonia and Cuyo . A network of pipelines ( next to Mexico 's , the second - longest in Latin America ) send raw product to Bahía Blanca , center of the petrochemical industry , and to the La Plata - Greater Buenos Aires - Rosario industrial belt . Industry ( edit ) Manufacturing is the largest single sector in the nation 's economy ( 15 % of GDP ) , and is well - integrated into Argentine agriculture , with half the nation 's industrial exports being agricultural in nature . Based on food processing and textiles during its early development in the first half of the 20th century , industrial production has become highly diversified in Argentina . Leading sectors by production value are : Food processing and beverages ; motor vehicles and auto parts ; refinery products , and biodiesel ; chemicals and pharmaceuticals ; steel and aluminium ; and industrial and farm machinery ; electronics and home appliances . These latter include over three million big ticket items , as well as an array of electronics , kitchen appliances and cellular phones , among others . Argentina 's auto industry produced 791,000 motor vehicles in 2013 , and exported 433,000 ( mainly to Brazil , which in turn exported a somewhat larger number to Argentina ) ; Argentina 's domestic new auto market reached a record 964,000 in 2013 . Beverages are another significant sector , and Argentina has long been among the top five wine producing countries in the world ; beer overtook wine production in 2000 , and today leads by nearly two billion liters a year to one . Other manufactured goods include : glass and cement ; plastics and tires ; lumber products ; textiles ; tobacco products ; recording and print media ; furniture ; apparel and leather . Most manufacturing is organized in the 314 industrial parks operating nationwide as of 2012 , a fourfold increase over the past decade . Nearly half the industries are based in the Greater Buenos Aires area , although Córdoba , Rosario , and Ushuaia are also significant industrial centers ; the latter city became the nation 's leading center of electronics production during the 1980s . The production of computers , laptops , and servers grew by 160 % in 2011 , to nearly 3.4 million units , and covered two - thirds of local demand . Argentina has also become an important manufacturer of cell phones , providing about 80 % of all devices sold in the country . Another important rubric historically dominated by imports - farm machinery - was similarly replaced by domestic production , which covered 60 % of demand by 2013 . Production of cell phones , computers , and similar products is actually an `` assembly '' industry , with the majority of the higher technology components being imported , and the designs of products originating from foreign countries . High labour costs for Argentina assembly work tend to limit product sales penetration to Latin America , where regional trade treaties exist . Construction permits nationwide covered over 15 million m2 ( 160 million ft2 ) in 2013 . The construction sector accounts for over 5 % of GDP , and two - thirds of construction is for residential buildings . Argentine electric output totaled over 133 billion Kwh in 2013 . This was generated in large part through well developed natural gas and hydroelectric resources . Nuclear energy is also of high importance , and the country is one of the largest producers and exporters , alongside Canada and Russia of cobalt - 60 , a radioactive isotope widely used in cancer therapy . Services ( edit ) The service sector is the largest contributor to total GDP , accounting for over 60 % . Argentina enjoys a diversified service sector , which includes well - developed social , corporate , financial , insurance , real estate , transport , communication services , and tourism . The telecommunications sector has been growing at a fast pace , and the economy benefits from widespread access to communications services . These include : 77 % of the population with access to mobile phones , 95 % of whom use smartphones ; Internet ( over 32 million users , or 75 % of the population ) ; and broadband services ( accounting for nearly all 14 million accounts ) . Regular telephone services , with 9.5 million lines , and mail services are also robust . Total telecom revenues reached more than $17.8 billion in 2013 , and while only one in three retail stores in Argentina accepted online purchases in 2013 E-commerce reached US $4.5 billion in sales . Trade in services remained in deficit , however , with US $15 billion in service exports in 2013 and US $19 billion in imports . Business Process Outsourcing became the leading Argentine service export , and reached US $3 billion . Advertising revenues from contracts abroad were estimated at over US $1.2 billion . Tourism is an increasingly important sector and provided 4 % of direct economic output ( over US $17 billion ) in 2012 ; around 70 % of tourism sector activity by value is domestic . Banking ( edit ) View of Buenos Aires Central Business District from the Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve . Protestors outside BankBoston branch during the corralito . Main article : Banking in Argentina Argentine banking , whose deposits exceeded US $120 billion in December 2012 , developed around public sector banks , but is now dominated by the private sector . The private sector banks account for most of the 80 active institutions ( over 4,000 branches ) and holds nearly 60 % of deposits and loans , and as many foreign - owned banks as local ones operate in the country . The largest bank in Argentina by far , however , has long been the public Banco de la Nación Argentina . Not to be confused with the Central Bank , this institution now accounts for 30 % of total deposits and a fifth of its loan portfolio . During the 1990s , Argentina 's financial system was consolidated and strengthened . Deposits grew from less than US $15 billion in 1991 to over US $80 billion in 2000 , while outstanding credit ( 70 % of it to the private sector ) tripled to nearly US $100 billion . The banks largely lent US dollars and took deposits in Argentine pesos , and when the peso lost most of its value in early 2002 , many borrowers again found themselves hard pressed to keep up . Delinquencies tripled to about 37 % . Over a fifth of deposits had been withdrawn by December 2001 , when Economy Minister Domingo Cavallo imposed a near freeze on cash withdrawals . The lifting of the restriction a year later was bittersweet , being greeted calmly , if with some umbrage , at not having these funds freed at their full U.S. dollar value . Some fared worse , as owners of the now - defunct Velox Bank defrauded their clients of up to US $800 million . Credit in Argentina is still relatively tight . Lending has been increasing 40 % a year since 2004 , and delinquencies are down to less than 2 % . Still , credit outstanding to the private sector is , in real terms , slightly below its 1998 peak , and as a percent of GDP ( around 18 % ) quite low by international standards . The prime rate , which had hovered around 10 % in the 1990s , hit 67 % in 2002 . Although it returned to normal levels quickly , inflation , and more recently , global instability , have been affecting it again . The prime rate was over 20 % for much of 2009 , and around 17 % since the first half of 2010 . Partly a function of this and past instability , Argentines have historically held more deposits overseas than domestically . The estimated US $173 billion in overseas accounts and investment exceeded the domestic monetary base ( M3 ) by nearly US $10 billion in 2012 . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Argentina Tour bus in Buenos Aires . According to World Economic Forum 's 2017 Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report , tourism generated over US $22 billion , or 3.9 % of GDP , and the industry employed more than 671,000 people , or approximately 3.7 % of the total workforce . Tourism from abroad contributed US $5.3 billion , having become the third largest source of foreign exchange in 2004 . Around 5.7 million foreign visitors arrived in 2017 , reflecting a doubling in visitors since 2002 despite a relative appreciation of the peso . Argentines , who have long been active travelers within their own country , accounted for over 80 % , and international tourism has also seen healthy growth ( nearly doubling since 2001 ) . Stagnant for over two decades , domestic travel increased strongly in the last few years , and visitors are flocking to a country seen as affordable , exceptionally diverse , and safe . Foreign tourism , both to and from Argentina , is increasing as well . INDEC recorded 5.2 million foreign tourist arrivals and 6.7 million departures in 2013 ; of these , 32 % arrived from Brazil , 19 % from Europe , 10 % from the United States and Canada , 10 % from Chile , 24 % from the rest of the Western Hemisphere , and 5 % from the rest of the world . Around 48 % of visitors arrived by commercial flight , 40 % by motor travel ( mainly from neighboring Brazil ) , and 12 % by sea . Cruise liner arrivals are the fastest growing type of foreign tourism to Argentina ; a total of 160 liners carrying 510,000 passengers arrived at the Port of Buenos Aires in 2013 , an eightfold increase in a just a decade . GDP by value added ( edit ) Supply sector ( % of GDP in current prices ) 1993 - 2001 2002 - 2005 2006 - 2009 2010 - 2013 Agriculture , forestry , and fishing 5.4 10.3 7.3 7.3 Mining 2.0 5.9 4.8 4.2 Manufacturing 18.5 23.2 19.8 16.8 Public utilities 2.2 1.7 2.3 3.1 Construction 5.5 3.9 6.2 5.6 Commerce and tourism 17.3 14.0 15.6 14.4 Transport and communications 8.3 8.7 7.3 6.7 Financial services 4.2 4.4 3.2 3.4 Real estate and business services 16.5 11.7 13.7 12.9 Public administration and defense 6.3 5.4 5.6 7.4 Health and education 8.4 6.9 8.9 11.9 Personal and other services 5.4 3.9 5.3 6.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Energy ( edit ) Main article : Energy in Argentina A YPF refinery . Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant under construction . Electricity generation in Argentina totaled 133.3 billion Kwh in 2013 . The electricity sector in Argentina constitutes the third largest power market in Latin America . It mainly still relies on centralised generation by natural gas power generation ( 51 % ) , hydroelectricity ( 28 % ) , and oil - fired generation ( 12 % ) . Reserves of shale gas and oil in the Vaca Muerta oil field and elsewhere are estimated to be the world 's third - largest . Despite the country 's large untapped wind and solar potential new renewable energy technologies and distributed energy generation are barely exploited . Wind energy is the fastest growing among new renewable sources . Fifteen wind farms have been developed since 1994 in Argentina , the only country in the region to produce wind turbines . The 55 MW of installed capacity in these in 2010 will increase by 895 MW upon the completion of new wind farms begun that year . Solar power is being promoted with the goal of expanding installed solar capacity from 6 MW to 300 , and total renewable energy capacity from 625 MW to 3,000 MW . Argentina is in the process of commissioning large centralised energy generation and transmission projects . An important number of these projects are being financed by the government through trust funds , while independent private initiative is limited as it has not fully recovered yet from the effects of the Argentine economic crisis . The first of the three nuclear reactors was inaugurated in 1974 , and in 2015 nuclear power generated 5 % of the country 's energy output . The electricity sector was unbundled in generation , transmission and distribution by the reforms carried out in the early 1990s . Generation occurs in a competitive and mostly liberalized market in which 75 % of the generation capacity is owned by private utilities . In contrast , the transmission and distribution sectors are highly regulated and much less competitive than generation . Infrastructure ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Argentina Railway workers laying track on the Belgrano Railway , following state investment . Long distance passenger train operated by Trenes Argentinos . Aeroparque Jorge Newbery in Buenos Aires Argentina 's transport infrastructure is relatively advanced , and at a higher standard than the rest of Latin America . There are over 230,000 km ( 144,000 mi ) of roads ( not including private rural roads ) of which 72,000 km ( 45,000 mi ) are paved , and 2,800 kilometres ( 1,700 mi ) are expressways , many of which are privatized tollways . Having tripled in length in the last decade , multilane expressways now connect several major cities with more under construction . Expressways are , however , currently inadequate to deal with local traffic , as over 12 million motor vehicles were registered nationally as of 2012 ( the highest , proportionately , in the region ) . The railway network has a total length of 37,856 kilometres ( 23,523 mi ) , though at the network 's peak this figure was 47,000 km ( 29,204 mi ) . After decades of declining service and inadequate maintenance , most intercity passenger services shut down in 1992 following the privatization of the country 's railways and the breaking up of the state rail company , while thousands of kilometers fell into disuse . Outside Greater Buenos Aires most rail lines still in operation are freight related , carrying around 23 million tons a year . The metropolitan rail lines in and around Buenos Aires remained in great demand owing in part to their easy access to the Buenos Aires Underground , and the commuter rail network with its 833 kilometres ( 518 mi ) length carries around 1.4 million passengers daily . In April 2015 , by overwhelming majority the Argentine Senate passed a law which re-created Ferrocarriles Argentinos as Nuevos Ferrocarriles Argentinos , effectively re-nationalising the country 's railways . In the years leading up to this move , the country 's railways had seen significant investment from the state , purchasing new rolling stock , re-opening lines closed under privatization and re-nationalising companies such as the Belgrano Cargas freight operator . Some of these re-opened services include the General Roca Railway service to Mar del Plata , the Tren a las Nubes tourist train and the General Mitre Railway service from Buenos Aires to Córdoba . while brand new services include the Posadas - Encarnación International Train . Inaugurated in 1913 , the Buenos Aires Underground was the first underground rail system built in Latin America , the Spanish speaking world and the Southern Hemisphere . No longer the most extensive in South America , its 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) of track carry a million passengers daily . Argentina has around 11,000 km ( 6,835 mi ) of navigable waterways , and these carry more cargo than do the country 's freight railways . This includes an extensive network of canals , though Argentina is blessed with ample natural waterways as well , the most significant among these being the Río de la Plata , Paraná , Uruguay , Río Negro , and Paraguay rivers . The Port of Buenos Aires , inaugurated in 1925 , is the nation 's largest ; it handled 11 million tons of freight and transported 1.8 million passengers in 2013 . Aerolíneas Argentinas is the country 's main airline , providing both extensive domestic and international service . Austral Líneas Aéreas is Aerolíneas Argentinas ' subsidiary , with a route system that covers almost all of the country . LADE is a military - run commercial airline that flies extensive domestic services . The nation 's 33 airports handled air travel totalling 25.8 million passengers in 2013 , of which domestic flights carried over 14.5 million ; the nation 's two busiest airports , Jorge Newbery and Ministro Pistarini International Airports , boarded around 9 million flights each . Foreign trade ( edit ) Argentina Export Treemap by Product ( 2012 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Main article : Foreign trade of Argentina Argentine exports are fairly well diversified . However , although agricultural raw materials are over 20 % of the total exports , agricultural goods still account for over 50 % of exports when processed foods are included . Soy products alone ( soybeans , vegetable oil ) account for almost one fourth of the total . Cereals , mostly maize and wheat , which were Argentina 's leading export during much of the twentieth century , make up less than one tenth now . Industrial goods today account for over a third of Argentine exports . Motor vehicles and auto parts are the leading industrial export , and over 12 % of the total merchandise exports . Chemicals , steel , aluminum , machinery , and plastics account for most of the remaining industrial exports . Trade in manufactures has historically been in deficit for Argentina , however , and despite the nation 's overall trade surplus , its manufacturing trade deficit exceeded US $30 billion in 2011 . Accordingly , the system of non-automatic import licensing was extended in 2011 , and regulations were enacted for the auto sector establishing a model by which a company 's future imports would be determined by their exports ( though not necessarily in the same rubric ) . A net energy importer until 1987 , Argentina 's fuel exports began increasing rapidly in the early 1990s and today account for about an eighth of the total ; refined fuels make up about half of that . Exports of crude petroleum and natural gas have recently been around US $3 billion a year . Rapidly growing domestic energy demand and a gradual decline in oil production , resulted in a US $3 billion energy trade deficit in 2011 ( the first in 17 years ) and a US $6 billion energy deficit in 2013 . Argentine imports have historically been dominated by the need for industrial and technological supplies , machinery , and parts , which have averaged US $50 billion since 2011 ( two - thirds of total imports ) . Consumer goods including motor vehicles make up most of the rest . Trade in services has historically in deficit for Argentina , and in 2013 this deficit widened to over US $4 billion with a record US $19 billion in service imports . The nation 's chronic current account deficit was reversed during the 2002 crisis , and an average current account surplus of US $7 billion was logged between 2002 and 2009 ; this surplus later narrowed considerably , and has been slightly negative since 2011 . Foreign investment ( edit ) Foreign direct investment in Argentina is divided nearly evenly between manufacturing ( 36 % ) , natural resources ( 34 % ) , and services ( 30 % ) . The chemical and plastics sector ( 10 % ) and the automotive sector ( 6 % ) lead foreign investment in local manufacturing ; oil and gas ( 22 % ) and mining ( 5 % ) , in natural resources ; telecommunications ( 6 % ) , finance ( 5 % ) , and retail trade ( 4 % ) , in services . Spain was the leading source of foreign direct investment in Argentina , accounting for US $22 billion ( 28 % ) in 2009 ; the U.S. was the second leading source , with $13 billion ( 17 % ) ; and China grew to become the third - largest source of FDI by 2011 . Investments from the Netherlands , Brazil , Chile , and Canada have also been significant ; in 2012 , foreign nationals held a total of around US $112 billion in direct investment . Several bilateral agreements play an important role in promoting U.S. private investment . Argentina has an Overseas Private Investment Corporation ( OPIC ) agreement and an active program with the U.S. Export - Import Bank . Under the 1994 U.S. -- Argentina Bilateral Investment Treaty , U.S. investors enjoy national treatment in all sectors except shipbuilding , fishing , nuclear - power generation , and uranium production . The treaty allows for international arbitration of investment disputes . Foreign direct investment ( FDI ) in Argentina , which averaged US $5.7 billion from 1992 to 1998 and reached in US $24 billion in 1999 ( reflecting the purchase of 98 % of YPF stock by Repsol ) , fell during the crisis to US $1.6 billion in 2003 . FDI then accelerated , reaching US $8 billion in 2008 . The global crisis cut this figure to US $4 billion in 2009 ; but inflows recovered to US $6.2 billion in 2010 . and US $8.7 billion in 2011 , with FDI in the first half of 2012 up by a further 42 % . FDI volume remained below the regional average as a percent of GDP even as it recovered , however ; Kirchner Administration policies and difficulty in enforcing contractual obligations had been blamed for this modest performance . The nature of foreign investment in Argentina nevertheless shifted significantly after 2000 , and whereas over half of FDI during the 1990s consisted in privatizations and mergers and acquisitions , foreign investment in Argentina became the most technologically oriented in the region -- with 51 % of FDI in the form of medium and high - tech investment ( compared to 36 % in Brazil and 3 % in Chile ) . Issues ( edit ) The economic performance of Argentina ( 100 = Latin American average GDP per capita PPP ) The economy recovered strongly from the 2001 -- 02 crisis , and was the 21st largest in purchasing power parity terms in 2011 ; its per capita income on a purchasing power basis was the highest in Latin America . A lobby representing US creditors who refused to accept Argentina 's debt - swap programmes has campaigned to have the country expelled from the G20 . These holdouts include numerous vulture funds which had rejected the 2005 offer , and had instead resorted to the courts in a bid for higher returns on their defaulted bonds . These disputes had led to a number of liens against central bank accounts in New York and , indirectly , to reduced Argentine access to international credit markets . The government under President Mauricio Macri announced to be seeking a new loan from the IMF in order to avoid another economic crash similar to the one in 2001 . The May 2018 announcement comes at a time of high inflation and falling interest rates . The loan would reportedly be worth $30 billion . Following 25 years of boom and bust stagnation , Argentina 's economy doubled in size from 2002 to 2013 , and officially , income poverty declined from 54 % in 2002 to 5 % by 2013 ; an alternative measurement conducted by CONICET found that income poverty declined instead to 15.4 % . Poverty measured by living conditions improved more slowly , however , decreasing from 17.7 % in the 2001 Census to 12.5 % in the 2010 Census . Argentina 's unemployment rate similarly declined from 25 % in 2002 to an average of around 7 % since 2011 largely because of both growing global demand for Argentine commodities and strong growth in domestic activity . Given its ongoing dispute with holdout bondholders , the government has become wary of sending assets to foreign countries ( such as the presidential plane , or artworks sent to foreign exhibitions ) in case they might be impounded by courts at the behest of holdouts . The government has been accused of manipulating economic statistics . Reliability of official CPI estimates ( edit ) Official CPI inflation figures released monthly by INDEC have been a subject of political controversy since 2007 . Official inflation data are disregarded by leading union leaders , even in the people sector , when negotiating pay rises . Some private - sector estimates put inflation for 2010 at around 25 % , much higher than the official 10.9 % rate for 2010 . Inflation estimates from Argentina 's provinces are also higher than the government 's figures . The government stands by the validity of its data , but has called in the International Monetary Fund to help it design a new nationwide index to replace the current one . The official government CPI is calculated based on 520 products , however the controversy arises from these products not being specified , and thus how many of those products are subject to price caps and subsidies . Economic analysts have been prosecuted for publishing estimates that disagree with official statistics . The government enforces a fine of up to 500,000 pesos for providing what it calls `` fraudulent inflation figures '' , . Beginning in 2015 , the government again began to call for competitive bids from the private sector to provide a weekly independent inflation index . Inflation ( edit ) High inflation has been a weakness of the Argentine economy for decades . Inflation has been unofficially estimated to be running at around 25 % annually since 2008 , despite official statistics indicating less than half that figure ; these would be the highest levels since the 2002 devaluation . A committee was established in 2010 in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies by opposition Deputies Patricia Bullrich , Ricardo Gil Lavedra , and others to publish an alternative index based on private estimates . Food price increases , particularly that of beef , began to outstrip wage increases in 2010 , leading Argentines to decrease beef consumption per capita from 69 kg ( 152 lb ) to 57 kg ( 125 lb ) annually and to increase consumption of other meats . Consumer inflation expectations of 28 to 30 % led the national mint to buy banknotes of its highest denomination ( 100 pesos ) from Brazil at the end of 2010 to keep up with demand . The central bank pumped at least 1 billion pesos into the economy in this way during 2011 . As of June 2015 , the government said that inflation was at 15.3 % ; approximately half that of some independent estimates . Inflation remained at around 18.6 % in 2015 according to an IMF estimate ; but following a sharp devaluation enacted by the Mauricio Macri administration on December 17 , inflation reignited during the first half of 2016 - reaching 42 % according to the Finance Ministry . Supermarkets in Argentina have adopted electronic price tags , allowing prices to be updated quicker . Income distribution ( edit ) In relation to other Latin American countries , has a moderate to low level of income inequality . Its Gini coefficient of about 0.427 ( 2014 ) is reported to be the lowest among Latin American countries . The social gap is worst in the suburbs of the capital , where beneficiaries of the economic rebound live in gated communities , and many of the poor ( particularly undocumented immigrants ) live in slums known as villas miserias . In the mid-1970s , the most affluent 10 % of Argentina 's population had an income 12 times that of the poorest 10 % . That figure had grown to 18 times by the mid-1990s , and by 2002 , the peak of the crisis , the income of the richest segment of the population was 43 times that of the poorest . These heightened levels of inequality had improved to 26 times by 2006 , and to 16 times at the end of 2010 . Economic recovery after 2002 was thus accompanied by significant improvement in income distribution : in 2002 , the richest 10 % absorbed 40 % of all income , compared to 1.1 % for the poorest 10 % ; by 2010 , the former received 29 % of income , and the latter , 1.8 % . Argentina has an inequality - adjusted human development index of 0.680 , compared to 0.542 and 0.661 for neighboring Brazil and Chile , respectively . The 2010 Census found that poverty by living conditions still affect 1 in 8 inhabitants , however ; and while the official , household survey income poverty rate ( based on U $ S 100 per person per month , net ) was 4.7 % in 2013 , the National Research Council estimated income poverty in 2010 at 22.6 % , with private consulting firms estimating that in 2011 around 21 % fell below the income poverty line . The World Bank estimated that , in 2013 , 3.6 % subsisted on less than US $3.10 per person per day . See also ( edit ) List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP growth List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP ( nominal ) List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP ( PPP ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina '' . World Economic Outlook Database . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank forecasts for Argentina , June 2017 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indec '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Indec . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indice de precios al consumidor '' ( PDF ) . INDEC . Jump up ^ `` IPC - Cba '' ( in Spanish ) . Government of Córdoba . Archived from the original on 22 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Incidencia de la pobreza y la indigencia en 31 aglomerados urbanos Segundo semestre de 2017 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Indec . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolución de la distribución del ingreso ( EPH ) Cuarto trimestre de 2017 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . INDEC . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empleo e Ingresos '' . MECON . Jump up ^ `` Encuesta Permanente de Hogares : Mercado de trabajo , principales indicadores ( EPH ) Cuarto trimestre de 2017 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . INDEC. 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boletín de Estadísticas Laborales '' . Ministerio de Trabajo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ease of Doing Business in Argentina '' . Doingbusiness.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Exports '' . CIA World Factbook. 2016 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Export Partners of Argentina '' . CIA World Factbook. 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Imports '' . CIA World Factbook. 2016 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Import Partners of Argentina '' . CIA World Factbook. 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stock of Direct Foreign Investment - Country Comparison '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Economic and financial data for Argentina '' . MECON . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finanzas Públicas '' . Ministerio de Economía . Jump up ^ `` Gasto Público por finalidad , función '' . INDEC . Jump up ^ `` S&P raises Argentina local currency ratings ' B - / B ' with a stable outlook '' . FTSE Global Markets . 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina '' . World Bank . Jump up ^ `` Argentina country profile '' . BBC News . 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Devereux , Charlie ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` Argentina 's Economy Expanded 2.3 % in Second Quarter '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Maddison Project Database '' . The Maddison - Project . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Economy Is Near Crisis '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Pesos Plumb To New Low '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` FTSE Country Classification -- March 2018 Interim Update '' ( PDF ) . FTSE . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Lyman . Distribution of Wealth in 19th century Buenos Aires Province . Univ. of New Mexico Press , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Rock , David ( 1987 ) . Argentina : 1516 -- 1987 . University of California Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Ingreso per cápita relativo 1875 - 2006 '' . Jorge Ávila. 25 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Paul ( 1990 ) . The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism . University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Demographic Yearbook 1956 ( PDF ) . UN . p. 362 . ^ Jump up to : The Statistical Abstract of Latin America . University of California , Los Angeles . Jump up ^ Nelson , Daniel , ed. ( 2003 ) . St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide . St. James Press . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Economic development '' . Nationsencyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ Keith B. Griffin ( 1989 ) . Alternative strategies for economic development . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Development Centre . St. Martin 's Press . p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` El derrumbe de salarios y la plata dulce '' . Clarín. 24 March 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Blustein , Paul ; Tulchin , Joseph ( June 2002 ) . `` A Social Contract Abrogated : Argentina 's Economic Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Woodrow Wilson Center . Jump up ^ Monserrat Llairó ; María de ( May 2006 ) . `` La crisis del estado benefactor y la imposición neoliberal en la Argentina de Alfonsín y Menem '' . Aldea Mundo . ^ Jump up to : `` Nivel de actividad '' . Economy Ministry . Jump up ^ Tirenni , Jorge ( May 2013 ) . `` La política social argentina ante los desafíos de un Estado inclusivo ( 2003 - 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Reestatizaciones : un camino que empezó Kirchner en 2003 '' . Clarín . Jump up ^ `` Senate passes railway nationalisation into law '' . Buenos Aires Herald . 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El poder adquisitivo creció 72 % desde 2003 '' . Tiempo Argentino. 21 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina says inflation accelerated as economy cooled '' . Reuters. 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El PBI subió 8 , 5 % en 2010 y asegura pago récord de u $ s 2.200 millones a inversores '' . El Cronista Comercial . Archived from the original on 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Wray ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Argentina to repay 2001 debt as Greece struggles to avoid default '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Vulture funds : Why the UK voted ' no ' to action at the UN -- dissected '' . Jubilee Debt Campaign. 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UN urged to swoop on vulture funds '' . The Guardian . 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vulture ' hedge funds set to target unprotected government debt '' . Financial Times . 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The end of vulture funds ? '' . AlJazeera America . 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's debt battle : why the vulture funds are circling '' . Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania . 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The real story behind the Argentine vessel in Ghana and how hedge funds tried to seize the presidential plane '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's ' vulture fund ' crisis threatens profound consequences for international financial system '' . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development . 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Drew Benson . `` Billionaire Hedge Funds Snub 90 % Returns '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ `` How Argentina settled a billion - dollar debt dispute with hedge funds '' . New York Times . 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Michalowski , Dr Sabine ( 2007 ) . Unconstitutional Regimes and the Validity of Sovereign Debt : A Legal Perspective . Ashgate Publishing Limited . p. 90 . ISBN 0754647935 . Jump up ^ `` Cry for Argentina : Odious Debt , Fiscal Mismanagement or Pillage ? Financial Mechanisms which Spearhead Nations into Bankruptcy '' . Global Research . 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Debt service on external debt , total ( TDS , current US $ ) '' . World Bank . Jump up ^ J.F. Hornbeck ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Argentina 's Defaulted Sovereign Debt : Dealing with the `` Holdouts '' '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't defies ' vultures ' with dollar bond issue '' . Buenos Aires Herald . 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buenos Aires Province exchanges bonds , eases refinancing pressure '' . Reuters. 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is Argentina 's economy pulling a tango turnaround ? '' . CNN Money . 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank forecasts Argentina will regain access to capital markets in 2017 '' . MercoPress. 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's triumphant return to international capital markets '' . Forbes . 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina seeks IMF help , opposition says bad move '' . al - jazeera . May 11 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is the next global financial crisis brewing ? '' . May 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . In 2017 , inflows to 25 of these countries totaled $1.2 trillion ^ Jump up to : `` Les raisons qui poussent l'Argentine à appeler le FMI au secours '' . le monde ( in French ) . May 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qué tiene que ver Estados Unidos en la crisis del peso en Argentina y qué lecciones puede sacar América Latina '' ( in Spanish ) . New York . May 16 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` L'Argentine fait face à de nouvelles turbulences financières '' . le monde ( in French ) . May 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 300 - 301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ FAO Jump up ^ Récords en cosechas y exportación de granos ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : `` Argentine Foreign Trade ( 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . INDEC. 18 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Statesman 's Yearbook . Macmillan Publishers . 2009 . Jump up ^ La Franco Argentine ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ CNN ( 25 March 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Crisis política : sorpresivo voto del vice Cobos contra las retenciones móviles kirchneristas '' . Clarín. 16 July 2008 . Jump up ^ FAO ^ Jump up to : Fontevecchia , Agustino ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` Big Oil Close To Argentina 's YPF : Chevron And Others Do n't Fear Nationalization '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources : An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . June 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Investing in Argentina : Mining '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 February 2006 . Economy Ministry of Argentina ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Evolución de la industria nacional argentina '' . Gestiopolis . Jump up ^ `` Informe Industria , diciembre 2013 '' . ADEFA . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ministra argentina : pasamos de 80 a 314 parques industriales '' . América Economía . Jump up ^ `` En 2013 el 90 % de las notebooks serán nacionales '' . Jump up ^ `` Creció un 161 % la producción de computadoras en 2011 '' . Tiempo Argentino . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latin America 's - telecoms , mobile and broadband overview shared in new research report '' . Whatech. 3 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El 60 % de la maquinaria agrícola vendida es de producción nacional '' . Argentina en Noticias. 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Permisos de edificación otorgados y superficie cubierta autorizada por tipo de construcción '' . INDEC . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ CNEA : Themes in Nuclear Energy and Physics Archived 2 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` El uso de dispositivos móviles crece en la Argentina y entusiasma a los anunciantes '' . iProfesional. 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` El 95 % de los usuarios móviles de Internet entra a redes sociales '' . Cronista. 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Internet Usage Stats and Market Reports '' . Internet World Stats . Jump up ^ `` Accesos a Internet '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . INDEC . March 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` Argentina - Key Statistics , Telecom Market and Regulatory Overviews '' . BuddeComm . Jump up ^ `` Menos de la mitad de los comercios minoristas venden a través de Internet '' . BAE. 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exportación de servicios : ¿ puede la Argentina ganar el Mundial ? '' . Clarín . Jump up ^ `` El boom de la publicidad argentina '' . Ad Latina . ^ Jump up to : `` The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . ^ Jump up to : `` Informe sobre Bancos '' ( PDF ) . BCRA . ^ Jump up to : `` Ranking del Sistema Financiero '' . ABA . ^ Jump up to : `` Memoria Anual 2011 '' . ABA . Archived from the original on 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sin corralito , bajó el dólar y los depósitos subieron $ 50 millones '' . Clarín. 3 December 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Estafa del Grupo Velox : 800 millones de dólares que no aparecieron más '' . Tiempo Argentino. 8 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Magazine . November , 1939 . Jump up ^ `` Gran número de turistas eligieron la ciudad de Mar del Plata '' . Hostnews.com.ar . Jump up ^ Luongo , Michael . Frommer 's Argentina . Wiley Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Evolución del Turismo Internacional '' ( PDF ) . INDEC. 7 August 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Informe Estadístico - Año 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Puerto de Buenos Aires . ^ Jump up to : `` Electricity / Heat in Argentina in 2009 '' . IEA . Jump up ^ `` Potencial de energía eólica en Argentina '' . Asociación Argentina de Energía Eólica . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Heads for Solar Surge With Incentives '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Infrastructure . Argentina . National Economies Encyclopedia Jump up ^ `` Anuario 2007 : Complementary data '' ( PDF ) . ADEFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rutas : pavimentan 4.200 km y triplican red de autopistas '' . Secretaría de Comunicación. 3 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Advierten que faltan rutas para sostener el boom de los autos '' . La Nación . Jump up ^ `` Anuario 2012 : Parque Automotor '' ( PDF ) . ADEFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ JSTOR : The Economic Journal , Vol. 68 , No. 271 ( September , 1958 ) , pp. 589 - 593 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ ¿ HACIA DÓNDE VA EL TREN ? ESTADO Y FERROCARRIL DESPUÉS DE LAS PRIVATIZACIONES Archived 22 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . - University of Buenos Aires , 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Detalles del proyecto para conectar todos los ferrocarriles urbanos debajo del Obelisco - Buenos Aires Ciudad , 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Otro salto en la recuperación de soberanía - Pagina / 12 , 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Es ley la creación de Ferrocarriles Argentinos - EnElSubte , 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferrocarriles Argentinos : Randazzo agradeció a la oposición parlamentaria por acompañar en su recuperación Archived 16 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina , 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Boletín Oficial de Argentina N ° 32.644 Archived 13 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Harán una inversión de US $ 2400 millones en el Belgrano Cargas - La Nacion , 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarin.com `` Los nuevos trenes del Mitre : asombro en los pasajeros y viajes más cómodos '' , Clarín , 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Buenos Aires commuter routes renationalised '' , Railway Gazette , 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los nuevos trenes a Mar del Plata funcionarán desde este viernes '' on Telam , 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ El Tren a las Nubes volvió a funcionar - InfoBAE , 5 April 2015 , Jump up ^ Salió de Retiro el primer tren 0km con pasajeros a Rosario - InfoBAE , 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empezó a circular el tren que une Posadas y Encarnación '' , Territorio Digital , January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buenos Aires Transport Subway '' . Kwintessential.co.uk . Jump up ^ Aumentó un 12 % la cantidad de usuarios que usan el subte a diario - La Nacion , 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Book of the Year ( various issues ) : statistical appendix . Jump up ^ `` Más de 25 millones de pasajeros aéreos transportados en Argentina '' . HostelTur. 17 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : INDEC : foreign trade Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` El 75 % del rojo comercial de la industria , en cinco rubros '' . Clarín . Jump up ^ `` Licencias no Automáticas '' . Tiempo Argentino . Archived from the original on 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Automotrices deberán exportar un dólar por cada dólar que importen '' . Tiempo Argentino . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cristina presentó un proyecto para la expropiación de las acciones de YPF '' . Info News . 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Repsol Deal to Open Argentine Energy Investment , Capitanich Says '' . Bloomberg. 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sector externo '' . Economy Ministry . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina . Inversiones Extranjeras '' . Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España . Jump up ^ `` China - Argentina ties booming '' . CCTV. 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Evolución de la Inversión Extranjera Directa en Argentina '' ( PDF ) . UNMdP. 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina , destino elegido por la inversión extranjera '' . Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación . Jump up ^ `` La inversión extranjera directa en la Argentina subió 54 % en 2010 '' . Infobae . Jump up ^ `` Argentina recibió mayor inversión extranjera '' . aen . Jump up ^ Clarín ( 18 June 2008 ) Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Inversión extranjera en la Argentina : mitos y realidades '' . aen . Jump up ^ `` Argentina still tackling debt burden '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Clarín ( 12 January 2010 ) ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Goñi , Uki ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Argentina seeks IMF loan to rescue peso from downward slide '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Argentines shocked by IMF loan request '' . Financial Times . May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` La pobreza en la Argentina II '' . El Economista. 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Porcentaje de la población con necesidades básicas insatisfechas '' . Secretaría de Ambiente . ^ Jump up to : Argentina 's 4Q Unemployment Rate Falls To 7.4 % Wall Street Journal Jump up ^ `` Caught Napping '' . The Economist. 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The price of cooking the books '' . The Economist . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Forero , Juan . `` Doctored Data Cast Doubt on Argentina : Economists Dispute Inflation Numbers '' . Washington Post , 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Argentina 's economy : Happy - go - lucky Cristina The Economist ^ Jump up to : Argentina threatens inflation analysts with fine Financial Times Jump up ^ `` Argentine inflation data questioned even after reforms '' . Reuters. 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentine economists facing inflation fraud charge '' . Gulf News . AP . 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Quietly Hires Private Firm to Measure Inflation '' . PanAm Post . 6 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Inflation , an Old Scourge , Plagues Argentina Again New York Times Jump up ^ `` Inflación Verdadera '' . The Billion Prices Project @ MIT . Jump up ^ Latin America sees uncertain 2011 BBC News Jump up ^ `` La mesa de los Argentinos '' . 7 Días . Archived from the original on 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Argentina ca n't print enough pesos Financial Times Jump up ^ `` Índice de Precios al Consumidor Nacional urbano : base oct 2013 - sep 2014 = 100 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . INDEC . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Government Reports Inflation at Half of What Opposition Says '' . Latin American Herald Tribune . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina to ' moderate ' inflation at 18.6 % - IMF '' . Buenos Aires Herald . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 2016 inflation seen at 40 percent to 42 percent : finance minister '' . Reuters. 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentinean Supermarkets Get Hip to Inflation with Digital Price Tags '' . Pan Am Post . 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rohter , Larry ( 2006 - 12 - 25 ) . `` Despite recovery , inequality grows in Argentina '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` La distribución del ingreso es peor '' . La Nación . ^ Jump up to : `` El 10 % más rico acapara el 28.7 % de ingresos '' . La Voz del Interior . Jump up ^ `` Income share held by highest 10 % '' . The World Bank . Jump up ^ `` Table 3 : Inequality - adjusted Human Development Index '' . 2014 Human Development Report . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Para el INDEC , solamente hay un 6 , 5 % de pobreza '' . Clarín . Jump up ^ `` Poverty headcount ratio at $3.10 a day ( 2011 PPP ) ( % of population ) '' . World Bank . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ New methodology ; not strictly comparable to earlier data Further reading ( edit ) Bulmer - Thomas , Victor . The Economic History of Latin America since Independence ( New York : Cambridge University Press ) . 2003 . Argentina : Life After Default Article looking at how Argentina has , for the most part , recovered from its crisis in 2002 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economic statistics for Argentina . Argentine Economy Ministry ( in Spanish ) Argentine Central Bank ( in Spanish ) Argentina 's Economic Recovery : Policy Choices and Implications from the Center for Economic and Policy Research Comprehensive current and historical economic data World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Argentina Tariffs applied by Argentina as provided by ITC 's Market Access Map , an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements Private Inflation data from The Billion Prices Project at Massachusetts Institute of technology ( in Spanish ) Economy of Argentina History Agricultural colonies Railway nationalization Five - Year Plans Rodrigazo Austral plan Convertibility plan Railway privatisation 1999 -- 2002 crisis 2007 -- 10 recession 2008 farmers ' strike Argentine currency controls ( 2011 -- 15 ) Historical exchange rates Agriculture Wine Tobacco Beef Timber Whaling Other sectors Energy Mining Defence industry Foreign trade Tourism Telecommunications Banking ( Central Bank of Argentina ) Other Argentine peso Provincial economies Provinces by HDI Companies Infrastructure Ministry of Economy Taxation Trade unions Stock exchange Links to related articles Argentina articles History First inhabitants Colonial Argentina Governorate Viceroyalty War of Independence Civil Wars Generation of ' 80 Arms race with Chile Dreadnought race with Brazil , Chile Infamous Decade World War II Peronism Dirty War National Reorganization Process Falklands War Trial of the Juntas December 2001 riots Geography Cities Climate Regions Climate change Earthquakes Environment Extreme points Fauna Flora Islands Mountains National Parks Regions Rivers Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Law Law enforcement National Congress Political parties President list Vice President Supreme Court Military Army Navy Air Force History Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Communications Electricity sector Nuclear energy Economic history Foreign trade Peso ( currency ) Science and technology Stock Exchange Taxation Tourism Transport Airlines Airports Lighthouses Rail Routes Vehicle registration plates Society Corruption Crime Demographics Ethnic groups Education Healthcare Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Humor Literature Music National symbols Newspapers Painting Public holidays Radio Sports Television Viveza criolla Outline Index Book Portal Union of South American Nations Members Full Members Bolivia Ecuador Guyana Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Suspended Members Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay Peru Summits 2008 2009 Ecuador 2009 Argentina 2011 2012 2013 2014 Topics Cusco Declaration Constitutive Treaty President Pro Tempore Secretary General Bank of the South South American Parliament Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America Mercosur Andean Community World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) 11th ( 2017 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China , participates as `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macao China '' . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . Economy of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Argentina&oldid=856922351 '' Categories : Economy of Argentina World Trade Organization member economies Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Spanish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2013 Use American English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Ido Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Тоҷикӣ Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 11 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how much money does argentina make from tourism | [
"According to World Economic Forum's 2017 Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report, tourism generated over US$22 billion, or 3.9% of GDP, and the industry employed more than 671,000 people, or approximately 3.7% of the total workforce.[107] Tourism from abroad contributed US$5.3 billion, having become the third largest source of foreign exchange in 2004. Around 5.7 million foreign visitors arrived in 2017, reflecting a doubling in visitors since 2002 despite a relative appreciation of the peso.[101]\n"
] | [
"over US$22 billion"
] |
689672303808888709 | Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade | Macy 's Thanksgiving Day parade - wikipedia Macy 's Thanksgiving Day parade Jump to : navigation , search Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade Official 2014 88th Annual Parade poster Presented by Present : Matt Lauer ( 1998 -- present ) Savannah Guthrie ( 2012 -- present ) Al Roker ( 1995 -- present ) Previous : Dave Garroway ( 1952 -- 1961 ) Betty White ( 1962 -- 1970 ) Lorne Greene ( 1962 -- 1970 ) Ed McMahon ( 1971 -- 1981 ) Bryant Gumbel ( 1982 -- 1986 ) Willard Scott ( 1987 -- 1997 ) Deborah Norville ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Katie Couric ( 1991 -- 2005 ) Meredith Vieira ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Ann Curry ( 2011 ) Starring Parade Executive Producer : Jean McFaddin ( 1977 -- 2000 ) Robin Hall ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Amy Kule ( 2010 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Macy 's NBC Brad Lachman Productions Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 90 ( as of November 24 , 2016 ) Production Location ( s ) Central Park to Macy 's Herald Square , New York City , New York Camera setup Videotape ; multi-camera Running time 3 hours ( with commercials ) Release Original network NBC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) , 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release November 24 , 1927 ( 1927 - 11 - 24 ) -- November 22 , 1951 ( 1951 - 11 - 22 ) ( radio ) November 25 , 1948 ( 1948 - 11 - 25 ) -- present ( television ) Chronology Related shows Macy 's Fourth of July Fireworks Macy 's Ballonfest My Macy 's Holiday Parade Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree Christmas in Rockefeller Center External links Website social.macys.com/parade/ Santa Claus ' arrival at the parade 's finale marks the start of the Christmas season . A balloon being inflated by the Steven 's Inflation Crew during training at Giants Stadium . The annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City , the world 's largest parade , is presented by the U.S. - based department store chain Macy 's . The tradition started in 1924 , tying it for the second - oldest Thanksgiving parade in the United States with America 's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit ( with both parades being four years younger than the 6abc Dunkin ' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade in Philadelphia ) . The three - hour Macy 's event is held in Manhattan starting at 9 : 00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on Thanksgiving Day , and has been televised nationally on NBC since 1952 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Balloon introductions 2.1 Falloon 2.2 Balloonicle 3 Float introductions 4 Performers and acts 4.1 Featured performers 4.2 Broadway shows 4.3 Marching bands 4.4 Special guests 5 Television coverage 6 Parade route 7 Macy 's Holiday Parade 8 Injuries 9 In popular culture 10 References 11 External links History The former Macy 's Parade logo ( used until 2005 , with a special edition variant being used in the 2006 Parade ) . The Macy 's Parade logo used in 2006 . Balloons , from left : Uncle Sam , Tom Turkey , Macy 's Star , Gnome , Toy Soldier , Chloe the Clown . In 1924 , the annual Thanksgiving parade started by Louis Bamberger in Newark , New Jersey at the Bamberger 's store was transferred to New York City by Macy 's . In New York , the employees marched to Macy 's flagship store on 34th Street dressed in vibrant costumes . There were floats , professional bands and live animals borrowed from the Central Park Zoo . At the end of that first parade , as has been the case with every parade since , Santa Claus was welcomed into Herald Square . At this first parade , however , the Jolly Old Elf was enthroned on the Macy 's balcony at the 34th Street store entrance , where he was then `` crowned '' `` King of the Kiddies . '' With an audience of over 250,000 people , the parade was such a success that Macy 's declared it would become an annual event . Anthony `` Tony '' Frederick Sarg loved to work with marionettes from an early age . After moving to London to start his own marionette business , Sarg moved to New York City to perform with his puppets on the street . Macy 's heard about Sarg 's talents and asked him to design a window display of a parade for the store . Sarg 's large animal - shaped balloons , produced by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in Akron , Ohio , replaced the live animals in 1927 . A popular belief was that a balloon version Felix the Cat balloon was the first ever character balloon in the parade back in 1937 , with Macy 's also claiming that too , but Felix actually made his first appearance in 1931 . At the finale of the 1928 parade , the balloons were released into the sky , where they unexpectedly burst . The following year , they were redesigned with safety valves to allow them to float for a few days . Address labels were sewn into them , so that whoever found and mailed back the discarded balloon received a gift from Macy 's . Through the 1930s , the Parade continued to grow , with crowds of over one million people lining the parade route in 1933 . The first Mickey Mouse balloon entered the parade in 1934 . The annual festivities were broadcast on local radio stations in New York City from 1932 to 1941 , and resumed in 1945 , running through 1951 . The parade was suspended from 1942 to 1944 as a result of World War II , owing to the need for rubber and helium in the war effort . The parade resumed in 1945 using the route that it followed until 2008 . The parade became known nationwide after being prominently featured in the 1947 film , Miracle on 34th Street , which included footage of the 1946 festivities . The event was first broadcast on network television in 1948 ( see below ) . By this point the event , and Macy 's sponsorship of it , were sufficiently well - known to give rise to the colloquialism `` Macy 's Day Parade '' . Since 1984 , the balloons have been made by Raven Aerostar ( a division of Sioux Falls , South Dakota - based Raven Industries ) . Macy 's also sponsored the smaller Celebrate the Season Parade in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , which is held two days after the main event , from 2006 to 2013 . Other American cities also have parades held on Thanksgiving , none of which are run by Macy 's . The nation 's oldest Thanksgiving parade ( the Gimbels parade , which has had many sponsors over the years , and is now known as the 6abc Dunkin ' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade ) was first held in Philadelphia in 1920 . Other cities with parades on the holiday include the McDonald 's Thanksgiving Parade in Chicago , Illinois and parades in Plymouth , Massachusetts ; Seattle , Washington ; Houston , Texas ; Detroit , Michigan ; and Fountain Hills , Arizona . A parade is also held at the two Disney theme parks , Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort . There is also a second Thanksgiving balloon parade within the New York metropolitan area , the UBS balloon parade in Stamford , Connecticut , located 30 miles ( 48 km ) away ; that parade is held the Sunday before Thanksgiving , so as to not compete with the parade in New York City and usually does not duplicate any balloon characters . The classic `` Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' logo ( seen below ) was , with one exception , last used in 2005 . For 2006 , a special variant of the logo was used . Every year since then , a new logo has been used for each parade . The logos however are seen rarely , if at all , on television as NBC has used its own logo with the word `` Macy 's '' in a script typeface and `` Thanksgiving Day Parade '' in a bold font . The logos are assumed to be for use by Macy 's only , such as on the Grandstand tickets and the ID badges worn by parade staff . The Jackets worn by parade staff still bear the original classic parade logo , this being the only place where that logo can be found . New safety measures were incorporated in 2006 to prevent accidents and balloon - related injuries . One measure taken was the installation of wind measurement devices to alert parade organizers to any unsafe conditions that could cause the balloons to behave erratically . In addition , parade officials implemented a measure to keep the balloons closer to the ground during windy conditions . If wind speeds are forecast to be higher than 34 miles per hour ( 55 km / h ) , all balloons are removed from the parade . Balloon introductions Since 2013 , the balloons in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade have come in two varieties . The first ( and older of the two ) is the novelty balloon class , consisting of smaller balloons ; the novelty balloons range widely in size and are handled by between one and thirty people ( the smallest novelty balloons are shaped like human heads and fit on the actual heads of the handlers ) . The second and more widely known is the full - size balloon class , primarily consisting of licensed pop - culture characters ; each of these is handled by exactly 90 people . From 2005 to 2012 , a third balloon class , the `` Blue Sky Gallery , '' transformed the works of contemporary artists into full - size balloons . The following is a list of balloons that have , over the years , been featured in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , sorted by their first year in the lineup . Underlined items indicate entries in the Blue Sky Gallery . Year Balloons 1931 Felix the Cat , Mama , Papa and Baby 1934 Mickey Mouse , Eddie Cantor ( the only full - size balloon to be based on a living person ) ; , 1935 The Marx Brothers ( after Zeppo Marx 's departure ) , Donald Duck 1937 Dragon , Christmas Stocking 1938 Uncle Sam 1939 The Tin Man , Pinocchio , Santa Claus 1940 Hippo , Superman 1941 The Football Player ( Redesigned version of Superman Balloon ) 1945 Bobo the Hobo ( Clown ) , Acrobat , Teddy Bear , Pumpkin , Ice Cream Cone 1946 The Baseball Player ( Redesigned version of Bobo the Hobo ) , Panda Bear ( Redesigned version of Teddy Bear balloon ) , Pilgrim Father 1947 Pirate , The Police officer ( Redesigned version of The Baseball Player ) , Elf Gnome ( Redesigned version of Ice Cream Cone balloon ) 1948 The Fireman ( Redesigned version of The Police Officer ) 1949 Toy soldier 1950 The Dachshund 1951 Lucky Pup , Mighty Mouse , Flying fish 1954 Spaceman 1957 Popeye 1960 Happy Dragon 1961 Bullwinkle J. Moose 1962 Donald Duck ( 2nd version ) 1963 Dino , Elsie the Cow 1964 Linus the Lionhearted 1965 Underdog 1966 Smokey Bear , Superman ( 2nd version ) 1968 Aviator Snoopy 1969 Astronaut Snoopy ( 2nd version , a tribute to Apollo 11 ) 1972 Smile ( Happy Face ) , Mickey Mouse ( 2nd version ) Weeble 1977 Kermit the Frog 1980 Superman ( 3rd version , largest balloon to appear in parade ) 1982 Olive Oyl , Woody Woodpecker Yogi Bear 1984 Garfield , Raggedy Ann 1985 Betty Boop , Ornament Novelty Balloons 1986 Humpty Dumpty ( Redesigned version of Weeble balloon , and the 100th Balloon in the Parade 's history ) , Olive Oyl with Swee'Pea ( Alteration to existing Olive Oyl Balloon ) , Baby Shamu Ice Cream Cone Novelty Balloon , Spider - Man , Ronald McDonald , Ice Skating Snoopy ( 3rd version ) , Snuggle Bear 1988 Big Bird , Quik Bunny , Pink Panther , Winter Snoopy ( 4th version ) and Woodstock 1989 Bugs Bunny 1990 Clifford the Big Red Dog , Bart Simpson 1991 Babar the Elephant 1992 Novelty Pumpkins ( Recreation of 1945 Pumpkin ) , Santa Goofy 1993 Beethoven ( dog ) , Sonic the Hedgehog ( first video game character in parade history ) , Rex , Izzy , Wiggle Worm 1994 Cloe the Holiday Clown , Barney the Dinosaur , The Cat in the Hat 1995 Dudley the Dragon , FujiFilm 's Blimp , SkyDancer , Eben Bear ( Redesigned version of Snuggle Bear Balloon ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2nd version for Bullwinkle , first animated helium balloon in the parade 's history ) , Harold the Fireman ( Re-Creation of 1948 `` The Fireman '' balloon ) , Flying fish ( Re-creation of 1950 `` Flying Fish '' balloon ) , Peter Rabbit 1997 Arthur , Rugrats , Bumpe the Cow , Ms. Petula Pig 1998 Babe the Pig , Wild Thing , Dexter 1999 Millennium Snoopy ( 5th version ) , Honey Nut Cheerios Bee , Blue 2000 Bandleader Mickey Mouse ( 3rd version ) , Beret Tommy Pickles ( minor alteration to existing Rugrats Balloon ) , Jeeves , Ronald McDonald ( 2nd version ) , Dragon Tales ' Cassie , Charlie the Blue Elf Gnome ( Recreation of 1940 's Elf balloon ) 2001 Toy Soldier ( Recreation of 1950 's Toy Soldier ) , Yellow 75th Parade Stars , Curious George , Pikachu , 75th Parade Snoopy ( Alteration to existing Millennium Snoopy Balloon ) , Big Bird ( 2nd version ) , Happy Hippo ( Re-Creation of 40 's Hippo Balloon ) , Jimmy Neutron , Cheesasaurus Rex , 60th Anniversary Tuxedo Honey Nut Cheerios Bee ( Alteration to existing Honey Nut Cheerios Bee Balloon ) 2002 Uncle Sam ( Recreation of 1930 's Uncle Sam balloon ) , Yellow Parade Logo Stars , Charlie Brown and the Allusive Football , Little Bill ( First African - American character to appear in the parade ) , Mr. Monopoly , Kermit the Frog ( 2nd version ) , Macy 's Red Stars 2003 Gorgeous Gobbler ( Recreation of 1940 's Turkey balloon ) , Novelty Pumpkins ( Second Version ) , Strike up the Band Barney ( 2nd version ) , Freda The Dachshund ( Recreation of 1950s Dachshund balloon ) , Super Grover , Garfield ( 2nd version ) Chicken Little , M&M 's Red and Yellow Brighten the Holidays , Wiggle Worm ( Second Version ) , Jeeves with a new suit ( alteration of existing Jeeves Balloon ) , SpongeBob SquarePants , Red Candy Cane . Kit and C.J. Elf Gnomes 2005 Cloe the Holiday Clown ( 2nd Version ) , Scooby - Doo , Tom Otterness 's `` Humpty Dumpty '' , Dora the Explorer ( First Latino character to appear in parade ) , Healthy Mr. Potato Head , JoJo 2006 80th Anniversary Hot Air Balloon , Macy 's Yellow Stars , Snoopy as the Flying Ace ( 6th version ) , Pikachu with Poké Ball ( 2nd version , first balloon with light up features , In Pikachu 's case , to light up his cheeks ) , Green Candy Cane 2007 Abby Cadabby , Supercute Hello Kitty , Shrek , Jeff Koons 's `` Rabbit '' , Artie the Pirate ( Recreation of 1940s Pirate balloon ) , Planet Earth , Soccer Ball 2008 Smurf , Keith Haring 's `` Figure with Heart '' , Buzz Lightyear , 150 Years Golden TriStar , Horton the Elephant , Green Believe Star 2009 Spider - Man ( 2nd version ) , Ronald McDonald ( third Version ) , Basketball , Sailor Mickey ( fourth version ) , Pillsbury Doughboy , Big Man Santa , Red Believe Stars Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Takashi Murakami 's `` Kaikai and Kiki '' , Po from Kung Fu Panda , Virginia O'Hanlon 2011 Sonic the Hedgehog ( second version ) , Harold the Police Officer ( recreation of 1940 's `` The Police Officer '' balloon ) Paul Frank 's `` Julius The Sock Monkey '' , Tim Burton 's `` B '' , Gazor Elf ( Winner of the Design an Elf contest that was held on the Macy 's website ) 2012 Hello Kitty ( second version ) , Novelty pumpkins ( third version ) , Happy Dragon ( Recreation of older Happy Dragon balloon ) Papa Smurf , Kaws 's `` Companion '' , The Elf on the Shelf 2013 Snoopy and Woodstock ( seventh version for Snoopy , Second Version for Woodstock ) , Happy Hippo ( New version of 2001 Happy Hippo balloon ) , SpongeBob SquarePants ( second version ) , How to Train Your Dragon 's Toothless , The Wizard of Oz 75th Anniversary Hot Air Balloon , Adventure Time with Finn and Jake 2014 Thomas the Tank Engine ; Paddington Bear ( 2nd Time , first time as a Balloon ) ; Red Mighty Morphin Power Ranger , Skylanders ' Eruptor , Pikachu ( third version ) ; Pillsbury Doughboy ( Second Version , Identical to first version ) 2015 Scrat and his Acorn , Ronald McDonald ( fourth version ) ; Angry Birds Red ; Dino ( second version ) 2016 Charlie Brown ( Second version ) , Trixie the Dog , Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( second version ) , DreamWorks Trolls , Felix the Cat ( Second Version ) 2017 Jett , Olaf , Chase , The Grinch ( 2nd Version , first time as a Balloon ) , Harold the Baseball Player ( Re-creation of 1946 `` The Baseball Player '' Balloon ) , Golden Snowflake Stars , Blue and White Star Falloon A falloon , a portmanteau of `` float '' and `` balloon '' , is a float - based balloon . They were introduced in 1990 . Year Falloon 1990 Paddington Bear 1991 Humpty Dumpty , Giant Baseball and Glove 1993 Little Drummer Boy , Jester 1994 Sea Venture 1995 M&M 's Chocolate Factory The Family Channel ( Later Fox Family ) Snow Family 1997 The Grinch , Jello 1998 M&M 's Network , Heimlich from A Bug 's Life , Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer 1999 Pets.com sock puppet 2000 Green Dog 2001 Percy the Penguin Universal Orlando Resort Holiday Beat 2005 Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi 2008 The Smurfs Mushroom House , Bolt 2011 Universal Orlando Resort PB Polar Bear Balloonicle A balloonicle , a portmanteau of `` balloon '' and `` vehicle '' , is a self - powered balloon vehicle . They were introduced in 2004 . Year balloonicle Weebles ' Tibbey , Tooey and Bumpus 2005 SnowBo 2006 Energizer Bunny Kool - Aid Man , Holiday Ornament , Blue Holiday Ornament 2011 Sledding Aflac Duck 2013 Dreidel , Gelt the Snowman ( Universal Orlando Only ) 2014 Ice Skating Aflac Duck ( 2nd Version ) , Cloe the Holiday Clown ( 3rd Version ) 2015 Tom Turkey ( Universal Orlando Only ) 2016 Mother Ginger 2016 Aflac Duck ( 3rd Version ) Float introductions Year Floats 1971 Tom Turkey ( later sponsored by The E.W. Scripps Company ) Sesame Street 1979 Sesame Street 1981 New York Daily News Big Apple 1984 Fraggle Rock , Care Bears . 1985 Masters of the Universe , Rainbow Brite . Marvel Comics 1991 Rock - A-Doodle 1994 Sesame Street reading and writing 1995 Macy 's Santaland Express 101 Dalmatians , Barney 's Westward Ho ! Wagon , Animal Planet 1998 Barney 's Gingerbread House , Sesame Street Pop - up Book 1999 Barney 's Night Before Christmas ( 2nd float ) 2000 102 Dalmatians , Santa 's Sleigh with the Goose ( 2nd Edition ) , Delta Airlines , Ronald 's Big Red Shoe Car 2001 PokeMobile , Kitty Car , 75th Parade All Stars , World Wrestling Federation Get Real , Bob the Builder , Hallmark Entertainment 's Dinotopia 2002 Barney 's Playtime in The Park ( 3rd float ) , The Hershey Company 's Kids Candy Creation Lab , Macy 's Marion - Carole `` Showboat '' , Lego 's Carousel Of Imagination , Angelina Ballerina , Build - a-Bear Workshop Teddy Bear 's Workshop , Sesame Street International . 2003 Hess Corporation Bridge to the Future , Eckō Unltd. 's Expedition To Rhino Mountain , Big Comfy Couch , Amica Mutual Insurance American Classic Malt Shop , United States Postal Service 's Spirit Of America / American Eagle , Jolly Polly Pirate Ship . 123 Sesame Street , Tutenstein , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang car , Royal Caribbean International Voyage to Adventure , Georgia - Pacific Krazy Kritters , Fisher - Price The Magic of Childhood , Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper , NFL Classic , Spirit of America Pep Rally . 2005 The Polar Express , Walt Disney World 50th Anniversary of Disney Park Magic , Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus , Pillsbury Company , Animal Planet ( 2nd Edition ) . 2006 Barbie & the 12 Dancing Princesses , Doodlebug , Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends , Mother Goose , Greendog 's Space Station Discovery , Snoopy 's Doghouse , Charlotte 's Web , History Channel 's New York Tin Toy . 2007 The Care Bears Winter Fun - Derland , International Cele - Bear - Ation Clock Tower , M&M 's Chocolate Candies on Broadway , Music Bigger than Life , Barbie as the Island Princess . 2008 My Princess Academy Castle of Dreams , Gwen Stefani 's Harajuku Lovers , Oneida Indian Nation True Spirit of Thanksgiving , Musical Innovation Bigger Than Life , Jimmy Dean Shine On , Ocean Spray Woodland Family Gathering , Delta Airlines Winter Wonderland in Central Park . 2009 Hamburger Helper Local Heroes Helping Everyday , Santa 's Sleigh ( 3rd Edition ) , Yo Gabba Gabba ! There 's a Party in My City South Dakota Great Faces Great Places Mount Rushmore 's American Pride , Morton Salt Home Baked Goodness , Dora 's Christmas Carol Adventure , Homewood Suites On the Roll Again , Office Max Elves Raise the Roof , Despicable Me , Pokémon Black and White 's Reshiram and Zekrom , 2011 Universal Orlando Resort 's P.B. Polar Bear , Zhuniverse , National Hockey League Frozen Fall Fun , Macy 's Gift of Freedom ( Statue of Liberty ) , Planters ' Nut Mobile ( second Edition ) , 85th Parade All Stars 2012 Sprout Daytime , Play Time , Night Time Too ; Goldfish on Parade , Gibson Guitar Corporation Music Is Our Life , 75th Anniversary of March Madness , Domino Sugar Stirrin ' Up Sweet Sensations , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2013 The Enchanting World of Lindt Chocolate , Royal Caribbean International Windows to the World at Sea , Uncle Sam 's Top Hat by Drake 's , SeaWorld Sea of Surprises , Viking Confetti Catapult , Despicable Me 2 Delicious Yet Despicable , Cirque du Soleil 's Dreamseeker 2014 Cracker Jack at the Ball Game , Goldieblox Girl Powered Spinning Machine , Dora and Friends Aventuras Fantásticas , Pirate 's Booty Treasure Hunt , Sino - American Friendship Association 's Beauty of Beijing 2015 Spirit of America 's Big City Cheer , National Hockey League , Sino - American Friend Association 's Stone Forest of Kunming , KFC The Colonel 's Trip to NYC , Avocados from Mexico Casa Fresca Café , Sprout Free to Play , Build - A-Bear Workshop Discover Adventure , Ocean Spray The Cranberry Co-Operative , Macy 's Hearts Peanuts ( 2nd version of Snoopy 's Doghouse float ) , Hallmark Channel Heartwarming Holiday Countdown 2016 Balsam Hill Oh Christmas Tree , King 's Hawaiian The Aloha Spirit , Krazy Glue Fun House , Girl Scouts of the USA Building a Better World , Sino - American Friend Association China 's Chengdu Performers and acts In addition to the well - known balloons and floats , the Parade also features live music and other performances . College and high school marching bands from across the country participate in the parade , and the television broadcasts feature performances by established and up - and - coming singers and bands . The Rockettes of Radio City Music Hall are a classic performance as well ( having performed annually since 1957 as the last of the pre-parade acts to perform ) , as are cheerleaders and dancers chosen by the National Cheerleaders Association from various high schools across the country . The parade concludes with the arrival of Santa Claus to ring in the Christmas and holiday season . On the NBC telecast from in front of the flagship Macy 's store on Broadway and 34th Street , the marching bands perform live music . Most `` live '' performances by musicals and individual artists lip sync to the studio , soundtrack or cast recordings of their songs , due to the technical difficulties of attempting to sing into a wireless microphone while in a moving vehicle ( performers typically perform on the floats themselves ) ; the NBC - flagged microphones used by performers on floats are almost always non-functioning props . Live performances with no use of recorded vocals , are very rare in the parade . Featured performers Year Performers 2002 Ashanti , LeeAnn Womack , Josh Groban , Baha Men , Michael Feinstein , Mario , No Secrets , Natural , Play , Jill Hennessy , F. Murray Abraham , Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy , Jamie - Lynn Sigler , Vince McMahon , Good Morning , Miami cast , Justin Guarini , Joe Lawrence , Matt Gallant , Jeff Corwin , Patty Duke , Judy Kaye , Joe from Blue 's Clues , Eric Martsolf , and The Wiggles 2003 Hilary Duff , Chicago , Aaron Carter , Mýa , Kool and the Gang , Stacie Orrico , Ruben Studdard , Clay Aiken , Judy Collins , Simple Plan , Peter Nero , Ann Hampton Callaway , Peter Cincotti , Old Crow Medicine Show , A Christmas Carol cast , Harry Connick Jr. , Bernie Williams , and Harvey Fierstein Kelsey Grammer , Brooke Shields , Jimmy Smits , Andrea Bocelli , Fantasia Barrino , Tony Shalhoub , Joe Namath , Tony Dorsett , Passions cast , Deborah Voigt , Steve Irwin , Nikki Cox , Jennifer Finnigan , Josh Cooke , Barenaked Ladies , Gavin DeGraw , Peter Cetera , José Feliciano , Ryan Cabrera , Nina Sky , Hi - 5 , Raven - Symoné , Jeff Timmons , Hayley Westenra , and Bering Strait 2005 Harry Connick Jr. , Adrien Brody , Amy Grant , Christina Applegate , LeAnn Rimes , John Krasinski , Rainn Wilson , Aaron Neville , Brian McKnight , Peter Reckell , Carrie Underwood , Kristin Chenoweth , Tommy Tune , The Beach Boys , Jai Rodriguez , Jeff Corwin , Keegan - Michael Key , Aly & AJ , B5 , Natasha Bedingfield , The Cheetah Girls , Rita Coolidge , The Click Five , Tiffany Evans , Michael Feinstein , Brie Larson , Puffy AmiYumi , and Rihanna 2006 Julie Andrews , Laurie Berkner , Chris Brown , RBD , Cheyenne , Ciara , Miley Cyrus , Diana DeGarmo , Gloria Estefan , Renee Fleming , Big Apple Circus , Natalie Grant , Hall & Oates , High School Musical cast , Jonas Brothers , Josh Kelley , Darlene Love , Barry Manilow , Sarah McLachlan , Tara Conner , Sandi Patty , John Tartaglia , Ali Larter , Denise Van Outen , and Connie Britton 2007 Ashley Tisdale , Bindi Irwin , Terri Irwin , Corbin Bleu , Dolly Parton , Good Charlotte , Jonas Brothers , Lifehouse , Menudo , Ne - Yo , Nikki Blonsky , Sarah Brightman , Jonathan Groff , Lea Michele , Wynonna Judd , and Jordin Sparks 2008 Kristin Chenoweth , Darius Rucker , James Taylor , Charice Pempengco , Miranda Cosgrove , Miley Cyrus , David Archuleta , Shontelle , Idina Menzel , Rick Astley ( as part of a Rickroll during the parade ) , Ashanti , Tony Bennett , Harry Connick Jr. , Faith Hill , Push Play , and The Clique Girlz 2009 Tiffany Thornton , Kermit the Frog , Keke Palmer , Andrea Bocelli , Bello Nock , Big Apple Circus , Boys Like Girls , Alan Cumming , Billy Currington , Yo Gabba Gabba ! cast , Jimmy Fallon and The Roots ( Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ) , Gloria Gaynor , Emily Hughes , Jane Krakowski , Katharine McPhee , Sesame Street cast , Mitchel Musso , Pizzarelli Quartet , Jay Sean , Ziggy Marley , and Carly Simon Kylie Minogue , Carrie Underwood , Kanye West , Jessica Simpson , Gladys Knight , India. Arie , Big Time Rush , Big Apple Circus , Arlo Guthrie , Betty Buckley , Ann Hampton Callaway , Miranda Cosgrove , Isabella Collins , Gloriana , Michael Grimm , Juanes , Keri Hilson , Eric Hutchinson , Victoria Justice , Mannheim Steamroller , Jimmy Fallon and The Roots ( Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ) , Sesame Street cast and Muppets , Kyle Swann , Rima Fakih , the cast of Power Rangers Samurai , Crystal Shawanda , Joan Rivers , and Melissa Rivers 2011 The Cast of Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark , Rodney Atkins , Big Apple Circus , Mary J. Blige , Cobra Starship , Neil Diamond , Michael Feinstein , The Fresh Beat Band , Cee Lo Green , Avril Lavigne , Shelby Lynne , Mannheim Steamroller , China Anne McClain , Scotty McCreery , Ingrid Michaelson , Sesame Street cast and Muppets , Savannah Outen , the cast of Power Rangers Samurai , Daniel Radcliffe , Miss America 2011 Teresa Scanlan , Willard Scott , Sarah Smithson , Straight No Chaser , United States Naval Academy Glee Club , Johnny Weir , Zendaya and the Nickelodeon Queens 2012 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Trace Adkins , Flo Rida , the Big Apple Circus , Colbie Caillat , Teresa Castillo , Rachel Crow , Thirza Defoe , Jimmy Fallon and The Roots ( Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ) , Whoopi Goldberg , Chris Isaak , Carly Rae Jepsen , Karmin , Christian Laettner , Sandra Lee , Mannheim Steamroller , Jennette McCurdy , Don McLean , Megan & Liz , Olivia Culpo , the cast of Sesame Street , Neon Trees , the cast of Power Rangers Megaforce , Cody Simpson , Gabby Douglas , McKayla Maroney , Aly Raisman , Kyla Ross and Jordyn Wieber , PS22 Chorus , The Wanted , Geoffrey Zakarian , and The Kidz Bop Kids . 2013 The cast of NBC 's The Sound of Music Live ! , Debby Ryan , Big Apple Circus , Cherokee National Youth Choir , the cast of The Sunny Side Up Show , Cirque du Soleil , Gavin DeGraw , Brett Eldredge , Fall Out Boy , The Summer Set , Jimmy Fallon and The Roots ( Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ) , the cast of Sesame Street , Fifth Harmony , Florida Georgia Line , Goo Goo Dolls , Ariana Grande , Jack Hanna , Megan Hilty , Joan Jett and the Blackhearts , Sharon Jones & The Dap - Kings , Sandra Lee , Cher Lloyd , Austin Mahone , Richard Simmons , Mannheim Steamroller , Miss America 2014 Nina Davuluri , Bart Oates , Amani Toomer and Hines Ward ; Cam Neely and Mike Richter , Kristin Chenoweth , Kellie Pickler , and the cast of Duck Dynasty 2014 The cast of NBC 's Peter Pan Live ! , Renee Fleming , William Blake , Idina Menzel , Before You Exit , Becky G , MKTO , Needtobreathe , Sabrina Carpenter , Lucy Hale , KISS , Cole Swindell , Nick Jonas , The Madden Brothers , Quvenzhané Wallis , The Vamps , Meghan Trainor , Nia Sanchez , Romeo Santos and Pentatonix . 2015 The cast of NBC 's The Wiz Live ! , Jordin Sparks , the cast of Sesame Street with Questlove , Trey Songz , Jake Owen , Andy Grammer , Panic ! at the Disco , Plain White T 's , Shawn Mendes , Cirque du Soleil 's Dreamseeker , Mipso , Daughtry , Sprout cast , Andra Day , Big Apple Circus , Sofia Carson , Rachel Platten , Prince Royce , the cast of School of Rock , MercyMe , Jennifer Nettles , Train , Pat Benatar & Neil Giraldo and Mariah Carey 2016 The cast of NBC 's Hairspray Live ! Brett Eldredge , Chloe and Halle , Daya , De La Soul , Easton Corbin , Fitz and The Tantrums , Jacob Whitesides , Kelsea Ballerini , 2016 Olympic Medalist Laurie Hernandez , Mikey Brannigan , Gianfranco Iannotta , Hannah McFadden , Tatyana McFadden , & Claressa Shields , Maddie and Tae , Aloe Blacc , Ben Rector , Regina Spektor , Lunchmoney Lewis , The Muppets , Grace VanderWaal , Tony Bennett , Timeflies , Michelle Carter , Sarah McLachlan , Diamante Electrico , and Johnnyswim Broadway shows Every year , cast members from a number of Broadway shows ( usually shows that debuted that year ) perform either in the parade , or immediately preceding the parade in front of Macy 's ( since NBC broadcasts the parade 's start , the performances are shown during the wait for the parade itself ) . The 2007 parade was notable as it took place during a strike by the I.A.T.S.E. ( a stagehands ' union ) , and as such , Legally Blonde , the one performing musical affected by the strike , performed in show logo shirts , with makeshift props and no sets . The other three shows that year performed in theaters that were not affected by the strike . Year Performances 1980 Brigadoon , The Pirates of Penzance , A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine 1981 Sophisticated Ladies , Camelot Cats , My One and Only 1984 The Tap Dance Kid 1986 Me and My Girl , Sweet Charity , Big River 1988 Godspell , Forbidden Broadway , Into the Woods 1989 Meet Me in St. Louis 1991 Grand Hotel , The Secret Garden , Miss Saigon , The Will Rogers Follies 1992 Annie Warbucks , Jelly 's Last Jam , Guys and Dolls , Falsettos 1993 Raffi on Broadway , My Fair Lady , The Who 's Tommy , Kiss of the Spider Woman 1994 Beauty and the Beast , Grease , Show Boat , Damn Yankees 1995 Hello , Dolly ! , How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying , Smokey Joe 's Cafe The King and I , Rent , Bring in ' da Noise , Bring in ' da Funk , Chicago 1997 Titanic , Side Show , Street Corner Symphony , The Sound of Music 1998 Cabaret , Footloose , The Scarlet Pimpernel , Annie Get Your Gun , Peter Pan 1999 Saturday Night Fever , Fosse , Swing , Kiss Me , Kate 2000 The Music Man , Seussical , Swing , Annie Get Your Gun 2001 Mamma Mia ! , 42nd Street , Thou Shalt Not , Contact 2002 Hairspray , Oklahoma ! , The Producers , Thoroughly Modern Millie 2003 Wicked , The Boy From Oz , Little Shop of Horrors , Never Gonna Dance Bombay Dreams , All Shook Up , La Cage aux Folles , Wonderful Town , Good Vibrations 2005 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , Dirty Rotten Scoundrels , Jersey Boys , Sweet Charity 2006 A Chorus Line , Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! , The Color Purple , Spamalot 2007 Legally Blonde , Mary Poppins , Young Frankenstein , Xanadu 2008 White Christmas , In the Heights , South Pacific , The Little Mermaid 2009 Billy Elliot , Bye , Bye Birdie , Hair , Shrek Memphis , American Idiot , Elf , Million Dollar Quartet 2011 Turn Off the Dark , Priscilla , Queen of the Desert , How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying , Sister Act , Newsies 2012 Annie , Bring It On , Elf , Cinderella , Nice Work If You Can Get It 2013 Matilda , Motown , Pippin , Kinky Boots 2014 A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder , Honeymoon in Vegas , The Last Ship , On the Town , Side Show 2015 On Your Feet ! , The King and I , Finding Neverland , Something Rotten ! , Fiddler on the Roof , School of Rock 2016 Holiday Inn , Waitress , Cats , The Color Purple , On Your Feet ! , Paramour Marching bands Year Performances 2013 Concord High School Marching Band , Elkhart , Indiana ; Lakota West High School Marching Band , West Chester , Ohio ; Macy 's Great American Marching Band ; James Madison University Marching Royal Dukes , Harrisonburg , Virginia ; Marian Catholic High School Marching Band , Chicago Heights , Illinois ; Mountain View High School Marching Band , Mesa , Arizona ; New York City Police Department Marching Band , New York ; Ooltewah High School Marching Band , Tennessee ; Tarpon Springs High School Marching Band , Florida ; Union High School Marching Band , Tulsa , Oklahoma ; Quantico Marine Corps Band , Quantico , Virginia ; University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band , Amherst , Massachusetts 2014 American Fork High School Marching Band , Utah ; Bahamas All Stars Marching Band , Nassau , Bahamas ; Baldwinsville High School Marching Band , Baldwinsville , New York ; Center Grove High School Marching Band , Greenwood , Indiana ; Winston Churchill High School Marching Band , San Antonio , Texas ; Paul Laurence Dunbar High School Marching Band , Lexington , Kentucky ; Foothill High School Marching Band , Henderson , Nevada ; Georgia State University Marching Band , Atlanta , Georgia ; Macy 's Great American Marching Band ; Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Corps Anniversary Corps , Madison , Wisconsin ; New York City Police Department Marching Band , New York ; Western Carolina University Marching Band , Cullowhee , North Carolina 2015 Macy 's Great American Marching Band ; Stephen F. Austin State University Marching Band , Nacogdoches , Texas ; Cavalier Marching Band ( University of Virginia ) , Charlottesville , Virginia ; New York City Police Department Marching Band , New York ; Gulf Coast High School Marching Band , Naples , Florida ; Walled Lake Central High School Viking Marching Band , Walled Lake , Michigan ; Munford High School Marching Band , Munford , Tennessee ; Nogales High School Noble Regiment Marching Band , La Puente , California ; Lewis Cass High School Marching Band , Walton , Indiana ; New York City Fire Department Emerald Society Pipes & Drums , New York ; North Hardin High School Marching Band , Radcliff , Kentucky ; West Chester University Marching Band , West Chester , Pennsylvania ; Marching Illini ( University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign ) , Champaign , Illinois 2016 Cary Senior High School marching band , Cary , North Carolina ; Grain Valley High School Marching Eagles , Grain Valley , Missouri ; Greendale High School Marching Band , Greendale , Wisconsin ; Harrison High School marching band , Kennesaw , Georgia ; Hawaii All State Marching Band ; Hendrickson High School Hawk Band , Pflugerville , Texas ; Newsome High School Marching Band , Lithia , Florida ; Prospect High School Marching Knights , Mt . Prospect , Illinois ; West Point Band , West Point , New York ; West Virginia University Mountaineer Marching Band , Morgantown , West Virginia ; Macy 's Great American Marching Band ; New York City Police Department Marching Band , New York Special guests For the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks in 2011 , the Macy 's Thanksgiving Parade invited family members from Tuesday 's Children , a family service organization that has made a long - term commitment to those directly impacted by the attacks and terrorism around the world , to cut the ribbon at the start of the parade with NBC 's Al Roker and led the parade with Amy Kule , the Parade 's executive producer . Television coverage Tom the Turkey and Underdog arriving at Macy 's Herald Square during the 1979 edition of the parade . More than 44 million people watch the parade on television on an annual basis . It was first televised locally in New York City in 1939 as an experimental broadcast on NBC 's W2XBS ( forerunner of today 's WNBC ) . No television stations broadcast the parade in 1940 or 1941 , but when the parade returned in 1945 after the wartime suspension , local broadcasts also resumed . The parade began its network television appearances on CBS in 1948 , the year that major , regular television network programming began . NBC has been the official broadcaster of the event since 1952 , though CBS ( which has a studio in Times Square ) also carries unauthorized coverage under the title The Thanksgiving Day Parade on CBS . Since the parade takes place in public , the parade committee can endorse an official broadcaster , but they can not award exclusive rights as other events ( such as sporting events , which take place inside restricted - access stadiums ) have the authority to do . The rerouting of the parade that was implemented for the 2012 event ( see below ) moved the parade out of the view of CBS 's cameras and thus made it significantly more difficult for the network to cover the parade ; CBS nevertheless continues to cover the parade to the same extent as in previous years . Since 2003 , the parade has been broadcast simultaneously in Spanish on the sister network of NBCUniversal ( Telemundo ) host by María Celeste Arrarás from 2003 - 2006 . The parade won nine Emmy Awards for outstanding achievements in special event coverage since 1979 . At first , the telecasts were only an hour long . In 1961 , the telecast expanded to two hours , and was then reduced to 90 minutes in 1962 , before reverting to a two - hour telecast in 1965 ; all three hours of the parade were televised by 1969 . The event began to be broadcast in color in 1960 . NBC airs the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade live in the Eastern Time Zone , but tape delays the telecast elsewhere in the continental U.S. and territories from the Central Time Zone westward to allow the program to air in the same 9 : 00 a.m. to 12 : 00 p.m. timeslot across its owned - and - operated and affiliated stations ; since the morning program 's expansion to three hours in 2000 and eventually to four hours , NBC 's Today only airs for two hours Thanksgiving morning as a result , preempting the Today - branded talk shows Megyn Kelly Today and Kathie Lee and Hoda ) . NBC began airing a same - day afternoon rebroadcast of the parade in 2009 ( replacing the annual broadcast of Miracle on 34th Street , which NBC had lost the broadcast television rights to that year ) . CBS 's unauthorized coverage airs live in most time zones , allowing viewers to see the parade as many as two hours before the official NBC coverage airs in their area ; CBS still broadcasts the parade on delay on the West Coast , immediately after the Detroit Lions Thanksgiving game in years when CBS carries it , or at 9 a.m. local time in years they carry the Dallas Cowboys Thanksgiving game . From 1962 to 1970 , NBC 's coverage was hosted by Lorne Greene ( who was then appearing on NBC 's Bonanza ) and Betty White . Ed McMahon co-hosted in 1971 , then hosted until 1981 . Since 1982 , NBC has appointed at least one of the hosts of Today to emcee the television broadcast , starting with Bryant Gumbel , who hosted the parade until 1986 . From 1987 to 1996 , NBC 's coverage was hosted by longtime Today weather anchor Willard Scott . During that period , their co-hosts included Mary Hart , Sandy Duncan , and Today colleagues Deborah Norville and Katie Couric . In recent years , NBC 's coverage has been hosted by Today anchors Matt Lauer , Meredith Vieira ( from 2006 to 2010 ) , Ann Curry ( for the 2011 telecast only ) and Savannah Guthrie ( since 2012 ) as well as Today weather anchor Al Roker . From the early 1980s until circa 1994 , the television broadcast was produced and directed by Dick Schneider ; since circa 1994 , it has been executive produced by Brad Lachman ( who has otherwise been known for producing reality television series ) , produced by Bill Bracken and directed by veteran sitcom director Gary Halvorson . Announcements during the telecast were first provided by Don Pardo , followed by Lynda Lopez , the telecast 's only female announcer , who served during the decade wherein Willard Scott was the parade 's host ; from circa 1994 to 2010 , announcer duties were helmed by Joel Godard ( who also served as the announcer for Late Night with Conan O'Brien for much of that period ) , and then were assumed by Today announcer Les Marshak with the 2011 telecast . The musical director for the television coverage is veteran composer / arranger Milton DeLugg . CBS 's coverage was originally part of the `` All - American Thanksgiving Day Parade , '' a broadcast that included footage from multiple parades across North America , including parades at Detroit , Philadelphia and Disneyland ( the latter was later replaced by Opryland USA in 1997 and after that Miami Beach ) , and taped footage of the Toronto Santa Claus Parade ( taped usually the second or third weekend of November ) and the Aloha Floral Parade in Honolulu ( which usually took place in September ) . Beginning in 2004 , however , CBS has focused exclusively on the Macy 's parade , but avoids using the Macy 's name due to the lack of an official license . To compensate for the fact that the Broadway and music performances can only appear on NBC , CBS adds their own pre-recorded performances ( also including Broadway shows , although different from the ones that are part of the official parade and recorded off - site ) to fill out the special . For the 1997 parade , MTV guest reporters , Beavis and Butt - head , with host Kurt Loder , provided their usual style of commentary on aspects of the parade , and of their take on Thanksgiving in general . The special , titled Beavis and Butt - head Do Thanksgiving , included a balloon of Beavis and Butt - head spectating from their couch . The balloon was not participating in the parade , but stationed on top of a building alongside the parade route . Radio coverage is provided by CBS Radio - owned WINS ( 1010 AM ) in New York City . It is one of the few times throughout the year in which that station breaks away from its all - news radio format . In 2016 , Verizon produced a 360 - degree virtual reality live telecast of the parade , with minimal commentary , made available through YouTube . Parade route The Parade has always taken place in Manhattan . The parade originally started from 145th Street in Harlem and ended at Herald Square , making a 6 - mile ( 9.7 km ) route . In the 1930s , the balloons were inflated in the area of 110th Street and Amsterdam Avenue near St. John the Divine Cathedral . The parade proceeded South on Amsterdam Avenue to 106th Street and turned east . At Columbus Avenue , the balloons had to be lowered to go under the Ninth Avenue El . Past the El tracks , the parade proceeded through 106th Street to Central Park West and turned south to terminate at Macy 's Department Store . A new route was established for the 2009 parade . From 77th Street and Central Park West , the route went south along Central Park to Columbus Circle , then east along Central Park South . The parade would then make a right turn at 7th Avenue and go south to Times Square . At 42nd Street , the parade turned left and went east , then at 6th Avenue turned right again at Bryant Park . Heading south on 6th Avenue , the parade turned right at 34th Street ( at Herald Square ) and proceeded west to the terminating point at 7th Avenue where the floats are taken down . The 2009 route change eliminated Broadway completely , where the parade has traveled down for decades . The City of New York said that the new route would provide more space for the parade , and more viewing space for spectators . Another reason for implementing the route change is the city 's plan to turn Broadway into a pedestrian - only zone at Times Square . Another new route was introduced with the 2012 parade . This change is similar to the 2009 route , but eliminated Times Square altogether . It is not advised to view the parade from Columbus Circle , as balloon teams race through it due to higher winds in this flat area . New York City officials preview the parade route and try to eliminate as many potential obstacles as possible , including rotating overhead traffic signals out of the way . Macy 's holiday parade Since 2001 , Macy 's Studios has partnered with the Universal Orlando Resort ( owned by NBC parent NBCUniversal ) to bring balloons and floats from New York City to the theme park in Florida every holiday season . The parade is performed daily and includes the iconic Santa Claus float . Performers from the Orlando area are cast as various clowns , and the park used to invite guests to be `` balloon handlers '' for the parade . Injuries In 1993 , the Sonic the Hedgehog balloon crashed into a lamppost at Columbus Circle and injured a child and an off - duty police officer . In 1997 , very high winds pushed the Cat in the Hat balloon into a lamppost . The falling debris struck a parade - goer , fracturing her skull and leaving her in a coma for a month . Three other people were also injured from the lamp post . Size rules were implemented the next year , eliminating larger balloons like the Cat in the Hat . In 2005 , the M&M 's balloon caught on a streetlight in Times Square and dropped parts of the light onto two sisters were struck by the falling debris , suffering minor injuries . As a result , new safety rules were introduced . The M&M 's balloon was retired after 2006 . In popular culture The 1947 film Miracle on 34th Street , begins with the parade , as do most of its remakes . The film centers around the real Santa Claus being hired to work at Macy 's after its own Santa impersonator gets drunk during the parade . NBC , in its telecasts of the parade , often showed the original 1947 film on Thanksgiving afternoon , following its coverage of the parade and the National Dog Show . In the Seinfeld episode `` The Mom and Pop Store '' , Elaine wins a spot on the parade route for her boss , Mr. Pitt , to hold the Woody Woodpecker balloon . The first Thanksgiving - themed episode of Friends centered on the accidental release of the ( unused at the time ) `` Underdog '' balloon . `` Macy 's Day Parade '' is a song by Green Day . In 2008 , a Coca - Cola CGI ad aired in the United States during Super Bowl XLII . The commercial 's plot centered around Underdog and fictional Stewie Griffin balloons chasing a Coke bottle - shaped balloon through New York City . The spot ended with a Charlie Brown balloon holding the Coke balloon . The advertisement won a Silver Lion Award at the annual Lions International Advertising Festival in Cannes , France that year , and the clip of the commercial with the Griffin balloon was featured in a Macy 's commercial in October 2008 ( along with clips from Miracle on 34th Street , I Love Lucy , Seinfeld and other media where the Macy 's department store was mentioned ) . The commercial was also referenced in an episode of Family Guy . Stewie , who is one of the main characters in the show , is seen watching the parade only to see the balloon of himself in the parade . In the 2016 reboot of Ghostbusters , the new team of Ghostbusters fights a haunted balloon parade including several Macy 's balloons from the 1920s , 1930s and 1940s . References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Portfolio of Brad Lachman - produced programs '' . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Millions Of Revelers Marvel Over Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . CBS Broadcasting Inc . November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grippo , Robert ( 2004 ) . Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . San Francisco , CA : Arcadia Publishing . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Sweet , Melissa . Balloons Over Broadway ; The True Story of the Puppeteer of Macy 's Parade . New York : Houghton Mifflin , 2011 . Print ^ Jump up to : http://www1.macys.com/campaign/parade/index.jsp?keyword=parade Jump up ^ WOR schedule , `` Today on the Radio '' , The New York Times November 24 , 1932 , p. 40 . `` R adio Today '' , The New York Times , November 20 , 1999 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Today '' , The New York Times , November 22 , 1945 , p. 36 . `` On the Radio '' , The New York Times , November 22 , 1957 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Plays Role of Dragon Slayer '' , The New York Times , November 14 , 1942 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Get Set , Children , and Your Parents , Too ; Genii Are Coming in Thanksgiving Parade '' , The New York Times , November 14 , 2010 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Firm Flying High With Order for 4 Giant Macy 's Parade Balloons -- Los Angeles Times . Articles.latimes.com ( 1987 - 11 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ New York Daily News ( 2008 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Floating back in time with Macy 's balloons '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spider - Man Returning to Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Paradede '' , Associated Press via WCBS ( AM ) , 17 August 2009 Archived November 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Angry Bird balloon to take flight in annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Elizabeth ( November 25 , 2012 ) . At ' Sesame Street , ' a Void in a Close - Knit Troupe . The New York Times . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` The puppet was featured on a Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade float , with another puppeteer acting to Mr. Clash 's taped voice . '' Jump up ^ `` Television '' section of `` Today on the Radio '' , The New York Times , November 23 , 1939 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Today '' ( with television listings ) , The New York Times , November 20 , 1941 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Today '' ( with television listings ) , The New York Times , November 22 , 1945 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Radio and Television '' , The New York Times , November 15 , 1948 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Radio and Television '' , The New York Times , November 21 , 1949 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Thanksgiving Day Parade on CBS '' will be anchored live by `` The Early Show 's '' Dave Price and Maggie Rodriguez from New York 's Times Square , Thursday , November 27 on the CBS Television Network Archived February 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... CBS press release ( 2008 - 11 - 13 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Television '' , The New York Times , November 23 , 1961 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ `` Television '' , The New York Times , November 27 , 1969 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ `` Television '' , The New York Times , November 24 , 1960 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( November 26 , 2015 ) . What Was It Like to Perform on the Macy 's Parade ? Over 20 Broadway Actors Remember a Dream Come True ! Playbill . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . `` We pre-recorded the opening number of the show for the CBS broadcast , down on South Ferry . '' -- Carly Hughes Jump up ^ https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/23/13727462/watch-macys-thanksgiving-parade-360-video-verizon-youtube Jump up ^ `` City to Change Route of Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . NY1 News . 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Universal Studios , Orlando : Theme Parks , Attractions , Accommodations Archived December 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( 2005 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Site of Balloon Accident Is Known for Its Crosswinds '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( 1997 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Macy 's Parade of Balloons Gets One Thing It Does n't Need : Wind '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Macy 's presents safer parade '' . CNN . 1998 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` New safety rules for NYC Thanksgiving parade after balloon crash '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 18 . Further reading William L. Bird , Jr . Holidays on Display . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of American History in Association with Princeton Architectural Press , 2007 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade ( category ) Official website Macy 's , Inc . Bloomingdale 's Bluemercury Macy 's Key people Terry J. Lundgren Fred Lazarus , Jr . Simon Lazarus Rowland Hussey Macy Isidor Straus Nathan Straus Events Glamorama Macy 's Great Tree Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade My Macy 's Holiday Parade Related Macy 's Herald Square Miracle on 34th Street Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation Cape Cod William Penn Massachusetts Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - Dunkin ' Donuts ( Philadelphia ) Celebrate the Season ( Pittsburgh ) America 's Hometown ( Plymouth ) Protests National Day of Mourning Unthanksgiving Day Buy Nothing Day Sports Football NFL on Thanksgiving Day CFL Thanksgiving Classic English -- Latin rivalry Missouri Turkey Day Game Turkey Day Classic Basketball AdvoCare Invitational Battle 4 Atlantis Wooden Legacy Maui Invitational Tournament Turkey Trots Atlanta Marathon Berwick Run for the Diamonds Buffalo Turkey Trot Dallas Turkey Trot Feaster Five Road Race Manchester Road Race Others National Dog Show Pumpkin chucking Turkey bowling Turkey Night Grand Prix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade&oldid=807068910 '' Categories : 1924 establishments in New York ( state ) Parades in New York City Thanksgiving parades Macy 's Recurring events established in 1924 1932 radio programme debuts 1948 American television series debuts 1940s American television series 1950s American television series 1960s American television series 1970s American television series 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series CBS network shows NBC network shows November events Festivals established in 1924 Thanksgiving ( United States ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the macy's thanksgiving day parade held | [
"The annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City, the world's largest parade,[2] is presented by the U.S.-based department store chain Macy's. The tradition started in 1924,[3] tying it for the second-oldest Thanksgiving parade in the United States with America's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit (with both parades being four years younger than the 6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade in Philadelphia). The three-hour Macy's event is held in Manhattan starting at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on Thanksgiving Day, and has been televised nationally on NBC since 1952."
] | [
"Manhattan"
] |
-6990397748475583488 | New England Colonies | New England colonies - wikipedia New England colonies Jump to : navigation , search The New England Colonies of British America included Connecticut Colony , Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Massachusetts Bay Colony , and the Province of New Hampshire , as well as a few smaller short - lived colonies . The New England colonies were part of the Thirteen Colonies and eventually became five of the six states in New England . Captain John Smith 's 1616 work A Description of New England first applied the term `` New England '' to the coastal lands from Long Island Sound to Newfoundland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Arriving in America 2 Establishing the New England Colonies 2.1 Spreading out 3 Commerce 4 Wartime Enslavement of Enemy Combatants in New England 5 Education 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Sources Arriving in America ( edit ) The English royal charters granted land to the north to Queen Elizabeth , land to the south to the London Company . France , England , and other countries made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century , and those nations were often in contention for lands in the New World . French nobleman Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts established a settlement on Saint Croix Island , Maine in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France . Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and scurvy , and the survivors moved north out of New England to Port - Royal of Nova Scotia ( see symbol `` R '' on map to the right ) in the spring of 1605 . King James I of England recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England , and he granted competing royal charters to the Plymouth Company and the London Company . The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec River ( then called the Sagadahoc River ) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony , better known as Popham Colony ( see symbol `` Po '' on map to right ) to honor financial backer Sir John Popham . The colonists faced a harsh winter , the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire , and mixed relations with the local Indian tribes . Colony leader Captain George Popham died , and Raleigh Gilbert decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by the death of an older brother -- at which point , all of the colonists decided to return to England . It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship Mary and John and on a new ship built by the colony named Virginia of Sagadahoc . The 30 - ton Virginia was the first sea - going ship ever built in North America . Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century , with the French constructing Fort Pentagouet near Castine , Maine in 1613 . The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was the first longer - term settlement in New England . It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English , French , and Dutch colonists . In 1614 , Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the Connecticut River to Hartford , Connecticut . By 1623 , the Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there , and they eventually fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians and named the site `` House of Hope '' ( also identified as `` Fort Hoop , '' `` Good Hope , '' and `` Hope '' ) . Establishing the New England colonies ( edit ) A group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts , the second successful English colony in North America following Jamestown , Virginia . About half of the one hundred - plus passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter , mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter . In 1621 , an American Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish . His assistance was invaluable and helped them to survive the early years of the colonization . The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto 's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases . The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits , but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration . Edward Winslow and William Bradford published an account of their experiences called Mourt 's Relation ( 1622 ) . This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and dangers encountered by the Pilgrims , but it encouraged other Puritans to immigrate during the Great Migration . Major boundaries of Massachusetts Bay and neighboring colonial claims in the 17th century and 18th century . Modern state boundaries are partially overlaid for context . The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies , buildings , and food supplies , learning from the Pilgrims ' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony . In 1623 , the Plymouth Council for New England ( successor to the Plymouth Company ) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company . The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby Naumkeag after the Dorchester Company dropped support , and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White . Other settlements were started in nearby areas ; however , the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s . A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630 , leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England . Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower , except that the Pilgrims were `` separatists '' who felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England , whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church of England . The separate colonies were governed independently of one other until 1691 , when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Spreading out ( edit ) Early dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . The Connecticut Colony was started after Puritan minister Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts Bay with about 100 followers in search of greater religious and political freedom . John Wheelwright left with his followers to a colony in New Hampshire and then on to Maine . The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves , which was a central tenet of Puritan worship . It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when minister Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences . One source of contention was his view that government and religion should be separate ; he also believed that the colonies should purchase land at fair prices from the Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes . He escaped being deported to England by the Massachusetts officials and walked from Salem , Massachusetts to Raynham , Massachusetts , a distance of 55 miles through the deep snow . The Indian tribes helped him to survive and sold him land for a new colony which he named Providence Plantations in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony . It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and a separation of church from state . Other dissenters established two settlements on Rhode Island ( now called Aquidneck Island ) and another settlement in Warwick ; these four settlements eventually united to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . A map of the Connecticut , New Haven , and Saybrook colonies Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts in 1636 with 100 followers and founded a settlement just north of the Dutch Fort Hoop which grew into Connecticut Colony . The community was first named Newtown then renamed Hartford to honor the English town of Hertford . One of the reasons why Hooker left was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government in Massachusetts Bay , which he believed should include any adult male owning property . The Connecticut Colony was not the first settlement in Connecticut ( the Dutch were first ) or even the first English settlement ( Windsor was first in 1633 ) . Thomas Hooker obtained a royal charter and established Fundamental Orders , considered to be one of the first constitutions in North America . Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony , including New Haven and Saybrook . Commerce ( edit ) The earliest colonies in New England were usually fishing villages or farming communities on the more fertile land along the rivers . The rocky soil in the New England Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies , but the land provided rich resources , including lumber that was valued for building homes and ships . Lumber was also a resource that could be exported back to England , where there was a shortage of wood . In addition , the hunting of wildlife provided furs to be traded and food for the table . In Massachusetts their economy was heavily based on small industries with people working as porters , tanners , shopkeepers and metalworkers . They had merchants which carried raw materials such as furs , timber , and the tar and pitch needed for shipbuilding . Trade went on directly between the English colonists and the European Caribbean islands . The New England Colonies were located near the ocean where there was an abundance of whales , fish , and other marketable sea life . Excellent harbors and some inland waterways offered protection for ships and were also valuable for fresh water fishing . By the end of the 17th century , New England colonists had created an Atlantic trade network that connected them to the English homeland as well as the West African slave coast , the Caribbean 's plantation islands , and the Iberian Peninsula . Colonists relied upon British and European imports for glass , linens , hardware , machinery , and other items for the colonial household . The Southern Colonies could produce tobacco , rice , and indigo in exchange for imports , whereas New England 's colonies could not offer much to England beyond fish , furs , and lumber . Inflation was a major issue in the economy . During the 18th century , shipbuilding drew upon the abundant lumber and revived the economy , often under the direction of the British Crown . Wartime enslavement of enemy combatants in New England ( edit ) Enslavement of enemies defeated in war was a common practice in European nations at this time . This was a policy that had been going on for decades in Ireland , particularly since the time of Elizabeth I and during the mid-17th century Cromwell wars in Britain and Ireland , where large numbers of Irish , Welsh , and Scots prisoners of war were sent as slaves to plantations in the West Indies , especially to Barbados and Jamaica . The practice found its way to the American colonies during the Pequot War and King Philip 's War . Military leader Benjamin Church spoke out against enslaving Indians in the summer of 1675 , describing the practice as `` an action so hateful ... that ( I ) opposed it to the loss of the good will and respect of some that before were ( my ) good friends . '' This said , Church was an owner of African slaves himself , like many Englishmen in the colony . Ships carrying captured war combatants began to leave New England ports during King Philip 's War ( 1675 - 78 ) and continued for the three years of the war . The policy concerning war enemies was that `` no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony . '' It is estimated that at least a thousand New England Indian warriors were sold as slaves during King Philip 's War , with over half of those coming from Plymouth . Education ( edit ) In the New England Colonies , the first settlements of Pilgrims and the other Puritans who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves . Depending upon social and financial status , education was taught by the parents home - schooling their children , public grammar schools , and private governesses , which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more . See also ( edit ) Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Thirteen Colonies History of Massachusetts Historical outline of Massachusetts British Colonial America New England Manor of East Greenwich History of New England Dominion of New England New England Confederation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gipson Jump up ^ Bisceglia Jump up ^ Smith Jump up ^ St. Croix Celebration . `` St. Croix Island History '' . Archived from the original on 2001 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Maine 's First Ship : Historic Overview '' . Maine 's First Ship . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New France Forts '' . New France New Horizons . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ New York Historical Society , p. 260 Jump up ^ Deetz , Patricia Scot ; James F. Deetz . `` Passengers on the Mayflower : Ages & Occupations , Origins & Connections '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ NativeAmericans.com . `` Squanto ( The History of Tisquantum ) '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradford , William ( 1865 ) . Mourt 's Relation , or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth . Boston : J.K. Wiggin . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Young , Alexander ( 1846 ) . Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay , 1623 - 1636 . Boston : C.C. Little and J. Brown . p. 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Web Site . `` America as a Religious Refuge : The Seventeenth Century '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Roger Williams , Family Association . `` Biography of Roger Williams '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ . N.p. . Web . 20 Aug 2013 . < https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/britain-and-the-settling-of-the-colonies-1600-1750/settling-new-england/commerce-in-the-new-england-colonies/ > . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) p. 253 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) pp 253 , 345 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) p. 345 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) p. 332 Sources ( edit ) Bisceglia , Michael ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` John Smith : The man who named New England '' . Sea Coast Online . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Gipson , Lawrence . The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes ) ( 1936 - 1970 ) . Knopf . Collections of the New York Historical Society . New York : H. Ludwig. 1841 . Smith , John , Captain & Admiral ( 1616 ) . Royster , Paul , ed . A Description of New England ( 1616 ) : An Online Electronic Text Edition . Electronic Texts in American Studies . ( hide ) The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Colonies&oldid=826760958 '' Categories : Colonial United States ( British ) Colonization history of the United States Thirteen Colonies History of New England Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what religious groups lived in the new england colonies | [
"A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630, leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England. Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower, except that the Pilgrims were \"separatists\" who felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England, whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church of England. The separate colonies were governed independently of one other until 1691, when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay."
] | [
"Puritans"
] |
-4619130173101810856 | Blood lipids | Blood lipids - wikipedia Blood lipids Jump to : navigation , search Blood lipids ( or blood fats ) are lipids in the blood , either free or bound to other molecules . They are mostly transported in a protein capsule , and the density of the lipids and type of protein determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism . The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine , and uptake and secretion from cells . Blood lipids are mainly fatty acids and cholesterol . Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and / or lipoproteins in the blood , and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fatty acids 1.1 Intestine intake 1.2 Cell uptake 1.3 Cell secretion 2 Cholesterol 2.1 Intestine intake 2.2 In lipoproteins 2.3 Intestine excretion 2.4 Cell uptake 2.5 Cell secretion 3 Related medical conditions 3.1 Hyperlipidemia 3.2 Hypercholesterolemia 3.3 Hypocholesterolemia 4 See also 5 References Fatty acids ( edit ) Intestine intake ( edit ) Main article : Fat Digestion Short - and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein . Long - chain fatty acids , on the other hand , are too large to be directly released into the tiny intestine capillaries . Instead they are coated with cholesterol and protein ( protein coat of lipoproteins ) into a compound called a chylomicron . The chylomicron enters a lymphatic capillary and enters into the bloodstream first at the left subclavian vein ( having bypassed the liver ) . In any case , the concentration of blood fatty acids increase temporarily after a meal . Cell uptake ( edit ) After a meal , when the blood concentration of fatty acids rises , there is an increase in uptake of fatty acids in different cells of the body , mainly liver cells , adipocytes and muscle cells . This uptake is stimulated by insulin from the pancreas . As a result , the blood concentration of fatty acid stabilizes again after a meal . Cell secretion ( edit ) After a meal , some of the fatty acids taken up by the liver is converted into very low density lipoproteins ( VLDL ) and again secreted into the blood . In addition , when a long time has passed since the last meal , the concentration of fatty acids in the blood decreases , which triggers adipocytes to release stored fatty acids into the blood as free fatty acids , in order to supply e.g. muscle cells with energy . In any case , also the fatty acids secreted from cells are anew taken up by other cells in the body , until entering fatty acid metabolism . Cholesterol ( edit ) Main article : Cholesterol The fate of cholesterol in the blood is highly determined by its constitution of lipoproteins , where some types favour transport towards body tissues and others towards the liver for excretion into the intestines . The 1987 report of National Cholesterol Education Program , Adult Treatment Panels suggest the total blood cholesterol level should be : < 200 mg / dl normal blood cholesterol , 200 -- 239 mg / dl borderline - high , > 240 mg / dl high cholesterol . The average amount of blood cholesterol varies with age , typically rising gradually until one is about 60 years old . There appear to be seasonal variations in cholesterol levels in humans , more , on average , in winter . These seasonal variations seem to be inversely linked to vitamin C intake . Intestine intake ( edit ) Main article : Synthesis and intake In lipid digestion , cholesterol is packed into Chylomicrons in the small intestine , which are delivered to the Portal vein and Lymph . The chylomicrons are ultimately taken up by liver hepatocytes via interaction between apolipoproteinE and the LDL receptor or Lipoprotein receptor - related proteins . In lipoproteins ( edit ) Main article : Lipoprotein Cholesterol is minimally soluble in water ; it can not dissolve and travel in the water - based bloodstream . Instead , it is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins that are water - soluble and carry cholesterol and triglycerides internally . The apolipoproteins forming the surface of the given lipoprotein particle determine from what cells cholesterol will be removed and to where it will be supplied . The largest lipoproteins , which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver , are called chylomicrons . They carry mostly fats in the form of triglycerides . In the liver , chylomicron particles release triglycerides and some cholesterol . The liver converts unburned food metabolites into very low density lipoproteins ( VLDL ) and secretes them into plasma where they are converted to intermediate density lipoproteins ( IDL ) , which thereafter are converted to low - density lipoprotein ( LDL ) particles and non-esterified fatty acids , which can affect other body cells . In healthy individuals , the relatively few LDL particles are large . In contrast , large numbers of small dense LDL ( sdLDL ) particles are strongly associated with the presence of atheromatous disease within the arteries . For this reason , LDL is referred to as `` bad cholesterol '' . High - density lipoprotein ( HDL ) particles transport cholesterol back to the liver for excretion , but vary considerably in their effectiveness for doing this . Having large numbers of large HDL particles correlates with better health outcomes , and hence it is commonly called `` good cholesterol '' . In contrast , having small amounts of large HDL particles is independently associated with atheromatous disease progression within the arteries . Intestine excretion ( edit ) After being transported to the liver by HDL , cholesterol is delivered to the intestines via bile production . However , 92 - 97 % is reabsorbed in the intestines and recycled via enterohepatic circulation . Cell uptake ( edit ) Main article : Synthesis and intake Cholesterol circulates in the blood in low - density lipoproteins and these are taken into the cell by LDL receptor - mediated endocytosis in clathrin - coated pits , and then hydrolysed in lysosomes . Cell secretion ( edit ) Main article : Synthesis and intake In response to low blood cholesterol , different cells of the body , mainly in the liver and intestines , start to synthesize cholesterol from acetyl - CoA by the enzyme HMG - CoA reductase . This is then released into the blood . Related medical conditions ( edit ) Hyperlipidemia ( edit ) Main article : Hyperlipidemia Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and / or lipoproteins in the blood . Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are extremely common in the general population , and are regarded as a highly modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease . In addition , some forms may predispose to acute pancreatitis . One of the most clinically relevant lipid substances is cholesterol , especially on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease . The presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood is called hypercholesterolemia . Hyperlipoproteinemia is elevated levels of lipoproteins . Hypercholesterolemia ( edit ) Main article : Hypercholesterolemia Hypercholesterolemia is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood . It is not a disease but a metabolic derangement that can be secondary to many diseases and can contribute to many forms of disease , most notably cardiovascular disease . Familial hypercholesterolemia is a rare genetic disorder that can occur in families , where sufferers can not properly metabolise cholesterol . Hypocholesterolemia ( edit ) Abnormally low levels of cholesterol are termed hypocholesterolemia . Research into the causes of this state is relatively limited , and while some studies suggest a link with depression , cancer and cerebral hemorrhage it is unclear whether the low cholesterol levels are a cause for these conditions or an epiphenomenon ( 1 ) . See also ( edit ) Lipid hypothesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Molecular cell biology . Lodish , Harvey F. 5 . ed . : - New York : W.H. Freeman and Co. , 2003 . Page 321 . b ill . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 3 Jump up ^ , ( 1988 ) . `` Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection , Evaluation , and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults . The Expert Panel '' . Arch . Intern . Med. 148 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 69 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 148.1. 36 . PMID 3422148 . Jump up ^ Ockene IS , Chiriboga DE , Stanek EJ , Harmatz MG , Nicolosi R , Saperia G , Well AD , Freedson P , Merriam PA , Reed G , Ma Y , Matthews CE , Hebert JR ( 2004 ) . `` Seasonal variation in serum cholesterol levels : treatment implications and possible mechanisms '' . Arch Intern Med. 164 ( 8 ) : 863 -- 70 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 164.8. 863 . PMID 15111372 . Jump up ^ MacRury , SM ; Muir , M ; Hume , R ( 1992 ) . `` Seasonal and climatic variation in cholesterol and vitamin C : effect of vitamin C supplementation '' . Scottish medical journal . 37 ( 2 ) : 49 -- 52 . PMID 1609267 . Jump up ^ Dobson , HM ; Muir , MM ; Hume , R ( 1984 ) . `` The effect of ascorbic acid on the seasonal variations in serum cholesterol levels '' . Scottish medical journal . 29 ( 3 ) : 176 -- 82 . PMID 6533789 . ^ Jump up to : Durrington P ( 2003 ) . `` Dyslipidaemia '' . Lancet . 362 ( 9385 ) : 717 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 03 ) 14234 - 1 . PMID 12957096 . ( hide ) Common for blood tests ( CPT 82000 -- 84999 ) Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Renal function Creatinine Urea BUN - to - creatinine ratio Plasma osmolality Serum osmolal gap Acid - base Anion gap Arterial blood gas Base excess Bicarbonate CO content Iron tests Ferritin Serum iron Transferrin saturation Total iron - binding capacity Transferrin Transferrin receptor Hormones ACTH stimulation test Thyroid function tests Thyroid - stimulating hormone Metabolism Blood lipids Cardiovascular Cardiac marker Troponin test CPK - MB test Lactate dehydrogenase Myoglobin Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB Liver function tests Proteins Human serum albumin Serum total protein ALP transaminases ALT AST AST / ALT ratio Bilirubin Unconjugated Conjugated Pancreas Amylase Lipase Pancreatic lipase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_lipids&oldid=788307668 '' Categories : Steroids Sterols Lipid disorders Nutrition Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2017 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do long-chain fatty acids first enter the bloodstream | [
"Blood lipids (or blood fats) are lipids in the blood, either free or bound to other molecules. They are mostly transported in a protein capsule, and the density of the lipids and type of protein determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism. The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine, and uptake and secretion from cells. Blood lipids are mainly fatty acids[citation needed] and cholesterol[citation needed]. Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood, and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease."
] | [
"Blood lipids (or blood fats) are lipids in the blood, either free or bound to other molecules. They are mostly transported in a protein capsule, and the density of the lipids and type of protein determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism. The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine, and uptake and secretion from cells. Blood lipids are mainly fatty acids[citation needed] and cholesterol[citation needed]. Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood, and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease."
] |
-7507801968180617961 | Retina | Retina - Wikipedia Retina For other uses , see Retina ( disambiguation ) . This article needs attention from an expert in medicine . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Medicine may be able to help recruit an expert . ( May 2018 ) Retina Right human eye cross-sectional view ; eyes vary significantly among animals . Details Pronunciation UK : / ˈrɛtɪnə / , US : / ˈrɛtənə / , pl . retinae / - ni / Part of Eye System Visual system Artery Central retinal artery Identifiers Latin Rēte MeSH D012160 TA A15. 2.04. 002 FMA 58301 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The retina is the innermost , light - sensitive layer , or `` coat '' , of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs . The optics of the eye create a focused two - dimensional image of the visual world on the retina , which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception , the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera . The retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses . The neural retina refers to the three layers of neural cells ( photo receptor cells , bipolar cells , and ganglion cells ) within the retina , which in its entirety comprises ten distinct layers , including an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells . The only neural cells that are directly sensitive to light are the photoreceptor cells , which are of two types : rods and cones . Rods function mainly in dim light and provide black - and - white vision while cones are responsible for the perception of colour . A third type of photoreceptor , the photosensitive ganglion cells , is important for entrainment and reflexive responses to the brightness of light . Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses that are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve . Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons , whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve . Several important features of visual perception can be traced to the retinal encoding and processing of light . In vertebrate embryonic development , the retina and the optic nerve originate as outgrowths of the developing brain , specifically the embryonic diencephalon ; thus , the retina is considered part of the central nervous system ( CNS ) and is actually brain tissue . It is the only part of the CNS that can be visualized non-invasively . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Inverted versus non-inverted retina 1.2 Retinal layers 1.2. 1 Layers imagable with Optical Coherence Tomography ( OCT ) 1.3 Development 1.4 Blood supply 1.4. 1 Circulatory mechanisms 1.4. 1.1 In birds 1.5 Biometric identification and diagnosis of disease 2 Function 2.1 Spatial encoding 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Diagnosis 3.2 Treatment 3.2. 1 Common treatment modalities 3.2. 2 Uncommon treatment modalities 4 Notable researchers and discoveries 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Inverted versus non-inverted retina ( edit ) The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light sensing cells are in back of the retina , so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the rods and cones . In contrast , in the cephalopod retina the photoreceptors are in front , with processing neurons and capillaries behind them . Because of this , cephalopods do not have a blind spot . The overlying neural fibre layer does not degrade vision in the inverted retina . The neurons are transparent and the accompanying glial cells have been shown to act as fibre - optic channels to transport photons directly to the photoreceptors . In any case , the fovea centralis , the part of the retina with the highest resolution , does not have a layer of blood vessels and nerve cells over it , so there is no possibility of image degradation here . The cephalopods have a non-inverted retina which is comparable in resolving power to the eyes of many vertebrates . Squid eyes do not have an analog of the vertebrate retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) . Although their photoreceptors contain a protein , retinochrome , that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE , one could argue that cephalopod photoreceptors are not maintained as well as in vertebrates and that , as a result , the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates . Having easily replaced stalk - eyes ( some lobsters ) or retinae ( some spiders , such as Deinopis ) rarely occurs . The cephalopod retina does not originate as an outgrowth of the brain , as the vertebrate one does . It is arguable that this difference shows that vertebrate and cephalopod eyes are not homologous but have evolved separately . From an evolutionary perspective , a more complex structure such as the inverted retina can generally come about as a consequence of two alternate processes : ( a ) an advantageous `` good '' compromise between competing functional limitations , or ( b ) as a historical maladaptive relic of the convoluted path of organ evolution and transformation . Vision is an important adaptation in higher vertebrates . A third view of the `` inverted '' vertebrate eye is that it combines two benefits : the maintenance of the photoreceptors mentioned above , and the reduction in light intensity necessary to avoid blinding the photoreceptors , which are based on the extremely sensitive eyes of the ancestors of modern hagfishes ( a fish that lives in very deep , dark water ) . Retinal layers ( edit ) Section of retina Rods , cones and nerve layers in the retina . The front ( anterior ) of the eye is on the left . Light ( from the left ) passes through several transparent nerve layers to reach the rods and cones ( far right ) . A chemical change in the rods and cones send a signal back to the nerves . The signal goes first to the bipolar and horizontal cells ( yellow layer ) , then to the amacrine cells and ganglion cells ( purple layer ) , then to the optic nerve fibres . The signals are processed in these layers . First , the signals start as raw outputs of points in the rod and cone cells . Then the nerve layers identify simple shapes , such as bright points surrounded by dark points , edges , and movement . ( Based on a drawing by Ramón y Cajal , 1911 . ) Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision ( left ) , and a color blind ( protanopic ) retina . Note that the center of the fovea holds very few blue - sensitive cones . Distribution of rods and cones along a line passing through the fovea and the blind spot of a human eye The vertebrate retina has ten distinct layers . From closest to farthest from the vitreous body : Inner limiting membrane -- basement membrane elaborated by Müller cells . Nerve fibre layer -- axons of the ganglion cell nuclei ( note that a thin layer of Müller cell footplates exists between this layer and the inner limiting membrane ) . Ganglion cell layer -- contains nuclei of ganglion cells , the axons of which become the optic nerve fibres for messages and some displaced amacrine cells . Inner plexiform layer -- contains the synapse between the bipolar cell axons and the dendrites of the ganglion and amacrine cells . Inner nuclear layer -- contains the nuclei and surrounding cell bodies ( perikarya ) of the amacrine cells , bipolar cells , and horizontal cells . Outer plexiform layer -- projections of rods and cones ending in the rod spherule and cone pedicle , respectively . These make synapses with dendrites of bipolar cells . In the macular region , this is known as the Fiber layer of Henle . Outer nuclear layer -- cell bodies of rods and cones . External limiting membrane -- layer that separates the inner segment portions of the photoreceptors from their cell nucleus . Layer of rods and cones -- layer of rod cells and cone cells . Retinal pigment epithelium -- single layer of cuboidal cells ( with extrusions not shown in diagram ) . This is closest to the choroid . These layers can be grouped into 4 main processing stages : photoreception ; transmission to bipolar cells ; transmission to ganglion cells , which also contain photoreceptors , the photosensitive ganglion cells ; and transmission along the optic nerve . At each synaptic stage there are also laterally connecting horizontal and amacrine cells . The optic nerve is a central tract of many axons of ganglion cells connecting primarily to the lateral geniculate body , a visual relay station in the diencephalon ( the rear of the forebrain ) . It also projects to the superior colliculus , the suprachiasmatic nucleus , and the nucleus of the optic tract . It passes through the other layers , creating the optic disc in primates . Additional structures , not directly associated with vision , are found as outgrowths of the retina in some vertebrate groups . In birds , the pecten is a vascular structure of complex shape that projects from the retina into the vitreous humour ; it supplies oxygen and nutrients to the eye , and may also aid in vision . Reptiles have a similar , but much simpler , structure . In adult humans , the entire retina is approximately 72 % of a sphere about 22 mm in diameter . The entire retina contains about 7 million cones and 75 to 150 million rods . The optic disc , a part of the retina sometimes called `` the blind spot '' because it lacks photoreceptors , is located at the optic papilla , where the optic - nerve fibres leave the eye . It appears as an oval white area of 3 mm2 . Temporal ( in the direction of the temples ) to this disc is the macula , at whose centre is the fovea , a pit that is responsible for our sharp central vision but is actually less sensitive to light because of its lack of rods . Human and non-human primates possess one fovea , as opposed to certain bird species , such as hawks , who are bifoviate , and dogs and cats , who possess no fovea but a central band known as the visual streak . Around the fovea extends the central retina for about 6 mm and then the peripheral retina . The farthest edge of the retina is defined by the ora serrata . The distance from one ora to the other ( or macula ) , the most sensitive area along the horizontal meridian is about 32 mm . In section , the retina is no more than 0.5 mm thick . It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses , including the unique ribbon synapse . The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain , and the blood vessels that supply the retina . The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond . Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement , light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina , ( including its capillary vessels , not shown ) before reaching the rods and cones . Light is absorbed by the retinal pigment epithelium or the choroid ( both of which are opaque ) . The white blood cells in the capillaries in front of the photoreceptors can be perceived as tiny bright moving dots when looking into blue light . This is known as the blue field entoptic phenomenon ( or Scheerer 's phenomenon ) . Between the ganglion cell layer and the rods and cones there are two layers of neuropils where synaptic contacts are made . The neuropil layers are the outer plexiform layer and the inner plexiform layer . In the outer neuropil layer , the rods and cones connect to the vertically running bipolar cells , and the horizontally oriented horizontal cells connect to ganglion cells . The central retina predominantly contains cones , while the peripheral retina predominantly contains rods . In total , there are about seven million cones and a hundred million rods . At the centre of the macula is the foveal pit where the cones are narrow and long , and , arranged in a hexagonal mosaic , the most dense . At the foveal pit the other retinal layers are displaced , before building up along the foveal slope until the rim of the fovea , or parafovea , is reached , which is the thickest portion of the retina . The macula has a yellow pigmentation , from screening pigments , and is known as the macula lutea . The area directly surrounding the fovea has the highest density of rods converging on single bipolar cells . Since its cones have a much lesser convergence of signals , the fovea allows for the sharpest vision the eye can attain . Though the rod and cones are a mosaic of sorts , transmission from receptors , to bipolars , to ganglion cells is not direct . Since there are about 150 million receptors and only 1 million optic nerve fibres , there must be convergence and thus mixing of signals . Moreover , the horizontal action of the horizontal and amacrine cells can allow one area of the retina to control another ( e.g. one stimulus inhibiting another ) . This inhibition is key to lessening the sum of messages sent to the higher regions of the brain . In some lower vertebrates ( e.g. the pigeon ) , there is a `` centrifugal '' control of messages -- that is , one layer can control another , or higher regions of the brain can drive the retinal nerve cells , but in primates this does not occur . Layers imagable with optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) ( edit ) On OCT there are 18 layers that can be identified in the retina . The layers and anatomical correlation are as follows : OCT scan of the macular area of a retina at 800 nm , axial resolution 3 μm macula histology ( OCT ) From innermost to outermost , the layers identifiable by OCT are as follows : # OCT Layer / Conventional Label Anatomical Correlate Reflectivity on OCT Specific anatomical boundaries ? Additional references Posterior cortical vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Hyper - reflective Yes Preretinal space In eyes where the vitreous has fully or partially detached from the retina , this is the space created between the posterior cortical vitreous face and the internal limiting membrane of the retina . Hypo - reflective Internal limiting membrane ( ILM ) Formed by Müller cell endfeet ( unclear if it can be observed on OCT ) Hyper - reflective No Nerve fiber layer ( NFL ) Ganglion cell axons travelling towards the optic nerve Ganglion cell layer ( GCL ) Ganglion cell bodies ( and some displaced amacrine cells ) Hypo - reflective 5 Inner plexiform layer ( IPL ) Synapses between bipolar , amacrine and ganglion cells Hyper - reflective 6 Inner nuclear layer ( INL ) a ) Horizontal , bipolar and amacrine cell bodies b ) Müller cell nuclei Hypo - reflective 7 Outer plexiform layer ( OPL ) Synapses between photoreceptor , bipolar and horizontal cells Hyper - reflective 8 ( Inner half ) Henle 's nerve fiber layer ( HL ) Photoreceptor axons ( obliquely orientated fibres ; not present in mid-peripheral or peripheral retina ) Hypo - reflective No ( Outer half ) Outer nuclear layer ( ONL ) The photoreceptor cell bodies 9 External limiting membrane ( ELM ) Made of zonulae adherens between Müller cells and photoreceptor inner segments Hyper - reflective 10 Myoid zone ( MZ ) The innermost portion of the photoreceptor inner segment ( IS ) containing : Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi bodies Microtubules ( rarely : mitochondria ) Hypo - reflective No 11 Ellipsoid zone ( EZ ) The outermost portion of the photoreceptor inner segment ( IS ) packed with mitochondria Very Hyper - reflective No IS / OS junction or Photoreceptor integrity line ( PIL ) The photoreceptor connecting cilia which bridge the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor cells . 12 Photoreceptor outer segments ( OS ) The photoreceptor outer segments ( OS ) which contain disks filled with opsin , the molecule that absorbs photons . Hypo - reflective 13 Interdigitation zone ( IZ ) Apices of the RPE cells which encase part of the cone OSs . Poorly distinguishable from RPE . Previously : `` cone outer segment tips line '' ( COST ) Hyper - reflective No 14 RPE / Bruch 's complex RPE phagosome zone Very Hyper - reflective No RPE melanosome zone Hypo - reflective RPE mitochondria zone + Junction between the RPE & Bruch 's membrane Very Hyper - reflective 15 Choriocapillaris Thin layer of moderate reflectivity in inner choroid No 16 Sattler 's layer Thick layer of round or ovalshaped hyperreflective profiles , with hyporeflective cores in mid-choroid 17 Haller 's layer Thick layer of oval - shaped hyperreflective profiles , with hyporeflective cores in outer choroid 18 Choroidal - scleral juncture Zone at the outer choroid with a marked change in texture , in which large circular or ovoid profiles abut a homogenous region of variable reflectivity Development ( edit ) Retinal development begins with the establishment of the eye fields mediated by the SHH and SIX3 proteins , with subsequent development of the optic vesicles regulated by the PAX6 and LHX2 proteins . The role of Pax6 in eye development was elegantly demonstrated by Walter Gehring and colleagues , who showed that ectopic expression of Pax6 can lead to eye formation on Drosophila antennae , wings , and legs . The optic vesicle gives rise to three structures : the neural retina , the retinal pigmented epithelium , and the optic stalk . The neural retina contains the retinal progenitor cells ( RPCs ) that give rise to the seven cell types of the retina . Differentiation begins with the retinal ganglion cells and concludes with production of the Muller glia . Although each cell type differentiates from the RPCs in a sequential order , there is considerable overlap in the timing of when individual cell types differentiate . The cues that determine a RPC daughter cell fate are coded by multiple transcription factor families including the bHLH and homeodomain factors . In addition to guiding cell fate determination , cues exist in the retina to determine the dorsal - ventral ( D-V ) and nasal - temporal ( N-T ) axes . The D-V axis is established by a ventral to dorsal gradient of VAX2 , whereas the N-T axis is coordinated by expression of the forkhead transcription factors FOXD1 and FOXG1 . Additional gradients are formed within the retina that aid in proper targeting of RGC axons that function to establish the retinotopic map . Blood supply ( edit ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2016 ) This section may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fundus photograph showing the blood vessels in a normal human retina . Veins are darker and slightly wider than corresponding arteries . The optic disc is at right , and the macula lutea is near the centre . The retina is stratified into distinct layers , each containing specific cell types or cellular compartments that have metabolisms with different nutritional requirements . To satisfy these requirements , the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks : the choroidal network , which supplies the choroid and the outer retina , and the retinal network , which supplies the retina 's inner layer . Circulatory mechanisms ( edit ) At first glance , one may think that the vertebrate retina is `` wired wrongly '' or `` badly designed '' ; but in fact , the retina could not function if it were not inverted . The photoreceptor layer must be embedded in the retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , which performs at least seven vital functions , one of the most obvious being to supply oxygen and other necessary nutrients needed for the photoreceptors to function . These nutrients include glucose , fatty acids , and retinal . The mammalian photoreceptor amplification process uses large quantities energy for vision in photopic conditions ( requiring less under scotopic conditions ) and , thus , requires the large supply nutrients supplied by the blood vessels in the choroid , which lies beyond the RPE . The choroid supplies about 75 % of these nutrients to the retina and the retinal vasculature only 25 % . When light strikes 11 - cis - retinal ( in the disks in the rods and cones ) , 11 - cis - retinal changes to all - trans - retinal which then triggers changes in the opsins . Now , the outer segments do not regenerate the retinal back into the cis - form once it has been changed by light . Instead the retinal is pumped out to the surrounding RPE where it is regenerated and transported back into the outer segments of the photoreceptors . This recycling function of the RPE protects the photoreceptors against photo - oxidative damage and allows the photoreceptor cells to have decades - long useful lives . In birds ( edit ) The bird retina is devoid of blood vessels , perhaps to give unobscured passage of light for forming images , thus giving better resolution . It is , therefore , a considered view that the bird retina depends for nutrition and oxygen supply on a specialized organ , called the `` pecten '' or pecten oculi , located on the blind spot or optic disk . This organ is extremely rich in blood vessels and is thought to supply nutrition and oxygen to the bird retina by diffusion through the vitreous body . The pecten is highly rich in alkaline phosphatase activity and polarized cells in its bridge portion -- both befitting its secretory role . Pecten cells are packed with dark melanin granules , which have been theorized to keep this organ warm with the absorption of stray light falling on the pecten . This is considered to enhance metabolic rate of the pecten , thereby exporting more nutritive molecules to meet the stringent energy requirements of the retina during long periods of exposure to light . Biometric identification and diagnosis of disease ( edit ) See also : Retinal scan and Biometrics The bifurcations and other physical characteristics of the inner retinal vascular network are known to vary among individuals , and these individual variances have been used for biometric identification and for early detection of the onset of disease . The mapping of vascular bifurcations is one of the basic steps in biometric identification . Results of such analyses of retinal blood vessel structure can be evaluated against the ground truth data of vascular bifurcations of retinal fundus images that are obtained from the DRIVE dataset . In addition , the classes of vessels of the DRIVE dataset have also been identified , and an automated method for accurate extraction of these bifurcations is also available . Changes in retinal blood circulation are seen with aging and exposure to air pollution , and may indicate cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis . Determining the equivalent width of arterioles and venules near the optic disc is also a widely used technique to identify cardiovascular risks . Function ( edit ) See also : Adaptation ( eye ) and Visual acuity The retina translates an optical image into neural impulses by the patterned excitation of the colour - sensitive pigments of its rods and cones , the retina 's photoreceptor cells . The excitation is processed by the neural system and various parts of the brain working in parallel to form a representation of the external environment in the brain . The cones respond to bright light and mediate high - resolution colour vision during daylight illumination ( also called photopic vision ) . The rods are saturated at daylight levels and do n't contribute to pattern vision . However , rods do respond to dim light and mediate lower - resolution , monochromatic vision under very low levels of illumination ( called scotopic vision ) . The illumination in most office settings falls between these two levels and is called mesopic vision . At mesopic light levels , both the rods and cones are actively contributing pattern information . What contribution the rod information makes to pattern vision under these circumstances is unclear . The response of cones to various wavelengths of light is called their spectral sensitivity . In normal human vision , the spectral sensitivity of a cone falls into one of three subtypes , often called blue , green , or red but more accurately known as short , medium , or long wavelength - sensitive cone subtypes . It is a lack of one or more of the cone subtypes that causes individuals to have deficiencies in colour vision or various kinds of colour blindness . These individuals are not blind to objects of a particular colour but are unable to distinguish between colours that can be distinguished by people with normal vision . Humans have this trichromatic vision , while most other mammals lack cones with red sensitive pigment and therefore have poorer dichromatic colour vision . However , some animals have four spectral subtypes , e.g. the trout adds an ultraviolet subgroup to short , medium , and long subtypes that are similar to humans . Some fish are sensitive to the polarization of light as well . In the photoreceptors , exposure to light hyperpolarizes the membrane in a series of graded shifts . The outer cell segment contains a photopigment . Inside the cell the normal levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cGMP ) keep the Na+ channel open , and thus in the resting state the cell is depolarised . The photon causes the retinal bound to the receptor protein to isomerise to trans - retinal . This causes the receptor to activate multiple G - proteins . This in turn causes the Ga - subunit of the protein to activate a phosphodiesterase ( PDE6 ) , which degrades cGMP , resulting in the closing of Na+ cyclic nucleotide - gated ion channels ( CNGs ) . Thus the cell is hyperpolarised . The amount of neurotransmitter released is reduced in bright light and increases as light levels fall . The actual photopigment is bleached away in bright light and only replaced as a chemical process , so in a transition from bright light to darkness the eye can take up to thirty minutes to reach full sensitivity . When thus excited by light , the photoceptor sends a proportional response synaptically to bipolar cells which in turn signal the retinal ganglion cells . The photoreceptors are also cross-linked by horizontal cells and amacrine cells , which modify the synaptic signal before it reaches the ganglion cells , the neural signals being intermixed and combined . Of the retina 's nerve cells , only the retinal ganglion cells and few amacrine cells create action potentials . In the retinal ganglion cells there are two types of response , depending on the receptive field of the cell . The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells comprise a central , approximately circular area , where light has one effect on the firing of the cell , and an annular surround , where light has the opposite effect . In ON cells , an increment in light intensity in the centre of the receptive field causes the firing rate to increase . In OFF cells , it makes it decrease . In a linear model , this response profile is well described by a difference of Gaussians and is the basis for edge detection algorithms . Beyond this simple difference , ganglion cells are also differentiated by chromatic sensitivity and the type of spatial summation . Cells showing linear spatial summation are termed X cells ( also called parvocellular , P , or midget ganglion cells ) , and those showing non-linear summation are Y cells ( also called magnocellular , M , or parasol retinal ganglion cells ) , although the correspondence between X and Y cells ( in the cat retina ) and P and M cells ( in the primate retina ) is not as simple as it once seemed . In the transfer of visual signals to the brain , the visual pathway , the retina is vertically divided in two , a temporal ( nearer to the temple ) half and a nasal ( nearer to the nose ) half . The axons from the nasal half cross the brain at the optic chiasma to join with axons from the temporal half of the other eye before passing into the lateral geniculate body . Although there are more than 130 million retinal receptors , there are only approximately 1.2 million fibres ( axons ) in the optic nerve . So , a large amount of pre-processing is performed within the retina . The fovea produces the most accurate information . Despite occupying about 0.01 % of the visual field ( less than 2 ° of visual angle ) , about 10 % of axons in the optic nerve are devoted to the fovea . The resolution limit of the fovea has been determined to be around 10,000 points . The information capacity is estimated at 500,000 bits per second ( for more information on bits , see information theory ) without colour or around 600,000 bits per second including colour . Spatial encoding ( edit ) Further information : Receptive field , for figures and more information on centre -- surround structures On - centres and off - centres of the retina When the retina sends neural impulses representing an image to the brain , it spatially encodes ( compresses ) those impulses to fit the limited capacity of the optic nerve . Compression is necessary because there are 100 times more photoreceptor cells than ganglion cells . This is done by `` decorrelation '' , which is carried out by the `` centre -- surround structures '' , which are implemented by the bipolar and ganglion cells . There are two types of centre -- surround structures in the retina -- on - centres and off - centres . On - centres have a positively weighted centre and a negatively weighted surround . Off - centres are just the opposite . Positive weighting is more commonly known as excitatory , and negative weighting as inhibitory . These centre -- surround structures are not physical apparent , in the sense that one can not see them by staining samples of tissue and examining the retina 's anatomy . The centre -- surround structures are logical ( i.e. , mathematically abstract ) in the sense that they depend on the connection strengths between bipolar and ganglion cells . It is believed that the connection strengths between cells is caused by the number and types of ion channels embedded in the synapses between the bipolar and ganglion cells . The centre -- surround structures are mathematically equivalent to the edge detection algorithms used by computer programmers to extract or enhance the edges in a digital photograph . Thus , the retina performs operations on the image - representing impulses to enhance the edges of objects within its visual field . For example , in a picture of a dog , a cat and a car , it is the edges of these objects that contain the most information . In order for higher functions in the brain ( or in a computer for that matter ) to extract and classify objects such as a dog and a cat , the retina is the first step to separating out the various objects within the scene . As an example , the following matrix is at the heart of a computer algorithm that implements edge detection . This matrix is the computer equivalent to the centre -- surround structure . In this example , each box ( element ) within this matrix would be connected to one photoreceptor . The photoreceptor in the centre is the current receptor being processed . The centre photoreceptor is multiplied by the + 1 weight factor . The surrounding photoreceptors are the `` nearest neighbors '' to the centre and are multiplied by the - 1 / 8 value . The sum of all nine of these elements is finally calculated . This summation is repeated for every photoreceptor in the image by shifting left to the end of a row and then down to the next line . - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 + 1 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 The total sum of this matrix is zero , if all the inputs from the nine photoreceptors are of the same value . The zero result indicates the image was uniform ( non-changing ) within this small patch . Negative or positive sums mean the image was varying ( changing ) within this small patch of nine photoreceptors . The above matrix is only an approximation to what really happens inside the retina . The differences are : The above example is called `` balanced '' . The term balanced means that the sum of the negative weights is equal to the sum of the positive weights so that they cancel out perfectly . Retinal ganglion cells are almost never perfectly balanced . The table is square while the centre -- surround structures in the retina are circular . Neurons operate on spike trains traveling down nerve cell axons . Computers operate on a single floating point number that is essentially constant from each input pixel . ( The computer pixel is basically the equivalent of a biological photoreceptor . ) The retina performs all these calculations in parallel while the computer operates on each pixel one at a time . The retina performs no repeated summations and shifting as would a computer . Finally , the horizontal and amacrine cells play a significant role in this process , but that is not represented here . Here is an example of an input image and how edge detection would modify it . Once the image is spatially encoded by the centre -- surround structures , the signal is sent out along the optic nerve ( via the axons of the ganglion cells ) through the optic chiasm to the LGN ( lateral geniculate nucleus ) . The exact function of the LGN is unknown at this time . The output of the LGN is then sent to the back of the brain . Specifically , the output of the LGN `` radiates '' out to the V1 primary visual cortex . Simplified signal flow : Photoreceptors → Bipolar → Ganglion → Chiasm → LGN → V1 cortex Clinical significance ( edit ) Further information : List of eye diseases and disorders There are many inherited and acquired diseases or disorders that may affect the retina . Some of them include : Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of genetic diseases that affect the retina and cause the loss of night vision and peripheral vision . Macular degeneration describes a group of diseases characterized by loss of central vision because of death or impairment of the cells in the macula . Cone - rod dystrophy ( CORD ) describes a number of diseases where vision loss is caused by deterioration of the cones and / or rods in the retina . In retinal separation , the retina detaches from the back of the eyeball . Ignipuncture is an outdated treatment method . The term retinal detachment is used to describe a separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium . There are several modern treatment methods for fixing a retinal detachment : pneumatic retinopexy , scleral buckle , cryotherapy , laser photocoagulation and pars plana vitrectomy . Both hypertension and diabetes mellitus can cause damage to the tiny blood vessels that supply the retina , leading to hypertensive retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy . Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina . Retinal diseases in dogs include retinal dysplasia , progressive retinal atrophy , and sudden acquired retinal degeneration . Lipemia retinalis is a white appearance of the retina , and can occur by lipid deposition in lipoprotein lipase deficiency . Diagnosis ( edit ) A number of different instruments are available for the diagnosis of diseases and disorders affecting the retina . Ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography have long been used to examine the retina . Recently , adaptive optics has been used to image individual rods and cones in the living human retina , and a company based in Scotland has engineered technology that allows physicians to observe the complete retina without any discomfort to patients . The electroretinogram is used to non-invasively measure the retina 's electrical activity , which is affected by certain diseases . A relatively new technology , now becoming widely available , is optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) . This non-invasive technique allows one to obtain a 3D volumetric or high resolution cross-sectional tomogram of the fine structures of the retina , with histologic quality . Treatment ( edit ) Treatment depends upon the nature of the disease or disorder . Common treatment modalities ( edit ) The following are commonly modalities of management for retinal disease : Intravitreal medication , such as anti-VEGF or corticosteroid agents Vitreoretinal surgery Use of nutritional supplements Modification of systemic risk factors for retinal disease Uncommon treatment modalities ( edit ) show Rare or uncommon methods of treatment for retinal disease Retinal gene therapy Main article : Adeno associated virus and gene therapy of the human retina Gene therapy holds promise as a potential avenue to cure a wide range of retinal diseases . This involves using a non-infectious virus to shuttle a gene into a part of the retina . Recombinant adeno - associated virus ( rAAV ) vectors possess a number of features that render them ideally suited for retinal gene therapy , including a lack of pathogenicity , minimal immunogenicity , and the ability to transduce postmitotic cells in a stable and efficient manner . rAAV vectors are increasingly utilized for their ability to mediate efficient transduction of retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , photoreceptor cells and retinal ganglion cells . Each cell type can be specifically targeted by choosing the appropriate combination of AAV serotype , promoter , and intraocular injection site . Several clinical trials have already reported positive results using rAAV to treat Leber 's congenital amaurosis , showing that the therapy was both safe and effective . There were no serious adverse events , and patients in all three studies showed improvement in their visual function as measured by a number of methods . The methods used varied among the three trials , but included both functional methods such as visual acuity and functional mobility as well as objective measures that are less susceptible to bias , such as the pupil 's ability to respond to light and improvements on functional MRI . Improvements were sustained over the long - term , with patients continuing to do well after more than 1.5 years . The unique architecture of the retina and its relatively immune - privileged environment help this process . Tight junctions that form the blood retinal barrier separate the subretinal space from the blood supply , thus protecting it from microbes and most immune - mediated damage , and enhancing its potential to respond to vector - mediated therapies . The highly compartmentalized anatomy of the eye facilitates accurate delivery of therapeutic vector suspensions to specific tissues under direct visualization using microsurgical techniques . In the sheltered environment of the retina , AAV vectors are able to maintain high levels of transgene expression in the retinal pigmented epithelium ( RPE ) , photoreceptors , or ganglion cells for long periods of time after a single treatment . In addition , the eye and the visual system can be routinely and easily monitored for visual function and retinal structural changes after injections with noninvasive advanced technology , such as visual acuities , contrast sensitivity , fundus auto - fluorescence ( FAF ) , dark - adapted visual thresholds , vascular diameters , pupillometry , electroretinography ( ERG ) , multifocal ERG and optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) . This strategy is effective against a number of retinal diseases that have been studied , including neovascular diseases that are features of age - related macular degeneration , diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity . Since the regulation of vascularization in the mature retina involves a balance between endogenous positive growth factors , such as vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and inhibitors of angiogenesis , such as pigment epithelium - derived factor ( PEDF ) , rAAV - mediated expression of PEDF , angiostatin , and the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt - 1 , which are all antiangiogenic proteins , have been shown to reduce aberrant vessel formation in animal models . Since specific gene therapies can not readily be used to treat a significant fraction of patients with retinal dystrophy , there is a major interest in developing a more generally applicable survival factor therapy . Neurotrophic factors have the ability to modulate neuronal growth during development to maintain existing cells and to allow recovery of injured neuronal populations in the eye . AAV encoding neurotrophic factors such as fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) family members and GDNF either protected photoreceptors from apoptosis or slowed down cell death . Organ transplantation Transplantation of retinas has been attempted , but without much success . At MIT , The University of Southern California , RWTH Aachen University , and the University of New South Wales , an `` artificial retina '' is under development : an implant which will bypass the photoreceptors of the retina and stimulate the attached nerve cells directly , with signals from a digital camera . Notable researchers and discoveries ( edit ) In 1894 , Santiago Ramón y Cajal published the first major characterization of retinal neurons in Retina der Wirbelthiere ( The Retina of Vertebrates ) . George Wald , Haldan Keffer Hartline , and Ragnar Granit won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their scientific research on the retina . A recent University of Pennsylvania study calculated that the approximate bandwidth of human retinas is 8.75 megabits per second , whereas a guinea pig 's retinal transfer rate is 875 kilobits per second . MacLaren & Pearson and colleagues at University College London and Moorfields Eye Hospital in London , in 2006 , showed that photoreceptor cells could be transplanted successfully in the mouse retina if donor cells were at a critical developmental stage . Recently Ader and colleagues in Dublin showed , using the electron microscope , that transplanted photoreceptors formed synaptic connections . In 2012 , Sebastian Seung and his laboratory at MIT have launched EyeWire , an online Citizen science game where players trace neurons in the retina . The goals of the EyeWire project are to identify specific cell types within the known broad classes of retinal cells , and to map the connections between neurons in the retina , which will help to determine how vision works . Additional images ( edit ) The structures of the eye labeled Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled Illustration of image as ' seen ' by the retina independent of optic nerve and striate cortex processing . See also ( edit ) Medicine portal This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Adeno associated virus and gene therapy of the human retina Charles Schepens -- `` the father of modern retinal surgery '' Evolution of the eye Duplex retina Retinal scan List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes Rhodopsin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J , Krause William ( 1 July 2005 ) . Krause 's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students . Boca Raton : Universal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58112 - 468 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sensory Reception : Human Vision : Structure and function of the Human Eye '' vol. 27 , Encyclopædia Britannica , 1987 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Franze K , Grosche J , Skatchkov SN , Schinkinger S , Foja C , Schild D , Uckermann O , Travis K , Reichenbach A , Guck J ( 2007 ) . `` Muller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ( 20 ) : 8287 -- 92 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 104.8287 F . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0611180104 . PMC 1895942 . PMID 17485670 . Jump up ^ Baker , Oliver ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Focus : Eye Cells as Light Pipes '' . Phys. Rev. Focus. 25 ( 15 ) . doi : 10.1103 / physrevfocus. 25.15 . Retrieved 1 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Sperling , L. ; Hubbard , R. ( 1 February 1975 ) . `` Squid retinochrome '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 65 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 251 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 65.2. 235 . ISSN 0022 - 1295 . PMC 2214869 . PMID 235007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How spiders see the world -- Australian Museum '' . www.australianmuseum.net.au . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metabolism and enzyme activities of hagfish from shallow and deep water of the Pacific Ocean '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A : Molecular & Integrative Physiology . Elsevier . 159 ( 2 ) : 182 -- 187 . June 2011 . Jump up ^ Foundations of Vision Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Brian A. Wandell Jump up ^ The Retinal Tunic . Archived 18 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Virginia - Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Jump up ^ Shepherd , Gordon ( 2004 ) . The Synaptic Organization of the Brain . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . pp. 217 -- 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515956 - 1 . Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . p. 465 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . ^ Jump up to : Cuenca , Nicolás ; Ortuño - Lizarán , Isabel ; Pinilla , Isabel ( March 2018 ) . `` Cellular Characterization of OCT and Outer Retinal Bands Using Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers and Clinical Implications '' . Ophthalmology. 125 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 422 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2017.09. 016 . ^ Jump up to : Staurenghi , Giovanni ; Sadda , Srinivas ; Chakravarthy , Usha ; Spaide , Richard F. `` Proposed Lexicon for Anatomic Landmarks in Normal Posterior Segment Spectral - Domain Optical Coherence Tomography '' . Ophthalmology. 121 ( 8 ) : 1572 -- 1578 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2014.02. 023 . Jump up ^ Spectral domain optical coherence tomography in macular diseases . Meyer , Carsten H. , , Saxena , Sandeep , , Sadda , SriniVas R. , . New Delhi , India : Springer . 2017 . ISBN 9788132236108 . OCLC 964379175 . ^ Jump up to : Hildebrand , Göran Darius ; Fielder , Alistair R. ( 2011 ) . Pediatric Retina . Springer , Berlin , Heidelberg . pp. 39 -- 65 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 12041 - 1_2 . ISBN 9783642120404 . Jump up ^ Turgut , Burak ; University , Fırat ; Medicine , School of ; Ophthalmology , Department of ; Elazig ; Turkey . `` Past and Present Terminology for the Retinal and Choroidal Structures in Optical Coherence Tomography '' . European Ophthalmic Review . 11 ( 01 ) . doi : 10.17925 / eor. 2017.11. 01.59 . Jump up ^ `` Outer Retinal Layers as Predictors of Vision Loss '' . Review of Ophthalmology . Jump up ^ `` The ABCs of OCT '' . Review of Optometry . Jump up ^ Sherman , J ( June 2009 ) . `` Photoreceptor integrity line joins the nerve fiber layer as key to clinical diagnosis '' . Optometry. 80 ( 6 ) : 277 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. optm. 2008.12. 006 . PMID 19465337 . Jump up ^ Boston , Marco A. Bonini Filho , MD , and Andre J. Witkin , MD , . `` Outer Retinal Layers as Predictors of Vision Loss '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Heavner , W ; Pevny , L ( 1 December 2012 ) . `` Eye development and retinogenesis '' . Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology . 4 ( 12 ) : a008391 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a008391 . PMC 3504437 . PMID 23071378 . Jump up ^ Halder , G ; Callaerts , P ; Gehring , WJ ( 24 March 1995 ) . `` Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila '' . Science . 267 ( 5205 ) : 1788 -- 92 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 267.1788 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7892602 . PMID 7892602 . Jump up ^ Hatakeyama , J ; Kageyama , R ( February 2004 ) . `` Retinal cell fate determination and bHLH factors '' . Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology . 15 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcdb. 2003.09. 005 . PMID 15036211 . Jump up ^ Ann. , Remington , Lee ( 2012 ) . Clinical anatomy and physiology of the visual system ( 3rd ed . ) . St. Louis : Elsevier / Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 1 - 4377 - 1926 - 0 . OCLC 745905738 . Jump up ^ Yu , DY ; Yu , PK ; Cringle , SJ ; Kang , MH ; Su , EN ( May 2014 ) . `` Functional and morphological characteristics of the retinal and choroidal vasculature '' . Progress in retinal and eye research . 40 : 53 -- 93 . doi : 10.1016 / j. preteyeres. 2014.02. 001 . PMID 24583621 . Jump up ^ Kiel , Jeffrey W. Anatomy . Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Olaf . `` The retinal pigment epithelium '' . Webvision . Retrieved 1 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolb , Helga . `` Simple Anatomy of the Retina '' . Webvision . Retrieved 1 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Photobiology of the retina `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Diagrammatic representation of disc shedding and phagosome retrieval into the pigment epithelial cell `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bawa S.R. ; YashRoy R.C. ( 1972 ) . `` Effect of dark and light adaptation on the retina and pecten of chicken '' . Experimental Eye Research . 13 : 92 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4835 ( 72 ) 90129 - 7 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bawa , S.R. ; YashRoy , R.C. ( 1974 ) . `` Structure and function of vulture pecten '' . Cells Tissues Organs. 89 ( 3 ) : 473 -- 480 . doi : 10.1159 / 000144308 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherman , T ( 1981 ) . `` On connecting large vessels to small -- the meaning of murray law '' . Journal of General Physiology. 78 ( 4 ) : 431 -- 453 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 78.4. 431 . PMC 2228620 . PMID 7288393 . Jump up ^ Azzopardi G. ; Petkov N. ( 2011 ) . `` Detection of retinal vascular bifurcations by trainable V4 - like filters , in Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns ( CAIP ) , Seville '' ( PDF ) . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . 6854 : 451 -- 459 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 23672 - 3_55 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 23671 - 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Retinal fundus images -- Ground truth of vascular bifurcations and crossovers '' . University of Groningen . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DRIVE : Digital Retinal Images for Vessel Extraction '' . Image Sciences Institute , Utrecht University . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Qureshi , T.A. ; Habib , M. ; Hunter , A. ; Al - Diri , B. ( June 2013 ) . `` A manually - labeled , artery / vein classified benchmark for the DRIVE dataset '' . Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer - Based Medical Systems : 485 -- 488 . doi : 10.1109 / cbms. 2013.6627847 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4799 - 1053 - 3 . Jump up ^ Qureshi , T.A. ; Hunter , A. ; Al - Diri , B. ( June 2014 ) . `` A Bayesian Framework for the Local Configuration of Retinal Junctions '' . 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition : 3105 -- 3110 . doi : 10.1109 / cvpr. 2014.397 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4799 - 5118 - 5 . Jump up ^ Adar SD , Klein R , Klein BE , Szpiro AA , Cotch MF , Wong TY , et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Air Pollution and the microvasculature : a crosssectional assessment of in vivo retinal images in the population based multiethnic study of atherosclerosis ( MESA ) '' . PLoS Med. 7 ( 11 ) : e1000372 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1000372 . Jump up ^ Louwies , Tijs ; Panis , Luc Int ; Kicinski , Michal ; Boever , Patrick De ; Nawrot , Tim S. ( 2013 ) . `` Retinal Microvascular Responses to Short - Term Changes in Particulate Air Pollution in Healthy Adults '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 ( 9 ) : 1011 -- 6 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 1205721 . PMC 3764070 . PMID 23777785 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Tso , Mark O.M. ; Jampol , Lee M. ( 1982 ) . `` Pathophysiology of Hypertensive Retinopathy '' . Ophthalmology. 89 ( 10 ) : 1132 -- 1145 . doi : 10.1016 / s0161 - 6420 ( 82 ) 34663 - 1 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , N. ; Dell'omo , G. ; Sartini , M.S. ; Witt , N. ; Hughes , A. ; Thom , S. ; Pedrinelli , R. ( 1 August 2002 ) . `` Peripheral vascular disease is associated with abnormal arteriolar diameter relationships at bifurcations in the human retina '' . Clinical Science . 103 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 116 . doi : 10.1042 / cs1030111 . ISSN 0143 - 5221 . PMID 12149100 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Patton , N. ; Aslam , T. ; MacGillivray , T. ; Deary , I. ; Dhillon , B. ; Eikelboom , R. ; Yogesan , K. ; Constable , I. ( 2006 ) . `` Retinal image analysis : Concepts , applications and potential '' . Progress in Retinal and Eye Research . 25 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 127 . doi : 10.1016 / j. preteyeres. 2005.07. 001 . PMID 16154379 . Jump up ^ Wong TY , Knudtson MD , Klein R , Klein BE , Meuer SM , Hubbard LD ( 2004 ) . `` Computer assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study : methodology , correlation between eyes , and effect of refractive errors '' . Ophthalmology. 111 ( 6 ) : 1183 -- 1190 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2003.09. 039 . PMID 15177969 . Jump up ^ Retina ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Mosby. 2006 . pp. 2013 -- 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 02598 - 0 . OCLC 62034580 . Jump up ^ Seeing into the Future Ingenia , March 2007 Jump up ^ Dinculescu Astra ; Glushakova Lyudmyla ; Seok - Hong Min ; Hauswirth William W ( 2005 ) . `` Adeno - associated virus - vectored gene therapy for retinal disease '' . Human Gene Therapy . 16 ( 6 ) : 649 -- 663 . doi : 10.1089 / hum. 2005.16. 649 . PMID 15960597 . ^ Jump up to : Cideciyan A.V. ; Hauswirth W.W. ; Aleman T.S. ; Kaushal S. ; Schwartz S.B. ; Boye S.L. ; Windsor E.A.M. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Human RPE65 gene therapy for Leber congenital amaurosis : persistence of early visual improvements and safety at 1 year '' . Human gene therapy . 20 ( 9 ) : 999 -- 1004 . doi : 10.1089 / hum. 2009.086 . PMC 2829287 . PMID 19583479 . ^ Jump up to : Simonelli F. ; Maguire A.M. ; Testa F. ; Pierce E.A. ; Mingozzi F. ; Bennicelli J.L. ; Rossi S. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Gene therapy for Leber 's congenital amaurosis is safe and effective through 1.5 years after vector administration '' . Molecular Therapy . 18 ( 3 ) : 643 -- 650 . doi : 10.1038 / mt. 2009.277 . PMC 2839440 . PMID 19953081 . ^ Jump up to : Maguire A.M. ; Simonelli F. ; Pierce E.A. ; Pugh E.N. ; Mingozzi F. ; Bennicelli J. ; Banfi S. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber 's congenital amaurosis '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 358 ( 21 ) : 2240 -- 2248 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa0802315 . PMC 2829748 . PMID 18441370 . ^ Jump up to : Maguire A.M. ; High K.A. ; Auricchio A. ; Wright J.F. ; Pierce E.A. ; Testa F. ; Mingozzi F. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Age - dependent effects of RPE65 gene therapy for Leber 's congenital amaurosis : a phase 1 dose - escalation trial '' . Lancet . 374 ( 9701 ) : 1597 -- 1605 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 09 ) 61836 - 5 . PMC 4492302 . PMID 19854499 . Jump up ^ Bainbridge J.W.B. ; Smith A.J. ; Barker S.S. ; Robbie S. ; Henderson R. ; Balaggan K. ; Viswanathan A. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber 's congenital amaurosis '' ( PDF ) . The New England Journal of Medicine . 358 ( 21 ) : 2231 -- 2239 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa0802268 . PMID 18441371 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hauswirth W.W. ; Aleman T.S. ; Kaushal S. ; Cideciyan A.V. ; Schwartz S.B. ; Wang L. ; Conlon T.J. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Treatment of Leber Congenital Amaurosis Due to RPE65Mutations by Ocular Subretinal Injection of Adeno - Associated Virus Gene Vector : Short - Term Results of a Phase I Trial '' . Human gene therapy . 19 ( 10 ) : 979 -- 990 . doi : 10.1089 / hum. 2008.107 . PMC 2940541 . PMID 18774912 . Jump up ^ Ashtari M. ; Cyckowski L.L. ; Monroe J.F. ; Marshall K.A. ; Chung D.C. ; Auricchio A. ; Simonelli F. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` The human visual cortex responds to gene therapy - mediated recovery of retinal function '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 121 ( 6 ) : 2160 -- 2168 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI57377 . PMC 3104779 . PMID 21606598 . Jump up ^ Bennett J ( 2003 ) . `` Immune response following intraocular delivery of recombinant viral vectors '' . Gene therapy . 10 ( 11 ) : 977 -- 982 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. gt. 3302030 . PMID 12756418 . Jump up ^ Curace Enrico M. ; Auricchio Alberto ( 2008 ) . `` Versatility of AAV vectors for retinal gene transfer '' . Vision Research . 48 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 359 . doi : 10.1016 / j. visres. 2007.07. 027 . Jump up ^ den Hollander , Anneke I. ; Roepman , Ronald ; Koenekoop , Robert K. ; Cremers , Frans P.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Leber congenital amaurosis : Genes , proteins and disease mechanisms '' . Progress in Retinal and Eye Research . 27 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 419 . doi : 10.1016 / j. preteyeres. 2008.05. 003 . PMID 18632300 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rolling , F. ( 2004 ) . `` Recombinant AAV - mediated gene transfer to the retina : gene therapy perspectives '' . Gene Therapy . 11 ( S1 ) : S26 -- S32 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. gt. 3302366 . ISSN 0969 - 7128 . PMID 15454954 . Jump up ^ `` Santiago Ramón y Cajal -- Biographical '' . www.nobelprize.org . Archived from the original on 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nobelprize.org '' . nobelprize.org . Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calculating the speed of sight '' . newscientist.com . Archived from the original on 31 May 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ MacLaren , RE ; Pearson , RA ; MacNeil , A ; et al. ( November 2006 ) . `` Retinal repair by transplantation of photoreceptor precursors '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 444 ( 7116 ) : 203 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 444 ... 203M . doi : 10.1038 / nature05161 . PMID 17093405 . Jump up ^ Bartsch , U. ; Oriyakhel , W. ; Kenna , P.F. ; Linke , S. ; Richard , G. ; Petrowitz , B. ; Humphries , P. ; Farrar , G.J. ; Ader , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Retinal cells integrate into the outer nuclear layer and differentiate into mature photoreceptors after subretinal transplantation into adult mice '' . Experimental Eye Research . 86 ( 4 ) : 691 -- 700 . doi : 10.1016 / j. exer. 2008.01. 018 . PMID 18329018 . Jump up ^ `` About : EyeWire '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Retina < < EyeWire '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EyeWire '' . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) S. Ramón y Cajal , Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertébrés , Maloine , Paris , 1911 . Rodieck RW ( 1965 ) . `` Quantitative analysis of cat retinal ganglion cell response to visual stimuli '' . Vision Res. 5 ( 11 ) : 583 -- 601 . doi : 10.1016 / 0042 - 6989 ( 65 ) 90033 - 7 . PMID 5862581 . Wandell , Brian A. ( 1995 ) . Foundations of vision . Sunderland , Mass : Sinauer Associates . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 853 - 2 . Wässle H , Boycott BB ( 1991 ) . `` Functional architecture of the mammalian retina '' . Physiol. Rev. 71 ( 2 ) : 447 -- 480 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 1991.71. 2.447 . PMID 2006220 . Schulz HL , Goetz T , Kaschkoetoe J , Weber BH ( 2004 ) . `` The Retinome -- Defining a reference transcriptome of the adult mammalian retina / retinal pigment epithelium '' . BMC Genomics ( about a transcriptome for eye color ) . 5 ( 1 ) : 50 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 5 - 50 . PMC 512282 . PMID 15283859 . Dowling , John ( 2007 ) . `` Retina '' . Scholarpedia. 2 ( 12 ) : 3487 . Bibcode : 2007SchpJ ... 2.3487 D . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 3487 . Khoshbin - e-Khoshnazar , M.R. ( 2014 ) . `` Quantum Superposition in the Retina : Evidences and Proposals '' . NeuroQuantology. 12 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 101 . doi : 10.14704 / nq. 2014.12. 1.685 . External links ( edit ) Histology of the Eye , edited by William Krause , Dept . Pathology and Anatomical science , University of Missouri School of Medicine Eye , Brain , and Vision -- online book -- by David Hubel Kolb , H. , Fernandez , E. , & Nelson , R. ( 2003 ) . Webvision : The neural organization of the vertebrate retina . Salt Lake City , Utah : John Moran Eye Center , University of Utah . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Demo : Artificial Retina , MIT Technology Review , September 2004 . Reports on implant research at Technology Review Successful photoreceptor transplantation , MIT Technology Review , November 2006 . How stem cells might restore sight Technology Review Australian Vision Prosthesis Group , Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering , University of New South Wales RetinaCentral , Genetics and Diseases of the Human Retina at University of Würzburg Retinal layers image . NeuroScience 2nd Ed at United States National Library of Medicine Jeremy Nathans 's Seminars : `` The Vertebrate Retina : Structure , Function , and Evolution '' Retina -- Cell Centered Database Histology image : 07901loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002291 Anatomy of the globe of the human eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Optical coherence tomography Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Optical illusions List of optical illusions Afterimage Barberpole Bezold Blivet Café wall Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Grid Hering Jastrow Mach McCollough Müller - Lyer Necker Orbison Penrose stairs triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin Sander Schroeder Ternus Vertical -- horizontal White 's Wundt Zöllner Related Auditory Tactile Temporal Op art Ascending and Descending Waterfall BNE : XX532269 BNF : cb11964958v ( data ) GND : 4171512 - 3 LCCN : sh85113322 NDL : 00567817 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retina&oldid=856647523 '' Categories : Visual system Human eye anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use American English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from May 2018 All articles needing expert attention Medicine articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 Articles to be expanded from October 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with self - published sources from October 2016 All articles with self - published sources Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 18 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the retina located in the eye | [
"The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer, or \"coat\", of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception, the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera.\n"
] | [
"innermost, light-sensitive layer, or \"coat\", of shell tissue of the eye"
] |
-5471096204349170309 | Elsa (Disney) | Elsa ( Disney ) - Wikipedia Elsa ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search Elsa Frozen character First appearance Frozen ( 2013 ) Created by Chris Buck Jennifer Lee Voiced by Idina Menzel Eva Bella ( 8 years old ) Spencer Lacey Ganus ( 12 years old ) Information Title Queen of Arendelle Princess of Arendelle Family The King and Queen of Arendelle ( parents ) Princess Anna of Arendelle ( younger sister ) Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 53rd animated film Frozen . She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel . At the beginning of the film , she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager . Created by directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee , Elsa is loosely based on the title character of `` The Snow Queen '' , a Danish fairytale by Hans Christian Andersen . In the Disney film adaptation , she is introduced as the princess of the fictional Scandinavian kingdom of Arendelle , heiress to the throne and the elder sister of Princess Anna ( Kristen Bell ) . Elsa has the magical ability to create and manipulate ice and snow . She inadvertently sends Arendelle into an eternal winter on the evening of her coronation . Throughout the film , she struggles first with controlling and concealing her abilities and then with liberating herself from her fears of unintentionally harming others , especially her younger sister . The Snow Queen character , neutral but cold - hearted in the original fairytale and villain in numerous adaptations of the character , proved difficult to adapt to film due to her transparent depiction . Several film executives , including Walt Disney , attempted to build on the character , and a number of scheduled film adaptions were shelved when they could not work out the character . Buck and his co-director , Jennifer Lee , were ultimately able to solve the dilemma by depicting Elsa and Anna as sisters . As much as Anna 's struggle is external , Elsa 's is internal . This led to Elsa being gradually rewritten as a sympathetic , misunderstood character . Elsa has received largely positive reception from reviewers , who praised her complex characterization and vulnerability . Menzel was also widely praised for her vocal performance of Elsa , especially that of her performance of the song `` Let It Go '' , with critics frequently calling her a `` powerhouse '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Origins and concept 1.2 Voice 1.2. 1 Other voices 1.3 Design and characterization 1.3. 1 Abilities 2 Appearances 2.1 Frozen 2.2 Frozen Fever 2.3 Once Upon a Time 2.4 Olaf 's Frozen Adventure 2.5 Miscellaneous 2.5. 1 Merchandise 2.5. 2 Theme parks 2.5. 3 Cosplay 2.5. 4 Broadway musical 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reviews 3.1. 1 `` Let It Go '' 3.2 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) Origins and concept ( edit ) An illustration of the Snow Queen , the character Elsa is based upon . Attempts were made as early as 1937 by Walt Disney to adapt Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale , `` The Snow Queen '' , into a film . The tale focuses on two children , one named Gerda , who served as the basis for Princess Anna , and the other named Kai , who is `` cursed with negativity '' after his heart is pierced with a shard of glass from an enchanted mirror and is later kidnapped by the Snow Queen . However , Disney struggled with creating a believable , multi-dimensional adaption of the fairy tale 's title character , who was intended to be a villain . In the story , she is described as `` a woman , dressed in garments of white gauze , which looked like millions of starry snow - flakes linked together . She was fair and beautiful , but made of ice -- shining and glittering ice . Still she was alive and her eyes sparkled like bright stars , but there was neither peace nor rest in their glance . '' Disney was unable to find a way to make the Snow Queen more real and eventually abandoned film plans . Several film executives later made efforts towards the project , including Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi , Dick Zondag , Glen Keane , and Dave Goetz . In 2011 , director Chris Buck began work on another attempted adaption and also faced challenges with the Snow Queen character . Producer Peter Del Vecho explained that this was primarily because she was not relatable and too isolated , having no personal connections . As a result , they could not explain her motivations . After several changes were proposed , someone on the writing team suggested making the Snow Queen Anna 's sister . `` Once we realized that these characters could be siblings and have a relationship , everything changed , '' Del Vecho relayed . The Snow Queen , now given the name Elsa , continued to be cast as a villain , and Disney released the following synopsis for Frozen in May 2013 : When Anna is cursed by her estranged sister , the cold - hearted Snow Queen , Anna 's only hope of reversing the curse is to survive a perilous but thrilling journey across an icy and unforgiving landscape . Joined by a rugged , thrill - seeking outdoorsman , his one - antlered reindeer and a hapless snowman , Anna must race against time , conquer the elements and battle an army of menacing snowmen if she ever hopes to melt her frozen heart . Earlier manuscripts included more antagonistic actions by Elsa , such as intentionally cursing Arendelle with an eternal winter . Additionally , she is shown creating an army of snowmen similar to the original Snow Queen 's army of snowflakes ; the comedic character of Olaf was at the time written as a smaller snowman who was cast out by Elsa for being too unintimidating . Within two months , however , scripts were altered to give emphasis to her lack of control over her powers . Olaf was reduced to the only snowman created by Elsa , and he instead serves as a reminder of the sisters ' childhood friendship . In the final version , Elsa creates a single giant snow creature that Olaf nicknames `` Marshmallow '' to act as a guard after being branded as a monster for her powers . According to director Jennifer Lee , the character ultimately became more of a composite of both Kai and the Snow Queen , enhancing her increasingly sympathetic portrayal . Del Vecho added , `` There are times when Elsa does villainous things but because you understand where it comes from , from this desire to defend herself , you can always relate to her . '' Voice ( edit ) Idina Menzel provided both the singing and speaking voice of Elsa . Eva Bella and Spencer Lacey Ganus were cast to portray Elsa as a young child and as a teenager , respectively . Actress and singer Megan Mullally was originally cast to voice an adult Elsa . but was replaced by Idina Menzel , a Broadway actress and singer best known for performing as Elphaba in Wicked . Menzel already knew Kristen Bell , who voiced Anna , and had previously auditioned for a lead role in the 2010 Disney film Tangled . She was not cast for the part , but the casting director recorded her singing and later showed the recording to Frozen 's film executives . Menzel was surprised when she was subsequently asked to audition , and she received the role after reading the script out loud . In interviews , she acknowledged similarities between Elsa , her then - current role , and Elphaba , her previous role . Namely , she said , they were both very powerful and very misunderstood individuals . She further said that she related to the characters , having hidden her singing talent from her peers at school . `` I did n't want to alienate anyone , '' she explained . `` If everyone was singing along in the car to a Madonna song , I did n't join in because when we 're younger we 're afraid of sticking out or showing off , when in fact we should own those things that make us really unique . '' Director Chris Buck believed that Menzel 's vocals would help in the portrayal of the character , saying , `` Idina has a sense of vulnerability in her voice . She plays a very strong character , but someone who lives in fear -- so we needed someone who could portray both sides of the character , and Idina was just amazing . '' Menzel was unaccustomed to working with animated films and being required to portray her character 's feelings with her voice alone , though she did not find it particularly challenging . While recording , she was able to `` play '' with her voice , trying various tones to establish the ranges in Elsa 's emotions . For example , Menzel wanted there to be a difference between the ways she sounded when she was being bold and when she was angry . She would also physically restrict her hands from moving as she recorded the film 's early scenes in order to project how her character was `` so afraid to move and feel anything that it would come out and hurt people '' . During production , Menzel and Jonathan Groff , who portrays Kristoff , went to the animation studio to explain to the animators how they were approaching their characters . Animators asked Menzel questions about her singing , observed how she breathed as she sang live , and made videorecordings of her recording sessions ; they then animated Elsa 's breathing to match Menzel 's breathing , for further realism . Her voice supplied inspiration for Elsa 's most prominent song , `` Let It Go '' . According to composer Robert Lopez , Menzel 's vocal range was able to clearly convey Elsa 's `` low , vulnerable , fragile side '' as well as her power and self - realization . Menzel commented that it was `` an honor '' to have the song and that she enjoyed recording it . `` It 's a collision of a bunch of forces that are all coming together in the right way , '' she explained . `` The character , what she is singing and what she is experiencing ; beautiful lyrics , beautiful melody and a little bit of me . '' Buck and Lee were also surprised by how compatible Menzel and Kristen Bell 's voices were . At one point during a table read , they sang a ballad ( later revealed as `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' ) back and forth to one another with so much sentiment that it reportedly left everyone who was present with tears in their eyes . Subsequently , Lee wanted Menzel and Bell to be in the same room when they were recording the important emotional scenes of the film . Other voices ( edit ) All over the world , Elsa was dubbed in 46 languages . Dutch singer and actress Willemijn Verkaik dubbed Elsa in Dutch ( both speaking and singing ) and German ( singing only ) , Spanish singer Gisela sang both for the Castilian Spanish and Catalan versions and French singer Anaïs Delva 's singing lines were also used in the Canadian French version . Both Anaïs Delva ( French ) and Jelena Gavrilović ( Serbian ) had originally auditioned for Anna 's role , but were eventually called back to dub Elsa instead . Just like Idina Menzel , four of Elsa 's dubbers also played the role of Elphaba in the Musical `` Wicked '' , that is : Maria Lucia Rosenberg ( Danish ) , Willemijn Verkaik ( Dutch and German ) , Mona Mor ( Hebrew ) and Hyena Park ( ko ) ( Korean ) . Since 2013 , some local TV stations have been dubbing the movie in their local languages , creating some unofficial dubs ( namely : Albanian , Arabic TV , Karachay - Balkar , Persian and Tagalog ) . ( show ) Elsa 's dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Arabic نسمة محجوب ( Nesma Mahgoub ) Brazilian Portuguese Taryn Szpilman ( pt ) Bulgarian Надежда Панайотова ( Nadezhda Panayotova ) ( bg ) Canadian French Aurélie Morgane Anaïs Delva Cantonese 黃紫嫻 ( `` Wong Ji - Haan '' ; Kitty Wong ) ( zh ) 白 珍寶 ( `` Jan - bo Baak '' ; Jobelle Ubalde ) Castilian Spanish Ana Esther Alborg Gisela Catalan Mar Nicolás Gisela Croatian Kristina Krepela Nataša Mirković Czech Andrea Elsnerová ( cs ; de ) Monika Absolonová Danish Maria Lucia Rosenberg Dutch Willemijn Verkaik English Idina Menzel Estonian Hanna - Liina Võsa ( et ; es ) European French Anaïs Delva European Portuguese Maria Camões ( pt ) Ana Margarida Encarnação Finnish Katja Sirkiä ( fi ) Flemish Elke Buyle German Dina Kürten ( de ) Willemijn Verkaik Greek Σία Κοσκινά ( Sía Koskiná ) ( el ) Hebrew מונה מור ( Mona Mor ) Hindi सुनिधि चौहान ( Sunidhi Chauhan ) Hungarian Réka Farkasházi ( hu ) Nikolett Füredi ( hu ) Icelandic Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir Indonesian Lis Kurniasih Mikha Sherly Marpaung Italian Serena Autieri Japanese Takako Matsu Kazakh Айнұр Бермұхамбетова ( Aynur Bermuxambetova ) Korean 안소연 ( Ahn So - Yeon ) ( ko ) 박혜 나 ( Park Hyena ) ( ko ) Latin American Spanish Carmen Sarahí ( es ) Latvian Jolanta Strikaite Lithuanian Girmantė Vaitkutė ( lt ) Malaysian Marsha Milan Londoh Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 周 帅 ( Zhōu Shuài ) 胡 维 纳 ( `` Hú Wéi - Nà '' ; Jalane ) ( cmn ) Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 刘小芸 ( Liú Xiǎo - Yún ) 林芯儀 ( `` Lín Xīn - Yí '' ; Shennio Lin ) ( cmn ) Norwegian Lisa Stokke Polish Lidia Sadowa ( pl ) Katarzyna Łaska Romanian Adina Lucaciu Dalma Kovács Russian Анна Бутурлина ( Anna Buturlina ) ( ru ) Serbian Jelena Gavrilović Slovak Andrea Somorovská Slovene Alenka Kozolc Gregurić Nuška Drašček Rojko ( sl ) Swedish Annika Herlitz Thai วิ ช ญาณี เปีย กลิ่น ( `` Wichayanee Pia - klin '' ; Gam the Star ) ( th ) Turkish Begüm Günceler Ukrainian Аліна Проценко ( Alina Procenko ) Шаніс ( Shanis ) Vietnamese Đoàn Khánh Ái Dương Hoàng Yến ( vi ; es ) Design and characterization ( edit ) Following the casting of Idina Menzel , Elsa 's characterization underwent several alterations . According to Menzel , she was originally scripted as a one - dimensional antagonist but was gradually revised as a more vulnerable , multifaceted figure . Menzel further described her character as `` extremely complicated and misunderstood '' . Director Jennifer Lee stated that Elsa is largely driven by fear throughout the film , while Menzel added that she was also struggling with her potential to be `` a strong , powerful , extraordinary woman '' . Executive producer and animator John Lasseter became very `` protective of Elsa '' and was adamant about portraying her in a more favorable , sympathetic light . Writer and director Jennifer Lee stated on Twitter that Elsa 's body language and mannerisms were `` intentional to show anxiety and depression '' . In July 2013 , Disney released images of the film 's main characters along with outlines of their roles in the story . Elsa received the following description : From the outside , Elsa looks poised , regal and reserved , but in reality , she lives in fear as she wrestles with a mighty secret -- she was born with the power to create ice and snow . It 's a beautiful ability , but also extremely dangerous . Haunted by the moment her magic nearly killed her younger sister Anna , Elsa has isolated herself , spending every waking minute trying to suppress her growing powers . Her mounting emotions trigger the magic , accidentally setting off an eternal winter that she ca n't stop . She fears she 's becoming a monster and that no one , not even her sister , can help her . Elsa 's supervising animator was Wayne Unten , who asked for that role because he was fascinated by her complexity . Unten carefully developed Elsa 's facial expressions in order to bring out her fear as contrasted against Anna 's fearlessness . For their work on designing and animating Elsa , Unten and three other Disney Animation employees later won an award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture at the 2013 Visual Effects Society Awards : Joy Johnson , character technical director ( rigging ) ; Alexander Alvarado , look development artist ( Disney 's job title for texture artists ) ; and Chad Stubblefield , modeling supervisor . FX technical director Yoo Jae - hyun worked for a year - and - a-half on creating Elsa 's ice - based special effects , including effects associated with her dress . Producers identified the scene in which Elsa sings `` Let It Go '' as a pivotal point in the character 's development . The scene depicts her choice to `` let go '' of her fear of using her powers . Character design supervisor Bill Schwab said , `` Before ' Let It Go ' , Elsa is really buttoned up , her hair is up -- everything is perfect . During the song , she gives herself permission to be who she is and everything changes -- her hair is more wild , her gown is magical . She 's finally free -- even if she is all alone . '' Animators designed Elsa 's appearance to reflect her metamorphosis ; in the beginning , she is shown primarily in restrictive and confining outfits . Menzel said that , after accepting her abilities , Elsa 's appearance becomes `` very vampy '' , continuing , `` She 's quite sexy for Disney , I have to say -- they 're pushing the limits there a little bit ! But there 's a gleam in her eye and a supermodel walk that goes with it and , for me , it was fun to be a blonde because I 'm not in real life . '' In a January 2014 interview with John August and Aline Brosh McKenna , Lee disclosed that Lasseter personally helped with conceptualizing Elsa 's physical transformation : `` ( M ) y favorite thing about it ... is the actual model for doing it was John Lasseter ... he was a huge help in talking through how we translate that emotional journey ... with the animation ... ( H ) e got up and he 's like , ... ' her hair goes , and she transforms , and she struts , ' and he 's doing it . He 's acting it out . '' `` We imagined what it would be like to be chased out of the kingdom . To have to let go of everything you know and all the people you love . And yet the incredible release you 'd have to finally let go of everything you 've holding back your entire life . '' -- Kristen Anderson - Lopez on writing Elsa 's song , `` Let It Go '' , and the choice to make her a protagonist rather than a villain . The scene was also a pivotal point in the development of Elsa 's character and was initially planned to depict her becoming evil . Robert Lopez , who composed the song with his wife , Kristen Anderson - Lopez , explained , `` Elsa was going to go from being this perfect princess that had tried to keep her personality down her whole life to saying , ' Screw it . I 'm gon na be me . ' '' They had wanted to use the song as a way to gain a better understanding of the character and what she would be like if she was no longer living in fear , which ultimately resulted in her becoming much more complex . The final lyrics and Menzel 's `` ability to be so fragile and vulnerable and then break into this powerhouse voice '' turned the plot around and led to Elsa being revised as a `` good '' character . She initially attempts to suppress her powers in order to avoid hurting others , particularly Anna , and when she is no longer able to do so , she banishes herself from the kingdom to protect those around her . Lead writer Paul Briggs said that Anna 's support is what Elsa needs most when her secret is exposed . `` The strength of the family bond is what makes this story so powerful , '' he explained , `` because it 's her sibling who 's willing to look beyond her powers and stand between her and the world if that 's what it takes . '' Early concept art depicting a darker version of Elsa inspired by Amy Winehouse . Elsa 's appearance had to be redesigned following her transition from antagonist to protagonist . She was originally drawn in a style similar to other Disney villains , with blue skin and spiky black hair . A few months after the film 's release , visual development artist Claire Keane ( the daughter of Disney Legend Glen Keane ) published early concept art of Elsa that was modeled after the singer Amy Winehouse . At the time , she was imagined as having blue `` bouffant '' hair as well as `` a deep , soulful voice and dramatic mood swings '' . Lasseter reportedly influenced the creation of the character 's much softer final appearance , particularly in regards to her very thick platinum blonde hair , which animators found difficult to design . Art director Michael Giaimo said that while a number of strategies were proposed for Elsa 's hair , Lasseter would push the animation team to continue making improvements , saying , `` It 's not aspirational enough . We want people to feel like this hair is a beautiful statement . '' During a research trip , producers found that `` there are lots of braids '' worn by women in Norway ; they then hired a stylist from New York named `` Danilo '' who helped to create a style that would reflect that while still being `` a little different '' . A new animation program called Tonic was invented to assist with the task , and the character 's hair ultimately required 420,000 CGI threads . By contrast , Anna was given roughly 140,000 hairs while Rapunzel from Tangled had only required 27,000 CGI threads for her hair . Abilities ( edit ) Elsa 's ice castle Since Elsa is introduced as a young child at the beginning of the film , animators wanted the first glimpse of her powers to reflect her innocent and fanciful state of mind at the time . This included giving her first snowflakes a simple design . Her snow and ice patterns later become more intricate and complex when she is an adult . Co-effects supervisor Marlon West elaborated , `` When Elsa finally lets go and really starts owning her cryokinetic abilities , we wanted the ice and snow that she make to get across the idea that Elsa has now grown up and become this beautiful , elegant , confident and powerful young woman . '' Her ice castle , which she creates while singing `` Let It Go '' , was designed to illustrate the maturing of her powers as well as to be `` a manifestation of her feelings to the world '' . The palace is initially beautiful ; however , after she is made aware of the destruction she has inadvertently caused , and as she is increasingly vilified and hunted by others , it becomes darker and more distorted , with jagged icicles forming on the walls . The film 's design team was uncertain about how it should look and drew out designs for various ice castles filled with snow . Lasseter suggested basing the structure and patterns on snowflakes . For example , an enormous snowflake would serve as the foundation , and the palace would be hexagon - shaped . Lasseter also wanted snowflake patterns to influence the manner in which Elsa creates the palace . `` Snowflakes are these tiny little ice crystals that form in mid-air . And when there are changes in temperature and humidity , these snowflakes start growing in a pattern that 's known as branching and plating , '' said co-effects supervisor Dale Mayeda . `` ( Lasseter ) said ' You know , when Elsa builds her ice palace , it would be so amazing if -- every step of the way as this castle forms out of thin air -- it 's just branching and plating , branching and plating all along the way . '' Fifty animators worked on the scene in which the castle is built , and one frame required 30 hours to render . They later extended similar techniques to Elsa 's clothing . While the traditional Norwegian rosemaling was the inspiration for her costuming early in the film , her ice gown was designed similarly to her palace , with snowflakes heavily influencing the style . Her cape itself is a large snowflake . Appearances ( edit ) Frozen ( edit ) Main article : Frozen ( 2013 film ) Elsa , princess of Arendelle and heiress to the throne , is born with the ability to create and control ice and snow . As a child , she uses her abilities to create a winter wonderland to play in with her younger sister and best friend , Princess Anna . One night , Elsa accidentally harms Anna with her powers . The king and queen of Arendelle hurriedly take Anna to a tribe of mountain trolls to be healed . While healing Anna , the trolls inform the royals present that Elsa 's abilities will grow , becoming both beautiful and very dangerous so she must learn to control them . While the trolls erase Anna 's memory of the incident and of her elder sister 's powers in general , Elsa is traumatized by the event . The king and queen take steps to control and hide Elsa 's ice powers : the castle gates are locked , Elsa is shut away in her bedroom for most of the time , she is given gloves to help suppress her powers and is told to hold in her emotions as well . Nonetheless her powers continue to grow even stronger and so she becomes fearful of harming those she cares about most . Meanwhile , her sister Anna is less happy and confused by the loss of contact with her elder sister and tries , without success , to coax her out of her room . When the sisters grow into teenagers , the ship in which the king and queen are sailing is capsized in a storm and they drown , leaving Anna and Elsa feeling even more lonely . Three years pass , and Elsa , now of age , is set to formally succeed her father as the monarch of Arendelle . Though she is afraid of opening the castle to the large crowds , her coronation goes on relatively peacefully . However , at the reception party , Anna asks for Elsa 's blessing to marry Prince Hans of the Southern Isles , whom Anna had met earlier that day . Elsa refuses to bless Hans 's offer to marry Anna ; he is someone she barely knows , prompting an argument between the two . Being so upset Elsa accidentally reveals her power . Upon the guests ' and her subjects ' horror and being accused of sorcery and called a monster , Elsa flees the castle and retreats into the icy mountains . In the process , her emotions unleash an `` eternal '' winter throughout Arendelle . While there , she decides to embrace , finally , all her powers and builds an enormous ice palace where she believes she can live freely without fear of hurting people . She also rebuilds her childhood snowman , Olaf , and unknowingly brings him to life . Anna , determined to find Elsa and bring her back , travels through the mountains , encountering Olaf and a mountain man named Kristoff . They reach the ice palace , where Anna attempts to persuade Elsa to return home and mend their relationship . When Elsa ultimately resists ( due to her memory of hurting Anna as a child with her powers resurfacing ) Anna tells her about the state that Arendelle and all its people was left in . Horrified , Elsa lashes out and accidentally freezes Anna 's heart . Now even more horrified at the prospect of hurting her sister and people with her powers , Elsa forces Anna , Kristoff and Olaf out by creating a gigantic snow creature ( called Marshmallow by Olaf ) , that is a symbol of her desire to be alone so as to be able to use her powers without hurting anyone . After this , her ice castle evidently becomes darker and more grotesque , reflecting her torment and re-ignited fears . Meanwhile , Anna becomes weaker day by day and Kristoff takes her back to the trolls , who tell them that only an `` act of true love '' can save her life . Hans and a group of soldiers attack the now ugly ice palace . Elsa seizes two soldiers who attempt to assassinate her . Hans convinces her to spare them to prove that she is not a monster . However , she is knocked unconscious and taken to her castle 's dungeon . Hans visits her and urges her to end the winter ; Elsa admits that she has no idea how to do so . After he leaves , she is able to break free from the chains by freezing them and escapes the cell , though her fears trigger a massive blizzard . Anna returns to the castle , believing that a romantic kiss from Hans will be the `` act of true love '' to save her . Instead , he informs her that his offer of marriage ( engagement ) had been the first step of a plot to get him the throne of Arendelle . Olaf tells Anna that Kristoff is in love with her and she believes that his kiss will cure her . They rush to find Kristoff . Hans confronts Elsa and tells her that she has killed Anna . Devastated , Elsa collapses and the blizzard stops suddenly . Hans approaches her and swings his sword to kill her , but Anna turns away from an approaching Kristoff with her last bit of strength and blocks Hans ' attack as she freezes solid . Moments later , Anna begins to thaw , as her choice to save her sister rather than herself constituted the necessary `` act of true love '' . Elsa realizes that love is the key to controlling her powers and is able to end the kingdom 's eternal winter . Summer returns to Arendelle , Elsa regains the throne and is able to use and safely control her powers , while the sisters ' bond is restored . She exiles Hans back to the Southern Isles to face punishment from his family and cuts off trade with the Duke of Weselton 's town for his earlier behavior towards her . Frozen fever ( edit ) Main article : Frozen Fever Nearly a year after the events of the first film , Elsa tries to make Anna 's 19th birthday as perfect as possible a way of making up for the years they spent apart . To do so , she works heavily with Kristoff , Sven and Olaf to make this a reality . Upon making sure that her surprise party in the palace courtyard is ready , she leaves Kristoff in charge while she goes to get Anna . However , Elsa starts to come down with a cold as she leads Anna on a treasure hunt to find all the gifts that have been made for her . Without realizing it , each sneeze she makes creates small snowmen called `` snowgies '' , which create trouble for Kristoff , Sven and Olaf . As Anna notices Elsa 's cold getting worse , she tries in vain to get Elsa to stop exerting herself , even taking medicine from Oaken in case Elsa gets sicker . Unfortunately , Elsa 's cold cause her to become very tired and behave in a seemingly intoxicated - like manner , and she nearly falls from Arendelle 's clock tower only for Anna to save her . Upon finally admitting to Anna that she is indeed sick after the previous incident , she allows Anna to escort her home feeling she has ruined everything , and finds that the party has gone off successfully for Anna ( as well as discovering her snowgie creations ) , and still slightly intoxicated , she ends the party by accidentally sneezing into the birthday bugle horn , which inadvertently sends a gigantic snowball all the way to the Southern Isles and hits the now - demoted Hans , causing him to fall into a pile of horse manure . Afterwards , Anna tells a now bed - ridden Elsa that she has given her the best birthday ever by letting her take care of her . Once Upon a time ( edit ) Elsa Once Upon a Time character First appearance `` There 's No Place Like Home '' ( 3.22 ) Last appearance `` Heroes and Villains '' ( 4.11 ) Created by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Portrayed by Georgina Haig Information Occupation Queen of Arendelle Family Queen Gerda and King of Arendelle ( deecased parents ) Anna ( younger sister ) Ingrid and Helga ( maternal aunts ) Kristoff ( brother - in - law ) Centric episodes `` There 's No Place Like Home '' ( cameo ) `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' Elsa appears as a recurring character in the fourth season of the television series Once Upon a Time , where she is portrayed by Georgina Haig . At the end of the show 's third season finale , `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , Emma Swan ( Snow White and Prince Charming 's daughter ) and Captain Hook accidentally bring back an urn from Rumplestiltskin 's vault after their excursion into the past . The urn releases a blue liquid that coalesces into Elsa . She takes off her glove and destroys the urn with an icy blast . She strides out of the barn , leaving a trail of frozen ground . In the fourth - season premiere , `` A Tale of Two Sisters , '' Elsa 's story is shown in the present day as well as flashbacks taking place two years after the events of the film . In the past , she discovers that her and Anna 's parents set off not on a diplomatic mission , but on a journey to Misthaven -- the `` Enchanted Forest '' where most of Storybrooke 's fairy - tale residents came from -- to discover more about Elsa 's powers , with Anna 's travelling to Misthaven to find out more about her parents ' voyage . In the present , Elsa is frightened by her sudden exposure into the town of modern - day Storybrooke and re-conjures Marshmallow for protection . Marshmallow is defeated by Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) , while Elsa discovers a necklace she gave long ago to Anna in Mr. Gold 's ( Rumplestiltskin 's ) shop , leaving her resolved to learn what happened to her sister . As the season progresses , Elsa befriends series protagonist Emma Swan , Emma and the series ' central cast resolving the help Elsa find Anna . The group eventually discovers that a figure named the Snow Queen ( a more faithful adaptation of the original fairy tale 's character ) is somehow responsible for Elsa 's trapping in her urn , a woman with similar powers to Elsa . They soon discover that the Snow Queen is Elsa 's aunt , Ingrid , who was forgotten from Arendelle when Elsa 's mother , Gerda , used the power of the troll king to erase everyones memory of her , not wishing for the world to remember how Ingrid accidentally killed their third sister , Helga . Ingrid soon discovered a prophecy that stated she would one day have the love of her sisters again . With Ingrid 's sisters dead however , she believed she would be forced to create new sisters . For this , she chose Emma and Elsa . Ingrid had stalked Emma her entire life in preparation for the prophecy to become true , and manipulated events in Arendelle to bring Elsa to her . Being convinced that she could only gain their love when she was the only one left , she obtained a mirror capable of bringing out the worst in people ( the mirror coming directly from The Snow Queen fairy tale ) . If a piece of the mirror were to get in someones eye , they would see nothing but hatred in the world . Ingrid had planned to use this on everyone in Storybrooke ( dubbed the Spell of Shattered Sight ) , forcing all of its citizens to kill each other while she , Emma , and Elsa remained immune . Ingrid had also used this to her advantage on Anna , forcing Anna to trap Elsa in the urn they originally found Elsa in . Back in Arendelle , Anna ( who has woken up from the spell ) tried to track down a device known as a wishing star , which will have the power to bring her and Kristoff to wherever Elsa is . It was apparently the necklace Elsa had given Anna long ago , Elsa using it to bring Anna and Kristoff to Storybrooke . However , the Spell of Shattered Sight had already begun , and the only ones immune to it were Elsa , Emma , and Anna ( Anna because it was already used on her a while ago ) . Tracking down a note written by Elsa and Anna 's mother right before her death , the three bring it to Ingrid . It reads that Gerda forgave Ingrid for all that had transpired and still loved her , Ingrid realizing this was what the prophecy meant by regaining her sister 's love . Realizing there is no point in killing the town now , the Snow Queen kills herself using the mirror , which deactivates the curse , though a bit of it remained in Storybrooke , reinstating the town line , making it impossible to return to town if you are to leave it . With the help of Rumpelstiltskin , they are able to discover a door that will lead back to Arendelle , though they will not be able to return , as the door will disappear after its use . Anna and Kristoff depart , while Elsa and Emma share a tearful goodbye before returning to Arendelle with her little sister to attend the long - awaited wedding between Anna and Kristoff . In `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' , it 's revealed that , when Blackbeard attacked Arendelle , Elsa shrunk and trapped him and the Jolly Roger inside a bottle , unknowingly trapping Ariel inside as well . With the introduction of Frozen characters , the season 4 of Once Upon a Time saw a 31 - percent increase in ratings from the autumn of 2013 ( 9.3 million viewers ) , marking its best ratings in almost two years . Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( edit ) Main article : Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Elsa will appear in a 21 - minute holiday film along with Anna , Kristoff , Sven , and Olaf , which will debut in theaters with Disney Pixar 's Coco on November 22 , 2017 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) In December 2013 , Disney began releasing `` Musical Magic Elsa and Anna Dolls '' , which played their signature songs that appear in the film . Numerous other doll versions of Elsa were released for purchase , including fashion doll sets , mini dolls , plush dolls , and Elsa - as - a-toddler dolls . A dress up costume for children was modeled after Elsa 's ice gown along with gloves similar to ones she wears in the film . Together with Anna , she was depicted on various Frozen - inspired dishware such as plates and coffee mugs . Other Elsa - inspired merchandise includes luggage , nightgowns , and home décor . Additionally , simplified versions of the film were adapted to children 's storybooks , including one with voice audio and another called A Sister More Like Me that was illustrated by Brittney Lee . Elsa and Anna also both appear as playable characters in Disney Infinity through the use of their corresponding figurines . In early 2014 , most Frozen merchandise , including dolls and dresses , were sold out nearly everywhere , including Disney stores and theme parks . In early November 2014 , Disney announced that it had sold over three million Frozen costumes in North America alone , of which Elsa was the no . 1 best - selling Disney costume of all time , followed by Anna at no . 2 . Hallmark created a Queen Elsa Christmas tree ornament after much interest was expressed when the Olaf ornament was announced in 2014 . Theme Parks ( edit ) Elsa meet - and - greet at Disneyland in California in 2013 . In November , before the release of Frozen , Anna and Elsa began making appearances at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in Florida and California through meet and greets . In Walt Disney World , the attractions were set up in the Norway Pavilion of Epcot in recognition of the Scandinavian cultural elements that went into the film 's design . In Disneyland , a winter - themed cottage was set up in the Fantasyland section , with a talking audio - animatronic Olaf sitting on the cottage roof . In February 2014 , these meet - and - greet sessions were extended indefinitely , with wait time to meet the princesses frequently exceeding two hours , which is longer than any previous Disney characters . Additionally , Elsa , Anna , and Olaf were given a Frozen - themed float for Disneyland Paris ' Disney Magic on Parade . On March 9 , 2014 , the three made appearances again on their own Frozen parade float in Festival of Fantasy Parade at Magic Kingdom theme park . On April 20 , 2014 , Anna and Elsa moved from Epcot to the Princess Fairytale Hall at Magic Kingdom , with wait time to see the characters amounted to three hours , compared to Cinderella 's and Rapunzel 's 15 minutes . Elsa 's performance of `` Let It Go '' became the central feature in Disney California Adventure 's Winter Dreams , a 30 - minute , winter - themed adaption of the nighttime show World of Color , which showcases scenes from Disney films . Disneyland Paris ' nighttime spectacular , Disney Dreams ! , also added Elsa 's performance of `` Let It Go '' to their attractions , and she was given a similar role during the Magic Kingdom show , Celebrate the Magic , with her singing interspersed with scenes from the movie . On May 16 , 2014 , it was announced that Disneyland would debut a Frozen pre-parade featuring Elsa , Anna and Olaf . It premiered June 13 , 2014 , and preceded performances of Mickey 's Soundsational Parade . From July 5 to September 1 , 2014 , as part of ' Frozen ' Summer Fun show at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Anna and Elsa will appear in a horse - drawn sleigh making their way down Hollywood Boulevard , alongside Kristoff and skaters , skiers and ice cutters in the Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome section . The sisters also made appearances in For the First Time in Forever : A `` Frozen '' Sing - Along Celebration , where they were joined by royal historians to retell the history of Arendelle ; and `` Frozen '' Fireworks Spectacular alongside Kristoff and Olaf , a fireworks display set to the music of Frozen . In response to strong demand , Disney Parks subsequently announced on August 7 that Frozen Summer Fun would be extended to September 28 . On August 19 , 2014 , it was initially announced that Elsa & Anna 's Boutique ( replacing Studio Disney 365 ) would open mid-September in Downtown Disney at the Disneyland Resort . The opening date was later changed to October 6 , 2014 , and the store name was changed to `` Anna & Elsa 's Boutique '' . The location includes products inspired by Anna , Elsa , and Olaf . While there had not been any official announcements from Disney regarding a coronation for Anna and Elsa , it had been announced in late August 2014 that a special character meal would be held by a group of travel agents in the morning of September 24 , 2014 . While not officially organized by Disney , the event , called My Royal Coronation , would feature the official Anna and Elsa characters owned by Disney with assistance from the company . On September 12 , 2014 , Walt Disney World announced that a Frozen attraction was scheduled to open in early 2016 at Epcot 's World Showcase in the Norway pavilion , replacing the park 's Maelstrom ride . The attraction features the kingdom of Arendelle with music and scenes from the film , as well as meet - and - greets with Anna and Elsa . Anna , Elsa , Kristoff , and Olaf will make appearances in Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmastime Parade , offered during Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party at Magic Kingdom in November and December 2014 ( from November 7 to December 31 ) . Also starting from November , every night Elsa will use her powers to transform Cinderella Castle into an ice palace . On November 13 , 2014 , prior to `` A Sparkling Christmas '' Evert , Anna and Elsa began meet - and - greet sessions at Hong Kong Disneyland . Beginning December 20 , 2014 , the Anna and Elsa meet and greet at Disneyland Resort was moved from Disneyland park to a new location in the Disney Animation Building called `` Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome '' in Disney California Adventure . In addition , the Storybook Land Canal Boats at Disneyland were updated to include the village of Arendelle from the film , including Anna and Elsa 's castle and Elsa 's ice palace . Officially starting January 7 , 2015 , Elsa began making appearances alongside Anna and Kristoff at Disney California Adventure in `` For the First Time in Forever -- A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration '' in Hollywood Land as part of the park 's `` Frozen Fun '' event . Also starting January 7 , Anna and Elsa made appearances in a Frozen play at the Royal Theatre in Disneyland park . Beginning May 22 , 2015 , Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called `` Paint the Night '' , which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna , Elsa , and Olaf , as part of the park 's 60th anniversary celebration . Cosplay ( edit ) Elsa has become very popular in the cosplaying community . Cosplayer Anna Faith is well known for cosplaying as Elsa at charities , comic - cons , and other events . Broadway Musical ( edit ) Caissie Levy will originate the role of Elsa in the Broadway musical , which is scheduled to open spring 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reviews ( edit ) `` Not content to merely turn True Love into a cautionary tale , ( the writers ) doubled down and made Elsa into ( a ) flawed hero warped by her upbringing and parents ' heartfelt but damaging desire to keep their children safe ... Elsa is aloof . And scared . And over-protective . And insecure . And full of guilt . Because people -- even animated people -- are the sum total of their personalities combined with their experiences . Which is something even live action films forget at least 63 % of the time . '' -- Donna Dickens , entertainment editor . The character of Elsa was widely praised by reviewers for her multifaceted , evolving personality . Matt Goldberg of Collider.com commented that she was `` an incredibly sympathetic character '' while Deepanjana Pal of First Post ( India ) praised the decision to rewrite her as a protagonist and said , `` Elsa is no evil , frosty vision of twisted and toxic maternity like the original Snow Queen . She 's a young woman in difficult circumstances , frightened , trying to understand her abilities and burdened by expectation and convention . It 's easy to sympathise with her and marvel at her ability when she builds her spectacular palace in the mountains . Next to her , Anna is very much a child who needs to grow up and she does in the course of the film . '' Stuff.co.nz 's James Croot compared her `` humiliation and exile '' to that of Simba in The Lion King . Katherine Webb , a reviewer for Wall St. Cheat Sheet , said that the scenes depicting Elsa gaining confidence and individuality delivered `` an exciting message to send to young girls looking for a new princess role model '' . Gary Wright of Rotoscopers state `` Her mental anguish and uncontrollable powers define modern feminism . Elsa represents the boundless female spirit - strong and graceful , with the power to change the world . '' Travis Bean of Cedar Falls Times suggested that Elsa 's ice powers , a `` personal oddity '' that made her self - conscious , as well as her selflessness in withdrawing into isolation in order to avoid hurting others allowed children to connect more with the plot of Frozen . Laurie Levy from Chicago Now wrote that her young grandchildren `` admired Elsa for being smart , strong , magical , and powerful '' and did not care that she had no romantic subplot . Magdalena Lachowicz , a film critic for The Heights , opined that Elsa 's relationship with Anna was the most important part of the movie , and Stephen Holden of The New York Times liked that , in departure from traditional Disney formula , it was a sibling 's love rather than romantic love that was able to `` thaw the icy heart of the frightened Elsa '' . Tony Hicks of San Jose Mercury News wrote , `` ( Anna 's ) confusion and Elsa 's anguish as she shuts herself away from the world -- and her sister -- is palatable . '' Emma Koonse of Christian Post opined that together the sisters were Disney 's `` most lovable and charismatic characters yet '' , and Debbie Lynn Elias of Culver City Observer commented , `` Elsa and Anna are like two sides of a coin , both strong , albeit one through power and confidence and the other through clumsy sticktuitiveness and love . '' Several reviewers commented that Elsa was more interesting than Anna , Frozen 's primary protagonist . ABS - CBN writer Fred Hawson described Elsa as `` an incredible character with a unique and interesting predicament because of the powers she possessed '' and expressed the opinion that Frozen should have focused more on her rather than Anna . Samra Muslim of The Express Tribune wrote that it was her presence that kept viewers `` hooked '' throughout the movie , elaborating , `` Her character is complex and sympathetic and deserved to be explored even further . Instead the story revolves more around the relationship of the two sisters and Anna who is the typical , feisty , charming Disney heroine and her love trysts -- instead of the alluring Elsa . '' The character was not devoid of criticism . Charlotte O'Sullivan from the London Evening Standard gave a more negative assessment of Elsa , saying that she `` resembles one of those brittle mentors on The X Factor . Purple eyeshadow , tiny waist , kitten heels '' . Anna Smith of The Guardian disliked that both Elsa and Anna were drawn with slender figures and large eyes as is typical of Disney princesses . Slate 's Dana Stevens wrote that `` it 's impossible not to thrill to Elsa 's surging sense of power '' but criticized the choice to illustrate her growing confidence by changing her appearance ; Stevens further expressed concern that the switch from the character 's modest coronation gown to `` a slinky , slit - to - the - thigh dress with a transparent snowflake - patterned train and a pair of silver - white high heels '' and a hairstyle that suggested `` come - hither bad - girl seduction '' was overly sexual . Christy Lemire compared Elsa to Carrie White , another well - known fictional female who unleashes magical powers when agitated . `` Let it Go '' ( edit ) Main article : Let It Go ( Disney song ) Idina Menzel also received praise for her singing , with Amon Warmann of Cine Vue saying her voice `` positively soars in these musical ballads '' . Reviewers frequently focused on her performance of `` Let It Go '' , described by Entertainment Weekly 's Marc Snetiker as `` an incredible anthem of liberation '' in which Elsa decides to no longer fear her powers . Various critics said that Menzel had been a `` powerhouse '' during the scene ; Linda Barnard from The Star commented that Menzel `` can shatter icicles with her powerful voice '' . Matt DeTruck of The Rochester City Newspaper wrote , `` Menzel should be credited for providing as much power and passion to this performance as she did in her most famous role . '' Donald Clark of Irish Times added , `` Elsa 's flight to the glaciers triggers a song that , in its defiant paean to self - reliance , could play comfortably beside camp showtune anthems such as I Am What I Am and Do n't Rain on My Parade . The opening and closing choruses of Let It Go end with a sly , spat - out refrain : ' The cold never bothered me anyway ! ' You go , girl . '' Nasim Asl of The Oxford Student continued , `` Menzel , especially , steals the show with her performance of ' Let It Go ' . Her Wicked-esque belting out works perfectly with such an incredible animated sequence -- the building of the ice castle really demonstrates the prowess of Disney animation , and results in , arguably , one of the most spectacular power ballads seen by any animated character , ever . '' Accolades ( edit ) In December 2013 , Elsa and Anna were both nominated for Best Animated Female by the Alliance of Women Film Journalists , with only Anna winning the award , a few weeks later . Elsa won all three awards out of three nominations at the 2013 Visual Effects Society Awards , including Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture , Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her ice palace , and Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her blizzard . Her signature song , `` Let It Go '' , won Best Original Song at the Academy Awards , the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards and the Critics ' Choice Awards , and also received Golden Globe Award , the Satellite Awards , the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award , and the Houston Film Critics Society Award nominations . Time ranked Elsa as the most influential fictional character of 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jennifer ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen 's Final Shooting Draft '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Animation Studios . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Das , Lina ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Idina Menzel : A snow queen to melt our hearts '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ekberg , Aida ( May 18 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's ' Frozen : ' How Different Will the Movie Be from the Original Real Fairy Tale ? '' . Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney brings The Snow Queen in from the cold '' . South China Morning Post . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Countdown to Disney `` Frozen '' : How one simple suggestion broke the ice on the `` Snow Queen '' 's decades - long story problems `` . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Frozen Directors ' Character Guide '' . Empire . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ivan - Zadeh , Larushka ( December 8 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen creators : It 's Disney -- but a little different '' . Metro . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Richard ; Murray , Rebecca . `` ' Frozen ' Directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee Discuss the Animated Film '' . About.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Eric ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Meet The Characters Of Disney 's Frozen '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Michael ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` 50 Things You May Not Know About Disney 's `` Frozen '' ( UPDATED ) `` . Movie Viral . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright , Gary ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen in Time : Disney 's Adaptation of a Literary Classic '' . Rotoscopers . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( November 29 , 2013 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : Disney 's animated ' Frozen ' is pretty chill '' . The Gazette . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- Cast & Crew '' . Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Condon , Sean Francis ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Interview : Frozen 's Josh Gad '' . MSN . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Benardello , Karen ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Roundtable Interview With Idina Menzel On Frozen '' . We Got This Covered . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tangled -- Secret Phone Recording Helped Idina Menzel Land New Disney Role '' . Contact Music . November 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Frozen ' star Idina Menzel dives into character '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lasser , Josh ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Idina Menzel on ' Frozens Elsa , ' Wickeds Elphaba , and the power of her voice '' . Hitfix . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Idina Menzel is Elsa , the Snow Queen in `` Frozen '' `` . SM Cinema . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : De Asis Lo , Raymond ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Idina Menzel is a diva in her own right '' . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pockross , Adam ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` 21 ' Frozen ' Facts That Make Us Ready for Winter '' . Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burbank , Kyle ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Oscar Week : Frozen 's Art of Animation '' . LaughingPlace.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chai , Barbara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Listen to Songs From Disney 's ' Frozen ' and Hear How They Were Written '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ World Entertainment News Network ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Tangled -- Secret Phone Recording Helped Idina Menzel Land New Disney Role '' . ContactMusic.com . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lowman , Rob ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Go behind the scenes of Disney 's ' Frozen ' '' . The News Herald . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ibarra , Sabina ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Interview : The Creative Team Behind Disney 's ' Frozen ' '' . Screen Crave . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elsa '' . Charguigou . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Disney Albania ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) , Frozen - Let It Go - Albanian Version Mbretëresha e Dëborës - Dubluar në Shqip , archived from the original on February 23 , 2016 , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ Lucas Zúñiga ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) , Frozen - Let It Go ( Karachay ) ( Movie Version ) , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Frozen / Karachay - Balkar cast '' . Charguigou . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Glory Tehran ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) , Frozen Persian Dub - Behind the Mic - Glory دوبله گلوری , archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Synchresis Inc . Dubbing Philippines '' . Synchresis Inc . Dubbing Philippines . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Idina Menzel Talks FROZEN , Recording the Song Let it Go , Returning to Broadway in IF / THEN , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tabora , Brylle ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Disney adapts Hans Christian Andersen 's ' Snow Queen ' into ' Frozen ' '' . Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Oscars : With ' Frozen , ' Disney Invents a New Princess ( and Secret Software ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jennifer ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` Twitter / alittlejelee '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Skinner , Craig ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` New Frozen Images And Descriptions Introduce Us To The Characters '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marcos , Angie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Animators bask in glow of ' Frozen 's ' box - office and Oscar success '' . The Orange County Register . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Deadline Team ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` VES Awards : ' Gravity ' Wins 6 Including Top Prize ; ' Frozen ' Goes 4 - For - 4 ; 3 Nods For ' Game Of Thrones ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kyung - min ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Disney artist Yoo Jae - hyun shares keys to success '' . The Korea Times . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - Young ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Korean artist behind icy magic of ' Frozen ' '' . The Korea Herald . Herald Corporation . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Coyle , Emily ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` 6 Facts You Did n't Know About Disney 's ' Frozen ' '' . Wall St. Cheat Sheet . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ August , John ; Aline Brosh McKenna ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Episode 128 : Frozen with Jennifer Lee -- Transcript '' . Scriptnotes . johnaugust.com . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moskowitz , Shaina ( November 29 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive interview with the talented duo behind the music of Disney 's ' Frozen ' '' . Examiner.com . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Koonse , Emma ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Kristen Bell , Idina Menzel On Redefining Disney Princesses In ' Frozen , ' Film Coming Soon '' . Christian Post . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Katie ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Early ' Frozen ' Concept Art Reveals Elsa Inspired by Amy Winehouse & Bette Midler ( PHOTO ) '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Carmine ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Single Greatest Piece Of Advice Steve Jobs Gave ' Frozen ' Executive Producer John Lasseter '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evil Elsa , shy Kristoff ? 10 ' Frozen ' facts you probably did n't know '' . Rappler.com . March 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen : Disney 's magical new adventure '' . Orange . December 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` Story of Frozen Reveals Movie Secrets -- Which Beloved Song Was Almost Cut ? '' . TVGuide.com . CBS Interactive Inc . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Making of Disney 's Animated Oscar Contender ' Frozen ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Emanuel Levy , `` Frozen : Setting and Visual Look '' Archived February 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Emanuel Levy Cinema 24 / 7 , December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Countdown to Disney `` Frozen '' : The flaky design idea behind the look of Elsa 's ice palace `` . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Inside The Research , Design , And Animation Of Walt Disney 's Frozen With Producer Peter Del Vecho '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time , season 4 episode 1 , A Tale of Two Sisters Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Family Guy , ' ' Once Upon ' get big return ratings '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` John Lasseter talks Olaf 's Frozen Adventure , debuts first look '' . ' Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Frozen Musical Magic Elsa and Anna Dolls '' . The Celebrity Cafe . December 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Winter comes early to NYC as the Times Square Disney Store gets `` Frozen '' over `` . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Disney Consumer Products ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Press release : Disney Celebrates Family Bonds and Epic Storytelling in New Frozen Product Collection Available at Retail Now '' . Disney Consumer Products . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stradling , Morgan ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` New Disney ' Frozen ' Storybook Images Reveal Juicy Plot Details '' . Rotoscopers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Infinity finally features more female characters in new Toy Box fun with Frozen , Rapunzel , Vanellope von Schweetz '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schuster , Dana ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' merch is making parents do crazy things '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Byron , Ellen ; Paul Ziobro ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Elsa Dominates Anna in ' Frozen ' Merchandise Sales '' . Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Anna and Elsa to begin `` Frozen '' character meet - and - greets at Walt Disney World and Disneyland in November `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Anna and Elsa joined by animated Olaf for ' Frozen ' character meet - and - greet in Royal Reception at Disneyland '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tully , Sarah ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' characters draw unprecedented lines at Disneyland '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' meet - and - greet at Epcot to continue indefinitely '' . Doctor Disney . February 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Banks ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` Day two of filming for the 2013 Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade -- Photos / Video '' . Orlando Attractions Magazine . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` Festival of Fantasy parade debuts high - energy entertainment at Walt Disney World with ' Frozen , ' ' Tangled ' , among fun floats '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' characters find new home at Walt Disney World as FastPass+ cuts wait to meet Anna and Elsa -- when it works `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Anna & Elsa Arrive at Princess Fairytale Hall Today '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooke ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Boys Do n't Run Away From These Princesses '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` World of Color -- Winter Dreams all - new nighttime Disneyland show debuts featuring Frozen , Toy Story , holiday songs '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monti , Andrea ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Disneyland Paris : Intervista a Katy Harris '' . Parks Mania . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Frozen ' Segment Added to ' Celebrate the Magic ' '' . Laughing Place . November 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` More ' Frozen ' Fun at Disneyland Park This Summer '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Get Ready to Experience ' Frozen ' Summer Fun -- Live at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Disney Parks Blog . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen Summer Fun LIVE ! coming to Walt Disney World with royal welcome , stage show , fireworks , and park wide party '' . Inside the Magic . Distant Creations Group , LLC . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wynne , Sharon Kennedy ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' still hot at Disney theme park , celebration extended '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harker , Michelle ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Elsa & Anna 's Boutique and More Thrilling Transformations Coming to the Disneyland Resort '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Disney 365 to Transform into Elsa and Anna 's Boutique '' . LaughingPlace.com . August 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harker , Michelle ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Anna & Elsa 's Boutique in the Downtown Disney District at the Disneyland Resort '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anna & Elsa 's Boutique to Open October 6 '' . LaughingPlace.com . September 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anna and Elsa to appear in `` My Royal Coronation '' event at Walt Disney World as travel agents bring `` Frozen '' character meal to Epcot `` . Inside the Magic . August 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staggs , Tom ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Attraction Coming to Epcot '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brigante , Ricky ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' ride announced for Walt Disney World in 2016 to replace Maelstrom at Epcot , `` Frozen '' Christmas also revealed `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sim , Darren ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Hong Kong Disneyland launches `` Disney Paint the Night '' Parade from October 2014 `` . darrensim.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` New ' Frozen Fun ' Opens at Disneyland Resort January 7 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Adds ' Frozen ' Experiences to Disneyland , California Adventure Theme Parks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prepare to be Wowed by Disneyland 's Three New Nighttime Spectaculars '' . Disney Insider. April 14 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnowitz , Leora ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` ' I want to be a role model for children ' '' . FoxNews.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Meet Anna Faith Carlson , the Actress Who Looks Just Like Elsa From ' Frozen ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen Musical Announces Full Broadway Lead Casting '' . broadway.com. April 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Donna ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's Frozen : Awful Expectations Vs. Enchanting Reality '' . Hitfix . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` FROZEN Review '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pal , Deepanjana ( November 29 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen review : This modern Snow Queen will melt your heart '' . First Post . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Croot , James ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen is Disney at its best '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb , Katherine ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` 4 Ways ' Frozen ' Flips the Traditional Disney Script '' . Wall St. Cheat Sheet . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bean , Travis ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen features fantasy , focuses on family values '' . Cedar Falls Times . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levy , Laurie ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen -- A Multi-Generational Review '' . Chicago Now . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lachowicz , Magdalena ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Animated Film ' Frozen ' Breaks Disney Princess Conventions '' . The Heights . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` From the Heat of Royal Passion , Poof ! It 's Permafrost '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Tony ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Frozen ' is Disney at its best '' . San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elias , Debbie Lynn ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review -- Frozen '' . Culver City Observer . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hawson , Fred ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Icy sentimentality in ' Frozen ' '' . ABS - CBN . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muslim , Samra ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Movie review : Frozen -- winter is coming '' . The Express Tribune . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Charlotte ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen 3D -- film review '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Anna ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen in time : when will Disney 's heroines reflect real body shapes ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` I Ca n't ' Let It Go ' '' . Slate . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christy Lemire ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen '' Archived March 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Warmann , Amon ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : ' Frozen ' '' . Cine Vue . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneitker , Marc ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' soundtrack : Ranking all nine original songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen will warm your heart : review '' . The Star . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeTruck , Matt ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` CD Review : Disney 's `` Frozen '' Soundtrack `` . City Newspaper . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Donald ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Film review : Frozen '' . Irish Times . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Asl , Nasim ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen Melts Viewers ' Hearts '' . The Oxford Student . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 EDA Award Nominess '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . December 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ S. Cohen , David ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Gravity ' Soars , ' Frozen ' Sparkles '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2013 Award Nominations '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Gicas ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2014 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Awards Nominations : ' 12 Years A Slave ' & ' American Hustle ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline . December 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ International Press Academy ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards TM '' . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Hustle , 12 Years A Slave Lead BFCA 's Critics Choice Movie Awards Nominations '' . Deadline.com . December 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Years a Slave wins Pic , Cuaron Director for Houston Film Critics '' . Awards Daily . December 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` The 15 Most Influential Fictional Characters of 2014 '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Fictional characters portal Official character page Disney 's Frozen `` Let It Go '' Sequence Performed by Idina Menzel on YouTube ( hide ) Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Frozen 2 Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsa_(Disney)&oldid=806165100 '' Categories : Disney 's Frozen characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities Fictional characters who use magic Fictional orphans Fictional princesses Fictional queens Fictional Scandinavian people Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Use American English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 03 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the voice for elsa in frozen | [
"Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 53rd animated film Frozen. She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel. At the beginning of the film, she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager.",
"Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 53rd animated film Frozen. She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel. At the beginning of the film, she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager."
] | [
"Eva Bella",
"Spencer Lacey Ganus"
] |
-3586117030178166108 | Pam Beesly | Pam Beesly - wikipedia Pam Beesly hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fictional character on NBC 's `` The Office '' Pam Beesly Halpert The Office character Jenna Fischer as Pam Halpert First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Jenna Fischer Information Full name Pamela Morgan Beesly Gender Female Occupation Receptionist , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton Pennsylvania ( August 2003 - June 2011 ) Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton Pennsylvania Temporary Worker , Dunder Mifflin Corporate , New York City , New York Sales Representative , Michael Scott Paper Company Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton Pennsylvania Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton Pennsylvania Office Administrator , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton Pennsylvania Office Administrator , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton Pennsylvania Freelance Mural Painter / Art Gallery Owner , Austin Texas Family William Beesly ( father , Rick Overton ) Helene Beesly ( mother , Shannon Cochran and Linda Purl ) Penny Beesly ( sister , Anna Camp ) Sylvia Beesly ( grandmother , Peggy Stewart ) Jocelyne Webster ( cousin ) Betsy Halpert ( mother - in - law ) Gerald Halpert ( father - in - law ) Tom Halpert ( brother - in - law ) Pete Halpert ( brother - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Jim Halpert ( m . 2009 ) Significant other ( s ) Roy Anderson ( ex-fiancé ) Children Cecelia `` CeCe '' Marie Halpert Philip Halpert Religion Presbyterian Nationality American Based on Dawn Tinsley Pamela Morgan Halpert ( née Beesly ) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office , played by Jenna Fischer . Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley . Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin , before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until she left in the series finale . Her character is shy , growing assertive but amiable , and artistically inclined , and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert , whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues . Contents 1 Casting and character development 2 Character history 2.1 Seasons 1 -- 3 2.2 Seasons 4 -- 6 2.3 Season 7 2.4 Season 8 2.5 Season 9 3 Coworker relations 3.1 Jim Halpert 3.2 Roy Anderson 3.3 Michael Scott 3.4 Toby Flenderson 4 Appearances 5 Notes 6 References Casting and character development ( edit ) The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart , Dawn Tinsley . Even minute details , such as how Pam wore her hair each day , were considered by executive producer , Greg Daniels . `` When I went in for The Office , the casting director said to me , ' Please look normal ' , '' recalls Jenna Fischer . `` Do n't make yourself all pretty , and dare to bore me with your audition . Those were her words . Dare to bore me . '' Heeding the advice , Fischer said little during the auditions , during which she was interviewed in character by show producers , in an improvisational format , to imitate the show 's documentary premise . `` My take on the character of Pam was that she did n't have any media training , so she did n't know how to be a good interview . And also , she did n't care about this interview , '' she told NPR . `` So , I gave very short one - word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever , because I thought that the comedy would come out of just , you know , the real human reactions to the situation ... and they liked that take on it . '' `` When I went in to the audition , the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam -- they said , ' Do you like working as a receptionist ? ' I said , ' No . ' And that was it . I did n't speak any more than that . And they started laughing . '' Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character . For the first few seasons , she kept a list of the character history revealed on - screen by the creators , as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam 's history . She created a rule with the set 's hair and make - up department that it could n't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair , and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore or where she went to college . Fischer also carefully crafted Pam 's quiet persona . `` Well , my character of Pam is really stuck , '' she explained to NPR . `` I mean , she 's a subordinate in this office . And so , I think that for her , the only way she can express herself is in the silences , but you can say so much by not saying anything . '' Originally meek and passive , the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed , prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal . `` I have to approach Pam differently ( now ) , '' she explained in Season 4 , a defining season in which her character finally begins a long - awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute . `` She is in a loving relationship , she has found her voice , she has started taking art classes . All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves , speaks , dresses , etc . '' Character history ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 3 ( edit ) At the beginning of the series , Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years . Their open - ended engagement has become one of Michael 's running gags and a sore spot for Pam . Pam does not want her current job to become permanent , remarking that `` I do n't think it 's many little girls ' dream to be a receptionist . '' Pam is apathetic toward her work , evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer . However , in the pilot episode , she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill - advised prank by telling her that she will be fired . Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and ( in a deleted scene ) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone . Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim . She will do extra , unnecessary work ( such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics ) to make other people happy . Despite the abuse she takes from Michael , she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot . In later seasons , however , she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him . While engaged to Roy , Pam denies , or is in denial about , having any romantic feelings for Jim . When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin `` Casino Night '' she turns him down . She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend ( though she does n't say his name ) , and says `` Yeah , I think I am '' to an unheard question . She is interrupted by Jim , who enters and kisses her ; she responds by kissing back . Season three marks a turning point for Pam 's character : she gains self - confidence and appears less passive and more self - assured as the season progresses . In `` Gay Witch Hunt , '' the season 's opener , it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all , and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch , in Stamford , shortly after Pam rejected him a second time , after their kiss . Pam moves into her own apartment , begins taking art classes , a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time , and buys a new car , a blue Toyota Yaris . Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of `` The Merger '' , and brings along a female co-worker , Karen Filippelli , whom he begins dating . Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch ( aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day ) , and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense , despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras . Meanwhile , Roy vows to win Pam back . Roy 's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful , but once Pam and Roy are back together , he falls back into old habits almost immediately . When Roy and Pam attend an after work get - together at a local bar with their co-workers , Pam , feeling that she should be more honest with Roy , tells him about Jim kissing her at `` Casino Night . '' Roy yells , smashes a mirror , and trashes the bar . Pam , frightened and embarrassed by his reaction , breaks up with Roy immediately . Roy vows to kill Jim and in `` The Negotiation '' , Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work ( Jim is saved by Dwight 's intervention ) , and is subsequently fired . Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request , and after the polite but brief meeting , it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim . Pam participates in an art show , but few people attend . Her co-worker , Oscar , brings his partner along who , not knowing that Pam is standing behind him , criticizes her work by proclaiming that `` real art requires courage . '' Oscar then goes on to say that courage is n't one of Pam 's strong points . Affected by this statement , Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest , culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next - to - last episode of the season , `` Beach Games '' , and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship . Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying , framing and hanging Pam 's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office . In the season finale , `` The Job , '' she leaves a friendly note in Jim 's briefcase and an old memento depicting the ' gold medal ' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics , which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City . While he is asked how he `` would function here in New York '' , Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton , still distracted by the thought of Pam . Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office , where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner . She happily accepts , visibly moved , abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton . Karen quits soon after , becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin 's Utica branch . Seasons 4 -- 6 ( edit ) In Season 4 , Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season . She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe . In the season 4 premiere , `` Fun Run '' , Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing . The office ultimately learns of their relationship in `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' . In `` Chair Model '' , after teasing Pam about his impending proposal , Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating . In the next few episodes , Jim fake - proposes to Pam multiple times . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Pam discovers she 's been accepted at Pratt Institute , an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode , Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening . Just as Jim is preparing to propose , however , Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela . Having had his thunder stolen by Andy , Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket , leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night . In the Season 5 premiere , `` Weight Loss '' , Pam begins her three - month course at the Pratt Institute . In this episode , Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop , saying that he `` ca n't wait '' . In `` Business Trip '' , Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it . Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back `` the right way '' , she ultimately makes the decision to return home , saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton . A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam 's graphic design projects , which he thinks are `` cool '' , as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches , which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects , implying her talents lie in hand - drawn works . In `` Two Weeks '' , Pam agrees to become Michael 's first saleswoman in his not - yet - established company , The Michael Scott Paper Co. , as a supportive Jim looks on . When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead , including adding Pam to the sales team . In `` Company Picnic '' , Pam , after dominating the company volleyball tournament , injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes . At the hospital , the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition . There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace , looking shocked and ecstatic . It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere , `` Gossip '' . Jim and Pam marry early in the season , at Niagara Falls , during the highly anticipated , hour long episode , `` Niagara '' . The ending of the episode , in which their co-workers dance down the aisle , is an imitation of a viral YouTube video -- JK Wedding Entrance Dance . Following the wedding , a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam 's mother the night of the wedding . The two break up during `` Double Date '' , an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions . In `` The Delivery '' of Season 6 , Pam and Jim have their first child , a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert . Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers , and chose to name her after her own niece . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Counseling '' , Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator . In `` China '' , Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost - cutting measures . Pam threatens to move the office to a new building , which Dwight discovers does n't exist . Pam saves face , however , when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight 's measures were not allowed . The episode is another example of Dwight 's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam ( as previously demonstrated in `` The Injury '' , `` Back from Vacation '' , `` The Job '' and `` Diwali '' ) ; Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office . She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desktop computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years , as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer , and giving Darryl three sick days . At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is , `` Full on corrupt . '' In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam almost misses saying good - bye to Michael , as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders . Jim figures out Michael 's plan to leave early and tells her by text . Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves . Season 8 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 8 , Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim 's second child , Philip Halpert . The child coincided with Jenna Fischer 's actual pregnancy . She begins her maternity leave after `` Gettysburg '' . Pam returns in `` Jury Duty '' , where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office . In both `` Tallahassee '' and `` Test the Store '' Pam is shown helping , and developing her friendship with Andy . Season 9 ( edit ) Early in season 9 , Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business , Athlead , in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode `` Andy 's Ancestry '' . Although Pam is happy for his decision , she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested . Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia , but in `` Customer Loyalty '' , the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears , and is comforted by Brian , the boom mic operator of the film crew . In `` Moving On '' , Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim , but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott . Over dinner , Pam reveals to Jim that she does n't really want to move to Philadelphia after all . However , in `` Livin ' the Dream '' , when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country , Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision . In `` A.A.R.M. '' , Pam tells Jim that she 's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him . Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her . When she finishes the montage , which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas ; Jim finally gives her that letter , and she reads it , visibly moved . In the series finale , which takes place a year later , she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market , so that they can move to Austin , Texas , and take his job back at Athlead ( now Athleap ) . Co-worker relations ( edit ) From her years working the front desk , Pam has become well - acquainted with the Dunder - Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers ' personalities , including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott . She uses this familiarity to manipulate them , often for their and the company 's best interests ( such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in `` The Chump '' ) but also occasionally for her own . This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Main article : Jim Halpert The `` will they or wo n't they '' tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office , encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3 . In the opener of Season 4 , the two characters are revealed to be dating , and as such , other character romances , such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin , begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes . In Season 6 , Jim and Pam are married in the season 's 4th and 5th episodes ( hour long ) , a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics , as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture . Their child is born in the second half of the season , during another hour long , `` The Delivery '' . Pam and Jim 's second child is born during season 8 . In season 9 , their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia . They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job . Roy Anderson ( edit ) Main article : Roy Anderson ( The Office ) When the series begins , Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson ; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running . They finally set a date , but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute . They get back together once , briefly , but Pam is much more assertive , and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst . Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing , neglectful , dismissive of her desire to be an artist , and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine 's Day . Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to `` bother '' Roy with her `` thoughts or feelings '' . He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam 's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin . In the early seasons , there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy , with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim . In `` Basketball '' , when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills , Roy elbows Jim in the nose . In season 2 , when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin , Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish . Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy , but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk . She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis 's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen . In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy , Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during `` Casino Night '' . Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot . The next day , Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight 's pepper spray and is summarily fired . After losing his job , Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen , she should at least make an effort to date him ( inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him ) . In season 5 , Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged . The mood is somewhat awkward , but Roy is congratulatory , but then makes a somewhat passive - aggressive comment , seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam 's life , which tempts him to drive to Pratt , where she is attending art classes . Jim gets on the freeway , but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam . Jim did n't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her . Michael Scott ( edit ) Main article : Michael Scott ( The Office ) In the series pilot , Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing , leaving her in tears . He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance , and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date ( inspiring a horrified `` WHAT ? ? ? '' from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her ) . However , his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam . Over time , the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals , her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael , and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them ( as did Michael 's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager ) . Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene , and excoriated him at length during `` The Lover '' before eventually slapping him in `` Double Date '' , but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward . Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael ca n't cross , like telling him that he was n't Cece 's godfather . By Season 7 , Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael , steering him away from ( numerous ) bad ideas and towards his ( fewer but real ) good ones , such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly . In Michael 's finale `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder , believing that the next day Michael was leaving . As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse , Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek . The two have a nice moment and he walks off , leaving her holding her shoes . She then tells the camera that he was happy , wanting to be an advanced rewards member , and was glad to be going home to see Holly . She then is there to watch Michael 's plane take off . In a deleted scene from `` The Inner Circle '' , we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy `` Pamela Beagsley '' , and in `` The List '' she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child `` Little Michael Scott '' , further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship . Toby flenderson ( edit ) Main article : Toby Flenderson Toby , the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch , has a secret crush on Pam . In `` A Benihana Christmas '' she gives him her Dunder - Mifflin bathrobe , a display of friendly affection , after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his . In Dunder Mifflin Infinity , Toby witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room , which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace . Later , when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form , he hesitates to give them a form saying they should wait and see . In `` Night Out '' , Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh ( and while Jim sits just on her other side ) , and the rest of the office watches in horror . In his mortification , Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Toby purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam . On the eve of his departure , Pam confesses to the cameras that she always thought Toby was `` kind of cute '' . In `` Niagara '' , Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen . In `` Finale '' , Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight 's wedding , with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him . When she asks , `` is it me ? '' , he replies that `` it 's everything ! '' . Appearances ( edit ) Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of `` Business Ethics '' ( except for the deleted scenes ) , `` St. Patrick 's Day '' , and `` New Leads '' in which only her voice is heard , and several season 8 episodes from `` Mrs. California '' to `` Pool Party '' , where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pam Beesly 's full name is Pamela Morgan Beesly ( later Pamela Morgan Halpert ) . In `` The Lover '' Michael says to Pam , `` Pamela Morgan Beesly , you need to apologize to your mother right now . '' In `` Did I Stutter ? '' Jim says to Pam , `` You know what would energize me ? If you , Pamela Morgan Beesly ... '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Halpert Baby Blog '' . Halpertbeesly.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Season 6 -- Episode 06 : ' The Lover ' '' . OfficeQuotes.net . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 -- Episode 12 : ' Did I Stutter ? ' '' . OfficeQuotes.net . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Episode commentary , Season 2 , `` Valentine 's Day '' ^ Jump up to : `` For Jenna Fischer , ' Office ' Life Is A Great Act '' . NPR. 2008 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jenna Fischer rocks the OTCR '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD , `` Valentine 's Day '' , episode commentary ^ Jump up to : `` Pam Beesly ( Pam / Jenna ) op Myspace '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` JK Wedding Entrance Dance '' . YouTube . 2009 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ People Magazine , Week of 03 / 05 / 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Office : Why Jim and Pam 's wedding is good for TV comedy '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Office Exclusive : ' Til Death 's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . hide The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Robert California Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pam_Beesly&oldid=865561578 '' Categories : Fictional receptionists Fictional secretaries Fictional American people of English descent The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 17 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what episode in season 3 do jim and pam get together | [
"Pam participates in an art show, but few people attend. Her co-worker, Oscar, brings his partner along who, not knowing that Pam is standing behind him, criticizes her work by proclaiming that \"real art requires courage.\" Oscar then goes on to say that courage isn't one of Pam's strong points. Affected by this statement, Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest, culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next-to-last episode of the season, \"Beach Games\", and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship. Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying, framing and hanging Pam's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office. In the season finale, \"The Job,\" she leaves a friendly note in Jim's briefcase and an old memento depicting the 'gold medal' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics, which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City. While he is asked how he \"would function here in New York\", Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton, still distracted by the thought of Pam. Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office, where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner. She happily accepts, visibly moved, abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton. Karen quits soon after, becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin's Utica branch.\n"
] | [
"the season finale, \"The Job,\""
] |
4061616414492078240 | List of best-selling music artists | List of best - selling Music artists - wikipedia List of best - selling Music artists This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales . The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order , with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top . If two or more artists have the same claimed sales , they are then ranked by certified units . The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units ( for each country ) within the provided sources include sales of albums , singles , compilation - albums , music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums . Sales figures , such as those from Soundscan , which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine , have not been included in the certified units column . As of 2017 , based on both sales claims and certified units , The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band . Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units . Contents 1 Definitions 2 Artists by reputed sales 2.1 250 million or more records 2.2 200 million to 249 million records 2.3 120 million to 199 million records 2.4 100 million to 119 million records 2.5 80 million to 99 million records 2.6 75 million to 79 million records 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Definitions All artists included on this list , which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units . That is why Cliff Richard , Diana Ross , Scorpions , Bing Crosby , Gloria Estefan , Deep Purple , Iron Maiden , Tom Jones , The Jackson 5 , Dionne Warwick , the Spice Girls , Dolly Parton , Ozzy Osbourne , Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list . The more recent the artist , the higher the required percentage of certified units , this is because more music markets instituted certification systems after 1980s and 1990s . So artists such as Rihanna , Chris Brown , Taylor Swift , Flo Rida , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Adele , Lady Gaga , Bruno Mars , Nicki Minaj and Ed Sheeran are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units . The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies . The certified units percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts . The requirements of certified units are designed to avoid inflated sales figures , which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes . The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources . For clarity , the sources used , say the term `` records '' ( singles , albums , videos ) and not `` albums '' . However , if all available sources for an artist or band say `` albums '' , such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount . This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units : inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high , are not used . The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified units . In other words , the available certified units for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones . The certified units of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures . This is because Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification . For this reason , some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units . The over certified figures , however , are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications , one such example is Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA , yet during the time of the certification , it had sold 5.4 million downloads . The certified units for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification . Issued certifications for songs which have been recorded by multiple artists including featured artists are added to each artist 's total amount of certified units , as all the artists would have played a significant part in a song . For example `` This Is What You Came For '' and `` Where Them Girls At '' include Rihanna and Flo Rida , Nicki Minaj as featured artists respectively , so the certifications issued for these songs are added to the total amount of certified units for all involved artists . However , the certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included as the artists involved would have played minor roles , examples of such songs are Kanye West 's `` Monster '' and / or `` All Day '' . Artists by reputed sales 250 million or more records The Beatles Michael Jackson Elvis Presley Elton John Madonna Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the tables below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the tables is based on Retail Value : each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 271.9 million US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million GER : 8 million UK : 18.445 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million BRA : 550,000 NLD : 295,000 ITA : 380,000 SPA : 1.250 million SWE 485,000 DEN : 270,000 SWI : 350,000 ARG : 1.606 million BEL : 390,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country Total available certified units : 224.5 million US : 199.150 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 1.2 million UK : 13.145 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.797 million BRA : 125,000 NLD : 555,000 ITA : 105,000 SPA : 300,000 SWE 380,000 DEN : 120,000 SWI : 185,000 MEX : 105,000 ARG : 110,000 BEL : 115,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B Total available certified units : 229.5 million US : 145.3 million JPN : 4.650 million GER : 11.275 million UK : 29.045 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.775 million BRA : 280,000 NLD : 2.105 million ITA : 1.195 million SPA : 1.995 million SWE : 1.230 million DEN : 1.289 million SWI : 910,000 MEX : 3.670 million ARG : 124,000 BEL : 665,000 AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica Total available certified units : 172.9 million US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million GER : 12.4 million UK : 29.245 million FRA : 12.81 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.787 million BRA : 3.440 million NLD : 1.735 million ITA : 465,000 SPA : 2.815 million SWE : 1.070 million DEN : 407,000 SWI : 1.080 million MEX : 510,000 ARG : 1.098 BEL : 740,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 182.8 million US : 129.350 million JPN : 1.1 million GER : 7.9 million UK : 23.395 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.947 million BRA : 835,000 NLD : 975,000 SPA : 1.2 million SWE : 740,000 DEN : 195,000 SWI : 1.313 million MEX : 100,000 ARG : 128,000 BEL : 565,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock Total available certified units : 140 million US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 3.775 million UK : 9.530 million FRA : 2.310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million BRA : 820,000 ITA : 465,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock Total available certified units : 120.1 million US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 7.5 million UK : 11.720 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million BRA : 515,000 NLD : 435,000 ITA : 2.035 million SPA : 625,000 SWE : 220,000 SWI : 390,000 ARG : 582,000 BEL : 115,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million The column for certified sales includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 200 million to 249 million records Rihanna Eminem Mariah Carey Queen Celine Dion Whitney Houston AC / DC Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Rihanna Barbados United States 2005 -- present 2005 R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 263.8 million US : 194.55 million JPN : 1.4 million GER : 10.075 million UK : 32.9 million FRA : 1.465 million CAN : 3.120 million AUS : 9.325 million BRA : 705,000 ITA : 1.560 million SPA : 1.470 million SWE : 2.480 million DEN : 1.292 SWI : 860,000 MEX : 410,000 BEL : 660,000 AUT : 135,000 POL : 520,000 IRE : 240,000 NZ : 682,500 230 million Eminem United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 217.5 million US : 163.2 million JPN : 2.9 million GER : 6.7 million UK : 25.225 million FRA : 3.288 million CAN : 4.010 million AUS : 5.947 million BRA : 220,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 700,000 SPA : 290,000 SWE : 910,000 DEN : 666,000 SWI : 805,000 MEX : 365,000 BEL : 505,000 AUT : 362,500 POL : 250,000 FIN : 124,547 IRE : 285,000 NZ : 600,000 220 million 200 million Mariah Carey United States 1988 -- present R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 138.7 million US : 92.6 million JPN : 14.5 million GER : 3.750 million UK : 10.220 million FRA : 4.690 million CAN : 4.1 million AUS : 3.515 million BRA : 835,000 NLD : 1.425 million ITA : 200,000 SPA : 1 million SWE : 425,000 DEN : 280,000 SWI : 515,000 BEL : 175,000 AUT : 200,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 200 million 175 million Queen United Kingdom 1971 -- present 1973 Rock Total available certified units : 128.3 million US : 65 million JPN : 2.850 million GER : 12.375 million UK : 29.075 million FRA : 4.495 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.167 million BRA : 970,000 NLD : 1.990 million ITA : 545,000 SPA : 1.720 million SWE : 190,000 DEN : 250,000 SWI : 1.256 million ARG : 1.080 million BEL : 175,000 AUT : 900,000 POL : 810,000 FIN : 366,152 NZ : 275,000 200 million 170 million Celine Dion Canada 1981 -- present 1981 Pop Total available certified units : 127.9 million US : 56.550 million JPN : 7.150 million GER : 8 million UK : 13.915 million FRA : 15.768 million CAN : 12.245 million AUS : 3.302 million BRA : 505,000 NLD : 2.180 million SPA : 1 million SWE : 1.105 million DEN : 370,000 SWI : 1.685 million ARG : 340,000 BEL : 2.160 million AUT : 440,000 POL : 680,000 FIN : 356,183 NZ : 192,500 200 million 175 million Whitney Houston United States 1977 -- 2012 1984 R&B / Soul / Pop Total available certified units : 115.7 million US : 76.775 million JPN : 4.3 million GER : 5.6 million UK : 15.205 million FRA : 2.275 million CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.755 million BRA : 1.025 NLD : 780,000 ITA : 140,000 SPA : 1.260 million SWE : 1.035 million DEN : 140,000 SWI : 845,000 BEL : 215,000 AUT : 535,000 POL : 190,000 FIN : 247,222 200 million 170 million AC / DC Australia 1973 -- present Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll Total available certified units : 115 million US : 79.7 million GER : 10.3 million UK : 5.5 million FRA : 4.180 million CAN : 2.490 million AUS : 7.740 million ITA : 775,000 SPA : 1.355 million SWE : 350,000 DEN : 215,000 SWI : 894,000 ARG : 594,000 BEL : 100,000 AUT : 380,000 FIN : 321,169 NZ : 140,000 200 million 150 million The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962 -- present 1963 Rock / Blues rock Total available certified units : 99.1 million US : 74.750 million JPN : 950,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 9.170 million FRA : 3.377 million CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 417,500 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 610,000 ITA : 205,000 SPA : 690,000 SWE : 310,000 SWI : 238,000 ARG : 718,000 BEL : 120,000 AUT : 300,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 190,000 200 million ABBA Sweden 1972 -- 1982 1972 Pop / Disco Total available certified units : 62.4 million US : 12.7 million JPN : 1.5 million GER : 10.450 million UK : 19.170 million FRA : 2.750 million CAN : 2.785 million AUS : 6.127 million BRA : 275,000 NLD : 1.390 million ITA : 120,000 SPA : 1.005 million SWE : 800,000 DEN : 600,000 SWI : 600,000 MEX : 260,000 ARG : 238,000 BEL : 380,000 AUT : 175,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 656,319 NZ : 297,500 200 million 100 million 120 million to 199 million records Taylor Swift Garth Brooks Justin Bieber Eagles Bruno Mars Ed Sheeran Kanye West Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Taylor Swift United States 2006 -- present 2006 Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop - rock Total available certified units : 199.8 million US : 172.5 million JPN : 3.050 million GER : 1.750 UK : 9.8 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 4.820 million AUS : 5.530 million BRA : 440,000 ITA : 285,000 SWE : 280,000 DEN : 140,000 > MEX : 510,000 AUT : 100,000 NZ : 382,500 175 million Garth Brooks United States 1989 -- present 1989 Country Total available certified units : 156.1 million US : 149.4 million UK : 520,000 CAN : 5.730 million AUS : 350,000 IRE : 120,000 160 million Eagles United States 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- present 1972 Rock Total available certified units : 149.2 million US : 127.9 million JPN : 600,000 GER : 925,000 UK : 8.035 million FRA : 2.040 million CAN : 4.2 million AUS : 3.395 million NLD : 540,000 SPA : 500,000 SWE : 140,000 DEN : 185,000 SWI : 290,000 FIN : 124,749 NZ : 352,500 150 million U2 Ireland 1976 -- present 1980 Rock Total available certified units : 108.6 million US : 53.1 million JPN : 1.450 million GER : 5.525 million UK : 18.720 million FRA : 5.125 million CAN : 7.155 million AUS : 4.412 million BRA : 2.675 million NLD : 945,000 ITA : 880,000 SPA : 2.295 million SWE : 515,000 DEN : 518,000 SWI : 696,000 MEX : 835,000 ARG : 806,000 BEL : 750,000 AUT : 522,500 POL : 370,000 FIN : 235,460 IRE : 316,000 NZ : 765,000 150 million Billy Joel United States 1964 -- present 1971 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 103 million US : 87.950 million JPN : 2 million GER : 1.250 million UK : 5.715 million FRA : 925,000 CAN : 3.275 million AUS : 1.267 NLD : 350,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 162,500 150 million Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980 -- 2011 , 2015 -- present 1981 Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary Total available certified units : 89.7 million US : 39.850 million JPN : 800,000 GER : 13.8 million UK : 16.050 million FRA : 6.410 million CAN : 3.375 million AUS : 1.522 BRA : 1.370 million NLD : 1.050 million SPA : 2.150 million SWE : 245,000 SWI : 973,000 ARG : 1.044 million BEL : 330,000 AUT : 440,000 FIN : 182,581 NZ : 122,500 150 million Aerosmith United States 1970 -- present 1973 Hard rock Total available certified units : 84.9 million US : 70.250 million JPN : 2.7 million GER : 2 million UK : 3.230 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.950 million AUS : 225,000 BRA : 600,000 NLD : 200,000 ITA : 100,000 SPA : 200,000 SWE : 260,000 SWI : 145,000 MEX : 230,000 ARG : 338,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 FIN : 101,722 150 million Frank Sinatra United States 1935 -- 1995 1939 Pop / Swing Total available certified units : 37.5 million US : 28.2 million GER : 1 million UK : 5.645 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 650,000 AUS : 315,000 BRA : 350,000 SPA : 500,000 SWE : 130,000 ARG : 188,000 150 million Barbra Streisand United States 1960 -- present 1963 Pop / Adult contemporary Total available certified units : 98.2 million US : 82.450 million GER : 750,000 UK : 5.765 million FRA : 3.150 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 2.152 million NLD : 710,000 SPA : 150,000 SWE : 120,000 FIN : 186,501 NZ : 137,500 145 million Justin Bieber Canada United States 2008 -- present 2009 Pop / Teen pop , Dance pop Total available certified units : 152.3 million US : 104.5 million JPN : 850,000 GER : 4 million UK : 18.685 million FRA : 1.098 CAN : 5.780 million AUS : 4.795 million BRA : 810,000 ITA : 1.945 million SPA : 880,000 SWE : 2.020 million DEN : 2.400 million MEX : 2.970 million BEL : 450,000 POL : 370,000 AUT : 140,000 NZ : 615,000 140 million Kanye West United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop / Electronic / Pop rock Total available certified units : 123.5 million US : 105.750 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 1.350 UK : 12.260 million CAN : 1.180 million AUS : 2.135 million ITA : 160,000 SWE : 160,000 DEN : 414,000 132 million Bruno Mars United States 2004 -- present Pop rock / R&B Total available certified units : 129.2 million US : 91.5 million JPN : 1.2 million GER : 3.6 million UK : 15 million FRA : 1.950 million CAN : 5.240 million AUS : 5.950 million ITA : 760,000 SPA : 490,000 SWE : 440,000 DEN : 480,000 SWI : 405,000 MEX : 810,000 BEL : 360,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 592,500 PHL : 330,000 130 million Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2004 -- present 2011 Pop / Folk pop Total available certified units : 128.3 million US : 56 million JPN : 350,000 GER : 7.850 million UK : 37.260 million FRA : 1.691 million CAN : 6.440 million AUS : 7.840 million NLD : 330,000 ITA : 2.590 million SPA : 860,000 SWE : 1.360 million DEN : 2.335 million SWI : 635,000 MEX : 180,000 BEL : 665,000 AUT : 355,000 POL : 360,000 NZ : 1.2 million 126 million Bruce Springsteen United States 1972 -- present 1973 Rock Total available certified units : 102.7 million US : 76.150 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 4.325 million UK : 7.345 million FRA : 1.887 million CAN : 3.2 million AUS : 3.362 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 740,000 ITA : 600,000 SPA : 1.730 million SWE : 810,000 DEN : 255,000 SWI : 400,000 BEL : 155,000 AUT : 290,000 FIN : 449,800 IRE : 189,500 NZ : 375,000 120 million Metallica United States 1981 -- present Heavy metal / Thrash metal Total available certified units : 95.6 million US : 73.3 million JPN : 900,000 GER : 4.025 million UK : 3.535 million FRA : 940,000 CAN : 3.885 million AUS : 2.637 million BRA : 380,000 NLD : 460,000 ITA : 180,000 SPA : 420,000 SWE : 675,000 DEN : 180,000 SWI : 560,000 MEX : 430,000 ARG : 874,000 BEL : 385,000 AUT : 340,000 POL : 735,000 FIN : 530,676 NZ : 315,000 120 million Bee Gees United Kingdom Australia 1963 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 1963 Pop / Disco Total available certified units : 69.3 million US : 42.5 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 6.675 million UK : 9.525 million FRA : 3.4 million CAN : 3.215 million AUS : 1.187 million BRA : 350,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 415,000 ARG : 188,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 380,000 120 million 100 million to 119 million records Katy Perry Adele Lady Gaga Lil Wayne Jay - Z B'z Bon Jovi Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Lady Gaga United States 2005 -- present 2008 Pop / Dance / Electronic Total available certified units : 102.2 million US : 69.5 million JPN : 5.4 million GER : 4.1 million UK : 11.585 million FRA : 1.647 million CAN : 2.4 million AUS : 2.890 million BRA : 470,000 NLD : 130,000 ITA : 840,000 SPA : 410,000 SWE : 680,000 DEN : 340,000 SWI : 445,000 MEX : 420,000 BEL : 270,000 AUT : 182,500 POL : 130,000 IRE : 165,000 NZ : 277,500 114 million Katy Perry United States 2001 -- present 2008 Pop Total available certified units : 137.8 million US : 104 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 13.010 million FRA : 867,000 CAN : 6.160 million AUS : 5.3 million BRA : 625,000 ITA : 790,000 SPA : 180,000 SWE : 600,000 DEN : 235,000 SWI : 160,000 MEX : 960,000 BEL : 135,000 AUT : 247,500 NZ : 360,000 100 million Adele United Kingdom 2006 -- present 2008 Pop , soul Total available certified units : 106.6 million US : 61 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 4.7 million UK : 21.350 million CAN : 6.480 million AUS : 3.955 million BRA : 1.310 million NLD : 380,000 ITA : 1.570 million SPA : 800,000 SWE : 320,000 DEN : 857,500 MEX : 1.490 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 795,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 151,639 NZ : 622,500 100 million Lil Wayne United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 101.7 million US : 94.7 million GER : 300,000 UK : 3.060 million CAN : 280,000 AUS : 630,000 100 million Jay - Z United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop Total available certified units : 100.8 million US : 84.7 million JPN : 1.050 million GER : 2 million UK : 9.520 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.6 million AUS : 1.260 ITA : 215,000 SWE : 130,000 100 million B'z Japan 1988 -- present Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 85.8 million JPN : 85.85 million 100 million Bon Jovi United States 1983 -- present Hard rock / Glam metal Total available certified units : 85.1 million US : 49.9 million JPN : 4.4 million GER : 5.650 million UK : 9.690 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 4.735 million AUS : 3.030 million BRA : 435,000 NLD : 710,000 ITA : 160,000 SPA : 1.620 million SWE : 365,000 SWI : 1.275 million MEX : 250,000 ARG : 358,000 BEL : 290,000 AUT : 725,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 422,500 NZ : 210,000 100 million Beyoncé United States 1997 -- present 2002 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 84.4 million US : 57.150 million JPN : 1.7 million GER : 1.550 million UK : 15.845 million FRA : 560,000 CAN : 1.475 million AUS : 3.115 million BRA : 390,000 ITA : 285,000 SPA : 1.190 million SWE : 120,000 DEN : 312,500 SWI : 165,000 MEX : 110,000 BEL : 115,000 POL : 110,000 NZ : 210,000 100 million Coldplay United Kingdom 1996 -- present 1999 Alternative rock , Pop rock , Pop Total available certified units : 83.6 million US : 30.6 million JPN : 750,000 GER : 4.550 million UK : 26.245 million FRA : 3.013 CAN : 3.585 million AUS : 3.795 million BRA : 340,000 NLD : 390,000 ITA : 2.885 million SPA : 1.030 million SWE : 750,000 DEN : 894,000 SWI : 550,000 MEX : 1.890 million ARG : 528,000 BEL : 765,000 AUT : 197,500 POL : 320,000 IRE : 210,000 NZ : 345,000 100 million Linkin Park United States 1996 -- present 2000 Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock Total available certified units : 82.9 million US : 61.6 million JPN : 1.550 million GER : 5.850 million UK : 6.605 million FRA : 1.025 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 1.485 million BRA : 595,000 ITA : 740,000 SPA : 175,000 SWE : 165,000 DEN : 175,000 SWI : 435,000 MEX : 225,000 BEL : 140,000 AUT : 252,500 POL : 220,000 FIN : 120,469 NZ : 252,500 100 million Britney Spears United States 1998 -- present 1998 Pop / Dance / Dance - pop Total available certified units : 82.2 million US : 46.2 million JPN : 2.1 million GER : 5.350 million UK : 10.750 million FRA : 3.732 million CAN : 3.680 million AUS : 3.165 million BRA : 380,000 NLD : 665,000 ITA : 200,000 SPA : 990,000 SWE : 1.010 million DEN : 180,000 SWI : 485,000 MEX : 1.175 million ARG : 248,000 BEL : 935,000 AUT : 365,000 POL : 210,000 FIN : 143,627 NZ : 240,000 100 million Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 78.2 million US : 43.650 million JPN : 450,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 18.630 million FRA : 1.8 million CAN : 4.055 million AUS : 2.610 million BRA : 980,000 NLD : 140,000 SPA : 290,000 SWE : 440,000 SWI : 100,000 ARG : 524,000 AUT : 100,000 POL : 220,000 IRE : 195,000 NZ : 280,000 100 million Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 77.9 million US : 51.250 million UK : 14.785 million GER : 3.5 million FRA : 800,000 AUS : 2.767 million CAN : 2.950 million NLD : 590,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 NZ : 572,500 100 million Guns N ' Roses United States 1985 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 75.6 million US : 48.5 million JPN : 1.7 million GER : 4.1 million UK : 6.550 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.520 million AUS : 2.410 BRA : 1.9 million NLD : 705,000 ITA : 710,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 485,000 DEN : 175,000 SWI : 365,000 MEX : 760,000 ARG : 1.248 million BEL : 165,000 AUT : 365,000 POL : 160,000 IRE : 105,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million Backstreet Boys United States 1993 -- present 1995 Pop Total available certified units : 73 million US : 41.5 million JPN : 5.4 million GER : 7 million UK : 4.875 million FRA : 325,000 CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.4 million BRA : 1.625 million NLD : 830,000 SPA : 1.850 million SWE : 655,000 DEN : 165,000 SWI : 415,000 MEX : 1.475 million ARG : 740,000 BEL : 450,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 171,390 NZ : 132,500 100 million George Strait United States 1981 -- present 1984 Country Total available certified units : 72.8 million US : 72.150 million CAN : 705,000 100 million Neil Diamond United States 1966 -- present 1966 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 68.9 million US : 55.9 million GER : 1 million UK : 7.330 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.725 million AUS : 2.085 million NLD : 250,000 SPA : 100,000 NZ : 127,500 100 million Santana United States 1966 -- present 1969 Rock Total available certified units : 65.2 million US : 50.295 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 2.980 million FRA : 3.510 million CAN : 1.660 million AUS : 855,000 BRA : 375,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 125,000 SWI : 375,000 MEX : 405,000 ARG : 158,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 145,000 POL : 205,000 NZ : 135,000 100 million Prince United States 1976 -- 2016 1978 Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock Total available certified units : 65.1 million US : 48.950 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 7.245 million FRA : 2.110 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.120 NLD : 670,000 SPA : 700,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 177,500 100 million Kenny Rogers United States 1958 -- present Country / Pop Total available certified units : 61.4 million US : 54.050 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 2.520 million CAN : 4.6 million AUS : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960 -- present 1970 Rock Total available certified units : 60.6 million US : 41.450 million JPN : 500,000 GER : 1.525 million UK : 12.425 million FRA : 1.305 million CAN : 1.955 million AUS : 465,000 SPA : 640,000 SWE : 210,000 DEN : 210,000 100 million Simon & Garfunkel United States 1956 -- present 1964 Folk rock Total available certified units : 59.2 million US : 42.6 million JPN : 700,000 GER : 2.325 million UK : 6.620 million FRA : 3.9 million CAN : 1.425 million AUS : 390,000 NLD : 300,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE : 150,000 SWI : 450,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 163,350 100 million Janet Jackson United States 1982 -- present 1982 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 52.5 million US : 39.750 million JPN : 1.6 million GER : 1.4 million UK : 4.760 million FRA : 1.475 million CAN : 1.460 million AUS : 1.155 NLD : 400,000 SPA : 150,000 SWE : 105,000 SWI : 170,000 BEL : 125,000 100 million Julio Iglesias Spain 1968 -- present 1968 Latin Total available certified units : 51.2 million US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 1.620 million FRA : 6.1 million CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 505,000 BRA : 12.475 million NLD : 1.2 million ITA : 400,000 SPA : 8.7 million SWE : 290,000 MEX : 2.975 million ARG : 3.220 million BEL : 125,000 FIN : 131,636 100 million Chicago United States 1967 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 48.4 million US : 44.150 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 1.490 million FRA : 100,000 CAN : 1.865 million NLD : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977 -- 1995 1978 Rock Total available certified units : 46.5 million US : 15.5 million GER : 3.750 million UK : 11.8 million FRA : 5.3 million CAN : 2.575 million AUS : 2.190 million BRA : 175,000 NLD : 900,000 ITA : 385,000 SPA : 1.380 million SWE : 360,000 DEN : 195,000 SWI : 1 million BEL : 100,000 AUT : 300,000 FIN : 471,530 NZ : 155,000 100 million Bob Dylan United States 1959 -- present 1963 Folk / Rock Total available certified units : 45.3 million US : 35.6 million GER : 625,000 UK : 6.025 million FRA : 800,000 CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 480,000 SWI : 175,000 NZ : 105,000 100 million Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977 -- present 1979 Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 42.3 million US : 36.150 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.960 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 2.995 million AUS : 385,000 SWE : 150,000 SWI : 125,000 MEX : 200,000 100 million Cher United States 1964 -- present 1965 Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk Total available certified units : 41 million US : 21.9 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 4.175 million UK : 6.510 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 1.340 million AUS : 1.530 million BRA : 125,000 NLD : 375,000 ITA : 300,000 SPA : 600,000 SWE : 850,000 SWI : 295,000 MEX : 200,000 DEN : 370,000 ARG : 106,000 BEL : 275,000 AUT : 250,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 150,000 100 million Genesis United Kingdom 1967 -- 1999 2006 -- present 1969 Progressive rock / Pop rock Total available certified units : 40.2 million US : 21.650 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 5.875 million UK : 7.325 million FRA : 3.460 million CAN : 805,000 NLD : 300,000 SPA : 250,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 400,000 100 million Olivia Newton - John Australia 1966 -- present 1966 Pop Total available certified units : 35.9 million US : 27 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 3.950 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 450,000 NLD : 150,000 100 million James Taylor United States 1968 -- present 1970 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 35.5 million US : 34.650 million UK : 655,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 100,000 100 million Stevie Wonder United States 1961 -- present 1962 Funk / R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 35.1 million US : 21.650 million JPN : 1.050 million GER : 500,000 UK : 8.485 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 1.550 million NLD : 250,000 SPA : 250,000 100 million David Bowie United Kingdom 1962 -- 2016 1967 Art rock / Glam rock / Pop Total available certified units : 34.3 million US : 13.7 million JPN : 200,000 GER : 525,000 UK : 13.495 million FRA : 2.380 million CAN : 2.315 million AUS : 635,000 NLD : 465,000 ITA : 370,000 SPA : 170,000 NZ : 142,500 100 million Tina Turner United States 1955 -- present Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 33.4 million US : 12.7 million GER : 6.050 million UK : 8.145 million FRA : 1.135 million CAN : 1.560 million AUS : 480,000 NLD : 565,000 SPA : 700,000 SWE : 330,000 SWI : 565,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 630,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 241,954 100 million Linda Ronstadt United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Folk / Country Total available certified units : 32.5 million US : 31.5 million UK : 435,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 500,000 100 million Donna Summer United States 1968 -- 2012 Pop / Disco / R&B Total available certified units : 30.9 million US : 24.5 million UK : 3.735 million FRA : 900,000 CAN : 1.550 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million The Beach Boys United States 1961 -- present 1962 Rock / Pop / Surf Rock Total available certified units : 30.7 million US : 25.6 million GER : 250,000 UK : 3.610 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 492,500 SPA : 250,000 100 million The Who United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1965 Rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 27.5 million US : 22.150 million UK : 4.565 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 425,000 ITA : 125,000 100 million Barry White United States 1972 -- 2003 1973 R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 21.7 million US : 16.5 million UK : 3.665 million FRA : 1.1 million CAN : 150,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 175,000 100 million 80 million to 99 million records Chris Brown Nicki Minaj Shania Twain Flo Rida Pink Justin Timberlake Van Halen Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Shania Twain Canada 1993 -- present Country pop Total available certified units : 77.1 million US : 54.5 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 1.750 million UK : 7.395 million FRA : 975,000 CAN : 6.880 million AUS : 2.360 million BRA : 475,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 100,000 SWE : 330,000 DEN : 210,000 SWI : 310,000 MEX : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 BEL : 250,000 AUT : 115,000 NZ : 402,500 90 million Pink United States 1995 -- present 2000 Pop , Pop rock , R&B Total available certified units : 70.6 million US : 32.225 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 5.725 million UK : 13.575 million FRA : 1.198 million CAN : 4.130 million AUS : 9.870 million NLD : 175,000 ITA : 425,000 SWE : 530,000 SWI : 565,000 DEN : 281,500 MEX : 360,000 BEL : 235,000 AUT : 417,500 POL : 100,000 NZ : 465,000 90 million The Carpenters United States 1969 -- 1983 1969 Pop Total available certified units : 46 million US : 34.6 million JPN : 2.9 million GER : 250,000 UK : 7.950 million CAN : 275,000 BRA : 100,000 90 million Lionel Richie United States 1968 -- present 1981 Pop / R&B Total available certified units : 40.8 million US : 28.650 million GER : 1.050 million UK : 6.555 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 2.380 million AUS : 260,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 180,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 145,000 90 million Earth , Wind & Fire United States 1969 -- present 1971 Funk / R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 36.1 million US : 31.8 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 2.725 million FRA : 500,000 CAN : 360,000 NLD : 250,000 90 million Johnny Cash United States 1954 -- 2003 1956 Country / Rock and roll / Gospel Total available certified units : 31.1 million US : 25.7 million GER : 550,000 UK : 3.910 million CAN : 490,000 AUS : 522,500 90 million Justin Timberlake United States 1992 -- present 2002 Pop , R&B , Neo soul Total available certified units : 67 million US : 43.2 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 3.050 million UK : 12.720 million FRA : 578,000 CAN : 2.480 million AUS : 2.450 million NLD : 105,000 ITA : 345,000 SPA : 120,000 SWE : 210,000 DEN : 440,000 SWI : 230,000 MEX : 330,000 BEL : 300,000 POL : 170,000 NZ : 185,000 88 million Chris Brown United States 2005 -- present 2005 Pop / R&B , Hip - hop Total available certified units : 100 million US : 84.050 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 450,000 UK : 10.240 million CAN : 770,000 AUS : 2.590 million BRA : 570,000 ITA : 140,000 SWE : 310,000 DEN : 207,500 MEX : 150,000 NZ : 260,000 86 million Nicki Minaj United States 2008 -- present Hip - hop , Pop Total available certified units : 86 million US : 69 million JPN : 450,000 GER : 1.150 million UK : 8.9 million FRA : 566,000 CAN : 800,000 AUS : 3.115 million BRA : 250,000 ITA : 485,000 SPA : 220,000 SWE : 420,000 DEN : 220,000 SWI : 120,000 MEX : 150,000 NZ : 247,500 85 million R.E.M. United States 1980 -- 2011 Alternative rock Total available certified units : 42.8 million US : 21.150 million GER : 4.275 million UK : 8.765 million FRA : 1.450 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 1.030 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 ITA : 225,000 SPA : 1.1 million SWE : 500,000 DEN : 155,000 SWI : 450,000 ARG : 158,000 BEL : 185,000 AUT : 350,000 IRE : 127,500 NZ : 105,000 85 million Flo Rida United States 2007 -- present 2007 Hip - hop , Hip house , EDM Total available certified units : 71.8 million US : 50 million JPN : 650,000 GER : 3.7 million UK : 7.960 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.090 million AUS : 3.605 million ITA : 360,000 SPA : 140,000 SWE : 780,000 SWI : 420,000 DEN : 205,000 MEX : 330,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 247,500 80 million Van Halen United States 1978 -- present 1978 Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 64.5 million US : 57.8 million JPN : 1.3 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 740,000 FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2.450 million BRA : 200,000 NLD : 200,000 80 million Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998 -- present 1998 J - pop / Pop / dance / electronic Total available certified units : 64.3 million JPN : 64.3 million 80 million Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983 -- present Funk rock / Alternative rock Total available certified units : 59.4 million US : 32.250 million JPN : 2.6 million GER : 2.650 million UK : 10.795 million FRA : 1.420 million CAN : 2.020 million AUS : 2.625 million BRA : 515,000 NLD : 660,000 ITA : 570,000 SPA : 640,000 SWE : 390,000 SWI : 405,000 MEX : 150,000 DEN : 227,000 BEL : 195,000 ARG : 406,000 AUT : 247,500 POL : 245,000 FIN : 171,951 NZ : 285,000 80 million Foreigner United States United Kingdom 1976 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard Rock Total available certified units : 49.3 million US : 45.1 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 1.3 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 700,000 AUS : 105,000 NLD : 150,000 SWI : 125,000 80 million George Michael United Kingdom 1981 -- 2016 1984 Pop Total available certified units : 48 million US : 20.8 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 12.850 million FRA : 3.217 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.205 million BRA : 350,000 NLD : 1.140 million SPA : 850,000 SWE : 310,000 DEN : 400,000 SWI : 335,000 ARG : 118,000 BEL : 315,000 AUT : 140,000 POL : 340,000 NZ : 140,000 80 million The Doors United States 1965 -- 1973 1967 Psychedelic rock Total available certified units : 46.9 million US : 36.6 million GER : 1.750 million UK : 2.040 million FRA : 1.9 million CAN : 2.780 million AUS : 1.022 million BRA : 100,000 ITA : 130,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 125,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Reba McEntire United States 1975 -- present Country / Country Pop Total available certified units : 42.7 million US : 41.9 million CAN : 850,000 80 million Meat Loaf United States 1968 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 42.2 million US : 23.6 million GER : 2.350 million UK : 9.665 million CAN : 3.380 million AUS : 2.522 million NLD : 425,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 115,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Tom Petty United States 1976 -- 2017 1977 Rock Total available certified units : 34.7 million US : 31.250 million GER : 500,000 UK : 1.060 million CAN : 1.7 million SWE : 200,000 80 million Johnny Hallyday France 1957 -- 2017 1960 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 25.4 million FRA : 24.672 million SWI : 268,000 BEL : 510,000 80 million 75 million to 79 million records Maroon 5 Journey Tim McGraw The Black Eyed Peas Usher R. Kelly Robbie Williams Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995 -- present 1998 Hip - hop / R&B / Dance Total available certified units : 58.8 million US : 31.4 million JPN : 1.250 million GER : 3.3 million UK : 10.8 million FRA : 2.650 million CAN : 2.7 million AUS : 3.270 million BRA : 255,000 NLD : 160,000 ITA : 365,000 SPA : 460,000 SWE : 300,000 DEN : 161,000 SWI : 460,000 MEX : 390,000 BEL : 460,000 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 340,000 76 million Maroon 5 United States 1994 -- present 2002 Pop rock / Funk rock / Dance - pop Total available certified units : 66.4 million US : 37.2 million JPN : 2 million GER : 2.550 UK : 10.360 million FRA : 792,000 CAN : 4.085 million AUS : 3.045 million BRA : 380,000 ITA : 810,000 SPA : 250,000 SWE : 770,000 DEN : 517,500 MEX : 3.365 NZ : 345,000 75 million Journey United States 1973 -- present Rock / Soft rock Total available certified units : 62.1 million US : 59.7 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.4 million CAN : 725,000 75 million Tim McGraw United States 1990 -- present 1994 Country Total available certified units : 61.7 million US : 60.150 million UK : 200,000 CAN : 1.375 million 75 million Usher United States 1991 -- present 1994 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 56.4 million US : 41.435 million JPN : 750,000 GER : 1.150 UK : 8.925 million FRA : 210,000 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 2.112 million SWE : 105,000 DEN : 137,500 SWI : 170,000 NZ : 150,000 75 million R. Kelly United States 1989 -- present 1991 R&B / Soul / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 55.6 million US : 46.9 million GER : 1.4 million UK : 5.420 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 300,000 AUS : 105,000 NLD : 365,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 275,000 75 million Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990 -- present Pop rock Total available certified units : 52.8 million US : 500,000 GER : 10.275 million UK : 27.550 million FRA : 2.695 million CAN : 250,000 AUS : 2.905 million NLD : 1.205 million ITA : 385,000 SPA : 440,000 SWE : 445,000 DEN : 676,500 SWI : 998,000 MEX : 1.595 million ARG : 462,000 BEL : 600,000 AUT : 917,500 POL : 140,000 FIN : 235,743 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 445,000 75 million Kenny G United States 1982 -- present 1984 Smooth jazz Total available certified units : 52.1 million US : 48.1 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 360,000 CAN : 950,000 AUS : 245,000 BRA : 1.350 million SPA : 450,000 75 million Tupac Shakur United States 1991 -- 1996 1991 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 51.7 million US : 46.2 million GER : 650,000 UK : 3.695 million CAN : 820,000 AUS : 430,000 75 million Enya Ireland 1982 -- present New - age / Celtic Total available certified units : 50.8 million US : 26.5 million JPN : 4.6 million GER : 4.2 million UK : 5.250 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 1.540 million AUS : 1.505 BRA : 1.650 million NLD : 730,000 SPA : 1.760 million SWE : 390,000 DEN : 100,000 SWI : 370,000 MEX : 125,000 ARG : 390,000 BEL : 510,000 AUT : 185,000 POL : 120,000 NZ : 135,000 75 million Alabama United States 1972 -- present 1980 Country / Pop rock Total available certified units : 48 million US : 46.8 million CAN : 1.2 million 75 million Nirvana United States 1987 -- 1994 1989 Grunge / Alternative rock Total available certified units : 47 million US : 26.5 million JPN : 1.3 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 5.970 million FRA : 2.5 million CAN : 2.970 million AUS : 1.362 BRA : 725,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 600,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 380,000 DEN : 160,000 SWI : 190,000 MEX : 475,000 ARG : 522,000 BEL : 375,000 AUT : 230,000 POL : 335,000 NZ : 215,000 75 million Bryan Adams Canada 1979 -- present 1979 Rock Total available certified units : 45.7 million US : 21 million JPN : 600,000 GER : 4.1 million UK : 8.935 million FRA : 650,000 CAN : 5.120 million AUS : 2.010 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 500,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 440,000 DEN : 105,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 375,000 AUT : 375,000 FIN : 183,444 75 million Bob Marley Jamaica 1962 -- 1981 Reggae Total available certified units : 40.9 million US : 21.850 million JPN : 200,000 GER : 1.750 million UK : 8.740 million FRA : 4.735 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 350,000 NLD : 420,000 ITA : 275,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 120,000 SWI : 303,000 ARG : 376,000 BEL : 225,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 427,500 75 million The Police United Kingdom 1977 -- 1986 2007 -- 2008 1978 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 39.4 million US : 23.150 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 1.775 million UK : 8.560 million FRA : 3.340 million CAN : 875,000 AUS : 407,500 BRA : 140,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 100,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 100,000 ARG : 228,000 BEL : 115,000 75 million Barry Manilow United States 1973 -- present 1973 Pop / Soft rock Total available certified units : 36.5 million US : 33.3 million UK : 2.825 million CAN : 400,000 75 million Kiss United States 1972 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 28 million US : 26 million CAN : 1.495 million UK : 100,000 AUS : 130,000 NLD : 200,000 ARG : 112,000 75 million Aretha Franklin United States 1956 -- 2018 1961 Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B Total available certified units : 24.9 million US : 23.5 million UK : 1.040 million FRA : 275,000 CAN : 150,000 75 million See also List of best - selling albums List of best - selling singles List of best - selling girl groups List of highest - certified music artists in the United States List of best selling digital artists in the United States IFPI Global Recording Artist of the Year Notes ^ Jump up to : Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century ; thus , certification databases are not able to cover all sales . Some ( or all ) records released and sold prior to a certification system 's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases . Year of establishment ( from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively ) : United States : 1958 Japan : 1989 : Germany : 1975 United Kingdom : 1973 France : 1973 Canada : 1975 Australia : 1997 ( online certification - database has begun since 1997 . Certifications ; however , existed in Australia since the 1970s ) Brazil : 1990 Netherlands : 1978 Italy : 2009 ( online certification - database covers certifications issued since 2009 . Certifications ; however , have existed in Italy since the 1990s ) Spain : 1979 Sweden : 1987 Denmark : 2001 ( online certifications for Denmark start from 2001 . Certifications ; however , existed in Denmark since the early 1990s ) Switzerland : 1989 Mexico : 1999 Argentina : 1980 Belgium : 1995 Austria : 1990 Poland : 1995 Finland : 1971 Ireland : 2005 New Zealand : July 1978 Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales , if stores order more albums than they are able to sell , due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales . Often , however , actual sales are larger than certified sales , since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications . Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification - levels , meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level . As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites , certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels . See the changes in Certification - award - levels in the following markets : United States ( Note , U.S. certification - award - levels for singles before 1989 were : 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum . Also , U.S. certification - awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were : 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum ) Japan Germany United Kingdom France Canada ( Canadian certification - award - levels for singles before February 1982 were : 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum ) Brazil Netherlands Italy Spain Sweden Denmark Switzerland Mexico Argentina Belgium Austria : Poland Finland New Zealand : ( NZ certification levels before June 2007 were : 5,000 for Gold , 10,000 for Platinum ) ( The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17 , 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold , 15,000 for Platinum , to 15,000 for Gold , 30,000 for Platinum ) Jump up ^ To be on this list , artists who began charting : before 1975 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 % in certified units . between 1975 -- 1990 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 -- 64 % in certified units . ( That is 2.9 % for each additional year after 1975 ) between 1990 -- 2000 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 64 -- 70 % in certified units . ( That is 0.6 % for each additional year after 1990 ) between 2000 -- present are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 70 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 0.66 % for each additional year after 2000 ) Jump up ^ Below you can get an understanding as to when certifications for songs are added to the total certified sales of the listed artists . One lead artist and one featured artist . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both , the lead artist and the featured artist as both will have almost equal amount of part ) . Two lead artists. ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both lead artists as both will have almost equal amount of part ) . Two lead artists and one featured artist . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both lead artists as well as the featured artist . Both lead artists will play a significant part in a song and the part of the featured artist also should be significant enough ) . One lead artist and two featured artists . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of the lead artist and to the total of both featured artists as almost all should have equal amount of part ) . References Jump up ^ NEWSLINE : A Former Music Executive . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Troubles in Store . Spin Magazine . Spin Media L.L.C. February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Debuts Album Award With Streams '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music streaming numbers now count toward Canada 's Gold / Platinum certifications '' . National Music Centre . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Now Counts Streaming Towards Certified Sales Awards '' . musicbusinessworldwide.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum : We Found Love '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Best - Selling Songs & Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ Yearbook 2017 : IFPI Global Music Report 2017 ( Page 4 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bundesverband Musikindustrie : Internationales : ABB . 28 / / Umsätze aus dem europäischen Musikverkauf ( Page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Beatles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Gold Disc Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BVMI : Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNEP : Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum searchable database '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PMB : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NVPI : Goud / Platina '' . NVPI . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Itaiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROMUSICAE Charts : Home > Weekly charts '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 928 -- 939 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Denmark : Søg Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Note that the certifications for DVDs need to be retrieved by selecting the years at `` http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp '' ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums and DVDs ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Austria . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recorded Music New Zealand : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope : Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siggins , Gerard ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Yeah , yeah , yeah ! Rare footage of The Beatles ' Dublin performance '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hotten , Russell ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Beatles at 50 : From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did ' Thriller ' Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Elvis Presley ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 913 -- 929 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 940 -- 952 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 15 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 42 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amprofon Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albany VFW Post 584 to host night with Elvis Sunday '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Emma ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` In pictures : When Elvis Presley landed at Prestwick airport '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Salo , Jackie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elvis Presley Quotes : 10 Things He Said To Remember The Icon On Anniversary Of His Death '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Michael Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc Les Certifications depuis 1973 ( singles ) '' . InfoDisc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 6th July 2009 ( Issue 1010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 13th July 2009 ( Issue 1011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 952 -- 966 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverige Toplistan : Sök '' . Sverige Toplistan ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Note : To retrieve the certifications , type in artist 's name in the box of `` Sök '' , and then click on `` Visa '' of the desired album / single / video ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin i august '' . IFPI Denmark . May 9 , 2004 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US network ABC accused of exploitation over Michael Jackson show '' . The Straits Times . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Peter ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 100 facts about the king of pop '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agencies , China Daily ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` 50 facts about Michael Jackson that made him a legend '' . China Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Madonna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 210 ( Madonna ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' . IFPI Denmark . February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts '' . IFPI Denmark . April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & platin januar 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna compares herself to Picasso , saying she 's going to be creative until the day she dies '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Candice ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna announces first tour to Australia in over two decades , first ever concert in New Zealand '' . ABC News of Australia . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : healthy pop star admits to ' weakness ' for sticky toffee pudding '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Elton John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forårets guld - og platincertificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Barney ; Boyle , Danny ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Elton John ' overwhelmed ' by fans ' kindness after contracting ' potentially deadly ' infection '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hebditch , Jon ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sir Elton John to play Aberdeen this weekend '' . The Press and Journal of Scotland . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sir Elton John wins first Brits Icon award '' . BBC News . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Archuleta , Jon ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Elton John adds more Las Vegas shows in 2016 '' . KVVU - TV . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Led Zeppelin ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Albums -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 10 / 11 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 10th August 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Celebration Day ' for Led Zeppelin fans '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Jane ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Page reflects on Led Zeppelin '' . The Age . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Jury finds Led Zeppelin did n't steal ' Stairway to Heaven ' riff '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbrick , Greg ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Music DVD / CD Review : Led Zeppelin -- Celebration Day '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Pink Floyd ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Floyd to release a new album in 2014 , entitled The Endless River '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : January 1995 ( Page 6 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd 's Waters Angry At Music Streaming '' . Sky News . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Royal Mail Marks 50 Years of Pink Floyd With Special Stamps '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd drummer fears for young musicians trying to break through '' . Times of Malta . September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Rihanna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts ( 31 / 03 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i september '' . IFPI Denmark . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2017 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts : Certtifications - Awards '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seales , Rebecca ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Cyntoia Brown : Rihanna and Kim Kardashian back jailed teen '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna and the other female stars living the life dating billionaires '' . News.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Eminem ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Greg ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Defiant Ones ' - partners who put the word out about hip - hop revolution '' . The National of Abu Dhabi . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allan , Eamon ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's glaring homophobia '' . Mail & Guardian . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Mariah Carey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 ( Million Seller List by Year ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 ( Mariah Carey ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 4 ( UGE 51 - 2016 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey will return to Vegas for a handful of Christmastime concerts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Isaza , Marcella ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey Confirms New Beau ; Talks New Single , Tour '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , AFP ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey asks fans to pray for sick husband '' . ABC News of Australia . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` For Mariah Carey , the angel is in the details '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Queen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2004 年 ( 2004 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Jill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Queen facts you can share with your mates at the Hydro '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vass , Eszter ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Queen + Adam Lambert to perform in Budapest '' . Daily News Hungary . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Proefrock , Stacia . `` Allmusic : Celine Dion ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 1995 年 ( 1995 million - seller list ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( July 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 47 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 22 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Conor , Gaffey ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Celine Dion Salutes Her Gabonese Imitator '' . Newsweek . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ptashnick , Victoria ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Céline Dion joins Twitter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Learning to love Celine Dion '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barhat , Vikram Singh ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Celine Dion : Taking Chances tour to heights '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Whitney Houston ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( January 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 27th February 2012 Issue No. 1148 ( for single `` I Will Always Love You '' and albums `` The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' , `` Whitney Houston '' ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Whitney Houston : 10 Career - Defining Moments '' . Time . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Two Whitney Houston documentaries are in production , but only one has the estate 's blessing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music world stunned at Whitney Houston 's death '' . ABC News of Australia . April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's grave marked with famous lyrics '' . BBC News . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : AC / DC ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC : Rock 's ' kick in the guts ' '' . BBC News . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' AC / DC 's music is the best antidepressant there is ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC fans salute musical celebration of Bon Scott 's wild life and times '' . The Scotsman . July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` MSPs tell AC / DC ... We Salute You '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Rolling Stones ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ; Dixon , Louise ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years on stage '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` HBO documentary will celebrate 50 years of the Rolling Stones '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : ABBA ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 2001 ( Gold Album - Page 8 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum Database ( February 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( September 8 , 1979 ) . ABBA 's Australian certifications at Billboard Magazine ( September 8 , 1979 issue ) . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 25 - 2004 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 51 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 28 April 2014 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 19 March 2007 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abba dig out archive track for The Visitors re-release '' . BBC News . January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mamma Mia ! ' at ASU Gammage '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA , Hollies , Genesis enter Rock Hall in NYC bash '' . The Register Citizen Newspaper . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Taylor Swift ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2018 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor - made ' 80s sounds '' . New Straits Times . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Garth Brooks ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks sells 51,000 tickets for Edmonton shows '' . CBC News . December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Eagles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edgers , Geoff ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Glenn Frey , ' the one who started it all ' with the Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : U2 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 22 / 09 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Lara ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Former U2 manager Paul McGuinness : Cracking crime on the Côte d'Azur '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Billy Joel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Billy Joel will be back at Fenway in August '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Phil Collins ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Collins ' fans rejoice : Artist announces end of retirement '' . CNN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Aerosmith ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ARIA Singes Chart : Annual Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Aerosmith says new album brings `` a little of 1975 back '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Frank Sinatra ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition traces of the life of an American icon : Frank Sinatra '' . Euronews . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Barbra Streisand ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helen Brown , Helen ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Barbra Streisand , O2 Arena , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Allmusic : Justin Bieber ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bieber 's Step to Stardom '' . Calgary Herald . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Kanye West ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold / Platinum database : October 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Track Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adefope , Lolly ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Edinburgh shows we want to see : BoJo the clown and humble Kanye West '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Bruno Mars ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 12 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PARI : List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . Philippine Association of the Record Industry . PARI . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanValkenburgh , Nicky ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive Preview : Rio 2 ' flies high '' . The Greenville News . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Ed Sheeran ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oppenheim , Maya ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Former rough sleeper Ed Sheeran to install ' anti-homeless ' railings outside home '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Bruce Springsteen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april '' . IFPI Denmark . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Brian ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Springsteen has high hopes for radical marketing wheeze '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Metallica ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 07 / 10 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica sets 2019 North Little Rock stop on latest tour '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 448 . ISBN 9780857125958 . Jump up ^ Maury Dean ( 2003 ) . Rock ' N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . p. 283 . ISBN 9780875862071 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Bee Gees ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 1996 ( Page 5 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : November 1996 ( Page 4 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Barry Gibb honors brothers at sold out show , reveals Bee Gees ' best song '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Lady Gaga ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dove , Steve ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Luke Bryan , Lady Gaga , Kendrick Lamar and Macklemore & Ryan Lewis to Perform at 2013 AMAs '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Katy Perry ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Andrews , Travis ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is the first judge named for new ' American Idol ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Davis . `` Allmusic : Adele ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg Kot ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Adele 's best conversation is with her band at United Center '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Lil Wayne ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leitereg , Neal ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Wayne gets $10 million for Miami Beach home with skate park and shark lagoon '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Jay - Z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lachno , James ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Z reclaims the hip - hop throne : V Festival , Hylands Park , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : B'z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Culross , Mikey Hirano ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Meeting of the Masters '' . Rafu Shimpo . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bon Jovi ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 28th January 2008 ( Issue 935 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Australian certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Bon Jovi Leads 2018 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Inductees : ' It 's About Time ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Beyonce ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company : Beyoncé '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Conciones Top 20 Anual 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woodall , Bernie ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce 's father confirms the birth of her twins in Twitter message '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Coldplay ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Matt ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Coldplay tribute act set to present a field full of stars at Harpenden fundraiser '' . Herts Advertiser of St Albans . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Linkin Park ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington : Lead singer of Linkin Park remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Britney Spears ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april ( 01 / 05 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 6 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears to perform at MTV Video Music Awards for first time in 10 years '' . BBC News . August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Rod Stewart ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Sir Rod Stewart : ' I was conceived in an Anderson bomb shelter during the Second World War ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Fleetwood Mac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 29 June 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 16 September 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Bill Clinton repays a favor to Fleetwood Mac at MusiCares ceremony '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Guns N ' Roses ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 28 - 2006 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses at AD Grand Prix '' . Khaleej Times . May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Backstreet Boys ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2001 年 ( 2001 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 03 - 2002 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen Ly , Mimi ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Backstreet Boys Release New Song , Video '' . Epoch Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : George Strait ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Annie ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` George Strait debuts new single ahead of forthcoming album '' . United Press International . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Neil Diamond ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1996 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to stop touring after Parkinson 's diagnosis '' . Sky News . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Santana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Szaroleta , Tom ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Echoes of Woodstock : Santana one of the few big names still on the road '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Prince ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hanrahan , Mark ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Purple reigns at London exhibition charting Prince 's career '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vinopal & Erlewine , David & Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kenny Rogers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( June 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Dave ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kenny Rogers prepares to hang up his microphone '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Paul McCartney ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden : Certifications for 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Chris ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney wanted a free Brooklyn Nets T - shirt more than anything '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Simon & Garfunkel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Andy ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` The singer with Art '' . The Shuttle . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Janet Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doerfler , Andrew ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson finally plans to make up postponed Bethlehem concert '' . The Express - Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Julio Iglesias ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julio Iglesias 30th Anniversary . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . May 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff , CTVNews.ca ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Julio Iglesias was a ' bad singer ' at start of his career '' . CTV News . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Chicago ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital downloads : February 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Chicago '' . Rolling Stone . April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Dire Straits ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Michael ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dire Straits reunion ' not on the horizon ' , says band founder John Illsley ahead of Tayside gigs '' . The Courier of Dundee . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bob Dylan ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan makes no mention of Nobel prize at Las Vegas concert '' . The Irish Times . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Def Leppard ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report Issue # 850 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Kevin ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Def Leppard sponsor Rhiwbina rugby under - 10s in Cardiff '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Cher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Australia 's certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box magazine : Cash Box Great Britain ( Issue February 4 , 1967 page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Cashbox . February 4 , 1967 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box magazine : Cash Box Great Britain ( PDF of Full Issue February 4 , 1967 page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Cashbox . February 4 , 1967 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : Believe in the Album ( Issue January 22 , 2000 page 2 ) '' . Billboard . January 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . RIANZ . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Believe : ' The Cher Show ' to premiere in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Genesis ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Phil Collins ' `` Not Dead Yet '' `` . CBS News . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Olivia Newton - John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Newton - John 's new battle with cancer 25 years after initial diagnosis '' . The Australian . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : James Taylor ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` James Taylor , Al Pacino , Mavis Staples selected for Kennedy Center Honors '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Stevie Wonder ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spera , Keith ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Stevie Wonder 's ' Songs in the Key of Life ' tour coming to New Orleans '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : David Bowie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : Tina Turner ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben , Cosgrove ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tina Turner : Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Linda Ronstadt ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Ronstadt receives White House honour '' . BBC News . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Donna Summer ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Eamon ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 14 of the best sunshine - filled songs that scream Summer '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : The Beach Boys ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` The Beach Boys Al Jardine : ' No , You 're the Greatest ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder & Erlewine , Bruce & Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Who ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim , Masters ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Who say UK tour begins ' long goodbye ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogen , Ed . `` Allmusic : Barry White ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ollison , Rashod ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` When the Need for You Was Strong : Barry White Introduces Gloria Scott '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Shania Twain ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Harriet ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' That do n't impress me much ' : Shania Twain reveals Brad Pitt 's naked body inspired lyrics '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Pink ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newsroom , KLKN ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Pink concert at Pinnacle Bank Arena announced '' . KLKN . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Carpenters ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum database ( June 2009 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Karen Carpenter and the mystery of the missing album '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Lionel Richie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 05 / 05 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poplak , Richard ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Slay you , slay me ' - when Lionel Richie sang for Muammar Gaddafi '' . Daily Maverick . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Earth , Wind & Fire ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2011 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( April 2013 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Earth , Wind & Fire founder Maurice White dead at 74 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Johnny Cash ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Rebecca ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` More Johnny Cash material will be released says son '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Justin Timberlake ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murgue , Hermance ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : depuis le `` nipplegate '' , les mille et unes vies de Justin Timberlake `` . L'Express . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Chris Brown ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reports , Staff ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Brown to play Burgettstown '' . The Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Nicki Minaj ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abimboye , Micheal ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Stevie Wonder , Mariah Carey , others to perform at BET Awards '' . Premium Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R.E.M. ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waters , Lowenna ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` 10 of the best R.E.M songs '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Flo Rida ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Courter , Barry ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Flo Rida , Dustin Lynch , Bret Michaels , Wallflowers complete Riverbend lineup '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Van Halen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Van Halen to Release First Concert Album With David Lee Roth '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : Ayumi Hamasaki ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( オリコン ) 浜崎 あゆみ 、 ソロ 初 の 総 売上 5000 万 枚 超え 「 ファン の みんなの 記録 」 ( First solo artist with over 50 million in sales ) '' . Oricon . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 年間 ありがとう ! 「 ケータイ ランキング 」 発表 ! アーティスト 1 位 は EXILE 、 楽曲 は GReeeeN 「 キセキ 」 ~ レコチョク の ケータイ 向け 「 着うた ( R ) 」 「 着うた フル ( R ) 」 サービス 12 / 15 終了 '' . Oricon . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jimmy , Blake ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers make a triumphant return to Reading and Leeds festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Foreigner ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Bands keep on rocking without key members . But is it still the same ? '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Allmusic : George Michael ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( UGE 20 - 2004 '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elise , Abigail ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Freedom ' singer and ex-Wham ! member George Michael died from heart failure , says manager '' . WCVB - TV . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Doors ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jim ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Ray Manzarek discusses new Doors documentary film '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Reba McEntire ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Three decades after her first hit , Reba McEntire -- now 60 -- is poised for a comeback '' . National Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Meat Loaf ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Canada '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Tom Petty ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty : Highlights from four decades in rock'n'roll '' . ABC News of Australia . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Johnny Hallyday ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Vidéos -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary French Singer Johnny Hallyday Is Being Treated for Cancer '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : The Black Eyed Peas ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Eyed Peas will reunite for new album , says will.i.am '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Maroon 5 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Levine , Maroon 5 Sign With WME '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Journey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( September 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` Journey , Def Leppard join forces for hit - filled tour '' . The Macomb Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Tim McGraw ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franzen , Marty ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Concert Scene : McGraw and Hill bring star power to Hershey '' . The Intelligencer . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Lynda . `` Allmusic : Usher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Souza , Alison ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` R&B star Usher toughens up to play boxer Sugar Ray Leonard in Hands Of Stone '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R. Kelly ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Ty ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Spotify joins the growing chorus to # MuteRKelly '' . CGTN . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Robbie Williams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adejobi , Alicia ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` The hidden success of Robbie Williams ahead of Heavy Entertainment Show album release '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yanow , Scott . `` Allmusic : Kenny G ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Mel ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` How would you define his music ? Kenny G simply says it 's jazz '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephan . `` Allmusic : 2 Pac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac blamed race in Madonna breakup letter '' . BBC News . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Enya ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 03 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Enya says tour would be ' very possible ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Alabama ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama country music star Jeff Cook suffering from Parkinson 's '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Nirvana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : 7th November 2011 ( Issue No. 1132 ) '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana to be elevated to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bryan Adams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian certifications for Bryan Adams '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` An exclusive behind the scenes look at the ' Pretty Woman ' musical , coming to Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Bob Marley ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 20 / 05 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meschino , Patricia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Music and Marketing Genius of Bob Marley , 34 Years After His Passing '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Police ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christie , Janet ( May 26 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Sting on bringing his debut musical to Scotland '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Barry Manilow ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Manilow Broadway comeback hit by bronchitis '' . BBC News . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kiss ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Simmons shows his Family Jewels '' . The Age . December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Aretha Franklin ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glimpse of the Divine ' : Chicago Pays Respect to Aretha Franklin '' . WMAQ - TV . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About RIAJ : History '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About BPI Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Albums '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( October 2 , 1976 ) . CRIA . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos -- Certificados '' ( Brazilian Association of Record Producers -- Certificates ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Guld - og platinplader er devalueret ( Gold and Platinum awards are lowered ) . b.dk ( in Danish ) . April 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community -- Awards '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier certification database covering the years 1999 -- 2010 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capif '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Goud En Platina - Singles 1995 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot '' ( IFPI Statistics ) ( in Finnish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Finland . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bialik , Carl ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Spun : The Off - the - Wall Accounting of Record Sales '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The awards : Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Recording Industry -- World Sales 2003 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Takes The Crop ( February 14 , 2008 ) '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 14 , 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIIA Certifications '' . Billboard . August 10 , 1996 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAJ Certs Plan Criticized . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 25 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 現 基準 - 旧 基準 ( ~ 2003.06 ) '' ( Current criteria - Former Criteria ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Verleihgrenzen '' ( Guidelines for Gold and Platinum awards ) ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Timeline '' ( PDF ) . BPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 2006 ) . France Lowers Gold Standard . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Singles '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Definitions '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CRIA Reports 46 % Rise for Disk Certifications . Billboard magazine . February 27 , 1982 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tabela de Níveis de Certificação Pro-Música '' ( Levels for Certifications ( most recent ) ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Níveis de Certificação '' ( Levels for Certifications ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2009 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification - award - levels '' ( Words ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newsline : Italian Label Body FIMI . Billboard magazine . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI Lowers Gold , Platinum Levels '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Global Newsline : Spain Lowers Certifications . Billboard magazine . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Top 100 Albums ( SEMANA 37 : del 07.09. 2009 al 13.09. 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Certification - award - levels '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark Revamps Certification Levels . Billboard . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nye regler for platinplader til downloads ( New rule for Gold and Platinum downloads ) . gaffa.dk. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark : Guld og platin . IFPI ( Denmark ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier changes in certification - levels including levels for Pre-loaded albums / singles and Mater Ringtones ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` 35 . Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries ( Unit sales ) ( Page 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . RIAJ . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2007 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification levels for Austria ( all periods ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . ^ Jump up to : GSA : Austria . Billboard magazine . December 6 , 1997 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pełny Tekst Regulaminu Przyznawania Wyróżnień '' ( Complete Rules of Awards ) ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Certification - levels '' ( PDF ) . ZPAV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Music Charts of NZ : June 4 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Demand Streams Added To New Zealand Top 40 Album Charts '' . scoop.co.nz . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Music industry Companies and organizations Representatives ARIA BVMI BPI Music Canada FIMI IFPI ( worldwide ) PROMUSICAE RIAA SNEP Music publishers BMG Rights Management EMI Music Publishing Fox Music Imagem MGM Music Music catalog Sony / ATV Music Publishing Universal Music Publishing Group Warner / Chappell Music Record labels Major : Sony Music Universal Music Group Warner Music Group Independent : Independent UK record labels Live music CTS Eventim Live Nation LiveStyle Ticketmaster Genres Avant - garde Blues Contemporary R&B Country Crossover Dance Disco Drum and bass Easy listening Electronica Experimental Folk Funk Gospel Hip hop Instrumental Jazz Latin Metal Motown New Age Operatic pop Pop Punk Reggae Rock Soul Soundtrack World Sectors and roles Album cover design Artists and repertoire ( A&R ) Disc jockey Distribution Entertainment law Music education Music executive Music journalism Music publisher Music store Music venue Musical instruments Professional audio store Promotion Radio promotion Record label Record shop Road crew Talent manager Tour promoter Production Arrangement Composer Conductor Disc jockey Hip hop producer Horn section Record producer Recording artist Rhythm section Orchestrator Session musician Singer Backup singer Ghost singer Vocal coach Songwriter Ghostwriter Sound engineer Release formats Album Extended play ( EP ) / Mini album Single Music video Promotional recording Phonograph record Eight - track Compact cassette CD DVD Airplay Music download Streaming media Live shows Concert Concert tour Concert residency Music festival Music competition Charts ARIA Charts Billboard Hot 100 Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Gaon Music Chart G - Music Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart GfK Entertainment Charts Entertainment Monitoring Africa Oricon Charts New Zealand Singles Chart Sino Chart SNEP Singles Chart Sverigetopplistan UK Singles Chart Publications Billboard HitQuarters Hot Press Kerrang ! Mojo Musica e dischi NME Q Rolling Stone Smash Hits Top of the Pops Television Channels Channel V CMT Fuse Mnet MTV MTV2 Tr3s MuchMusic The Music Factory Viva VH1 The Country Network Series Idol franchise Popstars Star Academy The Voice The X Factor Rising Star Achievements Music award Best - selling music artists Best - selling albums by country Best - selling singles Highest - grossing concert tours Highest - attended concerts Global Recording Artist of the Year Other Album era Album - equivalent unit A-side and B - side Backmasking Christian music industry Hidden track Record sales White label Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_music_artists&oldid=857086123 '' Categories : Lists of bestsellers Lists of musicians Rock music Popular music Lists of best - selling music artists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 13 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has sold the most records to date | [
"\n\n\nArtist\n\nCountry / Market\n\nPeriod active\n\nRelease year of first charted record\n\nGenre\n\nTotal certified units(from available markets)[a]\n\nClaimed sales\n\n\nThe Beatles\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1960–1970[10]\n\n1962[10]\n\nRock / Pop[10]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 271.9 million\nUS: 212.250 million[11]\nJPN: 4.950 million[a][12]\nGER: 8 million[a][13]\nUK: 18.445 million[a][14]\nFRA: 3.890 million[a][15][16]\nCAN: 14.455 million[a][17]\nAUS: 3.060 million[a][18][19]\nBRA: 550,000[a][20]\nNLD: 295,000[a][21]\nITA: 380,000[a][22]\nSPA: 1.250 million[a][23][24]\nSWE 485,000[a][25]\nDEN: 270,000[a][26][27][28]\nSWI: 350,000[a][29]\nARG: 1.606 million[a][30][31]\nBEL: 390,000[a][32][33]\nAUT: 500,000[a][34]\nPOL: 175,000[a][35]\nNZ: 660,000[a][36][37]\n\n600 million[38][39]500 million[40]\n\n\nElvis Presley\n\nUnited States\n\n1954–1977[41]\n\n1954[41]\n\nRock and roll / Pop / Country[41]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 224.5 million\nUS: 199.150 million[11]\nJPN: 300,000[a][12]\nGER: 1.2 million[a][13]\nUK: 13.145 million[a][14]\nFRA: 2.590 million[a][15][16]\nCAN: 2.925 million[a][17]\nAUS: 1.797 million[a][18][42]\nBRA: 125,000[a][20]\nNLD: 555,000[a][21]\nITA: 105,000[a][22]\nSPA: 300,000[a][23][43][44]\nSWE 380,000[a][25]\nDEN: 120,000[a][45][46][47]\nSWI: 185,000[a][29]\nMEX: 105,000[a][48]\nARG: 110,000[a][30]\nBEL: 115,000[a][32][33]\nAUT: 205,000[a][34]\nFIN: 213,945[a][49]\nNZ: 117,500[a][36][37]\n\n600 million[50][51]500 million[52]\n\n\nMichael Jackson\n\nUnited States\n\n1964–2009[53]\n\n1971[53]\n\nPop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B[53]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 229.5 million\nUS: 145.3 million[11]\nJPN: 4.650 million[a][12][54]\nGER: 11.275 million[13]\nUK: 29.045 million[14]\nFRA: 11.375 million[15][16][55]\nCAN: 4.670 million[17]\nAUS: 6.775 million[a][18][19][56][57][58]\nBRA: 280,000[a][20]\nNLD: 2.105 million[21]\nITA: 1.195 million[a][22]\nSPA: 1.995 million[a][23][24][43][44][59]\nSWE: 1.230 million[a][25][60]\nDEN: 1.289 million[a][61][62][28]\nSWI: 910,000[a][29]\nMEX: 3.670 million[a][48]\nARG: 124,000[a][30][31]\nBEL: 665,000[a][32][33]\nAUT: 1.197 million[a][34]\nPOL: 530,000[a][35]\nFIN: 384,127[49]\nNZ: 902,500[36][37]\n\n350 million[63][64]300 million[65][66]\n\n\nMadonna\n\nUnited States\n\n1979–present[67]\n\n1982[67]\n\nPop / Dance / Electronica[67]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 172.9 million\nUS: 85.675 million[11]\nJPN: 6.450 million [a][12][54]\nGER: 12.4 million[13]\nUK: 29.245 million[14]\nFRA: 12.81 million[15][16][55]\nCAN: 6.030 million[17]\nAUS: 4.787 million[a][18][68][69]\nBRA: 3.440 million[a][20]\nNLD: 1.735 million[21]\nITA: 465,000[a][22]\nSPA: 2.815 million[23][24][43][44][59]\nSWE: 1.070 million[a][25][60]\nDEN: 407,000[a][61][62][70][28][71][72]\nSWI: 1.080 million[a][29]\nMEX: 510,000[a][48]\nARG: 1.098[30][31]\nBEL: 740,000[a][32][33]\nAUT: 602,500[a][34]\nPOL: 530,000[a][35]\nFIN: 652,686[49]\nNZ: 417,500[36][37]\n\n300 million[73][74]275 million[75]\n\n\nElton John\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1964–present[76]\n\n1969[76]\n\nPop / Rock[76]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 182.8 million\nUS: 129.350 million[11]\nJPN: 1.1 million [a][12]\nGER: 7.9 million[a][13]\nUK: 23.395 million[a][14]\nFRA: 4.825 million[a][15][16][55]\nCAN: 5.975 million[a][17]\nAUS: 2.947 million[a][18][77]\nBRA: 835,000[a][20]\nNLD: 975,000[21]\nSPA: 1.2 million[a][23][24][44][59]\nSWE: 740,000[a][25]\nDEN: 195,000[a][46][62][78][28]\nSWI: 1.313 million[a][29]\nMEX: 100,000[a][48]\nARG: 128,000[30][31]\nBEL: 565,000[a][32][33]\nAUT: 765,000[a][34]\nPOL: 150,000[a][35]\nFIN: 163,481[49]\nNZ: 255,000[a][36][37]\n\n300 million[79][80]250 million[81][82]\n\n\nLed Zeppelin\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1968–1980[83]\n\n1969[83]\n\nHard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock[83]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 140 million\nUS: 114.1 million[11]\nJPN: 400,000 [a][12]\nGER: 3.775 million[a][13]\nUK: 9.530 million[a][14]\nFRA: 2.310 million[a][15][16][84]\nCAN: 4.710 million[17]\nAUS: 2.8 million[a][18][85][86]\nBRA: 820,000[a][20]\nITA: 465,000[a][22]\nSPA: 450,000[a][24][44][59]\nSWI: 211,000[a][29]\nARG: 360,000[a][30]\nPOL: 120,000[a][35]\n\n300 million[87][88]200 million[89][90]\n\n\nPink Floyd\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1965–1996, 2014[91][92]\n\n1967[91]\n\nProgressive rock / Psychedelic rock[91]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 120.1 million\nUS: 78 million[11]\nJPN: 100,000[a][93]\nGER: 7.5 million[a][13]\nUK: 11.720 million[a][14]\nFRA: 6.360 million[a][15][16][55]\nCAN: 6.790 million[a][17]\nAUS: 2.932 million[a][18][19]\nBRA: 515,000[a][20]\nNLD: 435,000[a][21]\nITA: 2.035 million[a][22]\nSPA: 625,000[a][23][24][43][59]\nSWE: 220,000[a][25][60]\nSWI: 390,000[a][29]\nARG: 582,000[a][30][31]\nBEL: 115,000[a][32][33]\nAUT: 460,000[a][34]\nPOL: 590,000[a][35]\nNZ: 787,500[a][36][37]\n\n250 million[94][95]200 million[96]\n"
] | [
"The Beatles"
] |
-4848056930689862624 | God of War (2018 video game) | God of War ( 2018 video game ) - Wikipedia God of War ( 2018 video game ) Jump to : navigation , search God of War Developer ( s ) SIE Santa Monica Studio Publisher ( s ) Sony Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Cory Barlog Producer ( s ) Elizabeth Dahm Wang Sean Llewellyn Chad Cox Eric Fong Designer ( s ) Derek Daniels Programmer ( s ) Florian Strauss Writer ( s ) Matt Sophos Richard Zangrande Gaubert Cory Barlog Composer ( s ) Bear McCreary Series God of War Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Release April 20 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player God of War is a third - person action - adventure game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) . Released on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) console , it is the eighth installment in the God of War series , the eighth chronologically , and the sequel to 2010 's God of War III . Unlike previous games , which were loosely based on Greek mythology , this game is loosely based on Norse mythology . The main protagonists are Kratos , the former Greek God of War , and his young son Atreus . Following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms . Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus , who is unaware of his divine nature . Along their journey , they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world . Described by creative director Cory Barlog as a reimagining of the franchise , a major gameplay change is that Kratos prominently uses a magical battle axe instead of his signature double - chained blades . God of War also uses an over-the - shoulder free camera , with the game in one shot , as opposed to the fixed cinematic camera of the previous entries . The game includes role - playing video game elements , and Kratos ' son Atreus provides assistance in combat . The majority of the original game 's development team worked on God of War and designed the game to be accessible and grounded . A separate short text - based game , God of War : A Call from the Wilds released in February 2018 , follows Atreus on his first adventure . God of War received universal acclaim from critics , being praised for its narrative , world design , art direction , graphics , characters , and combat system . It received perfect scores from multiple reviewers , making it the highest - rated game in the God of War series , as well the third highest - rated PS4 game , on Metacritic . The game performed well commercially , selling five million copies within a month of release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Characterization 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 God of War : A Call from the Wilds 6 Reception 6.1 Sales 6.2 Accolades 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The gameplay is vastly different from the previous installments , as it was rebuilt from the ground up . Although the previous main installment , Ascension ( 2013 ) , introduced multiplayer to the series , this installment is single - player - only . The game features a third - person , over-the - shoulder free camera , a departure from the previous installments , which featured a third - person , fixed cinematic camera ( with the exception of 2007 's 2D side - scroller Betrayal ) . Cinematographically , the game is presented in a continuous shot , with no camera cuts . The game is open , but it is not open - world . Due to it being open , players can fast travel to different locations through Mystic Gateways . As the ability to swim was cut from the game , players instead use a boat to traverse bodies of water . Just like previous entries , there are puzzles for players to solve to progress through parts of the game . Enemies in the game stem from Norse mythology , such as variants of trolls , ogres , dark elves and their king , wolves , wulvers , nightmares , draugrs , tatzelwurms , as well as Gullveig and the revenants , beings warped by seiðr magic , among other original creatures . Valkyries appear as optional boss battles , and players can free the dragons Fáfnir , Otr , and Reginn -- dwarfs that were turned into dragons -- in addition to battling a dragon called Hræzlyr . A major change is that Kratos no longer uses his signature double - chained blades , the Blades of Chaos , as his default weapon . Instead , he uses a magical battle axe , called the Leviathan Axe , which is infused with ice elemental magic . The axe can be thrown at enemies and magically summoned back to his hand ( similar to Thor 's hammer Mjölnir ) . Larger enemies have precision targets and throwing the axe at those targets stuns the enemy . The weapon can also be thrown at environmental objects to trigger a damaging explosion and it can freeze objects and some enemies in place for puzzle solving until the axe is summoned back to Kratos ' hand . The axe has standard light and heavy attacks , and over time , it can be upgraded with runes to allow for special runic attacks , with one slot being for a light runic attack and the other for heavy . This provides players with a variety of options to cater to their own play style . For example , one of the light runic attacks allows Kratos to charge the axe and let out a burst of energy and one of the heavy runic attacks allows Kratos to summon a swirling ice storm . Another new weapon that Kratos utilizes is the Guardian Shield . When not in use , it folds up and appears like armor on Kratos ' left forearm . When summoned , the shield can be used offensively and defensively , similar to the Golden Fleece in previous games . Kratos also utilizes hand - to - hand combat , a feature originally introduced in Ascension . The Blades of Chaos are acquired late into the game via a plot device and perform similarly as they did in previous installments , but can also be upgraded with light and heavy runic attacks . Pre-release gameplay screenshot of God of War , taken from the trailer shown at E3 2016 : Kratos ( center ) and his son Atreus ( right ) are battling a troll . Atreus can assist in combat , such as firing lightning arrows on the player 's command . Similar to previous games , there is a `` Rage '' ability called Spartan Rage . Like the previous versions , the Rage ability has a meter that gradually fills during combat . With this ability , Kratos uses powerful bare - handed attacks , as opposed to weapons , to greatly damage enemies . The game also features elements similar to role - playing video games ( RPGs ) . There are crafting resources for the player to find that allow them to create new or upgrade existing armor with better perks . Players will also accumulate a currency called Hacksilver , a key component in crafting and purchasing new items . Experience points ( XP ) are used for learning new combat skills . Throughout the game world , players find chests containing random items , such as Hacksilver and enchantments for improving armor and weapons , as well as two special items , Iðunn 's Apples and Horns of Blood Mead , which increase the maximum length of the health and rage meters , respectively . Quick time events have changed from previous games . Enemies display two meters above their heads , one for health and the other for stun . Filling up the stun meter helps to defeat more difficult enemies . When the stun meter is full , a grab - prompt will appear . Depending on the enemy , Kratos may rip it in half or grab them and throw them into other enemies , among other possible outcomes . Although the game is played entirely as Kratos , there are times when the player may choose to passively control Kratos ' son , Atreus . One button is dedicated to Atreus and its use depends on the context . For example , if the player needs assistance , they can look at an enemy , press the button , and Atreus will use his Talon Bow to shoot arrows at the enemy . The arrows have little effect on an enemy 's health , but do increase the stun meter . Over the course of the game , Atreus helps in combat , traversal , exploration , and puzzle - solving . When facing a large number of enemies , he distracts the weaker ones as Kratos fights the stronger ones . If too many enemies gang up on Atreus , he is knocked out for the remainder of that combat . Just like Kratos , Atreus acquires new skills , armor , special arrows , such as lightning arrows , as well as runic attacks for his Talon Bow , but it only has one slot instead of two . Atreus ' runic attacks summon different spectral animals with different abilities . For example , one summons a wolf that attacks enemies , while another summons the squirrel Ratatoskr that will dig up orbs to replenish Kratos ' health or rage meters . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) While the first seven games were loosely based on Greek mythology , this installment takes the series to Norse mythology , but predates the Vikings . Six of the nine realms of Norse mythology can be explored . The majority of the game takes place in the realm of Midgard , inhabited by humans and other creatures and is the same realm that the Greek world had existed in . As more creatures began appearing , many humans fled . Other realms visited as part of the story include Alfheim , the mystical home of the light and dark elves , Helheim , the icy land of the dead , and Jötunheim , the mountainous land of the giants . Other explorable realms include Niflheim , a realm of poisonous fog with a maze - like structure of rewards , and the fire realm Muspelheim , featuring the six Trials of Muspelheim ; completing each trial grants rewards and advances Kratos and Atreus closer to the top of a large volcano . Access to the other three realms -- Asgard , home of the Æsir gods , Vanaheim , home of the Vanir gods , and Svartalfheim , home of the dwarves -- have been blocked by the ruler of Asgard and the Æsir gods , Odin . At the center of the realms is the mythical tree Yggdrasil , which connects each realm together . Although each realm is a different world , they simultaneously exist in the same space . Travel to and from realms can be done by the use of the Bifröst from a root of Yggdrasil contained within a temple located at the center of the Lake of the Nine . The temple was created by the now dead Týr , a peaceful God of War who had traveled to other lands and learned about their mythologies ; Odin had him killed as he believed Týr was secretly aiding the giants and would try to overthrow him . Characters ( edit ) Main article : Characters of God of War The protagonists of the game are Kratos ( voiced by Christopher Judge ) and his young son Atreus ( Sunny Suljic ) . Kratos is a warrior originally from Sparta who became the Greek God of War and is the son of Zeus . After ending up in Midgard , he met his second and now deceased wife , Laufey ( addressed as Faye ) , and they bore their son , Atreus , who does not know about Kratos ' past or his divine nature , but can hear other beings ' thoughts . The main antagonist is the Æsir god Baldur ( Jeremy Davies ) , the brother of Thor , whose sons Modi and Magni ( Nolan North and Troy Baker , respectively ) assist Baldur . His parents are Odin and the Vanir god Freya ( Danielle Bisutti ) . Freya tried leaving Odin , as she did not truly love him , and Odin had her banished to Midgard , after which she became known as the Witch of the Woods . To protect her son from a prophecy that foretold his death , Freya cast a spell of immortality on Baldur , which also caused him to not feel pain or any feeling of pleasure , which he resented her for . The only thing that she could not prevent from breaking the spell was mistletoe , which she kept secret . Other characters include Mímir ( Alastair Duncan ) , who claims to be the smartest man alive , and the Huldra Brothers Brok ( Roger Craighead ) and Sindri ( Adam J. Harrington ) , a pair of dwarves who appear at various points in the world and assist Kratos and Atreus with forging new gear . Their weapons , including Thor 's hammer Mjölnir , were used by the Æsir gods and they also had forged Kratos ' Leviathan Axe , which originally belonged to Faye , who also gifted Kratos his Guardian Shield . The spirit of the Greek goddess Athena ( Carole Ruggier ) makes a cameo appearance , and Zeus ( Corey Burton ) appears as an illusion to Kratos in Helheim . Plot ( edit ) Many years have passed since Kratos took his vengeance against the Olympian gods , and he now lives with his young son Atreus in Midgard . The game opens following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , Faye , whose last wish was for her ashes to be spread at the highest peak of the nine realms . Before beginning their journey , Kratos is confronted by a mysterious man with godlike powers . After seemingly killing him , Kratos and Atreus set out on their journey . Reaching the Lake of the Nine , Kratos and Atreus encounter the friendly World Serpent , Jörmungandr . After running into impenetrable black mist which can only be extinguished with the Light of Alfheim , they receive aid from the Witch of the Woods to use the Bifröst in order to travel to Alfheim and secure the Light . Upon vanquishing the mist and reaching Midgard 's peak , they overhear a conversation between the mysterious man , revealed to be Baldur , his nephews Modi and Magni , and the imprisoned Mímir . After they leave , Kratos and Atreus confront Mímir , who reveals that their goal is actually in Jötunheim , but travel there has been blocked to keep out Odin and Thor . Mímir , however , knows another passage . He instructs Kratos to cut off his head and have it revived by the Witch of the Woods , revealed to be Freya . Kratos immediately distrusts her , but both Freya and Mímir warn him that he must tell Atreus about his true nature . Kratos , Atreus , and Mímir 's head journey to collect needed components to open Jötunheim 's portal when they are attacked by Modi and Magni . After Kratos kills Magni , Modi flees , but later returns and ambushes them . Atreus collapses ill , which Mímir and Freya explain is a mental contradiction of a god believing himself to be mortal . She tells Kratos that he must retrieve the heart of the Keeper of the Bridge of the Damned in Helheim , but his Leviathan Axe is useless there . Kratos then returns home to unearth his old weapons , the Blades of Chaos , and is haunted by Athena 's spirit , who goads him about his past . After retrieving the heart , he has a haunting vision of Zeus . Atreus is cured and Kratos tells him that he is a god . Atreus then becomes increasingly arrogant on their journey , and he murders a weakened Modi , despite Kratos ordering not to . At Midgard 's peak , they are ambushed by Baldur , resulting in Jötunheim 's portal being destroyed and the group falling into Helheim . Atreus makes amends with Kratos and they find out about Freya and Baldur 's familial relationship . Returning to Midgard , Mímir realizes there is another way to reach Jötunheim , but it requires recovering his missing eye . After obtaining it from Jörmungandr 's belly , who had inadvertently swallowed it when he ate a statue of Thor , they are attacked by Baldur again , but Freya intervenes in an attempt to protect her son . During the fight , Baldur is pierced by Atreus ' mistletoe arrow , breaking Freya 's spell on him . Baldur is defeated , and although Kratos gives him an opportunity to retreat , he instead attempts to strangle Freya , forcing Kratos to kill him . A grieving Freya swears revenge on Kratos and taunts him about hiding his true nature from Atreus . Kratos finally tells Atreus about his past and how he had killed his fellow Greek gods , including his father , Zeus . Atreus laments if patricide is all that gods are good for . Kratos tells Atreus that they should both learn from their experiences and not repeat the mistakes of their predecessors . A silent Freya leaves with Baldur 's corpse and Mímir hopefully suggests that she will eventually move on from the tragedy and that Kratos did the right thing . In Jötunheim , they find a temple with a mural depicting their adventures , showing that the giants had foreseen everything that would happen and vaguely foretold what was to come . In addition , they discover that Faye was a giant who decided to stay behind in Midgard , making Atreus part giant , part god , and part mortal . Their fight with Baldur was shown , revealing he was actually after Faye the whole time . It is also revealed that Atreus was named Loki by his mother . Wondering if Faye planned this in advance , Kratos and Atreus fulfill their promise and spread her ashes at the peak . Afterwards , Kratos reveals to Atreus that his given name was also the name of a compassionate Spartan comrade . When they return to Midgard , Mímir warns them that the three - year long Fimbulwinter has started , meaning Ragnarök is soon to follow , which was not supposed to occur for another hundred years . In the game 's secret ending , Kratos and Atreus return home and slumber . Atreus has a vision that at the end of Fimbulwinter , Thor will arrive at their home to confront them . Development ( edit ) At the first annual PlayStation Experience on December 6 , 2014 , Santa Monica Studios 's creative director Cory Barlog confirmed that a new God of War was in very early development . He said that the game would not be a prequel , but it might be a reboot . In April 2016 , Polygon reported that concept art of the next installment had been leaked . The images showed Kratos in the world of Norse mythology ; a concept originally considered by series creator David Jaffe after Kratos eliminated the Greek gods . At the 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) , the next installment was officially announced with a gameplay demo and confirmed the concept art to be true . The demo showed a fully bearded Kratos with a son , and Kratos was teaching the boy how to hunt . The pair also battled a troll . The end of the demo showed the title God of War and confirmed it was in development for the PlayStation 4 . E3 also confirmed that Barlog had returned to the series as game director for the new installment . Barlog has been a major contributor in the development of the God of War series since the original installment in 2005 , with his prior most notable role being game director of God of War II ( 2007 ) . This new installment was his fifth God of War game . In naming the game , Barlog stated that it was deliberately titled God of War with no numeral or subtitle because although it is a continuation of the series , `` we are reimagining everything . '' Head of Santa Monica Studio Shannon Studstill and Barlog said that Sony Interactive Entertainment had to be convinced to do another God of War game as a lot of people at Sony wanted the series to `` sleep and rest '' due to the lackluster response of the previous game , Ascension . In explaining why Barlog was brought back , Studstill said that he knew the series very well , `` and bringing in someone that understands that history is the respect the franchise deserves . '' Barlog followed up and said that `` You got ta know the rules to break the rules . '' Series creator David Jaffe was also considered , but was unavailable . In explaining the transition from Greek mythology to Norse mythology , Barlog said : `` it 's kind of this BC -- AD change over kind of thing . We 're moving and starting from zero and kind of moving forward on that . '' Before settling on Norse mythology , Egyptian mythology was also considered . Barlog said that half of the team was for it , but since `` there 's a lot more about civilization - it 's less isolated , less barren '' , he had to make the decision and decided on the Norse setting because they wanted the focus to stay on Kratos : `` Having too much around distracts from that central theme of a stranger in a strange land . '' In explaining why Kratos was now in the Norse world , Barlog said that different cultures ' belief systems coexisted , but they were `` separated by geography '' , suggesting that Kratos traveled from Greece to Norway ( Scandinavia ) after the conclusion of God of War III ; in clarifying the conclusion of that game , Barlog said that Kratos did not destroy what was believed to be the entire world , but only the portion that was ruled over by the Greeks . Barlog said that the new game predates the Vikings ; it is the time in which their gods walked the Earth . It was also confirmed that this would not be Kratos ' last game . Barlog said that future games could see the series tackling Egyptian or Mayan mythology , and that although this game focuses on Norse mythology , it alludes to the fact that there are other mythologies co-existing in the world . Barlog also said that he liked the idea of having different directors for each game , seen throughout the first seven games , and although he may not direct another God of War , he would still be at Santa Monica to work on future games . Most of the development team that worked on the original God of War worked on the new installment . They claimed that they matched the new gameplay with the same level of accessibility as the previous installments . It was confirmed that the game would not feature any morality system or branching story ; all players have the same story experience . The developers also confirmed that some of the more controversial mini-games found in previous entries ( such as the sex mini-game ) would not return . Some gameplay characteristics found in the previous installments were cut , such as jumping , swimming , and instant - death platforming challenges ; these were cut due to the camera being closer to Kratos . Although the previous installment , Ascension , introduced multiplayer to the series , the team decided to drop the mode to focus on the single - player experience . In changing the gameplay , Studstill said `` I felt like , in order to reinvent , we really needed to turn a lot of things around . '' In regards to the camera change , Barlog said `` We wanted a much more intimate experience , a much more up close , and a much more player - controlled experience , so the camera really is a mechanic that ( we leaned ) into heavily for everything in the game . '' Explaining Kratos ' axe , lead gameplay designer Jason McDonald , who has worked on the series since the original game , said the axe was chosen because they wanted a more grounded direction for the game . Initially , they were unsure how to make it unique , like how the double - chained blades were . After they came up with the concept of throwing the axe and having it return to Kratos , `` things started to fall into place . '' McDonald said that combat with the axe is a little slower than what it was with the blades , `` but it 's just as fluid and just as brutal as it 's ever been . '' Barlog took inspiration from Dark Souls ( 2011 ) , which influenced the game 's combat system , particularly its gameplay loop and strategic decision - making , as well as the game 's approach to storytelling . In addition , designers Anthony Dimento and Luis Sanchez revealed how God of War 's level design and exploration was influenced by Bloodborne ( 2015 ) , as they wanted to `` just have the world breathe a little bit '' and expand upon player discovery by including `` micro-loops where you 're unlocking paths , unlocking shortcuts ... '' that gave purpose . The entire game was done in a single shot , as in no camera cuts , meaning there are no loading screens or fade - to - black between gameplay and cutscenes . The frame rate was confirmed as 30 frames per second , and the enemy count was increased to up to 100 enemies on - screen ; God of War III and Ascension could do up to 50 . Unlike the previous games , Santa Monica did not make a demo specifically for public release . Barlog explained that doing so would have delayed the game by a couple of months . He also confirmed that the game was built for the standard PlayStation 4 , but the game would `` benefit from the power '' of the PlayStation 4 Pro ; an updated version of the PlayStation 4 that can render games in 4K and was released a few months after God of War was announced . In late December 2016 , Barlog confirmed that the game was playable from start to finish . At the 2017 PlayStation Experience , Barlog said that the game 's story would take 25 - 35 hours to complete , which is significantly more than the previous four main installments , which each took an average of 10 hours to complete . At E3 2017 , a new trailer was shown featuring new gameplay , cinematics , and characters . In the trailer , Kratos was shown using a shield that he could use offensively and defensively . At one point in the trailer , Kratos finds a Greek vase with himself on it , wielding his infamous double - chained blades . During the trailer , an unnamed woman warns Kratos about the Norse gods , as they know what he did to the Greek gods , while a pair of wolves were also shown . The trailer ends with Kratos and Atreus encountering the World Serpent . Atreus was able to translate what it said , which was that it wanted to help the pair . It was confirmed that the game would release in early 2018 . Since E3 2017 until the game 's launch , Santa Monica included a section on the God of War website titled `` The Lost Pages '' , detailing some of the lore of God of War 's Nordic world . In January 2018 , the game 's release date was confirmed for April 20 , 2018 . A trailer was also released that showed that the character Mímir from the mythology would have a role in the game . On March 22 , God of War went gold . Characterization ( edit ) Christopher Judge does the voice and cinematic motion capture for Kratos in the game , replacing longstanding voice actor Terrence C. Carson , who had voiced Kratos since the original 2005 game , and also did the motion capture for him in 2013 's Ascension During early development , there was talk about having a different protagonist for the game , but it was decided to keep Kratos . Referencing the Nintendo character Mario and the Mario games , Barlog said that just like Mario , `` Kratos is intrinsically tied '' to the God of War series . In regards to the new changes , Barlog said that : I knew I did n't want to simply reboot the franchise , starting over with a retelling of the origin story . I wanted to reimagine the gameplay , give players a fresh perspective and a new tactile experience while delving deeper into the emotional journey of Kratos to explore the compelling drama that unfolds when an immortal demigod makes a decision to change . Barlog explained that Kratos had to change his cycle of violence and learn how to control his rage . He said that Kratos had made many bad decisions , which led to the destruction of Olympus , and wanted to know what would happen if Kratos made a good decision . The birth of Barlog 's own son influenced the idea of Kratos ' character change . The canceled live - action Star Wars television series was also an influence . The bond between Kratos and his son is at the heart of the game and Barlog said `` This game is about Kratos teaching his son how to be a god , and his son teaching Kratos how to be human again . '' Referencing the Marvel Comics character Hulk , Barlog said that in regards to Kratos , `` We 've already told the story of The Hulk . We want to tell the story of ( Bruce ) Banner now . '' One of their goals was to make Kratos `` a more nuanced and interesting character . '' In changing the narrative focus , Studstill said `` I think we inherently knew the franchise needed to evolve in that emotional beat and be something meatier for the older generation of gamers . '' Christopher Judge , best known as Teal'c from Stargate SG - 1 , replaced T.C. Carson as the voice of Kratos ; Carson had voiced Kratos since the original God of War . Commenting in response to the change , Carson said , `` Sony went in a new direction . '' Barlog explained that the way the previous games were made , they were able to have someone else do the motion capture instead of the voice actor . Although Carson had done the motion capture for Kratos in Ascension , Barlog said the actor change was made because of the type of camera work they wanted to do . For the new camera work , they needed someone who was closer to Kratos ' size to do the motion capture along with a child . Carson was unsuitable for this because he was much shorter than Kratos , who is over 6 - feet tall : `` Offsetting ( Carson 's height ) for the size of a child , it turned out it was going to be almost impossible to try and actually shoot them and go in and redo the animations . '' Judge was chosen because he was 6 - foot - 3 and had the body of a professional football player . He was also chosen because of the chemistry with his then - 10 - year - old co-star , Sunny Suljic , who plays Kratos ' son Atreus ; Suljic 's opinion was also sought in making the decision , and out of all the auditions , he liked Judge the most . The two bonded well , and Judge described his time with Suljic as time he had missed with his own children . In stepping into the role of Kratos , Judge took it as an opportunity to add something new to the character . He researched the character and Carson 's performance , but decided not to imitate it . Since Santa Monica were going in a new direction , he decided to start fresh and go from there . Judge was thrown off when he first read the script , stating it `` was a real script '' , and not just `` a way to get into battles . '' He said `` it was really this great story of this relationship and this crazy mythology . '' While Judge did all of Kratos ' motion capture for the cinematic scenes , stuntman Eric Jacobus did all of Kratos ' combat motion capture ; Jacobus was found by God of War 's animators on YouTube . Instead of going directly to Santa Monica to audition , Jacobus recorded an audition tape and they immediately hired him . During E3 2016 , GameSpot mistakenly reported that Kratos ' son 's name was Charlie , which Barlog laughingly denied . In January 2017 , after a fan downloaded the God of War overture and saw the track 's details that said `` An introduction to Kratos and Atreus '' , Barlog confirmed on Twitter that Atreus was in fact the son 's name . Barlog said that Atreus was unaware that Kratos was a demigod , and did not know about his past . They did not reveal details of Atreus ' mother prior to release due to her being a critical part of the story . Barlog stated that during gameplay , Atreus would be `` like magic , an additional combat resource , and ( the player is ) training him and teaching him . '' The developers stated that Atreus would not be a burden during gameplay . The team experimented with several different approaches for Atreus to ensure that he was an empowering presence . Barlog said he did not want the game to be an escort - mission where the A.I. caused a problem for the player . Their goal was for Atreus to enhance Kratos ' capabilities without Atreus becoming a liability . This resulted in the developers designating a command button for Atreus as well as for him to act freely . During combat , Atreus was also designed to call out enemy locations , as due to the camera being closer to Kratos , some enemies may be difficult for the player to see . Jason McDonald said it took a lot of iterations with the enemies and Atreus to make it all work together . Early in development , it was suggested for Atreus to be cut or to significantly minimize his role due to the many developmental challenges and financial expense . Barlog stated that the game could have worked without Atreus , but it would have been completely different , likening it to that of the 2013 film All Is Lost . Barlog said that with just Kratos , it would have been `` one character who talks to himself occasionally , but generally , it will be very silent and everyone will talk in old Norse , so that you wo n't understand anything anybody 's saying . '' After hearing Barlog 's case , Sony gave him the freedom to incorporate Atreus . Lead level designer Rob Davis also noted that with Atreus , it allowed for `` significant gameplay and storytelling opportunities that might not otherwise ( been ) possible . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Bear McCreary , best known for his work on television shows such as Battlestar Galactica and The Walking Dead , scored God of War and composed themes for the game . McCreary said that he was called into Santa Monica Studio in November 2014 to meet with music producers Peter Scaturro and Keith Leary to discuss `` a secret project '' ; McCreary had previously collaborated with Scaturro and Leary on 2011 's SOCOM 4 : U.S. Navy SEALs . Ideas of folk music , mythology , Nordic ethnic instruments , vocal writing , and classical thematic development were discussed , to which McCreary correctly guessed that the discussions were about a new God of War . He met with Barlog early on , and they discussed Barlog 's narrative vision for the game . After meeting with Barlog , he felt that the franchise was in good hands because God of War II , which Barlog also directed , was his favorite installment . McCreary 's initial efforts focused on writing the new main theme , or what he called the Kratos Theme . He spent several months working with Barlog , Scaturro , Leary , Sony music director Chuck Doud , and the rest of the development team in making this new theme . McCreary described the Kratos Theme as `` arguably one of my most structurally satisfying and catchy melodies . '' The main theme features low orchestral instruments , Icelandic choir , deep male vocals , powerful female vocals ( in particular Faroese singer Eivør Pálsdóttir ) , folk percussion , and Nordic stringed instruments , such as the nyckelharpa and hurdy gurdy . When it was decided that God of War would be revealed at E3 2016 , Sony wanted McCreary to perform his original score with a live orchestra at the press conference . McCreary opened the show with the new main theme before the unveiling of God of War , and performed the gameplay demo 's music live during the presentation . On January 13 , 2017 , a live recording from E3 2016 of God of War 's overture was released for free for a limited time . Barlog released the overture as a thank you to fans for God of War 's E3 2016 trailer reaching fifteen million views on YouTube . Release ( edit ) The game was released worldwide on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 . In addition to the standard base game , there were three special editions : the Stone Mason Edition , the Collector 's Edition , and the Digital Deluxe Edition . Only available in the United States and Canada , the Stone Mason Edition came with several physical items , including the base game in a SteelBook case , a 9 - inch ( 230 mm ) statue of Kratos and Atreus that was created by Gentle Giant , 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the Huldra Brothers , a horse , and a troll , an exclusive lithograph , a cloth map , a stone mason 's ring , and a keychain of Mímir 's head that talks . There was also various downloadable content ( DLC ) , including an exclusive shield skin , in addition to an armor set and another shield skin for Kratos , a PlayStation 4 dynamic theme , a digital artbook , and God of War # 0 by Dark Horse Comics . The Collector 's Edition came with many of the same items , minus the ring , the keychain , the 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the horse and troll , and the exclusive shield skin . The Digital Deluxe Edition comes with all of the digital content , minus the exclusive shield skin . U.S. and Canadian customers also received a Kratos and Atreus pin for pre-ordering the Digital Deluxe Edition . Pre-orders at select retailers received three skins for Kratos ' shield , while pre-orders from GameStop or EB Games also received a `` Luck of Ages XP Talisman '' , granting increased XP gain , increased Hacksilver gain , and increased ability to trigger perks . In addition to the special editions of the game , a Limited Edition PlayStation 4 Pro bundle was also available the same day as the game 's release . The bundle included the standard base game , a PlayStation 4 Pro console decorated with the runes as on Kratos ' axe , and a similarly themed DualShock 4 controller with the God of War logo . Game Director Cory Barlog confirmed that God of War would not have microtransactions post-launch , a feature that has become prominent with other recent games and negatively criticized . Since launch , Santa Monica has supported the game via patch updates to address software bugs . Additionally , the developers added a Photo Mode in update patch 1.20 , released on May 9 , 2018 . Photo Mode allows players to take customized in - game screenshots . Players can adjust the field of view , depth of view , filters , borders , the visibility of characters , and the ability to change the facial expressions of Kratos and Atreus . God of War : a Call from the Wilds ( edit ) God of War : A Call from the Wilds is a text - based game playable through Facebook Messenger . To help further promote God of War , Sony partnered with Facebook to develop the play - by - web game , which released on February 1 , 2018 . Completing the game unlocks downloadable concept art . The short story follows Atreus on his first adventure in the Norse wilds . After archery training and learning runes with his mother , Atreus adventures into the wilderness after telepathically hearing the voice of a dying deer ; he finds it covered in blood and stays with it during its final moments . A couple of draugrs appear and Atreus attempts to fight them , but is injured . He is saved by his father , Kratos , who was out hunting . The two then battle a revenant before returning home . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 94 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 10 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Game Informer 9.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 10 / 10 Polygon 10 / 10 The Guardian USgamer God of War received `` universal acclaim '' according to review aggregator Metacritic , tying it with the original God of War for the highest score in the franchise . It has the third highest score of all - time for a PlayStation 4 game , and the highest score for an original , non-remastered PlayStation 4 game . It is the highest rated PlayStation 4 game of 2018 , and is tied with the Xbox One version of Celeste for the highest score of 2018 , regardless of platform . God of War received particular praise for its art direction , graphics , combat system , music , story , use of Norse mythology , characters , and cinematic feeling . Critics called the game a `` technical achievement '' and one of the most impressive - looking games developed for consoles . Many also felt that it had successfully revitalized the series without losing the core identity of its predecessors . Sales ( edit ) During its release week in the UK , God of War became the fastest - selling entry in the franchise , selling 35 % more physical copies than God of War III . As of 21 May , 2018 , the game had remained at the top of the all format sales chart for five consecutive weeks , setting a record for a PlayStation 4 exclusive having the most consecutive weeks at number one . It sold 46,091 copies within its first week on sale in Japan , which placed it at number two on the sales chart . The game sold over 3 million copies in three days after its release , making it the fastest - selling PlayStation 4 exclusive . The game was the fastest selling game of the month of its release and contributed to the PS4 being the best selling console of that month . In total , the game sold over five million copies in its first month , with 2.1 million in digital sales . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref 2016 Game Critics Awards 2016 Special Commendation for Graphics Won IGN 's Best of E3 2016 Awards Game of the Show Nominated Best PlayStation 4 Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated The Game Awards 2016 Most Anticipated Game Nominated 2017 The Game Awards 2017 Most Anticipated Game Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colloquially referred to as God of War 4 and God of War PS4 Jump up ^ As depicted in God of War III ( 2010 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Skipper , Ben ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War 4 kicks off Sony E3 2016 press conference '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ; Mahboubian - Jones , Justin ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` God of War 4 PS4 trailers , release date , price , gameplay and everything we know so far '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Jayce ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` In The New ' God of War 4 ' Trailer , Kratos Is Old , Grizzled , And As Brutal As Ever '' . Digital Trends . Designtechnica Corp . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Does n't Include Multiplayer , Wo n't Be Kratos 's Last Game '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Seeto , Damian ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War PS4 Wo n't Have A Multiplayer Mode '' . Attack of the Fanboy . Modern Media Group . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Set After Third Game , Wo n't Be Open World '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ; Crossley , Rob ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War Revealed for PS4 at E3 2016 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bratt , Chris ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` God of War director explains why entire game has no camera cuts '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barlog , Cory ; Hanson , Ben ( February 2 , 2018 ) . Answering God Of War 's Lingering Questions ( YouTube ) . Game Informer , GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Kulasingham , Gajan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War - The Lost Pages Of Norse Myth : Rise Of The Draugr '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kulasingham , Gajan ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War - The Lost Pages Of Norse Myth : Manifestation Of The Revenant '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Henges , Elizabeth ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Latest God of War Podcast Episode Details the Origin of the Leviathan Axe '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , pp. 40 - 41 ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Chris ; Fillari , Alessandro ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : New God Of War Trailer Released , Release Date Set For Early 2018 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War Made Me Care About The Series For The First Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Lillah , Sarmad ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Details on God of War PS4 Game ; Same Storyline But New Gameplay '' . SegmentNext.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Director on the Challenge of Making People Take Kratos Seriously '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , pp. 42 - 43 ^ Jump up to : De Meo , Francesco ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` God Of War Original Team Is Working On New Game , 100 Enemies On Screen Confirmed And More '' . WCCF Tech . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bratt , Chris ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of War team considered setting the new game in Egypt '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Jason ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` God of War How to Unlock Realms '' . Game Revolution . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maiberg , Emanuel ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` New God of War in Development at Sony Santa Monica '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ; Good , Owen ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Rumored God of War concept art shows Kratos tackling Norse mythology '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ; Juba , Joe ; ( January 5 , 2018 ) . Exclusive God Of War Studio Visit Impressions ( YouTube ) . Game Informer , GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War : Why Kratos Is in Norse Mythology Now '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ; Studstill , Shannon ( January 9 , 2018 ) . Norse and Beyond : Expanding God of War 's Mythology ( YouTube ) . Game Informer , GameStop . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how God of War is different with Kratos ax '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God of War 's New Combat System Explained '' . YouTube . PlayStation . March 19 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' It Has to Be Personal '' Says ' God of War ' Creative Director Cory Barlog `` . Rolling Stone . June 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' God of War ' Level Design Inspired by ' Bloodborne ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2018 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Treese , Tyler ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War Designed for Standard PS4 , Wo n't Have a Demo '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cory Barlog ( @ corybarlog ) ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` oh we will benefit from the power of the Pro , for sure . You just dont need a pro to getthe experience we intend '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War PS4 Game Reaches `` Very Exciting Milestone '' `` . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Will Take 25 - 35 Hours To Complete '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War Releases On April 20 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knezevic , Kevin ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Has Gone Gold '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barlog , Cory ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Look : Santa Monica Studio 's New God of War on PS4 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` God of War director Cory Barlog says that Sony 's violent series is growing up with the industry '' . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Does Not Feature Original Kratos Voice Actor '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shanley , Patrick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' God of War ' Hinges on the Bond of Its 2 New Actors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jacobus , Eric ( March 28 , 2018 ) . God of War - How to Fight Like Kratos , PS4 ( YouTube ) . PlayStation , Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shuman , Sid ; Barlog , Cory ; Judge , Christopher ( June 14 , 2016 ) . God of War - E3 2016 LiveCast ( YouTube ) . PlayStation. Blog , Sony Interactive Entertainment . Event occurs at 13 : 35 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Shuman : Does the son have a name by the way ? Barlog : Uh , GameSpot says it 's Charlie . Shuman : Charlie ? Barlog : Charlie ! ( laughs ) I do n't know where that came from . Shuman : That 's fun . ( laughs ) Barlog : Charlie , right ? ( looks at Judge ) Did you leak that ? Judge : I did . ( laughs ) Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` God of War : Kratos ' Son 's Name Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Almost Did n't Have One Of Its Best , Most Important Characters '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : New God of War Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCreary , Bear ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` God of War at E3 '' . BearMcCreary.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Sammy ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Download God of War 's Live E3 2016 Overture for Free '' . Push Square . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 's Collector 's Edition Revealed , Comes With An Epic Statue Of Kratos And More '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Out April 20 on PS4 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Dave ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Sony announce God of War PS4 Pro bundle '' . WholesGame . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knezevic , Kevin ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War Wo n't Have Microtransactions , Says Director '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shroff , Jeet ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Photo Mode Comes to God of War Today '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Facebook Text Adventure Explores Atreus ' Past '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Connor ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how to play God of War early ( in official text adventure form ) '' . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thurmond , Joey ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Glimpse Into Atreus ' Past In God Of War Text Adventure '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` God of War for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Review : God of War ( PS4 ) '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Plessas , Nick ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Reaching A Higher Summit - God Of War - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Jason ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Review -- An Olympian Feat '' . Game Revolution . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Review : Out With The Old , In With The New '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Leon ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review : `` I do n't think it 's possible to overstate just how good this is '' `` . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryckert , Dan ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Review '' . Giant Bomb . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Keza ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review -- violent , vital and more brilliant than ever '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2018 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mike ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review '' . USgamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best PlayStation 4 Video Games of All Time '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best PlayStation 4 Video Games for 2018 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best Video Games for 2018 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God of War is already the biggest series launch in the UK '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK Sales Charts : God of War 's Reign Continues for Fifth Consecutive Week '' . Push Square . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Media Create Sales : 4 / 16 / 18 -- 4 / 22 / 18 '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/ps4-outsells-xbox-one-and-switch-in-us-april-sales/1100-6459134/?utm_source=gamefaqs&utm_medium=partner&utm_content=news_module&utm_campaign=hub_platform Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/05/25/god-of-war-sales-top-5-million-in-the-first-month Jump up ^ https://www.vg247.com/2018/05/24/fortnite-god-of-war-april-digital-sales/ Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Awards -- Best of E3 2016 '' . Game Critics Awards . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IGN 's E3 Crew ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Best of E3 2016 Awards '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephanny ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 GOTY nominees include : Wolfenstein 2 , Horizon : Zero Dawn , PUBG , Zelda : Breath of the Wild , more '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Juba , Joe ( February 2018 ) . `` Worshipping at New Altars : How Sony is Reinventing God of War '' . Game Informer . No. 298 . Minneapolis , Minnesota : GameStop . pp. 34 -- 45 . External links ( edit ) Official website God of War U.S. PlayStation website God of War on IMDb God of War Chamber Locations Guide 2010s portal Mythology portal Sony PlayStation portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal ( hide ) God of War series Main series God of War ( 2005 ) God of War II God of War III Ascension God of War ( 2018 ) Other games Betrayal Chains of Olympus Ghost of Sparta Universe Characters Kratos Comic series Collections See also Soulcalibur : Broken Destiny Mortal Kombat PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_of_War_(2018_video_game)&oldid=843493176 '' Categories : 2018 video games Action - adventure games God of War ( series ) PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games PlayStation 4 - only games Single - player video games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Video game sequels Video games based on Norse mythology Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 14 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does god of war come out for pc | [
"God of War[a] is a third-person action-adventure game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE). Released on April 20, 2018, for the PlayStation 4 (PS4) console, it is the eighth installment in the God of War series, the eighth chronologically, and the sequel to 2010's God of War III. Unlike previous games, which were loosely based on Greek mythology, this game is loosely based on Norse mythology. The main protagonists are Kratos, the former Greek God of War, and his young son Atreus. Following the death of Kratos' second wife and Atreus' mother, they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms. Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus, who is unaware of his divine nature. Along their journey, they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world."
] | [
"April 20, 2018"
] |
1715877442937695025 | Article Five of the United States Constitution | Article Five of the United states Constitution - wikipedia Article Five of the United states Constitution Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article V of the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process whereby the Constitution , the nation 's frame of government , may be altered . Altering the Constitution consists of proposing an amendment or amendments and subsequent ratification . Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress with a two - thirds vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a convention of states called for by two - thirds of the state legislatures . To become part of the Constitution , an amendment must be ratified by either -- as determined by Congress -- the legislatures of three - quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three - quarters of the states . The vote of each state ( to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment ) carries equal weight , regardless of a state 's population or length of time in the Union . Additionally , Article V temporarily shielded certain clauses in Article I from being amended . The first clause in Section 9 , which prevented Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves prior to 1808 , and the fourth clause in that same section , a declaration that direct taxes must be apportioned according to state populations , were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . It also shields the first clause of Article I , Section 3 , which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate , from being amended , though not absolutely . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Procedures for amending the Constitution 2.1 Proposing amendments 2.2 Ratification of amendments 3 Ratification deadline and extension 3.1 Deadlines 3.2 Extensions 4 Exclusive means for amending the Constitution 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Text ( edit ) The Congress , whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary , shall propose amendments to this Constitution , or , on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states , shall call a convention for proposing amendments , which , in either case , shall be valid to all intents and purposes , as part of this Constitution , when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states , or by conventions in three fourths thereof , as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate . Procedures for amending the Constitution ( edit ) The U.S. constitutional amendment process Thirty - three amendments to the United States Constitution have been approved by the Congress and sent to the states for ratification . Twenty - seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution . The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution . Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending , one is closed and has failed by its own terms , and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it . All totaled , approximately 11,539 measures to amend the Constitution have been proposed in Congress since 1789 ( through December 16 , 2014 ) . Proposing amendments ( edit ) Article V provides two methods for amending the nation 's frame of government . The first method authorizes Congress , `` whenever two - thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary '' ( a two - thirds of those members present -- assuming that a quorum exists at the time that the vote is cast -- and not necessarily a two - thirds vote of the entire membership elected and serving in the two houses of Congress ) , to propose Constitutional amendments . The second method requires Congress , `` on the application of the legislatures of two - thirds of the several states '' ( presently 34 ) , to `` call a convention for proposing amendments '' . This duality in Article V is the result of compromises made during the 1787 Constitutional Convention between two groups , one maintaining that the national legislature should have no role in the constitutional amendment process , and another contending that proposals to amend the constitution should originate in the national legislature and their ratification should be decided by state legislatures or state conventions . Regarding the consensus amendment process crafted during the convention , James Madison ( writing in The Federalist No. 43 ) declared : It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable ; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults . It moreover equally enables the General and the State Governments to originate the amendment of errors , as they may be pointed out by the experience on one side , or on the other . Each time the Article V process has been initiated since 1789 , the first method for crafting and proposing amendments has been used . All 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification originated in the Congress . The second method , the convention option , a political tool which Alexander Hamilton ( writing in The Federalist No. 85 ) argued would enable state legislatures to `` erect barriers against the encroachments of the national authority '' , has yet to be invoked . Resolution proposing the Nineteenth Amendment When the 1st Congress considered a series of constitutional amendments , it was suggested that the two houses first adopt a resolution indicating that they deemed amendments necessary . This procedure was not used . Instead , both the House and the Senate proceeded directly to consideration of a joint resolution , thereby implying that both bodies deemed amendments to be necessary . Also , when initially proposed by James Madison , the amendments were designed to be interwoven into the relevant sections of the original document . Instead , they were approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification as supplemental additions ( codicils ) appended to it . Both these precedents have been followed ever since . Once approved by Congress , the joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment does not require Presidential approval before it goes out to the states . While Article I Section 7 provides that all federal legislation must , before becoming Law , be presented to the President for his or her signature or veto , Article V provides no such requirement for constitutional amendments approved by Congress , or by a federal convention . Thus the president has no official function in the process . In Hollingsworth v. Virginia ( 1798 ) , the Supreme Court affirmed that it is not necessary to place constitutional amendments before the President for approval or veto . Three times in the 20th century , concerted efforts were undertaken by proponents of particular amendments to secure the number of applications necessary to summon an Article V Convention . These included conventions to consider amendments to ( 1 ) provide for popular election of U.S. Senators ; ( 2 ) permit the states to include factors other than equality of population in drawing state legislative district boundaries ; and ( 3 ) to propose an amendment requiring the U.S. budget to be balanced under most circumstances . The campaign for a popularly elected Senate is frequently credited with `` prodding '' the Senate to join the House of Representatives in proposing what became the Seventeenth Amendment to the states in 1912 , while the latter two campaigns came very close to meeting the two - thirds threshold in the 1960s and 1980s , respectively . Further information : Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution and Second Constitutional Convention of the United States Ratification of amendments ( edit ) Tennessee certificate of ratification of the nineteenth Amendment ; with this ratification , the amendment became valid as a part of the Constitution After being officially proposed , either by Congress or a national convention of the states , a constitutional amendment must then be ratified by three - fourths of the states . Congress is authorized to choose whether a proposed amendment is sent to the state legislatures or to state ratifying conventions for ratification . Amendments ratified by the states under either procedure are indistinguishable and have equal validity as part of the Constitution . Of the 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification , the state convention method has been used for only one , the Twenty - first Amendment . In United States v. Sprague ( 1931 ) , the Supreme Court affirmed the authority of Congress to decide which mode of ratification will be used for each individual constitutional amendment . The Court had earlier , in Hawke v. Smith ( 1920 ) , upheld the Ohio General Assembly 's ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment -- which Congress had sent to the state legislatures for ratification -- after Ohio voters successfully vetoed that approval through a popular referendum , ruling that a provision in the Ohio Constitution reserving to the state 's voters the right to challenge and overturn its legislature 's ratification of federal constitutional amendments was unconstitutional . An amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution when it is ratified by the necessary number of states , rather than on the later date when its ratification is certified . No further action by Congress or anyone is required . On three occasions , Congress has , after being informed that an amendment has reached the ratification threshold , adopted a resolution declaring the process successfully completed . Such actions , while perhaps important for political reasons , are , constitutionally speaking , unnecessary . Presently , the Archivist of the United States is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of 1 U.S. Code § 106b . The Archivist officially notifies the states , by a registered letter to each state 's Governor , that an amendment has been proposed . Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state 's legislature ( or ratifying convention ) . When a state ratifies a proposed amendment , it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state 's action . Upon receiving the necessary number of state ratifications , it is the duty of the Archivist to issue a certificate proclaiming a particular amendment duly ratified and part of the Constitution . The amendment and its certificate of ratification are then published in the Federal Register and United States Statutes at Large . This serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed . Ratification deadline and extension ( edit ) The Constitution is silent on the issue of whether or not Congress may limit the length of time that the states have to ratify constitutional amendments sent for their consideration . It is also silent on the issue of whether or not Congress , once it has sent an amendment that includes a ratification deadline to the states for their consideration , can extend that deadline . Deadlines ( edit ) The practice of limiting the time available to the states to ratify proposed amendments began in 1917 with the Eighteenth Amendment . All amendments proposed since then , with the exception of the Nineteenth Amendment and the ( still pending ) Child Labor Amendment , have included a deadline , either in the body of the proposed amendment , or in the joint resolution transmitting it to the states . The ratification deadline `` clock '' begins running on the day final action is completed in Congress . An amendment may be ratified at any time after final congressional action , even if the states have not yet been officially notified . In Dillon v. Gloss ( 1921 ) , the Supreme Court upheld Congress 's power to prescribe time limitations for state ratifications and intimated that clearly out of date proposals were no longer open for ratification . Granting that it found nothing express in Article V relating to time constraints , the Court yet allowed that it found intimated in the amending process a `` strongly suggest ( ive ) '' argument that proposed amendments are not open to ratification for all time or by States acting at widely separate times . The court subsequently , in Coleman v. Miller ( 1939 ) , modified its opinion considerably . In that case , related to the proposed Child Labor Amendment , it held that the question of timeliness of ratification is a political and non-justiciable one , leaving the issue to Congress 's discretion . It would appear that the length of time elapsing between proposal and ratification is irrelevant to the validity of the amendment . Based upon this precedent , the Archivist of the United States proclaimed the Twenty - seventh Amendment as having been ratified when it surpassed the `` three fourths of the several states '' plateau for becoming a part of the Constitution . Declared ratified on May 7 , 1992 , it had been submitted to the states for ratification -- without a ratification deadline -- on September 25 , 1789 , an unprecedented time period of 202 years , 7 months and 12 days . Extensions ( edit ) Whether once it has prescribed a ratification period Congress may extend the period without necessitating action by already - ratified States embroiled Congress , the states , and the courts in argument with respect to the proposed Equal Rights Amendment ( Sent to the states on March 22 , 1972 with a seven - year ratification time limit attached ) . In 1978 Congress , by simple majority vote in both houses , extended the original deadline by 3 years , 3 months and 8 days ( through June 30 , 1982 ) . The amendment 's proponents argued that the fixing of a time limit and the extending of it were powers committed exclusively to Congress under the political question doctrine and that in any event Congress had power to extend . It was argued that inasmuch as the fixing of a reasonable time was within Congress ' power and that Congress could fix the time either in advance or at some later point , based upon its evaluation of the social and other bases of the necessities of the amendment , Congress did not do violence to the Constitution when , once having fixed the time , it subsequently extended the time . Proponents recognized that if the time limit was fixed in the text of the amendment Congress could not alter it because the time limit as well as the substantive provisions of the proposal had been subject to ratification by a number of States , making it unalterable by Congress except through the amending process again . Opponents argued that Congress , having by a two - thirds vote sent the amendment and its authorizing resolution to the states , had put the matter beyond changing by passage of a simple resolution , that states had either acted upon the entire package or at least that they had or could have acted affirmatively upon the promise of Congress that if the amendment had not been ratified within the prescribed period it would expire and their assent would not be compelled for longer than they had intended . In 1981 , the United States District Court for the District of Idaho , however , found that Congress did not have the authority to extend the deadline , even when only contained within the proposing joint resolution 's resolving clause . The Supreme Court had decided to take up the case , bypassing the Court of Appeals , but before they could hear the case , the extended period granted by Congress had been exhausted without the necessary number of states , thus rendering the case moot . Exclusive means for amending the Constitution ( edit ) According to constitutional theorist and scholar Lawrence G. Sager , some commentators have seriously questioned whether Article V is the exclusive means of amending the Constitution , or whether there are routes to amendment , including some routes in which the Constitution could be unconsciously or unwittingly amended in a period of sustained political activity on the part of a mobilized national constituency . For example , Akhil Amar argues that the Constitution may be constitutionally amended outside of Article V. He rejects the notion that Article V excludes other modes of constitutional change , arguing instead that the procedure provided for in Article V is simply the exclusive method the government may use to amend the Constitution . He asserts that Article V nowhere prevents the People themselves , acting apart from ordinary Government , from exercising their legal right to alter or abolish Government via the proper legal procedures . Bruce Ackerman argues that the Constitution can be amended by something he calls a `` structural amendment '' whereby the people alter their Constitutional order via succeeding elections . Similarly , Sanford Levinson believes that Constitutional amendments have been made outside of Article V and as such it is not exclusive . Other scholars disagree with Amar , Ackerman , and Levinson . Some argue that the Constitution itself provides no mechanism for the American people to adopt constitutional amendments independently of Article V. Darren Patrick Guerra has argued that Article V is a vital part of the American Constitutional tradition and he defends Article V against modern critiques that Article V is either too difficult , too undemocratic , or too formal . Instead he argues that Article V provides a clear and stable way of amending the document that is explicit , authentic , and the exclusive means of amendment ; it promotes wisdom and justice through enhancing deliberation and prudence ; and its process complements federalism and separation of powers that are key features of the Constitution . He argues that Article V remains the most clear and powerful way to register the sovereign desires of the American public with regard to alterations of their fundamental law . In the end , Article V is an essential bulwark to maintaining a written Constitution that secures the rights of the people against both elites and themselves . In his farewell address , President George Washington said : If in the opinion of the People the distribution or modification of the Constitutional powers be in any particular wrong , let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates . But let there be no change by usurpation ; for though this , in one instance , may be the instrument of good , it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed . The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield . This statement by Washington has become controversial , and scholars disagree about whether it still describes the proper constitutional order in the United States . Scholars who dismiss Washington 's position often argue that the Constitution itself was adopted without following the procedures in the Articles of Confederation , while Constitutional attorney Michael Farris disagrees , saying the Convention was a product of the States ' residual power , and the amendment in adoption process was legal , having received the unanimous assent of the States ' legislatures . See also ( edit ) List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of state applications for an Article V Convention List of Rescissions of Article V Convention Applications Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On March 2 , 1861 the 36th Congress gave final approval to proposed constitutional amendment designed to shield `` domestic institutions '' ( which at the time included slavery ) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress . The following day , on his last full day in office , President Buchanan , took the unprecedented step of signing it . Submitted to the state legislatures for ratification without a time limit for ratification attached , the proposal , commonly known as the Corwin Amendment , is still technically pending before the states . Jump up ^ On January 31 , 1865 , the 38th Congress gave final approval to what would become the Thirteenth Amendment , which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime . The following day , the amendment was presented to the President Lincoln pursuant to the constitution 's Presentment Clause , and signed . On February 7 , Congress passed a resolution affirming that the Presidential signature was unnecessary . Jump up ^ 1868 regarding the Fourteenth Amendment , 1870 regarding the Fifteenth Amendment , and 1992 regarding the Twenty - seventh Amendment Jump up ^ In recent history , the signing of the certificate of ratification has become a ceremonial function attended by various dignitaries . President Johnson signed the certifications for the Twenty - fourth Amendment and Twenty - fifth Amendment as a witness . When the Administrator of General Services , Robert Kunzig , certified the adoption of the Twenty - sixth Amendment on July 5 , 1971 , President Nixon along with Julianne Jones , Joseph W. Loyd Jr. , and Paul Larimer of the `` Young Americans in Concert '' signed as witnesses . On May 18 , 1992 , the Archivist of the United States , Don W. Wilson , certified that the Twenty - seventh Amendment had been ratified , and the Director of the Federal Register , Martha Girard , signed the certification as a witness . Jump up ^ Congress incorporated the ratification deadline for the Eighteenth , Twentieth , Twenty - first , and Twenty - second amendments into the body of the amendment , so these amendments ' deadlines are now part of the Constitution . The failed District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment also contained a ratification deadline clause . Congress inserted the ratification deadline for the Twenty - third , Twenty - fourth , Twenty - fifth and Twenty - sixth amendments into the joint resolutions transmitting them to the state legislatures in order to avoid including extraneous language in the Constitution . This practice was also followed for the failed Equal Rights Amendment . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitutional Amendment Process '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wines , Michael ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Conservative Push for States to Amend the Constitution '' . NYT . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : Article V '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution '' . Statistics & Lists . United States Senate . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Article V Convention to Propose Constitutional Amendments : Contemporary Issues for Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogers , James Kenneth ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy '' ( PDF ) . 30 ( 3 ) : 1005 -- 1022 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : England , Trent & Spalding , Matthew . `` Essays on Article V : Amendments '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dranias , Nick ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Fulfilling the promise of Article V with an Interstate Compact '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : National Constitution Center . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 987 -- 1001 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , Alexander ( 2004 ) . The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom : A Legal History . New York : New York University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8276 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Francis Newton ( 1901 ) . `` The Constitutional History of the United States , vol. 3 : 1861 -- 1895 '' . Chicago : Callaghan & Company . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph A. ( 2001 ) . Federalism , the Supreme Court , and the Seventeenth Amendment : The Irony of Constitutional Democracy . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0285 - 0 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dellinger , Walter ( December 1983 ) . `` The Legitimacy of Constitutional Change : Rethinking the Amendment Process '' . Harvard Law Review . 97 : 386 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawke v. Smith '' . Columbus Ohio : Ohio History Connection ( formerly the Ohio Historical Society ) . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Dillon v. Gloss '' . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huckabee , David C. ( September 30 , 1997 ) . `` Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service reports . Washington D.C. : Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Nixon , Richard ( July 5 , 1971 ) . `` Remarks at a Ceremony Marking the Certification of the 26th Amendment to the Constitution '' . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments , Proposed Amendments , and Amending Issues , 1789 -- 2002 ( Second ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , Inc. p. 373 . ISBN 1851094334 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Authentication and Proclamation : Proposing a Constitutional Amendment '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ Idaho v. Freeman , 529 F. Supp. 1107 ( D. Idaho 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Certiorari before judgment granted , NOW v. Idaho , 455 U.S. 918 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Judgments of the District Court of Idaho vacated ; cases remanded with instructions to dismiss as moot . NOW v. Idaho , 459 U.S. 809 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Sager , Lawrence ( 2006 ) . Justice in Plainclothes : A Theory of American Constitutional Practice . Yale University Press . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Scott J. ( 2004 ) . `` Wild Political Dreaming : Constitutional Reformation of the United States Senate '' . Fordham Law Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1026 -- 27 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Bruce A. ( 1993 ) . We the People , Volume 1 : Foundations . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674948419 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( 1995 ) . Responding to Imperfection : The Theory and Practice of Constitutional Amendment . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 1400821630 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Manheim , Karl and Howard , Edward . A Structural Theory of the Initiative Power in California , Loyola Los Angeles Law Review , p. 1167 ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Guerra , Darren Patrick ( 2013 ) . Perfecting the Constitution : The Case for the Article V Amendment Process . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . ISBN 9780739183861 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Washington , George . `` Farewell Address '' ( 1796 ) . Jump up ^ Strauss , David . `` The Irrelevance of Constitutional Amendments , '' 114 Harvard Law Review 1457 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Fritz , Christian . `` Fallacies of American Constitutionalism '' , Rutgers Law Journal , p. 1343 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Farris , Michael . `` Can we Trust the Constitution ? Answering the `` Runaway Convention '' Myth `` . Convention of States Project . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Government Printing Office ( 2013 ) The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 5 hide United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 Reconstruction Amendments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=844853035 '' Categories : Articles of the United States Constitution Article Five of the United States Constitution Federalism in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 贛 語 Nederlands Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how do you pass an amendment to the constitution | [
"Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process whereby the Constitution, the nation's frame of government, may be altered. Altering the Constitution consists of proposing an amendment or amendments and subsequent ratification. Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress with a two-thirds vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a convention of states called for by two-thirds of the state legislatures.[1] To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must be ratified by either—as determined by Congress—the legislatures of three-quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three-quarters of the states.[2] The vote of each state (to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment) carries equal weight, regardless of a state's population or length of time in the Union."
] | [
"must be ratified by either—as determined by Congress—the legislatures of three-quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three-quarters of the states"
] |
-9058380106399547915 | Croatia national football team | Croatia national Football team - wikipedia Croatia national Football team This article is about the men 's team . For the women 's team , see Croatia women 's national football team . Croatia Nickname ( s ) Vatreni ( The Blazers or Fiery Ones ) Il furioso incendio ( Istrian Italian for : Blazing Fire ) Srce vatreno ( Fiery Hearts ) Kockasti ( The Chequered Ones ) Crvena i bijela ( The Red and White ) Plavi ( The Blues ) Association Croatian Football Federation Confederation UEFA ( Europe ) Head coach Zlatko Dalić Captain Luka Modrić Most caps Darijo Srna ( 134 ) Top scorer Davor Šuker ( 45 ) Home stadium Various FIFA code CRO First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 20 ( 7 June 2018 ) Highest 3 ( January 1999 ) Lowest 125 ( March 1994 ) Elo ranking Current 7 ( 16 July 2018 ) Highest 5 ( July 1998 , July 2018 ) Lowest 26 ( October 2002 ) First international Croatia 4 -- 0 Switzerland ( Zagreb , Croatia ; 2 April 1940 ) as modern Croatia Croatia 2 -- 1 United States ( Zagreb , Croatia ; 17 October 1990 ) Biggest win Croatia 10 -- 0 San Marino ( Rijeka , Croatia ; 4 June 2016 ) Biggest defeat England 5 -- 1 Croatia ( London , England ; 9 September 2009 ) World Cup Appearances 5 ( first in 1998 ) Best result Runners - up ( 2018 ) European Championship Appearances 5 ( first in 1996 ) Best result Quarter - finals ( 1996 , 2008 ) Medal record ( show ) Men 's football FIFA World Cup 1998 France Team 2018 Russia Team The Croatia national football team ( Croatian : Hrvatska nogometna reprezentacija ) represents Croatia in international association football matches . The team is controlled by the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) , the nation 's governing body for football , and is widely supported throughout the country due to the ever - present popularity of the sport . Most home matches are played at the Stadion Maksimir in Zagreb or at the Stadion Poljud in Split , though other smaller venues are also used occasionally . They are one of the youngest national teams ( since formation ) to reach the knockout stage of a major tournament , as well as the youngest team to occupy the top 10 in the FIFA World Rankings . Croatia has represented itself as an independent nation since 1993 , when the team was officially recognised by both FIFA and UEFA following dissolution from Yugoslavia . However , short - lived national sides were briefly active during periods of political upheaval , representing sovereign states such as the Banovina of Croatia from 1939 to 1941 , or the Independent State of Croatia from 1941 to 1944 . Before the current team was formed , most Croatian players represented the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia instead . The modern - day team has played competitive matches since 1994 , starting with a successful qualifying campaign for the 1996 European Championships . In 1998 , they competed in their first FIFA World Cup , finishing 3rd and providing the tournament 's top scorer , Davor Šuker . Exactly twenty years later , under their second golden generation , Croatia reached the 2018 World Cup Final , securing second place and featuring the tournament 's best player , Luka Modrić . Among other nicknames , the team is colloquially referred to as the Vatreni ( `` Blazers '' or `` Fiery Ones '' ) or the Kockasti ( `` Chequered '' ) . In the Italian - speaking counties the team is known as Il furioso incendio ( `` The Blazing Fire '' ) . Since becoming eligible to compete , Croatia has only failed to qualify for two major tournaments ; the 2000 European Championship and the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Their biggest defeat came in 2009 with a 5 -- 1 loss to England , while their highest - scoring victory was a 10 -- 0 friendly win over San Marino in 2016 . The national team is also known for some long - standing rivalries , such as the Derby Adriatico with Italy , or the politically - charged rivalry with Serbia , both of which have led to controversial or disruptive matches . The team represents the second - smallest country by population and land mass to reach the World Cup final , behind Uruguay and Netherlands respectively . At major tournaments , Croatia holds joint - records for longest period between one goal and another of a player ( 2002 -- 2014 ) , most penalty shootouts played ( 2 ) , most extra time periods played ( 3 ) and most penalties saved in a match ( 3 ) . They are also one of only two teams -- along with Colombia -- to be named FIFA 's `` Best Mover of the Year '' more than once , winning the award in 1994 and 1998 . Upon admission to FIFA , Croatia was ranked 125th in the world ; following the 1998 World Cup campaign , the side rose to third place in the rankings , making it the most volatile team in FIFA Rankings history . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-independence 1.2 Official formation 1.3 Blažević period and the `` golden generation '' ( 1994 -- 99 ) 1.4 Barić , Kranjčar , and Bilić periods ( 2000 -- 12 ) 1.5 Štimac , Kovač and Čačić period ( 2012 -- 17 ) 1.6 Dalić period and the second `` golden generation '' ( 2017 -- present ) 2 Team image 2.1 Kits and crests 3 Supporters 4 Stadiums 5 Rivalries 6 Competitive record 6.1 FIFA World Cup 6.2 UEFA European Championship 6.3 UEFA Nations League 7 All - time team records 7.1 Head - to - head record ( 1992 -- present ) 7.2 FIFA ranking history 8 Recent results and fixtures ( 2017 -- 18 ) 8.1 2017 8.2 2018 9 Personnel 10 Players 10.1 Current squad 10.2 Recent call - ups 10.3 Previous squads 11 Statistics 11.1 Most capped players 11.2 Top goalscorers 11.3 Managers 12 Honours 13 See also 14 References 15 Footnotes 15.1 Books 16 External links History ( edit ) Pre-independence ( edit ) The first recognised Croatian team played against Switzerland in 1940 . Association football was first introduced to Croatia by English expatriates working on industrial projects in Rijeka and Županja in 1873 . By 1907 , local clubs had been established in Croatia and a modern edition of the sport 's laws was translated and published . Before the nation 's independence , Croatian footballers played for the national teams of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1919 -- 39 ) and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( 1945 -- 92 ) , though during periods of political upheaval , ethnically Croatian sides occasionally formed to play unofficial matches . A hastily arranged Croatian side , managed by Hugo Kinert , played a few matches in 1918 -- 19 . In 1940 , Jozo Jakopić led an unofficial national team representing the Banovina of Croatia ( part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) in four friendly matches , against Switzerland and Hungary . Following invasion by the Axis powers , the Croatian Football Federation became briefly active , joining FIFA on 17 July 1941 , representing the Independent State of Croatia . The side , led by Rudolf Hitrec , went on to play 15 friendly matches , 14 of those as a member of FIFA . Croatia 's first recorded result as a FIFA member was a 1 -- 1 draw with Slovakia on 8 September in Bratislava . The Independent State of Croatia continued playing matches until 1945 and the end of World War II , when SR Croatia was formed as constituent part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . From 1950 to 1956 , unofficial Croatian teams were briefly active once again -- winning games against Indonesia and a Yugoslav team playing as `` Serbia '' . The Yugoslavia squad at the 1956 Summer Olympics included Croatian footballers , as did Yugoslavia in World Cup and European Championship tournaments up to 1990 . Official formation ( edit ) The last Yugoslav team to field a considerable Croatian contingent played against Faroe Islands on 16 May 1991 , days before Croatia 's independence referendum . However , an unofficial Croatian team was formed shortly before , and played the team 's first modern international game , against the United States on 17 October 1990 at Maksimir Stadium . The game , which Croatia won 2 -- 1 , was one of three games played under caretaker manager Dražan Jerković . The match against the American side also marked the introduction of Croatia 's national jersey , inspired by the chequered design of the country 's coat of arms . Although Croatia was still officially part of Yugoslavia until its independence declaration on 8 October 1991 , this team already served as a de facto national side . Croatia went on to win two more friendly games under Jerković , against Romania in December 1990 and Slovenia in June 1991 . On 3 July 1992 , Croatia was re-admitted to FIFA , playing its first official matches in the modern era against Australia in Melbourne , Adelaide and Sydney . This team was led by Stanko Poklepović as part of an international exhibition tour ; in April 1993 , Vlatko Marković was appointed as manager . Croatia finally gained admission into UEFA in June 1993 , which was too late for the national team to enter the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualifiers , as these already commenced the year before . Marković only led the team in one match , a home win against Ukraine in June 1993 , before being dismissed in February 1994 and replaced by Miroslav Blažević the following month . The team 's performances before Croatia 's official independence were not recorded by FIFA , so they entered the World Rankings in 125th place . Blažević led Croatia 's qualifying campaign for Euro 1996 , beginning with the nation 's first post-independence competitive victory , a 2 -- 0 win over Estonia on 4 September 1994 . Their first competitive defeat came on 11 June 1995 in a 1 -- 0 away loss to Ukraine during the same qualifying campaign . They eventually finished first in their qualifying group and won FIFA 's 1994 Best Mover of the Year award as they moved up to 62nd in the rankings by the end of the year . Blažević period and the `` Golden Generation '' ( 1994 -- 99 ) ( edit ) Ladić Štimac Šimić Bilić Soldo Stanić Jarni Prosinečki Asanović Boban ( C ) Šuker Croatian squad at the 1998 World Cup . ( coach : Miroslav Blažević ) . Goran Vlaović scored the team 's first goal at a major tournament , a late winner against Turkey at the City Ground in Nottingham in their first group match at Euro 96 . After their opening victory , Croatia beat reigning champions Denmark 3 -- 0 , but went on to lose against Portugal by the same scoreline in their final group fixture . Croatia still advanced to the knockout stage , but were beaten in the quarter - finals 1 -- 2 by Germany , who went on to win the tournament . In spite of the quarter - final exit , Blažević continued to lead Croatia in the 1998 World Cup qualifying campaign , which ended successfully after an aggregate victory against Ukraine in the two - legged play - off . In the group stage of the World Cup , Croatia beat Jamaica and Japan but lost to Argentina , before defeating Romania to reach a quarter - final tie against Germany , then ranked second in the world . Croatia won 3 -- 0 with goals from Robert Jarni , Goran Vlaović and Davor Šuker , all after Christian Wörns had been sent off . Croatia then faced the host nation , France , in the semi-final . After a goalless first - half , Croatia took the lead , only to concede two goals by opposing defender Lilian Thuram and lose 1 -- 2 . In the third - place match , Croatia beat the Netherlands 2 -- 1 , with Davor Šuker winning the Golden Boot award for scoring the most goals of the tournament with six goals in seven games . Croatia 's performance in 1998 was among the best debut performances in the World Cup ( equaling Portugal 's third place debut finish at the 1966 World Cup ) , and as a result , Croatia rose to number three in the January 1999 FIFA World Rankings , their highest ranking to date . For their achievements , the team of the 1990s was dubbed the `` Golden Generation . '' A considerable portion of this squad ( Jarni , Štimac , Boban , Prosinečki and Šuker ) , previously won the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship with the Yugoslavia under - 20 team . Despite good performances in their first two major competitions , Croatia 's qualifying campaign for Euro 2000 was less successful , as they finished third in their qualifying group behind Yugoslavia and Republic of Ireland , and thus failed to qualify . Both fixtures against archenemies Yugoslavia ( the rump state later renamed Serbia and Montenegro ) ended in draws , which prevented Croatia from qualifying for the tournament . Barić , Kranjčar , and Bilic periods ( 2000 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Croatian football fans during the 2001 international season . Although Blažević continued his tenure in spite of failure to qualify for Euro 2000 , he resigned in October 2000 following draws against Belgium and Scotland in the first two games of the 2002 World Cup qualifiers . His successor at the helm of the national team was Mirko Jozić , who previously led the Yugoslavia under - 20 team to a World Cup triumph in 1987 . Despite the retirement of many Golden Generation players , Croatia went unbeaten during the rest of the qualifiers . They opened their 2002 World Cup campaign with a narrow loss to Mexico before producing a surprise 2 -- 1 victory over Euro 2000 finalists Italy in the next fixture , giving life to hopes of passing through to the knockout stage . However , they lost their final group fixture to Ecuador and were eliminated . Jozić then resigned , and was replaced in July 2002 by Croatian - Austrian Otto Barić , the team 's first manager born outside the Balkans . During Barić 's tenure , most of the remaining players from the Golden Generation squad were gradually replaced by younger players over the course of the Euro 2004 qualifiers . Croatia went on to qualify for the tournament with a playoff victory against Slovenia , winning 2 -- 1 on aggregate after Dado Pršo 's decisive late goal in the second leg . At the finals tournament in Portugal , Croatia drew 0 -- 0 with Switzerland and 2 -- 2 with reigning champions France only to lose to England 2 -- 4 and suffer another elimination in the group stage . Barić 's two - year contract ended in June 2004 and was not renewed . Former Croatia international Zlatko Kranjčar , appointed to succeed Barić in July 2004 , led the team through the 2006 World Cup qualifiers without losing a single match and topping the group ahead of Sweden and Bulgaria . However , local media outlets accused him of nepotism for selecting his son Niko Kranjčar for the national squad . At the 2006 World Cup , Croatia lost their opening game to Brazil and drew 0 -- 0 with Japan after Darijo Srna missed a first - half penalty . A 2 -- 2 draw with Australia , in which three players were sent off , confirmed Croatia 's exit in the group stage . The game was also notable for a mistake by referee Graham Poll , who gave three yellow cards to Croatian defender Josip Šimunić , failing to send him off after his second offense . He later stated that he mistook Šimunić for an Australian player due to his Australian accent . Poll was heavily criticised for losing control of the match , and retired from refereeing shortly afterwards . Croatia vs. Brazil at the 2006 FIFA World Cup In July 2006 , the Croatian Football Federation replaced Kranjčar with Slaven Bilić , who played for the national team during their Golden Generation era . Bilić , who previously managed the under - 21 team between 2004 and 2006 , introduced a host of young players into the squad , which ultimately proved successful . His first game was a friendly away victory against 2006 World Cup champions Italy . After controversially suspending Darijo Srna , Ivica Olić and Boško Balaban for missing a curfew after a turbofolk nightclub outing , Bilić led the team through qualifiers for Euro 2008 . Croatia topped their group , losing only one game to Macedonia and beating England twice , who as a result failed to qualify for the first time since 1984 . Shortly before the European Championships , first - choice striker Eduardo , who was the team 's top goalscorer during qualifying , suffered a compound fracture while playing for Arsenal in the Premier League . Bilić was forced to alter his final Euro 2008 squad significantly and recruited Nikola Kalinić and Nikola Pokrivač , neither of whom had yet played competitive games for the national team . The team received criticism after poor attacking performances in warm - up games against Scotland and Moldova , but at the tournament they beat Austria , Germany and Poland in the group stages to reach the quarter - finals with maximum group points for the first time in their tournament history . Niko Kovač remained team captain at what was expected to be his final international tournament , except in the final group fixture when Dario Šimić temporarily held the captain 's armband . Croatia 's campaign ended dramatically when they lost a penalty shoot - out to Turkey , with Luka Modrić , Mladen Petrić and Ivan Rakitić all missing their penalties . Croatia left the tournament with records for fewest goals conceded ( 2 ) , fewest games lost ( 0 ) , and earliest goal ( in the fourth minute of their opening game against Austria ; this was also the all - time earliest successful penalty at the European Championship Finals ) . Following the tournament , Bilić renewed his contract , becoming the first manager since Blažević to lead Croatia to successive tournaments . Croatia were again drawn to play England in the qualifying stages for the 2010 World Cup ; the tie was voted the most anticipated of the campaign on FIFA.com . After a home win against Kazakhstan Croatia lost at home to England , ending a 14 - year unbeaten home record . The team was eventually weakened due to a number of key players ' injuries and went on to suffer their heaviest defeat in history , losing 5 -- 1 to England at Wembley Stadium . Although Croatia defeated Kazakhstan in their final qualifying fixture , they were ultimately eliminated as Ukraine , who had previously defeated group leaders England , beat Andorra to win second place in the group . Bilić was once again heavily expected to resign as national coach , but instead vowed to renew his contract and remain in charge . Croatia vs. Italy match at UEFA Euro 2012 Despite heavy loss of form , which also saw the team fall outside the top ten in the FIFA rankings , Croatia were placed in the top tier of teams for the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying draw ; Croatia was previously a candidate to co-host the tournament with Hungary which would have allowed the team to qualify automatically , but UEFA eventually chose Poland and Ukraine as hosts instead . Despite being top - seeds in their qualifying group , Croatia finished second behind Greece , settling for a play - off against Euro 2008 rivals Turkey . Croatia proceeded to beat Turkey 3 -- 0 on aggregate , with all three goals coming in the away leg in Istanbul , thereby qualifying for the 2012 European championship . In the proceeding group - stage draw for the tournament , Croatia were placed in the third tier of teams , and were eventually grouped with Ireland , Italy and defending champions Spain . In the buildup towards the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament , the team 's first major competition since their 2008 run at the same event , manager Slaven Bilić formally agreed a deal to manage Russian club Lokomotiv Moscow , thereby announcing he would resign from the national team when the tournament ended . Croatia opened their campaign with a comfortable 3 -- 1 victory over the Republic of Ireland , with striker Mario Mandžukić scoring twice . Mandžukić continued his run at the tournament with an equaliser in the 1 -- 1 draw against Italy , which was marred by controversial fan reactions and referee decisions from English official Howard Webb . In their last group match , Croatia suffered a 0 -- 1 defeat to Spain . The late Spanish goal by Jesús Navas , along with Italy 's victory over the Republic of Ireland in the final round , forced Croatia to exit the tournament in the group stage once again . Upon his formal departure , Bilić was also praised for his long - standing service to the national side . Jutarnji List daily labelled him as Croatia 's only manager to depart on such positive terms and credited him for his strong revival of the national side during his six - year tenure . Štimac , Kovač and Čačić period ( 2012 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Croatia vs. Brazil at 2014 World Cup Following Bilić 's departure , former player and pundit Igor Štimac was appointed manager of the national team . Croatia 's all - time top goalscorer Davor Šuker also took over as president of the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) after the death of Vlatko Marković ended a 14 - year tenure . Štimac 's managerial campaign was unsuccessful , as the team endured a succession of poor performances and narrowly finished second in their 2014 World Cup qualifying group . After only a year of his appointment , Štimac was replaced by former captain Niko Kovač , who previously managed the under - 21 youth side . Kovač led the team to a 2 -- 0 aggregate victory over Iceland in the qualifying playoffs for the 2014 World Cup , with both goals coming in the home leg in Zagreb . At the World Cup , Croatia were drawn with host - nation Brazil , Mexico and Cameroon . In the opening game of the tournament , Croatia lost 3 -- 1 to Brazil . The match garnered heavy media attention and controversy as Japanese referee Yuichi Nishimura was scrutinized for a number of controversial decisions . In their second game , Croatia won 4 -- 0 against Cameroon , but did not progress from the group as they lost 3 -- 1 to Mexico in their final fixture . In the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign , Croatia were drawn against Italy , Bulgaria , Norway , Azerbaijan and Malta . Following a goalless away draw against Azerbaijan and an away defeat to Norway , in early September 2015 , the Executive Committee of the Croatian Football Federation unanimously decided to terminate Kovač 's contract . On 21 September 2015 , Ante Čačić was named as the head coach of the Croatian national team . On 13 October 2015 , Croatia qualified for the finals by finishing as runners - up in Group H. Under Čačić , Croatia broke the record for most goals scored in one match , by beating San Marino in a friendly 10 -- 0 . At Euro 2016 , Croatia were drawn in Group D ; against Turkey , the Czech Republic and defending champions Spain , who had won the two previous editions of the tournament , in 2008 and 2012 . Croatia began their campaign with a 1 -- 0 win over Turkey ; following a sensational long - volley kick from Luka Modrić , with the goal receiving praise and being considered one of the best of the tournament . The next match was against the Czech Republic ; with Croatia taking the lead through Ivan Perišić and doubling it through Ivan Rakitić , before goals from Milan Škoda and a last - minute penalty from Tomáš Necid ; but the match received controversy for crowd trouble in the last minutes of the match , with Flares being thrown on the pitch and a steward being hurt by a firework during stoppage time . Croatia 's final match was against Spain ; conceding an early goal from Álvaro Morata , before goals from Nikola Kalinić and a late winning goal from Ivan Perišić , securing Croatia a historic win as they topped the group , meanwhile for Spain it was their first defeat at a Euro finals match for the first time since 2004 . After the match , Croatia were tipped as one of the tournament favourites , and drew Portugal in the round of sixteen , who surprisingly finished third in the group , advancing only as the third - best third - placed team . The match was extremely poor , described by BBC Sport as `` abysmal '' , as there were no serious efforts on goal , with Ricardo Quaresma 's winning goal in the 117th minute knocking Croatia out of the tournament . Shortly after the Euro 2016 campaign , long - standing captain Darijo Srna announced his retirement from international football , amassing a record 134 appearances for the national side . Luka Modrić was announced as his successor for team captain . Dalić period and the second `` Golden Generation '' ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Subašić Lovren Vida Vrsaljko Strinić Rakitić Brozović Rebić Perišić Modrić Mandžukić Croatia starting line - up against France at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final . Croatia started their 2018 World Cup qualification strongly , leading their group and remaining undefeated for the first round of matches . However , consecutive defeats against Iceland and Turkey , as well as a draw against lowly - ranked Finland threatened their qualification hopes and caused a public outcry against manager Ante Čačić . He was quickly replaced by Zlatko Dalić , who led the team to a crucial 2 -- 0 win against Ukraine in Kiev , securing a spot in the playoff round against Greece . Croatia went on to qualify for the 2018 World Cup after beating Greece 4 -- 1 , with all goals coming in the first leg in Zagreb . In the buildup to the tournament , The Guardian , among other news outlets , labelled the 2017 -- 18 squad as Croatia 's second golden generation . Key players such as Luka Modrić , Ivan Rakitić , and Mario Mandžukić drew close comparisons to their 1998 counterparts , and were expected to achieve similar success . Despite a poor showing in their friendly matches , Croatia started their World Cup campaign with a 2 -- 0 victory over Nigeria , with Luka Modrić scoring a penalty . Modrić went on to score again in a highly - applauded 3 -- 0 victory over previous finalists Argentina , which was also marked by Vedran Ćorluka earning his 100th cap for the national team . Croatia then defeated Iceland to top the group with maximum points , marking their best ever performance in the group stages of the World Cup . They went on to play Denmark in the round of sixteen ; the match was dubbed as Croatia 's best chance to finally win a knockout round fixture at a major tournament , which they had n't done since 1998 . Despite conceding in the first minute of the match , they equalized to force extra-time . In the ensuing penalty shootout , Croatia prevailed after goalkeeper Danijel Subašić saved three penalties , equalling the record for most penalties saved in a match . This was the team 's first ever successful penalty shootout , garnering praise from the local public and media . In the quarter - finals , Croatia drew 2 -- 2 with hosts Russia , but advanced after another successful penalty shootout . This made them the first team since 1990 to win two consecutive penalty shootouts at the World Cup , and also equalled their best ever run at the tournament . The 2017 -- 18 national squad , dubbed the `` Second Golden Generation '' , posing with Vladimir Putin and Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović after the 2018 World Cup Final against France . Croatia went on to play England in the semi-finals . After going behind once more , they equalized to force their third consecutive extra-time , equalling another record for most extra-time matches at the tournament . Mario Mandžukić eventually scored as Croatia won 2 -- 1 , making them the second - smallest country by population to reach the World Cup final ( after Uruguay in 1930 ) . The win sparked massive celebrations across the country , as reported by several media outlets . In the buildup to the final , Croatian parliamentary members , including president Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović , wore football jerseys in support of the team . Online searches for the team also reached their highest level in history , as the Croatian tourist board reported a 250 % increase in website visits . Due to tournament structure , France received an extra day of rest before the final which promoted many , most notably football manager Jose Mourinho , to label the final `` unfair '' and deserving of `` equal opportunities '' . Croatia eventually lost the final 4 -- 2 to France , after a controversial penalty awarded by the video assistant referee ( VAR ) . After the match , Luka Modrić became the first Croatian to win the Golden Ball award for best player of the tournament . For achieving their best ever World Cup finish , the Croatian players were greeted by over 550 , 000 people at their homecoming in Zagreb . On 23 January 2018 , Croatia were drawn to play against England and Spain in the inaugural edition of the UEFA Nations League ; an international tournament contested by all UEFA member 's national teams . Team image ( edit ) Kits and crests ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croatia national football team kits . The Croatian chequy has been a symbol of Croatia since the Middle Ages . Croatia 's modern - day jersey was designed in 1990 by locally acclaimed painter Miroslav Šutej , who also designed the nation 's coat of arms and banknotes . The traditional red and white motif is based on the historic Croatian checkerboard ( šahovnica ) , which has been used to represent Croats since the Middle Ages . Although there have been many slight variations made by manufacturers Lotto and Nike since the original release , the traditional chequered theme has remained a symbol of national identity , with similar incorporation used by many Croatian national sports teams and entities . Kit supplier Period Uhlsport 1990 -- 1991 Lotto 1992 -- 1994 Kappa 1994 Lotto 1994 -- 2000 Nike 2000 -- present Supporters ( edit ) Croatia supporters at UEFA Euro 2012 Football is Croatia 's most popular team sport , and the national team has developed an extensive fan base since its formation in 1991 . Following their run at the 1998 FIFA World Cup , just three years after the Croatian war of Independence , there was a rapid rise in domestic and global attention for the side . Balkan Insight commented that the national team became a symbol of Croatian independence from Yugoslavia . However , after the death of former - president Franjo Tuđman , local political ties with the national team have loosened . All matches are widely followed and televised throughout the country , particularly during tournaments . A large part of the team 's support base consists of fans of Hajduk Split and Dinamo Zagreb , the two best - supported clubs in the Croatian domestic league , the Prva HNL . Both sets of fans -- the Bad Blue Boys of Zagreb and The Torcida from Split -- have been associated with hooliganism due to their ultra-style support , though violence between them does not occur at international matches . Heavy support for the Croatian national team also comes from Croats in Bosnia - Herzegovina , particularly from fans of Zrinjski Mostar . There are also considerable Croatian communities in Australia , North America , and South America that follow the team . Among supporters , it is customary to include an inscription of their city of origin onto the Croatian flag to indicate where they are from . They are also notable for their vocal support and orchestrated chants during matches . It is common for one section to shout `` U boj , u boj '' ( to battle , to battle ) , with another responding `` za narod svoj '' ( for our people ) , which is an old Croatian mantra . When the team wins , supporters often chant `` Bježite ljudi , bježite iz grada '' ( beware people , move away from here ) , which is a song praising the large presence of euphoric Croatian fans . The Croatian Football Federation endorses an official fan club for the team , known as Uvijek Vjerni ( Always Faithful ) . The national team enjoys widespread support from various local musicians , who often release tracks dedicated to them . Former manager Slaven Bilić and his rock band released a single , `` Vatreno Ludilo '' ( Fiery Madness ) , which reached the top position on the Croatian music charts during Euro 2008 . Other Croatian artists such as Dino Dvornik , Connect , Prljavo Kazalište and Baruni have also recorded songs praising the team . The most widely used among supporters are `` Malo nas je al nas ima '' ( We are few , but we exist ) , `` Samo je jedno '' ( There is but one thing ( in my life ) ) , `` Moja Domovina '' ( My Homeland ) , `` Srce vatreno '' ( Fiery Heart ) , and `` Hrvatska je prvak svijeta '' ( Croatia are World Champions ) . The players and fans often adopt other patriotic songs to celebrate victories as well . Croatian supporters have traditionally used flares to celebrate the team 's victories , though the use of pyrotechnics has become increasingly controversial due to sanctions imposed by FIFA and UEFA . Fans ' behaviour at international games has led to various sanctions against the national side , despite due efforts by the HNS , Croatian government and players to prevent unwanted incidents . The team has been heavily penalized for multiple acts of inappropriate behaviour by its travelling fans , such as an isolated incident of racial abuse towards English striker Emile Heskey in 2010 . There were also reports of minor clashes involving Croatian fans at various tournaments , which led to further sanctions imposed by FIFA and UEFA . There are often fears of violence during matches against Serbia too , such as the politically - fuelled football riot between Croat and Serb fans following the 1990 parliamentary election . This has led to extra security measures being imposed for these matches , such as restrictions on travelling fans , which has prevented any major incidents from occurring . In response to widespread allegations of corruption within the Croatian Football Federation , there have been multiple acts of protest against the national team . Croatia 's Euro 2016 qualifying fixture against Italy in Milan was interrupted due to flares being thrown onto the field by a small section of attendants , which also occurred at a European Championship match against Czech Republic . A similar incident took place in 2015 during another fixture against Italy as a swastika symbol was embedded onto the pitch at the Poljud Stadium . The Croatian Football Federation apologized for the incident and called it an act of sabotage . The players and supporters also condemned this behavior . A criminal investigation was commenced , and the team was docked 1 point in their qualifying group over the incident . Stadiums ( edit ) The majority of home matches take place at the Stadion Maksimir in Zagreb , which is also the home - ground of local football club Dinamo Zagreb . The venue , built in 1912 and refurbished in 1997 , is named after the surrounding neighbourhood of Maksimir and has hosted national team games since Croatia 's competitive home debut against Lithuania . The Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) previously agreed on extensive plans with the government to renovate the stadium and increase its current forty - thousand seating capacity , however the proposal was eventually rejected by Zagreb Mayor Milan Bandić in 2008 due to high construction costs . Some home matches are occasionally played at other , smaller venues around the country . The Poljud Stadium in Split has hosted several qualifying fixtures since 1995 , the first being a 1 -- 1 draw with Italy . In the period between 1995 and 2011 , Croatia never won a competitive match at Poljud , which the local media dubbed `` Poljudsko prokletsvo '' ( `` the Poljud curse '' ) . The run was finally ended after the team came from behind to beat Georgia on 3 June 2011 . Qualifying fixtures have also been played at the Stadion Kantrida in Rijeka , along with the Gradski vrt stadium in Osijek and the Stadion Anđelko Herjavec in Varaždin . However , these venues are rarely used due to their remote locations and smaller seating capacity , despite objections from local residents and some players . The following table provides a summary Croatia results at various venues used for home games . Since Croatia 's first match in October 1990 , they played home games at eleven stadiums around the country . The following table provides a summary of Croatia 's results at home venues . The Stadion Poljud in Split holds nearly 35,000 spectators and has been occupied by the national team since 1995 . Key : Pld -- games played , W -- games won , D -- games drawn ; L -- games lost , % -- win percentage Stadium City / town Pld Win % Last match hosted Stadion Maksimir Zagreb 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 07001677000000000000 ♠ 67.7 2017 Stadion Poljud Split 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 00 7000830000000000000 ♠ 8.3 2015 Stadion Kantrida Rijeka 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001909000000000000 ♠ 90.9 2011 Stadion Gradski vrt Osijek 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001818000000000000 ♠ 81.8 2018 Stadion A. Herjavec Varaždin 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001714000000000000 ♠ 71.4 2015 Stadion A. Drosina Pula 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.0 2014 Stadion Rujevica Rijeka 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.0 2017 Stadion Cibalia Vinkovci 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 2009 Stadion Kranjčevićeva Zagreb 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 Stadion Šubićevac Šibenik 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 2003 Stadion Koprivnica Koprivnica 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 2016 Totals 113 74 29 10 7001652000000000000 ♠ 65.2 % & -- Last updated : Croatia vs. Senegal , 8 June 2018 . Statistics include official FIFA - recognised matches only . Rivalries ( edit ) `` Derby Adriatico '' redirects here . For the similarly named rivalry between the two Croatian clubs Hajduk Split and Rijeka , see Adriatic derby . Croatia contests the Derby Adriatico with Italy . Croatia and Serbia , belligerents during the violent Yugoslav Wars , have developed a fierce rivalry . Croatia contest the Le derby tricolore with France . The 2018 World Cup Final is seen as the pinnacle of their rivalry . Croatia were the first team to defeat England at Wembley Stadium ( pictured ) . Two years later , England beat Croatia 5 -- 1 at the same venue , which was Croatia 's heaviest defeat in the modern era . The Croatia national football team has developed numerous rivalries with other national teams . Most of these are friendly in nature , stemming from repeated match - ups and the context in which they are played . However , some are also politically and socially charged . Here are the team 's most notable opponents : Croatia v. Italy : Croatia competes with Italy in games known as the Derby Adriatico or Adratic Derby , named after the Adriatic which separates the two nations . This rivalry is not to be confused with the similarly named Adriatic derby between Croatian clubs Hajduk Split and Rijeka . Croatia has not lost against Italy since 1991 , with many matches between the two teams being notable for their competitive nature . During the Euro 2016 qualifying phase , Croatia and Italy played each other twice , drawing both times . Both matches were marred by crowd troubles due to flares being thrown onto the pitch , which also occurred when the two teams met at the 2012 European Championships . At the 2002 FIFA World Cup , Croatia came from behind to beat Italy 2 -- 1 , though this match was also marked by controversy after two Italian goals were disallowed . As of July 2018 , the two countries have played nine times : Croatia has won three times , drawn five times , and lost once . Croatia v. Serbia : Stemming from the Croatian war of Independence , Croatia and Serbia have developed a politically - charged football rivalry , described as one of the fiercest rivalries in the world . Supporters of both national teams clashed for the first time at the Dinamo Zagreb -- Red Star Belgrade riot , as both clubs were seen as symbols of national identity at the time . Since the breakup of Yugoslavia , both countries have continued to use their national teams to assert their national identities . Croatia and Serbia played each other for the first time during qualifying for Euro 2000 , with both matches ending in a draw and sparking violence among supporters and players . Since then , the two teams have met twice in World Cup Qualifying , with Croatia winning 2 -- 0 in Zagreb and the away leg ending in a draw after Josip Šimunić and Nemanja Matić were sent off . These matches were played without away supporters and with added security to avoid crowd trouble . Croatia v. France : France and Croatia began competing against each other in a series of friendly exhibition games , however since 1998 , their encounters have become increasingly competitive . As both countries have the red - white - blue tricolor , matches between the two are nicknamed Le derby tricolore ( `` Tricolor Derby '' ) or Trobojnica ( `` Tricolor '' game ) . During the 1998 World Cup , both France and Croatia reached their then - pinnacle of international prowess after the former won the tournament after defeating the latter who took third place . Twenty years later , the two teams battled the 2018 World Cup final where France overcame Croatia 4 -- 2 to secure the trophy . Similarly to 1998 , the match with France elevated Croatia to its highest - ever ranking with runners - up positioning . The two teams have competed against each other five times with France winning three matches and drawing two . Croatia v. Germany : Although there have only been three competitive meetings between Croatia and Germany , each of them took place at a major tournament and featured a red card . The first was a quarter - final at the 1996 European Championships , which Germany won en route to becoming champions . Two years later , Croatia eliminated Germany in a 3 -- 0 World Cup quarter - final win , one of their most notable results to date . The two sides played each other again at the 2008 European Championships , with Croatia winning 2 -- 1 . Croatia v. Turkey : Croatia 's first match at a major tournament was against Turkey at the 1996 European Championships , which they won after a late goal . At the 2008 European Championships , the two teams were involved in one of the most dramatic matches in the history of the tournament ; Croatia took the lead with less than a minute left to play , only for Turkey to equalise almost immediately and then win the ensuing penalty shootout . Croatia responded by beating Turkey 3 -- 0 in the 2012 European Championship playoffs , qualifying at their expense . Since then , the two teams have played each other three times , one time at the 2016 European Championships and twice in World Cup qualifying , with each of them winning 1 -- 0 and also a 1 -- 1 draw in - between the two matches . Croatia v. England : Croatia and England have played each other eight times , six in competitive matches , some of which are regarded as the most notable matches in both teams ' histories . During Euro 2008 qualifying , in addition to a 2 -- 0 victory over England in Zagreb , Croatia were the first team to defeat England at the newly - built Wembley Stadium . The 3 -- 2 defeat to Croatia meant England failed to qualify for their first major competition since hosting Euro 1996 twelve years earlier , which was also Croatia 's debut tournament . England in turn went on to defeat Croatia twice during qualifying for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , which caused Croatia to miss their first World Cup since gaining independence . This included a 5 -- 1 defeat at the Wembley Stadium , which was Croatia 's biggest defeat in the modern era . The two teams also competed for a place in the quarter - finals at the 2004 European Championships , with England winning 4 -- 2 . Most recently , they played again at the 2018 FIFA World Cup semi-finals , with Croatia winning 2 -- 1 and ending England 's best run at the tournament in 28 years . It also marked Croatia 's first World Cup final , their best ever achievement at the competition . Competitive record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the FIFA World Cup Croatia qualified for and competed in three consecutive World Cup tournaments between 1998 and 2006 , but failed to qualify for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa after finishing 3rd in Group 6 behind England and Ukraine . Although they had joined both FIFA and UEFA by 1992 , they were unable to enter the 1994 World Cup as qualification had started before the side was officially recognised as a state . In the following three World Cup groups they were eliminated after finishing third in all of them , before finally advancing further than the group stage at the 2018 World Cup . On 11 July 2018 , Croatia won their semi-final match against England , advancing the national team to their first FIFA World Cup final wherein they secured second place as runners - up against winners France . Supplanting their third place positioning in 1998 , this is the nation 's best performance to date . * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks ; correct as of 26 June 2018 after the match against Iceland . The current national squad , lining up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final . FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup qualification record Year Result Position Pld GF GA Squad Position Pld GF GA 1930 -- 1990 Part of Yugoslavia -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1994 Did not enter -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1998 Third place 3rd 7 5 0 11 5 Squad 2nd 10 5 20 13 2002 Group stage 23rd 0 Squad 1st 8 5 0 15 2006 22nd 0 Squad 1st 10 7 0 21 5 Did not qualify 3rd 10 6 19 13 2014 Group stage 19th 0 6 6 Squad 2nd 12 6 14 9 2018 Runners - up 2nd 7 14 9 Squad 2nd 12 7 19 5 2022 To be determined To be determined 2026 Total 5 / 6 Runners - up 23 11 8 35 26 -- -- 62 36 18 8 108 47 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show List of FIFA World Cup matches Year Round Opponent Score Result Date Venue 1998 Group H Jamaica 3 -- 1 Win 14 June 1998 Stade Félix - Bollaert , Lens Japan 1 -- 0 Win 20 June 1998 Stade de la Beaujoire , Nantes Argentina 0 -- 1 Loss 26 June 1998 Stade Chaban - Delmas , Bordeaux Round of 16 Romania 1 -- 0 Win 30 June 1998 Stade Chaban - Delmas , Bordeaux Quarter - final Germany 3 -- 0 Win 4 July 1998 Stade de Gerland , Lyon Semi-final France 1 -- 2 Loss 8 July 1998 Stade de France , Paris Bronze Final Netherlands 2 -- 1 Win 11 July 1998 Parc des Princes , Paris 2002 Group G Mexico 0 -- 1 Loss 3 June 2002 Denka Big Swan Stadium , Niigata , Niigata Italy 2 -- 1 Win 8 June 2002 Kashima Soccer Stadium , Kashima Ecuador 0 -- 1 Loss 13 June 2002 International Stadium , Yokohama 2006 Group F Brazil 0 -- 1 Loss 13 June 2006 Olympiastadion , Berlin Japan 0 -- 0 Draw 18 June 2006 Frankenstadion , Nuremberg Australia 2 -- 2 Draw 22 June 2006 Mercedes - Benz Arena , Stuttgart 2014 Group A Brazil 1 -- 3 Loss 12 June 2014 Arena Corinthians , São Paulo Cameroon 4 -- 0 Win 18 June 2014 Arena da Amazônia , Manaus Mexico 1 -- 3 Loss 23 June 2014 Itaipava Arena Pernambuco , Recife 2018 Group D Nigeria 2 -- 0 Win 16 June 2018 Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Argentina 3 -- 0 Win 21 June 2018 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Iceland 2 -- 1 Win 26 June 2018 Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Round of 16 Denmark 1 -- 1 ( 3 -- 2 p ) Draw 1 July 2018 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Quarter - final Russia 2 -- 2 ( 4 -- 3 p ) Draw 7 July 2018 Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Semi-final England 2 -- 1 Win 11 July 2018 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Final France 2 -- 4 Loss 15 July 2018 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks UEFA European Championship ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the UEFA European Championship * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks ; correct as of 25 June 2016 ( Croatia v. Portugal ) . UEFA European Championship record / UEFA European Championship qualifying Year Round Position Pld GF GA Squad Position Pld GF GA 1960 to 1992 Part of Yugoslavia -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Quarter - final 7th 0 5 5 Squad 1st 10 7 22 5 2000 Did not qualify 3rd 8 13 9 Group stage 13th 0 6 Squad 2nd 10 6 14 5 2008 Quarter - final 5th 0 5 Squad 1st 12 9 28 8 2012 Group stage 10th Squad 2nd 12 8 21 7 2016 Round of 16 9th 5 Squad 2nd 10 6 20 5 2020 To be determined To be determined Total Quarter - final 5 / 6 18 8 5 5 23 20 -- -- 62 40 14 8 118 39 show List of UEFA European Football Championship matches Year Round Opponent Score Result Date Venue Group D Turkey 1 -- 0 Win 11 June 1996 Nottingham , England Denmark 3 -- 0 Win 16 June 1996 Sheffield , England Portugal 0 -- 3 Loss 19 June 1996 Nottingham , England Quarter - final Germany 1 -- 2 Loss 23 June 1996 Manchester , England Group B Switzerland 0 -- 0 Draw 13 June 2004 Leiria , Portugal France 2 -- 2 Draw 17 June 2004 Leiria , Portugal England 2 -- 4 Loss 21 June 2004 Lisboa , Portugal 2008 Group B Austria 1 -- 0 Win 8 June 2008 Wien , Austria Germany 2 -- 1 Win 12 June 2008 Klagenfurt , Austria Poland 1 -- 0 Win 16 June 2008 Klagenfurt , Austria Quarter - final Turkey 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 3 p ) Draw ( elim . ) 20 June 2008 Wien , Austria 2012 Group C Republic of Ireland 3 -- 1 Win 10 June 2012 Poznań , Poland Italy 1 -- 1 Draw 14 June 2012 Poznań , Poland Spain 0 -- 1 Loss 18 June 2012 Gdańsk , Poland 2016 Group D Turkey 1 -- 0 Win 12 June 2016 Paris , France Czech Republic 2 -- 2 Draw 17 June 2016 Saint - Étienne , France Spain 2 -- 1 Win 21 June 2016 Bordeaux , France Round of 16 Portugal 0 -- 1 Loss 25 June 2016 Lens , France UEFA Nations League ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the UEFA Nations League Croatia is set to play in the UEFA Nations League 's League A in against Spain and England . UEFA Nations League Year Division Group Round Pos Pld GF GA 2018 -- 19 TBD Total -- 0 / 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 All - time team records ( edit ) Alen Halilović is the youngest player to represent the team , making his debut aged 16 . Dario Šimić was Croatia 's first player to reach 100 appearances , doing so before his retirement in 2008 . This allowed him to surpass Robert Jarni 's previous record of 81 appearances . On 6 February 2013 , captain Darijo Srna , Josip Šimunić and Stipe Pletikosa each also played their 100th cap for Croatia in a 4 -- 0 friendly victory over South Korea in London . The trio went on to set a new joint - record of 101 appearances for the national team in March 2013 in a World Cup qualifying victory against Serbia in Zagreb . Srna eventually surpassed his teammates and accrued a record total of 134 international caps for Croatia before retiring in 2016 . Alen Halilović is the youngest player to represent the team , making his senior debut in June 2013 aged 16 years , 11 months and 22 days . The team 's oldest player is Dražen Ladić , who played his last match in May 2000 aged 37 years , 4 months and 27 days . With 45 goals scored , Davor Šuker , the current president of the Croatian Football Federation , is the team 's highest - scoring player . Mladen Petrić holds the national team record for goals in a single match , having scored four times during Croatia 's 7 -- 0 home victory over Andorra on 7 October 2006 . The national team 's record for highest - scoring victory was achieved in 2016 , a 10 -- 0 friendly win over San Marino . Croatia 's heaviest defeat is a joint record ; the Independent State of Croatia side lost 5 -- 1 to Germany twice in the 1940s . The modern Croatian team also lost to England by the same scoreline in a 2010 World Cup qualifying fixture in London . Head - to - head record ( 1992 -- present ) ( edit ) Key Positive balance ( more wins ) Neutral balance ( equal W / L ratio ) Negative balance ( more losses ) show Croatia head - to - head record ( 1992 -- present ) As of 15 July 2018 , after the match against France . Opponents Pld GF GA GD Andorra 6 6 0 0 24 0 + 24 Argentina 5 7 5 + 2 Australia 6 11 6 + 5 Austria 5 5 0 0 9 + 7 Azerbaijan 0 6 0 + 6 Belarus 0 0 + 3 Belgium 7 9 5 + 4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 14 6 + 8 Brazil 0 7 - 5 Bulgaria 7 10 5 + 5 Cameroon 0 0 0 + 4 Chile 0 0 0 China PR 0 0 0 Cyprus 0 0 0 + 2 Czech Republic 0 7 5 + 2 Denmark 6 8 7 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 - 1 Egypt 0 0 0 England 8 12 19 - 7 Estonia 9 6 16 5 + 11 Finland 0 + 1 France 6 0 5 13 - 8 Georgia 0 0 Germany 5 8 6 + 2 Gibraltar 0 0 0 + 4 Greece 8 10 9 + 1 Hong Kong 0 0 0 + 4 Hungary 7 0 13 5 + 8 Iceland 7 5 13 + 10 Iran 0 + 2 Israel 9 8 0 22 8 + 14 Italy 8 5 0 10 6 + 4 Jamaica 0 0 + 2 Japan 0 Jordan TBP - - - - - - Kazakhstan 0 0 5 + 4 Kosovo 0 0 7 0 + 7 Latvia 0 0 10 + 9 Liechtenstein 0 0 8 + 6 Lithuania 0 0 + 2 Macedonia 8 5 12 9 + 3 Mali 0 0 + 1 Malta 8 7 0 19 + 15 Mexico 6 0 9 6 + 3 Moldova 0 0 0 + 2 Morocco 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 - 2 Nigeria 0 0 0 + 2 Northern Ireland 0 0 0 + 3 Norway 5 10 6 + 4 Peru 0 0 0 - 2 Poland 5 7 + 4 Portugal 0 0 0 7 - 7 Qatar 0 0 + 1 Republic of Ireland 7 8 8 0 Romania 0 0 + 3 Russia 0 5 + 2 San Marino 0 0 18 0 + 18 Scotland 5 0 5 - 3 Senegal 0 0 + 1 Serbia 0 5 + 2 Slovakia 6 8 8 0 Slovenia 8 5 0 15 8 + 7 South Korea 7 11 7 + 4 Spain 6 6 7 - 1 Sweden 0 5 + 1 Switzerland 0 6 - 2 Turkey 9 5 10 6 + 4 Ukraine 9 5 15 5 + 10 Wales 0 7 + 5 Jump up ^ Includes matches against Serbia and Montenegro which existed between 1992 and 2006 ( also by a different name ) . FIFA ranking history ( edit ) FIFA - ranking yearly averages for Croatia . Upon admission to FIFA , Croatia was ranked 125th in the world ; following the 1998 World Cup campaign , the side rose to third place in the rankings , making it the most volatile team in FIFA Rankings history . Recent results and fixtures ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Croatia national football team results 2017 ( edit ) Croatia v Kosovo 3 September 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Croatia 1 -- 0 Kosovo show Zagreb , Croatia 14 : 30 ( 14 : 30 UTC + 2 ) Vida 74 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Stadium : Stadion Maksimir Attendance : 6,838 Referee : Stefan Johannesson ( Sweden ) Turkey v Croatia 5 September 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Turkey 1 -- 0 Croatia show Eskişehir , Turkey 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Tosun 75 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Stadium : New Eskişehir Stadium Attendance : 28,600 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) Croatia v Finland 6 October 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Croatia 1 -- 1 Finland show Rijeka , Croatia 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Mandžukić 57 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Soiri 90 ' Stadium : Stadion Rujevica Attendance : 7,578 Referee : Daniel Stefanski ( Poland ) Ukraine v Croatia 9 October 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Ukraine 0 -- 2 Croatia show Kiev , Ukraine 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Kramarić 62 ' 70 ' Stadium : Olympic Stadium Attendance : 60,200 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) Croatia v Greece 9 November 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Croatia 4 -- 1 Greece show Zagreb , Croatia 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Modrić 13 ' ( pen . ) N. Kalinić 19 ' Perišić 33 ' Kramarić 49 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Papastathopoulos 30 ' Stadium : Stadion Maksimir Attendance : 30,013 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Greece v Croatia 12 November 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Greece 0 -- 0 ( 1 -- 4 agg . ) Croatia show Piraeus , Greece 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Stadium : Karaiskakis Stadium Attendance : 18,667 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 2018 ( edit ) Peru v Croatia 23 March 2018 Friendly match Peru 2 -- 0 Croatia show Miami , United States 01 : 00 ( UTC + 1 ) Carrillo 12 ' Flores 48 ' Yoshimar Yotun 57 ' , 75 ' Report Stadium : Hard Rock Stadium Attendance : 46,893 Referee : Ismail Elfath ( United States ) Mexico v Croatia 27 March 2018 Friendly match Mexico 0 -- 1 Croatia show Dallas , United States 04 : 00 ( UTC + 1 ) Report Rakitić 62 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : AT&T Stadium Attendance : 79,128 Referee : Mario Alberto Escobar ( Guatemala ) Croatia v Brazil 3 June 2018 Friendly match Croatia 0 -- 2 Brazil show Liverpool , England 16 : 00 ( UTC + 1 ) Report Neymar 69 ' Firmino 90 + 4 ' Stadium : Anfield Attendance : 36,584 Referee : Michael Oliver ( England ) Croatia v Senegal 8 June 2018 Friendly match Croatia 2 -- 1 Senegal show Osijek , Croatia 18 : 00 ( UTC + 2 ) Perišić 63 ' Kramarić 78 ' Report Sarr 48 ' Stadium : Stadion Gradski vrt Attendance : 15,998 Referee : Ádám Farkas ( Hungary ) Croatia v Nigeria 16 June 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria show Kaliningrad , Russia 21 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadium : Kaliningrad Stadium Attendance : 31,136 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Argentina v Croatia 21 June 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia show Nizhny Novgorod , Russia 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 ' Stadium : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Iceland v Croatia 26 June 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia show Rostov - on - Don , Russia 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 ' Stadium : Rostov Arena Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Croatia v Denmark 1 July 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Denmark show Nizhny Novgorod , Russia 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Stadium : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Russia v Croatia 7 July 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 4 p ) Croatia show Sochi , Russia 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Stadium : Fisht Olympic Stadium Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Croatia v England 11 July 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England show Moscow , Russia 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Stadium : Luzhniki Stadium Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) France v Croatia 15 July 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Final France 4 -- 2 Croatia show Moscow , Russia 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Stadium : Luzhniki Stadium Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Portugal v Croatia 6 September 2018 Friendly match Portugal Croatia show Loulé , Portugal 20 : 45 ( UTC + 2 ) Report Stadium : Estádio do Algarve Spain v Croatia 11 September 2018 2018 -- 19 Nations League Spain Croatia show Elche , Spain 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Report Stadium : Estadio Manuel Martínez Valero Croatia v England 12 October 2018 2018 -- 19 Nations League Croatia England show Rijeka , Croatia 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Report Stadium : Stadion Rujevica Attendance : 0 Croatia v Jordan 15 October 2018 Friendly match Croatia Jordan show Rijeka , Croatia Report Stadium : Stadion Rujevica Croatia v Spain 15 November 2018 2018 -- 19 Nations League Croatia Spain show Zagreb , Croatia 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Report Stadium : Stadion Maksimir England v Croatia 18 November 2018 2018 -- 19 Nations League England Croatia show London , England 15 : 00 ( 14 : 00 UTC ± 0 ) Report Stadium : Wembley Stadium Personnel ( edit ) Zlatko Dalić , the current manager of the Croatia national football team Position Name Head coach Zlatko Dalić Assistant coaches Dražen Ladić Ivica Olić Goalkeeping coach Marjan Mrmić Condition coach Luka Milanović Physiotherapists Nenad Krošnjar Mario Petrović Nderim Redžaj Doctors Zoran Bahtijarević Saša Janković Boris Nemec Team manager Iva Olivari Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following players were called up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup and preceding warm - up matches . All numbers , caps and goals as of 15 July 2018 after match against France , only matches as FIFA member are included . No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Dominik Livaković ( 1995 - 01 - 09 ) 9 January 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Dinamo Zagreb 12 1GK Lovre Kalinić ( 1990 - 04 - 03 ) 3 April 1990 ( age 28 ) 12 0 Gent 23 1GK Danijel Subašić ( 1984 - 10 - 27 ) 27 October 1984 ( age 33 ) 44 0 Monaco 2DF Šime Vrsaljko ( 1992 - 01 - 10 ) 10 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 41 0 Internazionale 2DF Ivan Strinić ( 1987 - 07 - 17 ) 17 July 1987 ( age 31 ) 49 0 Milan 5 2DF Vedran Ćorluka ( 1986 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1986 ( age 32 ) 103 Lokomotiv Moscow 6 2DF Dejan Lovren ( 1989 - 07 - 05 ) 5 July 1989 ( age 29 ) 46 Liverpool 13 2DF Tin Jedvaj ( 1995 - 11 - 28 ) 28 November 1995 ( age 22 ) 13 0 Bayer Leverkusen 15 2DF Duje Ćaleta - Car ( 1996 - 09 - 17 ) 17 September 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 Marseille 21 2DF Domagoj Vida ( 1989 - 04 - 29 ) 29 April 1989 ( age 29 ) 65 Beşiktaş 22 2DF Josip Pivarić ( 1989 - 01 - 30 ) 30 January 1989 ( age 29 ) 23 0 Dynamo Kyiv 3MF Ivan Perišić ( 1989 - 02 - 02 ) 2 February 1989 ( age 29 ) 73 21 Internazionale 7 3MF Ivan Rakitić ( Vice-captain ) ( 1988 - 03 - 10 ) 10 March 1988 ( age 30 ) 99 15 Barcelona 8 3MF Mateo Kovačić ( 1994 - 05 - 06 ) 6 May 1994 ( age 24 ) 46 Chelsea 10 3MF Luka Modrić ( Captain ) ( 1985 - 09 - 09 ) 9 September 1985 ( age 32 ) 113 14 Real Madrid 11 3MF Marcelo Brozović ( 1992 - 11 - 16 ) 16 November 1992 ( age 25 ) 41 6 Internazionale 14 3MF Filip Bradarić ( 1992 - 01 - 11 ) 11 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 5 0 Cagliari 19 3MF Milan Badelj ( 1989 - 02 - 25 ) 25 February 1989 ( age 29 ) 41 Lazio 9 4FW Andrej Kramarić ( 1991 - 06 - 19 ) 19 June 1991 ( age 27 ) 38 10 1899 Hoffenheim 17 4FW Mario Mandžukić ( 1986 - 05 - 21 ) 21 May 1986 ( age 32 ) 89 33 Juventus 18 4FW Ante Rebić ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) 21 September 1993 ( age 24 ) 22 Eintracht Frankfurt 20 4FW Marko Pjaca ( 1995 - 05 - 06 ) 6 May 1995 ( age 23 ) 19 Fiorentina Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have also been called up to the Croatia squad in the last 12 months and are still eligible for selection . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Karlo Letica ( 1997 - 02 - 11 ) 11 February 1997 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Club Brugge 2018 FIFA World Cup DF Matej Mitrović ( 1993 - 11 - 10 ) 10 November 1993 ( age 24 ) 9 Club Brugge 2018 FIFA World Cup DF Borna Barišić ( 1992 - 11 - 10 ) 10 November 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 Rangers 2018 FIFA World Cup DF Zoran Nižić ( 1989 - 10 - 11 ) 11 October 1989 ( age 28 ) 0 Hajduk Split 2018 FIFA World Cup DF Borna Sosa ( 1998 - 01 - 21 ) 21 January 1998 ( age 20 ) 0 0 VfB Stuttgart 2018 FIFA World Cup DF Marin Leovac ( 1988 - 08 - 07 ) 7 August 1988 ( age 30 ) 0 Dinamo Zagreb v. Peru , 23 March 2018 DF Antonio Milić ( 1994 - 03 - 10 ) 10 March 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 0 Anderlecht v. Ukraine , 9 October 2017 MF Marko Rog ( 1995 - 07 - 19 ) 19 July 1995 ( age 23 ) 12 0 Napoli 2018 FIFA World Cup MF Mario Pašalić ( 1995 - 02 - 09 ) 9 February 1995 ( age 23 ) 6 0 Atalanta 2018 FIFA World Cup MF Nikola Vlašić ( 1997 - 10 - 04 ) 4 October 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 CSKA Moscow v. Greece , 12 November 2017 FW Nikola Kalinić ( 1988 - 01 - 05 ) 5 January 1988 ( age 30 ) 42 15 Atlético Madrid 2018 FIFA World Cup FW Duje Čop ( 1990 - 02 - 01 ) 1 February 1990 ( age 28 ) 13 Standard Liège 2018 FIFA World Cup FW Ivan Santini ( 1989 - 05 - 21 ) 21 May 1989 ( age 29 ) 0 Anderlecht 2018 FIFA World Cup Previous squads ( edit ) UEFA European Football Championship squads UEFA Euro 1996 squad UEFA Euro 2004 squad UEFA Euro 2008 squad UEFA Euro 2012 squad UEFA Euro 2016 squad FIFA World Cup squads 1998 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad 2006 FIFA World Cup squad 2014 FIFA World Cup squad 2018 FIFA World Cup squad Statistics ( edit ) Most capped players ( edit ) Darijo Srna , former captain ( 2008 -- 2016 ) and all - time most capped player . Main article : List of Croatia international footballers Highlighted names denote a player still playing or available for selection . # Name Croatia career Caps Goals Darijo Srna 2002 -- 2016 134 22 Stipe Pletikosa 1999 -- 2014 114 0 Luka Modrić 2006 -- 113 14 Josip Šimunić 2001 -- 2013 105 5 Ivica Olić 2002 -- 2015 104 20 6 Vedran Ćorluka 2006 -- 2018 103 7 Dario Šimić 1996 -- 2008 100 8 Ivan Rakitić 2007 -- 99 15 9 Mario Mandžukić 2007 -- 89 33 10 Robert Kovač 1999 -- 2009 84 0 Last updated : France vs. Croatia , 15 July 2018 . Source : Croatian Football Federation Top goalscorers ( edit ) Davor Šuker , Croatia 's all - time top scorer . Highlighted names denote a player still playing or available for selection . # Name Croatia career Goals Caps Davor Šuker 1991 -- 2002 45 69 Mario Mandžukić 2007 -- 33 89 Eduardo da Silva 2004 -- 2014 29 64 Darijo Srna 2002 -- 2016 22 134 5 Ivan Perišić 2011 -- 21 73 6 Ivica Olić 2002 -- 2015 20 104 7 Niko Kranjčar 2004 -- 2013 16 81 8 Goran Vlaović 1992 -- 2002 15 52 Nikola Kalinić 2007 -- 42 Ivan Rakitić 2007 -- 99 Last updated : France vs. Croatia , 15 July 2018 . Source : Croatian Football Federation Managers ( edit ) The following table provides a summary of the complete record of each Croatia manager including their results regarding World Cups and European Championships . Key : Pld -- games played , W -- games won , D -- games drawn ; L -- games lost , % -- win percentage Manager Croatia tenure Pld Win % Major competitions Dražan Jerković 1990 -- 1991 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 & -- Stanko Poklepović 1992 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 07001250000000000000 ♠ 25.0 & -- Vlatko Marković 1993 -- 1994 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 & -- Miroslav Blažević 1994 -- 2000 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 07001458000000000000 ♠ 45.8 1996 European Championship -- Quarter - final 1998 World Cup -- Third place 2000 European Championship -- Failed to qualify Tomislav Ivić ( c ) 1994 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 & -- Mirko Jozić 2000 -- 2002 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.0 2002 World Cup -- Group stage Otto Barić 2002 -- 2004 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 07001458000000000000 ♠ 45.8 2004 European Championship -- Group stage Zlatko Kranjčar 2004 -- 2006 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 07001440000000000000 ♠ 44.0 2006 World Cup -- Group stage Slaven Bilić 2006 -- 2012 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 07001645999999900000 ♠ 64.6 2008 European Championship -- Quarter - final 2010 World Cup -- Failed to qualify 2012 European Championship -- Group stage Igor Štimac 2012 -- 2013 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 07001533000000000000 ♠ 53.3 & -- Niko Kovač 2013 -- 2015 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 07001526000000000000 ♠ 52.6 2014 World Cup -- Group stage Ante Čačić 2015 -- 2017 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.0 2016 European Championship -- Round of 16 Zlatko Dalić 2017 -- 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 07001571000000000000 ♠ 57.1 2018 World Cup -- Runners - up Totals 286 153 78 55 7001537000000000000 ♠ 53.7 % 10 out of 12 Last updated : Croatia vs. France , 15 July 2018 . Source : Croatian Football Federation Honours ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Runners - up : 2018 Third place : 1998 Minor tournaments Kirin Cup Runners - up : 1997 Korea Cup Winners : 1999 Carlsberg Cup Third place : 2006 China Cup Fourth place : 2017 Other awards Best Mover of the Year 1994 1998 See also ( edit ) Association football portal Croatia portal Croatia national football team results List of Croatia international footballers Croatia women 's national football team Croatia national under - 21 football team Croatia national under - 20 football team Croatia national under - 19 football team Croatia national under - 17 football team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spain finish 2012 on top , Colombia in fifth '' . FIFA. 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Best Mover of the Year awards '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Bach , N. Nenad ( 23 November 2007 ) . `` In 1880 local Croatian young men began to play football in Zupanja '' . Croatian World Network . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Ramet 2005 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Klemenčić , all pages ^ Jump up to : `` Hrvatska nogometna reprezentacija kroz povijest '' ( in Croatian ) . Uvijek Vjerni . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Translation ^ Jump up to : Kramarsic , Igor / Puric , Bojan . `` Croatia International matches '' . Rec . Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 14 July 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Goal Programme -- Croatian Football Federation -- 2006 '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . 17 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Povijest Hrvatskog Nogometnog Saveza '' ( in Croatian ) . H-R. 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 August 2008 . Translation Jump up ^ Esamie , Thomas . `` Games of the XVI . Olympiad '' . Rec . Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 22 September 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Longman , Jere ( 6 July 1998 ) . `` World Cup ' 98 ; Croatia and Its Fortunate Sons '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup squads -- Yugoslavia '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 8 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yugoslavia National Team List of Results 1990 -- 1999 '' . Rec . Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 19 June 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aljosa Asanovic -- International appearances '' . Rec . Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 20 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mario Duspara ; Tanja Simić ( 20 February 2006 ) . `` Hrvatske kocke opet modni hit '' ( Croatian chequy are fashionable again ) ( in Croatian ) . Nacional . Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia -- International matches 1990 -- 1995 '' . Rec . Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 18 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia Marks Independence Day for First Time '' . Southeast European times . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy Euro2008 '' . The World Game . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Croatia -- FIFA World Rankings '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 European Championship -- Qualifying '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 11 February 2005 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best Mover of the Year '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia contemplate Turkey task '' . European Championships archive . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . 4 January 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Šuker stars as Danes downed '' . European Championships archive . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . 16 June 1996 . Archived from the original on 22 April 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Jon Culley ( 20 June 1996 ) . `` Portugal take advantage of slack Croatia '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany overcome ten - man Croatia '' . European Championships archive . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . 23 June 1996 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . 20 May 1998 . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane lights the blue - touch paper for France '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 4 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Alan ( 2 September 2001 ) . `` The Golden Generation beginning to show their age '' . The Sunday Herald . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pletikosa inspired by Croatia 's past '' . European Championships archive . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sport : Football Euro 2000 qualifying group tables '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC News ) . 10 October 1999 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Islamović , Elvir ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Suker : a man with the Midas touch '' . European Championships archive . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan Preliminaries '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 12 November 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia punish Italy '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC Sport ) . 8 June 2002 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador end Croatia hopes '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC Sport ) . 13 June 2002 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jozic to step down '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC Sport ) . 16 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baric leads Croatian charge '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC Sport ) . 26 May 2004 . Retrieved 31 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2004 Qualifying Group Eight '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC Sport ) . 11 October 2004 . Retrieved 31 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 2 -- 2 France '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC News ) . 17 June 2004 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England 4 -- 2 Croatia '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC News ) . 21 June 2004 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baric to step down '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC News ) . 27 May 2004 . Retrieved 31 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Former striker Kranjcar hired to lead Croatia to World Cup '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . 13 July 2004 . Retrieved 22 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 World Cup qualifying standings '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Mcdermott , Scott ( 23 March 2008 ) . `` Croatia Fans Hate Me But I 'd Never Quit Says Niko Kranjcar '' . The Sunday Mail . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup -- Brazil vs Croatia match report '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 10 July 2008 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup -- Croatia vs Japan match report '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 2 -- 2 Australia '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC Sport ) . 22 June 2006 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Alan / Kelso , Paul ( 24 June 2006 ) . `` Poll 's career on the line after Stuttgart debacle '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bilic appointed new Croatia coach '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC Sport ) . 25 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Slaven Bilic : Encouraging my players is my way of doing things '' . The Independent . London . 14 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Mitch ( 17 August 2006 ) . `` Croatia beat Italy 2 -- 0 '' . Rediff News . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Grant , Michael ( 7 June 2008 ) . `` Fear Factor : Despite his brutish look , Croatia manager Slaven Bilic has charisma and passion , just do not make him mad '' . The Sunday Herald . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Macedonia 2 -- 0 Croatia : Croats qualify '' . ESPNSoccernet. 17 November 2007 . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia , England face off again in World Cup qualifying '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC Sports ) . Associated Press . 25 November 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` After Taylor breaks Eduardo 's leg , Wenger insists : Ban him for life '' . Daily Mailauthor = Ryan , Mark . 24 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 5 May 2008 ) . `` Bilić names squad for EURO assault '' . European Championships archive . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 26 May 2008 . Retrieved 31 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 26 March 2008 ) . `` Scotland 1 -- 1 Croatia '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC Sport ) . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 1 -- 0 Moldova '' . ESPNSoccernet . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Klasnić completes Croatian clean sweep '' . European Championships archive . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia captain Niko Kovac to retire from national team after Euro 2008 '' . International Herald Tribune . 19 June 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bilic to field reserves against Poland '' . Eurosport. 15 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bilic came close to quitting job '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC Sport ) . 21 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Maher , Reda ( 21 June 2008 ) . `` Euro 2008 -- Comeback kings Turkey do it again '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bilic on wrong end of upset as Croatia fluff the penalty shootout in Euro 2008 quarterfinals '' . International Herald Tribune . 21 June 2008 . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` Austria 0 -- 1 Croatia '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC Sport ) . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bilic agrees new Croatia deal '' . SkySports.com. 30 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England - Croatia topping the bill '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 11 September 2008 ) . `` Croatia 1 -- 4 England '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC Sport ) . Retrieved 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 3 -- 0 Kazakhstan : Croats cruise '' . ESPNSoccernet. 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Qualifying Round '' . 1998 -- 2011 UEFA. 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ponosni smo sto smo imali bas ovakvog Slavena Bilica '' . Jutarnji List . 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Medo , Ivica ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` Šuker novi predsjednik HNS - a : Ujedinio sam nogometnu Hrvatsku ! '' ( in Croatian ) . Gol.hr . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Igor Štimac novi izbornik hrvatske nogometne reprezentacije ! '' ( in Croatian ) . 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Korać , Branimir ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Igor Štimac razriješen dužnosti izbornika , reprezentaciju preuzima Niko Kovač ! '' ( in Croatian ) . Sportnet.hr . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil TM : Croatia - Iceland - Report - FIFA '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 3 Croatia 1 '' . BBC Sport. 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon 0 Croatia 4 '' . BBC Sport. 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 1 Mexico 3 '' . BBC Sport. 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Elvir Islamović ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Croatia 's World Cup highs and lows '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben Gladwell ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Italy cling on to hold Croatia '' . UEFA . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatska potučena u Oslu u najvažnijoj utakmici kvalifikacija '' . N1 HR ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HNS terminates Niko Kovač 's contract '' . Croatian Football Federation . 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ante Čačić takes over Croatia reins '' . Croatian Football Federation . 21 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malta 0 Croatia 1 '' . BBC Sport. 13 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia beats San Marino by record 10 -- 0 in Euro 2016 warmup '' . Daily Mail . 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 0 -- 1 Croatia '' . BBC Sport. 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 0 -- 1 Croatia , Euro 2016 RESULT : Modric scores thunderous volley '' . Daily Mailaccess - date = 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sport , Telegraph ; js , APTN 9 : 58 am BST 13 June 2015 Follow ! function ( var ; fjs = d. getElementsByTagName ; if ) ( js = d. createElement ; js.id = id ; js. src = `` / / platform.twitter.com/widgets.js '' ; fjs. parentNode. insertBefore ; ) ) ; ( 13 June 2015 ) . `` Outrage at swastika marked on pitch for Croatia v Italy '' . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Republic 2 -- 2 Croatia '' . BBC Sport. 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( VIDEO ) Remi Hrvatske i Češke nakon nereda na tribinama '' . Hrvatska radiotelevizija . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 2 -- 1 Spain '' . BBC Sport. 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 2 -- 1 Spain : Ivan Perisic hands Croatia dramatic win to top Group D '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia have become Euro 2016 favourites after beating Spain , says Nikola Kalinic '' . The National . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Matias Grez , . `` Euro 2016 : Croatia stuns reigning champion Spain to top Group D '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary 3 -- 3 Portugal '' . BBC Sport. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 0 -- 1 Portugal '' . BBC Sport. 25 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modrić , the new captain : `` I 'm so proud '' `` . Croatian Football Federation . 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Trifunović , Boris ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Srna je dobio nasljednika : Luka Modrić novi kapetan Hrvatske '' ( Srna has his successor : Modrić is Croatia 's new captain ) . 24sata ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid star Luka Modric unwilling to back Croatia coach in outburst Goal.com '' . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dosje Ante Čačić : Niti zna , niti autoritet ima ... '' Slobodna Dalmacija ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine vs. Croatia 2017 UEFA World Cup Qualifying Highlights ( VIDEO ) '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( VIDEO ) Rapsodija Vatrenih u Maksimiru , u Pirej nose prednost 4 : 1 ! '' . Hrvatska radiotelevizija . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 4 -- 1 Greece '' . BBC Sport. 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Shaun ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia 's Luka Modric : ' It is only right there are great expectations of us ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Croatia enter the World Cup on Saturday , their Golden Generation beginning what is surely a last quest towards making an impact on the greatest stage . Jump up ^ Miller , Nick ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Are Ivan Rakitic and Luka Modric the World Cup 's biggest unsung heroes ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Callaghan , Joe ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Modric magic at heart of Croatian soccer 's golden generation The Star '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . The golden generation -- with Modric , Rakitic and striker Mario Mandzukic as its pillars -- have more often watched such efforts go up in flames . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 's golden generation keen to live up to expectations '' . USA Today . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Datta , Dwaipayan ( 23 June 2018 ) . `` FIFA World Cup : Croatia 's new golden generation to the rescue '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Ben ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria : World Cup 2018 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria FT '' . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia '' . BBC Sport. 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatska u osmini finala nakon veličanstvene pobjede protiv Argentine : Hrvati pregazili Messija i društvo ! '' . Gol.hr ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RATINGS : Every player marked out of 10 from Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Iceland out after defeat by group winners Croatia '' . BBC Sport. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Burnton , Simon ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia : World Cup 2018 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Croatia - Denmark - FIFA '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Croatia beat Denmark on penalties to reach quarter - finals '' . BBC Sport. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suba , majstore ! Uništio Dance penalima , Vatreni idu na Rusiju '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Croatia beat hosts Russia 4 -- 3 on penalties to reach semi-final '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Viva la Vida i Raketa ! ! ! Vatreni kroz rulet penala do polufinala '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : Russia 2 -- 2 Croatia ( aet ; Croatia win 4 -- 3 on pens ) -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( VIDEO ) HRVATSKA JE U FINALU SVJETSKOG PRVENSTVA ! Herojski i povijesni preokret u režiji Mandže i Perišića ! Dnevno.hr '' . Dnevno.hr ( in Croatian ) . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatska u Moskvi ispisala nogometnu povijest : ' sretna ' 13 . država u finalu , druga najmanja na svijetu '' . Slobodna Dalmacija ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Croatia - England - FIFA '' . FIFA . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` England 's World Cup dream dashed as Croatia win semi-final in extra time '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 2 -- 1 England AET : Mario Mandzukic breaks Three Lions hearts '' . Daily Mailaccess - date = 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatska je u finalu Svjetskog prvenstva : Pogledajte nevjerojatnu navijačku atmosferu u Zagrebu '' . Gol.hr ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Srušili smo Engleze , Hrvatska je u finalu Svjetskog prvenstva ! '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 's cabinet members wore team jerseys to celebrate their entry into FIFA World Cup 2018 final '' . The Indian Express . 13 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Bethany ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final ' means everything ' to Croatia fans '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 's World Cup consolation : Google searches soar as world seeks information on finalists '' . theconversation.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Factbox : France v Croatia '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . France have also had an extra day of rest having beaten Belgium 1 - 0 in their semi-final on Tuesday . Croatia won 2 - 1 after extra time against England on Wednesday . Jump up ^ McMahon , Bobby ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 World Cup : Mourinho Says Extra Day Of Rest Gives France An Advantage Over Croatia '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . France has one more day of rest . I think that 's unfair . I think both teams should play in one day . In the final both teams should have equal opportunities . Jump up ^ Grohmann , Karolos ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Comeback king Croatia still has unfinished business '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . We reached the final , we want to play the final , France had one extra day to recover but there will be no excuses . Jump up ^ `` In Photos : The highest scoring FIFA World Cup finals since 1966 '' . Rappler . July 15 , 2018 . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philosophical fans celebrate Croatia 's historic World Cup , despite final defeat '' . The Guardian . July 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sve što trebate znati o premijernom izdanju novog UEFA - ina natjecanja -- Lige nacija ! '' . Gol.hr ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` UEFA Nations League 2018 / 19 League Phase draw '' . UEFA . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knjižnice grada Zagreba -- Hrvatski nacionalni simboli '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Croatian coat of arms till 1600 -- Croatian History '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE STORY BEHIND THE CHECKERS ( AND A FEW LINES ON EMBLEMS AS WELL ) '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster 2004 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Bellamy , A 2003 , The Formation of Croatian National Identity : A Centuries - old Dream , Manchester University Press , pg. 116 Jump up ^ `` HRT Broadcasts via Satellite to Australia and New Zealand '' . Hrvatska radiotelevizija. 20 May 2008 . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Za koji hrvatski nogometni klub navijate ? '' ( in Croatian ) . Growth from Knowledge ( GFK Hrvatska ) . 18 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 August 2008 . Translation Jump up ^ Brincat , Henry . `` Incident brings back memories of Malta - Croatia match : Seven Hajduk fans arrested '' . The Malta Independent . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Brimson , Dougie / Miles , Kevin ( 31 May 2006 ) . `` Is hooliganism inevitable at this World Cup ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Football , blood and war '' . The Observer . London . 18 January 2004 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray , Oliver . `` Forget ' It 's coming home ' , you should n't be supporting England '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Joe . `` Back to the future - Croatia 's presence in Australian football '' . SBS . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO Slavlje na ulicama Kanade : Bježite ljudi , bježite iz grada '' . direktno.hr ( in Croatian ) . 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Plenković objavio video iz aviona za Rusiju : `` Bježite ljudi , bježite iz grada ... '' `` . Maxportal ( in Croatian ) . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About the club '' . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bilic has Croatia rocking '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . 18 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Jeffrey ( 19 June 2008 ) . `` Rock on Slaven Bilic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia federation fined over racist fans '' . Reuters. 28 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin ( 26 September 2008 ) . `` Tabloids steam in as racists make a monkey of Fifa '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia threatened with expulsion '' . Daily Maildate = 10 October 2006 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Eder , Alan ( 20 June 2008 ) . `` Police Clash with Croatian Football Fans '' . Javno . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia faces fresh Euro 2012 racism probe '' . CNN . 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Days When Things Got Out of Hand '' . Sports Illustrated . 18 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Marcotti , Gabriele ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` Why did Croatian fans use flares to disrupt their team 's Euro matches ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fraser Masefield ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Euro 2016 Qualifying -- Croatia hold Italy after match suspended due to crowd trouble '' . Eurosport . Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Holiga , Aleksandar ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` WWhy did Croatia fans disrupt their Euro 2016 match against Czech Republic ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gittings , Paul ( 13 June 2015 ) . `` Euro 2016 : Croatia apologizes over Nazi swastika on its home pitch '' . CNN . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Katie , Architecture & Design -- Maksimir Stadium , 7 ( 4 ) , Panstadia , archived from the original on 13 January 2010 , retrieved 7 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Maksimir Stadium -- World 's Most Expensive '' . Javno. 11 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor : I Will Not Build Stadium at That Cost '' . Javno. 11 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nastavljeno poljudsko prokletstvo '' ( in Croatian ) . Net.hr. 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Translation Jump up ^ `` Vatreni poručili HNS - u : Ne želimo više igrati `` manje utakmice '' u Maksimiru '' ( in Croatian ) . Slobodna Dalmacija. 10 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quanti incroci : Italia e Croazia , la storia infinita '' . Sky Sport Italia. 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Parla Boban : `` Italia , riscopri l'arte di Rivera e Baggio '' `` . La Gazzetta dello Sport. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kroatien bleibt Italiens Angstgegner '' . Tiroler Tageszeitung. 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jadranski derbi završio remijem u sjeni svastike '' . Index.hr. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vatreni duel jadranskih susjeda '' . N1. 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Croatia and Italy clash in empty stadium '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Federation , UEFA ( July 15 , 2018 ) . `` Italy 's competitive record against Croatia in football '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italy national football team : record v Croatia '' . www.11v11.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` International Football 's 10 Most Politically - Charged Football Rivalries '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ CNN -- SPORT -- Football -- Top 10 international rivalries Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Fenton - Thomas , Alex ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Croatia v Serbia : the sporting rivalry - in pictures '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Serbia the rematch : memories of riots , battles and war '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fenton - Thomas , Alex ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Croatia v Serbia : the sporting rivalry - in pictures '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sportske -- Vest -- Domaci Fudbal -- Bez navijaca u Zagrebu i Beogradu ( Without fans in Zagreb and Belgrade ) Retrieved 20 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Paul . `` France - Croatia : Three things to know about the rivalry '' . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Sean ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` 32 Teams Entered , 2 Remain . Your Ultimate Guide to the World Cup Final '' . Time . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Mather , Andrew Das and Victor ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` France , the Class of the World Cup , Brings Home the Trophy '' . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deutschland - Kroatien : Vom Aufbaugegner zum Rivalen '' . Der Spiegel . 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ uefa.com ( 6 October 2003 ) . `` UEFA EURO 1996 - History - Germany - Croatia -- UEFA '' . UEFA . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France -- Matches -- Germany - Croatia '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia national football team : record v Germany '' . 11v11.com . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 2 - 1 Germany '' . 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Euro 2016 : Croatia and Turkey Resume Old European Rivalry in Paris '' . News18 . June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Luka Modric stunner for Croatia sinks Turkey in Euro 2016 Group D tie '' . the Guardian . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` European Qualifiers - Turkey - Croatia '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Croatia - Turkey - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` England 2 - 3 Croatia '' . BBC . 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 5 - 1 Croatia '' . BBC . 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England challenge ignited by Rooney '' . UEFA. 22 June 2004 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's World Cup dream dashed as Croatia win semi-final in extra time '' . The Guardian . 11 Jul 2018 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1994 qualifications '' . Rec . Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia '' . BBC Sport. 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` England 's World Cup dream dashed as Croatia win semi-final in extra time '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - FIFA '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Šimić ends playing career '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Milosavljevic , Zoran ( 5 June 2008 ) . `` Croatia ` s Dario Simic Eyes 100th Cap '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Pacak , Tomislav ( 15 September 2008 ) . `` Šimić završio sa stotkom '' ( in Croatian ) . Sportnet.hr . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Translation Jump up ^ `` Alen Halilović player profile '' . Hrvatski Nogometni Savez ( Croatian Football Federation ) . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statistike Hrvatskog Nogometa '' . HR Nogomet . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Suker : a man with the Midas touch '' . European Championships archive . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 7 October 2006 ) . `` Petric inspires Croatian record '' . European Championships archive . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kramarsic , Igor / Puric , Bojan . `` Croatia International matches '' . Rec . Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 14 July 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` FIFAranking yearly averages for Croatia '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia follow in golden footsteps '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . 7 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia eyeing top ten '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . 3 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ The game was originally scheduled for 2 September , but due to heavy rains in Zagreb was postponed for the next day . Jump up ^ `` ODLUKE IZVRŠNOGODBORA HNS - A '' . hns-cff.hr . Jump up ^ hns-cff.hr ( 4 June 2018 ) . `` IZBORNIK DALIĆ POTVRDIO KONAČAN POPIS PUTNIKA ZA SP '' . hns-cff.hr ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The rules of Association football state that on receiving a second yellow card in a single match a player must be given a red card and be removed for the rest of the match per the Laws of the Game . Jump up ^ Under the rules of Association football and the official European Championship tournament regulations , a loss inflicted via a penalty shootout does not count as a defeat , but rather a tie which needed a final process to determine the team which advances per the Laws of the Game . Jump up ^ In September 1994 , national team manager Miroslav Blažević , who was also coaching Croatia Zagreb at the time , was dismissed in a 1994 -- 95 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup match against Auxerre . Blažević was suspended by UEFA for one game and Ivić was appointed as his replacement for the UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying match against Italy in November 1994 . Books ( edit ) Ramet . P , Sabrina ( 2005 ) . Thinking about Yugoslavia . Cambridge University . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85151 - 3 . Klemenčić , Mladen ( 2004 ) . Nogometni leksikon . Miroslav Krleža lexicographic institute . ISBN 953 - 6036 - 84 - 3 . Foster , Jane ( 2004 ) . Footprint Croatia . Footprint Travel Guides . ISBN 1 - 903471 - 79 - 6 . Bellamy . J , Alex ( 2003 ) . The Formation of Croatian National Identity . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6502 - X . Giulianotti , Richard ( 1997 ) . Entering the Field : New Perspectives on World Football . Berg Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85973 - 198 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croatia national football team . Official website ( in Croatian ) FIFA profile Official supporters ' club website ( in Croatian ) Croatia -- Players ' stats at RSSSF ( Last updated 29 March 2011 ) Croatia national football team General Croatian Football Federation Statistics Results Hat - tricks Players 20 + caps World Cup Finals Summary 2018 FIFA World Cup Final European Finals Summary Notable matches SR Croatia 5 -- 2 Indonesia ( 1956 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 United States ( 1990 ) Other teams Men 's Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 17 Women 's Under - 19 Under - 17 Football in Croatia Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) National teams Croatia U21 U20 U19 U18 U17 Women 's League system Men 's : 1 . HNL 2 . HNL 3 . HNL 1. ŽNL Women 's : 1 . HNLŽ Domestic cups Croatian Football Cup Super Cup Women 's Cup Seasons 1992 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Records List of clubs List of venues International players Men Women National football teams of Europe ( UEFA ) Active Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Ireland ( 1882 -- 1950 ) Saarland Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union ( CIS ) Yugoslavia Squads Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 1996 1 Ladić 2 Jurčević 3 Jarni 4 Štimac 5 Jerkan 6 Bilić 7 Asanović 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker 10 Boban ( c ) 11 Bokšić 12 Mrmić 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Pavličić 16 Mladenović 17 Pamić 18 Brajković 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 Cvitanović 22 Gabrić Coach : Blažević Croatia squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Ladić 2 Krpan 3 Šerić 4 Štimac 5 Jurić 6 Bilić 7 Asanović 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker 10 Boban ( c ) 11 Marić 12 Mrmić 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Tudor 16 Kozniku 17 Jarni 18 Mamić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 Jurčić 22 Vasilj Coach : Blažević Croatia squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Šerić 3 Šimunić 4 Tomas 5 Rapaić 6 Živković 7 Vugrinec 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker ( c ) 10 N. Kovač 11 Bokšić 12 Butina 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Šarić 16 Vranješ 17 Jarni 18 Olić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 R. Kovač 22 Balaban 23 Vasilj Coach : Jozić Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 1 Vasilj 2 Tokić 3 Šimunić 4 Tomas 5 Tudor 6 Živković ( c ) 7 Rapaić 8 Srna 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač 11 Šokota 12 Butina 13 Šimić 14 Neretljak 15 Leko 16 Babić 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 Mornar 20 Roso 21 R. Kovač 22 Bjelica 23 Didulica Coach : Barić Croatia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Srna 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Tudor 6 Vranješ 7 Šimić 8 Babić 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Tokić 12 Didulica 13 Tomas 14 Modrić 15 I. Leko 16 J. Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 N. Kranjčar 20 Šerić 21 Balaban 22 Bošnjak 23 Butina Coach : Z . Kranjčar Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Pletikosa 2 Šimić 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Ćorluka 6 Vejić 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Kalinić 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Srna 12 Galinović 13 Pokrivač 14 Modrić 15 Knežević 16 Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 Kranjčar 20 Budan 21 Petrić 22 Pranjić 23 Runje Coach : Bilić Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 1 Pletikosa 2 Strinić 3 Šimunić 4 Buljat 5 Ćorluka 6 Pranjić 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Kelava 13 Schildenfeld 14 Badelj 15 Vrsaljko 16 Dujmović 17 Mandžukić 18 Kalinić 19 Kranjčar 20 Perišić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Bilić Croatia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Kovač Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Vargić 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Jedvaj 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 L. Kalinić 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Ćorić 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rog 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Čop 23 Subašić Coach : Čačić Croatia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Livaković 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić ( c ) 11 Brozović 12 L. Kalinić 13 Jedvaj 14 Bradarić 15 Ćaleta - Car 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rebić 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Pivarić 23 Subašić Coach : Dalić Finalists UEFA Euro 1996 finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Czech Republic Eliminated in the semi-finals England France Eliminated in the quarter - finals Croatia Netherlands Portugal Spain Eliminated in the group stage Group A Scotland Switzerland Group B Bulgaria Romania Group C Italy Russia Group D Denmark Turkey 1998 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Brazil Third place Croatia Fourth place Netherlands Quarter - finals Argentina Denmark Germany Italy Round of 16 Chile England Mexico Nigeria Norway Paraguay Romania FR Yugoslavia Group stage Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cameroon Colombia Iran Jamaica Japan Morocco Saudi Arabia Scotland South Africa South Korea Spain Tunisia United States 2002 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Germany Third place Turkey Fourth place South Korea Quarter - finals England Senegal Spain United States Round of 16 Belgium Denmark Italy Japan Mexico Paraguay Republic of Ireland Sweden Group stage Argentina Cameroon China PR Costa Rica Croatia Ecuador France Nigeria Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Slovenia South Africa Tunisia Uruguay UEFA Euro 2004 finalists Champions Greece Runners - up Portugal Eliminated in the semi-finals Czech Republic Netherlands Eliminated in the quarter - finals Denmark England France Sweden Eliminated in the group stage Group A Russia Spain Group B Croatia Switzerland Group C Bulgaria Italy Group D Germany Latvia 2006 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Italy Runners - up France Third place Germany Fourth place Portugal Quarter - finals Argentina Brazil England Ukraine Round of 16 Australia Ecuador Ghana Mexico Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Group stage Angola Costa Rica Ivory Coast Croatia Czech Republic Iran Japan South Korea Paraguay Poland Saudi Arabia Serbia and Montenegro Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United States UEFA Euro 2008 finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Germany Eliminated in the semi-finals Russia Turkey Eliminated in the quarter - finals Croatia Italy Netherlands Portugal Eliminated in the group stage Group A Czech Republic Switzerland Group B Austria Poland Group C France Romania Group D Greece Sweden UEFA Euro 2012 finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Italy Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Portugal Eliminated in the quarter - finals Czech Republic England France Greece Eliminated in the group stage Group A Poland Russia Group B Denmark Netherlands Group C Croatia Republic of Ireland Group D Sweden Ukraine 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter - finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain UEFA Euro 2016 finalists Champions Portugal Runners - up France Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Wales Eliminated in the quarter - finals Belgium Iceland Italy Poland Eliminated in the round of 16 Croatia England Hungary Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Slovakia Spain Switzerland Eliminated in the group stage Group A Albania Romania Group B Russia Group C Ukraine Group D Czech Republic Turkey Group E Sweden Group F Austria 2018 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Quarter - finals Brazil Russia Sweden Uruguay Round of 16 Argentina Colombia Denmark Japan Mexico Portugal Spain Switzerland Group stage Australia Costa Rica Egypt Germany Iceland Iran Morocco Nigeria Panama Peru Poland Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia South Korea Tunisia National sports teams of Croatia Australian football Baseball Basketball Beach handball Cricket Field hockey Football ( Soccer ) Futsal Minifootball Handball Ice hockey Inline hockey Rugby Union Speedway Tennis Volleyball Water polo Olympic Games Youth Paralympic Games European Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatia_national_football_team&oldid=854574405 '' Categories : European national association football teams Croatia national football team National sports teams of Croatia Hidden categories : CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2010 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles with hCards Articles with Croatian - language external links Pages with graphs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 09 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did croatia finish 3rd in the world cup | [
"In spite of the quarter-final exit, Blažević continued to lead Croatia in the 1998 World Cup qualifying campaign, which ended successfully after an aggregate victory against Ukraine in the two-legged play-off. In the group stage of the World Cup, Croatia beat Jamaica and Japan but lost to Argentina, before defeating Romania to reach a quarter-final tie against Germany, then ranked second in the world.[26] Croatia won 3–0 with goals from Robert Jarni, Goran Vlaović and Davor Šuker, all after Christian Wörns had been sent off. Croatia then faced the host nation, France, in the semi-final. After a goalless first-half, Croatia took the lead, only to concede two goals by opposing defender Lilian Thuram and lose 1–2. In the third-place match, Croatia beat the Netherlands 2–1, with Davor Šuker winning the Golden Boot award for scoring the most goals of the tournament with six goals in seven games.[27] Croatia's performance in 1998 was among the best debut performances in the World Cup (equaling Portugal's third place debut finish at the 1966 World Cup), and as a result, Croatia rose to number three in the January 1999 FIFA World Rankings, their highest ranking to date.[19][11] For their achievements, the team of the 1990s was dubbed the \"Golden Generation.\"[28][29] A considerable portion of this squad (Jarni, Štimac, Boban, Prosinečki and Šuker), previously won the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship with the Yugoslavia under-20 team.\n"
] | [
"1998"
] |
-8663891343543535834 | I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series) | I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series ) - Wikipedia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent season , see I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Genre Reality television Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios ) Based on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Presented by Chris Brown Julia Morris Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 125 ( as of 12 March 2018 ) Production Location ( s ) Kruger National Park , in South Africa Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Production company ( s ) ITV Studios Australia Release Original network Network Ten Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 1 February 2015 -- present External links Website Production website I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( occasionally shortened to I 'm a Celebrity ) is an Australian reality television series on Network Ten which is based on the British television show of the same name . The series sees celebrities living in the jungle with few creature comforts and compete in various challenges to earn meals and other luxuries . The celebrities compete for $100,000 to be donated to their chosen charity . The series is set in Kruger National Park , South Africa , and is hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown . On 16 July 2015 the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on 31 January 2016 . The second season was accompanied by the companion series I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Now ! . It aired on Eleven following each episode of the main series , hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman . On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts , which premiered on 29 January 2017 . A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018 and concluded 12 March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Tucker trials 1.2 Celebrity chest challenges 1.3 Secret mission 1.4 Mystery box 2 Production 2.1 Broadcast 2.2 The fallout zone 2.3 Public voting 3 Series overview 4 Series results 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2019 ) 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Lawsuit 8 See also 9 References Format ( edit ) The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle . During their time in the jungle they are isolated from the outside world and are not commonly aware of outside events . The contestants compete for $100,000 to be donated to a charity of their choosing , in addition to being personally reimbursed for their participation . While in the jungle , some of the contestants ( generally voted by the viewing public ) compete in challenges for food and luxuries for the camp . These challenges often involve local wildlife and are meant to take the contestants out of their comfort zone . Each week one or more of the contestants are evicted from the jungle , based on viewer votes . In addition , if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase `` I 'm a celebrity get me out of here ! '' . However , it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced . Throughout the show , additional contestants ( called `` intruders '' ) enter the competition ; and beginning with season two , some contestants are only included temporarily ( i.e. having a guest appearance ) . In the end , a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series , who is given the title of `` King and / or Queen of the Jungle '' . Tucker trials ( edit ) The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food . These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities . The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial , with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates . Celebrity chest challenges ( edit ) Two or more celebrities are chosen to take part in the celebrity chest challenge to win luxuries for camp . Each challenge involves completing a task to win a chest to take back to camp . However , to win the luxury item in the chest , the campmates must correctly answer a question . If they fail to answer correctly , the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won . The luxury item is `` donated '' by a celebrity from the outside . Secret mission ( edit ) This is a challenge where some celebrities have to take part without alerting the other celebrities - if they are successful in their ' missions ' , they are rewarded . Mystery box ( edit ) A mystery box sees a box delivered to the campsite , each time containing a different gift for the contestants . Production ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm , with a weekly eviction show on Sunday ( except for the first week , where the celebrities arrive in the ' jungle ' ) . All shows are presented by Julia Morris & Chris Brown from a nearby studio . The program is live to AEDT States ( New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory ) , in other states the program is delayed to accommodate local time zones . The Fallout Zone ( edit ) In addition to the television broadcast , for the first season a live feed from the camp site aired for an hour after the AEDT airing of the show on Ten 's website and mobile app , titled The Fallout Zone but more commonly referred to as FOZ . The content of feed was available on the website after the fact so viewers in other states could watch the show after their airing of the main show . The feed was hosted by comedian Sam Mac and producer Ciaran `` The Butcher '' Flannery , also known as `` The C - Word '' . On 8 and 12 March 2015 , producer Dominic `` The Domin8or '' Sullivan filled in during Flannery 's absence . The duo interact with viewers through Twitter , using the hashtag # FOZ . Mac and Flannery have no control over the shots used in the stream which has resulted in one episode featuring a 20 - minute shot of a waterfall and , on 16 February 2015 , a 15 - minute conversation featuring a sound technician looking for Bob being picked up . On 5 March 2015 the show famously featured audio problems during which Mac and Flannery 's voices fluctuated between chipmunk and Darth Vader filters for the first thirty minutes . The show 's theme song is Highway to the Fallout Zone sung by Sam Mac . The show did not return for the second season . Public voting ( edit ) Throughout the show the public votes on who competes in the following tucker trial and who to evict from the campsite . Viewers can either vote via SMS ( by texting the name of the celebrity to 1995 1010 ) or vote via Social Media ( namely Facebook or Twitter ) by using the celebrity 's hashtag ( # celeb ( name ) ) . Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account . For tucker trial voting , viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete . For eviction voting , viewers vote for a celebrity to stay . Voting closes at approximately 7 : 30pm AEDT for Sunday 's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days . Prior to the premiere of the second season , it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season . SMS voting wil be used for both trial and eviction voting while Twitter voting will be used exclusively for trial voting . This change was implemented to even the playing field between celebrities with a larger international fan base ( who are more likely to receive Twitter votes from said fan base ) and celebrities with a smaller fan base who are only known in Australia . However , this decision was later reversed , allowing Twitter and Facebook votes for the finals . Series overview ( edit ) Winners crowned King or Queen of their respective year . Key : King of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle Season Presenters Start date End date Days in camp Campmates Honour places Winner Second place Third place Chris Brown and Julia Morris 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 45 14 Freddie Flintoff Barry Hall Chrissie Swan 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 45 12 Brendan Fevola Paul Harragon Laurina Fleure 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 13 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 46 14 Casey Donovan Dane Swan Natalie Bassingthwaighte 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 12 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 45 15 Fiona O'Loughlin Shannon Noll Danny Green 5 2019 2019 Series results ( edit ) Key Winner -- King or Queen of the Jungle Runner - up Third place Late arrival Evicted Withdrew Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 1 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Freddie Flintoff England and Wales cricketer 17 45 Winner Barry Hall Former AFL forward 45 Runner - up Chrissie Swan Television & radio broadcaster 45 Third Place Maureen McCormick The Brady Bunch actress 42 Evicted 11th Joel Creasey Comedian 41 Evicted 10th Anna Heinrich The Bachelor Australia star 10 41 Evicted 9th Julie Goodwin Chef & cookbook author 17 40 Evicted 8th Merv Hughes Former test match cricketer 39 Evicted 7th Tyson Mayr Model 38 Evicted 6th Andrew Daddo Television & radio presenter 31 Evicted 5th Lauren Brant Hi - 5 singer 24 Evicted 4th Laura Dundovic Miss Universe Australia 2008 17 Evicted 3rd Tim Robards The Bachelor Australia star 10 17 Evicted 2nd Leisel Jones Olympic swimmer 10 Evicted 1st Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 2 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Brendan Fevola AFL full - forward 45 Winner Paul Harragon Former NRL prop forward 45 Runner - up Laurina Fleure The Bachelor Australia 2 star 45 Third Place Anthony Callea Singer - songwriter 42 Evicted 9th Shane Warne Retired international cricketer 41 Evicted 8th Havana Brown DJ 40 Evicted 7th Jo Beth Taylor Television presenter 39 Evicted 6th Val Lehman Prisoner actress 38 Evicted 5th Dean Geyer Glee actor 31 Evicted 4th Bonnie Lythgoe So You Think You Can Dance Australia judge 24 Evicted 3rd Akmal Saleh Comedian 17 Evicted 2nd Courtney Hancock Ironwoman 10 Evicted 1st Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 3 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Casey Donovan Singer - songwriter ( Australian Idol Winner ) 46 Winner Dane Swan AFL Legend 46 Runner - Up Natalie Bassingthwaighte Singer & Actress 46 Third Place Nazeem Hussain Comedian 45 Evicted 11th Steve Price Radio Shock Jock 42 Evicted 10th Lisa Curry Olympic Swimmer 41 Evicted 9th Ash Pollard My Kitchen Rules contestant 40 Evicted 8th Carson Kressley TV Personality 25 39 Evicted 7th Tegan Martin Beauty Queen 38 Evicted 6th Keira Maguire The Bachelor Australia 4 star 19 35 Evicted 5th Kris Smith TV Personality & Model 35 Evicted 4th Tziporah Malkah Former Model 31 Evicted 3rd Jay Laga'aia Actor & Singer 24 Evicted 2nd Tom Arnold Hollywood Actor 17 Evicted 1st Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Fiona O'Loughlin Comedian 45 Winner Shannon Noll Singer 45 Runner - up Danny Green Boxer 7 45 Third place Vicky Pattison Reality TV Star ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Winner ) 17 44 Evicted 10th Simone Holtznagel Model 41 Evicted 9th Peter Rowsthorn Actor & Comedian 40 Evicted 8th Jackie Gillies Psychic & Reality TV Star 39 Evicted 7th Josh Gibson AFL Player 38 Evicted 6th Paul Burrell Former Royal Butler ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Runner Up ) 17 37 Evicted 5th Lisa Oldfield Reality TV Star 24 34 Evicted 4th David Oldfield Former Politician 24 30 Evicted 3rd Kerry Armstrong Actress 23 Evicted 2nd Tiffany Darwish Singer 16 Evicted 1st Anthony Mundine Boxer 12 Withdrew Bernard Tomic Tennis Player Withdrew Season 5 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 5 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Premiere Finale Source Premiere date Premiere viewers ( Opening Night ) Rank Premiere viewers ( Welcome to the Jungle ) Rank Finale date Finale viewers ( Grand final ) Rank Finale viewers ( Winner announced ) Rank 31 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 1.199 1.136 5 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 0.999 8 1.144 31 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 1.324 1.081 5 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 0.719 8 0.858 6 32 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 1.103 7 0.963 8 13 March 2017 0.989 6 1.056 31 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1.274 1.108 5 12 March 2018 0.684 11 0.804 8 5 2019 2019 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Result Refs . 2016 Logie Awards of 2016 Best Reality Program I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated 2017 Logie Awards of 2017 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated Lawsuit ( edit ) In June 2017 , Tom Arnold filed a lawsuit against Network Ten and A List Entertainment for defrauding him for being on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . Arnold claims that he was promised a payment of $425,000 and a comedy tour in Australia , however he was missing $140,000 in payment and that Network Ten backed out of the comedy tour . See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity heads to Oz '' . C21 Media . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gusmaroli , Danielle ( 8 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity I 'm out Of Here ! Olympian Liesel Jones is first star voted out of the south African jungle after opening up about her weight issues '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Kruger Welcomes I 'm A Celebrity '' . CallSheet. 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV jungle gets real for Channel 10 but are celebs in or out ? '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Renewed : I 'm A Celebrity Get Me Out of Here '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` Returning : I 'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` TEN Upfronts 2016 : Survivor , Jessica Marais , Anh Do - and Nigella ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 'm A Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! Is Back In 2017 '' . Ten Play . Channel Ten . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reines , Ros ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm SO glad I turned down I 'm A Celebrity ... even though it paid ' $30 k per week ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Contract clause ' penalty ' for Celebrities who quit TEN 's jungle '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Mark Waugh into TEN 's jungle ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 January 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity to switch - up viewer voting this year '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` TEN U-turn on voting promise for I 'm A Celebrity '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Sunday 1 February 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` Sunday 15 March 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Sunday 31 January 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Sunday 13 March 2016 '' . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Sunday 29 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Monday 13 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Sunday 28 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Monday 12 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Logie Awards 2016 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 April 2017 ) . `` Logie Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullins , Ashley ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Tom Arnold Sues Australian Reality TV Network for Fraud '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia ) Seasons Winners Freddie Flintoff Brendan Fevola Casey Donovan Fiona O'Loughlin Related articles I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! International versions of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Australia France Germany Hungary India Romania Sweden United Kingdom ( original ) United States Current Australian reality television series Seven Network First Dates Hell 's Kitchen Australia House Rules My Kitchen Rules Seven Year Switch Nine Network Australian Ninja Warrior Family Food Fight Married at First Sight The Block The Voice 9Go ! Meet the Hockers Network Ten Australian Survivor Bachelor in Paradise Australia The Bachelor The Bachelorette MasterChef Australia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Shark Tank Eleven Bondi Ink Tattoo Arena The Real Housewives of Melbourne The Real Housewives of Sydney Fox8 Australia 's Next Top Model The Recruit A&E Aussie Pickers Demolition Man Pawn Stars Australia Lifestyle Food The Great Australian Bake Off All Australian reality series Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime All Star Family Feud ( since 2016 ) Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2018 ) Todd Sampson 's Body Hack ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) CRAM ! ( since 2017 ) Family Feud ( since 2014 ) Gogglebox Australia ( since 2015 ) Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( since 2013 ) Hughesy , We Have a Problem ( since 2018 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Offspring ( 2010 -- 2014 , since 2016 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Show Me the Movie ! ( since 2018 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming All Aussie Adventures ( 2018 ) Blind Date ( 2018 ) How to Stay Married ( 2018 ) Street Smart ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(Australian_TV_series)&oldid=836890836 '' Categories : Network Ten shows 2010s Australian television series 2015 Australian television series debuts Australian reality television series I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! English - language television programs Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in South Africa Hidden categories : Use Australian English from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 13 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won i am a celebrity get me out of here australia | [
"\n\nCelebrity\nKnown for\nDay Entered\nDay Exited\nResult\n\n\n Fiona O'Loughlin\nComedian\n1\n45\nWinner\n\n\n Shannon Noll\nSinger\n1\n45\nRunner-up\n\n\n Danny Green\nBoxer\n7\n45\nThird place\n\n\n Vicky Pattison\nReality TV Star (I'm a Celeb UK, Winner)\n17\n44\nEvicted 10th\n\n\n Simone Holtznagel\nModel\n1\n41\nEvicted 9th\n\n\n Peter Rowsthorn\nActor & Comedian\n1\n40\nEvicted 8th\n\n\n Jackie Gillies\nPsychic & Reality TV Star\n1\n39\nEvicted 7th\n\n\n Josh Gibson\nAFL Player\n1\n38\nEvicted 6th\n\n\n Paul Burrell\nFormer Royal Butler (I'm a Celeb UK, Runner Up)\n17\n37\nEvicted 5th\n\n\n Lisa Oldfield\nReality TV Star\n24\n34\nEvicted 4th\n\n\n David Oldfield\nFormer Politician\n24\n30\nEvicted 3rd\n\n\n Kerry Armstrong\nActress\n1\n23\nEvicted 2nd\n\n\n Tiffany Darwish\nSinger\n1\n16\nEvicted 1st\n\n\n Anthony Mundine\nBoxer\n2\n12\nWithdrew\n\n\n Bernard Tomic\nTennis Player\n1\n3\nWithdrew\n\n"
] | [
"Fiona O'Loughlin"
] |
8341815299893034731 | Mother India | Mother India - wikipedia Mother India This article is about the Hindi film . For the national personification of India , see Bharat Mata . For other uses , see Mother India ( disambiguation ) . Mother India Film poster Directed by Mehboob Khan Produced by Mehboob Khan Written by Mehboob Khan Wajahat Mirza S. Ali Raza Starring Nargis Sunil Dutt Rajendra Kumar Raaj Kumar Music by Naushad Cinematography Faredoon A. Irani Edited by Shamsudin Kadri Production company Mehboob Productions Release date 25 October 1957 ( 1957 - 10 - 25 ) ( India ) Running time 172 minutes Country India Language Hindi - Urdu Box office est. ₹ 40 million Play media Mother India , 1957 Mother India is a 1957 Indian epic drama film , directed by Mehboob Khan and starring Nargis , Sunil Dutt , Rajendra Kumar , and Raaj Kumar . A remake of Khan 's earlier film Aurat ( 1940 ) , it is the story of a poverty - stricken village woman named Radha ( Nargis ) , who in the absence of her husband , struggles to raise her sons and survive against a cunning money - lender amidst many troubles . Despite her hardships , she sets a goddess - like moral example of an ideal Indian woman . The title of the film was chosen to counter American author Katherine Mayo 's 1927 polemical book Mother India , which vilified Indian culture . Allusions to Hindu mythology are abundant in the film , and its lead character has been seen as a metonymic representation of a Hindu woman who reflects high moral values and the concept of what it means to be a mother to society through self - sacrifice . Mother India metaphorically represents India as a nation in the aftermath of independence , and alludes to a strong sense of nationalism and nation - building . While some authors treat Radha as the symbol of women empowerment , others see her cast in female stereotypes . The film was shot in Mumbai 's Mehboob Studios and in the villages of Maharashtra , Gujarat , and Uttar Pradesh states . The music by Naushad introduced Western classical music and Hollywood - style orchestra to Hindi cinema . The film was the most expensive Hindi cinema ( Bollywood ) production and earned the highest revenue for any Hindi film at that time . Adjusted for inflation , Mother India still ranks among the all - time Indian box office hits . It was released in India amid fanfare in October or November 1957 , and had several high - profile screenings , including one at the capital , New Delhi , attended by the country 's president and prime minister . Mother India became a definitive cultural classic and is regarded as one of the best films in Indian and world cinema . It was India 's first submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1958 , where it got the nomination and lost the award by just one vote . The film won the All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film , the Filmfare Best Film Award for 1957 , and Nargis and Khan won the Best Actress and Best Director awards respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Title 3.2 Script 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Release 5.2 Reviews 5.3 Awards 6 Music 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 Explanatory notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Plot ( edit ) The film is set in 1957 , the present day at the time of shooting . When construction of an irrigation canal to the village is completed , Radha ( Nargis ) , considered to be the `` mother '' of the village , is asked to inaugurate the canal . She remembers her past , when she was newly married . The wedding between Radha and Shamu ( Raaj Kumar ) is paid for by Radha 's mother - in - law , who borrows the money from the moneylender Sukhilala ( Kanhaiyalal ) . The conditions of the loan are disputed , but the village elders decide in favour of the moneylender , after which Shamu and Radha are forced to pay three quarters of their crop as interest on the loan of ₹ 500 ( valued at about US $ 105 in 1957 ) . While Shamu works to bring more of their rocky land into use , his arms are crushed by a boulder . Ashamed of his helplessness ( being without arms ) , and humiliated by Sukhilala for living on the earnings of his wife , Shamu decides that he is of no use to his family and permanently leaves Radha and their three sons , walking to his own probable death by starvation . Soon after , Radha 's youngest son and her mother - in - law die . A severe storm and the resulting flood destroys houses in the village and ruins the harvest . Sukhilala offers to save Radha and her sons if she trades her body to him for food . Radha vehemently refused his offer , but had to also lose her infant ( her fourth son ) to the atrocities of the storm . Although the villagers begin initially to evacuate the village , they decide to stay and rebuild it , persuaded by Radha . Several years later , Radha 's two surviving children , Birju ( Sunil Dutt ) and Ramu ( Rajendra Kumar ) , are young men . Birju , embittered since childhood by the demands of Sukhilala , takes out his frustrations by pestering the village girls , especially Sukhilala 's daughter , Rupa . Ramu , by contrast , has a calmer temperament and is married soon after . Birju 's anger finally becomes dangerous and , after being provoked , he attacks Sukhilala and his daughter and steals Radha 's kangan ( marriage bracelets ) that were pawned with Sukhilala . He is chased out of the village and becomes a bandit . Radha promises Sukhilala that she will not let Birju cause harm to Sukhilala 's family . On Rupa 's wedding day , Birju returns with his gang of bandits to exact his revenge . He kills Sukhilala and kidnaps Rupa . When he tries to flee the village on his horse , Radha , his mother , shoots him . He dies in her arms . The film returns to 1957 ; Radha opens the gate of the canal and its reddish water flows into the fields . Cast ( edit ) External image Images of Nargis in Mother India Nargis as Radha , the heroine and an archetypal Indian woman Sunil Dutt as Birju , Radha 's rebellious younger son , who turns into a bandit Rajendra Kumar as Ramu , Radha 's elder son , who follows his mother 's path of virtuousness Raaj Kumar as Shamu , Radha 's husband Kanhaiyalal as Sukhilala `` Lala '' , a cunning money - lender Jilloo Maa as Sundar - Chachi , the mother - in - law of Radha Kumkum as Champa , the wife of Ramu Chanchal as Rupa , Sukhilala 's daughter Sheela Naik as Kamala , a family friend Mukri as Shambu , a family friend , and Kamala 's husband Azra as Chandra , daughter of a schoolmaster of the village Sajid Khan as a young Birju Surendra as a young Ramu Production ( edit ) Title ( edit ) The title Mother India was inspired by American author Katherine Mayo 's 1927 polemical book of the same name , in which she attacked Indian society , religion and culture . Written against the Indian demands for self - rule and independence from British rule , the book pointed to the treatment of India 's women , the untouchables , animals , dirt , and the character of its nationalistic politicians . Mayo singled out the rampant and fatally weakening sexuality of its males to be at the core of all problems , leading to masturbation , rape , homosexuality , prostitution , venereal diseases , and , most importantly , premature sexual intercourse and maternity . The book created an outrage across India , and it was burned along with her effigy . It was criticised by Mahatma Gandhi as a `` report of a drain inspector sent out with the one purpose of opening and examining the drains of the country to be reported upon '' . The book prompted over fifty angry books and pamphlets to be published to highlight Mayo 's errors and false perception of Indian society , which had become a powerful influence on the American people 's view of India . Mehboob Khan had the idea for the film and the title as early as 1952 , five years after India 's independence ; in October that year , he approached the import authorities of the Indian government to seek permission for importing raw stocks for the film . In 1955 , the ministries of External Affairs and Information - and - Broadcasting learned of the title of the forthcoming film and demanded that the director send them the script for review , suspicious that it was based on the book and thus a possible threat to national interest . The film team dispatched the script along with a two - page letter on 17 September 1955 saying : There has been considerable confusion and misunderstanding in regard to our film production Mother India and Mayo 's book . Not only are the two incompatible but totally different and indeed opposite . We have intentionally called our film Mother India , as a challenge to this book , in an attempt to evict from the minds of the people the scurrilous work that is Miss Mayo 's book . Script ( edit ) The 1940 film Aurat ( Woman ) was remade as Mother India . Khan 's future wife Sardar Akhtar played the role of Radha in Aurat . Khan was inspired by American author Pearl S. Buck and her books The Good Earth ( 1931 ) and The Mother ( 1934 ) ; he also saw the film The Good Earth ( 1937 ) , directed by Sidney Franklin . The Mother chronicled the life of a Chinese woman , including her married life and lonely struggle after being abandoned by her husband . Aspects of Mother India , such as moneylenders , toiling on land , and rearing children through hardship were part of the story . Khan originally drew upon these influences in making his 1940 film Aurat , the original version of Mother India . Khan bought the rights of Aurat from the production company National Studios for ₹ 35,000 ( valued at about US $7,350 in 1957 ) . Stylistic elements of Mother India show similarities with Vsevolod Pudovkin 's Soviet silent film Mother ( 1926 ) ; Our Daily Bread ( 1934 ) , directed by King Vidor ; and films of Alexander Dovzhenko . Certain imagery in the film , such as `` happy farmers , sickles in their hand , smiling from behind ripening crops '' , resemble posters by Soviet constructivist artists . The script of Aurat was devised by Wajahat Mirza , based upon a story by Babubhai Mehta . For Mother India , it was reworked by Mirza and the young screenwriter S. Ali Raza . Apart from Mehboob Khan , Mirza and Raza , prominent screenwriters Aghajani Kashmeri , Zia Sarhadi , Akhtar Mirza , music director Naushad , assistant director Chimankant Desai and many others were consulted . The dialogue , reworked by Mirza and Raza , is a blend of Urdu , vernacular Hindi , and its literary counterpart . As Mirza and Raza were from the Urdu literary tradition , they wrote the dialogues in Urdu script . The script was intentionally written in a way that promoted the empowerment of women in Indian society ( including the power to resist sexual advances ) and the maintenance of a sense of moral dignity and purpose as individuals ; this was contrary to what Mayo had claimed in her book . These themes , present in Aurat , were further developed with a strong sense of nationalism and nation - building , using characters personifying abstract qualities such as `` beauty and goodness , wealth and power , poverty and exploitation , and community spirit '' . Casting ( edit ) Nargis was the director 's first choice for the role of Radha , and despite only being aged 26 at the time , she played the role of the new wife , young single mother and an aged mother of two sons . Nargis -- the reigning queen of Hindi cinema at the time -- had started her career in a leading role with Khan 's Taqdeer ( 1943 ) and acted under his direction in Humayun ( 1945 ) and Andaz ( 1949 ) . Mother India is generally regarded as Nargis 's best performance and was her last major film before retirement after marriage . Khan had wanted to cast Sabu Dastagir , a Hollywood star of Indian origin , as Birju . Dastagir travelled to India from Los Angeles , stayed in a hotel in Mumbai ( then known as Bombay ) and received a retainer . However , delays and obstacles in beginning shooting and getting a work permit for Dastagir led to his dismissal from the project . Dilip Kumar , an established actor in the Hindi film industry , had originally expressed an interest in playing Birju , which Khan found agreeable ; Dilip Kumar agreed to play Shamu as well . However , Nargis objected that the public would not accept their casting as mother and son because she had done several romantic films alongside him . Sunil Dutt -- with the experience of just one film -- was finally cast , after Mukri , a comedian in the film , introduced him to Khan . Sajid Khan , the actor who portrayed the young Birju , was unknown at the time , and was from a poor family from the Mumbai slums . Sajid 's salary in the film was ₹ 750 . He was later adopted by Mehboob Khan . Subsequently , Raaj Kumar was cast as Shamu and Rajendra Kumar as Ramu . Mother India was the first successful film and a turning point in the careers of Dutt , Raaj Kumar and Rajendra Kumar . Before principal photography began , Nargis and Raaj Kumar familiarised themselves with farming practices such as ploughing the fields , reaping and sowing , and cotton picking . The extras in the song and dance sequences of the film were from local dance groups in villages where the shooting took place instead of the usual ones from Mumbai . Filming ( edit ) The initial filming for Mother India began unexpectedly , even before the script and cast were finalised . In 1955 , parts of Uttar Pradesh suffered from major flooding . Cinematographer Faredoon Irani travelled to flood - afflicted districts to shoot generic flood scenes . The scheduled principal photography started in 1955 with a budget of ₹ 20 -- 25 lakh ( approximately US $420,000 -- 525,000 in 1957 ) . However , the budget increased to ₹ 35 -- 40 lakh ( approximately US $735,000 -- 840,000 in 1957 ) by the end of the filming because of the outdoor sessions and cast and crew 's salaries . This budget , a record at the time , was surpassed by Mughal - e-Azam in 1960 . Mehboob Studios in Mumbai , where most of the indoor shots of the film were taken . Several indoor scenes for the film were shot in 1956 at Mehboob Studios in Bandra , Mumbai . Khan and Irani attempted to shoot frequently on location to make the film as realistic as possible . Locations included various villages in Maharashtra , Gujarat ( Maharashtra and Gujarat together formed Bombay State then ) and Uttar Pradesh . The film was shot in 35mm . Contemporary cinematographer Anil Mehta has noted the mastery of Irani 's cinematic techniques in shooting the film , including his `` intricate tracks and pans , the detailed mise en scène patterns Irani conceived , even for brief shots -- in the studios as well as on location '' . The film took about three years to make , from early organisation , planning , and scripting to completion of filming . In a November 1956 interview , Nargis described the film shoot and her role as the most demanding of her career . Mother India was shot in Gevacolor , later converted to Technicolor . It was shot mostly using the sync sound technique , which was common at the time ; some scenes were dubbed . For shooting the flood scene , a farmer agreed to flood 500 acres ( 200 ha ) of his land . In the exodus scene following the flood , 300 bullock carts , 200 farmers and many horses , tractors and ploughs were used . Gayatri Chatterjee writes about the popular belief that all these were made available by villagers without reimbursement , in her book . However , account ledgers of the production revealed that the villagers were paid . There was a protracted scene in the film in which Radha runs between burning haystacks in search for her son Birju , a renegade bandit , who was hiding there . The fire scene was shot in the Umra area of Surat , Gujarat , by burning bales of hay . Nargis and Dutt acted in the fire scene without doubles . On 1 March 1957 , an accident occurred during the fire scene when the wind direction changed and the fire grew out of control , trapping Nargis . She was saved by Dutt , who quickly grabbed a blanket , plunged inside , and rescued her . Shooting halted temporarily as both had sustained injuries . Dutt was hospitalised for the burns and Nargis helped nurse him , at Khan 's place in Billimora . Nargis -- a popular actress at the time -- fell in love with Dutt , who was in early stages of his film career and played her son in the film ; they married on 11 March 1958 . Nargis wished to marry soon after the film , but Khan protested that real - life marriage of the onscreen mother - son would be disastrous for the film . Owing to their relationship , Nargis also found it difficult to perform a scene where she beat Dutt with a lathi . Themes ( edit ) In Hindu mythology , Radha is the lover of the god Krishna . Scholars have noted that the character Radha in the film personifies the love and romance of mythological Radha . Various authors identify the character of Radha with Hindu mythological goddesses and characters , such as Radha ( the lover of the god Krishna , personifying love and romance ) , Sita ( the divine heroine of the Hindu epic Ramayana , personifying high moral value ) , Savitri ( representing great morality and loyalty to husband ) , Draupadi ( personifying duty and morality ) , Dharti - mata ( earth - mother goddess ) and Lakshmi ( Hindu goddess of prosperity ) . Besides these gentle goddesses , the character of Radha has shades of more ferocious warrior goddesses such as Durga and Kali . Film scholars have compared the mild - mannered , obedient son Ramu with the god Rama of the epic Ramayana , and the romantic outlaw Birju -- a name of Krishna -- with the god Krishna , known for his transgressions . Shamu ( another name of Krishna ) , Radha 's husband who leaves her , is also equated with Krishna , who left his lover Radha in mythological accounts . The title Mother India and Radha 's character are described to be allusions not only to the Hindu Mother Goddess , but also to Bharat Mata ( literally `` Mother India '' ) , the national personification of India , generally represented as a Hindu goddess . According to professor Nalini Natarajan of the University of Puerto Rico , Nargis 's Mother India is a metonymic representation of a Hindu woman , reflecting high Hindu values , with virtuous morality and motherly self - sacrifice . Film scholar Jyotika Virdi wrote that Mother India could also be seen as a metaphor of the trinity of mother , God , and a dynamic nation . Vijay Mishra , in his 2002 book Bollywood Cinema : Temples of Desire , opined that the Mother India figure is an icon in several respects -- being associated with a goddess , her function as a wife , as a lover , and even compromising her femininity at the end of the film by playing the role of Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the Destroyer , masculine gods . According to Indian film scholars Gokulsing and Dissanayake , while aspiring to traditional Hindu values , the character of Mother India also represents the changing role of the mother in Indian cinema and society in that the mother is not always subservient or dependent on her husband , refining the relationship to the male gender or patriarchal social structures . The New Internationalist said in a 1999 review that Radha transforms from a submissive wife to an independent mother , thereby breaking female stereotypes in Hindi film . In contrast , in a 2012 article in the newspaper The Hindu , author Tarini Sridharan has pointed out themes such as upholding female chastity , wifely devotion and saintly motherhood that reinforce gender stereotypes . While the action of sacrificing motherhood to uphold a woman 's dignity is termed as feminist by some , other authors see it as an attempt of a community woman to protect the patriarchal village structure , that esteems izzat ( honour ) of women . A promotional pamphlet to introduce the social context of the film to western audiences described Indian women as being `` an altar in India '' , and that Indians `` measure the virtue of their race by the chastity of their women '' , and that `` Indian mothers are the nucleus around which revolve the tradition and culture of ages . '' In a 2002 review in The New York Times , film critic Dave Kehr compares the film with Stella Dallas ( 1937 ) for the thematic similarity of the series of sacrifices made by the female lead , and with Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) as an epic mirroring social upheavals . Film critic Mark Cousins and author Tejaswini Ganti agree that the film is the Gone with the Wind of Indian cinema . Bharat Mata ( literally `` Mother India '' ) , the national personification of India . Scholars have noted allusions to this goddess in the protagonist Radha and in the film Mother India , which is interpreted as an allegorical representation of India after independence . The term `` Mother India '' has been defined as `` a common icon for the emergent Indian nation in the early 20th century in both colonialist and nationalist discourse '' . Many authors , including Gayatri Chatterjee , author of Mother India ( 2002 ) , interpret the film as an allegory signifying patriotism and the changing situation in the newly independent nation , and how India was functioning without British authority . It echoes the tale of a modern India , liberating itself from `` feudal and colonial oppression '' . The film , an archetypal nationalistic picture , is symbolic in that it demonstrated the euphoria of `` Mother India '' in a nation that had only been independent for 10 years , and it had a long - lasting cultural impact upon the Indian people . Film scholar Saibal Chatterjee considers Mother India a `` mirror of independent India '' , highlighting problems of a nascent nation , including rural exploitation of farmers by money - lenders , in a dramatic fashion understandable to the common viewer . It also represents the agrarian poverty and hardship of the people at the time . The red water that flows from the canal irrigating the green fields at the end of the film is seen by Chatterjee as a metaphor to represent the blood of Indians in the struggle for independence , flowing to nourish a new free India . The canal is described by Virdi to signal the imminent end of the feudal order . However , despite Radha 's struggle against feudal oppression depicted in the film , her action of stopping the rebellious Birju and upholding status quo -- the feudal and patriarchal order -- is seen as `` regressive '' by various authors . In a study of media and popular culture in South Asia , author Mahasveta Barua draws a parallel between the film 's metaphorical representation of the mother as nation , and the metonymic identification with India that Indira Gandhi , India 's only woman prime minister , sought and tried for during her tenure ( 1966 -- 77 , and 1980 -- 84 ) . In his book Terrorism , Media , Liberation , John David Slocum argues that like Satyajit Ray 's classic masterpiece Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) , Khan 's Mother India has `` vied for alternative definitions of Indianness '' . However , he emphasises that the film is an overt mythologising and feminising of the nation in which Indian audiences have used their imagination to define it in the nationalistic context , given that in reality the storyline is about a poverty - stricken peasant from northern India , rather than a true ideal of a modernising , powerful nation . The Radha -- Birju relationship is described to have `` Oedipal elements '' by many authors ; Virdi has argued that in her chastity , Radha channels her sexual desires into maternal love for her sons who effectively become `` substitute erotic subjects '' . Mishra opines that the crushing of the arms of Radha 's husband and the mellowness of the older son symbolise castration , which is in contrast with the rebellion of Birju , identified with sexual potency . Birju 's obsession with his mother 's bracelets is an expression of his oedipal longings , according to Chakravarty . Rachel Dwyer , Professor of Indian Cultures and Cinema at SOAS , describes how `` suspiciously smoothly '' the Oedipal elements fit into the film and the off - screen romance between Nargis and Dutt , playing mother and son in the film . Radha 's actions at the end of the film in shooting her own son was a breaking of traditional mother -- son relationship to safeguard morality , according to author William Van der Heide . Virdi points out that this brought ambiguity to the mother figure who acts as a sacrificing provider and also as a destroyer , annihilating her own son , something rare in Hindi cinema . She interprets Birju 's sexual advances on a village girl ( which is incest in north Indian village culture ) as being a substitute in the plot for the incestuous mother -- son relationship and his death at the end as a punishment for violation of the taboo . Authors such as Eshun and Woods state that Radha and Ramu are the archetypal champions of virtue in battling hardship and injustice , while Birju is a mischievous child who becomes the anarchist whose uncontrollable rebellion destroys order . Mishra has noted that although Radha upholds Dharma ( the natural law or order ) in the film , it is Birju who achieves identification from the spectators ; in his rebellion lies the agenda of political action that will usher social change . Mishra notes that due to such conflicting ideas , the film is very much conforming , and yet `` defiantly subversive '' . Film scholar Vijay Mishra has pointed out the presence of the `` highly syncretic hyphenated Hindu -- Muslim nature '' of Bollywood in the film . Parama Roy has interpreted that Nargis 's legendary status as the titular Mother India is due to Hinduisation of the role and her real - life marriage with a Hindu ; she is , according to Roy , scripted as a renouncer of Muslim separatism in the film . Mishra has found metacritical value in Salman Rushdie 's commentary on the film in his novel The Moor 's Last Sigh ( 1995 ) in which Rushdie describes : In Mother India , a piece of Hindu myth - making directed by a Muslim socialist , Mehboob Khan , the Indian peasant women is idealised as bride , mother , and producers of sons , as long - suffering , stoical , loving , redemptive , and conservatively wedded to the maintenance of the social status quo . But for Bad Birju , cast out from his mother 's love , she becomes , as one critic mentioned , ' that image of an aggressive , treacherous , annihilating mother who haunts the fantasy of Indian males ' . Reception ( edit ) Release ( edit ) A special screening of Mother India was held in the residence of the Indian president ( pictured ) on 23 October 1957 , two days before its release . The production team had planned to release Mother India to commemorate the tenth anniversary of India 's independence on 15 August 1957 , but the film was released over two months later . It premiered at the Liberty Cinema in Mumbai on 25 October 1957 , during Diwali ; it ran continuously at Liberty for over a year . It was released in Kolkata ( then called Calcutta ) the same day and in Delhi a week later . It had reached all regions of India by the end of November . Government ministers and other officials were invited to the premieres , and a special screening was held in Rashtrapati Bhavan ( the presidential quarter ) in New Delhi on 23 October 1957 ; the event was attended by President Rajendra Prasad , Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi . Chief Minister of West Bengal Bidhan Chandra Roy and Governor Padmaja Naidu attended a screening in Kolkata . Impressed with the film 's nationalistic message , Chief Minister of Bombay State Morarji Desai granted it exemption from the entertainment tax in the state . No reliable data is available on the box office earnings of Mother India . It was in continuous distribution in theatres in India until the mid-1990s . There was a renewed interest in the film in the 1970s causing an upsurge in ticket sales . Film trade websites provide estimates of its business . Boxofficeindia.com gives ₹ 40 million ( US $600,000 ) as its gross , and ₹ 1,173 million ( US $17 million ) as its adjusted net , as of 2012 . According to Chatterjee , it did exceptionally good business in Delhi , Uttar Pradesh , Gujarat , Karnataka ( then called Mysore State ) and Maharashtra . The film 's success led Khan to name his next film Son of India . Released in 1962 , it was not well received . Mother India was dubbed in several European languages including Spanish , French and Russian ; it did substantial business in Greece , Spain and Russia and was released in the Eastern Bloc countries . Technicolor arranged one screening of the film in Paris on 30 June 1958 , under the name Les bracelets d'or ( `` The Gold Bracelets '' ) . It did minimal business in Paris , but fared better in French colonies . It was successful in the Latin American countries of Peru , Bolivia , and Ecuador . Mother India was also acclaimed across the Arab world , in the Middle East , parts of Southeast Asia , and North Africa and continued to be shown in countries such as Algeria at least ten years after its release . It was released in the US on 9 July 1959 to lukewarm response , and the UK release in 1961 was also a commercial failure . The initial international version with English subtitles was 40 minutes shorter than the Indian release . As of 2013 , Mother India is available on DVD in all regions NTSC format , distributed by the Eros Entertainment . Reviews ( edit ) Baburao Patel of the film magazine Filmindia ( December 1957 ) described Mother India after its release as `` the greatest picture produced in India '' and wrote that no other actress would have been able to perform the role as well as Nargis . A review in Monthly Film Bulletin in 1958 remarked that audiences in UK should be grateful that the international version was shortened by 40 minutes , and termed it a `` rag - bag pantomime '' . After its US release in 1959 , Irene Thirer reviewed the film in the New York Post in which she praised its `` striking dramatic appeal '' , but feared it might not be accepted by American audiences due to cultural differences . In a 1976 article in the journal Studies : An Irish Quarterly Review , author Michael Gallagher found the film `` an amazing mixture of political allegory and cheap musical , a cross between the impressiveness of Eisenstein and the banality of Show Boat '' . The New Internationalist in 1999 found Nargis 's acting `` exemplary '' , and noted `` a clever interplay -- artistically and politically -- between the traditional and the radical '' evident in Mother India . In a 2002 article in The Village Voice , film critic J. Hoberman described the film as `` an outrageous masala of apparently discordant elements . '' He characterised it as a mixture of `` indigenous versions of Soviet - style tractor - opera , Italian neo-realism , Hollywood kiddie - cuteness , a dozen Technicolor musical numbers , and , most significantly , a metaphoric overlay of pop Hinduism . '' Hoberman criticised the acting as `` broad '' , and also wrote about the `` vaguely left - wing '' nationalist overtone of the film . Author Phill Hall , writing for Film Threat in 2002 , described the film as exceptionally sluggish and one - dimensional , and lampooned it saying `` it takes the strongest of constitutions to endure this film without entertaining notions of matricide . '' Jonathan Romney in his 2002 report in The Independent observed the earth - mother Radha as `` India 's answer to Anna Magnani '' and the film as `` an all - out exercise in ideological myth - making . '' Women 's Feature Service , in a 2007 article , noted Mother India as `` one of the most outstanding films of the post-Independence era . '' Ziya Us Salam of The Hindu wrote in her 2010 report : `` Mehboob was able to blend the individual with the universal , thereby enhancing the film 's appeal without compromising on its sensitivity . '' Awards ( edit ) Mother India , its star Nargis , and the director Khan received many awards and nominations . Nargis won the Filmfare Best Actress Award in 1958 and became the first Indian to receive the Best Actress award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in present - day Czech Republic . Mother India won the Filmfare Award for Best Film and scooped several other Filmfare awards including Best Director for Khan , Best Cinematographer for Faredoon Irani , and Best Sound for R. Kaushik . In 1958 , the film became India 's first submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was chosen as one of the five nominations for the category . The international version , 120 minutes long , was sent for the Oscars . Additionally , this version had English subtitles , and dropped Mehboob Productions ' logo , which featured the Communist hammer and sickle , to appease the Academy . The 120 - minute version was later distributed in the US and UK by Columbia Pictures . The film came close to winning the Academy Award , but lost to Federico Fellini 's Nights of Cabiria by a single vote . Khan was utterly disappointed at not winning the award . `` He had seen the other films in the fray and believed Mother India was far superior to them '' recalled Sunil Dutt years later . It also won two awards at the 5th National Film Awards in 1957 : an All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film and Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Hindi . Music ( edit ) Mother India Soundtrack album by Naushad Released 1957 Recorded Mehboob Studios Genre Film soundtrack Label EMI Records Naushad chronology Uran Khatola ( 1955 ) Uran Khatola 1955 Mother India ( 1957 ) Sohni Mahiwal ( 1958 ) Sohni Mahiwal 1958 The score and soundtrack for Mother India was composed by Naushad . Mehboob Khan had worked on eight films with Naushad and developed a rapport with him . The lyrics were by Shakeel Badayuni . The soundtrack consists of 12 songs and features vocals by Mohammed Rafi , Shamshad Begum , Lata Mangeshkar , and Manna Dey . It was not particularly well received upon release , and critics said it did not match the high pitch and quality of the film . However , its later reception has been more positive : the soundtrack made Planet Bollywood 's list of `` 100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever '' , compiled in the 2000s . The review gave the album 7.5 stars out of 10 . Mother India is the earliest example of a Hindi film containing Western classical music and Hollywood - style orchestra . An example is a coda during the scene in which Birju runs away from his mother and rejects her . It features a powerful symphonic orchestra with strings , woodwinds and trumpets . This orchestral music contains extensive chromaticism , diminished sevenths , and augmented scales . It also features violin tremolos . Anne Morcom writes in Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema that the piece is unmelodic and `` profoundly disturbing '' . This use of a western - style orchestra in Indian cinema influenced many later films , such as Mughal - e-Azam ( 1960 ) , which features similar dissonant orchestral music to create atmosphere at tense moments . The song `` Holi Aayi Re Kanhai '' , sung by Shamshad Begum , has been cited as a typical Hindi film song which is written for and sung by a female singer , with an emotional charge that appeals to a mass audience . No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Chundariya Katati Jaye '' Manna Dey 3 : 15 2 . `` Nagari Nagari Dware Dware '' Lata Mangeshkar 7 : 29 3 . `` Duniya Mein Hum Aaye Hain '' Lata Mangeshkar , Meena Mangeshkar , Usha Mangeshkar 3 : 36 4 . `` O Gaadiwale '' Shamshad Begum , Mohammed Rafi 2 : 59 5 . `` Matwala Jiya Dole Piya '' Lata Mangeshkar , Mohammed Rafi 3 : 34 6 . `` Dukh Bhare Din Beete Re '' Shamshad Begum , Mohammed Rafi , Manna Dey , Asha Bhosle 3 : 09 7 . `` Holi Aayi Re Kanhai '' Shamshad Begum 2 : 51 8 . `` Pi Ke Ghar Aaj Pyari Dulhaniya Chali '' Shamshad Begum 3 : 19 9 . `` Ghunghat Nahin Kholoongi Saiyan '' Lata Mangeshkar 3 : 10 10 . `` O Mere Lal Aaja '' Lata Mangeshkar 3 : 11 11 . `` O Janewalo Jao Na '' Lata Mangeshkar 2 : 33 12 . `` Na Main Bhagwan Hoon '' Mohammed Rafi 3 : 24 Total length : 42 : 30 Legacy ( edit ) `` All Hindi films come from Mother India . '' -- Javed Akhtar , Hindi cinema poet , lyricist and scriptwriter Mother India has been described as `` perhaps India 's most revered film '' , a `` cinematic epic '' , a `` flag - bearer of Hindi cinema and a legend in its own right '' , Mehboob Khan 's magnum opus and an `` all - time blockbuster '' , which ranks highly among India 's most successful films . It was in continuous distribution , being played in theatres for more than three decades ; the record ended in the mid-1990s with the advent of satellite television and a change in Indian film - viewing habits . Mother India belongs to only a small collection of films , including Kismet ( 1943 ) , Mughal - e-Azam ( 1960 ) , Sholay ( 1975 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) , and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) which are repeatedly watched throughout India and are viewed as definitive Hindi films with cultural significance . It is also among the only three Indian films to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ( the others being Salaam Bombay ! and Lagaan ) . The Hindustan Times ( in 2007 ) identifies the `` film 's pungent social references '' which are `` too harsh to be sold at a profit today . But this heartrending tale filled Indians with hope and pride then . '' The film was remade in the Telugu language as Bangaru Talli in 1971 , and in Tamil as Punniya Boomi in 1978 . Mother India is ranked No. 80 in Empire magazine 's `` The 100 Best Films of World Cinema '' in 2010 . It is listed among the only three Hindi films in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die ( the others being Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge and Deewaar ) . Film critic Anupama Chopra included it in her list of top 100 films in world cinema . In 2005 , Indiatimes Movies ranked the film amongst the `` Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films '' . It was ranked third in the British Film Institute 's 2002 poll of `` Top 10 Indian Films '' . It was also included in TIME 's list of the best Bollywood classics in 2010 , and in CNN - IBN 's list of the `` 100 greatest Indian films of all time '' in 2013 . The film was premiered in the Cannes Classics section of the 2004 Cannes Film Festival . Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN notes that Mother India `` did n't just put India on the world map , it also defined Hindi cinema for decades that followed . '' Film critic Dave Kehr agrees that it influenced Indian films for the next 50 years . A 1983 Channel 4 documentary on Hindi cinema describes the film as setting a benchmark in Indian cinema . The shooting stance of Nargis at the end of the film is one of the all - time iconic images of Hindi cinema . Other iconic scenes include Radha pulling the plough through the field ( see film poster at the top ) and feeding chapatis to her two sons as they pull the plough . The Hindustan Times states that Nargis symbolised mothers in `` which all the mothers ( in later films ) had the same clichéd roles to play . Representing both motherhood and Mother Earth , who also nurtures and occasionally punishes , Nargis immortalised the Indian mother on celluloid . '' The film pioneered the portrayal of two morally opposed brothers personifying good and evil , which became a repeated motif in Hindi films , including Gunga Jumna ( 1961 ) and Deewaar ( 1975 ) . The rebellious Birju also inspired the `` angry young man '' stock character that arose in 1970s Hindi cinema . See also ( edit ) Bollywood portal List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film List of submissions to the 30th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film Explanatory notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The exchange rate in 1957 was 4.762 Indian rupees ( ₹ ) per 1 US dollar ( US $ ). ( Statistical Abstract of the United States 1959 , p. 944 ) Jump up ^ The exact year when the loan was borrowed is not mentioned in the film , so the value is given in 1957 ( year of release of the film ) exchange rate . Jump up ^ At that time ( early 1950s ) the Joint Chief Controller of Imports , Government of India , regulated import of film stocks . The maximum number of prints for a film in those days were usually around 60 . However , Mehboob applied for the permission to import stocks needed for 180 prints . As a result , a prolonged negotiation between the import authorities and Mehboob Production ensued . The data on exact import amount is not available . Jump up ^ The idea of the nation as mother ( Bharat Mata , or Mother India ) was prevalent in pre-independence India , and was an important trope for nationalism and Indian independence movement . Representation of the nation as mother were evident in paintings , literature , music and commodities such as calendars. ( Chatterjee 2002 , p. 49 ) Jump up ^ Jyotika Virdi writes , `` In north Indian village culture men and women of the same village are conventionally considered siblings . '' ( Virdi 2003 , p. 117 ) Jump up ^ Possible reason for the delayed release is lengthy post-production . Chatterjee mentions that the director undertook `` tremendous effort to bring the film to the release print stage as quickly as possible and dispatch it to the Technicolor office in London . Mehboob then proceeded to London for the final editing and colour correction , and Irani accompanied him for sound editing . '' ( Chatterjee 2002 , p. 21 ) Jump up ^ The other nominations were the West German film The Devil Strikes at Night ( director Robert Siodmak ) , the French - Italian Gates of Paris ( director René Clair ) , the Italian Nights of Cabiria ( director Federico Fellini ) and the Norwegian Nine Lives ( director Jan Baalsrud ). ( Chatterjee 2002 , p. 79 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Aḵẖtar , Jāvīd ; Kabir , Nasreen Munni ( 2002 ) . Talking Films : Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195664621 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . most of the writers working in this so - called Hindi cinema write in Urdu : Gulzar , or Rajinder Singh Bedi or Inder Raj Anand or Rahi Masoom Raza or Vahajat Mirza , who wrote dialogue for films like Mughal - e-Azam and Gunga Jumna and Mother India . So most dialogue - writers and most song - writers are from the Urdu discipline , even today . ^ Jump up to : BoxOffice India . ^ Jump up to : Sinha 2006 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Frick 2006 . Jump up ^ Gandhi 2002 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Jayawardena 1995 , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Rangoonwala 2003 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Hindustan Times 2007a . Jump up ^ Pauwels 2007 , p. 178 ; Chatterjee 2002 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 2 2009 , 1 : 27 -- 1 : 41 . Jump up ^ Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Baskaran 2012 , p. 42 -- 43 ; Rajadhyaksha 1997 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha 1997 , p. 404 ; Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times 2007a ; Bollywood Blockbusters Part 2 2009 , 2 : 45 -- 3 : 09 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Salam 2010 . Jump up ^ Raheja 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times 2007a ; Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3 2009 , 0 : 26 -- 0 : 33 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Thoraval 2000 , pp. 72 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Reuben 1994 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3 2009 , 1 : 15 -- 1 : 26 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Chandran , Ashwin . `` Gayatri Chatterjee - Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts '' . www.ssla.edu.in . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Raheja 2002 ; Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3 2009 , 2 : 08 -- 2 : 42 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3 2009 , 3 : 41 -- 3 : 55 . Jump up ^ Raheja 2002 ; Chatterjee 2002 , p. 68 ; Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3 2009 , 2 : 59 -- 3 : 05 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 2 2009 , 2 : 14 -- 2 : 37 . Jump up ^ Pauwels 2007 , p. 178 ; Chatterjee 2002 , p. 29 ; Natarajan 1994 , pp. 84 -- 86 ; Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 118 ; Dwyer 2006 , p. 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Dwyer 2006 , p. 2006 ; Woods 2011 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Natarajan , Nalini SAGE Publications Inc '' . us.sagepub.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Natarajan 1994 , pp. 84 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Punathambekar , Aswin ( 30 January 2006 ) . `` The Cinematic ImagiNation : Indian Popular Films as Social History ( review ) '' . The Velvet Light Trap. 56 ( 1 ) : 72 -- 73 . doi : 10.1353 / vlt. 2006.0009 . ISSN 1542 - 4251 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Virdi 2008 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Mishra , Vijay ( 2002 ) . Bollywood Cinema : Temples of Desire . Psychology Press . ISBN 9780415930147 . Jump up ^ Mishra 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Gokulsing & Dissanayake 2004 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Eshun 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Sridharan 2012 . Jump up ^ Fong & Chuang 2004 , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Kehr 2002 . Jump up ^ Cousins 2006 , p. 232 ; Ganti 2004 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi 2008 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Guha 2008 , p. 730 ; Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 123 ; Mishra 2002 , p. 81 ; National Media Museum 2007 ; Malik 2003 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1 2009 , 0 : 45 -- 1 : 25 . Jump up ^ Kadapa - Bose 2011 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1 2009 , 2 : 33 -- 3 : 28 . Jump up ^ Virdi 2008 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Woods 2011 , pp. 166 -- 168 ; Chakravarty 1993 , p. 155 ; Virdi 2008 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Vohra 2001 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Barua 1996 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Slocum , John David ( 2005 ) . Terrorism , Media , Liberation . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 9780813536088 . ^ Jump up to : Slocum 2005 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Woods 2011 , pp. 166 -- 168 ; Chakravarty 1993 , p. 155 ; Mishra 2002 , p. 79 ; Dwyer 2006 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Virdi 2003 , pp. 114 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Mishra 2002 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Chakravarty 1993 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Dwyer 2006 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Heide 2002 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Woods 2011 , pp. 166 -- 168 ; Eshun 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Mishra 2002 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Mishra 2002 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Roy 1998 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Sinha 2006 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Raheja 2002 ; Bollywood Blockbusters Part 4 2009 , 0 : 24 -- 0 : 29 ; Mishra 2002 , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 20 ; Sadoul & Morris 1972 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Heide 2002 , p. 237 ; Chatterjee 2002 , pp. 77 -- 78 ; Gopal & Moorti 2008 , p. 28 ; Mishra 2002 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Amazon . Jump up ^ Mishra 2002 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1976 , p. 344 . ^ Jump up to : Hoberman 2002 . Jump up ^ Hall 2002 . Jump up ^ Romney 2002 . Jump up ^ Raza 2007 . Jump up ^ Roy 1998 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Ganti 2004 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Reed 1958 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ The 30th Academy Awards ( 1958 ) 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1 2009 , 2 : 55 -- 3 : 10 ; Chatterjee 2002 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Kabir 2010 , Commentary . Jump up ^ `` Lagaan will win Oscar , says Sunil Dutt '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . 18 March 2002 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Directorate of Film Festivals 1957 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ The Hindu 2004 . Jump up ^ Reuben 1994 ; Lall . Jump up ^ Planet Bollywood . Jump up ^ Morcom 2007 , pp. 138 -- 139 . ^ Jump up to : Morcom 2007 , pp. 139 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Morcom 2007 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Ranade 2006 , p. 361 . ^ Jump up to : Pauwels 2007 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Malik 2003 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Dissanayake 1993 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Mishra 2002 , p. 66 ; Morcom 2007 , pp. 139 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Bhopatkar , Tejashree ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` Bollywood and Oscars over 100 years of Cinema '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times 2007b . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Pillai 2015 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Empire Online . Jump up ^ 1001beforeyoudie . Jump up ^ Chopra 2012 . Jump up ^ The Times of India 2005 . Jump up ^ British Film Institute 2002 . Jump up ^ Corliss 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years of Indian Cinema : The 100 greatest Indian films of all time '' . CNN - IBN. 13 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mother India ' will hit Cannes classic screen '' . The Economic Times . 10 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1 2009 , 0 : 38 -- 0 : 44 . Jump up ^ Mishra 2002 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 118 ; Majumdar 2009 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times 2006 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Ganti 2004 , p. 149 . Bibliography ( edit ) `` 1001 Before You Die '' . www.1001beforeyoudie.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . On this website , click `` view list '' under 1001 movies . Then in the search box , search for Mother India . `` 25 Must See Bollywood Movies -- Special Features - Indiatimes -- Movies '' . The Times of India . 2005 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . `` 5th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . `` 50 Years Later , the ' Mother India ' Legend Endures '' . DNA India . 25 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Barua , Mahasveta ( 1996 ) . `` Television , Politics , and the Epic Heroine : Case Study , Sita '' . In Bahri , Deepika ; Vasudeva , Mary . Between the Lines : South Asians and Postcoloniality . Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56639 - 468 - 0 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Baskaran , S. Theodore ( 2012 ) . `` Nargis '' . In Patel , Bhaichand . Bollywood 's Top 20 : Superstars of Indian Cinema . Penguin Books India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 08572 - 9 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2016 . Bollywood Blockbusters : Mother India ( Part 1 ) ( Documentary ) . CNN - IBN. 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Bollywood Blockbusters : Mother India ( Part 2 ) ( Documentary ) . CNN IBN. 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Bollywood Blockbusters : Mother India ( Part 3 ) ( Documentary ) . CNN IBN. 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2015 . Bollywood Blockbusters : Mother India ( Part 4 ) ( Documentary ) . CNN IBN. 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2015 . Chakravarty , Sumita S. ( 1993 ) . National Identity in Indian Popular Cinema : 1947 - 1987 . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 78985 - 2 . `` Changing Face of Bollywood Screen Mothers '' . Hindustan Times via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 14 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . `` Top 10 Indian Films '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Chatterjee , Gayatri ( 2002 ) . Mother India . British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 917 - 8 . Chopra , Anupama ( 2012 ) . `` Anupama 's top 100 films '' . Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 . Corliss , Richard ( 27 October 2010 ) . `` Best of Bollywood '' . Time . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Cousins , Mark ( 2006 ) . The Story of Film : A Worldwide History . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56025 - 933 - 6 . Dissanayake , Wimal ( 1993 ) . Melodrama and Asian Cinema . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 41465 - 4 . Dwyer , Rachel ( 2006 ) . Filming the Gods : Religion and Indian Cinema . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 08865 - 4 . Eshun , Esi ( September 1999 ) . `` Mother India '' . New Internationalist . New Internationalist Publications ( 316 ) . Archived from the original on 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Fong , Mary ; Chuang , Rueyling ( 2004 ) . Communicating Ethnic and Cultural Identity . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 1738 - 7 . Frick , Katherine ( 2006 ) . `` Mayo , Katherine '' . Pennsylvania Center for the Book . Archived from the original on 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Gallagher , Michael ( 1976 ) . `` Indian and Western Cinema : Film Report '' . Studies : An Irish Quarterly Review . Irish Province of the Society of Jesus . 65 ( 260 ) . JSTOR 30090035 . Gandhi , Mahatma ( 12 November 2002 ) . The Essential Gandhi : An Anthology of His Writings on His Life , Work , and Ideas . Random House Digital . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3050 - 7 . Gandhy , Behroze ; Thomas , Rosie ( 1991 ) . Gledhill , Christine , ed . Stardom : Industry of Desire . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05217 - 7 . Ganti , Tejaswini ( 2004 ) . Bollywood : A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28854 - 5 . Gokulsing , K. ; Dissanayake , Wimal ( 2004 ) . Indian Popular Cinema : A Narrative of Cultural Change . Trentham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85856 - 329 - 9 . Gopal , Sangita ; Moorti , Sujata ( 16 June 2008 ) . Global Bollywood : Travels of Hindi Song and Dance . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4579 - 4 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 15 September 2008 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 39611 - 0 . Hall , Phill ( 19 August 2002 ) . `` Mother India '' . Film Threat . Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Heide , William Van der ( 2002 ) . Malaysian Cinema , Asian Film : Border Crossings and National Cultures . Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 580 - 3 . Hoberman , J. ( 20 August 2002 ) . `` Artificially Preserved '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jayawardena , Kumari ( 1995 ) . The White Woman 's Other Burden : Western Women and South Asia During British Colonial Rule . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 91104 - 7 . Kabir , N.M. ( 2010 ) . The Dialogue of Mother India : Mehboob Khan 's Immortal Classic . Niyogi Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89738 - 58 - 7 . Kadapa - Bose , Surekha ( 17 January 2011 ) . `` India : India , Through Cinema 's Lens '' . Women 's Feature Service . HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Kehr , Dave ( 23 August 2002 ) . `` Mother India ( 1957 ) . Film in review ; ' Mother India ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Lall , Randy . `` 100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever '' . Planet Bollywood . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Majumdar , Neepa ( 25 September 2009 ) . Wanted Cultured Ladies Only ! : Female Stardom and Cinema in India , 1930s -- 1950s . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07628 - 2 . Malik , Amita ( 2003 ) . `` 1947 -- 1961 : The Golden Age '' . In Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterjee , Saibal . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema : An Enchanting Close - Up of India 's Hindi Cinema . Encyclopædia Britannica , Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Mishra , Vijay ( 2002 ) . Bollywood Cinema : Temples of Desire . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93015 - 4 . Morcom , Anna ( 2007 ) . Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5198 - 7 . `` Mother India '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . `` Mother India -- Celebrating Indian Cinema '' . National Media Museum . 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . `` Mother India Turns 50 '' . Hindustan Times . HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 25 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Natarajan , Nalini ( 1994 ) . `` Woman , Nation and Narration in Midnight 's Children '' . In Grewal , Inderpal ; Kaplan , Caren . Scattered Hegemonies : Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 2138 - 5 . `` Notes of Naushad ... Tuneful as Ever '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 13 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Pauwels , Heidi Rika Maria ( 2007 ) . Indian Literature and Popular Cinema : Recasting Classics . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 44741 - 6 . Pillai , Swarnavel Eswaran ( 2015 ) . Madras Studios : Narrative , Genre , and Ideology in Tamil Cinema . SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5150 - 212 - 8 . `` Planet Bollywood '' . Planet Bollywood. 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Raheja , Dinesh ( 2002 ) . `` Mother Earth Reincarnated : Mother India '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Rajadhyaksha , Ashish ( 1997 ) . `` Nargis '' . In Nowell - Smith , Geoffrey . The Oxford History of World Cinema . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 811257 - 0 . Rajadhyaksha , Ashish ; Willemen , Paul , eds. ( 1998 ) ( 1994 ) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema ( PDF ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 019 - 563579 - 5 . Ranade , Ashok Da . ( 1 January 2006 ) . Hindi Film Song : Music Beyond Boundaries . Bibliophile South Asia . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85002 - 64 - 4 . Rangoonwala , Firoze ( 2003 ) . `` 1931 -- 1946 : The Emergence of Talkies '' . In Ramchandani , Indu . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Encyclopædia Britannica , Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Raza , Shahla ( 8 May 2007 ) . `` India : Film Women Tame Violent Heroes '' . Women 's Feature Service . HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Reed , Sir Stanley ( 1 January 1958 ) . The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who 's Who . Bennett , Coleman . Reuben , Bunny ( December 1994 ) . Mehboob , India 's DeMille : the First Biography . Indus . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 153 - 8 . Romney , Jonathan ( 5 May 2002 ) . `` Film : It 's A Curry Western . With Sushi The Warrior Asif Kapadia 86 mins , 12 Mother India Mehboob Khan 175 mins , U Panther Panchali Satyajit Ray 115 mins , U '' . The Independent . HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Roy , Parama ( 1998 ) . Indian Traffic : Identities in Question in Colonial and Postcolonial India . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20487 - 4 . Sadoul , Georges ; Morris , Peter ( 1972 ) . Dictionary of Film Makers . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02151 - 8 . Salam , Ziya Us ( 8 January 2010 ) . `` Mother India ( 1957 ) '' . The Hindu . ( Chennai , India ) . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Siddiqi , Yumna ( 2008 ) . Anxieties of Empire and the Fiction of Intrigue . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13808 - 6 . Sinha , Mrinalini ( 2006 ) . Specters of Mother India : The Global Restructuring of an Empire . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 3795 - 9 . Slocum , John David ( July 2005 ) . Terrorism , Media , Liberation . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3608 - 8 . Sridharan , Tarini ( 25 November 2012 ) . `` Mother India , not Woman India '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Statistical Abstract of the United States : 1959 ( PDF ) . US Bureau of the Census . 1959 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 July 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . `` The 100 Best Films of World Cinema : 80 . Mother India '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . `` The 30th Academy Awards ( 1958 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 . Thoraval , Yves ( 2000 ) . The Cinemas of India . Macmillan India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 93410 - 4 . `` Top Earners 1950 -- 1959 ( Figures in Ind Rs ) '' . BoxOfficeIndia.com . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Virdi , Jyotika ( August 2008 ) . `` Deewar / Wall ( 1975 ) -- Fact , Fiction and the Making of a Superstar '' . In Kavoori , Anandam P. ; Punathambekar , Aswin . Global Bollywood . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 4799 - 5 . Virdi , Jyotika ( 2003 ) . The Cinematic Imagination : Indian Popular Films as Social History . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3191 - 5 . Vohra , Ranbir ( 2001 ) . The Making of India : A Historical Survey . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0711 - 9 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 . Woods , Jeannine ( 2011 ) . Visions of Empire and Other Imaginings : Cinema , Ireland and India 1910 - 1962 . Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 3 - 03911 - 974 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Mother India on IMDb Mother India at the TCM Movie Database Mother India at AllMovie Mother India at Rotten Tomatoes Mother India at Bollywood Hungama Mother India on YouTube Films directed by Mehboob Khan Al Hilal ( 1935 ) Manmohan ( 1936 ) Deccan Queen ( 1936 ) Jagirdar ( 1937 ) Watan ( 1938 ) Hum Tum Aur Woh ( 1938 ) Ek Hi Raasta ( 1939 ) Aurat ( 1940 ) Ali Baba ( 1940 ) Bahen ( 1941 ) Roti ( 1942 ) Taqdeer ( 1943 ) Najma ( 1943 ) Humayun ( 1945 ) Anmol Ghadi ( 1946 ) Elaan ( 1947 ) Anokhi Ada ( 1948 ) Andaz ( 1949 ) Aan ( 1952 ) Amar ( 1954 ) Mother India ( 1957 ) A Handful of Grain ( 1959 ) Son of India ( 1962 ) All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film 1953 -- 1957 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1953 ) Bhagavan Sri Krishna Chaitanya ( 1953 ) Neelakuyil ( 1954 ) Biraj Bahu ( 1954 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1955 ) Shirdi Che Sai Baba ( 1955 ) Bandhan ( 1956 ) Tenali Ramakrishna ( 1956 ) Mother India ( 1957 ) National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi 1954 -- 1960 Mirza Ghalib ( 1954 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1955 ) -- ( 1956 ) Do Aankhen Barah Haath ( 1957 ) Madhumati ( 1958 ) Anari ( 1959 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1960 ) Certificate of Merit Jagriti ( 1954 ) Shree 420 and Devdas ( 1955 ) Basant Bahar ( 1956 ) Mother India and Musafir ( 1957 ) Lajwanti and Karigar ( 1958 ) -- ( 1959 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai and Kanoon ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Dharmputra ( 1961 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1962 ) Bandini ( 1963 ) Dosti ( 1964 ) Shaheed ( 1965 ) -- ( 1966 ) Hamraaz ( 1967 ) Aashirwad ( 1968 ) Satyakam ( 1969 ) Anand ( 1970 ) -- ( 1971 ) Maya Darpan ( 1972 ) 27 Down ( 1973 ) -- ( 1974 ) Nishant ( 1975 ) -- ( 1976 ) Shatranj Ke Khilari ( The Chess Players ) ( 1977 ) Kasturi and Junoon ( 1978 ) Sparsh ( 1979 ) Aakrosh ( 1980 ) Certificate of Merit Gunga Jumna and Pyaar Ki Pyaas ( 1961 ) -- ( 1962 ) Mere Mehboob and Gumrah ( 1963 ) Yaadein and Geet Gaya Patharon Ne ( 1964 ) Oonche Log and Guide ( 1965 ) Discontinued after 1965 1981 -- 2000 Arohan ( 1981 ) Katha ( 1982 ) Ardh Satya ( 1983 ) Paar ( 1984 ) Anantyatra ( 1985 ) Mirch Masala ( 1986 ) Pestonjee ( 1987 ) Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro ( 1989 ) Drishti ( 1990 ) Diksha and Dharavi ( 1991 ) Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda ( 1992 ) Patang ( 1993 ) Mammo ( 1994 ) Bandit Queen ( 1995 ) Gudia ( 1996 ) Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa ( 1997 ) Godmother ( 1998 ) Shool ( 1999 ) Zubeidaa ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Dil Chahta Hai ( 2001 ) The Legend of Bhagat Singh ( 2002 ) Raghu Romeo ( 2003 ) Raincoat ( 2004 ) Black ( 2005 ) Khosla Ka Ghosla ( 2006 ) 1971 ( 2007 ) Rock On ! ! ( 2008 ) Paa ( 2009 ) Do Dooni Chaar ( 2010 ) I Am ( 2011 ) Filmistaan ( 2012 ) Jolly LLB ( 2013 ) Queen ( 2014 ) Dum Laga Ke Haisha ( 2015 ) Neerja ( 2016 ) Newton ( 2017 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 ) Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Hindi Medium ( 2018 ) Indian submission for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1957 -- 1980 Mother India ( 1957 ) Madhumati ( 1958 ) The World of Apu ( 1959 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1962 ) Mahanagar ( 1963 ) Guide ( 1965 ) Amrapali ( 1966 ) Aakhri Khat ( 1967 ) Majhli Didi ( 1968 ) Deiva Magan ( 1969 ) Reshma Aur Shera ( 1971 ) Uphaar ( 1972 ) Saudagar ( 1973 ) Garm Hava ( 1974 ) Manthan ( 1977 ) The Chess Players ( 1978 ) Payal Ki Jhankaar ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Saaransh ( 1984 ) Saagar ( 1985 ) Swati Mutyam ( 1986 ) Nayakan ( 1987 ) Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) Parinda ( 1989 ) Anjali ( 1990 ) Henna ( 1991 ) Thevar Magan ( 1992 ) Rudaali ( 1993 ) In Custody ( 1994 ) Kuruthipunal ( 1995 ) Indian ( 1996 ) Guru ( 1997 ) Jeans ( 1998 ) Earth ( 1999 ) Hey Ram ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Shwaas ( 2004 ) Paheli ( 2005 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) Eklavya - The Royal Guard ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Harishchandrachi Factory ( 2009 ) Peepli Live ( 2010 ) Adaminte Makan Abu ( 2011 ) Barfi ! ( 2012 ) The Good Road ( 2013 ) Liar 's Dice ( 2014 ) Court ( 2015 ) Visaranai ( 2016 ) Newton ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother_India&oldid=845388904 '' Categories : 1957 films Films about women in India Films directed by Mehboob Khan 1950s Hindi - language films Films scored by Naushad Indian epic films Indian films Indian film remakes Films shot in Maharashtra Films shot in Uttar Pradesh Films shot in Gujarat Filicide in fiction Films about dysfunctional families Nonlinear narrative films Urdu - language films Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with attributed pull quotes Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย اردو 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 13 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | nominated in the best foreign film category at the oscars mother india lost to | [
"Mother India, its star Nargis, and the director Khan received many awards and nominations. Nargis won the Filmfare Best Actress Award in 1958 and became the first Indian to receive the Best Actress award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in present-day Czech Republic.[92] Mother India won the Filmfare Award for Best Film and scooped several other Filmfare awards including Best Director for Khan,[93] Best Cinematographer for Faredoon Irani,[94] and Best Sound for R. Kaushik.[32] In 1958, the film became India's first submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was chosen as one of the five nominations for the category.[g][95] The international version, 120 minutes long, was sent for the Oscars. Additionally, this version had English subtitles,[96] and dropped Mehboob Productions' logo, which featured the Communist hammer and sickle, to appease the Academy.[97] The 120-minute version was later distributed in the US and UK by Columbia Pictures.[98] The film came close to winning the Academy Award, but lost to Federico Fellini's Nights of Cabiria by a single vote.[96] Khan was utterly disappointed at not winning the award. \"He had seen the other films in the fray and believed Mother India was far superior to them\" recalled Sunil Dutt years later.[99] It also won two awards at the 5th National Film Awards in 1957: an All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film and Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Hindi.[100]\n"
] | [
"Nights of Cabiria"
] |
-1714809098348772549 | National Guard of the United States | National Guard of the United States - Wikipedia National Guard of the United States National Guard of the United States Active English colonial government militias : since December 13 , 1636 As `` National Guard '' : since 1824 in New York , since 1903 nationwide Dual state - federal reserve forces : since 1933 Country United States Allegiance Federal ( 10 U.S.C. § E ) State and territorial ( 32 U.S.C. ) Branch United States Army United States Air Force Role Reserve component of the U.S. Armed Forces Militia of the United States Size 450,100 Part of National Guard Bureau Garrison / HQ All 50 U.S. states , and organized U.S. territories , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , and the District of Columbia Nickname ( s ) `` Air Guard '' `` Army Guard '' Motto ( s ) `` Always Ready , Always There ! '' Commanders Chief of the National Guard Bureau General Joseph L. Lengyel , USAF Insignia Seal of the Army National Guard Seal of the Air National Guard The National Guard of the United States , part of the reserve components of the United States Armed Forces , is a reserve military force , composed of National Guard military members or units of each state and the territories of Guam , the Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico , and the District of Columbia , for a total of 54 separate organizations . All members of the National Guard of the United States are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 246 . National Guard units are under the dual control of the state and the federal government . The majority of National Guard soldiers and airmen hold a civilian job full - time while serving part - time as a National Guard member . These part - time guardsmen are augmented by a full - time cadre of Active Guard & Reserve ( AGR ) personnel in both the Army National Guard and Air National Guard , plus Army Reserve Technicians in the Army National Guard and Air Reserve Technicians ( ART ) in the Air National Guard . The National Guard is a joint activity of the United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) composed of reserve components of the United States Army and the United States Air Force : the Army National Guard of the United States and the Air National Guard of the United States respectively . Local militias were formed from the earliest English colonization of the Americas in 1607 . The first colony - wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small older local units , and several National Guard units can be traced back to this militia . The various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent . The title `` National Guard '' was used in 1824 by some New York State militia units , named after the French National Guard in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette . `` National Guard '' became a standard nationwide militia title in 1903 , and specifically indicated reserve forces under mixed state and federal control since 1933 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Organization 2.1 Territorial organization 2.2 National Guard Bureau 2.3 Agricultural Development Teams 3 Standards 4 Constitutional basis 5 Other organizations 5.1 State defense forces 5.2 Naval militias 6 Duties and administrative organization 7 National Guard active duty character 7.1 State and territory duty 7.2 Federal duty 8 History 8.1 Colonial history 8.2 American Revolutionary War 8.3 Nineteenth century 8.4 Industrialization and labor unrest 8.5 Twentieth century 8.6 Twenty - first century 9 The National Guard compared to the Reserves 10 Relevant laws 11 Notable members 11.1 Presidents 11.2 Other famous or infamous members 12 Number of guardsmen by state , territory and D.C. 12.1 Sortable table 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Origins ( edit ) Artist 's re-creation of the first muster of the East Regiment ( present - day Massachusetts Army National Guard ) in Salem , Massachusetts Bay , as it may have looked Postage stamp of 1953 The first muster of militia forces in what is today the United States took place on September 16 , 1565 , in the newly established Spanish military town of St. Augustine . Appropriately enough , this muster occurred in the shadow of an oncoming hurricane . The militia men were assigned to guard the expedition 's supplies while their leader , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , took the regular troops north to attack the French settlement at Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River . This Spanish militia tradition and the English tradition that would be established to the north would provide the basic nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World . The militia tradition continued with the first permanent English settlements in the New World . Jamestown Colony ( established in 1607 ) and Plymouth Colony ( established in 1620 ) both had militia forces , which initially consisted of every able bodied adult male . By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company ( usually commanded by an officer with the rank of captain ) and the militia companies of a county formed a regiment ( usually commanded by an officer with the rank of major in the 1600s or a colonel in the 1700s ) . From the nation 's founding through the early 1900s , the United States maintained only a minimal army and relied on state militias , directly related to the earlier Colonial militias to supply the majority of its troops . As a result of the Spanish -- American War , Congress was called upon to reform and regulate the training and qualification of state militias . The first national laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792 . In 1903 , with passage of the Dick Act , the predecessor to the modern - day National Guard was formed . It required the states to divide their militias into two sections . The law recommended the title `` National Guard '' for the first section , known as the organized militia , and `` Reserve Militia '' for all others . During World War I , Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916 , which required the use of the term `` National Guard '' for the state militias and further regulated them . Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards , which were reserve forces outside the National Guards being deployed by the Federal Government . In 1933 , with passage of the National Guard Mobilization Act , Congress finalized the split between the National Guard and the traditional state militias by mandating that all federally funded soldiers take a dual enlistment / commission and thus enter both the state National Guard and the National Guard of the United States , a newly created federal reserve force . The National Defense Act of 1947 created the Air Force as a separate branch of the Armed Forces and concurrently created the Air National Guard of the United States as one of its reserve components , mirroring the Army 's structure . Organization ( edit ) Territorial organization ( edit ) The National Guard of the several states , territories , and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first - line of defense for the United States . The state National Guard is organized into units stationed in each of the 50 states , three territories , and the District of Columbia , and operates under their respective state or territorial governor , except in the instance of Washington , D.C. , where the National Guard operates under the President of the United States or his designee . The governors exercise control through the state adjutants general . The National Guard may be called up for active duty by the governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters , such as hurricanes , floods , and earthquakes . National Guard Bureau ( edit ) Seal of the National Guard Bureau , 2013 to present . The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau , which is a joint activity of the Army and Air Force under the DoD . The National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD . The National Guard Bureau also provides policies and requirements for training and funds for state Army National Guard and state Air National Guard units , the allocation of federal funds to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard , and other administrative responsibilities prescribed under 10 U.S.C. § 10503 . The National Guard Bureau is headed by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau ( CNGB ) , who is a four - star general in the Army or Air Force and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The National Guard Bureau is headquartered in Arlington County , Virginia , and is a joint activity of the Department of Defense to conduct all the administrative matters pertaining to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard . As of July 2018 , the current Chief of the National Guard Bureau is Air Force General Joseph L. Lengyel and the Vice Chief , NGB is Army Lieutenant General Daniel R. Hokanson . The chief is either an Air Force or an Army 4 - star general ( flag ) officer , is the senior uniformed National Guard officer , and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . In this capacity , he serves as a military adviser to the President , the Secretary of Defense , the National Security Council and is the Department of Defense 's official channel of communication to the Governors and to State Adjutants General on all matters pertaining to the National Guard . He is responsible for ensuring that the more than half a million Army and Air National Guard personnel are accessible , capable , and ready to protect the homeland and to provide combat resources to the Army and the Air Force . He is appointed by the President in his capacity as Commander in Chief . Agricultural Development teams ( edit ) Prior to 2008 , the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within Provincial Reconstruction Teams of the US Government . Today , ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard . Today , ADTs bring `` an effective platform for enhanced dialogue , building confidence , sharing interests , and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan . '' These teams are not only affiliated with the military , they frequently work across agencies , for example with USAID and the Department of State . ADTs provide education and expertise on the ground , while also providing security and order that is traditionally affiliated with the military . These teams have been essential to the counterinsurgency efforts in Afghanistan as a public diplomacy tool to build relations with the local people in the tribes and provinces of the country . ADTs provide classroom instruction and teachings to Afghans about how to improve their farming practices during non-seasonal growing months , which allows the farmers to use skills in the winter to prepare for farming in the summer and fall . This enhances agricultural production and the Afghan economy as a whole . Agricultural education also improves lines of communication and builds trust between the people , the US government , and the Host Nation . Additionally , through word of mouth in the provinces ideas are spread that inform others about these farming techniques , that may not have had direct interaction with the ADTs . The National Guard ADTs also introduce their US civilian colleagues to the Afghan University personnel , which further strengthens relations and trust in the US efforts in Afghanistan . ADTs also enhance public diplomacy in Afghanistan by providing security to the local provinces they are working within . This tool has provided the teams with the civilian - military partnership that is needed to conduct public diplomacy and defeat the insurgents in Afghanistan . President Barack Obama said that the US will enhance agricultural development instead of big reconstruction projects to build Afghanistan 's economy , to have an immediate impact on the Afghan people . Today , these projects include `` ... basic gardening practices , to large watershed and irrigation projects . There are also projects that teach bee keeping and livestock production : all of which will have a positive impact on unemployment , hunger , and the ability to sustain future generations . '' More and more Afghan tribal leaders have been requesting additional ADTs , which illustrates how important the use of public diplomacy has been in the efforts to win the trust of the Afghan people . The case study from Nangarhar Province in Afghanistan serves as an excellent example . This province is one of the most stable and secure provinces in Afghanistan . For example , over 100,000 Afghans have returned to province ; the province has also been declared poppy - free in 2007 by the UN . Additionally , most districts within the province have all - weather paved roads and it is also one of the most productive agricultural regions in Afghanistan . ADT should further its progress within the provinces of Afghanistan in agricultural education , technical support , and logistics . To defeat the insurgency in Afghanistan public diplomacy is an essential force , ADTs help the US educate the population of Afghanistan with the hope of strengthening Afghan trust in the American mission in Afghanistan . Standards ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Both the Army National Guard and Air National Guard are expected to adhere to the same moral and physical standards as their `` full - time '' active duty and `` part - time '' reserve federal counterparts . The same ranks and insignia of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force are used by the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard , respectively , and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards . The respective state National Guards also bestow state awards for services rendered both at home and abroad . Under Army and Air Force regulations , these awards may be worn while on state active duty or while on Title 32 federal activation . Regular Army and Army Reserve soldiers are also authorized to accept these awards , but are not authorized to wear them . Constitutional basis ( edit ) Army National Guard soldiers at New York City 's Penn Station in 2004 . The respective state National Guards are authorized by the Constitution of the United States . As originally drafted , the Constitution recognized the existing state militias , and gave them vital roles to fill : `` to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasion . '' ( Article I , Section 8 , Clause 15 ) . The Constitution distinguished `` militias , '' which were state entities , from `` Troops , '' which were unlawful for states to maintain without Congressional approval . ( Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 ) . Under current law , the respective state National Guards and the State Defense Forces are authorized by Congress to the states and are referred to as `` troops . '' 32 U.S.C. § 109 . Although originally state entities , the Constitutional `` Militia of the Several States '' were not entirely independent because they could be federalized . According to Article I , Section 8 ; Clause 15 , the United States Congress is given the power to pass laws for `` calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions . '' Congress is also empowered to come up with the guidelines `` for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress '' ( clause 16 ) . The President of the United States is the commander - in - chief of the state militias `` when called into the actual Service of the United States . '' ( Article II , Section 2 ) . The traditional state militias were redefined and recreated as the `` organized militia '' -- the National Guard , via the Militia Act of 1903 . They were now subject to an increasing amount of federal control , including having arms and accoutrements supplied by the central government , federal funding , and numerous closer ties to the Regular Army . Other organizations ( edit ) State Defense forces ( edit ) Main article : State defense force Many states also maintain their own state defense forces . Although not federal entities like the National Guard of the United States , these forces are components of the state militias like the individual state National Guards . These forces were created by Congress in 1917 as a result of the state National Guards ' being deployed and were known as Home Guards . In 1940 , with the onset of World War II and as a result of its federalizing the National Guard , Congress amended the National Defense Act of 1916 , and authorized the states to maintain `` military forces other than National Guard . '' This law authorized the War Department to train and arm the new military forces that became known as State Guards . In 1950 , with the outbreak of the Korean War and at the urging of the National Guard , Congress reauthorized the separate state military forces for a time period of two years . These state military forces were authorized military training at federal expense , and `` arms , ammunition , clothing , and equipment , '' as deemed necessary by the Secretary of the Army . In 1956 , Congress finally revised the law and authorized `` State defense forces '' permanently under Title 32 , Section 109 , of the United States Code . Naval militias ( edit ) Main article : Naval militia Although there are no Naval or Marine Corps components of the National Guard of the United States , there is a Naval Militia authorized under federal law. 10 U.S.C. § 7851 . Like the soldiers and airmen in the National Guard of the United States , members of the Naval Militia are authorized federal appointments or enlistments at the discretion of the Secretary of the Navy. 10 U.S.C. § 7852 . To receive federal funding and equipment , a state naval militia must be composed of at least 95 % of Navy , Coast Guard , or Marine Corps Reservists . As such , some states maintain such units . Some states also maintain naval components of their State Defense Force . Recently , Alaska , California , New Jersey , New York , South Carolina , Texas and Ohio have had or currently maintain naval militias . Other states have laws authorizing them but do not currently have them organized . To receive federal funding , as is the case in the National Guard , a state must meet specific requirements such as having a set percentage of its members in the federal reserves. 10 U.S.C. § 7851 . Duties and administrative organization ( edit ) National Guard units can be mobilized for federal active duty to supplement regular armed forces during times of war or national emergency declared by Congress , the President or the Secretary of Defense . They can also be activated for service in their respective states upon declaration of a state of emergency by the governor of the state or territory where they serve , or in the case of Washington , D.C. , by the Commanding General . Unlike U.S. Army Reserve members , National Guard members can not be mobilized individually , except through voluntary transfers and Temporary Duty Assignments ( TDY ) . National Guard active duty character ( edit ) The term `` activated '' simply means that a unit or individual of the reserve components has been placed on orders . The purpose and authority for that activation determines limitations and duration of the activation . The Army and Air National Guard may be activated in a number of ways as prescribed by public law . Broadly , under federal law , there are two titles in the United States Code under which units and troops may be activated : as federal soldiers or airmen under Title 10 ( `` Armed Forces '' ) and as state soldiers or airmen performing a federally funded mission under Title 32 ( `` National Guard '' ) . Outside federal activation , the Army and Air National Guard may be activated under state law . This is known as state active duty ( SAD ) . State and territory duty ( edit ) When National Guard units are not under federal control , the governor is the commander - in - chief of the units of his or her respective state or territory ( such as Puerto Rico , Guam and the Virgin Islands ) . The President of the United States commands the District of Columbia National Guard , though this command is routinely delegated to the Commanding General of the DC National Guard . States are free to employ their National Guard forces under state control for state purposes and at state expense as provided in the state 's constitution and statutes . In doing so , governors , as commanders - in - chief , can directly access and utilize the Guard 's federally assigned aircraft , vehicles and other equipment so long as the federal government is reimbursed for the use of fungible equipment and supplies such as fuel , food stocks , etc . This is the authority under which governors activate and deploy National Guard forces in response to natural disasters . It is also the authority under which governors deploy National Guard forces in response to man - made emergencies such as riots and civil unrest , or terrorist attacks . The Governor can activate National Guard personnel to `` State Active Duty '' in response to natural or man - made disasters or Homeland Defense missions . State Active Duty is based on State statute and policy and on State funds . Soldiers and Airmen remain under the command and control of the Governor . The federal Posse Comitatus Act ( PCA ) does not apply under state active duty status or Title 32 status . Title 32 Full - Time National Guard Duty . ( Federally funded , but command and control remains with the State Governor through his Adjutant General . ) Title 32 activation can only be done by the President or SECDEF with the approval and consent of the state Governor . Federal duty ( edit ) Title 10 service means full - time duty in the active military service of the United States . The term used is federalized . Federalized National Guard forces have been ordered , by the President to active duty either in their reserve component status or by calling them into Federal service in their militia status . There are several forms : Voluntary Order to Active Duty . Federalized with the soldier 's or airman 's consent and the consent of their Governor . Partial Mobilization . In time of national emergency declared by the President for any unit or any member for not more than 24 consecutive months . Presidential Reserve Call Up . When the President determines that it is necessary to augment the active forces for any operational mission for any unit or any member for not more than 270 days . Federal Aid for State Governments . Whenever an insurrection occurs in any state against its government , the President may , upon the request of its legislature or of its governor call into Federal service such of the militia of the other states . This is a statutory exception to the PCA Use of Militia and Armed Forces to Enforce Federal Authority . Whenever the President considers that unlawful obstructions , assemblages , or rebellion make it impracticable to enforce the laws of the United States in any state or territory , he may call into Federal service such of the militia of any state . This is another statutory exception to the PCA . Interference with State and Federal law . The President , by using the militia or the armed forces , or both , or by any other means , shall take such measures as he considers necessary to suppress , in a state , any insurrection , domestic violence , unlawful combination , or conspiracy . Air and Army National Guard . Air and Army National Guard can specifically be called into Federal service in case of invasion , rebellion , or inability to execute Federal law with active forces . In the categories listed above , Army and Air National Guard units or individuals may also be mobilized for non-combat purposes such as the State Partnership Program , humanitarian missions , counter-drug operations , and peacekeeping or peace enforcement missions . History ( edit ) Colonial History ( edit ) The Virginia Army National Guard traces its history back to 1607 , to the Jamestown settlement , making it the oldest and the official start of the Army National Guard . First Muster , Spring 1637 , Massachusetts Bay Colony . The claim that the National Guard is older than the nation itself , with over three and a half centuries of service , is based on the claim that the modern - day 101st Field Artillery Regiment , 182nd Infantry Regiment , 101st Engineer Battalion and 181st Infantry Regiment of the Massachusetts Army National Guard are directly descended from Massachusetts Bay Colony regiments formed over 375 years ago . On December 13 , 1636 , the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony had ordered that the Colony 's scattered militia companies be organized into North , South and East Regiments -- with a goal of increasing the militias ' accountability to the colonial government , efficacy , and responsiveness in conflicts with indigenous Pequot Indians . Under this act , white males between the ages of 16 and 60 were obligated to possess arms and to take part in the defense of their communities by serving in nightly guard details and participating in weekly drills . The founding date of 1636 refers to service of the colonial government ; the Massachusetts Bay Colony regiments were formed by reorganizing local militias that preceded the 1636 date and dated back to the founding dates of the various Massachusetts towns of the time . American Revolutionary War ( edit ) The Massachusetts militia began the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord , The Massachusetts militia units were mobilized either during or shortly after the above battles and used to form , along with units from Rhode Island , Connecticut and New Hampshire , the Army of Observation during the Siege of Boston . On July 3 , 1775 General George Washington , under the authority of the Continental Congress , assumed command of the Army of Observation and the new organization became the Continental Army from which the United States Army traces its origins . Throughout the war , militia units were mobilized when British forces entered their geographic areas and participated in most of the battles fought during the war . Nineteenth century ( edit ) The early United States distrusted a standing army , and kept the number of professional soldiers small . During the Northwest Indian War , the majority of soldiers were provided by state militias . There are nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812 . The Marquis de Lafayette visited the U.S. in 1824 -- 25 . The 2nd Battalion , 11th New York Artillery , was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome . This unit decided to adopt the title `` National Guard , '' in honor of Lafayette 's French National Guard . The Battalion , later the 7th Regiment , was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette 's final passage through New York en route home to France . Taking note of the troops named for his old command , Lafayette alighted from his carriage , walked down the line , clasping each officer by the hand as he passed . Militia units provided 70 % of the soldiers that fought in the Mexican -- American War , and also provided the majority of soldiers in the early months of the American Civil War The majority of soldiers in the Spanish -- American War were from the National Guard . Industrialization and labor unrest ( edit ) Labor unrest in the industrial and mining sections of the Northeast and Midwest led to demands for a stronger military force within the states . After the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , calls for military suppression of labor strikes grew louder , and National Guard units proliferated . In many states , large and elaborate armories , often built to resemble medieval castles , were constructed to house militia units . Businessmen and business associations donated monies for the construction of armories and to supplement funds of the local National Guard units . National Guard officers also came from the middle and upper classes . National Guard troops were deployed to suppress strikers in some of the bloodiest and most significant conflicts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries , including the Homestead Strike , the Pullman Strike of 1894 , and the Colorado Labor Wars . Twentieth century ( edit ) A National Guardsman in 1917 . Throughout the 19th century the Regular U.S. Army was small , and the state militias provided the majority of the troops during the Mexican -- American War , the American Civil War , and the Spanish -- American War . With the Militia Act of 1903 , the militia was more organized and the name `` National Guard '' recommended . In 1933 , federally - recognized state National Guard units were required to join the National Guard of the United States , a reserve component of the U.S. Army ; this is the official founding of the present National Guard . In World War I , National Guard soldiers made up 40 percent of the men in U.S. combat divisions in France . In World War II , the National Guard made up 19 divisions . One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for Operation Desert Storm . They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in Somalia , Haiti , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Bosnia , and Kosovo and for natural disasters , strikes , riots and security for the Olympic Games when they have been in the States . Following World War II , the National Guard aviation units that had previously been part of the U.S. Army Air Corps and its successor organization , the U.S. Army Air Forces , became the Air National Guard ( ANG ) , one of two Reserve Components of the newly established United States Air Force . At this time , the National Guard consisted of 27 Divisions ; 25 Infantry and two armored , plus scores of smaller units . The Kansas Army National Guard armory in Concordia , Kansas is a typical building used for the National Guard programs . On September 24 , 1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard to ensure the safe entry of the Little Rock Nine to Little Rock Central High School the following day . Governor Orval Faubus had previously used members of the guard to deny the students entry to the school . The New York National Guard were ordered by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller to respond to the Rochester 1964 race riot in July of that year , the first such use of the Guard in a Northern city since the Civil War . The California Army National Guard were mobilized by the Governor of California Edmund Gerald Brown , Sr. during the Watts Riots , in August 1965 , to provide security and help restore order . After 1992 Los Angeles Riots 4,000 National Guard troops patrolled the city to enforce the law . Elements of the Ohio Army National Guard were ordered to Kent State University by Ohio 's governor Jim Rhodes to quell anti-Vietnam War protests , culminating in their shooting into a crowd of students on May 4 , 1970 , killing four and injuring nine . During the Vietnam War , Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara created the Selective Reserve Force ( SRF ) in October 1965 . Since funding was not available to train and equip the entire National Guard adequately , the SRF would be a core group of 150,000 National Guardsmen available and ready for immediate overseas deployment if needed . SRF units were supposed to be authorized at 100 % strength , receive priority training funds and modern equipment , and have more training and do 58 hours of drills of four hours each a year rather than the standard 48 hours of drills . The 2 Battalion 138th Field Artillery of the Kentucky Army National Guard was ordered to service in Vietnam in late 1968 . The unit served in support of the regular 101st Airborne Division . The Battalion 's C Battery lost 9 men killed and thirty - two wounded when North Vietnamese troops overran Fire Base Tomahawk on June 19 , 1969 . During the 1992 Los Angeles Riots , when portions of south central Los Angeles erupted in chaos , overwhelming the Los Angeles Police Department 's ability to contain the violence , the California Army National Guard and selected units of the California Air National Guard was mobilized to help restore order . The National Guard were attributed with five shootings of people suspected of violating the curfew order placed on the city . During the 1993 Waco Siege of the Branch Davidians , elements of the Alabama and Texas Army National Guard were called in to assist the ATF and the follow on effort by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ; the National Guard 's involvement was limited to several specific areas ; surveillance and reconnaissance , transport , maintenance and repairs , training and instruction , helicopters , unarmed tactical ground vehicles . The Army National Guard helicopters were also used to do photographic reconnaissance work . Training for ATF agents included such subjects as Close Quarters Combat , and combat medical instruction , and a mock up of the Mount Carmel complex was constructed at Fort Hood , Texas for rehearsals . ATF also received several surplus helmets , flack vests , canteens , first aid dressings , empty magazines , and some night - vision equipment , in addition to MREs and diesel fuel . The FBI would request and receive the use of Bradley Armored Fighting Vehicles , and tank retrieval vehicles , as well as overflights by UH - 1 and CH - 47 helicopters . As a result of the Bottom Up Review and post-Cold War force cutbacks , the Army National Guard maneuver force was reduced to eight divisions ( from ten ; the 26th Infantry and 50th Armored were consolidated in the northeastern states ) and fifteen ' enhanced brigades , ' which were supposed to be ready for combat operations , augmenting the active force , within 90 days . Twenty - first century ( edit ) The National Guard Memorial Building in Washington , D.C. Soldiers in the Missouri National Guard participating in self - defense training National Guard units played a major role in providing security and assisting recovery efforts in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , in September 2005 . In 2005 , National Guard members and reservists were said to comprise a larger percentage of frontline fighting forces than in any war in U.S. history ( about 43 percent in Iraq and 55 percent in Afghanistan ) . There were more than 183,366 National Guard members and reservists on active duty nationwide who left behind about 300,000 dependents , according to U.S. Defense Department statistics . In 2011 , Army Chief of Staff Gen. George W. Casey , Jr. stated that `` Every Guard brigade has deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan , and over 300,000 Guardsmen have deployed in this war . '' In January and February 2007 , National Guard troops from 8 states were activated to go help shovel snow , drop hay for starving cattle , deliver food and necessities to stranded people in their houses , and help control traffic and rescue stranded motorists in blizzards dropping feet of snow across the country . In the first quarter of 2007 , United States Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates announced changes to the Guard deployment policy aimed at shorter and more predictable deployments for National Guard troops . `` Gates said his goal is for Guard members to serve a one - year deployment no more than every five years ... Gates is imposing a one - year limit to the length of deployment for National Guard Soldiers , effective immediately . '' Prior to this time , Guard troops deployed for a standard one - year deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan would serve for 18 or more months including training and transit time . During the transition to the new policy for all troops in the pipeline , deployed or soon to be deployed , some will face deployments faster than every five years . `` The one - to - five year cycle does not include activations for state emergencies . '' Army National Guardsman of the 1st Battalion , 151st Infantry Regiment in Parun , Afghanistan . Note that he is wearing a 10th Mountain Division Former Wartime Service SSI Prior to the attacks against the United States on September 11 , 2001 , the National Guard 's general policy regarding mobilization was that Guardsmen would be required to serve no more than one year cumulative on active duty ( with no more than six months overseas ) for each five years of regular drill . Due to strains placed on active duty units following the attacks , the possible mobilization time was increased to 18 months ( with no more than one year overseas ) . Additional strains placed on military units as a result of the invasion of Iraq further increased the amount of time a Guardsman could be mobilized to 24 months . Current Department of Defense policy is that no Guardsman is involuntarily activated for more than 24 months ( cumulative ) in one six - year enlistment period . Traditionally , most National Guard personnel serve `` One weekend a month , two weeks a year '' , although personnel in highly operational or high demand units serve far more frequently . Typical examples are pilots , navigators and aircrewmen in active flying assignments , primarily in the Air National Guard , and to a lesser extent in the Army National Guard , and special operations airmen and soldiers in both . A significant number also serve in a full - time capacity in roles such as Active Guard and Reserve ( AGR ) or Air Reserve Technician or Army Reserve Technician ( ART ) . The `` One weekend a month , two weeks a year '' slogan has lost most of its relevance since the Iraq War , when nearly 28 % of total US forces in Iraq and Afghanistan at the end of 2007 consisted of mobilized personnel of the National Guard and other Reserve components . In July 2012 , the Army 's top general stated his intention to increase the annual drill requirement from two weeks per year to up to seven weeks per year . The National Guard compared to the reserves. ( edit ) The Army National Guard consists of 28 fully capable brigade combat teams with combat support and combat service support components . The Army Reserve is mostly Combat Service Support and Combat Support with only one infantry unit ( the 100th Infantry Battalion ) . The senior National Guard Officer in each state is called the Adjutant General ( or `` TAG '' for short ) and is either appointed or elected in accordance with state laws . The National Guard may receive state funding , however in most states it is primarily funded through the federal government . The Army , Navy , Marine , Coast Guard , and Air Force Reserve components are not under state control and are solely funded by the federal government . Unlike the state guard , the Reserve forces , with the exception of the Coast Guard , are restricted from civilian law enforcement operations by posse comitatus . Relevant laws ( edit ) The United States Congress has enacted various laws that control the National Guard The Militia Act of 1792 Providing for the authority of the President to call out the Militia , and providing federal standards for the organization of the Militia . For the 111 years that the Militia Act of 1792 remained in effect , it defined the position of the militia in relation to the federal government . The War of 1812 tested this uniquely American defense establishment . To fight the War of 1812 , the republic formed a small regular military and trained it to protect the frontiers and coastlines . Although it performed poorly in the offensive against Canada , the small force of regulars backed by a well - armed militia , accomplished its defensive mission well . Generals like Andrew Jackson proved that , just as they had in the Revolution , regulars and militia could be effective when employed as a team . The Insurrection Act The Militia Act of 1862 Providing for the service of persons of African descent in the Militia , and the emancipation of slaves owned by Confederates . Title 18 , U.S. Code , Section 1385 : The Posse Comitatus Act of June 18 , 1878 Reaction in Congress against the Reconstruction - era suspensions of Southern states ' rights to organize militias led to the passage of the Posse Comitatus Act , restricting any person 's use of the U.S. Army and , as later amended , the U.S. Air Force in domestic law enforcement ( use of the Navy and Marine Corps , being uniformed services within the Department of Defense , is similarly restricted by statute ) . The U.S. Coast Guard , in its peacetime role within the Department of Homeland Security , and the National Guard , when not in Federal Service , are specifically not limited by this act . The States revise the military codes -- 1881 to 1892 The Militia Act of 1903 Established the creation of the National Guard of the United States as the primary organized reserve force for the U.S. armed forces . National Defense Act of 1916 This act abandoned the idea of an expandable Regular Army and firmly established the traditional concept of the citizens ' army as the keystone of the United States defense forces . It established the concept of merging the National Guard , the Army Reserve , and the Regular Army into the Army of the United States in time of war . The act further expanded the National Guard 's role , and guaranteed the State militias ' status as the Army 's primary reserve force . The law mandated use of the term `` National Guard '' for that force , and the President was given authority , in case of war or national emergency , to mobilize the National Guard for the duration of the emergency . The number of yearly drills increased from 24 to 48 and annual training from five to 15 days . Drill pay was authorized for the first time . The National Defense Act Amendments of 1920 This act established that the chief of the Militia Bureau ( later the National Guard Bureau ) would be a National Guard officer , that National Guard officers would be assigned to the general staff and that the divisions , as used by the Guard in World War I , would be reorganized . The National Guard Mobilization Act , 1933 Made the National Guard a component of the Army . The National Defense Act of 1947 Section 207 ( f ) established the Air National Guard of the United States , under the National Guard Bureau . The Total Force Policy , 1973 Requires all active and reserve military organizations be treated as a single force . The Montgomery Amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 provides that a governor can not withhold consent with regard to active duty outside the United States because of any objection to the location , purpose , type , or schedule of such duty . This law was challenged and upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1990 in Perpich v. Department of Defense . The John Warner Defense Authorization Act of 2007 Pub. L. 109 -- 364 Federal law was changed in section 1076 so that the Governor of a state is no longer the sole commander in chief of their state 's National Guard during emergencies within the state . The President of the United States could then take total control of a state 's National Guard units without the governor 's consent . In a letter to Congress , all 50 governors opposed the increase in power of the President over the National Guard . The National Defense Authorization Act of 2008 Pub. L. 110 -- 181 Repeals provisions in section 1076 in Pub. L. 109 - 364 but still enables the President to call up the National Guard of the United States for active federal military service during Congressionally sanctioned national emergency or war . Places the National Guard Bureau directly under the Department of Defense as a joint activity . Promoted the Chief of the National Guard Bureau from a three - star to a four - star general . The National Defense Authorization Act of 2012 Pub. L. 115 -- 91 Added the Chief , National Guard Bureau to the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Notable members ( edit ) Presidents ( edit ) Militia service was a common trait among presidents of the United States . Eighteen of America 's 45 presidents have served in colonial or state militias and two have served in the National Guard since it was established in 1903 . Among these , three served in colonial militias ( George Washington , Thomas Jefferson and James Madison ) , 15 served in state militias ( James Monroe , Andrew Jackson , William Henry Harrison , Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , Abraham Lincoln , Andrew Johnson , Ulysses S. Grant , Rutherford B. Hayes , James Garfield , Chester A. Arthur , William Henry Harrison , William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt ) , one in the Army National Guard ( Harry S. Truman ) and one ( George W. Bush ) served in the Air National Guard . Other famous or infamous members ( edit ) Bolton , John R. , former United States Representative to the United Nations and National Security Advisor Brown , Scott Philip , former United States Senator from Massachusetts Donovan , William Joseph , founder of the Office of Strategic Services Foss , Joe , Governor of South Dakota , Medal of Honor recipient in World War II Graham , Lindsey , Senator from South Carolina Haben , Ralph , former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives Holtzman , Ken , two - time major league baseball All Star pitcher Lesnar , Brock , professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist Muhammed , John Allen , spree killer , `` Beltway Sniper '' Murphy , Audie , highly decorated soldier from WWII , prolific 1950s actor Quayle , Dan , 44th Vice President of the United States Ruth , Babe , former Major League Baseball player Selleck , Tom , actor , Magnum , P.I. Story , Rick , mixed martial artist in the UFC Number of Guardsmen by state , territory and D.C. ( edit ) A member of the NG , often called a `` guardsman , '' is a person who has signed an Enlistment Contract and has subscribed to an Enlistment Oath , is still alive , or has not yet been discharged . The subscription to the oath ( typically a recitation ) and the signature must be witnessed by a person , typically a Guard officer , authorized as an official witness . The term of the enlistment , or membership , runs from the date on the contract through the date on the discharge or the death certificate . The `` number of guardsmen '' is a statistic generated by the Defense Manpower Data Center ( DMDC ) , an agency of the DoD tasked with tracking the identities of all persons in the active military , its reserves , and civilians employed by it . Membership in the Guard may be regarded as an independent variable . It changes constantly . Its value at any instant can not be known exactly . It can , however , be estimated from the records of the DMDC . Its data and reports are for the most part inaccessible to the general public , but it does make available some reports under the category `` DoD Personal , Workforce Reports & Publications . '' The series `` Military and Civilian Personnel by Service / Agency by State / Country ( Updated Quarterly ) , '' containing the statistics on membership in the NG by state , territory , and D.C. , is updated every 3rd month at the end of the month . For example , one was generated on June 30 , 2017 . Like all statistics , these numbers of guardsmen are a sample culled according to a certain method . The report states that it uses the sources : `` Active Duty Master File , RCCPDS , APF Civilian Master , CTS Deployment File , Civilian Deployment . '' The probabilities of the statistics being accurate to various percentages are not stated . Below is a sample summary of a profile of Guard membership taken from the file of June 30 , 2017 . Only the non-total columns come from the source . The totals are calculated from the data . Sortable table ( edit ) State / Territory Army National Guard Air National Guard Total Alabama 9,766 2,224 11,990 Alaska 1,746 2,021 3,767 Arizona 5,279 2,482 7,761 Arkansas 6,158 1,843 8,001 California 13,846 4,378 18,224 Colorado 3,603 1,580 5,183 Connecticut 3,483 1,004 4,487 Delaware 1,513 1,094 2,607 Florida 9,447 2,017 11,464 Georgia 10,789 2,687 13,476 Hawaii 2,996 2,172 5,168 Idaho 3,042 1,317 4,359 Illinois 9,810 2,894 12,704 Indiana 11,483 1,789 13,272 Iowa 6,799 1,728 8,527 Kansas 4,286 1,988 6,274 Kentucky 6,501 1,219 7,720 Louisiana 9,626 1,492 11,118 Maine 1,974 1,097 3,071 Maryland 4,225 1,834 6,059 Massachusetts 5,863 2,114 7,977 Michigan 7,989 2,197 10,186 Minnesota 10,927 2,305 13,232 Mississippi 9,547 2,582 12,129 Missouri 8,397 2,193 10,590 Montana 2,566 957 3,523 Nebraska 3,288 968 4,256 Nevada 3,271 1,103 4,374 New Hampshire 1,625 1,029 2,654 New Jersey 5,819 2,306 8,125 New Mexico 2,839 971 3,810 New York 9,863 5,539 15,402 North Carolina 10,113 1,360 11,473 North Dakota 2,917 992 3,909 Ohio 10,445 4,882 15,327 Oklahoma 6,409 2,161 8,570 Oregon 5,660 2,190 7,850 Pennsylvania 15,476 3,799 19,275 Rhode Island 1,992 1,028 3,020 South Carolina 9,094 1,314 10,408 South Dakota 3,000 1,042 4,042 Tennessee 9,128 3,273 12,401 Texas 17,270 3,086 20,356 Utah 5,372 1,373 6,745 Vermont 2,582 969 3,551 Virginia 6,876 1,302 8,178 Washington 5,934 1,959 7,893 West Virginia 4,137 2,120 6,257 Wisconsin 7,112 2,091 9,203 Wyoming 1,508 1,170 2,678 Puerto Rico 6,198 1,151 7,349 Guam 1,092 355 1,447 District of Columbia 1,358 1,248 2,606 Virgin Islands 703 55 758 Totals 332,721 101,897 434,618 See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal Transformation of the Army National Guard Minutemen Youth Challenge Program National Guard Memorial Museum Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of 12 December 2017 authorized selected reserve strength is 343,500 for the ARNGUS and 106,600 for the ANGUS , per § 411 of the National Defense Authorization Act . Jump up ^ The fifteen enhanced brigades included the 27th ( NY ) , 29th ( HI ) , 32nd ( WI ) , 41st ( OR ) , 45th ( OK ) , 48th ( GA ) , 53rd ( FL ) , 76th ( IN ) , 81st ( WA ) , 256th ( LA ) , 116th Cavalry Brigade ( ID ) , 155th ( MS ) , 218th ( SC ) , and the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment ( TN ) . Jump up ^ The National Guard enlistment oath is : `` I do hereby acknowledge to have voluntarily enlisted this __ day of ____ , 19_ , in the ______ National Guard of the State of ______ for a period of __ year ( s ) under the conditions prescribed by law , unless sooner discharged by proper authority . I , ________ , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States and of the State of ______ against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to them ; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the Governor of ______ and the orders of the officers appointed over me , according to law and regulations . So help me God . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pub. L. 115 -- 91 ^ Jump up to : 32 U.S.C. § 101 Definitions ( National Guard ) Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 12401 Army and Air National Guard of the United States : status Jump up ^ `` Four - and - a-half centuries of militia tradition '' . Florida Department of Military Affairs . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 2008 ) . The Founders ' Second Amendment : Origins of the Right to Bear Arms . pp. 299 -- 309 . Jump up ^ 32 Stat. 775 ( 1903 ) Jump up ^ 40 Stat. 181 ( 1917 ) Jump up ^ 32 U.S.C. § 102 General policy ^ Jump up to : `` Military Reserves Federal Call Up Authority '' . Usmilitary.about.com. April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Graphics '' . National Guard . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 110 - 181 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 110 - 181 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 full text Jump up ^ Sec. 1812 . Establishment of National Guard Bureau as Joint Activity of the Department of Defense . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 10501 National Guard Bureau ^ Jump up to : 10 U.S.C. § 10503 Functions of National Guard Bureau : charter from Secretaries of the Army and Air Force Jump up ^ `` Chief , National Guard Bureau '' . National Guard . August 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vice Chief , National Guard Bureau '' . National Guard . December 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chief , National Guard Bureau '' . National Guard Bureau . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § § 10501 -- 10503 ^ Jump up to : Turner , Colonel Randal L. `` Agricultural Development Teams and the Counterinsurgency Effort in Afghanistan '' . Strategy Research Project . U.S. Army War College . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Alexander ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) . `` U.S. Army Agriculture Development Teams '' . Science & Diplomacy. 3 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ McKinley , General Craig R . `` The National Guard : A Great Value for America '' ( PDF ) . National Guard Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 54 Stat. 1206 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ 64 Stat. 1073 ( 1950 ) Jump up ^ 70A Stat. 600 ( 1956 ) ^ Jump up to : 10 U.S.C. § 12302 Ready Reserve Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 12301 Reserve components generally ^ Jump up to : Renaud , John . `` National Guard Fact Sheet Army National Guard ( FY2005 ) '' ( PDF ) . Army National Guard , G5 , Chief , Strategic Plans and Policy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowenburg , Timothy . `` The Role of the National Guard in National Defense and Homeland Security '' ( PDF ) . National Guard Association of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ A.P. ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Salem declared National Guard 's birthplace '' . Boston Herald . Associated Press . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Bill ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Born from humble beginnings , the National Guard celebrates its 375th birthday '' . National Guard Bureau . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Army National Guard '' . National Guard Bureau . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the National Guard '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Painter , Nell ( 1987 ) . Standing at Armageddon . W.W. Norton . pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` Pages - Vietnam '' . Jump up ^ p. 1311 Hearings , Volume 1 United States . Congress . House , United States . Congress . Joint Committee ... U.S. Government Printing Office , 1967 Jump up ^ `` Kentucky : National Guard History eMuseum -- Summary '' . Kynghistory.ky.gov . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Military Assistance Provided at Branch Davidian Incident '' ( PDF ) . United States General Accounting Office . August 1999 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Government Accounting Office , Army National Guard : Enhanced Brigades Readiness Improving But Personnel and Workload Are Problems , June 2000 , record accessed at DTIC , May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nationwide Grassroots Drive To Aid Military Families Picks Up Steam '' . Illinois.gov - Illinois Government News Network ( IGNN ) . March 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Salzer , Darron . `` Casey : National Guard very different today than 30 years ago '' . National Guard Bureau . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FindLaw ( February 14 , 2007 ). `` National Guard to Rescue in 8 States '' . FindLaw . Retrieved on February 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gates Promises Predictable Deployments '' . GX -- the Guard Experience . 4 ( 3 ) : 22 . April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MSNBC . Health . Mental Health . Most vet suicides among Guard , Reserve troops . New government report raises alarm , calls for long - term mental services . Associated Press . February 12 , 2008 '' . MSNBC . October 7 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Army to expand citizen soldiers ' training periods '' . USA Today . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 100th / 442nd Reserve Unit . 100thbattalion.org . Retrieved on July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 375 Restriction on direct participation by military personnel Jump up ^ FindLaw ( June 27 , 2004 ) . `` PERPICH v. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE , 496 U.S. 334 ( 1990 ) '' . FindLaw . Retrieved May 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Governors lose in power struggle over National Guard '' . Stateline.org . Jump up ^ National Governors Association Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § § 10501 -- 10503 Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 151 ( a ) Jump up ^ `` The National Guard -- Image Gallery -- Presidential Series '' . Ngb.army.mil . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 32 U.S.C. § 304 : Enlistment oath Jump up ^ `` DoD Personnel , Workforce Reports & Publications '' . DMDC . DoD . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Vest , Bonnie , M ( 2013 ) . `` Citizen , Soldier , or Citizen - Soldier ? Negotiating Identity in the US National Guard '' . Armed Forces & Society . 39 ( No. 4 ) . Lay summary . Russell , Henry Dozier ; Kaplan , Lawrence M ( 2014 ) . The purge of the Thirtieth Division . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutNational Guard of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata `` National Guard '' . United States Army National Guard . 2017 . The Army National Guard Recruiting Site . `` Air National Guard '' . US Air National Guard . 2017 . The Air National Guard Recruiting Site . `` National Guard : Always Ready Always There '' . National Guard Bureau . 2017 . Official website of the National Guard . `` Heritage Series '' . National Guard . National Guard Bureau . 2017 . Thumbnails of the current National Guard Heritage Collection , a series of original paintings commissioned by the Bureau showing scenes from the Guard 's past . `` National Guard Virtual Armory '' . facebook. 2017 . Facebook login required . Articles related to the National Guard of the United States United States National Guard : Army National Guard and Air National Guard States Alabama ( Army / Air ) Alaska ( Army / Air ) Arizona ( Army / Air ) Arkansas ( Army / Air ) California ( Army / Air ) Colorado ( Army / Air ) Connecticut ( Army / Air ) Delaware ( Army / Air ) Florida ( Army / Air ) Georgia ( Army / Air ) Hawaii ( Army / Air ) Idaho ( Army / Air ) Illinois ( Army / Air ) Indiana ( Army / Air ) Iowa ( Army / Air ) Kansas ( Army / Air ) Kentucky ( Army / Air ) Louisiana ( Army / Air ) Maine ( Army / Air ) Maryland ( Army / Air ) Massachusetts ( Army / Air ) Michigan ( Army / Air ) Minnesota ( Army / Air ) Mississippi ( Army / Air ) Missouri ( Army / Air ) Montana ( Army / Air ) Nebraska ( Army / Air ) Nevada ( Army / Air ) New Hampshire ( Army / Air ) New Jersey ( Army / Air ) New Mexico ( Army / Air ) New York ( Army / Air ) North Carolina ( Army / Air ) North Dakota ( Army / Air ) Ohio ( Army / Air ) Oklahoma ( Army / Air ) Oregon ( Army / Air ) Pennsylvania ( Army / Air ) Rhode Island ( Army / Air ) South Carolina ( Army / Air ) South Dakota ( Army / Air ) Tennessee ( Army / Air ) Texas ( Army / Air ) Utah ( Army / Air ) Vermont ( Army / Air ) Virginia ( Army / Air ) Washington ( Army / Air ) West Virginia ( Army / Air ) Wisconsin ( Army / Air ) Wyoming ( Army / Air ) Federal district and territories District of Columbia ( Army / Air ) Guam ( Army / Air ) Puerto Rico ( Army / Air ) U.S. Virgin Islands ( Army / Air ) Northern Mariana Islands ( proposed ) American Samoa ( none ) Philippines ( deactivated ) United States Army Leadership Secretary of the Army Under Secretary of the Army Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff 4 - star generals Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer Sergeant Major of the Army House Armed Services Committee ( House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces ) Senate Committee on Armed Services ( Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces ) Components and commands Regular Army Army Reserve Army National Guard Active Units Reorganization plan of United States Army Army commands Forces Futures Materiel Training and Doctrine Service components Africa Central Europe Pacific North South Special Operations Surface Deployment and Distribution Space and Missile Defense Cyber Command Direct reporting units Second Army Medical Intelligence and Security Criminal Investigation Corps of Engineers Military District of Washington Test and Evaluation Military Academy Reserve Acquisition Support Center Installation Management War College Field armies First Second Third Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Branches Acquisition Corps Adjutant General 's Corps Air Defense Artillery Branch Armor Branch Aviation Branch Army Band Chaplain Corps Chemical Corps Civil Affairs Corps Corps of Engineers Dental Corps Field Artillery Branch Finance Corps Infantry Branch Inspector General 's Corps Judge Advocate General 's Corps Logistics Branch Medical Corps Medical Service Corps Medical Specialist Corps Military Intelligence Corps Military Police Corps Nurse Corps Ordnance Corps Psychological Operations Quartermaster Corps Signal Corps Special Forces Transportation Corps Veterinary Corps Installations United States and Overseas Germany Kosovo Kuwait South Korea Training Basic Training BOLC ROTC ( ECP ) OCS WOBC WOCS Military Academy ( West Point ) MOS Uniforms and insignia Awards and decorations Badges Branch Officer Warrant Enlisted World War I World War II Uniforms Equipment Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles Premier ensembles Army Field Band Army Band Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps West Point Band History and traditions History Continental Army Union Army National Army Army of the United States Center of Military History Institute of Heraldry America 's Army Army Art Program Flag National Museum West Point Museum Rangers U.S. Army Regimental System Soldier 's Creed `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' Division nicknames Draft Service numbers Category Portal United States Air Force Leadership Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four - star generals House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Structure Commands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major Commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSPC AFSOC AMC PACAF USAFE - AFA Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty - Second Twenty - Fourth Twenty - Fifth Air Forces Central Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary : Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Airmen Rank officers enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General 's Corps RED HORSE Security Forces Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training : Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces `` The U.S. Air Force '' Air Force Band Airman 's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Women Airforce Service Pilots Air Force One Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Category United States Air Force portal United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Africa Central European Indo - Pacific Northern Southern Cyber Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs Officers ' clubs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard NDL : 00572371 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_of_the_United_States&oldid=850261289 '' Categories : 1636 establishments in Massachusetts National Guard of the United States United States Army United States Air Force Military units and formations established in 1636 Militia of the United States Reserve forces of the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 19 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many members of the national guard are there | [
"National Guard of the United States\nActive\nEnglish colonial government militias: since December 13, 1636\n\nAs \"National Guard\": since 1824 in New York, since 1903 nationwide\nDual state-federal reserve forces: since 1933\nCountry\n United StatesAllegiance\nFederal (10 U.S.C. § E)State and territorial (32 U.S.C.)Branch\n United States Army United States Air ForceRole\nReserve component of the U.S. Armed ForcesMilitia of the United StatesSize\n450,100[note 1]Part of\n National Guard BureauGarrison/HQ\nAll 50 U.S. states, and organized U.S. territories, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the District of ColumbiaNickname(s)\n\"Air Guard\"\"Army Guard\"Motto(s)\n\"Always Ready, Always There!\"CommandersChief of the National Guard Bureau\nGeneral Joseph L. Lengyel, USAFInsigniaSeal of the Army National Guard\nSeal of the Air National Guard\n"
] | [
"450,100"
] |
-7346815694834390822 | The Naked Truth (How I Met Your Mother) | The Naked Truth ( How I Met Your Mother ) - Wikipedia The Naked Truth ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` The Naked Truth '' How I Met Your Mother -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2015 ) `` The Naked Truth '' How I Met Your Mother episode Episode no . Season 7 Episode 2 Directed by Pamela Fryman Written by Stephen Lloyd Production code 7ALH02 Original air date September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Nazanin Boniadi ( Nora ) Martin Short ( Garrison Cootes ) Jimmi Simpson ( Pete Durkenson ) Ashley Williams ( Victoria ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Best Man '' Next → `` Ducky Tie '' `` The Naked Truth '' is the second episode of the seventh season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother , and the 138th episode overall . It first aired on September 19 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Critical response 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marshall is still hungover after Punchy 's wedding , and makes a `` sweeping declaration '' that he will henceforth permanently stay sober . Future Ted says that Marshall 's `` sweeping declarations '' typically do n't work . Marshall receives a call from Garrison Cootes , a partner at one of the nation 's largest environmental law firms . He tells Marshall that the company is `` very interested '' in Marshall 's application for employment , and he will receive a job offer after the company completes an extensive background check . The danger of a background check concerns Marshall , who fears that a college - era video of him streaking through Wesleyan calling himself `` Beercules '' , which is now available online , could result in Garrison 's dropping the job offer . Marshall contacts the uploader , Pete Durkensen , an old college acquaintance , and asks him to remove the video . However , Marshall ends up getting drunk and streaking again , the effect of playing Edward Fortyhands with Pete , although Pete originally wanted to play Darts , and thus another `` Beercules '' video is uploaded . Pete 's refusal to take it down prompts Lily to blackmail him with information that she claims to have received from women who dated him in college . Eventually , Garrison does see the video , but offers Marshall a job anyway ; the video is not an issue with him . Later , Pete calls Marshall and offers to remove the video , but Marshall refuses . Thinking about a date with Nora , Barney appears to the gang in a leg cast and using crutches ; he hopes to use these to gain Nora 's sympathy . He meets Nora at a 24 - hour diner , where he is forced to explain to her all the plays he ever made on women , one of which irks a woman in an adjoining booth who overhears the conversation ; she turns out to be one of Barney 's previous conquests . Nora leaves , still angry at Barney for lying to her . To prove to Nora that he will never lie to her again , Barney vows not to leave the diner until she agrees to a second date . The gang eats at the diner nine hours later and sees Barney wake up . He refuses to make an order several times , and true to his word , does stay at the diner the whole time , which convinces Nora when she comes back . Ted capitalizes on being featured in New York magazine , speaking to women at newsstands when they pick up a copy of the magazine . He befriends 16 people , 13 of them being women , and dates two women from amongst them on separate occasions . With Lily 's and Robin 's help , he must decide on one of the women as a date to the exclusive `` Architect 's Ball '' . Robin thinks that the event will be boring , but hints that she would like to become Ted 's date when he mentions that Lenny Kravitz will be at the event , since she is an avid fan of the rock star . Ted winds up taking Robin to the gala , where she discovers that the Lenny Kravitz Ted was referring to is an old architect , Leonard Kravitz . Disappointed , Robin leaves the party . Future Ted tells his kids that a person will know for sure about falling in love `` pretty quickly and with absolute certainty . '' While looking at the gala guests , he sees his former girlfriend Victoria arranging cupcakes at a table and they establish eye contact . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B. Robert Canning of IGN gave the show an 8 out of 10 . Angel Cohn of Television Without Pity gave the episode a C . Despite the show being in its 7th season this episode premiered to 12.22 million viewers , making it the show 's third most watched episode to date , only behind the two - part series finale `` Last Forever '' and season one 's `` The Pineapple Incident '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Listings of How I Met Your Mother at ' The Futon Critic ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What to watch , Best Bets : How I Met Your Mother '' , The Elkhart Truth , B6 , News section , reprint at eedition.ottawa.24hrs.ca , January 23 , 2012 , retrieved March 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kelsea Stahler ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Katie Holmes is a Slutty Pumpkin for ' How I Met Your Mother ' '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Donna Bowman ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` '' The Best Man `` / '' The Naked Truth `` '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Canning . `` How I Met Your Mother Review : The Naked Truth '' . IGN . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Angel Cohn ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : The Naked Truth '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' DWTS Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2It . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` The Naked Truth '' on IMDb ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 6 7 8 9 Season 7 `` The Best Man '' `` The Naked Truth '' `` Ducky Tie '' `` The Stinson Missile Crisis '' `` Field Trip '' `` Mystery vs. History '' `` Noretta '' `` The Slutty Pumpkin Returns '' `` Disaster Averted '' `` Tick , Tick , Tick ... '' `` The Rebound Girl '' `` Symphony of Illumination '' `` Tailgate '' `` 46 Minutes '' `` The Burning Beekeeper '' `` The Drunk Train '' `` No Pressure '' `` Karma '' `` Trilogy Time '' `` Now We 're Even '' `` Good Crazy '' `` The Magician 's Code '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Naked_Truth_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=808186979 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother ( season 7 ) episodes 2011 American television episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 11 : 56 . About Wikipedia | who played edward 40 hands how i met your mother | [
"Marshall is still hungover after Punchy's wedding, and makes a \"sweeping declaration\" that he will henceforth permanently stay sober. Future Ted says that Marshall's \"sweeping declarations\" typically don't work. Marshall receives a call from Garrison Cootes, a partner at one of the nation's largest environmental law firms. He tells Marshall that the company is \"very interested\" in Marshall's application for employment, and he will receive a job offer after the company completes an extensive background check. The danger of a background check concerns Marshall, who fears that a college-era video of him streaking through Wesleyan calling himself \"Beercules\", which is now available online, could result in Garrison's dropping the job offer.[2] Marshall contacts the uploader, Pete Durkensen, an old college acquaintance, and asks him to remove the video. However, Marshall ends up getting drunk and streaking again, the effect of playing Edward Fortyhands with Pete, although Pete originally wanted to play Darts, and thus another \"Beercules\" video is uploaded. Pete's refusal to take it down prompts Lily to blackmail him with information that she claims to have received from women who dated him in college. Eventually, Garrison does see the video, but offers Marshall a job anyway; the video is not an issue with him. Later, Pete calls Marshall and offers to remove the video, but Marshall refuses.",
"Marshall is still hungover after Punchy's wedding, and makes a \"sweeping declaration\" that he will henceforth permanently stay sober. Future Ted says that Marshall's \"sweeping declarations\" typically don't work. Marshall receives a call from Garrison Cootes, a partner at one of the nation's largest environmental law firms. He tells Marshall that the company is \"very interested\" in Marshall's application for employment, and he will receive a job offer after the company completes an extensive background check. The danger of a background check concerns Marshall, who fears that a college-era video of him streaking through Wesleyan calling himself \"Beercules\", which is now available online, could result in Garrison's dropping the job offer.[2] Marshall contacts the uploader, Pete Durkensen, an old college acquaintance, and asks him to remove the video. However, Marshall ends up getting drunk and streaking again, the effect of playing Edward Fortyhands with Pete, although Pete originally wanted to play Darts, and thus another \"Beercules\" video is uploaded. Pete's refusal to take it down prompts Lily to blackmail him with information that she claims to have received from women who dated him in college. Eventually, Garrison does see the video, but offers Marshall a job anyway; the video is not an issue with him. Later, Pete calls Marshall and offers to remove the video, but Marshall refuses."
] | [
"Marshall",
"Pete Durkensen"
] |
-8942693796004139638 | The House on Mango Street | The House on Mango Street - wikipedia The House on Mango Street The House on Mango Street 1984 edition Author Sandra Cisneros Cover artist illustration : Nivia Gonzalez design : Lorraine Louie lettering : Henry Sene Yee Country United States Language English Genre Coming - of - age story , novella , a book of vignettes Published 1984 ( Arte Público Press ) Media type Print ( Hardcover , Paperback , & library binding ) , audio cassette , and audio CD Pages 110 ( 2nd edition , paperback ) ISBN 0 - 679 - 73477 - 5 ( 2nd edition , paperback ) OCLC 81009584 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 54 20 LC Class PS3553. I78 H6 1991 The House on Mango Street is a 1984 coming - of - age novel by Mexican - American writer Sandra Cisneros . It deals with Esperanza Cordero , a young Latina girl , and her life growing up in Chicago with Chicanos and Puerto Ricans . Esperanza is determined to `` say goodbye '' to her impoverished Latino neighborhood by turning to a life on the streets . Major themes include her quest for a better life and the importance of her promise to come back for `` the ones ( she ) left behind '' . The novel has been critically acclaimed , and has also become a New York Times Bestseller . It has also been adapted into a stage play by Tanya Saracho . Contents 1 Plot 2 Genre 3 Autobiographical elements 4 Critical reception 5 Publication history 6 See also 7 References Plot ( edit ) The story begins with Esperanza , the protagonist , describing how her family arrived at the house on Mango Street . Before the family settled in their new house , they moved around frequently . The reader develops a sense of Esperanza 's observant and descriptive nature as she begins the novel with descriptions of minute behaviors and observations about her family members . Though Esperanza 's age is never revealed to the reader , it is implied that she is about thirteen . She begins to write as a way of expressing herself and as a way to escape the suffocating effect of the neighborhood . The novel also includes the stories of many of Esperanza 's neighbors , providing a picture of the neighborhood and offering examples of the many influences surrounding her . Esperanza quickly befriends Lucy and Rachel Guerrero , two Texan girls who live across the street . Lucy , Rachel , Esperanza , and Esperanza 's little sister , Nenny , have many adventures in the small space of their neighborhood . As the vignettes progress , the novel depicts Esperanza 's budding personal maturity and developing world outlook . Esperanza later slips into puberty and likes it when a boy watches her dance at a baptism party . Esperanza 's newfound views lead her to become friends with Sally , a girl her age who wears black nylon stockings , makeup , high heels , and short skirts , and uses boys as an escape from her abusive father . Sally , a beautiful girl according to her father , can get into trouble with being as beautiful as she is . Esperanza is not completely comfortable with Sally 's sexuality . Their friendship is compromised when Sally ditches Esperanza for a boy at a carnival . As a result , Esperanza is sexually assaulted by a man at the carnival . Earlier at her first job , an elderly man tricked her into kissing him on the lips . Esperanza 's traumatic experiences and observations of the women in her neighborhood cement her desire to escape Mango Street . She later realizes that she will never fully be able to leave Mango Street behind . She vows that after she leaves she will return to help the people she has left behind . Esperanza exclaims that Mango Street does not hold her in both arms ; instead , which sets her free . Genre ( edit ) The House on Mango Street is made up of vignettes that are not quite poems and not quite full stories . Not wanting to write directly about herself , Cisneros constructs the book in a combnation of genres pulling mantles of poetry , autobiography , and fiction . Certain parts of the book directly reflect Cisneros ' life , while others stray . Esperanza narrates these vignettes in first - person present tense , focusing on her day - to - day activities but sometimes narrating sections that are a series of observations . The vignettes can be as short as two or three paragraphs long and sometimes contain internal rhymes . In `` The Family of Little Feet '' for example , Esperanza says : `` Their arms were little , and their hands were little , and their height was not tall , and their feet very small . '' Each vignette can stand as an independent story . These vignettes do n't follow a complete or chronological narrative , although they often mention characters introduced in earlier sections . The conflicts and problems in these short stories are never fully resolved , just as the futures of people in the neighborhood are often uncertain . The overall tone of the novel is earnest and intimate , with very little distance between the reader and the narrator . The tone varies from pessimistic to hopeful , as Esperanza herself sometimes expresses her jaded views on life : `` I knew then I had to have a house . A real house . One I could point to . But this is n't it . The house on Mango Street is n't it . For the time being , Mama says . Temporary , says Papa . But I know how those things go . '' The set of vignettes charts her life as Esperanza Cordero grows during the year : both physically and emotionally . Cisneros asserts that the goal of The House on Mango Street was to make the novel accessible to everyone . She wrote the book initially as a catharsis , not realizing that it would eventually represent a voice for Latinos and become enveloped in the works of great Latino literature . She wanted it to be lyrical enough to be appreciated by poetry enthusiasts , but also accessible enough that laymen could read and enjoy the novel . She desired the book to resonate with children , adults , and ages in between , and in totality chose to keep the novel short so that even the busiest of parents and adults who worked long shifts like her father always had , could still find time to read it . Autobiographical elements ( edit ) Sandra Cisneros ' early life was a subject she would later draw on as a writer in books like The House on Mango Street . She was the only daughter among seven children in her family . Cisneros ' family and father specifically did not initially support her writing . Her father never wanted her to be an author . When she was growing up , the only famous Latinas were those on TV , and in the seventies they were seen most often on television as weather girls . Cisneros and her father envisioned her as a newscaster for that reason . Despite a lacking support system , Cisneros continued to pursue writing , and used her life to inspire her early works . The House on Mango Street includes information inspired by her life . The story also is about the subject of migration , and about the struggles of her life during it , which included poverty , as well as misogyny . Cisneros first began writing about the protagonist , Esperanza , when she had just finished graduate school . Cisneros created Esperanza from personal feelings of displacement she had while writing . She had recently graduated from the University of Iowa and had felt marginalized as a person of color , a woman , and an individual of lower socioeconomic status . The House on Mango Street became a way for her to solidify her identities through reflection in writing . Esperanza is one of four children , with a younger sister and two younger brothers . In reality , Cisneros was the middle child and only girl with six brothers , two older and four younger . While writing , Cisneros explains that because she was new to fiction , she initially craved simplicity , which resulted in Esperanza 's family being smaller than her actual family had been . She believed it would be easier to write about fewer family members . Critical reception ( edit ) Acclaimed by critics , The House on Mango Street has been translated into various languages and has been taught in schools across the United States and Canada . The book received highly positive reception upon release and has been re-issued in a 25th Anniversary Edition . The novel has especially earned high praise from the Latino / Latina community . Oscar Hijuelos , the first Hispanic writer to win a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction , said that the novel has `` conveyed the Southwestern Latino experience with verve , charm , and passion . '' The book won her the American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation ( 1985 ) . After the initial release , the response to The House on Mango Street by the public and various academics was varied . Much of the critical reception surrounding the novel stems from the sexual content present throughout multiple scenes . During the `` Red Clowns '' chapter of the novel , Esperanza is raped by a male who repeatedly defines her as a `` Spanish girl '' whom he loves . Critics argued that the suspected audience of the book was perceived to be too young for this content . Protesters are seen in June 2011 in support of the Tucson Unified School District 's Mexican - American studies program . A new state law effectively ended the program saying it was divisive . Despite its high praise in the realm of Latino literature , The House on Mango Street has also received criticism and has been banned from some school curriculums . In response to these criticisms as well as the removal of the MAS program from TUSD schools , teachers , authors , and activists headed by Tony Diaz , a teacher from the MAS program formed a caravan in spring of 2012 that moved across the southwest conducting workshops in major cities . The caravan , called the Librotraficante Project , originated at the Alamo and ended in Tucson orchestrating workshops distributing books that had been removed with the curriculum , and informing attendees of H.B. 2281 . Though The House on Mango Street was never removed from TUSD 's curriculum and continued to be taught in middle and high school English classes within TUSD , Cisneros traveled with the caravan reading The House on Mango Street and ran workshops about Chicano literature . She brought numerous copies of the book with her , distributed them , and discussed thematic implications of her novel as well as talked about the book 's autobiographical elements . Parents and education boards in other areas have found the content to be too graphic / real for children of a young age . In response to this categorization as a children 's novel , Cisernos replies that even though it 's marketed as a young people 's book , the range of readers stems all the way to college level students . Cisernos ' novel has one general theme : to promote individuality and drive within individuals which will conversely promote a distaste for conformity and cultural labeling . Much of the critical reception surrounding the book today recants this theme due to its suspected negative effects on individuals challenging superior powers such as the government and educational institutions . Publication history ( edit ) 1984 , The United States , Arte Público Press ISBN 0 - 934770 - 20 - 4 , Pub date 1 January 1984 , paperback 1991 , The United States , Vintage Contemporaries ISBN 0 - 679 - 73477 - 5 , Pub date 3 April 1991 , paperback See also ( edit ) Chicago literature Chicano literature References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cisneros , Sandra ( 1991 ) . The House on Mango Street . Vintage Contemporaries . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73477 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cisneros , The House on Mango Street , p. 39 Jump up ^ Cisneros , The House on Mango Street , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Cisneros , Sandra ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) . `` House on Mango Street Celebrates 25 Years '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/0679734775 Jump up ^ Hijuelos , Oscar . `` José Rubén De León Takes a Stab At ' The House on Mango Street '' . San Antonio Current . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ American Booksellers Association ( 2013 ) . `` The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation ( 1980 -- 2012 ) '' . BookWeb . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . 1985 ( ... ) The House on Mango Street , Sandra Cisneros ^ Jump up to : Petty , Leslie . `` Literature Resource Center - Document - Re-Envisioning Chicano Cultural Archetypes : The ' Dual ' - ing Images of la Malinche and la Virgen de Guadalupe in Sandra Cisneros 's The House on Mango Street '' . go.galegroup.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Cisneros , Sandra . `` Spiritual Sustenance : Interview with Sandra Cisneros '' . go.galegroup.com . Susquehanna University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hoinski , Michael ( 2012 - 03 - 08 ) . `` GTT , The Papers Trail , San Antonio '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Valeria ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Librotraficantes Bring Banned Books into Arizona '' . New America Media . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Satz , Martha . `` Returning to One 's House : An Interview with Sandra Cisneros '' . go.galegroup.com . Gale Cengage Learning . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Matchie , Thomas . `` Literary Continuity in Sandra Cisneros 's The House on Mango Street '' . go.galegroup.com . Gale . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Sandra Cisneros Works Bad Boys ( 1980 ) The House on Mango Street ( 1984 ) My Wicked , Wicked Ways ( 1987 ) Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories ( 1991 ) Hairs = Pelitos ( 1994 ) Loose woman : Poems ( 1994 ) Caramelo , or , Pure Cuento : A Novel ( 2002 ) Vintage Cisneros ( 2004 ) Contributed to Days and Nights of Love and War ( 2000 ) Family Pictures / Cuadros de Familia ( 2005 ) Emergency Tacos : Seven Poets Con Picante ( 2007 ) List of works Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_on_Mango_Street&oldid=843822997 '' Categories : 1984 American novels Novels by Sandra Cisneros Hispanic and Latino American novels Novels set in Chicago Chicano literature American bildungsromans American Book Award - winning works Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 18 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does esperanza live in the house on mango street | [
"The House on Mango Street is a 1984 coming-of-age novel by Mexican-American writer Sandra Cisneros. It deals with Esperanza Cordero, a young Latina girl, and her life growing up in Chicago with Chicanos and Puerto Ricans. Esperanza is determined to \"say goodbye\"[1] to her impoverished Latino neighborhood by turning to a life on the streets. Major themes include her quest for a better life and the importance of her promise to come back for \"the ones [she] left behind\".[1] The novel has been critically acclaimed, and has also become a New York Times Bestseller. It has also been adapted into a stage play by Tanya Saracho.\n"
] | [
"Chicago"
] |
4091422228616325266 | Minor Details | Minor Details - Wikipedia Minor Details Minor Details Directed by John Lyde Produced by John Lyde Leah Faber Anne Edwards Sally Meyer Written by Sally Meyer Anne Edwards Starring Kelsey Edwards Caitlin EJ Meyer Danielle Chuchran Lauren Faber Jennette McCurdy Savannah Jayde Gipson Emma Duke Brady Edwards Andrew Cottrill Elijah Thomas Music by Brittnee Belt Robert Allen Elliott Cinematography John Lyde Edited by John Lyde Production company Mainstay Productions Distributed by SunWorld Pictures Release date January 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) Country United States Language English Minor Details is a 2009 mystery film by John Lyde of MainStay Productions and written by Sally Meyer and Anne M. Edwards starring Kelsey Edwards , Caitlin EJ Meyer , Danielle Chuchran , Lauren Faber , Jennette McCurdy , Emma Duke , Savannah Jayde Gipson , Brady Edwards , Andrew Cottrill , and Elijah Thomas playing students at the boarding school Danforth Academy trying to discover why a mysterious epidemic of sickness is starting to take over the school . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 References 4 External links Premise ( edit ) During the film , someone is trying to make the students sick at the upscale boarding school , Danforth Academy . Teenagers Abby , Paige , Claire , and Taylor join forces to solve the mystery . Other teenagers , who could be potential suspects , include Mia and Riley - two girls who have everything that money can buy ; Emily - the know - it - all Principal 's daughter ; the wacky Sean Meneskie , and the school 's strange Professor Plume . The four best friends must find out who it is . In the end they figured out that the culprit was Mia , she did this so her father could earn more money to pay for her modeling camp . She tricked everyone into thinking the cafeteria food was contaminated so they would buy food from the vending machines ( which is her father 's business ) Cast ( edit ) Kelsey Edwards as Abby Caitlin EJ Meyer as Paige Danielle Chuchran as Claire Lauren Faber as Taylor Jennette McCurdy as Mia Emma Duke as Emily Savannah Jayde as Riley Brady Edwards as Brad Andrew Cottrill as Sean Steve Anderson as Professor Plume Susanne Sutchy as Principal Littman Elijah Thomas as Ethan Frank Gerrish as Sgt . Aimes Charan Prabhakar as Coach Johnson Danor Gerald as Oscar Clara Susan Morey II as Nurse Betty JJ Neward as Karen Christy Summerhays as Pauline Shauna Thompson as Shelly Joel Bishop as Tom Dakota Edwards as Ben Jennifer Klekas as Coach Hallows Tori Ramert as Samantha Colleen Baum as Elsie Samantha Endicott as Gracie Rachelle Faber as Janis Ruby Chase as Meena ( as Ruby Chase O'Neil ) Tatiana Galindo as Lindsay Whitney Lee as Vanessa Sloane Endicott as Waitress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Minor Details ( 2009 ) - Plot Summary - IMDb External links ( edit ) Minor Details on IMDb This article about a mystery film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minor_Details&oldid=850826593 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s mystery films American mystery films Mystery film stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 05 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is making everyone sick in minor details | [
"During the film, someone is trying to make the students sick at the upscale boarding school, Danforth Academy. Teenagers Abby, Paige, Claire, and Taylor join forces to solve the mystery. Other teenagers, who could be potential suspects, include Mia and Riley - two girls who have everything that money can buy; Emily - the know-it-all Principal's daughter; the wacky Sean Meneskie, and the school's strange Professor Plume. The four best friends must find out who it is. In the end they figured out that the culprit was Mia, she did this so her father could earn more money to pay for her modeling camp. She tricked everyone into thinking the cafeteria food was contaminated so they would buy food from the vending machines (which is her father's business) [1]\n"
] | [
"Mia"
] |
1015729085850235489 | Maslow's hierarchy of needs | Maslow 's hierarchy of needs - wikipedia Maslow 's hierarchy of needs Jump to : navigation , search Maslow 's hierarchy of needs , represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper `` A Theory of Human Motivation '' in Psychological Review . Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans ' innate curiosity . His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology , some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans . Maslow used the terms `` physiological '' , `` safety '' , `` belonging and love '' , `` esteem '' , `` self - actualization '' , and `` self - transcendence '' to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through . The goal of Maslow 's Theory is to attain the sixth level or stage : self transcendent needs . Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert Einstein , Jane Addams , Eleanor Roosevelt , and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people , writing that `` the study of crippled , stunted , immature , and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy . '' Maslow studied the healthiest 1 % of the college student population . Maslow 's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality . The hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research , management training and secondary and higher psychology instruction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hierarchy 1.1 Physiological needs 1.2 Safety needs 1.3 Social belonging 1.4 Esteem 1.5 Self - actualization 1.6 Self - transcendence 2 Application to Nursing 2.1 The Human Dimensions and Basic Human Needs 3 Research 4 Criticism 4.1 Ranking 4.1. 1 Global ranking 4.1. 2 Ranking of sex 4.1. 3 Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance 4.2 Definition of terms 4.2. 1 Self - actualization 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Hierarchy ( edit ) Alternative illustration as dynamic hierarchy of needs with overlaps of different needs at same time Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest , most fundamental needs at the bottom and the need for self - actualization and self - transcendence at the top . The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called `` deficiency needs '' or `` d - needs '' : esteem , friendship and love , security , and physical needs . If these `` deficiency needs '' are not met -- with the exception of the most fundamental ( physiological ) need -- there may not be a physical indication , but the individual will feel anxious and tense . Maslow 's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire ( or focus motivation upon ) the secondary or higher level needs . Maslow also coined the term `` metamotivation '' to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment . The human brain is a complex system and has parallel processes running at the same time , thus many different motivations from various levels of Maslow 's hierarchy can occur at the same time . Maslow spoke clearly about these levels and their satisfaction in terms such as `` relative '' , `` general '' , and `` primarily '' . Instead of stating that the individual focuses on a certain need at any given time , Maslow stated that a certain need `` dominates '' the human organism . Thus Maslow acknowledged the likelihood that the different levels of motivation could occur at any time in the human mind , but he focused on identifying the basic types of motivation and the order in which they would tend to be met . Physiological needs ( edit ) Physiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival . If these requirements are not met , the human body can not function properly and will ultimately fail . Physiological needs are thought to be the most important ; they should be met first . This is the first and basic need on the hierarchy of needs . Without them , the other needs can not follow up . Physiological needs include : Air ( Breathing ) Water Food Sexual instinct Sleep Clothing Shelter Safety needs ( edit ) Once a person 's physiological needs are relatively satisfied , their safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior . In the absence of physical safety -- due to war , natural disaster , family violence , childhood abuse , etc. -- people may ( re - ) experience post-traumatic stress disorder or transgenerational trauma . In the absence of economic safety -- due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities -- these safety needs manifest themselves in ways such as a preference for job security , grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority , savings accounts , insurance policies , disability accommodations , etc . This level is more likely to predominate in children as they generally have a greater need to feel safe . Safety and Security needs include : Personal security Financial security Health and well - being Safety needs against accidents / illness and their adverse impacts Social belonging ( edit ) After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled , the third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness . This need is especially strong in childhood and it can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents . Deficiencies within this level of Maslow 's hierarchy -- due to hospitalism , neglect , shunning , ostracism , etc. -- can adversely affect the individual 's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general . Social Belonging needs include : Friendships Intimacy Family According to Maslow , humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among social groups , regardless whether these groups are large or small . For example , some large social groups may include clubs , co-workers , religious groups , professional organizations , sports teams , gangs , and online communities . Some examples of small social connections include family members , intimate partners , mentors , colleagues , and confidants . Humans need to love and be loved -- both sexually and non-sexually -- by others . Many people become susceptible to loneliness , social anxiety , and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element . This need for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs , depending on the strength of the peer pressure . Esteem ( edit ) Esteem needs are ego needs or status needs develop a concern with getting recognition , status , importance , and respect from others . All humans have a need to feel respected ; this includes the need to have self - esteem and self - respect . Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others . People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition . These activities give the person a sense of contribution or value . Low self - esteem or an inferiority complex may result from imbalances during this level in the hierarchy . People with low self - esteem often need respect from others ; they may feel the need to seek fame or glory . However , fame or glory will not help the person to build their self - esteem until they accept who they are internally . Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder the person from obtaining a higher level of self - esteem or self - respect . Most people have a need for stable self - respect and self - esteem . Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs : a `` lower '' version and a `` higher '' version . The `` lower '' version of esteem is the need for respect from others . This may include a need for status , recognition , fame , prestige , and attention . The `` higher '' version manifests itself as the need for self - respect . For example , the person may have a need for strength , competence , mastery , self - confidence , independence , and freedom . This `` higher '' version takes precedence over the `` lower '' version because it relies on an inner competence established through experience . Deprivation of these needs may lead to an inferiority complex , weakness , helplessness etc ... Maslow states that while he originally thought the needs of humans had strict guidelines , the `` hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated '' . This means that esteem and the subsequent levels are not strictly separated ; instead , the levels are closely related . Self - actualization ( edit ) Main article : Self - actualization `` What a man can be , he must be . '' This quotation forms the basis of the perceived need for self - actualization . This level of need refers to what a person 's full potential is and the realization of that potential . Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can , to become the most that one can be . Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically . For example , one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent . In another , the desire may be expressed athletically . For others , it may be expressed in paintings , pictures , or inventions . As previously mentioned , Maslow believed that to understand this level of need , the person must not only achieve the previous needs , but master them . Self - transcendence ( edit ) Main article : Self - transcendence In his later years , Abraham Maslow explored a further dimension of needs , while criticizing his own vision on self - actualization . By this later theory , the self only finds its actualization in giving itself to some higher outside goal , in altruism and spirituality . He equated this with the desire to reach the infinite . `` Transcendence refers to the very highest and most inclusive or holistic levels of human consciousness , behaving and relating , as ends rather than means , to oneself , to significant others , to human beings in general , to other species , to nature , and to the cosmos '' ( Farther Reaches of Human Nature , New York 1971 , p. 269 ) . Application to nursing ( edit ) Nurses can apply Maslow 's hierarchy of basic needs in the assessment , planning , implementation , and evaluation of patient care . It helps the nurse identify unmet needs as they become health care needs , and allows the nurse to locate the patient on the health - illness continuum and to incorporate the human dimensions and health models into meeting needs . The human dimensions and basic human needs ( edit ) Physical dimension Physiologic needs Breathing , circulation , temperature , intake of food and fluids , elimination of wastes , movement . Environmental dimension Safety and security needs Housing , community , climate . Sociocultural dimension Love and belonging needs Relationships with others , communications with others , support systems , being part of community , feeling loved by others . Emotional dimension Self - esteem needs Hope , joy , curiosity , happiness , accepting Self . Intellectual and spiritual dimensions Self - actualization needs Thinking , learning , decision making , values , beliefs , fulfillment , helping others . All basic human needs are interrelated and may require nursing actions at more than one level at a given time . For example , in caring for a person coming into the emergency department with a heart attack , the nurse 's immediate concern in the patient 's physiologic needs ( e.g. , oxygen and pain relief ) . At the same time , safety needs ( e.g. , for ensuring that the person does not fall off the examining table ) and love and belonging needs ( e.g. , for having a family member nearby if possible ) are still major considerations . Research ( edit ) Recent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs , although the hierarchy proposed by Maslow is called into question . Following World War II , the unmet needs of homeless and orphaned children presented difficulties that were often addressed with the help of attachment theory , which was initially based on Maslow and others ' developmental psychology work by John Bowlby . Originally dealing primarily with maternal deprivation and concordant losses of essential and primal needs , attachment theory has since been extended to provide explanations of nearly all the human needs in Maslow 's hierarchy , from sustenance and mating to group membership and justice . Criticism ( edit ) Ranking ( edit ) Global ranking ( edit ) In their extensive review of research based on Maslow 's theory , Wahba and Bridwell found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all . The order in which the hierarchy is arranged has been criticized as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede . Maslow 's hierarchy of needs fails to illustrate and expand upon the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies . The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies tend to be more self - centered than those in collectivist societies , focusing on improvement of the self , with self - actualization being the apex of self - improvement . In collectivist societies , the needs of acceptance and community will outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality . Ranking of sex ( edit ) The position and value of sex on the pyramid has also been a source of criticism regarding Maslow 's hierarchy . Maslow 's hierarchy places sex in the physiological needs category along with food and breathing ; it lists sex solely from an individualistic perspective . For example , sex is placed with other physiological needs which must be satisfied before a person considers `` higher '' levels of motivation . Some critics feel this placement of sex neglects the emotional , familial , and evolutionary implications of sex within the community , although others point out that this is true of all of the basic needs . Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance ( edit ) The higher - order ( self - esteem and self - actualization ) and lower - order ( physiological , safety , and love ) needs classification of Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is not universal and may vary across cultures due to individual differences and availability of resources in the region or geopolitical entity / country . In one study , exploratory factor analysis ( EFA ) of a thirteen item scale showed there were two particularly important levels of needs in the US during the peacetime of 1993 to 1994 : survival ( physiological and safety ) and psychological ( love , self - esteem , and self - actualization ) . In 1991 , a retrospective peacetime measure was established and collected during the Persian Gulf War and US citizens were asked to recall the importance of needs from the previous year . Once again , only two levels of needs were identified ; therefore , people have the ability and competence to recall and estimate the importance of needs . For citizens in the Middle East ( Egypt and Saudi Arabia ) , three levels of needs regarding importance and satisfaction surfaced during the 1990 retrospective peacetime . These three levels were completely different from those of the US citizens . Changes regarding the importance and satisfaction of needs from the retrospective peacetime to the wartime due to stress varied significantly across cultures ( the US vs. the Middle East ) . For the US citizens , there was only one level of needs since all needs were considered equally important . With regards to satisfaction of needs during the war , in the US there were three levels : physiological needs , safety needs , and psychological needs ( social , self - esteem , and self - actualization ) . During the war , the satisfaction of physiological needs and safety needs were separated into two independent needs while during peacetime , they were combined as one . For the people of the Middle East , the satisfaction of needs changed from three levels to two during wartime . A 1981 study looked at how Maslow 's hierarchy might vary across age groups . A survey asked participants of varying ages to rate a set number of statements from most important to least important . The researchers found that children had higher physical need scores than the other groups , the love need emerged from childhood to young adulthood , the esteem need was highest among the adolescent group , young adults had the highest self - actualization level , and old age had the highest level of security , it was needed across all levels comparably . The authors argued that this suggested Maslow 's hierarchy may be limited as a theory for developmental sequence since the sequence of the love need and the self - esteem need should be reversed according to age . Definition of terms ( edit ) Self - actualization ( edit ) The term `` self - actualization '' may not universally convey Maslow 's observations ; this motivation refers to focusing on becoming the best person that one can possibly strive for in the service of both the self and others . Maslow 's term of self - actualization might not properly portray the full extent of this level ; quite often , when a person is at the level of self - actualization , much of what they accomplish in general may benefit others , or `` the greater good '' . See also ( edit ) ERG theory , which further expands and explains Maslow 's theory Fundamental human needs , Manfred Max - Neef 's model Human givens defines a set of innate physical and emotional needs common to all human beings and a set of natural capabilities for getting these needs met . It suggests that mental illness is impossible when innate human needs are met in a balanced way . Need theory Positive disintegration References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs ^ Jump up to : Maslow , A.H. ( 1943 ) . `` A theory of human motivation '' . Psychological Review . 50 ( 4 ) : 370 -- 96 . doi : 10.1037 / h0054346 -- via psychclassics.yorku.ca . Jump up ^ M. , , Wills , Evelyn . Theoretical basis for nursing . ISBN 9781451190311 . OCLC 857664345 . ^ Jump up to : Maslow , A ( 1954 ) . Motivation and personality . New York , NY : Harper . ISBN 0 - 06 - 041987 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mittelman , W. ( 1991 ) . `` Maslow 's study of self - actualization : A reinterpretation '' . Journal of Humanistic Psychology . 31 ( 1 ) : 114 -- 135 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022167891311010 . Jump up ^ Kremer , William Kremer ; Hammond , Claudia ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Abraham Maslow and the pyramid that beguiled business '' . BBC news magazine . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Steere , B.F. ( 1988 ) . Becoming an effective classroom manager : A resource for teachers . Albany , NY : SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 620 - 8 . Jump up ^ Goble , F. ( 1970 ) . The third force : The psychology of Abraham Maslow . Richmond , CA : Maurice Bassett Publishing . pp. 62 . Jump up ^ A.H. Maslow , `` Critique of self - actualization theory '' , in : E. Hoffman ( Ed . ) , Future visions : The unpublished papers of Abraham Maslow ( Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage , 1996 ) , pp. 26 -- 32 Jump up ^ Cfr . A.H. Maslow , `` The farther reaches of human nature '' , in : Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 1 ( 1969 ) 1 , pp. 1 - 9 ; A. Maslow , The farther reaches of human nature ( New York : The Viking Press , 1971 ) ; Mark E. Koltko - Rivera , `` Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs : Self - Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory , Research , and Unification '' , in : Review of General Psychology 10 ( 2006 ) 4 , pp. 302 - 317 ( PDF ) ; Albert Garcia - Romeu , `` Self - transcendence as a measurable transpersonal construct '' , in : Journal of Transpersonal Psychology , 42 ( 2010 ) 1 , p. 26 - 47 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Carol . Fundamentals of Nursing : The Art and Science of Person - centered Nursing Care . 8th ed . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer , 2015 . Print . Jump up ^ Villarica , H. ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Maslow 2.0 : A new and improved recipe for happiness '' . theatlantic.com . Jump up ^ Tay , L. ; Diener , E. ( 2011 ) . `` Needs and subjective well - being around the world '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 101 ( 2 ) : 354 -- 365 . doi : 10.1037 / a0023779 . Jump up ^ Bretherton , I. ( 1992 ) . `` The Origins of Attachment Theory : John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth '' . Developmental Psychology . 28 ( 5 ) : 759 -- 775 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.28. 5.759 . Jump up ^ Bugental DB ( 2000 ) . `` Acquisition of the Algorithms of Social Life : A Domain - Based Approach '' . Psychological Bulletin . 126 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 219 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.126. 2.187 . PMID 10748640 . Jump up ^ Wahba , M.A. ; Bridwell , L.G. ( 1976 ) . `` Maslow reconsidered : A review of research on the need hierarchy theory '' . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 15 ( 2 ) : 212 -- 240 . doi : 10.1016 / 0030 - 5073 ( 76 ) 90038 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hofstede , G. ( 1984 ) . `` The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Management Review . 9 ( 3 ) : 389 -- 398 . doi : 10.5465 / amr. 1984.4279653 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cianci , R. ; Gambrel , P.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Maslow 's hierarchy of needs : Does it apply in a collectivist culture '' . Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship. 8 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Kenrick , D. ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Rebuilding Maslow 's pyramid on an evolutionary foundation '' . psychologytoday.com/ . Jump up ^ Kenrick , D.T. ; Griskevicius , V. ; Neuberg , S.L. ; Schaller , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Renovating the pyramid of needs : Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations '' . Perspectives on Psychological Science . 5 : 292 . doi : 10.1177 / 1745691610369469 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; West , W.B. ( 1997 ) . `` The importance of human needs during peacetime , retrospective peacetime , and the Persian Gulf War '' . International Journal of Stress Management . 4 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; Ibrahim , A.H. ( 1998 ) . `` Importance of human needs during retrospective peacetime and the Persian Gulf War : Mid-eastern employees '' . International Journal of Stress Management . 5 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; Ibrahim , A.H. ; West , W.B. ( 2002 ) . `` Effects of war - related stress on the satisfaction of human needs : The United States and the Middle East '' . International Journal of Management Theory and Practices. 3 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Goebel , B.L. ; Brown , D.R. ( 1981 ) . `` Age differences in motivation related to Maslow 's need hierarchy '' . Developmental Psychology . 17 : 809 -- 815 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.17. 6.809 . Further reading ( edit ) Heylighen , Francis ( 1992 ) . `` A cognitive - systemic reconstruction of maslow 's theory of self - actualization '' ( PDF ) . Behavioral Science . 37 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 58 . doi : 10.1002 / bs. 3830370105 . Kress , Oliver ( 1993 ) . `` A new approach to cognitive development : ontogenesis and the process of initiation '' . Evolution and Cognition . 2 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 332 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maslow 's hierarchy of needs . A Theory of Human Motivation , original 1943 article by Maslow . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs&oldid=832879603 '' Categories : Human development Interpersonal relationships Organizational behavior Personal development Personal life Developmental psychology Motivational theories Happiness Stage theories 1943 introductions Psychological concepts Positive psychology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 13 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | at the bottom of the hierarchy of needs is | [
"Physiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are thought to be the most important; they should be met first. This is the first and basic need on the hierarchy of needs. Without them, the other needs cannot follow up."
] | [
"Physiological needs"
] |
6005064217427271376 | Tidal range | Tidal range - wikipedia Tidal range Jump to : navigation , search The tidal range is the vertical difference between the high tide and the succeeding low tide . Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth . The tidal range is not constant but changes depending on the locations of the sun and the moon . The most extreme tidal range occurs during spring tides , when the gravitational forces of both the Sun and Moon are aligned ( syzygy ) , reinforcing each other in the same direction ( ( new moon ) ) ) or in opposite directions ( full moon ) . During neap tides , when the Moon and Sun 's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature ( making a right angle to the Earth 's orbit ) , the difference between high and low tides is smaller . Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of the moon 's phases . The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox , if coincidental with a spring tide . Tidal data for coastal areas is published by the national hydrographic service of the country concerned . Tidal data is based on astronomical phenomena and is predictable . Storm force winds blowing from a steady direction for a prolonged time interval combined with low barometric pressure can increase the tidal range , particularly in narrow bays . Such weather - related effects on the tide , which can cause ranges in excess of predicted values and can cause localized flooding , are not calculable in advance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Classification 3 See also 4 References Geography ( edit ) The typical tidal range in the open ocean is about 0.6 metres ( 2 feet ) . Closer to the coast , this range is much greater . Coastal tidal ranges vary globally and can differ anywhere from near zero to over 11 metres ( 38 feet ) . The exact range depends on the volume of water adjacent to the coast , and the geography of the basin the water sits in . Larger bodies of water have higher ranges , and the geography can act as a funnel amplifying or dispersing the tide . The world 's largest tidal range of 16.3 metres ( 53.5 feet ) occurs in Bay of Fundy , Canada , and the United Kingdom regularly experiences tidal ranges up to 15 metres between England and Wales in the Severn Estuary . The top 50 locations with the largest tidal ranges worldwide are listed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States . Some of the smallest tidal ranges occur in the Mediterranean , Baltic , and Caribbean Seas . A point within a tidal system where the tidal range is almost zero is called an amphidromic point . Classification ( edit ) The tidal range has been classified as : Micromareal , when the tidal range is lower than 2 metres . Mesomareal , when the tidal range is between 2 metres and 4 metres . Macromareal , when the tidal range is higher than 4 metres . See also ( edit ) Tide References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agencies ^ Jump up to : NOAA . `` FAQ2 Where are the highest tides ? '' . Retrieved 27 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ NOAA . `` It appears that the range of the tides gets larger the further the location from the equator . What causes this ? ? '' . Retrieved 27 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ NOAA . `` The highest tide in the world is in Canada '' . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Masselink , G. ; Short , A.D. ( 1993 ) . `` The effect of tidal range on beach morphodynamics and morphology : a conceptual beach model '' . Journal of Coastal Research . 9 ( 3 ) : 785 -- 800 . ISSN 0749 - 0208 . ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidal_range&oldid=805593009 '' Categories : Tides Oceanography Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Melayu Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 11 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the greatest range between consecutive high and low tides occurs at which lunar phase | [
"The most extreme tidal range occurs during spring tides, when the gravitational forces of both the Sun and Moon are aligned (syzygy), reinforcing each other in the same direction ([new moon]]) or in opposite directions (full moon). During neap tides, when the Moon and Sun's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature (making a right angle to the Earth's orbit), the difference between high and low tides is smaller. Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of the moon's phases. The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox, if coincidental with a spring tide."
] | [
"(full moon)."
] |
-8969973848417416015 | If You Don't Know Me by Now | If You Do n't Know Me by Now - wikipedia If You Do n't Know Me by Now Jump to : navigation , search `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' Single by Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes from the album I Miss You B - side `` Let Me Into Your World '' Released September 1972 Format 7 '' 45 RPM Genre R&B , soul Length 3 : 27 Label Philadelphia International Records Songwriter ( s ) Kenny Gamble , Leon Huff Producer ( s ) Kenny Gamble , Leon Huff Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes singles chronology `` I Miss You '' ( 1972 ) `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( 1972 ) `` Yesterday I Had the Blues '' ( 1973 ) `` I Miss You '' ( 1972 ) `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( 1972 ) `` Yesterday I Had the Blues '' ( 1973 ) `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' is a song written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff , and recorded by the Philly soul musical group Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes . It became their first hit after being released as a single in 1972 , topping the US R&B chart and peaking at number three on the US Pop chart . The song was originally written for Labelle ( a trio led by Patti LaBelle ) but they never recorded it . Much like the issue with `` I Miss You '' and The Dells passing on it , the song 's composers Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff gave the song to Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes , which featured Teddy Pendergrass as lead vocalist . In addition to the single release , the song was included on their debut album I Miss You . Patti LaBelle later made the song as part of her concert repertoire in 1982 . A live version appears on her 1985 album , Patti . It was later covered by the English pop / soul band Simply Red , also becoming their second best - known hit after reaching number one on the U.S. Hot 100 on July 15 , 1989 , and at number thirty - eight on the Hot Black Singles chart . It peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart . It also topped the Canadian Singles Chart . Seal recorded the song for his 2008 album Soul , and , in April 2009 , it became his first top - ten Adult Contemporary hit since `` Love 's Divine '' in 2004 ; the song was subsequently nominated for the Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Grammy . Rod Stewart also included this song on his 2009 album Soulbook . The song was chosen as one of the Songs of the Century by the RIAA . It was featured at the end of Michael Apted 's movie Class Action ( 1991 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Simply Red version 1.1 Track listings 1.2 Charts 1.2. 1 Weekly charts 1.2. 2 Year - end charts 2 Other cover versions 3 References 4 External links Simply Red version ( edit ) `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' Single by Simply Red from the album A New Flame B - side `` Move on Out '' Released March 27 , 1989 Format 7 '' single , 12 - inch single , CD single Genre Blue - eyed soul , jazz Length 3 : 24 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Kenny Gamble , Leon Huff Producer ( s ) Stewart Levine A New Flame track listing `` She 'll Have to Go '' ( 8 ) `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( 9 ) `` Enough '' ( 10 ) This version of the song is heard in the film American Psycho and appears in the game Karaoke Revolution Presents : American Idol . It is also available to download for the Xbox 360 game Lips , which contains the music video . According to the producer Stewart Levine , he did n't want too much orchestration on the record , and went with a two part - harmony instead of a three part - harmony . Hucknall admitted he loved Harold Melvin and the Blue Note 's version , and stated he danced to their music when he was only 13 . Their version won a Grammy Award for the Best R&B Song of 1989 . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' -- 3 : 23 `` Move on Out '' ( recorded Live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 5 : 18 12 '' single `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' -- 3 : 23 `` Move on Out '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 5 : 18 `` Shine '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 3 : 30 3 '' CD single `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' -- 3 : 23 `` Move on Out '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 5 : 18 `` Shine '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 3 : 30 `` Sugar Daddy '' -- 3 : 30 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 38 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 12 Other cover versions ( edit ) Jamaican reggae artists Zap Pow recorded a cover version of the song in 1976 . A cover by American country music artist Joe Stampley peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1989 . Hong Kong Canto - pop artist , Sandy Lam released her cover on `` The Story of Sandy Lam So Far '' in 2002 . British actor / comedian Ricky Gervais covered the song as his character David Brent in the UK TV series The Office Christmas specials in December 2003 . A music video was produced and released with the BBC 's The Office DVD set . American Idol contestant LaToya London additionally covered the song in the season compilation album American Idol Season 3 : Greatest Soul Classics in 2004 . In 2004 , saxophonist Gerald Albright covered the song for the album Kickin ' It Up . R&B singer Ciara interpolated the chorus of the song for her 2009 single , `` Never Ever '' , featuring Young Jeezy . The single is from her third album Fantasy Ride . The Voice of Holland contestant Ben Saunders covered this song for the 2010 - 2011 competition . His recorded version went straight to number one in the Netherlands . American Idol season 10 contestant Stefano Langone interpreted in 2011 a cover on an episode in which contestants were required to sing songs from the year they were born . Langone was born in 1989 . South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1989 album Uptownship . American Idol season 11 contestant Joshua Ledet covered this song during the 1980s week in 2012 . Country music artist , Martina McBride released a cover version on her studio album Everlasting in 2014 . English band Blue released a cover version on their album Colours in 2015 . American Idol season 15 winner Trent Harmon covered this song for his second to last song of the contest in 2016 . British artist Rod Stewart made a cover version included in his 2009 album Soulbook . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 393 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 528 . Jump up ^ Chart Beat , Billboard.com , April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 1992 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits . p. 736 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8298 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6403 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6438 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 51 , No. 8 , December 23 , 1989 '' . RPM . December 23 , 1999 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zap Pow - If You Do n't Know Me By Now '' . YouTube . 2012 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 319 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Kickin ' It Up overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Albright Biography '' . VerveMusicGroup.com . External links ( edit ) Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes version song review on AllMusic Preceded by `` I 'll Be Around '' by The Spinners Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number - one single ( Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes version ) November 18 -- 25 , 1972 Succeeded by `` You Ought to Be With Me '' by Al Green Preceded by `` Everlasting Love '' by Howard Jones Billboard Adult Contemporary ( chart ) number - one single ( Simply Red version ) June 24 , 1989 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Right Here Waiting '' by Richard Marx Preceded by `` Good Thing '' by Fine Young Cannibals Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Simply Red version ) July 15 , 1989 Succeeded by `` Toy Soldiers '' by Martika Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Harold Melvin Bernard Williams Roosevelt Brodie Jesse Gillis , Jr . Franklin Peaker John Atkins Teddy Pendergrass Lawrence Brown Bernard Wilson Lloyd Parks Jerry Cummings Sharon Paige David Ebo Dwight Johnson William Spratelly Gil Saunders Studio albums I Miss You Black & Blue To Be True Wake Up Everybody Reaching for the World Compilation albums Collectors ' Item : All Their Greatest Hits ! Singles `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' `` The Love I Lost '' `` Bad Luck '' `` Hope That We Can Be Together Soon '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Related articles Discography Philadelphia International Records Book : Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Patti LaBelle Studio albums Patti LaBelle Tasty It 's Alright with Me Released The Spirit 's in It I 'm in Love Again Patti Winner in You Be Yourself Burnin ' Gems Flame When a Woman Loves Timeless Journey Classic Moments The Gospel According to Patti LaBelle Christmas albums This Christmas Miss Patti 's Christmas Live albums Patti LaBelle Live ! Live ! One Night Only Live in Washington , D.C. Singles `` You Are My Friend '' `` Release ( The Tension ) '' `` I Do n't Go Shopping '' `` The Best Is Yet To Come '' ( with Grover Washington Jr . ) `` If Only You Knew '' `` Love Has Finally Come at Last '' ( with Bobby Womack ) `` Love , Need and Want You '' `` New Attitude '' `` Stir It Up '' `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now ( Part 1 ) '' `` On My Own '' ( with Michael McDonald ) `` Oh , People '' `` Kiss Away the Pain '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Yo Mister '' `` Feels Like Another One '' `` Somebody Loves You Baby ( You Know Who It Is ) '' `` When You 've Been Blessed ( Feels Like Heaven ) '' `` The Right Kinda Lover '' `` All This Love '' `` When You Talk About Love '' `` New Day '' Related articles Discography Labelle Labelle discography Simply Red singles Picture Book `` Money 's Too Tight ( to Mention ) '' `` Come to My Aid '' `` Holding Back the Years '' `` Jericho '' `` Open Up the Red Box '' Men and Women `` The Right Thing '' `` Infidelity '' `` Maybe Someday ... '' `` Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye '' `` I Wo n't Feel Bad '' A New Flame `` It 's Only Love '' `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' `` A New Flame '' `` You 've Got It '' Stars `` Something Got Me Started '' `` Stars '' `` For Your Babies '' `` Thrill Me '' `` Your Mirror '' Life `` Fairground '' `` Remembering the First Time '' `` Never Never Love '' `` We 're in This Together '' Greatest Hits `` Angel '' Blue `` Night Nurse '' `` Say You Love Me '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' `` Ghetto Girl '' `` To Be Free '' Love and the Russian Winter `` Ai n't That a Lot of Love '' `` Your Eyes '' Home `` Sunrise '' `` Fake '' `` You Make Me Feel Brand New '' `` Home '' Simplified `` Perfect Love '' `` Something Got Me Started / A Song for You '' Stay `` Stay '' `` So Not Over You '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Don%27t_Know_Me_by_Now&oldid=811610595 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1989 singles Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes songs Simply Red songs Patti LaBelle songs Joe Stampley songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Canadian Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs written by Leon Huff Philadelphia International Records singles Elektra Records singles 1972 songs 1989 songs Rhythm and blues ballads Soul ballads Songs written by Kenny Gamble 1970s ballads Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 19 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did if you don't know me by now come out | [
"\"If You Don't Know Me by Now\" is a song written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, and recorded by the Philly soul musical group Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes. It became their first hit after being released as a single in 1972, topping the US R&B chart and peaking at number three on the US Pop chart.[1]"
] | [
"in 1972"
] |
-8594976734343038386 | Kansas City Chiefs | Kansas City Chiefs - wikipedia Kansas City Chiefs Jump to : navigation , search Kansas City Chiefs Current season Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( August 14 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in and headquartered in Arrowhead Stadium Kansas City , Missouri Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Red , Gold , White Mascot Warpaint ( 1963 -- 1988 , 2009 -- present ) K.C. Wolf ( 1989 -- present ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Hunt family Chairman Clark Hunt CEO Clark Hunt President Mark Donovan General manager Brett Veach Head coach Andy Reid Team history Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1963 -- present ) Team nicknames Redwood Forest ( Defense , 1969 -- 1971 ) Championships League championships ( 2 ) † AFL Championships ( 3 ) 1962 , 1966 , 1969 AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 1969 ( IV ) Conference championships ( 0 ) Division championships ( 9 ) AFL West : 1962 , 1966 AFC West : 1971 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2010 , 2016 † - Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL - NFL Merger Playoff appearances ( 19 ) AFL : 1962 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 NFL : 1971 , 1986 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Municipal Stadium ( 1963 -- 1971 ) Arrowhead Stadium ( 1972 -- present ) The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City , Missouri . The Chiefs compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team was founded in 1960 as the Dallas Texans by businessman Lamar Hunt and was a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) ( they are not associated with an earlier Dallas Texans NFL team that only played for one season in 1952 ) . In 1963 , the team relocated to Kansas City and assumed their current name . The Chiefs joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . The team is valued at over $2 billion . The Chiefs have won three AFL championships , in 1962 , 1966 , and 1969 and became the second AFL team ( after the New York Jets ) to defeat an NFL team in an AFL -- NFL World Championship Game , when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV . The team 's victory on January 11 , 1970 , remains the club 's last championship game victory and appearance to date , and occurred in the final such competition prior to the leagues ' merger coming into full effect . The Chiefs were also the second team , after the Green Bay Packers , to appear in more than one Super Bowl ( the first AFL team to do so ) and the first to appear in the championship game in two different decades . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980 -- 1988 1.4 1989 -- 2008 1.5 2009 -- 2012 1.6 2013 -- 2014 1.7 2015 1.8 2016 1.9 Season - by - season records 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Arrowhead Stadium 4 Training camp and practice facility 5 Mascots and cheerleaders 6 Notable players 6.1 Roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees 6.4 Chiefs Hall of Fame 7 Head coaches 8 Ownership and administration 8.1 Staff 9 Media 9.1 Radio and television 9.1. 1 Radio affiliates 9.2 Preseason game affiliates 10 Culture 10.1 Fan base 10.2 Tony DiPardo 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Franchise History ( edit ) Further information : History of the Kansas City Chiefs 1960s ( edit ) In 1959 , Lamar Hunt began discussions with other businessmen to establish a professional football league that would rival the National Football League . Hunt 's desire to secure a football team was heightened after watching the 1958 NFL Championship Game between the New York Giants and Baltimore Colts . After unsuccessful attempts to purchase and relocate the NFL 's Chicago Cardinals to his hometown of Dallas , Texas , Hunt went to the NFL and asked to create an expansion franchise in Dallas . The NFL turned him down , so Hunt then established the American Football League and started his own team , the Dallas Texans , to begin play in 1960 . Hunt hired a little - known assistant coach from the University of Miami football team , Hank Stram , to be the team 's head coach after the job offer was declined by Bud Wilkinson and Tom Landry . After Stram was hired , Don Klosterman was hired as head scout , credited by many for bringing a wealth of talent to the Texans after luring it away from the NFL , often hiding players and using creative means to land them . Len Dawson led the Chiefs to victory in Super Bowl IV and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987 The Texans shared the Cotton Bowl with the NFL 's cross-town competition Dallas Cowboys for three seasons . The Texans were to have exclusive access to the stadium until the NFL put an expansion team , the Dallas Cowboys , there . While the team averaged a league - best 24,500 at the Cotton Bowl , the Texans gained less attention due to the AFL 's relatively lower profile compared to the NFL . In the franchise 's first two seasons , the team managed only a 14 -- 14 record . In their third season , the Texans strolled to an 11 -- 3 record and a berth in the team 's first American Football League Championship Game , against the Houston Oilers . The game was broadcast nationally on ABC and the Texans defeated the Oilers 20 -- 17 in double overtime . The game lasted 77 minutes and 54 seconds , which still stands as the longest championship game in professional football history . It turned out to be the last game the team would play as the Dallas Texans . Despite competing against a Cowboys team that managed only a 9 -- 28 -- 3 record in their first three seasons , Hunt decided that the Dallas -- Fort Worth media market could not sustain two professional football franchises . He considered moving the Texans to either Atlanta or Miami for the 1963 season . However , he was ultimately swayed by an offer from Kansas City Mayor Harold Roe Bartle . Bartle promised to triple the franchise 's season ticket sales and expand the seating capacity of Municipal Stadium to accommodate the team . Hunt agreed to relocate the franchise to Kansas City on May 22 , 1963 , and on May 26 the team was renamed the Kansas City Chiefs . Hunt and head coach Hank Stram initially planned to retain the Texans name , but a fan contest determined the new `` Chiefs '' name in honor of Mayor Bartle 's nickname that he acquired in his professional role as Scout Executive of the St. Joseph and Kansas City Boy Scout Councils and founder of the Scouting Society , the Tribe of Mic - O - Say . A total of 4,866 entries were received with 1,020 different names being suggested , including a total of 42 entrants who selected `` Chiefs . '' The two names that received the most popular votes were `` Mules '' and `` Royals '' ( which , 6 years later , would be the name of the city 's Major League Baseball expansion franchise in 1969 , after the Athletics left Kansas City for Oakland following the 1967 season ) . The franchise became one of the strongest teams in the now thriving American Football League , with the most playoff appearances for an AFL team ( tied with the Oakland Raiders ) , and the most AFL Championships ( 3 ) . The team 's dominance helped Lamar Hunt become a central figure in negotiations with NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle to agree on an AFL -- NFL merger . In the meetings between the two leagues , a merged league championship game was agreed to be played in January 1967 following the conclusion of the leagues ' respective 1966 seasons . Hunt insisted on calling the game the `` Super Bowl '' after seeing his children playing with a popular toy at the time , a Super Ball . While the first few games were designated the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , the Super Bowl name became its officially licensed title in years to come . The Chiefs topped the Raiders in the 1969 AFL championship game ( left ) and went on to defeat the Vikings in Super Bowl IV ( right ) . The Chiefs cruised to an 11 -- 2 -- 1 record in 1966 , and defeated the defending AFL Champion Buffalo Bills in the AFL Championship Game . The Chiefs were invited to play the NFL 's league champion Green Bay Packers in the first AFL -- NFL World Championship Game . Kansas City and Green Bay played a close game for the first half , but Green Bay took control in the final two quarters , winning the game by a score of 35 -- 10 . The Chiefs lost the game but gained the respect of several Packers opponents following the game . The Chiefs ' interleague match - up with the Packers was not the last time that they would face an NFL opponent , especially on the championship stage . The following August , Kansas City hosted the NFL 's Chicago Bears in the 1967 preseason and won the game 66 -- 24 . Despite losing to the division rival Oakland Raiders twice in the regular season in 1969 , the two teams met for a third time in the AFL Championship Game where Kansas City won 17 -- 7 . Backup quarterback Mike Livingston led the team in a six - game winning streak after Len Dawson suffered a leg injury which kept him out of most of the season 's games . While getting plenty of help from the club 's defense , Dawson returned from the injury and led the Chiefs to Super Bowl IV . Against the NFL champion Minnesota Vikings , who were favored by 121⁄2 , the Chiefs dominated the game 23 -- 7 to claim the team 's first Super Bowl championship . Dawson was named the game 's Most Valuable Player after completing 12 - of - 17 passes for 142 yards and one touchdown , with 1 interception . The following season , the Chiefs and the rest of the American Football League merged with the National Football League after the AFL -- NFL merger became official . The Chiefs were placed in the American Football Conference 's West Division . From 1960 to 1969 , the Chiefs / Texans won 87 games , which is the most in the 10 - year history of the AFL . 1970s ( edit ) In 1970 , the Chiefs won only seven games in their first season in the NFL and missed the playoffs . The following season , the Chiefs tallied a 10 -- 3 -- 1 record and won the AFC West Division . Head coach Hank Stram considered his 1971 Chiefs team as his best , but they failed to capture their championship dominance from 1969 . Most of the pieces of the team which won Super Bowl IV two years earlier were still in place for the 1971 season . The Chiefs tied with the Miami Dolphins for the best record in the AFC , and both teams met in a Christmas Day playoff game which the Chiefs lost 27 -- 24 in double overtime . The Dolphins outlasted the Chiefs with a 37 - yard field goal . The game surpassed the 1962 AFL Championship Game as the longest ever at 82 minutes and 40 seconds . The game was also the final football game at Kansas City 's Municipal Stadium . In 1972 , the Chiefs moved into the newly constructed Arrowhead Stadium at the Truman Sports Complex outside of Downtown Kansas City . The team 's first game at Arrowhead was against the St. Louis Cardinals , a preseason game which the Chiefs won 24 -- 14 . Linebacker Willie Lanier and quarterback Len Dawson won the NFL Man of the Year Award in 1972 and 1973 , respectively . The Chiefs would not return to the post-season for the remainder of the 1970s , and the 1973 season was the team 's last winning effort for seven years . Hank Stram was fired following a 5 -- 9 season in 1974 , and many of the Chiefs ' future Hall of Fame players would depart by the middle of the decade . From 1975 to 1988 , the Chiefs had become a laughing stock of the NFL and provided Chiefs fans with nothing but futility . Five head coaches struggled to achieve the same success as Stram , compiling an 81 -- 121 -- 1 record . 1980 -- 1988 ( edit ) In 1980 , Coach Marv Levy cut future Hall of Fame Kicker Jan Stenerud for little known Nick Lowery , who would become the most accurate kicker in NFL History over the next 14 years . In 1981 , running back Joe Delaney rushed for 1,121 yards and was named the AFC Rookie of the Year . The Chiefs finished the season with a 9 -- 7 record and entered the 1982 season with optimism . However , the NFL Players Association strike curbed the Chiefs ' chances of returning to the postseason for the first time in over a decade . The Chiefs tallied a 3 -- 6 record and in the off - season , Joe Delaney died while trying to save several children from drowning in a pond near his home in Louisiana . The Chiefs made a mistake in drafting quarterback Todd Blackledge over future greats such as Jim Kelly and Dan Marino in the 1983 NFL Draft . Blackledge never started a full season for Kansas City while Kelly and Marino played Hall of Fame careers . While the Chiefs struggled on offense in the 1980s , the Chiefs had a strong defensive unit consisting of Pro Bowlers such as Bill Maas , Albert Lewis , Art Still and Deron Cherry . John Mackovic took over head coaching duties for the 1983 season after Marv Levy was fired . Over the next four seasons , Mackovic coached the Chiefs to a 30 -- 34 record , but took the team to its first post-season appearance in 15 years in the 1986 NFL playoffs . Following the team 's loss to the New York Jets in the playoffs , Mackovic was fired . Frank Gansz served as head coach for the next two seasons , but won only eight of 31 games . 1989 -- 2008 ( edit ) On December 19 , 1988 , owner Lamar Hunt hired Carl Peterson as the team 's new president , general manager , and chief executive officer . Peterson fired head coach Frank Gansz two weeks after taking over and hired Marty Schottenheimer as the club 's seventh head coach . In the 1988 and 1989 NFL Drafts , the Chiefs selected both defensive end Neil Smith and linebacker Derrick Thomas , respectively . The defense that Thomas and Smith anchored in their seven seasons together was a big reason why the Chiefs reached the postseason in six straight years . In Schottenheimer 's tenure as head coach , ( 1989 -- 1998 ) , the Chiefs became a perennial playoff contender , featuring offensive players including Steve DeBerg , Christian Okoye , Stephone Paige and Barry Word , a strong defense , anchored by Thomas , Smith , Albert Lewis and Deron Cherry , and on special teams , Nick Lowery , most accurate kicker in NFL History . The team recorded a 101 -- 58 -- 1 record , and clinched seven playoff berths . The Chiefs ' 1993 season was the franchise 's most successful in 22 years . With newly acquired quarterback Joe Montana and running back Marcus Allen , two former Super Bowl champions and MVPs , the Chiefs further strengthened their position in the NFL . The 11 -- 5 Chiefs defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers and Houston Oilers on their way to the franchise 's first and to date only AFC Championship Game appearance against the Buffalo Bills . The Chiefs were overwhelmed by the Bills and lost the game by a score of 30 -- 13 . The Chiefs ' victory on January 16 , 1994 , against the Oilers remained the franchise 's last post-season victory for 21 years until their 30 -- 0 victory over the Houston Texans on January 9 , 2016 . In the 1995 NFL playoffs , the 13 -- 3 Chiefs hosted the Indianapolis Colts in a cold , damp late afternoon game at Arrowhead Stadium . Kansas City lost the game 10 -- 7 against the underdog Colts , after kicker Lin Elliot missed three field goal attempts and quarterback Steve Bono threw three interceptions . The Chiefs selected tight end Tony Gonzalez with the 13th overall selection in the 1997 NFL Draft , a move which some considered to be a gamble being that Gonzalez was primarily a basketball player at California . During a 1997 season full of injuries to starting quarterback Elvis Grbac , backup quarterback Rich Gannon took the reins of the Chiefs ' offense as the team headed to another 13 -- 3 season . Head coach Marty Schottenheimer chose Grbac to start the playoff game against the Denver Broncos despite Gannon 's successes in previous weeks . Grbac 's production in the game was lacking , and the Chiefs lost to the Broncos 14 -- 10 . Denver went on to capture their fifth AFC Championship by defeating Pittsburgh , and then defeated the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Coach Schottenheimer announced his resignation from the Chiefs following the 1998 season , and defensive coordinator Gunther Cunningham took over coaching duties for the next two seasons , compiling a 16 -- 16 record . By the end of the Chiefs ' decade of regular - season dominance , Gannon had signed with the Oakland Raiders , Neil Smith signed with the Denver Broncos , and Derrick Thomas was paralyzed from a car accident on January 23 , 2000 . Thomas died from complications of his injury weeks later . After allegedly reading online that he would be relieved of duties , head coach Gunther Cunningham was fired . Tony Gonzalez at the 2005 Pro Bowl Priest Holmes became one of the league 's top backs in the early 2000s Looking to change the Chiefs ' game plan which relied on a tough defensive strategy for the past decade , Carl Peterson contacted Dick Vermeil about the Chiefs ' head coaching vacancy for the 2001 season . Vermeil previously led the St. Louis Rams to a victory in Super Bowl XXXIV . Vermeil was hired on January 12 . The Chiefs then traded a first round draft pick in the 2001 NFL Draft to St. Louis for quarterback Trent Green and signed free agent running back Priest Holmes to be the team 's cornerstones on offense . In 2003 , Kansas City began the season with nine consecutive victories , a franchise record . They finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record and the team 's offense led the NFL in several categories under the direction of USA Today 's Offensive Coach of the Year honoree , Al Saunders . Running back Priest Holmes surpassed Marshall Faulk 's single - season touchdown record by scoring his 27th rushing touchdown against the Chicago Bears in the team 's regular season finale . The team clinched the second seed in the 2004 NFL playoffs and hosted the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC Divisional Playoffs . In a game where neither team punted , the Chiefs lost the shoot - out 38 -- 31 . It was the third time in nine seasons that the Chiefs went 8 -- 0 at home in the regular season , only to lose their post-season opener at Arrowhead . After a disappointing 7 -- 9 record in 2004 , the 2005 Chiefs finished with a 10 -- 6 record but no playoff berth . They were the fourth team since 1990 to miss the playoffs with a 10 -- 6 record . Running back Larry Johnson started in place of the injured Priest Holmes and rushed for 1,750 yards in only nine starts . Prior to the Chiefs ' final game of the season , head coach Dick Vermeil announced his retirement . The Chiefs won the game 37 -- 3 over the playoff - bound Cincinnati Bengals . Damon Huard ( left ) and Brodie Croyle ( right ) both served as the Chiefs ' starting quarterback after Trent Green 's departure Within two weeks of Vermeil 's resignation , the Chiefs returned to their defensive roots with the selection of its next head coach . The team introduced Herman Edwards , a former Chiefs scout and head coach of the New York Jets , as the team 's tenth head coach after trading a fourth - round selection in the 2006 NFL Draft to the Jets . Quarterback Trent Green suffered a severe concussion in the team 's season opener to the Cincinnati Bengals which left him out of play for eight weeks . Backup quarterback Damon Huard took over in Green 's absence and led the Chiefs to a 5 -- 3 record . Kansas City was awarded a Thanksgiving Day game against the Denver Broncos in response to owner Lamar Hunt 's lobbying for a third Thanksgiving Day game . The Chiefs defeated the Broncos 19 -- 10 in the first Thanksgiving Day game in Kansas City since 1969 . Hunt was hospitalized at the time of the game and died weeks later on December 13 due to complications with prostate cancer . The Chiefs honored their owner for the remainder of the season , as did the rest of the league . By defeating the Jaguars on December 31 , 2006 , the Chiefs clinched a playoff berth after multiple other teams lost throughout the day Trent Green returned by the end of the season , but struggled in the final stretch , and running back Larry Johnson set an NFL record with 416 carries in a season . Kansas City managed to clinch their first playoff berth in three seasons with a 9 -- 7 record and a bizarre sequence of six losses from other AFC teams on New Year 's Eve , culminating with a Broncos loss to the 49ers . The Indianapolis Colts hosted the Chiefs in the Wild Card playoffs and defeated Kansas City 23 -- 8 . Larry Johnson in 2006 In 2007 , Trent Green was traded to the Miami Dolphins leaving the door open for either Damon Huard or Brodie Croyle to become the new starting quarterback . After starting the season with a 4 -- 3 record , the Chiefs lost the remaining nine games when running back Larry Johnson suffered a season - ending foot injury and the quarterback position lacked stability with Huard and Croyle . Despite the team 's 4 -- 12 record , tight end Tony Gonzalez broke Shannon Sharpe 's NFL record for touchdowns at the position ( 63 ) and defensive end Jared Allen led the NFL in quarterback sacks with 15.5 . The Chiefs began their 2008 season with the youngest team in the NFL . The starting lineup had an average of 25.5 years of age . By releasing several veteran players such as cornerback Ty Law and wide receiver Eddie Kennison and trading defensive end Jared Allen , the Chiefs began a youth movement . The Chiefs had a league - high thirteen selections in the 2008 NFL Draft and chose defensive tackle Glenn Dorsey and offensive lineman Branden Albert in the first round . Analysts quickly called Kansas City 's selections as the best of the entire draft . Entering the season , the Chiefs were unsure if injury - prone quarterback Brodie Croyle , who was the incumbent starter , could be their quarterback in the long - term . Croyle was injured in the team 's first game of the season and Damon Huard started in Croyle 's absence . Tyler Thigpen become the third Chiefs starting quarterback in as many games for a start against the Atlanta Falcons . After a poor performance by Thigpen , in which he threw three interceptions against the Falcons defense , Huard was retained as the starting quarterback . The Chiefs struggled off the field as much as on as tight end Tony Gonzalez demanded a trade and running back Larry Johnson was involved in legal trouble . Croyle returned for the Chiefs ' game against the Tennessee Titans , but both he and Damon Huard suffered season - ending injuries in the game . The Chiefs reorganized their offense to a new spread offense game plan focused around Tyler Thigpen . The Chiefs ' new offense was implemented to help Thigpen play to the best of his abilities and also following the absence of Larry Johnson , who was suspended for his off - field conduct . The Chiefs made a huge gamble by using the spread offense , as most in the NFL believe that it can not work in professional football , and also head coach Herman Edwards was traditionally in favor of more conservative , run - oriented game plans . 2009 -- 2012 ( edit ) The Chiefs hosting the Buffalo Bills in 2009 ; Quarterback Matt Cassel , wearing # 7 The 2008 season ended with a franchise worst 2 -- 14 record , where the team suffered historic blowout defeats nearly week - in and week - out . a 34 -- 0 shut - out to the Carolina Panthers , and allowed a franchise - high 54 points against the Buffalo Bills . The team 's general manager , chief executive officer , and team president Carl Peterson resigned at the end of the season , and former New England Patriots vice president of player personnel Scott Pioli was hired as his replacement for 2009 . Upon his arrival , Pioli made an effort to bring in coaches and administrators from his successful past with the New England Patriots , where he won three Super Bowl titles . Dwayne Bowe On January 23 , 2009 , Herman Edwards was fired as head coach , and two weeks later Todd Haley signed a four - year contract to become Edwards ' successor . Haley had a background with Pioli , which made him an attractive hire for Pioli 's first coach in Kansas City . In April 2009 Tony Gonzalez was traded to the Atlanta Falcons after failed trade attempts over the previous two seasons . Notably , head coach Todd Haley fired offensive coordinator Chan Gailey just weeks before the start of the 2009 season and chose to take on the coordinator duties himself . Throughout 2009 the Chiefs acquired veterans to supplement the Chiefs ' young talent including Matt Cassel , Mike Vrabel , Bobby Engram , Mike Brown , Chris Chambers , and Andy Alleman . The team finished with a 4 -- 12 record , just a two - game improvement upon their record from the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , the Chiefs made significant hires for their coaching staff , bringing on former Patriots assistant coaches Charlie Weis and Romeo Crennel to coach the offense and defense , respectively . The coaching additions proved to be very successful , as the Chiefs would go on to secure their first AFC West title since 2003 . Their ten victories in the 2010 season combined for as many as the team had won in their previous three seasons combined . On January 9 , 2011 , the Chiefs lost their home Wild Card playoff game to the Baltimore Ravens 30 -- 7 . Six players were chosen for the Pro Bowl : Dwayne Bowe , Jamaal Charles , Brian Waters , Tamba Hali , Matt Cassel and rookie safety Eric Berry . Jamaal Charles won the FEDEX ground player of the year award and Dwayne Bowe led the NFL in Touchdown Receptions . For their first pick in the 2011 NFL draft , and 26th overall , the team selected Jonathan Baldwin , Wide Receiver from Pitt . After a poor start , Haley was relieved of duties as Head Coach on December 12 . Clark Hunt made note of `` bright spots at different points this season '' , but felt that overall the Chiefs were not progressing . The highest point of the 2011 season was an upset win against the Packers , who at that time , were undefeated with a 13 -- 0 record . The Chiefs became the first team since the 1929 Buffalo Bisons to not lead in regulation through any of their first nine games . The Chiefs tied their franchise worst record of 2 -- 14 and clinched the No. 1 overall pick in the 2013 NFL Draft . It is the first time in since the merger they have held the first overall pick . 2013 -- 2014 ( edit ) Following the 2012 season , the Chiefs fired head coach Romeo Crennel and general manager Scott Pioli . Former Philadelphia Eagles head coach Andy Reid was brought in as head coach to work with new general manager John Dorsey , a former Green Bay Packers head scout . The Chiefs acquired quarterback Alex Smith from the San Francisco 49ers for the Chiefs ' second - round pick , 34th overall , in the 2013 draft and a conditional pick in 2014 draft . Matt Cassel was released shortly after . The Chiefs selected Eric Fisher with the first overall pick of the 2013 NFL Draft . The Chiefs started 9 -- 0 for the second time in team history . They would lead their wildcard game against the Indianapolis Colts 38 -- 10 shortly after halftime , but they would collapse late and lose , 45 -- 44 . In 2014 , the Chiefs attempted to make the playoffs for the second straight season for the first time since 1995 , however they finished 9 -- 7 and were eliminated in Week 17 . 2015 ( edit ) After a promising win for the Chiefs against Houston in Week 1 , Kansas City went on a five - game losing streak culminating in a 16 -- 10 loss to Minnesota and the loss of Jamaal Charles to a torn ACL . However , they managed one of the most improbable season comebacks in the NFL and won ten straight to improve their record from 1 -- 5 to 11 -- 5 . The team clinched a playoff berth after a 17 -- 13 win over Cleveland in Week 16 to become only the second NFL team to do so after the merger . The streak achieved by the Chiefs broke a franchise record for 9 straight ( 2003 , 2013 ) and second 9 plus game win streak under Reid . After a Week 17 win over Oakland 23 -- 17 , the Chiefs achieved their longest winning streak in franchise history at ten games . They qualified for the playoffs , playing in the 2015 AFC Wild - Card playoff game , held at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas on January 9 , 2016 . The Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30 -- 0 to earn their first NFL playoff win in 23 seasons , dating back to the 1993 -- 94 NFL playoffs , a win that also came in Houston . The Chiefs ' Wild - Card playoff victory ended what was at the time the third - longest drought in the NFL , and it also ended a then NFL record eight - game playoff losing streak . Riddled with injuries , they were defeated by the New England Patriots 27 -- 20 in the AFC Divisional Round . 2016 ( edit ) After facing a 24 -- 3 deficit with 6 minutes left in the 3rd quarter , the Chiefs engineered a 33 -- 27 comeback win against the San Diego Chargers ending with a 2 - yard touchdown run by Alex Smith in overtime to give the Chiefs their largest regular season comeback to start the season at 1 -- 0 . On Christmas Day , the Chiefs defeated the Denver Broncos 33 -- 10 to give Kansas City their tenth straight win against divisional opponents . On January 1 , 2017 , the Chiefs clinched the AFC West and the second seed going into the playoffs that year . They clinched the 2nd seed in the AFC but fell to the Pittsburgh Steelers 18 - 16 as Chris Boswell hit 6 field goals . Season - by - season Records ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons ( 2012 -- 16 ) completed by the Chiefs . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of Kansas City Chiefs seasons . Note : The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Record as of the end of the 2015 NFL season Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Post-season results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties 2012 2012 NFL AFC West 4th 14 0 2013 2013 NFL AFC West 2nd 11 5 0 Lost AFC Wild Card round ( Colts ) 45 -- 44 2014 2014 NFL AFC West 2nd 9 7 0 2015 2015 NFL AFC West 2nd 11 5 0 Won AFC Wild Card Round ( Texans ) 30 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Round ( Patriots ) 20 -- 27 Marcus Peters ( Defensive Rookie of the Year ) Eric Berry ( Comeback Player of the Year ) 2016 2016 NFL AFC West 1st 12 0 Lost AFC Divisional round ( Steelers ) 18 -- 16 Total 472 424 12 ( 1960 -- 2016 , includes only regular season ) 9 17 0 ( 1960 -- 2016 , includes only playoffs ) 481 441 12 ( 1960 -- 2016 , includes both regular season and playoffs ; 3 AFL Championships , 1 Super Bowl Championship ) Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Main article : Logos and uniforms of the Kansas City Chiefs When the Texans began playing in 1960 , the team 's logo consisted of the state of Texas in white with a yellow star marking the location of the city of Dallas . Originally , Hunt chose Columbia blue and orange for the Texans ' uniforms , but Bud Adams chose Columbia blue and scarlet for his Houston Oilers franchise . Hunt reverted to red and gold for the Texans ' uniforms , which even after the team relocated to Kansas City , remain as the franchise 's colors to this day . The state of Texas on the team 's helmet was replaced by an arrowhead design originally sketched by Lamar Hunt on a napkin . Hunt 's inspiration for the interlocking `` KC '' design was the `` SF '' inside of an oval on the San Francisco 49ers helmets . Unlike the 49ers ' logo , Kansas City 's overlapping initials appear inside a white arrowhead instead of an oval and are surrounded by a thin black outline . From 1960 to 1973 , the Chiefs had grey facemask bars on their helmets , but changed to white bars in 1974 , making them one of the first teams in the NFL to use a non-gray facemask . The Chiefs ' uniform design has essentially remained the same throughout the club 's history . It consists of a red helmet , and either red or white jerseys with the opposite color numbers and names . White pants were used with both jerseys from 1960 to 1967 and 1989 to 1999 . Beginning in 2009 , during the Pioli / Haley era , the team has alternated between white and red pants for road games during the season . Prior to September 15 , 2013 , the Chiefs always wore white pants with their red jerseys . The Chiefs have never worn an alternate jersey in a game , although custom jerseys are sold for retail . The Chiefs wore their white jerseys with white pants at home for the 2006 season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals . The logic behind the uniform selection that day was that the Bengals would be forced to wear their black uniforms on a day that forecasted for steamy temperatures . The only other time the Chiefs wore white at home was throughout the 1980 season under Marv Levy . In 2007 , the Kansas City Chiefs honored Lamar Hunt and the AFL with a special patch . It features the AFL 's logo from the 1960s with Hunt 's `` LH '' initials inside the football . In 2008 , the patch became permanently affixed to the left chest of both Kansas City 's home and away jerseys . In select games for the 2009 season , the Chiefs , as well as the other founding teams of the American Football League , wore `` throwback '' uniforms to celebrate the AFL 's 50th anniversary . For the first time in team history , the Chiefs wore their red jersey with red pants forming an all red combo in their home opener against the Dallas Cowboys on September 15 , 2013 . Arrowhead Stadium ( edit ) Further information : Arrowhead Stadium Arrowhead Stadium upon completion of renovations , July 2010 Arrowhead Stadium has been the Chiefs ' home field since 1972 and has a capacity of 76,416 , which makes it the sixth - largest stadium in the NFL . The stadium underwent a $375 million renovation , completed in mid-2010 , which included new luxury boxes , wider concourses and enhanced amenities . The stadium renovation was paid for by $250 million in taxpayer money and $125 million from the Hunt Family . The stadium cost $53 million to build in 1972 , and an average ticket in 2009 costs $81 . Centerplate serves as the stadium 's concession provider and Sprint Nextel , Anheuser - Busch and Coca - Cola are major corporate sponsors . Dating back to the Chiefs ' home opener in 1991 to mid-2009 , the Chiefs had 155 consecutive sellout games . The streak ended with the final home game of the 2009 season against the Cleveland Browns , resulting in the first local TV blackout in over 19 years . Arrowhead has been called one of the world 's finest stadiums and has long held a reputation for being one of the toughest and loudest outdoor stadiums for opposing players to play in . All noise is directly attributed to its fans and was once measured at 116 decibels by the Acoustical Design Group of Mission , Kansas . By way of comparison , take - off of aircraft may lead to a sound level of 106 decibels at the ground . Sports Illustrated named Arrowhead Stadium the `` toughest place to play '' for opposing teams in 2005 . The tailgate party environment outside the stadium on gameday has been compared to a `` college football '' atmosphere . Arrowhead Stadium features frequent fly - overs from a B - 2 Spirit stealth bomber from nearby Whiteman Air Force Base . Since the 1994 NFL season , the stadium has had a natural grass playing surface . From 1972 to 1993 , the stadium had an artificial AstroTurf surface . During the game against the Oakland Raiders on October 13 , 2013 , Arrowhead Stadium once again became the loudest stadium in the world when the fans set the Guinness Book of World Records record for loudest crowd in an outdoor stadium ( 137.5 dB ) , breaking the record set by the Seattle Seahawks just four weeks prior . A few weeks after , Seattle re-gained the record by reaching a noise level of 137.6 decibels . Chiefs fans have reclaimed the record once again ; on September 29 , 2014 , on Monday Night Football against the New England Patriots , the fans recorded a sound reading of 142.2 decibels . As of the end of the 2014 season , the Chiefs are unbeaten at Arrowhead against the Arizona Cardinals ( 4 -- 0 ) and Washington Redskins ( 3 -- 0 ) , but winless there against the Baltimore Ravens ( 0 -- 3 ) . Training camp and practice facility ( edit ) Summer camp at Spratt Stadium at Missouri Western When the franchise was based in Dallas , the team conducted their inaugural training camp at the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell , New Mexico . They moved camp to Southern Methodist University , owner Lamar Hunt 's alma mater , for 1961 and continued to practice there until 1965 . From 1966 to 1971 , the Chiefs practiced in Swope Park in Kansas City , and from 1972 to 1991 held camp at William Jewell College in Clay County , Missouri -- where Lamar Hunt had extensive business dealings including Worlds of Fun , Oceans of Fun and SubTropolis . Chiefs Practice Facility near Arrowhead Stadium From 1992 to 2009 the Chiefs conducted summer training camp at the University of Wisconsin -- River Falls in River Falls , Wisconsin . The Chiefs ' 2007 training camp was documented in the HBO / NFL Films documentary reality television series , Hard Knocks . Following the passage of a $25 million state tax credit proposal , the Chiefs moved their training camp to Missouri Western State University in St. Joseph , Missouri , in 2010 . The bulk of the tax credits went for improvements to Arrowhead Stadium with $10 million applied to the move to Missouri Western . A climate - controlled , 120 - yard NFL regulation grass indoor field , and office space for the Chiefs was constructed at Missouri Western adjacent to the school 's Spratt Stadium before the 2010 season . Outside of training camp and during the regular season , the Chiefs conduct practices at their own training facility nearby Arrowhead Stadium . The facility is located near the Raytown Road entrance to the Truman Sports Complex just east of Interstate 435 and features three outdoor fields ( two grass and one artificial turf ) as well as an indoor facility with its own full - size field . Mascots and Cheerleaders ( edit ) Further information : Native American mascot controversy § Kansas City Chiefs K.C. Wolf , the Chiefs ' mascot since 1989 The Chiefs ' first mascot was Warpaint , a nickname given to several different breeds of pinto horse . Warpaint served as the team 's mascot from 1963 to 1988 . The first Warpaint ( born in 1955 , died in 1992 ) was ridden bareback by rider Bob Johnson who wore a full Native American headdress . Warpaint circled the field at the beginning of each Chiefs home game and performed victory laps following each Chiefs touchdown . On September 20 , 2009 , a new Warpaint horse was unveiled at the Chiefs ' home opener which was won by Oakland Raiders . Warpaint is now ridden by a cheerleader , Susie . In the mid-1980s , the Chiefs featured a short - lived unnamed `` Indian man '' mascot which was later scrapped in 1988 . Since 1989 the cartoon - like K.C. Wolf , portrayed by Dan Meers in a wolf costume , has served as the team 's mascot . The mascot was named after the Chiefs ' `` Wolfpack '' , a group of rabid fans from the team 's days at Municipal Stadium . K.C. Wolf is one of the most popular NFL mascots and was the league 's first mascot inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame in 2006 . The Chiefs have employed a cheerleading squad since the team 's inception in 1960 . In the team 's early days , the all - female squad was referred to as the Chiefettes . In addition to the Cheerleaders , in the early 1970s , there was also a dance / drill team that performed for pre-game and halftime . From 1986 to 1992 , the cheerleader squad featured a mix of men and women . Since 1993 , the all - female squad has been known as the Chiefs Cheerleaders . Notable players ( edit ) Further information : List of Kansas City Chiefs players , Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks , and List of Kansas City Chiefs first - round draft picks Roster ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Tyler Bray 15 Patrick Mahomes II 11 Alex Smith Running backs 31 Akeem Hunt 27 Kareem Hunt 42 Anthony Sherman FB 35 Charcandrick West Wide receivers 80 Jehu Chesson 10 Tyreek Hill 14 Demarcus Robinson 13 De'Anthony Thomas 12 Albert Wilson Tight ends 84 Demetrius Harris 87 Travis Kelce 88 Ross Travis Offensive linemen 65 Jordan Devey G 76 Laurent Duvernay - Tardif G 79 Parker Ehinger G 75 Cameron Erving T 72 Eric Fisher T 73 Zach Fulton C 61 Mitch Morse C 71 Mitchell Schwartz T 70 Bryan Witzmann T Defensive linemen 97 Allen Bailey DE 94 Jarvis Jenkins DE 95 Chris Jones DE 96 Bennie Logan NT 98 Roy Miller NT 99 Rakeem Nuñez - Roches DE Linebackers 45 Ukeme Eligwe ILB 55 Dee Ford OLB 91 Tamba Hali OLB 50 Justin Houston OLB 56 Derrick Johnson ILB 92 Tanoh Kpassagnon OLB 57 Kevin Pierre - Louis ILB 59 Reggie Ragland ILB 48 Terrance Smith ILB 53 Ramik Wilson ILB 51 Frank Zombo OLB Defensive backs 25 Kenneth Acker CB 23 Phillip Gaines CB 39 Terrance Mitchell CB 21 Eric Murray SS 20 Steven Nelson CB 38 Ron Parker SS 22 Marcus Peters CB 49 Daniel Sorensen FS 30 Steven Terrell FS Special teams 7 Harrison Butker K 2 Dustin Colquitt P 41 James Winchester LS Reserve lists 46 Keith Baxter CB ( IR ) 29 Eric Berry FS ( IR ) 46 Devin Chappell SS ( IR ) 17 Chris Conley WR ( IR ) 77 Donald Hawkins OT ( IR ) 6 Ashton Lampkin CB ( IR ) 52 Dadi Nicolas OLB ( PUP ) 32 Spencer Ware RB ( IR ) Practice squad 43 George Atkinson III RB 82 Orson Charles TE 4 Gehrig Dieter WR 19 Marcus Kemp WR -- Devin Lucien WR 64 Damien Mama G 34 Leon McQuay III FS 40 Keith Reaser CB -- Will Redmond CB Rookies in italics Roster updated November 11 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 8 Inactive , 9 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Jan Stenerud 1967 - 79 16 Len Dawson QB 1962 - 75 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 - 78 28 Abner Haynes RB 1960 - 64 33 Stone Johnson RB 1963 36 Mack Lee Hill RB 1964 - 65 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 - 99 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 - 77 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 - 74 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 - 75 Never officially on a Chiefs season roster . His number was retired after his death in training camp in 1963 . Number was posthumously retired . Names in bold spent entire playing career with the Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs . The number 37 has not been worn since the death of Joe Delaney . Number 58 was not issued after the death of Derrick Thomas until it was officially retired in 2009 . The numbers 16 and 28 are the only numbers to have been worn by a single player ( both Dawson and Haynes respectively ) . Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees ( edit ) Nineteen members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent at least some portion of their career with the Chiefs . Eleven spent the majority of the career with the Chiefs . Nine of the Chiefs in the Hall of Fame were involved with the Chiefs during their Super Bowl Championship season of 1969 . The Chiefs have 2 contributors , 2 coaches , and 15 players in the Hall of Fame . In addition , Hall of Fame safety Ronnie Lott had a contract with the Chiefs during the 1995 season , but only played for the Chiefs in the preseason and spent the regular season on injured reserve and is not recognized by the Hall of Fame as having played for the Chiefs . Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Fame enshrinees No . Player Position Tenure Inducted - Lamar Hunt Founder of franchise and American Football League 1960 -- 2006 1972 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 -- 1974 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 -- 1977 1986 16 Len Dawson QB 1963 -- 1975 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 -- 1975 1990 Jan Stenerud 1967 -- 1979 1991 53 Mike Webster 1989 -- 1990 1997 19 Joe Montana QB 1993 -- 1994 2000 - Marv Levy Head coach 1978 -- 1982 2001 - Hank Stram Head coach 1960 -- 1974 2003 32 Marcus Allen RB 1993 -- 1997 2003 Warren Moon QB 1999 -- 2000 2006 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 -- 1978 2008 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 -- 1999 2009 77 Willie Roaf OT 2002 -- 2005 2012 61 Curley Culp DT 1968 -- 1974 2013 68 Will Shields OG 1993 -- 2006 2015 - Bill Polian Contributor 1978 -- 1982 2015 8 Morten Andersen 2002 -- 2003 2017 Began career in the American Football League . Member of 1969 Super Bowl championship team Spent majority of their career with the Chiefs Posthumously inducted Names in bold spent entire career with the Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs . Chiefs Hall of Fame ( edit ) Jan Stenerud 's name was honored at Arrowhead Stadium 's ring of honor The Chiefs are one of 16 organizations that honor their players , coaches and contributors with a team Hall of Fame or Ring of Honor . Established in 1970 , the Chiefs Hall of Fame has inducted a new member in an annual ceremony with the exception of the 1983 season . Several of the names were featured at Arrowhead Stadium in the stadium 's architecture prior to renovations in 2009 . The requirements for induction are that a player , coach , or contributor must have been with the Chiefs for four seasons and been out of the NFL for four seasons at the time of induction . There are some exceptions , such as Joe Delaney and Derrick Thomas , Delaney was with the team for only two seasons before his death , Thomas was inducted 1 year after his death in January 2000 ( 2 years after his final season ) . The Chiefs have the second-most enshrinees of any NFL team in their team Hall of Fame behind the Green Bay Packers , who have enshrined over 100 players and team contributors over the years in the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame . Chiefs Hall of Fame Inducted No . Player Position Tenure 1970 -- Lamar Hunt Team founder / Owner 1960 -- 2006 1971 36 Mack Lee Hill RB 1964 -- 1965 1972 75 Jerry Mays DT 1961 -- 1970 1973 84 Fred Arbanas TE 1962 -- 1970 42 Johnny Robinson 1960 -- 1971 88 Chris Burford WR 1960 -- 1967 1976 55 E.J. Holub C / LB 1961 -- 1970 1977 77 Jim Tyrer OT 1961 -- 1973 1978 21 Mike Garrett RB 1966 -- 1970 1979 16 Len Dawson QB 1963 -- 1975 1980 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 -- 1974 1981 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 -- 1975 1982 89 Otis Taylor WR 1965 -- 1975 No induction 1984 71 Ed Budde 1963 -- 1976 1985 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 -- 1977 1986 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 -- 1978 -- Hank Stram Coach 1960 -- 1974 1988 44 Jerrel Wilson 1963 -- 1977 1989 14 Ed Podolak RB 1969 -- 1977 1990 51 Jim Lynch LB 1967 -- 1977 1991 28 Abner Haynes RB 1960 -- 1964 1992 Jan Stenerud 1967 -- 1979 1993 69 Sherrill Headrick LB 1960 -- 1967 1994 58 Jack Rudnay 1969 -- 1982 1995 32 Curtis McClinton RB 1962 -- 1969 20 Deron Cherry 1981 -- 1991 1997 73 Dave Hill OT 1963 -- 1974 1998 67 Art Still DE 1978 -- 1987 1999 34 Lloyd Burruss 1981 -- 1991 2000 35 Christian Okoye RB 1987 -- 1992 2001 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 -- 1999 2002 76 John Alt OT 1984 -- 1996 2003 59 Gary Spani LB 1978 -- 1986 37 Joe Delaney RB 1981 -- 1982 2005 -- Jack Steadman President / GM 1960 -- 1989 2006 90 Neil Smith DE 1988 -- 1996 2007 29 Albert Lewis CB 1983 -- 1993 2008 61 Curley Culp DT 1968 -- 1974 2009 8 Nick Lowery 1980 -- 1993 -- Marty Schottenheimer Coach 1989 -- 1998 2011 31 Kevin Ross CB 1984 -- 1993 , 1997 2012 68 Will Shields OG 1993 -- 2006 2013 26 Gary Barbaro 1976 -- 1982 2014 31 Priest Holmes RB 2001 -- 2007 2015 24 Gary Green CB 1977 -- 1983 2016 49 Tony Richardson FB 1995 -- 2005 2017 88 Carlos Carson WR 1980 -- 1989 Head coaches ( edit ) Andy Reid ( pictured in 2010 ) , began his first season as the Chiefs ' head coach in 2013 Main article : List of Kansas City Chiefs head coaches Thirteen head coaches have served the Texans / Chiefs franchise since their first season in 1960 . Hank Stram , the team 's first head coach , led the Chiefs to three AFL championship victories and two appearances in the Super Bowl . Stram was the team 's longest - tenured head coach , holding the position from 1960 to 1974 . Marty Schottenheimer was hired in 1989 and led Kansas City to seven playoff appearances in his 10 seasons as head coach . Schottenheimer had the best winning percentage (. 634 ) of all Chiefs coaches . Gunther Cunningham was on the Chiefs ' coaching staff in various positions from 1995 to 2008 , serving as the team 's head coach in between stints as the team 's defensive coordinator . Dick Vermeil coached the team to a franchise - best 9 -- 0 start in the 2003 season . Of the ten Chiefs coaches , Hank Stram and Marv Levy have been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Herman Edwards served as the team 's head coach from 2006 to 2008 , compiling a 15 -- 33 record and a franchise worst 6 -- 26 record over a two - year span . Todd Haley compiled a 19 -- 26 record with the team from 2009 -- 2011 , including an AFC West division title in 2010 . Haley was fired with three games left in the 2011 season . Romeo Crennel was named interim coach , and was promoted to full - time coach in January 2012 . Crennel was fired on Monday , December 31 , 2012 , after finishing the 2012 season with a 2 -- 14 record . On January 5 , 2013 , the Chiefs hired Andy Reid to be their next head coach . In Reid 's tenure , the Chiefs have been consistent contenders , making the playoffs in 3 of his first 4 seasons . Ownership and administration ( edit ) Chairman of the Board Clark Hunt The franchise was founded in 1959 by Lamar Hunt after a failed attempt by Hunt to purchase an NFL franchise and relocate them to Texas . remained the team 's owner until his death in 2006 . The Hunt family kept ownership of the team following Lamar 's death and Clark Hunt , Lamar 's son , represents the family 's interests . While Hunt 's official title is Chairman of the Board , he serves as the franchise 's de facto owner . In 2010 , Hunt assumed role as CEO alongside his role as Chairman of the Board . According to Forbes , the team is valued at just under $1 billion and ranks 20th among NFL teams in 2010 . Owner Lamar Hunt served as the team 's president from 1960 to 1976 . Because of Lamar Hunt 's contributions to the NFL , the AFC Championship trophy is named after him . He promoted general manager Jack Steadman to become the team 's president in 1977 . Steadman held the job until Carl Peterson was hired by Hunt in 1988 to replace him . Peterson resigned the title as team president in 2008 . Denny Thum became the team 's interim president following Peterson 's departure and was officially given the full position in May 2009 . Thum resigned from his position on September 14 , 2010 . Don Rossi served as the team 's general manager for half of the 1960 season , resigning in November 1960 . Jack Steadman assumed duties from Rossi and served in the position until 1976 . Steadman was promoted to team president in 1976 and despite being relieved of those duties in 1988 , he remained with the franchise until 2006 in various positions . Jim Schaaf took over for Steadman as general manager until being fired in December 1988 . Carl Peterson was hired in 1988 to serve as the team 's general manager , chief executive officer and team president . Peterson remained in the position for 19 years until he announced his resignation from the team in 2008 . Denny Thum served as interim general manager until January 13 , 2009 , when the Chiefs named New England Patriots executive Scott Pioli the team 's new general manager . Pioli was released in early January after the hiring of Andy Reid , and was replaced by John Dorsey . Pioli 's record as the Chief 's general manager was 23 -- 41 . On June 22 , 2017 , it was announced that the Chiefs had parted ways with Dorsey . They hired Brett Veach on July 10 , 2017 . Staff ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Clark Hunt President -- Mark Donovan General Manager -- Brett Veach Director of Football Administration -- Brandt Tilis Salary Cap & Legal Executive - Chris Shea Director of Player Personnel -- Mike Borgonzi Director of College Scouting -- Ryan Poles Assistant Director of College Scouting - Ryne Nutt Director of Pro Personnel -- Tim Terry Head Coaches Head Coach -- Andy Reid Assistant Head Coach - Brad Childress Statistical Analysis Coordinator -- Mike Frazier Special Projects -- Tommy Brasher Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Matt Nagy Assistant Quarterbacks / Assistant OL -- Corey Matthaei Running Backs -- Eric Bieniemy Wide Receivers -- Greg Lewis Tight Ends -- Tom Melvin Offensive Line -- Andy Heck Offensive Quality Control - Joe Blaymeir Offensive Quality Control - Mike Kafka Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Bob Sutton Defensive Line -- Britt Reid Assistant Defensive Line -- Mike Smith Linebackers -- Gary Gibbs Assistant Linebackers -- Mark DeLeone Defensive Backs -- Emmitt Thomas Secondary / Cornerbacks -- Al Harris Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Dave Toub Assistant Special Teams -- Rod Wilson Support Staff Director of Video Operations -- Pat Brazil Assistant Director of Video Operations -- Ken Radino Video Assistant -- Colin Clark Video Assistant -- Josh Schmidt Special Projects -- Tommy Basher Statistical Analysis Coordinator -- Mike Frazier Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Barry Rubin Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Travis Crittenden Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Devin Woodhouse Sports Science / Conditioning -- Ryan Reynolds → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Media ( edit ) Radio and television ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs radio play - by - play announcers 1960 -- 1962 Charlie Jones 1963 Merle Harmon 1964 -- 1970 Tom Hedrick 1971 -- 1973 Dick Carlson 1974 -- 1975 Ray Scott 1976 Al Wisk 1977 Tom Hopkins 1978 -- 1984 Wayne Larrivee 1985 -- 1993 Kevin Harlan 1994 -- Mitch Holthus Since 1989 , KCFX , a.k.a. `` 101 The Fox '' , has broadcast all Chiefs games on FM radio under the moniker of The Chiefs Fox Football Radio Network . Since 1994 , Mitch Holthus has served as play - by - play announcer and former Chiefs quarterback Len Dawson serves as color commentator . Former Chiefs longsnapper Kendall Gammon serves as the field reporter . Former Chiefs broadcaster Bob Gretz also contributes to the broadcasts . KCFX holds broadcast rights to Chiefs games through the 2009 season . Starting in the 2016 season , Dawson will only serve as color commentator during home games , and Gammon will be color commentator during road games , with Dani Welniak assuming Gammon 's sideline reporting role for away games . The Chiefs and KCFX hold the distinction of being the longest FM radio broadcast partnering tenure in the NFL . The Chiefs Radio Network extends throughout the six - state region of Missouri , Kansas , Iowa , Nebraska , Oklahoma , and Arkansas , with 61 affiliate stations . KCTV Channel 5 ( CBS ) broadcasts most Chiefs regular season games , with exceptions as following . KCTV also broadcasts all Chiefs pre-season games . WDAF Channel 4 ( Fox ) broadcasts games in which the Chiefs host an NFC opponent . KSHB Channel 41 ( NBC ) broadcasts all games in which the Chiefs play on NBC Sunday Night Football or NBC 's NFL playoffs coverage . KMBC Channel 9 ( ABC ) has aired Monday Night Football games locally since 1970 . Prior to the 1994 season , WDAF was the primary station for the Chiefs as an NBC affiliate ( they aired on KMBC when ABC had the AFL package through 1964 ) , since NBC had the AFC package . The inter-conference home games aired on KCTV starting in 1973 ( when the NFL allowed local telecasts of home games ) . After week one of the 1994 season , WDAF switched to Fox ( which got the NFC package ) , and has aired the Chiefs ' inter-conference home games since . The bulk of the team 's games moved to KSHB through the end of the 1997 season . Since that time , they have aired on KCTV , save for the 2015 Week 17 game vs. the Oakland Raiders , which aired on WDAF when the NFL cross-flexed the game from CBS to FOX . As of the 2015 preseason , the Chiefs preseason broadcasters were Paul Burmeister who serves as the play - by - play announcer , former Chiefs quarterback Trent Green serves as the color commentator , and KCChiefs.com insider B.J. Kissel is the sideline reporter . Radio affiliates ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates . Chiefs games are broadcast in Missouri and Kansas as well as parts of Iowa , Oklahoma , Nebraska , Arkansas , and South Dakota . Stations in major cities are listed below . City Call sign Frequency Kansas City , Missouri KCFX 101.1 MHz Jefferson City , Missouri KBBM 100.1 MHz Springfield , Missouri KXUS 97.3 MHz Springfield , Missouri KGMY 1400 kHz Joplin , Missouri KKOW 860 kHz Manhattan , Kansas KMAN 1350 kHz Salina , Kansas KINA 910 kHz / 94.5 MHz Salina , Kansas KSKG 99.9 MHz Topeka , Kansas KDVV 100.3 MHz Wichita , Kansas KTHR 107.3 MHz Des Moines , Iowa KBGG 1700 kHz Omaha , Nebraska KXSP 590 kHz City of St. Louis Greater St. Louis Missouri United States of America Architecture Airport Culture Crime Economy Education Fire Flag Geography History Timeline Hospitals Landmarks Neighborhoods Parks People Police Skyscrapers Sports Sheriff Transportation Wards Template : KMOX 1120AM & 98.1 FM HD3 Preseason game affiliates ( edit ) Metro area Call sign Affiliation Kansas City metro KCTV5 / KSMO CBS / MyTV Columbia , Missouri Jefferson City , Missouri KMIZ / KQFX / KZOU ABC / FOX / MyTV Des Moines , Iowa Ames , Iowa KDSM FOX Ft. Smith , Arkansas Fayetteville , Arkansas Springdale , Arkansas Rogers , Arkansas KNWA / KFTA NBC / FOX Joplin , Missouri Pittsburg , Kansas KODE / KSNF ABC / NBC Lincoln , Nebraska Hastings , Nebraska Kearney , Nebraska KFXL / KHGI FOX / ABC Ottumwa , Iowa Kirksville , Missouri KTVO / KTVO 3.2 CBS / ABC Springfield , Missouri KOLR / KOZL CBS / Indy St. Joseph , Missouri KQTV ABC Topeka , Kansas WIBW / EIBW CBS / MyTV Tulsa , Oklahoma KOTV / KQCW CBS / CW Wichita metro Ensign , Kansas Hays , Kansas Goodland , Kansas KWCH / KSCW - DT / KDCU CBS / CW / Univision Culture ( edit ) Fan base ( edit ) Arrowhead Stadium The Chiefs boast one of the most loyal fan bases in the NFL . Kansas City is the sixth - smallest media market with an NFL team , but they have had the second - highest attendance average over the last decade . Studies by Bizjournals in 2006 gave the Chiefs high marks for consistently drawing capacity crowds in both good seasons and bad . The Chiefs averaged 77,300 fans per game from 1996 to 2006 , second in the NFL behind the Washington Redskins . The franchise has an official fan club called Chiefs Kingdom which gives members opportunities to ticket priority benefits and VIP treatment . At the end of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' before home games , many Chiefs fans intentionally yell out `` CHIEFS ! '' rather than singing `` brave '' as the final word . In 1996 , general manager Carl Peterson said `` We all look forward , not only at Arrowhead , but on the road , too , to when we get to that stanza of the National Anthem ... Our players love it . '' After the September 11 , 2001 attacks , Chiefs fans refrained from doing so in honor of those who lost their lives in the tragedy and continued to do so for the remainder of the 2001 season . At the Chiefs ' September 23 , 2001 , home game against the New York Giants , fans gave the opposing Giants a standing ovation . After every Chiefs touchdown at home games , fans chant while pointing in the direction of the visiting team and fans , `` We 're gon na beat the hell outta you ... you ... you , you , you , you ! '' over the song `` Rock and Roll Part 2 . '' The chant starts after the third `` hey ! '' in the song . The original version of the song by Gary Glitter was previously used until the NFL banned his music from its facilities in 2006 following the British rocker 's conviction on sexual abuse charges in Vietnam . A cover version of the song played by Tube Tops 2000 has been played since 2006 at every home game . Chiefs fans also carry on a tradition that began at Florida State University in the mid 1980s by using the Seminole WarChant as a rallying cry during key moments in their football games . Prior to each home game , a former Chiefs player , called the honorary drum leader , bangs on a drum with a large drum stick to start the Tomahawk chop . The Chiefs ' fan base has expanded across the world like many other NFL teams . However , there is a Twitter account dedicated to Chiefs fans in the UK and has been recognized by the Kansas City Chiefs and is their official UK fan page . They have many dedicated fans writing articles and interviewing players of the team such as Tamba Hali . Arrowhead Stadium is also recognized by Guinness World Records as having the loudest outdoor stadium in the world . This was achieved on September 29 , 2014 in a Monday Night Football game against the New England Patriots when the crowd achieved a roar of 142.2 decibels which is comparable to standing 100 feet from a jet engine , which even with short term exposure , can cause permanent damage . Tony DiPardo ( edit ) From various periods between 1963 and the 2008 season , trumpeter Tony DiPardo and The T.D. Pack Band played live music at every Chiefs home game . The band was known as The Zing Band when the team was located at Municipal Stadium . DiPardo was honored by head coach Hank Stram in 1969 with a Super Bowl ring for the team 's victory in Super Bowl IV . When his health was declining , DiPardo took a leave of absence from the band from 1983 to 1988 . DiPardo 's daughter took over as bandleader in 1989 , by which time DiPardo returned to the band by popular demand . For the 2009 season , due to renovations at Arrowhead Stadium , the band did not return to perform at the stadium . DiPardo died on January 27 , 2011 , at age 98 . He had been hospitalized since December 2010 after suffering a brain aneurysm . See also ( edit ) American football portal Chiefs -- Raiders rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History - AFL Origins - Kansas City Chiefs '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uniform History '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs History -- 1960 's '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL team valuations : # 20 Kansas City Chiefs '' . Forbes . August 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro Football Hall of Fame : Kansas City Chiefs '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- AFL Origins '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NFL ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) , That Time the Chiefs Battled the Cowboys for Dallas ' Hearts NFL Highlights , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 ^ Jump up to : Althaus , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- 1960s '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kuhbander , Brad ( February 8 , 2008 ) . `` Kuhbander : This Week in Chiefs History '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gruver , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Maske , p. 325 Jump up ^ Rex W. Huppke ( January 30 , 2007 ) . `` Legends of the Bowl '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2007 . Lamar Hunt , who died in December , coined the term Super Bowl in the late 1960s after watching his kids play with a Super Ball , the bouncy creation of iconic toy manufacturer Wham - O . Jump up ^ Gruver , p. 167 Jump up ^ Gruver , p. 179 Jump up ^ `` Len Dawson '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ One game more than the Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers , Pro-Football-Reference.com : In multiple seasons , from 1960 to 1969 , in the regular season , sorted by descending Date . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- 1970s '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Althaus , p. 97 Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 101 ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- 1980s '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Delaney headed for Chiefs ring of honor Sunday '' . Kansas City Chiefs . September 23 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2005 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 167 ^ Jump up to : `` Warrick , Klinger fell way short in Cincy '' . ESPN.com. April 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- 1990s '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : `` Marty Schottenheimer 's coaching record '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Doug ( January 20 , 2004 ) . `` Chiefs name Gunther Cunningham defensive coordinator '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- 2000s '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 65 Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len ( June 5 , 2007 ) . `` Green goes to Dolphins from Chiefs in trade '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton , John ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Interesting list of suitors for Hall '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` KC trades DE Jared Allen to Minnesota for multiple draft choices '' . Kansas City Chiefs . April 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs QB Thigpen to start vs. Falcons '' . Associated Press . September 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs ' Day 1 plan comes together with Dorsey , others '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Draft yields quantity , and plenty of quality , for Chiefs '' . ESPN.com. April 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson , Bill ( June 18 , 2008 ) . `` Several ' 08 picks should make immediate impact '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs QB Croyle out for this week '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . September 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs QB Thigpen to start vs. Falcons '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . September 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Falcons back on track after victory over winless Chiefs '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . September 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Huard will start at quarterback Sunday for Kansas City '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs ' Johnson under investigation for latest incident involving a woman '' . ESPN.com . October 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs ' Johnson charged for spitting in woman 's face , wo n't play for now '' . ESPN.com . October 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( October 12 , 2008 ) . `` Source : Chiefs willing to listen to offers for record - setting TE Gonzalez '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzalez tells teammates he 's not bitter about failed trade request '' . ESPN.com . October 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs QB Croyle sprains right knee , done for the season '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs QB Croyle out for this week '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . September 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rand , Jonathan ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Breaking the Mold '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chadiha , Jeffri ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Spread changes options for Chiefs '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Johnson 's discipline in response to pattern of behavior '' . ESPN.com . October 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Titans extend winning streak as Chiefs lose game , Croyle '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . October 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Williams ' career - best game helps Panthers blank Chiefs '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . October 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Edwards helps Bills score most against Chiefs in history '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs GM Peterson to step down at end of season '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Pioli to join Kansas City Chiefs '' . ESPN.com . January 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs fire Edwards ; Shanahan next ? '' . ESPN.com . January 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Herm Edwards relieved of duties as Chiefs head coach '' . Kansas City Chiefs . January 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Todd Haley named Kansas City Chiefs head coach '' . Kansas City Chiefs . February 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs hire Cardinals offensive coordinator Haley as coach '' . Associated Press . February 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs trade Gonzalez for 2010 draft pick '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . April 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( February 28 , 2009 ) . `` Chiefs complete trade for Cassel '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs acquire QB Matt Cassel , LB Mike Vrabel in trade with Patriots '' . Kansas City Chiefs . February 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs claim Chambers '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2009 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HALEY RELIEVED OF DUTIES '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NFL Draft order set '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bill Williamson ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Niners announce Alex Smith trade '' . espn.com . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs dominate Texans in Houston '' . National Football League . Associated Press . January 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ferrin , Reid . ( July 31 , 2007 ) River Falls Wrap : Day Six Archived February 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Kcchiefs.com . Retrieved on July 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lamar Hunt patch becomes a permanent part of the Chiefs ' uniform '' . Kansas City Chiefs . January 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs to unveil `` throwback '' AFL uniforms in 2009 `` . Kansas City Chiefs . March 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arrowhead Stadium '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to the Steelers ( barely ) '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stadiums of the NFL -- Arrowhead Stadium '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arrowhead Stadium Quotes '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter King Notes -- The NFL '' . CNN . October 1 , 2001 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL 's Top 10 Fan Bases ( Photo Gallery ) '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs ready for playoff nemesis Indianapolis '' . Topeka Capital - Journal . January 11 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated 's 2005 poll : `` Toughest Places to Play '' `` . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crumpacker , John ( October 1 , 2006 ) . `` 49ers have to cope with the din of Arrowhead '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Week in Chiefs History '' . Kansas City Chiefs . February 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jon Benne ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` Chiefs set new Guinness world record for stadium noise '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records Broken '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Kingdom to be Featured on National TV '' . KCChiefs.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peterson , p. 176 Jump up ^ Moris , Pete ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Au Revoir , River Falls '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs to be featured in HBO 's ' Hard Knocks ' this summer '' . Kansas City Chiefs . June 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs announce plans for 2009 training camp '' . Kansas City Chiefs . December 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs to train in St. Joseph '' . Joplin Independent . December 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs training camp to return to Missouri beginning in 2010 '' . Kansas City Chiefs . June 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs mascots and cheerleaders '' . June 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , p. 141 Jump up ^ Echlin , Greg ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` KCUR : Warpaint returns to Arrowhead Stadium '' . KCUR . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Warpaint '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` K.C. Wolf '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mascot Hall of Fame -- K.C. Wolf '' . Mascot Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , p. 140 ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- Cheerleaders '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gretz , Bob ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Who 's next for Chiefs Hall ? '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Fame '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vermeil and the Chiefs in perfect harmony as the curtain falls with a 37 -- 3 win '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Franchise '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Herm Edwards named the 10th head coach in Kansas City Chiefs history '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs given permission to talk to Herm Edwards '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Clark Hunt , Chairman of the Board '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : `` Denny Thum steps down from the Chiefs ; Clark Hunt to be CEO '' . Kansas City Chiefs . September 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 411 ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs ' Carl Peterson resigns ; Edwards ' future uncertain '' . USA Today . Associated Press . December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denny Thum named Kansas City Chiefs president '' . Kansas City Chiefs . May 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chairman of the Board Clark Hunt Press Conference on the resignation of Carl Peterson '' . Kansas City Chiefs . December 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Pioli named Kansas City Chiefs general manager '' . Kansas City Chiefs . January 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs , Dorsey Agree to Part Ways '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs promote Brett Veach to GM spot '' . Espn.com . July 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : `` 101 The Fox extends Kansas City Chiefs radio broadcast rights through 2009 season '' . Kansas City Chiefs . August 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hall Of Famer Len Dawson Reducing Role With Chiefs Radio Network '' . SunFlowerRadio.com . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Radio Network Affiliate Team '' . Cumulus Media , Inc . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schein , Adam ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Ranking the NFL : Insider grading on every franchise '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Cleveland is No. 1 in ranking of NFL fan loyalty '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Chiefs Nation ! '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lamar Hunt announces birth of Chiefs Nation '' . Kansas City Chiefs . April 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , p. 132 Jump up ^ `` Giants beat Chiefs 13 -- 3 in defensive struggle '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . September 24 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pahigian , Josh ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` It 's a Celebration : Best NFL Touchdown Rituals '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , p. 133 Jump up ^ `` The Tomahawk Chop - it ` s No Longer Just Fsu ` s '' . tribunedigital - sunsentinel . Jump up ^ `` Game Day Activities : Chiefs vs. Giants '' . Chiefs.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrowheads Abroad ( KCChiefsUK ) on Twitter . Twitter.com . Retrieved on July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs break Guinness crowd noise record at Arrowhead against the Patriots '' . USAToday.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Decibel ( Loudness ) Comparison Chart '' . GCAudio.com . ^ Jump up to : Althaus , p. 86 ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , p. 137 Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 100 Jump up ^ Justin Unell ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Chiefs band leader Tony DiPardo dies '' . KSHB 41 News , Kansas City . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Althaus , Bill ( 2007 ) . The Good , The Bad , and The Ugly : Kansas City Chiefs : Heart - Pounding , Jaw - Dropping , and Gut - Wrenching Moments in Kansas City Chiefs History . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 928 - 9 Gruver , Ed ( 1997 ) . The American Football League : A Year - by - year History , 1960 -- 1969 . McFarland Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0399 - 3 Herb , Patrick ; Kuhbander , Brad ; Looney , Josh ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . 2008 Kansas City Chiefs Media Guide . Kansas City Chiefs Football Club , Inc Hoskins , Alan ( 1999 ) . Warpaths : The Illustrated History of the Kansas City Chiefs . Taylor Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 156 - 5 Maske , Mark ( 2007 ) . War Without Death : A Year of Extreme Competition in Pro Football 's NFC East . Penguin Group . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 141 - 2 McKenzie , Michael ( 1997 ) . Arrowhead : Home of the Chiefs . Addax Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 886110 - 11 - 5 Peterson , John E. ( 2003 ) . The Kansas City Athletics : A Baseball History , 1954 -- 1967 . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1610 - 6 Stallard , Mark ( 2004 ) . Kansas City Chiefs Encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 834 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kansas City Chiefs . Official website Kansas City Chiefs Founded in 1960 Formerly the Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 62 ) Based and headquartered in Kansas City , Missouri Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players First - round picks Coaches Logos and uniforms Awards Records Starting quarterbacks ( list ) Stadiums Cotton Bowl Municipal Stadium Arrowhead Stadium Personnel Owner : Clark Hunt President : Mark Donovan General Manager : Brett Veach Head Coach : Andy Reid Co-Offensive Coordinator : Brad Childress Co-Offensive Coordinator : Matt Nagy Defensive Coordinator : Bob Sutton Special Teams Coach : Dave Toub Culture Lamar Hunt H. Roe Bartle Warpaint K.C. Wolf Marty Ball Cheerleaders Rivalries Denver Broncos Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders St. Louis Cardinals / Rams Playoff appearances ( 19 ) 1962 1966 1968 1969 1971 1986 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 2003 2006 2013 2015 2016 Division championships ( 9 ) 1962 1966 1971 1993 1995 1997 2003 2016 League championships ( 2 ) 1962 1969 ( IV ) does not include 1966 or 1969 AFL championships Retired numbers 16 18 28 33 36 58 63 78 86 Media Broadcasters Television : KCTV WDAF - TV KSHB - TV Radio : KCFX Personalities : Dave Armstrong Len Dawson Kendall Gammon Bob Gretz Art Hains Bill Grigsby Kevin Harlan Mitch Holthus Roger Twibell Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) Sports teams based in Missouri Baseball MLB Kansas City Royals St. Louis Cardinals TL Springfield Cardinals FL River City Rascals AA Joplin Blasters Basketball IBA St. Louis Trotters Football NFL Kansas City Chiefs CIF Kansas City Phantoms Independent Kansas City Storm Ice hockey NHL St. Louis Blues ECHL Kansas City Mavericks NA3HL St. Louis Jr . Blues WSHL Springfield Express Roller derby WFTDA Arch Rival Roller Derby CoMo Derby Dames Springfield Roller Girls St. Chux Derby Chix MRDA St. Louis GateKeepers Rugby USAR Kansas City Blues St. Louis Bombers Soccer NWSL FC Kansas City USL Saint Louis FC Swope Park Rangers MISL Missouri Comets St. Louis Ambush NPSL Joplin Demize PDL Saint Louis FC U23 St. Louis Lions Tennis WTT Springfield Lasers College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Missouri Missouri State Saint Louis Southeast Missouri UMKC Native American mascot controversy Washington Redskins Name controversy Redskin ( slang ) Name change advocates Trademark dispute Opinion Polls Original Americans Foundation Chief Zee Other professional sports teams Atlanta Braves Chief Noc - A-Homa Chicago Blackhawks Name and logo controversy Cleveland Indians Name and logo controversy Edmonton Eskimos Kansas City Chiefs College teams NCAA Native American mascot decision Chief Illiniwek Osceola and Renegade North Dakota athletics Fighting Sioux name controversy San Diego State Aztec Warrior List of college teams Youth and school teams Sports teams named Redskins List of secondary school teams Change advocates Amanda Blackhorse Gregg Deal Stephanie Fryberg Suzan Shown Harjo Adrienne Keene Robert Roche Related Native American mascot laws and regulations List of teams Stereotypes about indigenous peoples of North America Contemporary Native American issues in the United States Cultural appropriation Indigenous intellectual property Redface Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_Chiefs&oldid=810012462 '' Categories : Kansas City Chiefs Dallas Texans American Football League teams National Football League teams American football teams in Kansas City , Missouri Sports in the Kansas City metropolitan area Sports clubs established in 1960 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 22 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the last time the kansas city chiefs went to the superbowl | [
"\n\nKansas City Chiefs\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished August 14, 1959; 58 years ago (August 14, 1959)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in and headquartered in Arrowhead Stadium\nKansas City, Missouri\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nAmerican Football League (1960–1969)\n\nWestern Division (1960–1969)\n\nNational Football League (1970–present)\n\nAmerican Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nAFC West (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nRed, Gold, White[2][3]\n \n\n\nMascot\nWarpaint (1963–1988, 2009–present)\nK. C. Wolf (1989–present)\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nHunt family\n\n\nChairman\nClark Hunt\n\n\nCEO\nClark Hunt\n\n\nPresident\nMark Donovan\n\n\nGeneral manager\nBrett Veach\n\n\nHead coach\nAndy Reid\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Texans (1960–1962)\nKansas City Chiefs (1963–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nRedwood Forest (Defense, 1969–1971)\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (2)†\n\nAFL Championships (3)\n1962, 1966, 1969\nAFL-NFL Super Bowl championships (1)\n1969 (IV)\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (0)\n\n\n\nDivision championships (9)\n\nAFL West: 1962, 1966\nAFC West: 1971, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2003, 2010, 2016\n\n\n\n\n† - Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL-NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (19)\n\n\n\n\nAFL: 1962, 1966, 1968, 1969\nNFL: 1971, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2003, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1962)\nMunicipal Stadium (1963–1971)\nArrowhead Stadium (1972–present)\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"1969"
] |
7347798047808818529 | Light-independent reactions | Light - independent reactions - wikipedia Light - independent reactions Jump to : navigation , search See also : Light - dependent reactions This article needs attention from an expert in Biology or Molecular and Cell Biology . The specific problem is : The title and scope of this article have issues . See the talk page for details . WikiProject Biology or WikiProject Molecular and Cell Biology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( April 2017 ) The internal structure of a chloroplast The light - independent reactions , or dark reactions , of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose . These reactions occur in the stroma , the fluid - filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes . These reactions take the products ( ATP and NADPH ) of light - dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them . There are three phases to the light - independent reactions , collectively called the Calvin cycle : carbon fixation , reduction reactions , and ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ( RuBP ) regeneration . This process occurs only when light is available . Plants do not carry out the Calvin cycle during nighttime . They instead release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserves . This process happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis ( C3 carbon fixation , C4 carbon fixation , and Crassulacean acid metabolism ) ; CAM plants store malic acid in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work . They are also known as dark reactions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coupling to other metabolic pathways 1.1 Steps 1.2 Products 2 Light - dependent regulation 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Coupling to other metabolic pathways ( edit ) These reactions are closely coupled to the thylakoid electron transport chain as reducing power provided by NADPH produced in the photosystem I is actively needed . The process of photorespiration , also known as C2 cycle , is also coupled to the dark reactions , as it results from an alternative reaction of the RuBisCO enzyme , and its final byproduct is also another glyceraldehyde - 3 - P . Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation The Calvin cycle , Calvin -- Benson -- Bassham ( CBB ) cycle , reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms . The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin , James Bassham , and Andrew Benson at the University of California , Berkeley by using the radioactive isotope carbon - 14 . Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH . The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short - lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds that can be used by the organism ( and by animals that feed on it ) . This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation . The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO . In the following biochemical equations , the chemical species ( phosphates and carboxylic acids ) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH . The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway , but they are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol , separating the reactions . They are activated in the light ( which is why the name `` dark reaction '' is misleading ) , and also by products of the light - dependent reaction . These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide . Energy ( in the form of ATP ) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions that have no net productivity . The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following : 3 CO + 6 NADPH + 6 H + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) + 6 NADP + 9 ADP + 3 H O + 8 P ( P = inorganic phosphate ) Hexose ( six - carbon ) sugars are not a product of the Calvin cycle . Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C O , this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration , where six - carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria . The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three - carbon sugar phosphate molecules , or `` triose phosphates '' , namely , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) . Steps ( edit ) In the first stage of the Calvin cycle , a CO molecule is incorporated into one of two three - carbon molecules ( glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate or G3P ) , where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH , which had been produced in the light - dependent stage . The three steps involved are : Calvin cycle step 1 ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) Calvin cycle steps 2 and 3 combined The enzyme RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , RuBP , a 5 - carbon compound , by carbon dioxide ( a total of 6 carbons ) in a two - step reaction . The product of the first step is enediol - enzyme complex that can capture CO or O . Thus , enediol - enzyme complex is the real carboxylase / oxygenase . The CO that is captured by enediol in second step produces an unstable six - carbon compound called 2 - carboxy 3 - keto 1 , 5 - biphosphoribotol ( or 3 - keto - 2 - carboxyarabinitol 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) that immediately splits into 2 molecules of 3 - phosphoglycerate , or 3 - PGA , a 3 - carbon compound ( also : 3 - phosphoglyceric acid , PGA , 3PGA ) . The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase catalyses the phosphorylation of 3 - PGA by ATP ( which was produced in the light - dependent stage ) . 1 , 3 - Bisphosphoglycerate ( 1 , 3BPGA , glycerate - 1 , 3 - bisphosphate ) and ADP are the products . ( However , note that two 3 - PGAs are produced for every CO that enters the cycle , so this step utilizes two ATP per CO fixed . ) The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses the reduction of 1 , 3BPGA by NADPH ( which is another product of the light - dependent stage ) . Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate ( also called G3P , GP , TP , PGAL , GAP ) is produced , and the NADPH itself is oxidized and becomes NADP . Again , two NADPH are utilized per CO fixed . Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle The next stage in the Calvin cycle is to regenerate RuBP . Five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules , using up three molecules of ATP . Since each CO molecule produces two G3P molecules , three CO molecules produce six G3P molecules , of which five are used to regenerate RuBP , leaving a net gain of one G3P molecule per three CO molecules ( as would be expected from the number of carbon atoms involved ) . Simplified C3 cycle with structural formulas The regeneration stage can be broken down into steps . Triose phosphate isomerase converts all of the G3P reversibly into dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( DHAP ) , also a 3 - carbon molecule . Aldolase and fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase convert a G3P and a DHAP into fructose 6 - phosphate ( 6C ) . A phosphate ion is lost into solution . Then fixation of another CO generates two more G3P . F6P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving erythrose - 4 - phosphate . The two carbons on transketolase are added to a G3P , giving the ketose xylulose - 5 - phosphate ( Xu5P ) . E4P and a DHAP ( formed from one of the G3P from the second CO fixation ) are converted into sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate ( 7C ) by aldolase enzyme . Sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase ( one of only three enzymes of the Calvin cycle that are unique to plants ) cleaves sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate into sedoheptulose - 7 - phosphate , releasing an inorganic phosphate ion into solution . Fixation of a third CO generates two more G3P . The ketose S7P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving ribose - 5 - phosphate ( R5P ) , and the two carbons remaining on transketolase are transferred to one of the G3P , giving another Xu5P . This leaves one G3P as the product of fixation of 3 CO , with generation of three pentoses that can be converted to Ru5P . R5P is converted into ribulose - 5 - phosphate ( Ru5P , RuP ) by phosphopentose isomerase . Xu5P is converted into RuP by phosphopentose epimerase . Finally , phosphoribulokinase ( another plant - unique enzyme of the pathway ) phosphorylates RuP into RuBP , ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , completing the Calvin cycle . This requires the input of one ATP . Thus , of six G3P produced , five are used to make three RuBP ( 5C ) molecules ( totaling 15 carbons ) , with only one G3P available for subsequent conversion to hexose . This requires nine ATP molecules and six NADPH molecules per three CO molecules . The equation of the overall Calvin cycle is shown diagrammatically below . The overall equation of the Calvin cycle ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) RuBisCO also reacts competitively with O instead of CO in photorespiration . The rate of photorespiration is higher at high temperatures . Photorespiration turns RuBP into 3 - PGA and 2 - phosphoglycolate , a 2 - carbon molecule that can be converted via glycolate and glyoxalate to glycine . Via the glycine cleavage system and tetrahydrofolate , two glycines are converted into serine + CO . Serine can be converted back to 3 - phosphoglycerate . Thus , only 3 of 4 carbons from two phosphoglycolates can be converted back to 3 - PGA . It can be seen that photorespiration has very negative consequences for the plant , because , rather than fixing CO , this process leads to loss of CO . C4 carbon fixation evolved to circumvent photorespiration , but can occur only in certain plants native to very warm or tropical climates -- corn , for example . Products ( edit ) The immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle are 2 glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) molecules , 3 ADP , and 2 NADP . ( ADP and NADP are not really `` products . '' They are regenerated and later used again in the Light - dependent reactions ) . Each G3P molecule is composed of 3 carbons . For the Calvin cycle to continue , RuBP ( ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) must be regenerated . So , 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose . Therefore , there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn . To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons , and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle . To make one glucose molecule ( which can be created from 2 G3P molecules ) would require 6 turns of the Calvin cycle . Surplus G3P can also be used to form other carbohydrates such as starch , sucrose , and cellulose , depending on what the plant needs . Light - dependent regulation ( edit ) Main article : Light - dependent reactions These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night . There is a light - dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes , as the third step requires reduced NADP . There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off : the thioredoxin / ferredoxin activation system , which activates some of the cycle enzymes ; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation , active in the Calvin cycle , which involves its own activase . The thioredoxin / ferredoxin system activates the enzymes glyceraldehyde - 3 - P dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - P phosphatase , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase , and ribulose - 5 - phosphatase kinase , which are key points of the process . This happens when light is available , as the ferredoxin protein is reduced in the photosystem I complex of the thylakoid electron chain when electrons are circulating through it . Ferredoxin then binds to and reduces the thioredoxin protein , which activates the cycle enzymes by severing a cystine bond found in all these enzymes . This is a dynamic process as the same bond is formed again by other proteins that deactivate the enzymes . The implications of this process are that the enzymes remain mostly activated by day and are deactivated in the dark when there is no more reduced ferredoxin available . The enzyme RuBisCo has its own , more complex activation process . It requires that a specific lysine amino acid be carbamylated to activate the enzyme . This lysine binds to RuBP and leads to a non-functional state if left uncarbamylated . A specific activase enzyme , called RuBisCo activase , helps this carbamylation process by removing one proton from the lysine and making the binding of the carbon dioxide molecule possible . Even then the RuBisCo enzyme is not yet functional , as it needs a magnesium ion bound to the lysine to function . This magnesium ion is released from the thylakoid lumen when the inner pH drops due to the active pumping of protons from the electron flow . RuBisCo activase itself is activated by increased concentrations of ATP in the stroma caused by its phosphorylation . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Silverstein , Alvin ( 2008 ) . Photosynthesis . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 21 . ISBN 9780822567981 . Jump up ^ John C. Cushman ( 2001 ) . `` A Plastic Photosynthetic Adaptation to Arid Environments '' . Plant Physiology. 127 ( 4 ) : 1439 -- 1448 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 010818 . PMC 1540176 . PMID 11743087 . Jump up ^ Bassham J , Benson A , Calvin M ( 1950 ) . `` The path of carbon in photosynthesis '' ( PDF ) . J Biol Chem. 185 ( 2 ) : 781 -- 7 . doi : 10.2172 / 910351 . PMID 14774424 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , Massachusetts : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Farazdaghi H ( 2009 ) . `` Modeling the Kinetics of Activation and Reaction of RuBisCO from Gas Exchange '' . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 29 ( IV ) : 275 -- 294 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9237 - 4_12 . Jump up ^ Campbell , and Reece Biology : 8th Edition , page 198 . Benjamin Cummings , December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Russell , Wolfe et al. Biology : Exploring the Diversity of Life '. Toronto : Nelson College Indigenous , 1st ed , Vol. 1 , 2010 , pg 151 Jump up ^ Besse , I ; Buchanan , B ( 1997 ) . `` Thioredoxin - linked animal and plant processes : the new generation '' . Bot . Bull. Acad. Sin. 38 : 1 -- 11 . Bibliography Bassham JA ( 2003 ) . `` Mapping the carbon reduction cycle : a personal retrospective '' . Photosyn . Res. 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 35 -- 52 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024929725022 . PMID 16228564 . Diwan , Joyce J. ( 2005 ) . `` Photosynthetic Dark Reaction '' . Biochemistry and Biophysics , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . Portis , Archie ; Parry , Martin ( 2007 ) . `` Discoveries in Rubisco ( Ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase ) : a historical perspective '' ( PDF ) . Photosynthesis Research . 94 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 143 . doi : 10.1007 / s11120 - 007 - 9225 - 6 . PMID 17665149 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 12 Further reading ( edit ) Rubisco Activase , from the Plant Physiology Online website Thioredoxins , from the Plant Physiology Online website External links ( edit ) The Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway from Biochemistry , Fifth Edition by Jeremy M. Berg , John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer . Published by W.H. Freeman and Company ( 2002 ) . Branches of life science and biology Anatomy Astrobiology Biochemistry Biogeography Biohistory Biomechanics Biophysics Bioinformatics Biostatistics Botany Cell biology Cellular microbiology Chemical biology Chronobiology Computational biology Conservation biology Cytogenetics Developmental biology Ecology Embryology Epidemiology Epigenetics Evolutionary biology Freshwater biology Geobiology Genetics Genomics Histology Human biology Immunology Marine biology Mathematical biology Microbiology Molecular biology Mycology Neontology Neuroscience Nutrition Origin of life Paleontology Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Phylogenetics Physiology Quantum biology Sociobiology Structural biology Systematics Systems biology Taxonomy Teratology Toxicology Virology Virophysics Zoology Branches of chemistry Dictionary of chemical formulas List of biomolecules List of inorganic compounds Periodic table Physical Chemical kinetics Chemical physics Nuclear chemistry Electrochemistry Femtochemistry Geochemistry Photochemistry Quantum chemistry Solid - state chemistry Spectroscopy Surface science Thermochemistry Organic Biochemistry Bioorganic chemistry Biophysical chemistry Chemical biology Clinical chemistry Fullerene chemistry Medicinal chemistry Neurochemistry Pharmacy Physical organic chemistry Polymer chemistry Inorganic Bioinorganic chemistry Cluster chemistry Coordination chemistry Materials science Organometallic chemistry Others Actinide chemistry Analytical chemistry Astrochemistry Chemistry education Clay chemistry Click chemistry Computational chemistry Cosmochemistry Environmental chemistry Food chemistry Forensic chemistry Green chemistry Post-mortem chemistry Supramolecular chemistry Theoretical chemistry Wet chemistry Portal Commons WikiProject Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light-independent_reactions&oldid=833363610 '' Categories : Photosynthesis Metabolism Hidden categories : Articles needing expert attention from April 2017 All articles needing expert attention Biology articles needing expert attention Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Galego 한국어 Bahasa Melayu Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 03 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the calvin cycle (dark reactions) take place | [
"The light-independent reactions, or dark reactions,[1] of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration."
] | [
"in the stroma"
] |
-8541939311087736548 | IW engine | IW engine - wikipedia IW engine IW engine The lighting , shadow , and texture streaming of the engine can be seen in this screenshot , taken from the multiplayer mode of Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 . Developer ( s ) Infinity Ward , Treyarch , Sledgehammer Games Initial release October 2005 ; 13 years ago ( 2005 - 10 ) Written in C , C++ , Python Platform Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , Wii U , Wii Type Game engine License Proprietary The IW engine is a game engine developed by Infinity Ward , Treyarch , and Sledgehammer Games for the Call of Duty series . The engine was originally based on id Tech 3 as its core , since the engine itself is proprietary with inclusion of GtkRadiant by id Software . It has been used by Infinity Ward , Treyarch , Raven Software and Sledgehammer Games . Contents 1 History 1.1 From IW 2.0 to IW 3.0 1.2 IW 4.0 - IW 5.0 1.3 Next Gen IW 2 Games using IW engine 3 References History ( edit ) From IW 2.0 to IW 3.0 ( edit ) The engine has been distinct from the id Tech 3 engine on which it is based since Call of Duty 2 in 2005 . The engine 's name was not publicized until IGN was told at the E3 2009 by the studio that Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 would run on the `` IW 4.0 engine '' . Development of the engine and the Call of Duty games has resulted in inclusion of advanced graphical features while maintaining an average of 60 frames per second on the consoles and PC . Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare was released using version 3.0 of the engine . This game included features such as bullet penetration , improved AI , lighting engine upgrades , particle system enhancements and many more improvements . Treyarch began using an enhanced version of the IW 3.0 engine for Call of Duty : World at War . Improvements were made to the physics model and dismemberment was added . Environments also featured more destructibility and could be set alight using the flamethrower . The flamethrower featured propagating fire and it was able to burn skin and clothes realistically . Treyarch modified the engine for their James Bond title , 007 : Quantum of Solace . IW 4.0 - IW 5.0 ( edit ) Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 was released using the IW 4.0 engine , the only game to do so . The IW 4.0 engine featured texture streaming technology to create much higher environmental detail without sacrificing performance . Call of Duty : Black Ops was not based on IW 4.0 ; rather , Treyarch further enhanced the version of IW 3.0 they had used in their previous game . This version of the engine also featured streaming technology , lighting enhancements , and support for 3D imaging . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 utilizes an improved version of the IW 4.0 engine . Improvements on the engine allow better streaming technology which allows larger regions for the game while running at a minimum of 60 frames per second . Further improvements to the audio and lighting engines have been made in this version . Call of Duty : Black Ops II was developed using a further iteration of the IW engine . Texture blending has been improved due to a new technology called `` reveal mapping '' which compares tones between two textures and then blends them together . Also , there have been upgrades to the lighting engine which include HDR lighting , bounce lighting , self - shadowing , intersecting shadows and various other improvements . Call of Duty : Black Ops II takes advantage of DirectX 11 video cards on the Windows version of the game . The `` zombie '' mode has been moved to the multiplayer portion of the engine which will allow for much more variety within this part of the game . Black Ops II was released on November 13 , 2012 . Next gen IW ( edit ) Call of Duty : Ghosts features an upgraded version of the IW 5.0 seen in Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 . It is unknown at this time whether or not any engine features have been taken from Call of Duty : Black Ops II . Since the main developer is Infinity Ward they have returned to their original engine naming system and called this iteration IW6 . IW6 is compatible with next - gen systems such as Xbox One and PlayStation 4 so polygon counts , texture detail and overall graphical fidelity has been increased . IW6 is also compatible with Microsoft Windows , Wii U , PS3 and Xbox 360 . The IW6 engine features technology from Pixar , SubD , which increases the level of detail of models as one gets closer to them . Mark Rubin has said about the HDR lighting `` We used to paint it in and cover up the cracks , but now it 's all real - time '' . Ghosts uses Iris Adjust tech which allows the player to experience from a person 's point of view how their eyes would react to changes in lighting conditions realistically . Other features include new animation systems , fluid dynamics , interactive smoke , displacement mapping and dynamic multiplayer maps . Ghosts was released on November 5 , 2013 . Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare features an unknown version of the IW engine , as the majority of it has been re-written . Advanced Warfare features a new audio engine built from the ground up . Developer Sledgehammer said they have incorporated brand new animation , physics , rendering , lighting , motion capture and facial animation systems . Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare 's IW 7.0 features weightlessness system , game physics improvement , improved AI and improved non-player characters behaviors . Games using IW engine ( edit ) Title Version Year Upgraded from Features Call of Duty 2 IW 2.0 2005 Modified version of id Tech 3 from Call of Duty Normal mapping Light bloom Heat haze Unified shadowing system Game console support . Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare IW 3.0 2007 Call of Duty 2 's IW 2.0 engine Bullet penetration Improved AI Lighting engine upgrades Particle system enhancements Ragdoll physics integrated into character death animations . Self - shadow every frame Call of Duty : World at War IW 3.0 2008 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare 's IW 3.0 engine Audio occlusion Improved physics Ragdoll physics after death animations Dismemberment More destructible environments Realistic burning of skin and clothing Propagating fire 007 : Quantum of Solace IW 3.0 2008 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare 's IW 3.0 engine Cover system Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 IW 4.0 2009 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare 's IW 3.0 engine Texture streaming technology Improved AI Call of Duty : Black Ops IW 3.0 Call of Duty : World at War 's IW 3.0 engine Texture streaming technology Stereoscopic 3D support Deferred lighting Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 IW 5.0 ( MW3 engine ) 2011 Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 's IW 4.0 engine Improvements to texture streaming technology to allow for larger regions Lighting engine enhancements to show reflections of some objects on tile floors Improvements to the audio engine Call of Duty : Black Ops II Black Ops II engine 2012 Call of Duty : Black Ops 's IW 3.0 engine heavily modified Reveal mapping ( improved texture blending ) Improved water effects Improved lighting effects Lens flare effects HDR lighting Bounce lighting Self - shadowing Intersecting shadows DirectX 11 for Windows version Improvements to the audio engine Call of Duty : Ghosts IW 6.0 Next Gen 2013 Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 's MW3 engine updated ( IW 5.0 ) Pixar 's SubD ( models sub-divide the closer the player gets to them ) New animation systems for movement ( sliding , leaning etc . ) Fluid dynamics Interactive smoke Improved AI Dynamic multiplayer maps Displacement mapping True real - time HDR lighting Iris Adjust tech Graphics Tessellation for Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One PhysX support for Windows version Specular mapping on particle effects Using Umbra 's advanced rendering technology Call of Duty : Black Ops III Black Ops III engine 2015 Call of Duty : Black Ops II 's Black Ops II engine updated Renderer Animation systems Lighting Dynamic water simulation system Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare IW 7.0 Next Gen 2016 Call of Duty : Ghosts ' heavily modified engine ( IW 6.0 Next Gen ) Physically - based rendering Lightning Zero - gravity simulation system Physics improvement Improved AI Improved NPC behaviors Streaming level transition improvement New performance capture stage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` The 10 Best Game Engines of This Generation '' . IGN . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2010 : First Details Interview Part 2 HD '' . GameTrailers . May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ross Miller ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` New Bond game Quantum of Solace runs on COD4 engine , launching with movie '' . Joystiq . Retrieved May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lamia , Mark ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Black Ops 2 : New engine is n't necessary - Treyarch '' . computerandvideogames.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amrich , Dan ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` What I Know About Call of Duty : Black Ops II '' . One of Swords . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Tach . `` Infinity Ward , Call of Duty : Ghosts and the nameless game engine that powers a first - person shooter phenomenon '' . Polygon . Retrieved Jun 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : Ghosts exclusive first look '' . T3 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Uses Version of `` Avatar 2 '' Facial Animation System `` . GameSpot . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ross Miller . `` New Bond game Quantum of Solace runs on COD4 engine , launching with movie '' . Joystiq . Retrieved May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Matt Peckham . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Review Roundup '' . PC World . Retrieved Nov 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deferred rendering vs forward rendering '' . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcus Yam . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 Engine Focused on Gameplay '' . Tom 's Hardware US . Retrieved Sep 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowling , Robert ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` IAm Robert Bowling , Creative Strategist on Modern Warfare 3 AMA '' . reddit . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan . `` Mark Lamia discusses the Black Ops II engine '' . One of Swords . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perry Vandell . `` Call of Duty : Ghosts engine is n't brand new , but upgraded '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` pcdev on Twitter : @ treboruk92 Heavily modified from BO2 including completely new renderer '' . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Engineer 's Roundtable '' . Treyarch . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare '' . Call of Duty Wiki . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty Infinite Warfare : Performance Analysis '' . TechPowerUp . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty Infinite Warfare Wo n't Use A New Engine , But Will Feature Improvements `` GamingBolt.com : Video Game News , Reviews , Previews and Blog '' . gamingbolt.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . 2000s portal Computer graphics portal Information technology portal Video games portal Call of Duty Games World War II Call of Duty United Offensive WWII Modern Warfare 4 : Modern Warfare Nintendo DS version Remastered Modern Warfare 2 Mobilized Controversies `` No Russian '' Modern Warfare 3 Downloadable content Defiance Black Ops World at War Nintendo DS version Final Fronts Zombies Black Ops Zombies Black Ops II Declassified Strike Team Black Ops III Black Ops 4 Other games Finest Hour Big Red One Roads to Victory Ghosts Advanced Warfare Heroes Infinite Warfare Media Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish `` Not Ready to Die '' `` Nightmare '' `` Carry On '' `` Shepherd of Fire '' `` Survival '' Main developers Infinity Ward Sledgehammer Games Treyarch Raven Software Related articles Championship Elite Experience 2011 Experience 2016 Captain Price id Tech 3 IW engine Soap MacTavish World League Book Game engines ( list ) Source port First - person shooter engine list Game engine recreation list Game creation system List of visual novel engines Free and open - source 2D Adventure Game Studio Beats of Rage Cocos2d Moai OHRRPGCE OpenFL ORX Pygame Ren'Py Stratagus Thousand Parsec Vassal Xconq 2.5 D Doom engine 3D Away3D Bork3D Blender Game Cafu Crystal Space Delta3D Dim3 GamePlay GLScene Horde3D Irrlicht id Tech Quake Quake II JMonkey OGRE Open Wonderland Panda3D Papervision3D Platinum Arts Sandbox Plasma PlayCanvas PLIB Torque Xenko Mix Allegro Godot libGDX Lightweight Java Game Library Spring Wintermute Engine Proprietary 2D Construct Corona GameMaker Studio GameSalad M.U.G.E.N RPG Maker Southpaw Stencyl UbiArt Framework Vicious Virtual Theatre V - Play Zillions of Games 3D 4A Amazon Lumberyard AnvilNext C4 Chrome Creation CryEngine Crystal Tools Decima Diesel EGO Elflight Essence Fox Frostbite HeroEngine id Tech 6 7 Ignite IW LithTech Luminous Studio LyN MT Framework Panta Rhei PhyreEngine REDengine RAGE Shark 3D ShiVa Snowdrop Source Unigine Unreal Mix Gamebryo Unity Historical Bitsquid Build Dark Enigma Flare3D Game - Maker GameMaker Garry Kitchen 's GameMaker Genesis3D Genie GoldSrc Filmation Freescape INSANE Jade Jedi Marmalade MADE Pie in the Sky Q Reality Lab RenderWare Refractor Riot SAGE SCUMM Silent Storm Sim RPG Maker Sith Titan Truevision3D Vision Visual3D Voxel Space XnGine Zero Proprietary middleware Euphoria Gameware GameWorks Havok iMUSE Kynapse SpeedTree FaceGen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IW_engine&oldid=848955243 '' Categories : 2005 software 3D graphics software Activision Proprietary software Video game engines Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Pages using Infobox software with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Македонски Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 13 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what engine does call of duty run on | [
"The IW engine is a game engine developed by Infinity Ward, Treyarch, and Sledgehammer Games for the Call of Duty series. The engine was originally based on id Tech 3 as its core, since the engine itself is proprietary with inclusion of GtkRadiant by id Software. It has been used by Infinity Ward, Treyarch, Raven Software and Sledgehammer Games.\n"
] | [
"The IW engine"
] |
2427033971503973493 | List of K.C. Undercover episodes | List of K.C. Undercover episodes - Wikipedia List of K.C. Undercover episodes Jump to : navigation , search K.C. Undercover is an American sitcom created by Corinne Marshall that premiered on Disney Channel on January 18 , 2015 . The series stars Zendaya , Veronica Dunne , Kamil McFadden , Trinitee Stokes , Tammy Townsend , and Kadeem Hardison . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 27 January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 24 March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) TBA July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Jon Rosenbaum Story by : Corinne Marshall Teleplay by : Rob Lotterstein and Corinne Marshall January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 3.51 Guest stars : Trevor Jackson as Lincoln , Tony Cavalero as Wally , Ashley Fink as Reena , Ashlee Fuss as Juli Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper `` My Sister from Another Mother ... Board '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) 102 3.05 K.C. tries to tell her parents that Ernie is ready to be a spy , even though he is clumsy . They then introduce them to Judy , who is a robot disguised to be a 10 year old , and tell Ernie that K.C and their parents are spies . K.C. takes Ernie on a mission and does not tell Craig or Kira to prove to them that Ernie is ready to be a spy . He crashes a van into the museum because he was parked in a loading zone and the police told him to move it , but he did not know how to drive . At the end , he becomes a spy after he reroutes the GPS of the person K.C. could not stop on the mission to their home . Guest star : Rick Hall as Agent `` Give Me a `` K '' ! Give Me a `` C '' ! '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) 103 2.22 Guest stars : Mckenna Grace as Quinn , Leah Bateman as Alina `` Off the Grid '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 106 2.76 Guest stars : Charlie Robinson as Pops , Roz Ryan as Grandma , Diane Delano as Honey , Tony Cavalero as Wally Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 5 5 `` Photo Bombed '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 104 2.60 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Marisa becomes a finalist for a contest to get a photo featured in magazines and billboards , but her photo is of K.C. After Craig tells K.C. that she should n't let Marisa enter the contest with a photo of her , K.C. tries to stop Marisa from entering the contest with a picture of her , which caused a row between them . Then Marisa takes a stand and says they should n't be friends anymore . In the end , K.C. tells Marisa that she is a spy for a secret organization that works against The Other Side . Meanwhile , Craig and Ernie make Judy do all of the chores Kira gave them . 6 6 `` How K.C. Got Her Swag Back '' Jon Rosenbaum Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 108 2.39 On messing up a mission and getting her mom in almost close danger , Kacie loses her swag and is not her normal self . She was offended when a boy said she plays like a girl and decided she would teach him how to play . As an excellent basketball player , she defeated him and was delighted to find that she got her swag back . Guest star : Shainu Bala as Mikal Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 7 7 `` Daddy 's Little Princess '' Jon Rosenbaum Teri Schaffer & Raynelle Swilling March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 107 1.97 Guest stars : Tom Williamson as Prince Promomomo , Erron Jay as Olu Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 8 8 `` Assignment : Get That Assignment '' Kadeem Hardison Rob Lotterstein April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 118 1.54 Marisa turns in a paper report based on one of K.C. 's recent missions , not realizing that it could blow K.C. 's cover as a spy . K.C. and Marisa then try to get the paper back from her teacher , Mr. Forman . K.C. , disguised as a substitute teacher , goes into the teacher lounge , but is unsuccessful in retrieving the paper . Agent Beverly keeps calling K.C. to ask for the report and later disables her spy equipment until K.C. gives her the report . Meanwhile , Judy 's robotic friend Trudy visits , but they get into a fight over who is a better robot . Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , James DiGiacomo as Petey , David Shatraw as Mr. Forman , Madison Horcher as Trudy , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 9 9 `` Spy - anoia Will Destroy Ya '' Rich Correll Eileen Conn April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 105 2.58 K.C. gets mad when her English teacher gives her a B and she thinks he is a undercover spy . It turns out that K.C. is just being paranoid . Meanwhile , Ernie finally has a girlfriend , whose name is Jolie , but when he brings her home , K.C. thinks she is an undercover spy as well . After attempting to prove it , and failing , K.C. eventually accidentally splashes some ketchup on Jolie 's shirt which causes her to lose concentration and speak Russian . Realizing she was right all along , K.C. tricks Jolie into following her to school by pretending she has hidden spy documents in her locker and is going to retrieve them . K.C. finally gets Jolie to admit she 's a Russian spy , there to obtain K.C. 's family weaknesses . After defeating her in a fight , K.C. gets Jolie to break up with Ernie . K.C also obtains a pair of earrings that are actually spy gadgets from Jolie . Special guest star : Bella Thorne as Jolie Guest star : Kurt Scholler as Mr. Enright Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 10 10 `` Double Crossed Part 1 '' Joel Zwick Jody Margolin Hahn Cat Davis & Eddie Quintana Eileen Conn May 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ) 109 -- 110 2.40 K.C. has to go on an undercover mission with the Junior Spy of the Year Brett Willis . They must pretend to be a couple , though K.C. initially dislikes him . K.C. becomes jealous when Brett begins dating Marisa , who is aware that he is a spy . Later , Marisa ends their relationship . K.C. and Brett develop feelings for each other after they go undercover for a dancing competition . Craig and Kira 's 20th anniversary is coming and Kira is upset that Craig does not want a big party to celebrate . Kira receives flowers from Zane , Craig 's ex-partner , who became a double agent prior to K.C. 's birth due to jealousy that Kira did not like him . Craig allowed Zane to escape in exchange for his life . In a note to Kira , Zane informs the Coopers that he is planning revenge against them . Later , Brett tells the family that Zane is imprisoned and that he had sent the flowers and note from a computer at the prison . Brett then calls his father , Zane , to inform him that the Coopers believed his false story regarding Zane 's imprisonment . Guest star : Ross Butler as Brett Willis 11 11 `` Double Crossed Part 2 '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein May 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 30 ) 111 1.82 K.C. starts hanging out with Brett more often , but Kira is suspicious of him . Craig thinks she is being paranoid . Brett convinces K.C. to go with him to a Beyoncé concert out of state , but he tricks K.C. and actually takes her to Zane 's barn , where she is then tied up . Zane has created a look - alike K.C. through laser cosmetic surgery . He sends the look - alike to the Cooper household to pose as the real K.C. Meanwhile , Judy becomes obsessed with a character in Ernie 's video game . Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Francois Chau as Zane 12 12 `` Double Crossed Part 3 '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 112 3.02 K.C. is captured by Zane and nobody knows because he created a K.C. look - alike whose name is Bernice , but Marisa is starting to realize K.C. is not the real K.C when she agrees to go to a party with Marissa . Then the K.C. look - alike locks Marisa in the barn with K.C. after Marisa realizes that the K.C. look - alike does not know that Marisa knows that K.C is a spy . However , Marisa has K.C. 's lipstick and K.C. breaks their handcuffs . K.C. then goes to the Organization to stop the K.C. look - alike and Brett . After a fight with Brett , K.C knocks him out and tells him that shes ' breaking up with him . Meanwhile , Craig and Kira finally realize the K.C. look - alike is fake and go to the Organization , but have make a decision on who is the real K.C. when the K.C. look - alike arrives . Zane holds Ernie and Judy hostage at the Cooper house , but Craig defeats him while Kira distracts him . Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Francois Chau as Zane 13 13 `` Stakeout Takeout '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 117 2.52 When K.C. is planning to go to Miami with Marisa for a vacation , Craig tells K.C. she must go on a stakeout to catch a notorious robber . During a phone call , she learned her dad lied so she could stay and she was never assigned to the case . K.C ends up not talking to Craig . Meanwhile , Ernie is mad at his dad and K.C. because they both think he 's just a computer geek . He goes to El Froyo Loco and sees the notorious robber and calls K.C. for help , but K.C. wants him to take the robber out to give him a chance to `` bake the biscuits '' and prove to his dad that he is more than just the computer guy . After the mission K.C. makes it to the beach . In a side story , Craig keeps getting mad at the takeout restaurant guy who tries to overcharge him for food he did n't want or order Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , Paras Patel as Delivery Guy , Daniel David Stewart as Stanley Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 14 14 `` The Neighborhood Watchdogs '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 122 1.95 Mrs. Goldfeder 's house has been robbed , so K.C. volunteers her dad to be the neighborhood watchdogs leader . However , he does n't think it 's a good idea . K.C. then tries to sneak around and be the leader , but Craig finds out and yells at K.C. The burglar goes to Mrs. Goldfeder 's house and K.C. finds out it 's her dad . K.C. and Craig mistake a person who 's taking out the garbage for a burglar . Craig lets his teammate , Herb , use the bathroom in the Cooper house only to discover he 's the one who 's stealing everything . K.C. and Craig apologize to each other . Meanwhile , Judy is trying to get away from her friend at school who likes her and brings in her other friend Petey to pretend they 're dating , though Petey really thinks she likes him . Both of them go to El Froyo Loco and Pentatonix tries to help Judy tell Petey that she does n't like him by performing a rendition of Ariana Grande 's `` Problem '' through the credits , but he still does n't believe her . Guest stars : Pentatonix , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , Fred Stoller as Herb , Dat Pham as Slippy Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 15 15 `` First Friend '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) 125 2.91 K.C. gets a mission at the University of Maryland to go undercover as a college student and protect the daughter of the president of the United States . K.C. ends up befriending Eliza , the president 's daughter even though she ca n't . Marisa becomes jealous and ends up lying about her name when meeting Eliza . However , Eliza finds out who K.C is and refuses to speak to her . Marisa then uses her party - finding skills to find Eliza and tell K.C.K.C goes to the party and helps protect Eliza against kidnappers after she ditches her Secret Service men , repairing their relationship . Meanwhile , Ernie reveals that he is an adventure scout and Judy wants to join . Guest stars : McKaley Miller as Eliza , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Dat Pham as Slippy 16 16 `` Operation : Other Side , Part 1 '' Jon Rosenbaum Eileen Conn July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) 114 1.99 K.C. and Kira go undercover at a prison facility . K.C. 's disguise is a prisoner and Kira is a correctional officer . Their assignment is to find someone at the prison who is working undercover for a group of bad guys known as The Other Side . K.C. finds out it is Big Ange , a correctional officer , who offers K.C. an opportunity to join The Other Side . Kira tells K.C. that the Organization wants her to accept the offer and continue the undercover mission . K.C. continues her mission without Kira . Meanwhile , Petey keeps bothering Judy . Guest stars : Cocoa Brown as Big Ange , Vivian Marie Lamolli as Scar , James DiGiacomo as Petey Absent : Kamil McFadden as Ernie Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 17 17 `` Operation : Other Side , Part 2 '' Kimberly McCullough Rob Lotterstein July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) 115 2.17 K.C. enters the Other Side . She calls Craig and learns that her mission is to destroy a dangerous missile and recover a biological agent from the Other Side . When she has to take a hand - to - hand combat class it is revealed that Brett is her instructor . Brett helps her get to the missile and she deactivates the missile . However , the Other Side finds her and a fight ensues . When Victor , the leader of the Other Side , tries to destroy K.C. , Brett comes in and saves her and helps her escape . Judy wants Craig to buy her a dog . Craig says no because he 's more of a cat person . They reach a compromise when Craig buys Judy a robot dog named Snuggles . Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Lee Reherman as Victor Absent : Kamil McFadden as Ernie Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 18 18 `` K.C. and the Vanishing Lady '' Rich Correll Cat Davis & Eddie Quintana July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) 119 2.14 Guest stars : Jonathan Schmock as Lloyd , Natalija Nogulich as Mrs. Vandervoort , Erin Matthews as Mrs. Andrews , Noah Crawford as Gabriel Absent : Veronica Dunne as Marisa Clark 19 19 `` Debutante Baller '' Jon Rosenbaum Raynelle Swilling & Teri Schaffer August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) 113 2.05 Guest stars : Telma Hopkins as Miss Holley , Reign Edwards as Kitten Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 20 20 `` K.C. 's the Man '' Rosario J. Roveto , Jr . Teri Schaffer & Raynelle Swilling August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) 127 1.89 Guest stars : Barrett Carnahan as Spencer , Dante Swain as Aaron , Sully Zack as Lorenzo 21 21 `` Runaway Robot '' Joel Zwick Rob Lotterstein September 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 07 ) 120 -- 121 2.45 Judy gets upset when she finds out she does not have a birthday . K.C. locates Judy 's creator , Simone , so they can meet each other . K.C. and Judy get into a huge argument . Judy runs away to live with her creator , but since Judy is understanding feelings she gets sad when nobody pays attention to her . Judy runs away again and gets tricked into working for The Other Side . She tries to run away from The Other Side . K.C. and Simone team up and work together to bring Judy home . Meanwhile , Ernie and Marisa find out that they were flirting with each other when they were playing a video game . Special guest star : Raven - Symoné as Simone Guest stars : Chris Ellis as Christos , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Mike Lane as Paul Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 22 22 `` All Howl 's Eve '' Jon Rosenbaum Dava Savel October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 123 1.97 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Ernie and Judy 's mission to intercept an evil wolf serum at the Central Park Spooktacular goes a little off - track when they meet Emma Ross and Zuri Ross from Jessie . Back home , K.C. and Marisa throw a Halloween shindig of their own , with K.C. deciding to dress up as a spy in hopes of impressing River , the new boy in school but loses her expensive heart bracelet for communication with the Organization . Special guest stars : Peyton List as Emma , Skai Jackson as Zuri Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Chris O'Neal as River 23 23 `` The Get Along Vault '' Phill Lewis Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 126 2.39 Guest star : Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder 24 24 `` Enemy of the State '' Joel Zwick Eileen Conn November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 124 2.06 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Kira is arrested by The Organization , with only 72 hours for K.C. and lawyer Maggie Summer to prove her innocence before she 's handed over to the Chinese Government for destroying a building in Hong Kong . K.C. later finds out that her lawyer is a fraud , turning out to be an ex-cohort of Kira . Meanwhile , Judy is accidentally mailed out of Washington , D.C. Guest stars : Arden Myrin as Maggie , Patrick Cassidy as Chuck Maddox , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Michelle Noh as Real Maggie Note : Although Veronica Dunne does not appear in the episode as Marisa , she appears out of character alongside Kamil McFadden and Trinitee Stokes in a humorous public service announcement in the post-credits revolving around why you should n't send fellow siblings away in the mail . 25 25 `` ' Twas the Fight Before Christmas '' Joel Zwick Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 116 1.29 K.C. invites Craig 's father , Earl , over for the holidays , but it is discovered that they have been feuding with each other for quite a while because Earl is disappointed in Craig for not going to medical school and continuously brings up how he quit and gave up on that dream . Marisa later stops by and gives the Cooper family a gingerbread house , saying that her family really loves them ; however , Ernie finds a card and finds out the Marisa lied . Eventually , Craig has enough and kicks Earl out of the house , but Ernie hacks the airport 's computers so Earl can not leave , forcing him and Craig to attempt to make up . Meanwhile , Ernie and Kira go off on a mission , but Kira ends up being captured . After Ernie calls for help and K.C. , Craig , and Earl arrive , Craig orders Earl to remain in the car , but he later gets out and discovers that the Cooper family are spies . Craig and Earl later make up , but that does n't last long after Kira sprays Earl with the memory spray . Guest star : George Wallace as Pappa Earl 26 26 `` K.C. and Brett : The Final Chapter -- Part 1 '' David Kendall Rob Lotterstein January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) 128 2.50 Guest star : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly 27 27 `` K.C. and Brett : The Final Chapter -- Part 2 '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 129 2.02 K.C. survives the car incident and both K.C. and Brett think they are safe from Ursula for now but they soon find out that Ursula too survived the car accident . Because The Organization has made it clear that Brett can not come back , the Cooper family is under constant threat of the Organization finding out that they are hiding Brett . K.C. and Ernie both take Brett to a Marissa 's Cabin that borders Canada so that Brett will be safe but then Ursula finds them and attacks them . While Ernie and Marissa safely evacuate , K.C and Brett try to take down Ursula . They ride away on horses and Ursula finds them and shoots Brett . K.C. injures Ursula and she rides away saying that she 'll be back for her . When K.C. goes to Brett to see if he is dead , Brett reveals that he was wearing a laser proof t - shirt . To be safe , Brett must ride to Canada and risk never seeing K.C. again . In light of recent events , the Coopers are removed from the Organization and Judy is reassigned to another spy family . Guest star : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 28 `` Coopers Reactivated ! '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) 201 -- 202 2.08 Guest stars : Chris Tavarez as Darien , James Logan as Jackal , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Jason Downs as Graham , Yetide Badaki as Penelope , Robert Michael Morris as Agent Nelson 29 `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 203 2.14 Guest stars : Chris Tavarez as Darien , Kara Royster as Abby 30 `` Rebel with a Cuz '' Robbie Countryman Eileen Conn March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) 204 1.84 Guest stars : Chris Tavarez as Darien , Kara Royster as Abby , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 31 `` The Mother of All Missions '' Joel Zwick Darin Henry April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) 205 2.03 Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica Guest stars : Kara Royster as Abby , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Tyler Poelle as Agent Gibb Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 32 5 `` Accidents Will Happen '' Alfonso Ribeiro Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) 206 1.90 Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard , Kara Royster as Abby , Chris Tavarez as Darien , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Robert Gant as Jackson , Ethan Wacker as Collin 33 6 `` Brainwashed '' Joel Zwick Rob Lotterstein April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 207 1.82 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Erica and Abby force K.C. and Kira to sneak them past hotel security . Abby reveals the truth about her father . And K.C. now knows who the head of the other side is , yet she has no idea of a name or a face . In the end , men from the organization have him cornered but Abby 's father says it is not him , the organization believes him and he escapes with Erica and Abby . Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard , Kara Royster as Abby , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Robert Gant as Jackson , Ethan Wacker as Collin Absent : Veronica Dunne as Marisa Clark , Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 34 7 `` The Truth Hurts '' Alfonso Ribeiro Vincent Brown May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 208 1.36 Guest stars : James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , Mike McCafferty as Todd Clint Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 35 8 `` Down in the Dumps '' Gil Junger Cat Davis May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 209 1.79 Guest stars : Kevin Csolak as Adam , Nikki Castillo as Akina Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 36 9 `` Dance Like No One 's Watching '' Gil Junger Eddie Quintana May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 210 1.12 K.C. is undercover at a retirement home as a man . Her disguise name is Bernie . The target approaches the Senior Centre , speaking to his grandfather . K.C. then goes up to him and tries to hug him , using her own ways to manipulate him . K.C. then goes to meet this woman called Irma and they quickly become friends . They start to do these fun things together , including a coffee and a dance at the Olive Pit , reading magazines together , playing cards . Meanwhile , Judy tries to change Petey 's mind when he says machines are stupid . She does things such as electrocute the fridge when Petey touches it and water being sprayed at him . Petey is spooked when he sees the toaster rise and a machine chasing after him . At night , Judy comes into his bedroom with alarms and machines ringing and moving . Judy gets Petey to repeat machines are n't stupid over and over . He then admits that machines are n't stupid . Also , K.C. and Marisa get into an argument when K.C. ca n't go to the dance to support the Food Bank because she is hanging out with Irma . Eventually , K.C. turns up to the dance . Guest stars : Florence Henderson as Irma , James DiGiacomo as Petey Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 37 10 `` The Love Jinx '' Joel Zwick Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 211 1.46 When an agent from the Other Side is arrested , Craig and Kira discover that he is the man who married them which K.C. then points out that Craig and Kira were never legally married . K.C proceeds to attempt to make them a do - over weeding . Meanwhile , she gives advice to Marissa and Ernie which messes up both of their relationships . Craig and Kira get into an argument which ends with them making up and getting re-married Guest stars : Charlie Robinson as Pops , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Nikki Castillo as Akina 38 11 `` K.C. Levels Up '' Danny Teeson Eileen Conn July 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 10 ) 212 1.24 Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , Philip Labes as Jerk 39 12 `` Catch Him If You Can '' Eileen Conn Rob Lotterstein July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 213 1.31 Guest stars : Samm Levine as Noah , Cozi Zuehlsdorff as Pinky 40 13 `` Sup , Dawg ? '' Kadeem Hardison Eileen Conn July 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) 216 1.18 New canine spy Dexter , joins K.C. on her next mission as she tries to stop a ring of firework smugglers . When K.C. and Dexter take a disliking to each other , K.C. is taken off the mission with Ernie taking her spot . Ernie is kidnapped by the smugglers until K.C. and Dexter come to save the day . But when K.C. is fired with a shot , Dexter takes the shot . Dexter survives . Meanwhile , Marisa gives Judy some of her old dolls but is disappointed when Judy throws them in the trash . That causes Marisa and Judy to play with the dolls together . Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 41 14 `` Tightrope of Doom '' Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein August 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 219 1.88 Guest stars : Leslie Jordan as Cecil B. DeVille , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jason Karasev as Laszlo , Jeremy Howard as Bob McCoy , Tati Gabrielle as Jackie , Daniel Browing Smith as Jeff 42 15 `` The Legend of Bad , Bad Cleo Brown '' Nzingha Stewart Raynelle Swilling & Teri Schaffer August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 221 1.97 Guest stars : Roz Ryan as Grandma Gayle , Tom Wilson as Agent Whitman Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 43 16 `` Spy of the Year Awards '' Robbie Countryman Eddie Quintana September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 218 1.31 Kira is excited to be nominated for an Orgi Award -- given to spies by The Organization -- for the first time in her career . She is upset to learn that K.C. has also been nominated for the same award . K.C. becomes sick with food poisoning and must stay home while her family attends the awards ceremony . Tolentinó , the son of an imprisoned criminal who was captured by one of The Organization 's spies , takes over the ceremony with help from his henchmen . Tolentinó disables everyone 's electronic devices and intends to interrogate each spy until he locates the one who captured his father . Judy , who is still functional , sends a message to K.C. for help . K.C. recovers from her illness and has Marisa stay in an undercover van so she can guide her through the building using schematics . K.C. finds the ceremony room and rescues the audience . After Tolentinó is captured , the awards ceremony resumes , and Kira wins the nomination . Guest stars : John O'Hurley as Buck Marshall , Adam Irigoyen as Tolentinó 44 17 `` In Too Deep '' Rosario Roveto , Jr . Darin Henry September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 214 1.11 K.C. and Ernie are assigned to go undercover and join a suspicious group of environmental activists known as the Volunteens so they can learn more about them and their leader , a young woman named Keller . K.C. and Ernie 's cover is blown immediately as Keller knows they were sent to investigate her , which she allows them to do to prove that she has nothing to hide . Ernie becomes concerned that K.C. has been brainwashed into following the group 's beliefs , after she begins agreeing with Keller . Meanwhile , Craig is assigned to protect Rollin , the ambassador to Monrovia , who is also an old friend . Craig prepares several large food dishes for Rollin , but is disappointed to learn that he no longer consumes fattening meals . Rollin convinces Craig to join him at a gym , but after Craig begins using a stair climber , Kira and Judy inform him that the machine has been implanted with a bomb that will detonate if he slows down . Judy eventually disarms the bomb , which was meant for Rollin . When Ernie tells his family about his concern for K.C. , Craig tries unsuccessfully to convince him that she is simply maintaining her cover as one of Keller 's followers . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Alice Lee as Keller , Rafael Petardi as Rollin , Myko Olivier as Reese 45 18 `` In Too Deep , Part 2 '' Stephen Engel Jenn Lloud & Kevin Bonani September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 215 1.17 Keller assigns K.C. to kidnap Monrovian ambassador Rollin . K.C. , while wearing a mask , knocks her father unconscious and kidnaps Rollin . K.C. is surprised to learn that Rollin and Keller , after having a discussion , have decided to work together in a plot to become rich . K.C. reveals that she only kidnapped Rollin to maintain her cover as a new member of the Volunteens . When Ernie arrives , he accidentally foils K.C. 's attempt to stop Keller . K.C. and Ernie are tied up in a room with a smoke bomb while Rollin and Keller escape . Craig rescues K.C. and Ernie , and K.C. travels to an auction to stop Keller before she can bid on and obtain the Monrovian queen 's diamond ring . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Alice Lee as Keller , Rafael Petardi as Rollin Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 46 19 `` Virtual Insanity '' Chris Poulos Darin Henry October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 223 1.43 Ernie is kidnapped while he is in a virtual reality program . His kidnappers , Damon and Darci , plan to trick Ernie 's virtual self into revealing a secret code that they need . K.C. enters the virtual world , despite the fact that she will experience virtual disorientation , in which the user is briefly unable to recall details about their real life . K.C. 's mission is to stop Ernie from revealing the code and to learn where his kidnappers have taken his physical body . In the virtual world , Ernie is popular at school while K.C. enjoys make - up and dislikes studying , unlike their real - life personalities . Damon and Darci have programmed a virtual version of Mrs. Goldfeder and Marisa to trick Ernie into revealing the code . K.C. eventually remembers her mission and real personality , and learns that Ernie was taken to a storage unit , which Damon and Darci are using as their headquarters . Ernie is rescued , and Damon and Darci are arrested . Afterward , K.C. uses the virtual reality machine to fantasize about herself spending time on a beach with Brett Willis . Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , David Hull as Damon , Natalie Lander as Darci Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 47 20 `` Undercover Mother '' Joely Fisher Cat Davis November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 222 1.36 Scholastic Accomplishments Quarterly chooses K.C. to be interviewed for their latest issue , as she is the smartest student at her school and in the Washington D.C. area . Ernie warns K.C. not to do the interview , as a precaution to protect her identity as a spy . K.C. disregards Ernie 's warning and meets with the magazine author , C.W. Barnes , who plans to follow her around for two days so he can write a detailed article about her life , making it a larger story than what she initially expected . C.W. also requests to meet her parents , who are out of town ; K.C. tells him that her father is an astronaut who is currently in space , and that her mother has a fear of leaving their house . C.W. then visits the Cooper residence , where K.C. disguises herself as her mother , Kira . To help K.C. , Marisa unexpectedly arrives at the house disguised as K.C. 's mother , unaware that K.C. is already portraying Kira . Marisa then claims to be K.C. 's other mother , before K.C. eventually zaps him unconscious with an electrical device . After Ernie and Marisa convince K.C. that she does not have to be the best at everything , she has C.W. write instead about Alexis , the second smartest student at her school . Guest star : Noah Weisberg as C.W. Barnes Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 48 21 `` Trust No One '' Robbie Countryman Kurt Maloney November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 217 1.26 Because of the unexpected presence of enemies , K.C. is forced to abort a mission that only she and a few others knew about , which leads Agent Johnson to believe that there is a mole in The Organization who leaked out information about the mission . Johnson assigns K.C. to find the mole , and she decides to get advice from Zane to help her figure out who it could be . K.C. must memorize a code that allows her to access Zane 's secure cell at The Organization , as Johnson believes that it is too risky to write it down and leave a paper trail . Zane 's advice leads K.C. to suspect that either Marisa or one of her own family members may have leaked the information , but she eventually learns that she sleep - talks about her missions and that her room was bugged with a listening device . K.C. later discovers that Zane has escaped after someone overheard her mentioning the code in her sleep and used it to break him out . Meanwhile , Ernie donates some of Craig 's coats to a school charity sale , but later discovers that one of the coats was a $2 million spy jacket created by The Organization for missions . Ernie eventually tracks down the man who purchased the jacket and takes it from him while he is distracted listening to headphones . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Francois Chau as Zane Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 49 22 `` Holly Holly Not So Jolly '' Rosario Roveto , Jr . Rob Lotterstein December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 224 1.04 Guest star : Joel Brooks as Dr. Levinstein Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 50 23 `` Collision Course '' Joel Zwick Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 225 1.30 When K.C. believes that she spotted Abby while driving in traffic , her family thinks that she is delusional and feeling guilty about killing her . However , Abby and her mother Erica are still alive and are planning to kidnap David Simmons , who created the security systems for the U.S. Treasury . They intend to gain knowledge from Simmons on how to break through the systems so they can steal money from the Treasury . When The Organization learns about The Other Side 's plan to kidnap Simmons , the Coopers are sent on a mission to locate him and keep him safe . Simmons had retired to live a life of seclusion , but Ernie discovers that he owns a biker club in West Virginia . K.C. enters the club as a biker , while her family is undercover as lost tourists . While searching the club for Simmons , K.C. spots Abby , who is also looking for him . After a motorcycle chase , K.C. runs Abby off the road and apprehends her . Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica King Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard Martin , Kara Royster as Abby Martin , Joel Brooks as Dr. Levinstein 51 24 `` Family Feud '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 226 1.18 After Abby is captured by The Organization , Richard and Erica kidnap K.C. 's family . Agent Johnson declines K.C. 's request to release Abby in exchange for her family members , stating that The Organization does not negotiate with criminals . K.C. breaks Abby out of prison and brings her to Richard and Erica , who tie up K.C. along with the rest of her family . Marisa realizes that K.C. needs help and figures out the location of Richard and Erica 's hideout . When Marisa arrives , Craig and Kira are surprised to learn that she knows about their spy profession . Marisa unties the Coopers so they can fight Richard , Erica and Abby , who are then captured and brought to The Organization . Despite breaking Abby out of prison , Agent Johnson allows K.C. to avoid prison time because she brought them Richard , the leader of The Other Side . While camping in a forest , Zane receives a phone call informing him that The Other Side 's leader has been captured . Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica King Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard Martin , Kara Royster as Abby Martin , Francois Chau as Zane , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Coopers on the Run '' Rosario Roveto , Jr . Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 301 -- 302 1.24 K.C. , Marisa and the rest of the Coopers flee to a safe house in Rio de Janeiro after Zane and his men target them . After two weeks in the safe house -- a run - down apartment -- K.C. , Ernie and Marisa go into the city to contact The Organization . While in the city , Ernie meets Zoe , a young woman from Kansas who likes him . However , K.C. is suspicious of Zoe and ends their conversation as the Coopers are not to speak to anyone because of the possibility that Zane could be tracking them . K.C. contacts The Organization and learns that Zane is unaware of their whereabouts . K.C. then signs up the family for a mission to capture Passaro Grande , a local smuggler of exotic birds . After capturing Grande , Craig , Kira and Judy take him to the local authorities while K.C. , Ernie and Marisa return to the safe house . A strong enemy agent named Sheena , who frequently talks to herself , breaks into the safe house and reveals that she was sent by Zane to kill them . After fighting K.C. and Ernie , Zoe breaks in and knocks out Sheena . Zoe reveals that she is an agent for The Organization who was assigned to protect the family . The group gets into a vehicle to head to a safe location , but K.C. must take a detour through the jungle after learning that Sheena is following them . The next day , Sheena locates the group and incapacitates Ernie , Marisa and Zoe with a small device that electrocutes them . K.C. and Sheena prepare to battle . Special guest star : China Anne McClain as Sheena Guest stars : Francois Chau as Zane , Haley Tju as Zoe 53 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 303 1.06 During battle , K.C. tosses a Brazilian jumping spider on Sheena to paralyze her . Ernie , Marisa and Zoe regain consciousness and discover that K.C. has also been paralyzed by the spider . They leave Sheena behind and carry K.C. through the jungle . Zoe eventually makes an antidote for K.C. out of jungle vegetation and snake saliva . Meanwhile , Marisa is upset that today is school picture day and she is not there to have her picture taken . Marisa wanted a yearbook picture to remember the fact that she became a high school senior despite her poor grades . After wandering through the jungle , Craig , Kira and Judy find Sheena , who claims to be Zoe . They then find K.C. and the others . K.C. and Zoe apprehend Sheena , and Marisa and the Coopers later board a helicopter . During the flight , Zane reveals himself to be the pilot . Zane destroys the helicopter controls and parachutes out while the helicopter spirals out of control toward the ocean . Special guest star : China Anne McClain as Sheena Guest stars : Francois Chau as Zane , Haley Tju as Zoe 54 `` Out of the Water and into the Fire '' Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) TBA 1.20 K.C. manages to land the helicopter safely in the ocean , and Marisa and the Coopers are rescued by a nearby military ship . The captain apprehends them after discovering that Judy is a robot , as he does not believe that the Coopers are spies and he has never heard of The Organization . Marisa and the Coopers escape from their cell after using Judy 's skeleton key . The Coopers return to Organization headquarters , where they discover a memorial service being held for them . The Coopers decide to keep their survival a secret to increase their chances of capturing Zane ; they recruit Kira 's parents , Othello and Gayle , so they can work together . Disguising her voice as Brett , Judy arranges to meet Zane at a laser tag facility , where K.C. and her family ambush him . After battling with real laser guns , Zane is apprehended , and K.C. declares that they no longer have to worry about The Other Side , unaware that a new enemy organization known as The Alternate has been formed . Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , Roz Ryan as Grandma Gayle , Charlie Robinson as Pops , Francois Chau as Zane , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James McCauley as Captain 55 `` Web of Lies '' Robbie Countryman Darin Henry July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 305 1.48 K.C. is upset to learn that she has received the same SAT score as Marisa : 1060 . K.C. later learns that Beverly had Craig change her SAT result because she received a perfect score . Less than one percent of the population receives a perfect score ; leaving the original score intact would draw unnecessary attention to K.C. , putting her spy career at risk . K.C. disagrees with Beverly 's decision as it will prevent her from being accepted into certain colleges . Beverly tells K.C. that The Organization wants her to remain a spy rather than go to college . K.C. drives to New York to retake her SAT test , while Ernie and Zoe team up for a mission to stop smugglers who are working in a party supplies warehouse . After completing the mission , Ernie asks Zoe to be his girlfriend , but she tells him that she has been assigned to a four - year mission in Antarctica . Ernie agrees to wait for Zoe until she concludes her mission . Meanwhile , Marisa wants K.C. to talk to The Organization about letting her become a spy . Marisa is insulted when K.C. tells her that she is not intelligent enough to be a spy . K.C. later tells Marisa that it would be better if she attended college rather than become a spy . Marisa , who does not want to attend college , becomes further upset at K.C. and decides to temporarily end their friendship . Two months later , K.C. learns that she has received a perfect SAT score . Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , Haley Tju as Zoe 56 5 `` Teen Drama '' Robbie Countryman David Tolentino August 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) 306 1.02 Marisa , who is still upset at K.C. for not allowing her to join The Organization , befriends a student named Brady , who says that he is part of The Organization . Brady tells Marisa that The Organization has been impressed with her for a while as she helped to capture the leader of The Other Side . Brady recruits Marisa as a spy for The Organization . Meanwhile , K.C. misses spending time with Marisa . Ernie invites his fellow Model UN member , Monique , to the Cooper house to spend time with her , but he becomes upset at K.C. for befriending Monique and disrupting his plan to be with her . K.C. realizes that spending time with Monique is not the same as being with Marisa . Brady assigns Marisa to befriend K.C. , who he says could be providing intelligence to The Other Side . Marisa befriends K.C. again so she can learn whether she is working with The Other Side . Guest stars : Connor Weil as Brady , Chandler Kinney as Monique Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 57 6 `` K.C. Under Construction '' Eileen Conn Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 307 1.18 K.C. is assigned to go undercover as a construction worker at a tall unfinished building , allowing her to spy on a nearby tower where a group of renegade spies are believed to be meeting so they can discuss weapons . K.C. 's male co-workers at the construction site mock her for being a female . K.C. meets a female construction worker , Crystal , who tells K.C. that the men will eventually ignore her . K.C. later learns that the renegade spy group is working on sonic brain imploders , capable of melting people 's brains . When Brady has Marisa gain knowledge about K.C. 's current mission , he warns his group that K.C. is spying on them and that she must be killed . A man is sent to the construction site to plant a brain imploder device . After a fight , K.C. takes down the man , but he says he does not know how to diffuse the imploder . Crystal has K.C. put the imploder into cement mix , which prevents it from detonating . Meanwhile , Judy gets in trouble at school after using mature logic to question a student 's belief in the tooth fairy . Ernie is tasked with teaching Judy to behave like a normal child , to help maintain her cover as a spy robot . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Lex Medlin as Roy , Eris Baker as Diane , Tara Karsian as Crystal , Larry Poindexter as Foreman Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 58 7 `` The Storm Maker '' Robbie Countryman Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) 308 1.30 Ernie and Marisa mock K.C. , believing that she does not have a date for their final high school homecoming . On the night of the homecoming , K.C. goes on a mission to retrieve a weather - altering device known as the Storm Maker , which the remaining members of The Other Side plan to use to create man - made weather disasters . K.C. retrieves the device and hides it in her school locker , where she plans to keep it while she attends the homecoming . K.C. has Howard , a gadget inventor for The Organization , pose as her date at homecoming , telling him that it is actually practice so he can become a field agent . Marisa attends homecoming with Brady , while Ernie goes with Monique . Brady learns about the Storm Maker through Marisa after having her casually question K.C. about her latest mission . Brady , who is working for The Alternate , steals the device and places it in his locker , then deletes security footage of his theft before K.C. and Ernie can learn who took the device . Meanwhile , Craig and Judy attend a father - daughter dance at her school . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Matthew Gold as Howard , Chandler Kinney as Monique Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 59 8 `` Keep on Truckin ' '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 1.20 K.C. and Craig discover that the Storm Maker device can not be powered without a rare chemical known as Dilithium . They go undercover as workers at a truck stop restaurant so they can obtain the Dilithium from a truck that is delivering it . Meanwhile , Ernie gives Judy an emotion upgrade to increase her mental sensitivity , to help her maintain her cover as a real child . At school , Ernie overhears Brady during a phone conversation and discovers that he is an enemy agent . Brady uses memory spray to erase Ernie 's recent memory . Marisa visits the house to ask Ernie questions regarding K.C. 's latest mission . Ernie then overhears Marisa talking to Brady on a cellular phone , and learns that she is a spy . Marisa erases his recent memories with memory spray . At the truck stop , the driver of the Dilithium truck walks inside for lunch , allowing K.C. to obtain the chemicals . Brady , wearing a ski mask , takes the Dilithium and hijacks the truck . K.C. attempts to take control of the truck , and scratches part of Brady 's face through the mask opening , before falling off the truck . Later , K.C. meets Marisa and Brady at a restaurant , and notices the scratch marks on his face . Although he says the marks came from a cat , K.C. realizes that Brady was the truck hijacker . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Connor Weil as Brady Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 60 9 `` Unmasking the Enemy '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 310 1.37 Guest stars : Connor Weil as Brady , Ego Nwodim as Agent McKenzie 61 10 `` The Truth Will Set You Free '' TBA TBA November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 311 TBD 62 11 `` Stormy Weather '' TBA TBA November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 312 TBD 63 12 `` Deleted ! '' TBA TBA November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) TBA TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Undercover Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Undercover Season 1 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` K.C. Undercover Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 1.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 1.25. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.1. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.29. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : 4.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Salem ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 4.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 5.29. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.30. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 5.31. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.26. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.26. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 8.9. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 8.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 9.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 10.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 10.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 11.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 12.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 1.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 1.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Undercover Season 2 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` K.C. Undercover Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 4.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 4.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 4.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 5.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 5.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 5.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 8.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 8.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 9.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 9.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 9.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 10.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 11.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 11.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 12.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Undercover Season 3 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` K.C. Undercover Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 8.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 8.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 8.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 8.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) K.C. Undercover at Disney Channel List of K.C. Undercover episodes on IMDb Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Right Hand Guy ( Fall 2017 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers It 's a Laugh Productions Series Current K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Former The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_K.C._Undercover_episodes&oldid=809052509 '' Categories : Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Lists of American children 's television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Magyar Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 21 : 14 . About Wikipedia | when does kc undercover come back on 2017 | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n27\nJanuary 18, 2015 (2015-01-18)\nJanuary 24, 2016 (2016-01-24)\n\n\n\n2\n24\nMarch 6, 2016 (2016-03-06)\nJanuary 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)\n\n\n\n3\nTBA\nJuly 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"July 7, 2017"
] |
1966953596481400380 | Australian Survivor | Australian Survivor - Wikipedia Australian Survivor Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Australian edition of Survivor . For the second season of the American edition set in Australia , see Survivor : The Australian Outback . Australian Survivor Title card used in the 2017 edition Genre Reality competition Created by Charlie Parsons Presented by Lincoln Howes ( 2002 ) Ian `` Dicko '' Dickson ( 2006 ) Jonathan LaPaglia ( 2016 - present ) Starring List of Australian Survivor contestants Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 55 ( and 2 specials ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Stephen Peters ( 2002 ) David Mason ( 2006 ) Amelia Fisk ( 2016 - present ) Tim Toni ( 2006 - present ) Running time 60 minutes ( inc . adverts ) ( 2002 , 2006 ) 70 - 90 minutes ( inc . adverts ) ( 2016 - present ) Production company ( s ) Castaway Television ( 2002 - present ) Endemol Shine Australia ( 2016 - present ) Release Original network Nine Network ( 2002 ) Seven Network ( 2006 ) Network Ten ( 2016 - present ) Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) ( 2002 , 2006 ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2016 - present ) Original release Original series : 13 February 2002 -- 15 May 2002 First revived series : 17 August 2006 -- 2 November 2006 Second revived series : 21 August 2016 -- present Chronology Related shows International versions External links Official site tenplay.com.au/channel-ten/australian-survivor Australian Survivor ( also known as Australian Celebrity Survivor during season two ) is an Australian reality game show based on the popular international Survivor format . Following the basic premise of other international versions of the format , the show features a group of contestants who are marooned in an isolated location , where they must provide food , water , fire , and shelter for themselves . The contestants compete in challenges for rewards and immunity from elimination . The contestants are progressively eliminated from the game as they are voted out by their fellow contestants until only one remains and is awarded the title of `` Sole Australian Survivor '' and the grand prize of A $ 500,000 . The series first aired in 2002 on the Nine Network , who hold the Australian broadcast rights to the American edition . In 2006 , a celebrity edition aired on the Seven Network . Both incarnations of the series only lasted one season due to low ratings . In November 2015 , the Network Ten , at its network upfronts , announced that it would be reviving the series in 2016 . The series commenced airing on August 21 , 2016 . Unlike its predecessors , the series was successful , enough so for Australian Survivor to be renewed by Network Ten for another season to air in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 History 3 Series overview 4 Broadcast information 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Format ( edit ) Further information : Survivor ( franchise ) § Format The show follows the same general format as the other editions of the show . The players are split into two or three `` tribes '' , are taken to a remote isolated location and are forced to live off the land with meagre supplies for a period of several weeks . Frequent physical and mental challenges are used to pit the teams against each other for rewards , such as food or luxuries , or for `` immunity '' , forcing the other tribe to attend `` Tribal Council '' , where they must vote one of their tribemates out of the game . About halfway through the game , the tribes are `` merged '' into a single tribe , and competitions are on an individual basis ; winning immunity prevents that player from being voted out . Most players that are voted out during this stage become members of the `` Tribal Council Jury '' . Once only two people remain , the `` Final Tribal Council '' is held where the remaining players plead their case to the members of the Jury as to why they should win the game . The jurors must then cast their vote for which finalist should be awarded the title of `` Sole Australian Survivor '' and the grand prize of A $ 500,000 ( or a A $100,000 charity prize in the celebrity season ) . Like other editions of the show , the Australian edition has introduced numerous modifications , or `` twists '' , on the core rules in order to keep the players on their toes and to prevent players from relying on strategies that succeeded in prior seasons or other editions of the show . These changes have included tribal switches , players being exiled from their tribe for a short period of time , hidden immunity idols that players can use to save themselves or another player at Tribal Council from being voted off , special voting powers which can be used to influence the result at Tribal Council and players being given a chance to return following their elimination . History ( edit ) The first Australian version of the Survivor format was filmed in 2001 , and aired in 2002 on the Nine Network . The program was a contractual obligation if the network were to be allowed to continue to broadcast American Survivor . The program was criticised by fans and critics for poor casting and lower production value to the popular American edition and it was not renewed due to low ratings . The Nine Network continued to broadcast the American edition of the program ever since . Since 2013 , recent seasons air on Nine 's secondary channel ; 9Go ! within hours of the original American airing . In 2006 , the Seven Network found a loophole in the contract between the Nine Network and Castaway Television , which allowed them to produce a celebrity version of the series , due to a celebrity format being viewed as different from the original format . The Seven Network did not renew the series . In November 2015 , Network Ten revealed at its upfronts event that it would air a new season featuring regular contestants to air in the last quarter of 2016 . This new season gives Australian Survivor the distinction of being one of the few Australian programs to have aired across all three major commercial television networks in Australia . Series overview ( edit ) List of Australian Survivor seasons Year Season Location Days Castaways Initial Tribes Winner Runner - up Final Vote Grand Prize 2002 Whaler 's Way , Eyre Peninsula , South Australia 39 16 Two tribes of eight Rob Dickson Sciona Browne 5 - 2 $500,000 and a Ford V6 Escape 2006 Celebrity Survivor Efate , Shefa , Vanuatu 25 12 Two tribes of six Guy Leech Justin Melvey 3 - 2 $100,000 ( for Charity ) 2016 Upolu , Samoa 55 24 Three tribes of eight Kristie Bennett Lee Carseldine 8 - 1 $500,000 2017 Two tribes of twelve Jericho Malabonga Tara Pitt 6 - 3 Broadcast information ( edit ) Season Network Episodes Timeslot Season Premiere Season Finale Nine Network 13 Wednesday 8 : 30 pm 13 February 2002 15 May 2002 Celebrity Survivor Seven Network 12 Thursday 8 : 30 pm 17 August 2006 2 November 2006 Network Ten 26 Sunday , Monday & Tuesday 7 : 30pm 21 August 2016 25 October 2016 26 30 July 2017 10 October 2017 Notes Jump up ^ In addition to the 13 regular episodes , two specials for the season were produced . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Refs . 2003 Logie Awards of 2003 Best Reality Program 2002 Season Nominated 2017 Logie Awards of 2017 Best Reality Program 2016 Season Nominated 7th AACTA Awards Best Reality Television Series 2017 Season Best Direction in a Television Light Entertainment , Lifestyle Or Reality Series Richard Franc ( Episode 1 - 2017 Season ) See also ( edit ) American Survivor British Survivor Survivor NZ Survivor South Africa I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! The Big Adventure Treasure Island References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Production Credits - Kalgoorie Cops '' . CI . Archived from the original on 27 November 2015 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Survivor joins Seven 's new mid-year line - up '' ( PDF ) . Seven Network . 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ https://tenplay.com.au/channel-ten/australian-survivor/credits ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 7 August 2015 ) . `` Could Survivor Australia 's torch be lit once more ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seanna Cronin , `` Channel 10 adds Survivor Australia to 2016 reality line - up '' `` . The Northern Star . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Renewed : Australian Survivor '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Survival of the fittest - smh.com.au '' . www.smh.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : Survivor : Caramoan : Fans v Favourites '' . 2013 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Returning : Survivor '' . 2015 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Celebs to survive on 7 '' . Herald Sun . 29 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 31 ... Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` TEN Upfronts 2016 : Survivor , Jessica Marais , Anh Do - and Nigella ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Television : 2003 Logie Awards '' . www.australiantelevision.net . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Logie Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . 2017 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/winners-and-nominees/7th-aacta-awards/ External links ( edit ) Official website Australian Survivor on IMDb ( hide ) Australian Survivor Seasons Season 1 ( 2002 ) Australian Celebrity Survivor ( 2006 ) Season 3 ( 2016 ) Season 4 ( 2017 ) Winners Rob Dickson ( Season 1 ) Guy Leech ( Celebrity Survivor ) Related List of contestants Survivor franchise American Survivor Survivor U.S. version Seasons 2000 : Borneo 2001 : The Australian Outback Africa 2002 : Marquesas Thailand 2003 : The Amazon Pearl Islands 2004 : All - Stars Vanuatu 2005 : Palau Guatemala 2006 : Panama Cook Islands 2007 : Fiji China 2008 : Micronesia Gabon 2009 : Tocantins Samoa 2010 : Heroes vs. Villains Nicaragua 2011 : Redemption Island South Pacific 2012 : One World Philippines 2013 : Caramoan Blood vs. Water 2014 : Cagayan San Juan del Sur 2015 : Worlds Apart Cambodia 2016 : Kaôh Rōng Millennials vs. Gen X 2017 : Game Changers Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers Winners Richard Hatch ( Borneo ) Tina Wesson ( The Australian Outback ) Ethan Zohn ( Africa ) Vecepia Towery ( Marquesas ) Brian Heidik ( Thailand ) Jenna Morasca ( The Amazon ) Sandra Diaz - Twine ( Pearl Islands and Heroes vs. Villains ) Amber Brkich ( All - Stars ) Chris Daugherty ( Vanuatu ) Tom Westman ( Palau ) Danni Boatwright ( Guatemala ) Aras Baskauskas ( Panama ) Yul Kwon ( Cook Islands ) Earl Cole ( Fiji ) Todd Herzog ( China ) Parvati Shallow ( Micronesia ) Bob Crowley ( Gabon ) J.T. Thomas ( Tocantins ) Natalie White ( Samoa ) Jud `` Fabio '' Birza ( Nicaragua ) Rob Mariano ( Redemption Island ) Sophie Clarke ( South Pacific ) Kim Spradlin ( One World ) Denise Stapley ( Philippines ) John Cochran ( Caramoan ) Tyson Apostol ( Blood vs. Water ) Tony Vlachos ( Cagayan ) Natalie Anderson ( San Juan del Sur ) Mike Holloway ( Worlds Apart ) Jeremy Collins ( Cambodia ) Michele Fitzgerald ( Kaôh Rōng ) Adam Klein ( Millennials vs. Gen X ) Sarah Lacina ( Game Changers ) Related articles Contestants Tribes Episodes Seasons 1 - 20 Seasons 21 - present Survivor Live Versions outside the U.S. Africa South Africa Pan-regional : Africa Americas Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Mexico Venezuela Asia -- Pacific Australia China India Japan New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Europe ( East ) Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Trosečník Robinsonův ostrov Georgia Greece Hungary Poland Wyprawa Robinson Wyspa Przetrwania Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Turkey Ukraine Pan-regional : ex-Yugoslavia Baltics Europe ( West ) Denmark Finland France Germany Italy Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Pan-regional : Austria - Germany Belgium - Netherlands Scandinavia : Denmark - Norway - Sweden Middle East Azerbaijan Israel Pan-regional : Arab World Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime All Star Family Feud ( since 2016 ) Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) The Biggest Loser ( since 2006 ) BodyHack with Todd Sampson ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) Common Sense ( since 2017 ) Cram ! ( since 2017 ) Family Feud ( since 2014 ) Gogglebox Australia ( since 2015 ) Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( since 2013 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Offspring ( 2010 -- 2014 , since 2016 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming All Aussie Adventures ( 2018 ) Current Australian reality television series Seven Network First Dates Hell 's Kitchen Australia House Rules Little Big Shots My Kitchen Rules Seven Year Switch Nine Network Australian Ninja Warrior Family Food Fight Married at First Sight The Block The Voice 9Go ! Meet the Hockers Network Ten Australian Survivor The Bachelor The Bachelorette MasterChef Australia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Shark Tank Eleven Bondi Ink Tattoo Arena The Real Housewives of Melbourne The Real Housewives of Sydney Fox8 Australia 's Next Top Model The Recruit A&E Aussie Pickers Demolition Man Pawn Stars Australia Lifestyle Food The Great Australian Bake - Off All Australian reality series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Survivor&oldid=808100217 '' Categories : Nine Network shows Seven Network shows Network Ten shows Australian game shows 2002 Australian television series debuts 2002 Australian television series endings 2006 Australian television series debuts 2006 Australian television series endings 2000s Australian television series 2016 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian television series Television series revived after cancellation Australian Survivor Hidden categories : Use Australian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 21 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the point of the jury in australian survivor | [
"About halfway through the game, the tribes are \"merged\" into a single tribe, and competitions are on an individual basis; winning immunity prevents that player from being voted out. Most players that are voted out during this stage become members of the \"Tribal Council Jury\". Once only two people remain, the \"Final Tribal Council\" is held where the remaining players plead their case to the members of the Jury as to why they should win the game. The jurors must then cast their vote for which finalist should be awarded the title of \"Sole Australian Survivor\" and the grand prize of A$500,000 (or a A$100,000 charity prize in the celebrity season)."
] | [
"cast their vote for which finalist should be awarded the title of \"Sole Australian Survivor\" and the grand prize of A$500,000"
] |
5140633639445480425 | Los Angeles Angels | Los Angeles Angels - wikipedia Los Angeles Angels Jump to : navigation , search For other teams that have gone by this name , see Los Angeles Angels ( disambiguation ) . This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Los Angeles Angels 2017 Los Angeles Angels season Established in 1961 Based in Anaheim since 1966 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1961 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 11 26 29 30 50 42 Colors Red , Navy Blue , Silver Name Los Angeles Angels ( 2016 -- present ) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Anaheim Angels ( 1997 -- 2004 ) California Angels ( 1965 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Angels ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Other nicknames The Halos Ballpark Angel Stadium ( 1966 -- present ) Dodger Stadium ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Wrigley Field ( Los Angeles ) ( 1961 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 1 ) 2002 AL Pennants ( 1 ) 2002 West Division titles ( 9 ) 1979 1982 1986 2005 2007 2008 2009 2014 Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2002 Front office Owner ( s ) Arte Moreno Manager Mike Scioscia General Manager Billy Eppler President of Baseball Operations John Carpino The Los Angeles Angels are an American professional baseball franchise based in Anaheim , California . The Angels compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The Angels have played home games at Angel Stadium since 1966 . The current Major League franchise was established as an expansion team in 1961 by Gene Autry , the team 's first owner . The `` Angels '' name was taken by Autry in tribute to the original Los Angeles Angels , a Minor League franchise in the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) , which played in South Central Los Angeles from 1903 to 1957 . He bought the rights to the Angels name from Walter O'Malley , the then - Los Angeles Dodgers owner , who acquired the PCL franchise from Philip K. Wrigley , the owner of the parent Chicago Cubs at the time , as part of the Dodgers ' move to Southern California . In 2009 , the Angels won the AL West division championship for the third straight season . 2013 was the fourth straight year in which the team did not qualify for the postseason , but marked the 11th straight year in which the Angels franchise drew more than 3 million fans in attendance , and made 30 seasons of at least 2 million fans in attendance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 2 Team traditions 2.1 The Rally Monkey 3 Rivalries 3.1 Texas Rangers 3.2 New York Yankees 3.3 Los Angeles Dodgers 4 Game attendance 5 Logos and colors 6 Radio and television 7 Film & TV 8 Season records 9 Awards and honors 9.1 Retired numbers 9.1. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 9.2 Angels Hall of Fame 9.3 Team captains 9.4 Baseball Hall of Fame 9.4. 1 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 10 Current roster 11 Minor league affiliations 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Los Angeles Angels 1963 -- 1964 . An early logo used by the Los Angeles Angels . The `` Los Angeles Angels '' name originates from the first Los Angeles - based sports team , the Los Angeles Angels , who took the name `` Angels '' from the English translation of `` Los Angeles '' , which means `` The Angels '' in Spanish . The team name started in 1892 ; in 1903 , the team name continued in L.A. through the PCL , which is now a minor league affiliate of MiLB . The Angels franchise of today was established in MLB in 1961 after former owner Gene Autry bought the rights to continue the franchise name from Walter O'Malley , the former Los Angeles Dodgers owner who had acquired the franchise from Phil Wrigley , the owner of the Chicago Cubs at the time . As stated in the book Under the Halo : The Official History of Angels Baseball , `` Autry agreed to buy the franchise name for $350,000 , and continue the history of the previously popular Pacific Coast League team as his own expansion team in the MLB . '' After the Angels joined the Major Leagues , some players from the Angels ' PCL team joined the Major League Angels in 1961 . As an expansion franchise , the club continued in Los Angeles as the `` Los Angeles Angels '' , and played their home games at Los Angeles ' Wrigley Field ( not to be confused with Chicago 's stadium of the same name ) , which had formerly been the home of the PCL Los Angeles Angels . The Angels were one of two expansion teams established as a result of the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion , along with the second incarnation of the Washington Senators ( now Texas Rangers ) . The team then moved in 1962 to newly built Dodger Stadium , which the Angels referred to as Chavez Ravine , where they were tenants of the Los Angeles Dodgers through 1965 . The team 's founder , entertainer Gene Autry , owned the franchise for its first 36 years . During Autry 's ownership , the team made the playoffs three times , but never won the pennant . The team has gone through several name changes in their history , first changing their name to the California Angels on September 2 , 1965 , with a month still left in the season , in recognition of their upcoming move to the newly constructed Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim at the start of the 1966 season . When The Walt Disney Company took control of the team in 1997 , it extensively renovated Anaheim Stadium , which was then renamed Edison International Field of Anaheim . The City of Anaheim contributed $30 million to the $118 million renovation with a renegotiated lease providing that the names of both the stadium and team contain the word `` Anaheim '' . The team was renamed the Anaheim Angels and became a subsidiary of Disney Sports , Inc. ( later renamed Anaheim Sports , Inc . ) . Under Disney 's ownership and the leadership of manager Mike Scioscia , the Angels won their first pennant and World Series championship in 2002 . In 2005 , new owner Arturo Moreno added `` Los Angeles '' to the team 's name . In compliance with the terms of its lease with the city of Anaheim , which required `` Anaheim '' be a part of the team 's name , the team was renamed the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . Fans , residents and the municipal governments of both Anaheim and Los Angeles all objected to the change , with the City of Anaheim pursuing litigation ; nevertheless , the change was eventually upheld in court and the city dropped its lawsuit in 2009 . The team usually refers to itself as the Angels or Angels Baseball in its home media market , and the words `` Los Angeles '' and `` LAA '' do not appear in the stadium , on the Angels ' uniforms , or on official team merchandise . Local media in Southern California tend to omit a geographic identifier and refer to the team as the Angels or as the Halos . The Associated Press , the most prominent news service in the U.S. , refers to the team as the Los Angeles Angels , the Angels , or Los Angeles . The team refers to itself as the `` Los Angeles Angels '' on its social media accounts , including Twitter , Facebook , and Instagram . In 2013 , the team was to officially drop `` of Anaheim '' from its name , as part of a new Angel Stadium lease negotiated with the Anaheim city government . The deal was never finalized , though as of 2017 , most official sources omit the `` of Anaheim '' suffix and the official MLB Style Guide has referred to the team as simply the Los Angeles Angels since the 2016 season . Team traditions ( edit ) The mantra `` Win One for the Cowboy '' is a staple that is deeply rooted in Angels history for fans . The saying refers to the Angels ' founder and previous owner , Gene Autry , who never saw his Angels win a World Series in his 38 years as owner . Years went by as the team experienced many losses just strikes away from American League pennants . By the Angels ' first World Series Championship in 2002 , Gene Autry had died , but after winning the World Series , Angels player Tim Salmon ran into the home dugout and brought out one of Autry 's signature white Stetson hats in honor of the `` singing cowboy '' . Autry 's # 26 was retired as the 26th man on the field for the Angels . Angel Stadium of Anaheim is nicknamed `` The Big A . '' It has a section in center field nicknamed the `` California Spectacular '' , a formation of artificial rocks made to look like a desert mountain in California . The California Spectacular has a running waterfall , and also shoot fireworks from the rocks before every game ; anytime the Angels hit a home run or win a game the fireworks shoot from the rocks as well . Each game begins with the song `` Calling All Angels '' by Train being played accompanied by a video that shows historical moments in team history , with Norman Greenbaum 's `` Spirit in the Sky '' being played during the team 's starting lineup announcement . Anytime the Angels win a game , the saying `` Light Up the Halo ! '' , or `` Light That Baby Up ! '' is used in reference to the giant landmark which is a big 230 foot tall A with a halo surrounding the top which lights up every time the Angels win a game . Fans also use the saying , `` Just another Halo victory '' , as the late Angels broadcaster Rory Markas , who would say the catch phrase after each win . The Angels organization was the first North American team to employ the use of thundersticks . The Rally Monkey ( edit ) The Rally Monkey is a mascot for the Angels which appears if the Angels are losing a game or if the game is tied from the 7th inning on , but sometimes earlier depending on the situation . The Rally Monkey appears on the scoreboard in various movies or pop culture references that have been edited to include him . The Rally Monkey was born in 2000 when the scoreboard showed a clip from Ace Ventura : Pet Detective , after which the Angels rallied to win the game . The clip proved to be so popular that the team hired Katie , a white - haired capuchin monkey , to star in original clips for later games . When seen , she jumps up and down to the House of Pain song `` Jump Around '' and holds a sign that says `` RALLY TIME ! '' The Rally Monkey came to national and worldwide attention during the Angels ' appearance in the 2002 World Series against the San Francisco Giants . In the 6th game , the Angels were playing at home , but were trailing the series 3 - 2 and facing elimination . They were down 5 - 0 as the game entered the bottom of the 7th inning . Amid fervid rally - monkey themed fan support , the Angels proceeded to score six unanswered runs over the next two innings , winning the game and turning the momentum of the series for good ( they went on to clinch the championship in game 7 ) . From 2007 to 2009 , the Angels reached the post-season each year , sparking a renewal of the Rally Monkey 's popularity . Rivalries ( edit ) The Angels have developed many rivalries in and also outside of their division . They include the New York Yankees , Boston Red Sox , Texas Rangers , Oakland Athletics , and the neighboring Los Angeles Dodgers . Texas Rangers ( edit ) The Rangers and Angels rivalry has been said to develop over a domination in the division between the two teams , and also in recent years more animosity between the two teams due to the amount of former players from each team playing for the division rival . Players such as Mike Napoli , Darren Oliver , Vladimir Guerrero , C.J. Wilson , and Josh Hamilton have all been acquisitions the two division rivals have made from one another . In 2012 , Wilson played a joke on Napoli , his former teammate , by tweeting his phone number , causing Napoli to exchange words with Wilson . The feuds go back to two incidents between Angels second baseman Adam Kennedy and Rangers catcher Gerald Laird which led to punches being thrown . The two teams have each had a perfect game against each other , including Mike Witt in 1984 at Arlington Stadium and Kenny Rogers in 1994 at The Ballpark in Arlington . New York Yankees ( edit ) The Angels and Yankees rivalry can be seen as stemming from heated play between the two teams through the years , including several times in the playoffs . For the past 20 years the Angels are also the only team in the majors to have a winning record against the Yankees , especially in 1998 when there was concern from New York sportswriters that the Angels could upset the Yankees in the Division Series . The Angels missed the playoffs , and the Yankees went on to win later that year . The Angels would knock off the Yankees four years later in the 2002 ALDS . Coincidental enough , the former PCL Angels were nicknamed `` Yankees West '' due to the success the team had , and even held multiple scrimmage games between the two in the old Wrigley Field in Los Angeles during spring training throughout the 30s , 40s , and 50s . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : Freeway Series The rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers has been referred to as the Freeway Series because of the freeway system ( mostly via I - 5 ) linking the two teams ' home fields . The Freeway Series rivalry developed mostly over the two teams sharing similar regions and fans having been split in Los Angeles , similar to the Chicago Cubs vs. Chicago White Sox rivalry , the San Francisco Giants vs. Oakland A 's rivalry , or the New York Mets vs. New York Yankees rivalry . Game attendance ( edit ) The Angels have drawn more than 3 million fans to the stadium for twelve years straight , and at least 2 million for 17 seasons , and a game average in 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , & 2013 of 40,000 fans at each game despite not making the playoffs all four years . This is 2nd in all of MLB , only trailing the New York Yankees . In 2014 , the Angels were fifth in the MLB in attendance , with a total of 3,095,935 people . As of 2015 , the Angels fans have set 6 Guinness World Records for the largest gatherings of people wearing blankets , wrestling masks , cowboy hats , wigs , Santa hats , superhero capes , and sombreros . They 've also set the world record for largest gathering of people with selfie sticks . In 2009 , the Angels were voted the number one franchise in professional sports in Fan Value by ESPN magazine . In 2011 , ESPN & Fan polls by ESPN ranked the Angels # 4 in the best sports franchises , ahead of every Major League team in baseball at # 1 and also making it the # 1 sports franchise in Los Angeles . The rankings were determined through a combination of sports analysts and fan votes ranking all sports franchises by a combination of average fan attendance , fan relations , `` Bang for your Buck '' or winning percentage over the past 3 years , ownership , affordability , stadium experience , players effort on the field and likability , coaching , and `` Title Track '' . Logos and colors ( edit ) 2002 -- 2004 . The second logo under the `` Anaheim '' name and Disney ownership . The Los Angeles Angels have used ten different logos and three different color combinations throughout their history . Their first two logos depict a baseball with wings and a halo over a baseball diamond with the letters `` L '' and `` A '' over it in different styles . The original team colors were the predominantly blue with a red trim . This color scheme would be in effect for most of the franchise 's history lasting from 1961 to 1996 . On September 2 , 1965 , with the team still a tenant of the Dodgers at Chavez Ravine , Autry changed its name from the `` Los Angeles Angels '' to the `` California Angels . '' With the club 's 1966 move to Anaheim , the logo changed as well . During the 31 years of being known as the `` California Angels '' , the team kept the previous color scheme , however , their logo did change six times during this period . The first logo under this name was very similar to the previous `` LA '' logo , the only difference was instead of an interlocking `` LA '' , there was an interlocking `` CA . '' Directly after this from 1971 to 1985 , the Angels adopted a logo that had the word `` Angels '' written on an outline of the State of California . Between the years 1971 -- 1972 the `` A '' was lower - case while from 1973 to 1985 it was upper - case . It was in 1965 , while the stadium was being finished , that Bud Furillo ( of the Herald Examiner ) coined its nickname , `` the Big A '' after the tall letter A that once stood beyond left - center field and served as the arena 's primary scoreboard ( it was later relocated to a section of the parking lot , south - east of the stadium ) . Angel Stadium of Anaheim In 1986 , the Angels adopted the `` big A '' on top of a baseball as their new logo , with the shadow of California in the background . After the `` big A '' was done in 1992 , the Angels returned to their roots and re-adopted the interlocking `` CA '' logo with some differences . The Angels used this logo from 1993 to 1996 , during that time , the `` CA '' was either on top of a blue circle or with nothing else . After the renovations of then - Anaheim Stadium and the takeover by the Walt Disney Company , the Angels changed their name to the `` Anaheim Angels '' along with changing the logo and color scheme . The first logo under Disney removed the halo and had a rather cartoon - like `` ANGELS '' script with a wing on the `` A '' over a periwinkle plate and crossed bats . With this change , the Angels ' color scheme changed to dark blue and periwinkle . After a run with the `` winged '' logo from 1997 to 2001 , Disney changed the Angels ' logo back to a `` Big A '' with a silver logo over a dark blue baseball diamond . With this logo change , the colors changed to the team 's current color scheme : predominantly red with some dark blue and white . When the team 's name changed from the `` Anaheim Angels '' to the `` Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim '' , the logo changed only slightly , the name `` ANAHEIM ANGELS '' and the blue baseball diamond were removed leaving only the `` Big A . '' For the 2011 season , as part of the 50th anniversary of the Angels franchise , the halo on the ' Big A ' logo temporarily changed colors from silver to old gold , paying tribute to the Angels logos of the past ( and also the 50th Anniversary tradition of gold ) . The uniforms also reflected the change to the gold halo for this season . During the 50th Anniversary season the players wore throwback jerseys at each Friday home game reflecting all the different logos and uniforms previously worn by players . Also , Angels alumni from past seasons threw the ceremonious first pitch at every home game during the 50th Anniversary season . A new patch was added on the uniforms before the 2012 season , featuring a red circle encircling the words `` Angels Baseball '' and the club logo inside and flanking the year 1961 in the middle , which was the year the Angels franchise was established . With this new patch , the Angels ' A with the halo now appears on three different locations of the jersey - the right shoulder , the wordmark , and the left shoulder . Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Los Angeles Angels broadcasters As of 2009 , the Angels ' flagship radio station is KLAA 830AM , which is owned by the Angels themselves and ESPN . It replaces KSPN ( 710 ESPN ) , on which frequency had aired most Angels games since the team 's inception in 1961 . That station , then KMPC , aired games from 1961 to 1996 . In 1997 & 1998 , the flagship station became KIEV ( 1110AM ) . In 1999 , it was replaced by KLAC for four seasons , including the 2002 World Series season . The Angels 2010 broadcast line - up was thrown into doubt with the death of Rory Markas in January 2010 . The Angels had announced in November 2009 that Markas and Mark Gubicza would broadcast Angels ' televised games , with Terry Smith and José Mota handling the radio side . At the same time , the Angels announced that Steve Physioc and Rex Hudler would not return to the broadcasting team . On March 3 , 2010 it was announced that Victor Rojas will replace Markas . In 2008 , KLAA broadcast spring training games on tape delay from the beginning on February 28 to March 9 because of advertiser commitments to some daytime talk shows . Those games were available live only online . Live preseason broadcasts were to begin on March 10 . In 2009 , KFWB 980AM started broadcasting 110 weekday games , including postseason games , to better reach listeners in Los Angeles County and other areas to the north . All 162 games plus post season games still air on KLAA . In 2010 , KSPN 710AM broadcast at least 60 weekday games . This was a partial return to their old station from 2007 . Angels radio broadcasts are also in Spanish on KWKW 1330AM and KWKU 1220AM . Fox Sports West holds the exclusive rights to the regional telecasts of approximately 150 Angels home and away games . Fox owned and operated MyNetworkTV affiliate KCOP - TV broadcast select games from 2006 to 2011 , but opted to move those games to Fox Sports West in 2012 . As all MLB teams , select national Angels telecasts can be found on Fox , ESPN , TBS or MLB Network . During Disney 's ownership of the franchise , the company planned to start an ESPN West regional sports network in 1999 , which would also carry Anaheim Mighty Ducks ice hockey games , but the plan was abandoned . During the 2009 season , Physioc and Hudler called about 100 games , while Markas and Gubicza had the remaining game telecasts ( about 50 , depending on ESPN and Fox exclusive national schedules ) . The split arrangement dated back to the 2007 season , when Mota and Gubicza were the second team . Markas debuted on TV in a three - game series at the Toronto Blue Jays in August 2007 . Mota , who is bilingual and the son of former Dodger Manny Mota , has also called Angels games in Spanish , and at one time did analysis from the dugout rather than the usual booth position . All locally broadcast games are produced by FSN regardless of the outlet actually showing the games . Dick Enberg , who broadcast Angels baseball in the 1970s , is the broadcaster most identified with the Angels , using such phrases as `` Oh , my ! '' , `` Touch ' em all ! '' after Angel home runs , and `` The halo shines tonight ! '' Other former Angels broadcasters over the past three decades include Buddy Blattner , Don Wells , Dave Niehaus , Don Drysdale , Bob Starr , Joe Torre , Paul Olden , Al Wisk , Al Conin , Mario Impemba , Sparky Anderson , Jerry Reuss , Ken Wilson , Ken Brett , and Ron Fairly . Jerry Coleman also spent time with the Angels organization in the early 1970s as a pre-game and post-game host before joining the San Diego Padres broadcast team . From 1994 until the end of the 2012 season , the public address announcer for most Angels home games was David Courtney , who also served as the public address announcer for the Los Angeles Kings and Los Angeles Clippers and a traffic reporter for Angels flagship KLAA 830 AM until his death on November 29 , 2012 , . Starting in the 2013 season , Michael Araujo , the PA Announcer for the LA Galaxy since 2002 , was selected as the new public address announcer for the Angels . Anaheim Ducks announcer Phil Hulett serves as the secondary public address announcer . Film & TV ( edit ) Walt Disney Pictures remade the 1951 film Angels in the Outfield in 1994 with the California Angels as the team that receives heavenly assistance . The team is also featured in the 1988 comedy film The Naked Gun . The 1990 comedy Taking Care of Business features a world series matchup between the Chicago Cubs and the California Angels . The 1991 movie Talent for the Game features Edward James Olmos as a baseball scout for the California Angels . During Disney 's ownership of the Angels , the team was also featured in Air Bud : Seventh Inning Fetch , Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo , and TV movie Angels in the Infield . Most recently , the Angels and Angel Stadium were featured in season 8 of The Big Bang Theory in an episode titled `` The First Pitch Insufficiency '' . Season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Los Angeles Angels seasons Awards and honors ( edit ) See also : Los Angeles Angels award winners and league leaders Retired numbers ( edit ) Jim Fregosi SS , Manager Retired August 1 , 1998 Gene Autry Team Founder Retired October 3 , 1982 Rod Carew 1B , Coach Retired August 12 , 1986 Nolan Ryan Retired June 16 , 1992 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 Jimmie Reese Coach Retired August 2 , 1995 No. 26 was retired for Gene Autry to indicate he was the team 's `` 26th Man '' ( 25 is the player limit for any MLB team 's active roster , except in September ) No. 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in 1997 to honor Jackie Robinson . Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) No. 15 has been out of circulation since Tim Salmon 's retirement at the end of the 2006 season No. 34 has been out of circulation since Nick Adenhart 's untimely death in 2009 . Angels Hall of Fame ( edit ) The Angels have a team Hall of Fame , with the following members : Key Year Year inducted Bold Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as an Angel Angels Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 1988 Bobby Grich 2B 1977 -- 1986 1989 11 Jim Fregosi SS Manager 1961 -- 1971 1978 -- 1981 1990 12 , 25 Don Baylor DH / LF 1977 -- 1982 1991 29 Rod Carew 1B Coach 1979 -- 1985 1992 -- 1999 1992 30 Nolan Ryan 1972 -- 1979 1995 50 Jimmie Reese Coach 1972 -- 1994 2009 5 , 9 Brian Downing DH / LF / C 1978 -- 1990 31 Chuck Finley 1986 -- 1999 2011 26 Gene Autry Owner / Founder 1961 -- 1998 2012 2002 World Series Team 2013 29 Bobby Knoop 2B 1964 -- 1969 2015 31 Dean Chance 1961 -- 1966 15 Tim Salmon RF 1992 -- 2006 39 Mike Witt 1981 -- 1990 2016 16 Garret Anderson LF 1994 -- 2008 2017 27 Vladimir Guerrero RF / DH 2004 -- 2009 Team captains ( edit ) Jerry Remy 1977 Don Baylor 1978 -- 1982 Baseball Hall of Fame ( edit ) As of the 2015 Hall of Fame election , no inducted members have elected to be depicted wearing an Angels cap on their plaque . However , several Hall of Famers have spent part of their careers with the Angels , and the Hall lists the Angels as the `` primary team '' of one inductee , Nolan Ryan . Los Angeles Angels Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum California Angels Bert Blyleven Rod Carew Whitey Herzog Reggie Jackson Frank Robinson Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Hoyt Wilhelm Dick Williams Dave Winfield Anaheim Angels Rickey Henderson Eddie Murray Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Angels cap insignia . Ford C. frick award recipients ( edit ) Los Angeles Angels Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Jerry Coleman Dave Niehaus Dick Enberg Joe Garagiola Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Angels . Current roster ( edit ) Los Angeles Angels 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 48 José Álvarez 32 Cam Bedrosian 62 Parker Bridwell -- Dayán Díaz 28 Andrew Heaney 23 Alex Meyer 39 Keynan Middleton 60 Eduardo Paredes 53 Blake Parker -- Felix Pena 66 J.C. Ramírez 65 Noe Ramirez 43 Garrett Richards 38 Troy Scribner 52 Matt Shoemaker 45 Tyler Skaggs 73 Nate Smith 35 Nick Tropeano 46 Blake Wood Catchers 13 Juan Graterol 12 Martín Maldonado 58 Carlos Perez Infielders 22 Kaleb Cowart 24 C.J. Cron 49 Nolan Fontana 19 Jefry Marté 2 Andrelton Simmons 18 Luis Valbuena Outfielders 56 Kole Calhoun 27 Mike Trout 9 Justin Upton Designated hitters 5 Albert Pujols Manager 14 Mike Scioscia Coaches 63 Scott Radinsky ( bullpen ) 92 Anel De Los Santos ( bullpen catcher ) 21 Dino Ebel ( bench ) 70 Tom Gregorio ( bullpen catcher ) 3 Alfredo Griffin ( first base ) -- Eric Hinske ( hitting ) 41 Charles Nagy ( pitching ) 61 Steve Soliz ( catching / player information ) 55 Paul Sorrento ( assistant hitting ) -- Vacant ( third base ) 32 active , 0 inactive , 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated November 6 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Los Angeles Angels minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Salt Lake Bees Pacific Coast League Salt Lake City , Utah AA Mobile BayBears Southern League Mobile , Alabama Advanced A Inland Empire 66ers California League San Bernardino , California Burlington Bees Midwest League Burlington , Iowa Rookie Orem Owlz Pioneer League Orem , Utah AZL Angels Arizona League Tempe , Arizona DSL Angels Dominican Summer League San Pedro de Macorís , Dominican Republic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Angels are simply plugging along '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Pete ( 2012 ) . Under the Halo : The Official History of Angels Baseball . San Rafael , California : INSIGHT EDITIONS . pp. 35 , 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60887 - 019 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Sporting News , The Complete Baseball Record Book ( St. Louis : The Sporting News , 1994 ) , 223 . Also see the American League standings printed in the New York Times on September 4 , 1965 . Jump up ^ Kasindorf , Martin ( 2006 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Angels ' name prompts devil of a lawsuit '' . Usatoday.Com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Official Twitter of the Los Angeles Angels '' . Twitter . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The official Instagram account of the Los Angeles Angels '' . Instagram . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels '' . Facebook . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Alden ( August 31 , 2013 ) . `` Report : After vote , Halos may drop ' of Anaheim ' '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benne , Jon ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Angels dropping Anaheim from name '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoch , Josh ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Angels Will Finally Be Allowed to Drop Anaheim from Their Team Name '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill ( 2013 - 08 - 30 ) . `` ' Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ' could be no more '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Of Anaheim No More , Los Angeles Angels Officially Changed Name '' . sportslogos.net . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Marroquin , Art ; Tully , Sarah ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim : 10 years later , how big of a deal was the name change ? '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . In 2013 , the City Council initially approved a memorandum of understanding that would allow the team to strip the `` of Anaheim '' from its name , as well as other financial arrangements . Follow - up negotiations , however , have n't happened -- and the Angels have threatened to leave Anaheim . Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Move into a new stadium ? Renovate the old one ? Angels could just play out their lease in Anaheim '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Moura , Pedro ( 2017 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Angels to stay in Anaheim through at least 2029 '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Angel Stadium , Los Angeles Angels ballpark '' . Ballparks of Baseball . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lyle . `` Halos - Yanks rivalry gaining steam as years pass angels.com '' . Losangeles.angels.mlb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels , Texas Rangers now among baseball 's superpowers '' . Espn.go.com. 2012 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ C.J. Wilson , Mike Napoli Twitter Feud : Angels Pitcher Tweets Phone Number Of Rangers Catcher . Huffingtonpost.com ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rangers - Angels rivalry : How did we get here ? Texas Rangers Blog Archived May 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Rangersblog.dallasnews.com ( 2012 - 05 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ ANA Head - to - Head Records from 1992 to 2012 . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wrigley Field , Los Angeles Archived March 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sports Hollywood . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Epting , Chris . Los Angeles 's Historic Ballparks . Images of America , Arcadia Publishing . Book . Page 21 . 12 APR 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Angels / Dodgers : What I Learned About The Freeway Series '' . Bleacherreport.com. 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Attendance , Stadiums , and Park Factors '' . Baseball-Reference.com. 2009 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 MLB Attendance -- Major League Baseball -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ CARLISLE , MARK . `` VIDEO : Selfie - stick world record set at Angel Stadium '' . Jump up ^ `` Angels Executives '' . Outfield.mlb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AM830 Los Angeles LIVE -- ESPN '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Times -- Sports news '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2009 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . According to a statement from Fox Sports and sent , it says , on behalf of Fox Sports West and the Angels , Rex Hudler and Steve Physioc will no longer cover Angels games for the local sports network . Jump up ^ Pucin , Diane ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Victor Rojas named as new Angels play - by - play broadcaster '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CBS Radio 's KFWB News 980 enhances local programming lineup with addition of Los Angeles Angels broadcasts angels.com : Official Info '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Angels Return to 710 ESPN Radio '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Angels and FOX Sports West announce 2012 schedule '' . Lsangeles.angels.mlb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Plans Dropped For ' ESPN West ' -- CBS , 14 July 1998 Jump up ^ `` Angels PA announcer David Courtney dies at the 56 '' . Angles.ocregister.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New Angels announcer living a dream '' . M.ocregister.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Angels Hall of Famers '' . Angels Baseball official website . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060813094324/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/lists/players.htm . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved September 3 , 2006 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Since 2015 , inductee biographies for players , managers , and many executives at the Hall of Fame 's website include a `` primary team '' . This listing does not necessarily match an inductee 's cap logo . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame Explorer : Primary team , Louisiana / California Angels '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jane . `` A 's bring Class A Beloit into farm system '' . mlb.com . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Bisheff , Steve . Tales from the Angels Dugout : The Championship Season and Other Great Angels Stories . Sports Publishing L.L.C. , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 685 - X . 2005 Angels Information Guide . External links ( edit ) Los Angeles portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles Angels . Los Angeles Angels official website Los Angeles Angels Baseball-Reference.com Los Angeles Angels Formerly the California Angels , the Anaheim Angels , and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Based in Anaheim , California ( Greater Los Angeles ) Franchise History Expansion draft Seasons Records No - hitters Broadcasters Awards and league leaders Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Wrigley Field Chávez Ravine ( Dodger Stadium ) Angel Stadium Spring training Angels Stadium Tempe Diablo Stadium Culture and lore Big A Sign Continental League Mike Witt 's perfect game 1995 AL West tie - breaker game Rally Monkey Thundersticks The Naked Gun : From the Files of Police Squad ! Talent for the Game Angels in the Outfield Los Angels en Acción `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' City of Anaheim v. Angels Baseball LP Rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers Minor league affiliates AAA Salt Lake Bees AA Mobile BayBears A Adv . Inland Empire 66ers Burlington Bees Rookie Adv . Orem Owlz Rookie AZL Angels DSL Angels Key personnel Owner : Arte Moreno General Manager : Billy Eppler Manager : Mike Scioscia World Series championships ( 1 ) 2002 American League pennants ( 1 ) 2002 Division titles West 1979 1982 1986 2005 2007 2008 2009 2014 Wild Card berths 2002 Broadcasting Broadcasters KLAA - AM 830 Angels Radio Network Fox Sports West Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Preceded by Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 World Series Champions Anaheim Angels 2002 Succeeded by Florida Marlins 2003 Preceded by New York Yankees 1998 -- 2001 American League Champions Anaheim Angels 2002 Succeeded by New York Yankees 2003 Los Angeles Angels retired numbers 11 Jim Fregosi 26 Gene Autry 29 Rod Carew 30 Nolan Ryan 50 Jimmie Reese Los Angeles Angels general managers Haney Walsh Dalton Buzzie Bavasi Port O'Brien Herzog Bill Bavasi Stoneman Reagins Dipoto Stoneman Eppler Los Angeles Angels managers Bill Rigney ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Lefty Phillips ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Del Rice ( 1972 ) Bobby Winkles ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1974 ) Dick Williams ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Norm Sherry ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Dave Garcia ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Jim Fregosi ( 1978 -- 1981 ) Gene Mauch ( 1981 -- 1982 ) John McNamara ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Gene Mauch ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Cookie Rojas ( 1988 ) Moose Stubing ( 1988 ) Doug Rader ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Buck Rodgers ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Marcel Lachemann ( 1992 ) John Wathan ( 1992 ) Buck Rodgers ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Marcel Lachemann ( 1994 -- 1996 ) John McNamara ( 1996 ) Joe Maddon ( 1996 ) Terry Collins ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Joe Maddon ( 1999 ) Mike Scioscia ( 2000 -- ) World Series Championship Navigation Boxes Anaheim Angels 2002 World Series champions 1 Bengie Molina 2 Adam Kennedy ( ALCS MVP ) 3 Orlando Palmeiro 6 Chone Figgins 10 Benji Gil 15 Tim Salmon 16 Garret Anderson 17 Darin Erstad 18 Alex Ochoa 20 Brad Fullmer 22 David Eckstein 23 Scott Spiezio 25 Troy Glaus ( World Series MVP ) 27 Kevin Appier 28 José Molina 36 Ramón Ortiz 40 Troy Percival 41 John Lackey 44 Shawn Wooten 53 Brendan Donnelly 56 Jarrod Washburn 57 Francisco Rodríguez 60 Scott Schoeneweis 62 Scot Shields 77 Ben Weber Manager 14 Mike Scioscia Coaches First Base Coach 4 Alfredo Griffin Hitting Coach 7 Mickey Hatcher Third Base Coach 12 Ron Roenicke Bullpen Coach 13 Bobby Ramos Pitching Coach 24 Bud Black Bench Coach 70 Joe Maddon Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former and relocated teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball Sports in Orange County , California Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Tennis WTT Orange County Breakers Roller derby RDCL Orange County Roller Girls College athletics NCAA Division I Cal State Fullerton UC Irvine Soccer USL Orange County SC NASL California United FC ( beginning 2018 ) PDL Orange County SC U-23 NPSL Orange County FC Defunct / Relocated NFL Los Angeles Rams ABA Anaheim Amigos NBA Los Angeles Clippers NBA D - League Anaheim Arsenal NASL California Surf APSL Los Angeles Salsa AFL Anaheim Piranhas NLL Anaheim Storm RHI Anaheim Bullfrogs WFL Southern California Sun CISL Anaheim Splash Venues Anaheim Convention Center Angel Stadium Anteater Ballpark Anteater Recreation Center Anteater Stadium Bren Events Center Crawford Hall Goodwin Field Honda Center Titan Gym Titan Stadium Currently on hiatus . Only played occasional games in Orange County Sports teams based in Greater Los Angeles Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers CL Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Lancaster JetHawks Rancho Cucamonga Quakes PL High Desert Yardbirds Hollywood Stars Basketball NBA Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers WNBA Los Angeles Sparks G League Agua Caliente Clippers South Bay Lakers ABA Los Angeles Slam Oceanside A-Team Orange County Novastars American football NFL Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams WFA Pacific Warriors West Coast Lightning IWFL California Quake LFL Los Angeles Temptation Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Kings AHL Ontario Reign Soccer MLS LA Galaxy Los Angeles FC ( beginning 2018 ) NASL California United FC ( beginning 2018 ) USL LA Galaxy II Orange County SC PDL FC Golden State Force Orange County SC U-23 Southern California Seahorses Ventura County Fusion NPSL City of Angels FC Deportivo Coras USA Orange County FC Oxnard Guerreros FC SoCal SC Sport Club Corinthians USA Temecula FC MASL Ontario Fury UWS Santa Clarita Blue Heat So Cal Crush FC Roller derby WFTDA Angel City Derby Girls Ventura County Derby Darlins West Coast Derby Knockouts RDCL Los Angeles Derby Dolls Rugby SCRFU Back Bay RFC Belmont Shore RFC Los Angeles RFC Santa Monica Rugby Club Team tennis WTT Orange County Breakers Ultimate AUDL Los Angeles Aviators College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Cal State Fullerton Cal State Northridge Long Beach State Loyola Marymount Pepperdine UC Irvine UC Riverside UCLA USC Venues Current Anaheim Convention Center Angel Stadium Citizens Business Bank Arena Dodger Stadium The Forum Galen Center Honda Center Long Beach Arena Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pauley Pavilion Rose Bowl Staples Center StubHub Center Walter Pyramid Breakers Stadium at the Newport Beach Tennis Club Former Gilmore Field Gilmore Stadium Grand Olympic Auditorium Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena Pan-Pacific Auditorium Wrigley Field Future Banc of California Stadium ( scheduled to open in 2018 ) Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( scheduled to open in 2020 ) Rivalries Freeway Series Freeway Face - Off Lakers -- Clippers rivalry UCLA -- USC rivalry Sports teams based in California Australian rules football USAFL Golden Gate Roos Los Angeles Dragons Orange County Bombers Sacramento Suns San Diego Lions Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants PCL Fresno Grizzlies Sacramento River Cats CL Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Lancaster JetHawks Modesto Nuts Rancho Cucamonga Quakes San Jose Giants Stockton Ports Visalia Rawhide PA Pittsburg Diamonds San Rafael Pacifics Sonoma Stompers Vallejo Admirals CWL Canada A 's Palm Desert Coyotes Palm Springs Chill Palm Springs POWER PL Bakersfield Train Robbers California City Whiptails High Desert Yardbirds Hollywood Stars Monterey Amberjacks GWL Chico Heat Lincoln Potters San Francisco Seals Yuba - Sutter Gold Sox Basketball NBA Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Sacramento Kings WNBA Los Angeles Sparks G League Agua Caliente Clippers Santa Cruz Warriors South Bay Lakers American football NFL Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Oakland Raiders San Francisco 49ers WFA Central Cal War Angels Inland Empire Ravens Kern County Crusaders Los Angeles Warriors San Diego Surge Ventura County Wolfpack IWFL Carson Bobcats North County Stars Sacramento Sirens LFL Los Angeles Temptation Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks AHL Bakersfield Condors Ontario Reign San Diego Gulls San Jose Barracuda Stockton Heat Roller derby WFTDA Angel City Derby Girls Bay Area Derby Central Coast Roller Derby Derby Revolution of Bakersfield Humboldt Roller Derby Sacred City Derby Girls Sac City Rollers Santa Cruz Derby Girls Silicon Valley Roller Girls Sonoma County Roller Derby RDCL Los Angeles Derby Dolls Orange County Roller Girls San Diego Derby Dolls Rugby PRP Golden Gate RFC Old Mission Beach Athletic Club Santa Monica Rugby Club Belmont Shore RFC Olympic Club SCRFU Finlander Rugby Club Soccer MLS LA Galaxy San Jose Earthquakes Los Angeles FC ( 2018 ) NASL California United FC ( 2018 ) San Diego 1904 FC ( 2018 ) San Francisco Deltas USL Fresno FC ( 2018 ) LA Galaxy II Orange County SC Sacramento Republic FC PDL Fresno Fuego FC Golden State Force Orange County SC U-23 San Diego Zest FC San Francisco City FC SoCal Surf Southern California Seahorses Ventura County Fusion NPSL Albion SC Pros CD Aguiluchos USA City of Angels FC Deportivo Coras USA East Bay FC Stompers Napa Valley 1839 FC Orange County FC Oxnard Guerreros FC Sacramento Gold SoCal SC Sonoma County Sol Sports Club Corinthians USA Temecula FC Arena soccer MASL Ontario Fury San Diego Sockers Turlock Express Tennis WTT Orange County Breakers San Diego Aviators Ultimate AUDL Los Angeles Aviators San Diego Growlers San Francisco FlameThrowers San Jose Spiders Lacrosse NLL San Diego Seals ( 2018 ) Sports in Los Angeles Sports in San Diego Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area College Sports in California Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Angels&oldid=808058994 '' Categories : Los Angeles Angels Major League Baseball teams Baseball teams established in 1961 Cactus League Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with a promotional tone from September 2012 All articles with a promotional tone All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 16 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the angels became the los angeles angels | [
"The Los Angeles Angels are an American professional baseball franchise based in Anaheim, California. The Angels compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) West division. The Angels have played home games at Angel Stadium since 1966. The current Major League franchise was established as an expansion team in 1961 by Gene Autry, the team's first owner. The \"Angels\" name was taken by Autry in tribute to the original Los Angeles Angels, a Minor League franchise in the Pacific Coast League (PCL), which played in South Central Los Angeles from 1903 to 1957. He bought the rights to the Angels name from Walter O'Malley, the then-Los Angeles Dodgers owner, who acquired the PCL franchise from Philip K. Wrigley, the owner of the parent Chicago Cubs at the time, as part of the Dodgers' move to Southern California."
] | [
"1961"
] |
754411871209471248 | Paladins (video game) | Paladins ( video game ) - wikipedia Paladins ( video game ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paladins : Champions of the Realm Developer ( s ) Hi - Rez Studios Publisher ( s ) Hi - Rez Studios Engine Unreal Engine 3 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One macOS Release September 16 , 2016 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter Mode ( s ) Multiplayer Paladins : Champions of the Realm is a free - to - play hero shooter video game developed and published by Hi - Rez Studios . Closed beta began on November 17 , 2015 . The game went into open beta on September 16 , 2016 . The game also went into open beta on both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on May 3 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Champions and roles 1.2 Game Modes 1.3 Competitive 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Champions and roles ( edit ) Paladins provides various characters , called champions , for the players to choose during their multiplayer sessions . Each of these champions fall into one of the following categories : Front Line , Damage , Support and Flank . Being a team - based shooter , players must rely on strategy , character knowledge , coordination and teamwork in order to attain victory . Players may use VGS , along with text and voice chat to communicate . A good team will have a balanced choice of classes that will support each other during the game . Front Line : Champions who serve as the anchor of the team , holding the front and protecting their allies . With high health pools and shielding capabilities , Front Line champions excel at blocking enemy fire and disrupting enemy objective captures . Damage : Champions who possess reliable and consistent damage outputs or large burst damage potential . Their damage , coupled with average health pools and decent mobility , make Damage champions ideal for skirmishes and extended firefights . Support : Champions with high utility and healing abilities , the backbone of any team . Due to their healing capabilities that keep their allies in the fight , Support champions are invaluable allies . Flank : Champions who excel at traversing the battlefield and getting behind enemy lines , eliminating vulnerable key targets . While most Flank champions are relatively frail , having lower health pools than any other role , their excellent mobility and self - sustain provide them with the means of escape and survival . There are 31 champions in Paladins , 6 of which are available from the start for new players to choose . Additionally , 4 champions are also temporarily accessible for free on a fortnightly rotation . Players can permanently acquire additional champions through purchases using in - game currency . More are slated for release in 2017 . Game modes ( edit ) There are different gameplay modes for Paladins : Siege : The ' main ' Paladins game mode , teams are tasked first to capture the map 's central capture point and , if successful , push a payload that spawns from it to the enemy base . This mode is played in a best - of - seven format . Payload : An attacking team is tasked with escorting a payload through an extended railroad track to push it as far as they can , or to the end goal , while a defending team thwarts their progress . A push is halted if the both teams engage in combat near the payload and it slowly moves backwards if no one on the attacking team is nearby to push it , though push progress the team has accumulated is not lost . Once time runs out or if the payload is pushed to the destination , teams switch attack / defense roles . The winner is determined by the team that pushes the payload the furthest , with the attacking team setting the bar in the first round . If the attacking team in the second round are able to push the payload the same distance as the first team , the second wins the game . Survival : Teams try to outlast each other on a relatively small map with no respawning until the next round , all the while avoiding deathly fog that closes in from the outer edges of the map . The fog deals percentage - based damage of a champion 's health and negates all healing while a champion is in it , foiling long term stall tactics . The fog starts at the edge of the map , which starts closing in after a short delay until it reaches the map 's epicenter , where any surviving champion are forced to do battle . This mode is played in a best - of - six format . This game mode was removed in OB 52 . Co-op : A player versus environment game mode , a team of five face off against an AI - controlled team that possess extremely large health and high damaging attacks , as well as modified abilities . The objective in each PvE map vary from capturing an objective in a Siege game ( where the mode is simplified so that only capturing the point is necessary ) or a Survival game . This game mode was removed in OB 49 . Onslaught : Teams do battle over a large combat area in an attempt to take point control and earn points . Along with holding an uncontested presence on the control point , slaying enemy players also scores points for the team , akin to a team deathmatch . Killing an enemy scores the team 5 points , while holding control over the combat area earns the team 1 point per second . The first team to reach 400 points , or the team with the most points after 10 minutes , wins the game . Test Maps : An additional game mode accessible in the casual section . Players can play untested maps that may be implemented into the game and give their rating for the map . The objective for test maps vary between Siege and Onslaught , and the maps available are rotated every major patch . Competitive ( edit ) The Competitive game mode is unlocked for players once they have unlocked 12 champions and reach a player profile level of 15 . Competitive only features the Siege game mode . However , at the start of the match , players must choose their champions one by one . First one player chooses . Then , two players from the opposing team choose . Then two players from the team opposing the last choose . This continues until the last player ( from the team opposing the one that has first pick ) has a role . This challenges the teams to try and counter-build each other by specifically choosing certain champions . Competitive games also affects a player 's Competitive rating . Reception ( edit ) Within a week of its release on Steam , the game had attracted 800,000 downloads and was one of the top 10 most popular games by concurrent users on the service . In response to accusations that the game is an Overwatch clone , Hi - Rez COO Todd Harris said that `` Overwatch was not the inspiration for Paladins '' , and `` the game that deserves the most credit is Team Fortress 2 '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Champions - Official Paladins Wiki '' . paladins.gamepedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Oliver Cragg ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Overwatch ' clone ' Paladins takes Steam by storm with over 750k downloads '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Paladins open beta launch trailer reminds us a lot of Overwatch '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jonathon Dornbush ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Paladins Developer Responds to Overwatch Comparisons '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paladins_(video_game)&oldid=802517743 '' Categories : Upcoming video games Early access video games First - person shooter multiplayer online games Free - to - play video games MacOS games PlayStation 4 games Video games developed in the United States Windows games Xbox One games Unreal Engine games Hero shooters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 17 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the full paladins game come out | [
"\n\nPaladins: Champions of the Realm\n\n\n\n\n\nDeveloper(s)\nHi-Rez Studios\n\n\nPublisher(s)\nHi-Rez Studios\n\n\nEngine\nUnreal Engine 3\n\n\nPlatform(s)\nMicrosoft Windows\nPlayStation 4\nXbox One\nmacOS\n\n\nRelease\nSeptember 16, 2016\n\n\nGenre(s)\nFirst-person shooter\n\n\nMode(s)\nMultiplayer\n\n"
] | [
"September 16, 2016"
] |
-65346401881655187 | 227 (TV series) | 227 ( TV series ) - wikipedia 227 ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search 227 Genre Sitcom Created by C.J. Banks Bill Boulware Based on 227 by Christine Houston Developed by Jack Elinson Starring Marla Gibbs Hal Williams Alaina Reed Hall Jackée Harry Helen Martin Regina King Kia Goodwin Curtis Baldwin Countess Vaughn Toukie A. Smith Stoney Jackson Barry Sobel Paul Winfield Kevin Peter Hall Theme music composer Ray Colcord Opening theme `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , performed by Marla Gibbs Composer ( s ) Ray Colcord Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 116 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marla Gibbs ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ronald Rubin ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bill Boulware ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Myer ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Bob Young ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Richard Gurman ( 1985 -- 1987 ) George Burditt ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Ron Bloomberg ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Jack Elinson ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Roy Campanella , Jr. ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Irma Kalish ( 1988 -- 1990 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Embassy Television ( 1985 -- 1986 ) ( season 1 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 1988 ) ( seasons 2 - 3 ) ELP Communications ( 1988 - 1990 ) ( seasons 3 - 5 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 1990 ) ( seasons 3 - 5 ) Distributor Columbia TriStar Television Sony Pictures Television ( Currently ) Release Original network NBC Audio format Stereo Original release September 14 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 14 ) -- May 6 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 06 ) Chronology Related shows Jackée 227 is an American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from September 14 , 1985 to May 6 , 1990 . The series stars Marla Gibbs as a sharp - tongued , inner - city resident gossip and housewife , Mary Jenkins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Synopsis 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Series syndication 8 DVD release 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Origins ( edit ) The series was adapted from a play written in 1978 by Christine Houston about the lives of women in a predominantly black apartment building in 1950s Chicago . The setting of the series , however , was changed to present - day Washington , D.C. The show was created as a starring vehicle for Marla Gibbs , who had become famous as Florence Johnston , the sassy maid on The Jeffersons , and had starred in Houston 's play in Los Angeles . This role was similar in nature to that of tart - tongued Florence ; Gibbs ' character , housewife Mary Jenkins , loved a good gossip and often spoke what she thought , with sometimes not - so - favorable results . According to Gibbs , 227 was originally offered to ABC , but sold to NBC . Since The Jeffersons was still on the air on CBS , the new 227 show was scheduled to begin in 1986 . However , when The Jeffersons was abruptly and unexpectedly canceled in 1985 , Gibbs was free to begin , and 227 went into production a year earlier than had been previously planned . Synopsis ( edit ) 227 followed the lives of people in a middle - class apartment building , 227 Lexington Place , in Northeast , Washington , D.C. The show was centered around Mary Jenkins ( Marla Gibbs ) , a nosy , tart - tongued , but loving housewife . Her husband , Lester ( Hal Williams ) , had his own construction company , and their daughter , Brenda ( Regina King ) , was boy - crazy yet smart and studious . It was King 's first acting role . Also cast in 227 was Sandra Clark ( Jackée Harry ) , Mary 's young neighbor who constantly bickered back and forth with her about their respective views on life . Although their relationship was antagonistic at first , Mary and Sandra became good friends as time went on . Also living in the building was Pearl Shay ( Helen Martin ) , a feisty - but - kind - hearted busybody neighbor who was known for snooping and had a sharp sense of humor . Pearl had a grandson named Calvin Dobbs ( Curtis Baldwin ) , whom Brenda had a crush on and would finally date later in the series ' run . Rose Lee Holloway ( Alaina Reed Hall ) was Mary 's level - headed best friend and often the voice of reason among 227 's residents . She and Mary were often seen sitting on the front stoop of the building , exchanging rumors and gossip , with Pearl adding sly commentary and humor from her front window . Rose had a daughter named Tiffany ( Kia Goodwin ) , who was Brenda 's closest friend , but she disappeared after the second season , although she was mentioned occasionally . In the premiere episode , Rose became the unexpected landlord of the building after the building 's stingy slumlord Mr. Calloway died . Rose stayed on as landlady until the fourth season ( for season five , Paul Winfield was introduced as the building 's new snide , wealthy landlord Julian c . Barlow ) . In the first season , both Helen Martin and Curtis Baldwin , who had only been recurring stars , appeared in nearly every episode . In the second season 's opening credits , Martin and Baldwin shared a title card , thus making them official full - time cast members . Martin had her own title card for the third and fifth seasons , while Regina King and Baldwin shared a title card together in those years . By the time taping started on the third season in 1987 , Jackée Harry , who had just won an Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actress changed her stage name to simply Jackée , which she used until 1994 . In the fourth season , an 11 - year - old child prodigy named Alexandria DeWitt ( Countess Vaughn ) became the Jenkins ' houseguest . Vaughn received her role after she appeared on Star Search and declared to host Ed McMahon that her favorite show was 227 . However , Alexandria left during Calvin 's graduation episode near the end of season four to reunite with her father who after completing his archaeological dig in the Amazon had moved to London to catalogue his items . After the fourth season , Jackée 's television pilot , entitled Jackée , found Sandra moving to New York City and finding work at a spa . NBC aired the episode on May 11 , 1989 . The pilot was rejected , and Jackée left the show ; however , she was a guest star in seven of the final season 's episodes . In the show 's final season , Toukie Smith , Barry Sobel , Stoney Jackson , Kevin Peter Hall and Paul Winfield joined the cast in an effort to stop the show 's declining ratings . In the end , the cast additions proved fruitless , and 227 ended its run in the spring of 1990 . Cast ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 Marla Gibbs Mary Louise Hurley - Jenkins Main Hal Williams Lester Jenkins Main Alaina Reed Hall Rose Lee Holloway ( later Merriwether ) Main Jackée Harry Sandra Clark Main Recurring Regina King Brenda Jenkins Main Kia Goodwin Tiffany Holloway Main Recurring Helen Martin Pearl Shay Recurring Main Curtis Baldwin Calvin Dobbs Recurring Main Countess Vaughn Alexandria DeWitt Main Barry Sobel Dylan McMillan Recurring Main Toukie A. Smith Eva Rawley Recurring Main Stoney Jackson Travis Filmore Main Paul Winfield Julian C. Barlow Main Reynaldo Rey Ray the Mailman Recurring Kevin Peter Hall Warren Merriwether Recurring Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of 227 episodes Ratings ( edit ) With the exception of The Cosby Show and A Different World , 227 achieved higher ratings than other sitcoms airing at the time with a predominantly African American cast during the first two seasons of its original run on NBC ( 1985 -- 1990 ) . 1985 -- 1986 : # 20 ( 18.80 rating ) 1986 -- 1987 : # 14 ( 18.90 rating ) 1987 -- 1988 : # 27 ( 16.44 rating ) 1988 - 1989 : # 35 ( 14.47 rating ) 1989 - 1990 : # 60 ( 11.53 rating ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Recipient BMI Film & TV Awards Won BMI TV Music Award Ray Colcord Emmy Awards Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Jackée Harry Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Jackée Harry 1989 Golden Globe Award Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series , Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV Jackée Harry 1986 Young Artist Awards Nominated Best Young Actress Starring in a New Television Series Regina King Nominated Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress in a Long Running Series Comedy or Drama Regina King Nominated Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress , Guest Starring in a Television , Comedy or Drama Series Jurnee Smollett 1989 Nominated Best Young Actress Featured , Co-starring , Supporting , Recurring Role in a Comedy or Drama Series or Special Countess Vaughn Series syndication ( edit ) NBC aired daytime reruns of 227 from September 1989 to July 1990 . The show went into syndication in the fall of 1990 . It has previously aired on cable 's BET , TV One , TV Land , Centric , and UP ( formerly GMC ) . Selected Minisodes from the first season are available to view for free on Crackle. 227 ( alongside Amen ) aired on Encore Black from November 12 , 2013 to November 30 , 2015 . The show is owned and distributed by Sony Pictures Television . 227 aired back - to - back episodes on Logo starting at midnight on New Year 's Day 2016 . In January 2017 , the series began airing on Antenna TV . The series started airing on OWN weekend nights starting December 2 , 2017 . DVD release ( edit ) On September 28 , 2004 , Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment released the complete first season of 227 on DVD in Region 1 . On February 7 , 2017 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the first season on DVD in Region 1 . It is unknown as to when Mill Creek will release sets of the remaining four seasons . See also ( edit ) Jackée ( 227 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top Rated Programs -- 1985 -- 1990 '' . chez.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://blog.sitcomsonline.com/2010/10/gmc-acquires-227-remembering-barbara.html Jump up ^ `` Marla Gibbs , Jackée Harry Return to DVD in ' The Complete 1st Season ' '' . External links ( edit ) 227 on IMDb 227 at TV.com 227 at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=227_(TV_series)&oldid=834273880 '' Categories : 1985 American television series debuts 1990 American television series endings 1980s American sitcoms 1980s American black sitcoms 1990s American black sitcoms English - language television programs NBC network shows Television shows set in Washington , D.C. Television series based on plays Television series by Sony Pictures Television Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Italiano Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 20 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the guy who plays calvin on 227 | [
"Also cast in 227 was Sandra Clark (Jackée Harry), Mary's young neighbor who constantly bickered back and forth with her about their respective views on life. Although their relationship was antagonistic at first, Mary and Sandra became good friends as time went on. Also living in the building was Pearl Shay (Helen Martin), a feisty-but-kind-hearted busybody neighbor who was known for snooping and had a sharp sense of humor. Pearl had a grandson named Calvin Dobbs (Curtis Baldwin), whom Brenda had a crush on and would finally date later in the series' run."
] | [
"Curtis Baldwin"
] |
2162587771795832459 | Billy Redden | Billy Redden - wikipedia Billy Redden Jump to : navigation , search Billy Redden ( born 1956 ) is an American actor , best known for his role as a backwoods , mountain boy in the 1972 film Deliverance . He played Lonnie , a banjo - playing teenager of the country in north Georgia , who played the noted `` Dueling Banjos '' with Drew Ballinger ( Ronny Cox ) . The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for awards in several categories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Redden was born in Rabun County , Georgia . Career ( edit ) At the age of 16 , he was selected for a role in Deliverance from his school in Georgia by the director John Boorman to portray a banjo - playing `` local '' during the film 's famous `` dueling banjos '' scene . Boorman felt that Redden 's skinny frame and large head , and almond shaped eyes made him the natural choice to play the part of an `` inbred from the back woods . '' Because Redden could not play a banjo , he wore a special shirt which allowed a real banjo player to hide behind him for the scene , which was shot with carefully chosen camera angles that would conceal the player , whose arms were slipped around Redden 's waist to play the tune . After Deliverance , Redden was cast in Lamberto Bava 's 1984 film Blastfighter . The film was recorded in and around Clayton and many people recall it as a mixture of Deliverance and First Blood . Redden next appeared in Tim Burton 's 2003 film Big Fish . Burton was intent on getting Redden , as he wanted him to play ( really ? ) the role of a banjo - playing `` welcomer '' in the utopian town of Spectre . Burton located Redden in Clayton , Georgia , where he was part - owner of the Cookie Jar Café , and also worked as a cook and dishwasher . In 2004 , Redden made a guest appearance on Blue Collar TV , playing a car repairman named Ray in a `` Redneck Dictionary '' skit . He represented the word `` raisin bread '' ( as in `` Ray 's inbred '' ) . He played a banjo in the skit . In 2009 , Redden played again his usual role ( The banjo man ) in Ace Cruz 's film Outrage : Born in Terror . In 2012 , 40 years after the release of Deliverance , Redden was interviewed in association with a documentary , The Deliverance of Rabun County ( 2012 ) . It explored the feelings of people in Rabun County four decades later about the 1972 film . Redden said that though Deliverance was the best thing that happened to him , he never saw much money from the movie : I 'd like to have all the money I thought I 'd make from this movie . I would n't be working at Walmart right now . And I 'm struggling really hard to make ends meet . Noting some locals objected to the stereotypes in the movie , Redden said that the people in Rabun County were good people : We 're not a bad people up here , we 're a loving people . Rabun County is a pretty good town . It 's peaceful , not a lot of crime going on , just a real peaceful town . Everybody pretty much gets along with everybody . Filmography ( edit ) Deliverance ( 1972 ) - Lonnie Blastfighter ( 1984 ) - Banjo Man ( uncredited ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) - Banjo Man Outrage ( 2009 ) - Banjo Man ( final film role ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Potempa , Philip ( October 19 , 2008 ) . `` Burt Reynolds and ' Deliverance ' boy reunited `` . The Times of Northwest Indiana . ^ Jump up to : Welles , Cory ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` 40 Years Later , Deliverance Causes Mixed Feelings in Georgia '' . Marketplace . American Public Media . External links ( edit ) Billy Redden on IMDb Blake Spurney ( News Editor ) ( October 7 , 2004 ) . `` Another celebrity appearance for Rabun star ( Archived 27 Dec 2004 ) '' . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2004 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Redden&oldid=827472734 '' Categories : 1956 births Living people American male film actors American male child actors Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) People from Clayton , Georgia Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the kid who played the banjo in deliverance | [
"Billy Redden (born 1956) is an American actor, best known for his role as a backwoods, mountain boy in the 1972 film Deliverance. He played Lonnie, a banjo-playing teenager of the country in north Georgia, who played the noted \"Dueling Banjos\" with Drew Ballinger (Ronny Cox). The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for awards in several categories."
] | [
"Billy Redden"
] |
6722765189438257616 | What the Hell Did I Say | What the Hell Did I Say - wikipedia What the Hell Did I Say Jump to : navigation , search `` What the Hell Did I Say '' Single by Dierks Bentley from the album Black Released June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 -- 16 Genre Country Length 3 : 28 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Dierks Bentley Josh Kear Chris Tompkins Producer ( s ) Ross Copperman Dierks Bentley singles chronology `` Black '' ( 2016 ) `` What the Hell Did I Say '' ( 2017 ) `` Black '' ( 2016 ) `` What the Hell Did I Say '' ( 2017 ) `` What the Hell Did I Say '' is a song by country music artist Dierks Bentley . It was released as the fourth single from his eighth studio album , Black . The song is about getting intoxicated and giving a girl false promises . This is the second collaboration by Bentley , Kear and Tompkins , following the highly successful single `` Drunk on a Plane '' . However , the song underperformed and became the lowest charting single of Bentley 's career . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Charts 3 Release history 4 References Music video ( edit ) A promotional video directed by Wes Edwards premiered on April 29 , 2016 as part of the album 's pre-release video series . The official music video was released on July 9 , 2017 . Also directed by Edwards , the video is composed of footage from Bentley 's 2017 tour . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 46 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 35 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States May 27 , 2016 Digital download Capitol Nashville June 26 , 2017 Country radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- What The Hell Did I Say '' . DierksBentleyVEVO. April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- What the Hell Did I Say '' . DierksBentleyVEVO . July 9 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Dierks Bentley . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Dierks Bentley . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Black : Dierks Bentley : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley hits radio airwaves today with new single '' . UMG Nashville . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dierks Bentley Studio albums Do n't Leave Me in Love Dierks Bentley Modern Day Drifter Long Trip Alone Feel That Fire Up on the Ridge Home Riser Black Compilation albums Greatest Hits / Every Mile a Memory 2003 -- 2008 Singles `` What Was I Thinkin ' '' `` My Last Name '' `` How Am I Doin ' '' `` Lot of Leavin ' Left to Do '' `` Come a Little Closer '' `` Settle for a Slowdown '' `` Every Mile a Memory '' `` Long Trip Alone '' `` Free and Easy ( Down the Road I Go ) '' `` Trying to Stop Your Leaving '' `` Feel That Fire '' `` Sideways '' `` I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes '' `` Up on the Ridge '' `` Draw Me a Map '' `` Am I the Only One '' `` Home '' `` 5 - 1 - 5 - 0 '' `` Tip It On Back '' `` Bourbon in Kentucky '' `` I Hold On '' `` Drunk on a Plane '' `` Say You Do '' `` Riser '' `` Somewhere on a Beach '' `` Different for Girls '' ( feat . Elle King ) `` Black '' `` What the Hell Did I Say '' Featured singles `` The South '' ( w / The Cadillac Three , Florida Georgia Line and Mike Eli ) Concert tours Riser Tour Sounds of Summer Tour Somewhere on a Beach Tour Related articles Discography `` Murder on Music Row '' ( w / George Jones ) `` Flatliner '' ( w / Cole Swindell ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_the_Hell_Did_I_Say&oldid=802536430 '' Categories : 2017 singles Dierks Bentley songs Capitol Records Nashville singles Songs written by Dierks Bentley Songs written by Chris Tompkins Songs written by Josh Kear 2016 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 19 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote what the hell did i say | [
"\"What the Hell Did I Say\" is a song by country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released as the fourth single from his eighth studio album, Black. The song is about getting intoxicated and giving a girl false promises. This is the second collaboration by Bentley, Kear and Tompkins, following the highly successful single \"Drunk on a Plane\". However, the song underperformed and became the lowest charting single of Bentley's career."
] | [
"country music artist Dierks Bentley"
] |
4984240760525877565 | Little League World Series | Little League World Series - wikipedia Little League World Series Jump to : navigation , search Little League World Series Most recent season or competition : 2017 Little League World Series Sport Baseball Founded 1947 , 70 years ago No. of teams 16 Countries International Most recent champion ( s ) Tokyo , Japan Most titles Taiwan ( 17 titles ) Official website LittleLeague.org South Williamsport Location in the United States South Williamsport Location in Pennsylvania The Little League Baseball World Series is an annual baseball tournament in the eastern United States for children aged 11 to 13 years old . Originally called the National Little League Tournament , it was later renamed for the World Series in Major League Baseball . The Series was first held 70 years ago in 1947 and is held every August in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania . ( Although the postal address of the organization is in Williamsport , the Series itself is played at Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Volunteer Stadium at the Little League headquarters complex in South Williamsport . ) Initially , only teams from the US competed in the Series but it has since become a worldwide tournament . The tournament has gained popular renown , especially in the United States , where games from the Series and even from regional tournaments are broadcast on ESPN . In 2006 , the age limit was changed to include players who turn 13 after April 30 of the same year , rather than after July 31 , as had previously been the case . As the Series takes place in August , many of the players will have already turned 13 before the Series starts . In 2014 Little League originally voted to change the age cut off from April 30th to December 31st . However , this caused outrage by parents because the players born between May 1 and August 31 , 2005 would have lost their 12 year old season because they would be considered to be 13 years old even though they have not reached their 13th birthday . Effective November , 2015 , a new implementation plan was established , which `` grandfathers '' players born between May 1 and August 31 , 2005 as 12 - year - olds for the 2018 seasons , using the current April 30 age determination date for the 2018 season . Beginning with 2019 , a new determination date of August 31 will be used , which will ban 13 year old players from participating in the Series . Thus , players would have to have their 13th birthday after August 31st . While the Little League Baseball World Series is frequently referred to as just the Little League World Series , it is actually one of twelve tournaments sponsored by Little League International , in twelve different locations . Each of them brings community teams from different Little League International regions around the world together in baseball ( five age divisions ) , girls ' softball ( four age divisions ) , and boys ' softball ( three divisions ) . The tournament structure described here is that used for the Little League Baseball World Series . The structure used for the other World Series is similar , but with different regions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifying tournaments 1.1 Regions 2 Venues 3 Notable events 4 Little League World Series champions 5 Championship tally 5.1 Championships won by country / state 6 Championship notes 7 Famous participants in the Little League World Series 8 Media coverage 9 Other divisions in Little League Baseball 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Qualifying tournaments ( edit ) A Little League World Series game at Howard J. Lamade Stadium in 2007 Welcome sign in the Little League World Series Complex In the summer months leading up to the Little League World Series , held each year in August , Little Leagues around the world select an All - Star team made up of players from its league . It is these All - Star teams that compete in district , sectional and / or divisional , and regional tournaments , hoping to advance to Williamsport for the Little League World Series . How many games a team has to play varies from region to region . In the United States , the tournaments at the lowest ( district ) level lack nationwide standardization . Some use pool play or double elimination , while others use single elimination . In the United States , the fate of district winners varies widely from state to state . In some larger states such as Pennsylvania , New York , and California , the district winners advance to one of many sectional tournaments . The winners of each sectional tournament then advance to a state or divisional tournament , the latter only being held in Texas and California and are similar to the state tournaments held in less densely populated states . Most smaller states lack competition at the sectional level and go straight from district to state tournaments . A handful of states are composed of only one district , and the district champion is the automatic state champion . With 4 exceptions , every state as well as the District of Columbia crowns a state champion , and sends that team to represent it to one of eight regional tournaments . The exceptions involve California , Texas , North Dakota , and South Dakota . Because of their large geographic and population sizes , California and Texas send two representatives to their regional tournament ; Northern California and Southern California in the West region tournament and Texas East and Texas West ( whose areas encompass more than the geographical areas of East Texas and West Texas , splitting roughly along the I - 35 / I - 37 corridor ) compete in the Southwest region tournament . Conversely , North Dakota has only one city ( Fargo ) that operates Little League -- sponsored competitions ; the Dakotas have one district spanning the two states , and its winner becomes the joint champion and advances to the Midwest region tournament . The state champions ( as well as the Northern California , Southern California , Texas East , Texas West , and Dakotas champions ) compete in one of eight different regional tournaments . Each regional tournament winner then advances to the Little League World Series . See ( 4 ) for a comprehensive breakdown of current and historical US regional tournament locations , participants and results . Other countries and regions pick their own way of crowning a champion . Little League Canada holds tournaments at the provincial and divisional level to field six champions ( five provincial and one divisional ) at the national tournament : Alberta , Ontario , Quebec , British Columbia , Saskatchewan , and the Atlantic Provinces . The host site of the national tournament varies from year to year , and the host team gets an automatic berth as the seventh team . The tournament is played as a round robin and uses the page playoff format . The winner of the national tournament earns the right to represent Canada at the Little League World Series . A Little League World Series Game at Howard J. Lamade Stadium in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania , USA . The Little League World Series consists of 16 teams -- 8 from the United States , and 8 from other countries . Prior to 2001 there were eight teams in the LLWS : four U.S. teams ( Central , South , East , and West ) and four international ( Canada , Latin America , Europe , and the Far East ) . It should be noted that in 1975 there were only four teams in the LLWS , all from the United States . The international teams returned in 1976 . Starting in 1976 , two brackets were established , with the four U.S. regions competing in the U.S. bracket and the four non-U.S. regions competing in the International bracket . The U.S. national champion and the International champion then compete for the World Series title . In 2001 , the number of regions was doubled to 16 , from which the 16 regional champions continued to be divided into the two brackets : 8 in the United States Bracket and 8 in the International Bracket . From 2001 to 2009 , however , each team was then randomly assigned to one of two `` pools '' in their respective bracket . In the opening days of the tournament , the teams competed round - robin within their own pool . The top two teams in each pool advanced to the semifinal of their bracket , where the first place team from one pool competed against the second place team from the other . The respective winners advanced to play in either the United States or International Final . The U.S. champion and the International champion advanced to compete in the Little League World Series Championship Game . On April 14 , 2010 , Little League announced that starting in 2010 , round robin play would be replaced by a double - elimination bracket in each pool . The winners of each pool would advance to single elimination US and International Championship games , and the winners of those games would advance to the World Championship game . Every team would play a minimum of three games : the four teams that lost their first two games would cross over and play U.S. vs. International games . On June 16 , 2011 , it was announced that the double - elimination format had been modified . The pools were eliminated , with the eight U.S. teams continuing to compete in one bracket and the eight International teams in another bracket . The tournament remains double - elimination until the U.S. and International Championship games , where it becomes single - elimination . ( That is , if the team that advances through the winner 's bracket loses the championship game they are eliminated and the teams do not play a rubber game . ) Each team still plays a minimum of three games , playing a `` crossover '' ( U.S. vs. International ) consolation game if eliminated after their second game . Regions ( edit ) See also : Junior , Senior & Big League Baseball § Regions ; and Little League World Series ( Far East Region ) § 1975 Ban The eight regional tournament winners which compete in the United States Bracket of the Little League World Series , as well as the states those regional champions could possibly hail from are as follows : New England ( ME , NH , VT , MA , RI , CT ) Mid-Atlantic ( PA , NY , NJ , MD , DC , DE ) Midwest ( ND / SD , NE , KS , MN , IA , MO ) Great Lakes ( MI , WI , OH , IN , IL , KY ) Southeast ( VA , WV , NC , SC , GA , FL , AL , TN ) Southwest ( MS , LA , AR , TX East , TX West , OK , CO , NM ) * Known as Gulf States during 2001 LLWS Northwest ( AK , WA , OR , ID , MT , WY ) West ( AZ , NV , UT , Northern CA , Southern CA , HI ) The eight divisions which compete in the International Bracket are as follows : Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Canada Caribbean Europe and Africa Japan Latin America Mexico The eight divisions which compete in the United States bracket represent 96 % of the players in Little League with over 2.2 million players while the eight divisions in the International bracket represent 4 % of the Little League or less than 130 thousand players . Prior to 2008 , instead of two separate geographic regions , Europe , the Middle East , and Africa held two coterminous regions : Europe -- Middle East -- Africa ( EMEA ) Transatlantic The Transatlantic and EMEA regions were geographically identical . Leagues from the Transatlantic region generally consisted of children and other dependents of American expatriates , typically Armed Forces personnel , international organization members , and oil company workers ( such as the team representing the Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran , which advanced to the World Series 19 times through 2007 , including all the tournaments from 2001 through 2007 ) . The leagues within the `` EMEA '' region consisted of players native to the league 's own country . Representative teams for the Trans - Atlantic region had to have at least 51 % nationals of Canada , the U.S. or Japan , while teams for the EMEA region could have no more than three players from those three countries . Teams in the reorganized Europe and MEA regions did not have nationality restrictions , as evidenced by the 2009 series . In that year , both regions were won by teams made up primarily of children of American expatriates . Europe was represented by a team from Ramstein Air Base , a United States Air Force base in Germany , while MEA was represented for the second time in its two - year existence by the team from the Saudi Aramco camp . On August 29 , 2012 , Little League announced a significant realignment of the international regions , which took effect in 2013 : Australia left the former Asia - Pacific Region and received an automatic berth in the LLWS . Australia has now become the fourth - largest country , and the largest outside North America , in Little League participation . The former MEA ( Middle East -- Africa ) Region was disbanded . Middle Eastern countries , except for Israel and Turkey ( see below ) , were placed in the former Asia - Pacific Region , which was renamed the Asia - Pacific and Middle East Region . African countries were placed in the former Europe Region , which was renamed the Europe and Africa Region . Israel and Turkey remained in the renamed Europe and Africa region ; they had been in the former Europe Region as members of the European zone of the International Baseball Federation . Venues ( edit ) Two venues host World Series games : Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Little League Volunteer Stadium . Lamade Stadium has hosted games since 1959 , and added lights in 1992 . Volunteer Stadium opened in 2001 when the field expanded to 16 teams . Prior to 1959 , the Little League World Series was held at Original Little League on West Fourth Street in Williamsport . Both fields have symmetrical fences , with a distance of 68.6 m ( 225 feet ) from home plate to each of the outfield positions . That distance had been 62.5 m ( 205 feet ) before 2006 . Admission to all LLWS games is free for all spectators . However , stadium seats for the championship game are distributed in a random drawing of all interested parties due to high demand . Some early round games , mostly games with Pennsylvania teams , will use first - come , first - served admission if a big crowd is to be expected . Lamade Stadium has a berm beyond the fences that has allowed the facility to hold up to 45,000 spectators . Notable events ( edit ) 1951 -- A team from Montreal , Canada became the first team outside of the United States to play in the tournament . 1955 -- The first walk - off home run in the championship game was hit by Rich Cominski , from Morrisville , Pennsylvania , in the 7th inning . 1957 -- Monterrey , Mexico became the first team outside of the United States to win the tournament . Pitcher Miguel Ángel Macias threw a perfect game , which has not occurred in a championship game since , as of 2017 . 1971 -- Lloyd McClendon , from Gary , Indiana , hit five home runs in five official at bats over the span of three games . He was intentionally walked in his other five plate appearances . 1982 -- Kirkland , Washington won the championship over Chiayi County , Taiwan . This snapped a streak of 31 consecutive wins by Taiwanese teams at the LLWS , and is considered one of the biggest upsets in the history of Little League . 1993 -- Long Beach , California became the first team from the United States to win consecutive championships . 2005 -- Michael Memea , from Ewa Beach , Hawaii , won the championship with a walk - off home run in the 7th inning . 2007 -- Dalton Carriker , from Warner Robins , Georgia , hit a walk off home run in the 8th inning in the championship game . 2012 -- A team from Lugazi , Uganda made it to the LLWS , becoming the first team from Africa to reach the LLWS . Little League World Series champions ( edit ) Year Winner Score Runner - Up 1947 Williamsport , Pennsylvania 16 -- 7 Lock Haven , Pennsylvania 1948 Lock Haven , Pennsylvania 6 -- 5 St. Petersburg , Florida 1949 Hammonton , New Jersey 5 -- 0 Pensacola , Florida 1950 Houston , Texas 2 -- 1 Bridgeport , Connecticut 1951 Stamford , Connecticut 3 -- 0 Austin , Texas 1952 Norwalk , Connecticut 4 -- 3 Monongahela , Pennsylvania 1953 Birmingham , Alabama 1 -- 0 Schenectady , New York 1954 Schenectady , New York 7 -- 5 Colton , California 1955 Morrisville , Pennsylvania 4 -- 3 Merchantville , New Jersey 1956 Roswell , New Mexico 3 -- 1 Merchantville , New Jersey 1957 Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico 4 -- 0 La Mesa , California 1958 Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico 10 -- 1 Kankakee , Illinois 1959 Hamtramck , Michigan 12 -- 0 Auburn , California 1960 Levittown , Pennsylvania 5 -- 0 Ft . Worth , Texas 1961 El Cajon , California 4 -- 2 El Campo , Texas 1962 San Jose , California 3 -- 0 Kankakee , Illinois 1963 Granada Hills , California 2 -- 1 Stratford , Connecticut 1964 Staten Island , New York 4 -- 0 Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico 1965 Windsor Locks , Connecticut 3 -- 1 Stoney Creek , Ontario 1966 Houston , Texas 8 -- 2 West New York , New Jersey 1967 West Tokyo , Japan 4 -- 1 Chicago 1968 Wakayama , Osaka , Japan 1 -- 0 Richmond , Virginia 1969 Taichung , Taiwan 5 -- 0 Santa Clara , California 1970 Wayne , New Jersey 2 -- 0 Campbell , California 1971 Tainan , Taiwan 12 -- 3 ( F / 9 ) Gary , Indiana 1972 Taipei , Taiwan 6 -- 0 Hammond , Indiana 1973 Tainan , Taiwan 12 -- 0 Tucson , Arizona Kaohsiung , Taiwan 12 -- 1 Red Bluff , California Lakewood , New Jersey 4 -- 3 Tampa , Florida 1976 Chofu , Tokyo , Japan 10 -- 3 Campbell , California 1977 Kaohsiung , Taiwan 7 -- 2 El Cajon , California 1978 Pingtung , Taiwan 11 -- 1 Danville , California 1979 Chiayi County , Taiwan 2 -- 1 ( F / 8 ) Campbell , California 1980 Hua - Lien , Taiwan 4 -- 3 Tampa , Florida 1981 Taichung , Taiwan 4 -- 2 Tampa , Florida 1982 Kirkland , Washington 6 -- 0 Chiayi , Taiwan Marietta , Georgia 3 -- 1 Barahona , Dominican Republic 1984 Seoul , South Korea 6 -- 2 Altamonte Springs , Florida 1985 Seoul , South Korea 7 -- 1 / Mexicali , BC / Calexico , CA 1986 Tainan , Taiwan 12 -- 0 Tucson , Arizona Hua - Lien , Taiwan 21 -- 1 Irvine , California 1988 Taichung , Taiwan 10 -- 0 Pearl City , Hawaii 1989 Trumbull , Connecticut 5 -- 2 Kaohsiung , Taiwan 1990 Tainan County , Taiwan 9 -- 0 Shippensburg , Pennsylvania 1991 Taichung , Taiwan 11 -- 0 San Ramon Valley , California 1992 Long Beach , California 6 -- 0 ‡ Zamboanga City , Philippines 1993 Long Beach , California 3 -- 2 David , Chiriquí , Panama 1994 Maracaibo , Venezuela 4 -- 3 Northridge , California 1995 Tainan , Taiwan 17 -- 3 ( F / 5 ) Spring , Texas Kaohsiung , Taiwan 13 -- 3 ( F / 5 ) Cranston , Rhode Island 1997 Guadalupe , Nuevo León , Mexico 5 -- 4 South Mission Viejo , California 1998 Toms River , New Jersey 12 -- 9 Kashima , Japan 1999 Hirakata , Osaka , Japan 5 -- 0 Phenix City , Alabama 2000 Maracaibo , Venezuela 3 -- 2 Bellaire , Texas 2001 Tokyo Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan 2 -- 1 Apopka , Florida 2002 Pleasure Ridge Park , Kentucky 1 -- 0 Sendai , Japan 2003 Musashi - Fuchu , Tokyo , Japan 10 -- 1 East Boynton Beach , Florida Willemstad , Curaçao 5 -- 2 Thousand Oaks , California 2005 Ewa Beach , Hawaii 7 -- 6 ( F / 7 ) Willemstad , Curaçao 2006 Columbus , Georgia 2 -- 1 Kawaguchi City , Japan 2007 Warner Robins , Georgia 3 -- 2 ( F / 8 ) Tokyo , Japan 2008 Waipahu , Hawaii 12 -- 3 Matamoros , Tamaulipas , Mexico 2009 Chula Vista , California 6 -- 3 Taoyuan County , Taiwan Edogawa Minami , Tokyo , Japan 4 -- 1 Waipahu , Hawaii 2011 Huntington Beach , California 2 -- 1 Hamamatsu City , Japan 2012 Tokyo - Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan 12 -- 2 ( F / 5 ) Goodlettsville , Tennessee 2013 Musashi - Fuchu , Tokyo , Japan 6 -- 4 Chula Vista , California 2014 Seoul , South Korea 8 -- 4 ‡ Chicago , Illinois 2015 Tokyo - Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan 18 -- 11 Lewisberry , Pennsylvania 2016 Maine - Endwell , New York 2 -- 1 Seoul , South Korea 2017 Tokyo - Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan 12 -- 2 ( F / 5 ) Lufkin , Texas Forfeits due to ineligible players . Zamboanga City , Phillipines was disqualified and stripped of its 1992 championship . Chicago , Illinois was stripped of its 2014 U.S. championship title , which was given to runner - up Las Vegas , Nevada . Championship tally ( edit ) Championships won by country / state ( edit ) Rank Team Championships Years Taiwan 17 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 Japan 11 1967 , 1968 , 1976 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 California 7 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1992 , 1993 , 2009 , 2011 Pennsylvania 1947 , 1948 , 1955 , 1960 Connecticut 1951 , 1952 , 1965 , 1989 New Jersey 1949 , 1970 , 1975 , 1998 7 Mexico 1957 , 1958 , 1997 Georgia 1983 , 2006 , 2007 South Korea 1984 , 1985 , 2014 New York 1954 , 1964 , 2016 10 Texas 1950 , 1966 Venezuela 1994 , 2000 Hawaii 2005 , 2008 13 Alabama 1953 New Mexico 1956 Michigan 1959 Washington 1982 Kentucky 2002 Curaçao In 1976 , the tournament was split into two brackets : one for International teams , and one for teams from the United States . Championship notes ( edit ) In November 1974 , Little League Baseball banned all non-U.S. teams from the World Series for 1975 . After considerable criticism , the ban was rescinded prior to 1976 . In 1985 , Mexicali , Mexico , represented the West Region of the United States in the Little League World Series . Because of its proximity to the El Centro / Calexico area in Southern California , Mexicali competed in and represented California 's District 22 in the Southern California division from 1957 -- 1985 , representing the bordering city of Calexico , California . David Cardenas Cortes ( LLWS 1985 US champions ) Played in MLB for Cleveland , Colorado and Atlanta . In 1992 , Long Beach was declared a 6 -- 0 winner after the international tournament committee determined that Zamboanga City had used ineligible players that were either not from within its city limits , over age , or both . The championship game was originally won by Zamboanga City 15 - 4 . From 1997 to 2002 , no teams from Taiwan participated in the tournament . In 1997 , the Taiwan Baseball Association decided its leagues would no longer charter with Little League , claiming inability to comply with rules enacted in 1992 regarding the maximum size of player pools and number of participating teams in leagues based at schools , and residency requirements , which Little League Baseball had stated it would enforce more strictly , especially after the 1992 incident . From the introduction of Far East teams in 1967 until after 1996 , Taiwan had won 17 of a possible 30 championships and had been runner - up twice . In 2014 , Chicago defeated Las Vegas for the U.S. championship before losing to Seoul , South Korea in the LLWS championship . On February 11 , 2015 , Chicago was stripped of its U.S. title for fielding ineligible players ; it was retroactively awarded to Las Vegas . Famous participants in the Little League World Series ( edit ) Danny Almonte -- The center of significant controversy following the 2001 series due to age falsification / ( 2001 World Series ) Bronx , New York . Wilson Álvarez -- Former MLB player / ( 1982 World Series ) Maracaibo , Venezuela . Jim Barbieri -- Former MLB player / First player to play in a World Series , and a Little League World Series / 1966 MLB World Series / ( 1954 World Series champion ) Schenectady , New York 1953 LLWS World Series runner - up / Played in back to back LLWS World Series . Jason Bay -- Former MLB player / 2004 National League ( NL ) Rookie of the Year / ( 1990 World Series ) Trail , British Columbia . Derek Bell -- Former MLB player / 1992 MLB World Series champion / ( 1980 runner - up & 1981 World Series runner - up ) Tampa , Florida . Cody Bellinger -- MLB player for the Los Angeles Dodgers / 2007 World Series / Chandler , Arizona North Little League Christian Bethancourt -- MLB player for the San Diego Padres / ( 2004 World Series ) Panama City , Panama . Larvell Blanks -- Former MLB player / ( 1962 World Series ) Del Rio , Texas . Jim Brower -- Former MLB pitcher / ( 1985 World Series ) East Tonka , Minnesota . Sean Burroughs -- Former MLB player / ( 1992 & 1993 World Series champions ) Long Beach , California . Kevin Cash -- Former MLB player / Current manager for the Tampa Bay Rays , 2007 MLB World Series champion with the Boston Red Sox / ( 1989 World Series ) Tampa , Florida . Matt Cassel -- NFL quarterback for the Tennessee Titans / ( 1994 World Series runner - up ) Northridge , California . Gavin Cecchini -- MLB Player for the New York Mets / ( 2006 World Series ) Lake Charles , Louisiana . Chin - Feng Chen -- Former MLB player / First Taiwanese - born player in MLB history / ( 1990 World Series champion ) Tainan County , Taiwan . Jeff Clement -- Former MLB player / ( 1996 World Series ) Marshalltown , Iowa . Michael Conforto -- MLB player for the New York Mets / ( 2004 World Series ) Redmond North , Washington . Billy Connors -- Former MLB player / ( 1954 World Series ) , Schenectady , New York 1953 LLWS runner - up Schenectady , New York . / Played in back to back LLWS . David Cortés -- Former MLB player / 1985 World Series ( 1985 US champions ) Mexicali , Mexico . Mo'ne Davis -- First girl to record a win as a pitcher and to pitch a shutout / First little league player to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated at the time of tournament play / 2014 AP Female Athlete of the Year ( 2014 World Series ) Philadelphia . Austin Dillon -- 2011 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion / 2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series champion / ( 2002 World Series ) Forsyth County , North Carolina . Chris Drury -- Former NHL player / 2001 Stanley Cup champion / 1998 Hobey Baker Award winner / 1999 Calder Memorial Trophy winner / ( 1989 World Series champion ) Trumbull , Connecticut . Ray Ferraro -- Former NHL player / ( 1976 World Series ) Trail , British Columbia . Stephen Fife -- MLB player for the Chicago Cubs / ( 1999 World Series ) Boise , Idaho . Jeff Frazier -- Former MLB player / ( 1995 & 1996 World Series ) Toms River , New Jersey . Todd Frazier -- MLB player for the New York Yankees / 2015 MLB Home Run Derby champion / ( 1998 World Series champion ) Toms River , New Jersey . Gale Gilbert -- Former NFL quarterback / ( 1974 World Series runner - up ) Red Bluff , California . Randal Grichuk -- MLB player for the St. Louis Cardinals / ( 2003 & 2004 World Series ) Richmond , Texas . Charlie Hayes -- Former MLB player / 1996 MLB World Series champion / ( 1977 World Series ) Hattiesburg , Mississippi . Ken Hubbs -- Former MLB player / 1962 National League ( NL ) Rookie of the Year & Gold Glove Winner / ( 1954 World Series ) Colton , California . Billy Hunter -- Former NFL player / U.S. Prosecutor for Northern District of California / Executive Director of the National Basketball Players Association / ( 1955 World Series runner - up ) Delaware Township , New Jersey . Erik Johnson -- Former MLB player / ( 1978 World Series US champion , WS runner - up ) San Ramon , California . Keith Lampard -- Former MLB player / ( 1958 World Series ) Portland , Oregon . Carney Lansford -- Former MLB player , 1988 & 1990 MLB World Series runner - up / 1989 MLB World Series champion / 1981 MLB Batting champ / 1988 American League ( AL ) All Star / 1992 Hutch Award Winner / ( 1969 World Series ) Santa Clara , California . Adam Loewen -- MLB player for the Arizona Diamondbacks / ( 1996 World Series ) Surrey , British Columbia . Jack Losch -- Former NFL player for the Green Bay Packers / ( 1947 World Series ) Williamsport , Pennsylvania . Vance Lovelace -- Former MLB player / ( 1975 World Series ) Tampa , Florida . Lance Lynn -- MLB player for the St. Louis Cardinals / ( 1999 World Series ) Brownsburg , Indiana . Jason Marquis -- MLB player that is a free agent / 2005 NL Silver Slugger Award / 2006 MLB World Series champion / 2009 National League ( NL ) All Star / ( 1991 World Series ) Staten Island , New York . Stephane Matteau -- Former NHL player / 1994 Stanley Cup champion / ( 1982 World Series ) Rouyn - Noranda , Quebec . Lloyd McClendon -- Former MLB player / Current manager for the Seattle Mariners / ( 1971 World Series runner - up ) Gary , Indiana . Lastings Milledge -- Former MLB player / ( 1997 World Series ) Bradenton , Florida . Bobby Mitchell -- Former MLB player / ( 1967 World Series ) Northridge , California . Max Moroff -- MLB Player for the Pittsburgh Pirates / ( 2005 World Series ) Maitland , Florida . Jim Pankovits -- Former MLB player / ( 1968 World Series Runner - up ) Richmond , Virginia . Francisco Peña -- MLB player for the Kansas City Royals / ( 2001 World Series ) Bronx , New York . Chad Pennington -- Former NFL quarterback / ( 1991 World Series ) Hamilton , Ohio . Yusmeiro Petit -- MLB player for the Washington Nationals / 2014 World Series champion with the San Francisco Giants / ( 1994 World Series champion ) Maracaibo , Venezuela . Marc Pisciotta -- Former MLB player / ( 1983 World Series ) Marietta , Georgia . Boog Powell -- Former MLB player / 1969 & 1971 MLB World Series runner - up / 1966 & 1970 MLB World Series champion / ( 1954 World Series ) Lakeland , Florida . Jurickson Profar -- MLB player for the Texas Rangers / ( 2004 World Series champion / 2005 World Series runner - up ) Willemstad , Curaçao . Guillermo Quiróz -- MLB player for the Cleveland Indians / ( 1994 World Series champion ) Maracaibo , Venezuela . Colby Rasmus -- MLB player for the Houston Astros / ( 1999 World Series runner - up ) Phenix City , Alabama . Cory Rasmus -- MLB player for the Los Angeles Angels / ( 1999 World Series runner - up ) Phenix City , Alabama . Brady Rodgers -- MLB player for the Houston Astros / ( 2003 World Series ) Richmond , Texas . Michael Saunders -- MLB player for the Toronto Blue Jays / ( 1999 World Series ) Victoria , British Columbia . Turk Schonert -- Former NFL player / Former Offensive Coordinator for the Buffalo Bills / ( 1968 World Series ) Garden Grove , California . Jonathan Schoop -- MLB player for the Baltimore Orioles / ( 2003 World Series & 2004 World Series champion ) Willemstad , Curaçao . Gary Sheffield -- Former MLB player / 1997 MLB World Series champion / 1992 MLB Batting Champ / 7 - Time National League ( NL ) All - Star / 2 - Time American League ( AL ) All - Star / 5 - Time Silver Slugger Award / ( 1980 World Series runner - up ) Tampa , Florida . Brian Sipe -- Former NFL quarterback & 1980 NFL MVP / ( 1961 World Series ) El Cajon , California . Carl Taylor -- Former MLB player / ( 1954 World Series ) Lakeland , Florida . Rubén Tejada -- MLB player for the New York Mets / ( 2001 World Series ) Santiago de Veraguas , Panama . Clete Thomas -- MLB player that is a free agent / ( 1996 World Series ) Panama City , Florida . Héctor Torres -- Former MLB player / ( 1958 World Series Champions ) Monterrey , Mexico . Devon Travis -- MLB Player for the Toronto Blue Jays / ( 2003 World Series Runner - up ) Boynton Beach , Florida . Carlos `` Bobby '' Treviño -- Former MLB player / ( 1958 World Series champions ) Monterrey , Mexico . George Tsamis -- Former MLB player / ( 1979 World Series Runner - up ) Campbell , California . Pierre Turgeon -- Former NHL player / 4 - time NHL All - Star / ( 1982 World Series ) Rouyn - Noranda , Quebec . Julian Vandervelde -- NFL player for the Philadelphia Eagles / ( 2000 World Series ) Davenport , Iowa . Dave Veres -- Former MLB player / ( 1978 World Series ) Torrejón AFB , Spain . Ed Vosberg -- Former MLB player / 1997 MLB World Series champion / ( 1973 World Series runner - up ) Tucson , Arizona . Krissy Wendell -- U.S. women 's national hockey team / ( 1994 World Series ) Brooklyn Park , Minnesota . Dan Wilson -- Former MLB player / 1996 American League ( AL ) All - Star / ( 1981 World Series ) Barrington , Illinois . Rick Wise -- Former MLB player / ( 1958 World Series ) Portland , Oregon . Media coverage ( edit ) See also : Little League World Series on television and List of Little League World Series Championship Game broadcasters The first broadcast of the Little League World Series on television was on ABC Sports ( now ESPN on ABC ) in 1963 . For years , only the championship game was televised . Since the late 1980s , when the tournament was reorganized , both the U.S. and international championships , the `` semifinals '' , have been shown . As the years passed , more telecasts were added on ABC , ESPN , and ESPN2 . In 2006 , 28 of the 36 games were televised on the three networks . The 2006 world championship game was to be the last telecast on ABC Sports before ESPN 's complete takeover of the sports division and name change . However , the final was postponed one day because of rain and was shown by ESPN2 . In January 2007 , it was announced that ESPN , ESPN2 , and ABC had extended their contract with the Little League organization through 2014 . That year , every game of the LLWS was scheduled to be televised for the first time , with all but one game live on ESPN , ESPN2 , or ABC . ( The other game was to be available online at ESPN3 60 , then shown on ESPN2 the next day . ) In addition , a number of games were to be shown in high - definition on ESPN , ESPN2 , and ABC . The championship games in all other divisions , as well as the semifinals and finals of the Little League Softball World Series , was scheduled for either ESPN , ESPN2 or ESPNU . In June 2011 , it was announced that ESPN would add 17 games to its schedule on ESPN 3D . Coverage of the qualifying games has increased in the US recently : as of 2014 , all regional group games ( with the exception of the Southwest and New England regions ) are streamed online via the ESPN3 platform , with the semifinals joining the finals on an ESPN network . The aforementioned Southwest and New England regional games are aired in full on the Longhorn Network ( itself owned by ESPN ) and NESN , respectively . The increased level of participation , competition , and publicity of the Little League World Series in recent years has established a trend in the opposite direction of most other preteen sports . Most LLWS games are broadcast live on local radio station WRAK 1400AM , which is owned by Clear Channel . The radio broadcasts are also streamed online at the LLWS page at littleleague.org . Other divisions in Little League Baseball ( edit ) Each of the other eleven divisions of Little League Baseball has its own World Series format ( including three in boys ' softball ) . Division Location First Held Age of players Series Little League Baseball South Williamsport , Pennsylvania 1947 11 -- 12 years old Little League World Series Little League Intermediate Division Livermore , California 2013 11 -- 13 years old Intermediate Little League World Series Junior League Baseball Taylor , Michigan 1981 13 -- 14 years old Junior League World Series Senior League Baseball Easley , South Carolina 1961 14 -- 16 years old Senior League World Series Big League Baseball Easley , South Carolina 1968 16 -- 18 years old Big League World Series ( discontinued in 2016 ) Little League Softball Portland , Oregon 11 -- 12 years old Little League World Series ( softball ) Junior League Softball Kirkland , Washington 1999 12 -- 14 years old Junior League World Series ( softball ) Senior League Softball Sussex County , Delaware 1976 13 -- 16 years old Senior League World Series ( softball ) Big League Softball Sussex County , Delaware 1982 14 -- 18 years old Big League World Series ( softball ) ( discontinued in 2016 ) See also ( edit ) List of Little League World Series champions by division List of Little League World Series broadcasters Little League World Series on television The Little League World Series Baseball video game series published by Activision Mexico in the Little League World Series Danny Almonte -- the center of an age fraud investigation during the 2001 series Amateur baseball in the United States List of organized baseball leagues Baseball awards § World ( world , international - bracket , and regional champions ) Baseball awards § U.S. youth baseball ( national , regional , and state champions ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Little League World Series Format '' . ESPN.com. 2013 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ World Series History Archived 2010 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : For an overview of Little League 's tournament process , go to Japanese Regional Little League Tournament Historical Results and click on `` LL Tournament Process Overview '' ( at the bottom of the left - hand margin ) , for `` The Little League Baseball International Tournament . '' Unpage Publications . March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Little League Baseball State Champions ( 1950 -- 2007 ) . Little League International . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Canadian Region Little League Tournament Historical Results . Unpage Publications . June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : See : Little League World Series ( Far East Region ) § 1975 Ban . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 19 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Communications Division ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Little League Baseball World Series Schedule Announced '' . Little League . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Little League Baseball World Series Schedule '' . Little League . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Little League EMEA Region . Eteamz.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Regions Realigned for 2013 : Australia to Play in Little League Baseball World Series '' ( Press release ) . Little League Baseball . August 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Little Leaguers are set to play under the lights '' . Moscow - Pullman Daily News . ( Idaho - Washington ) . Associated Press . August 24 , 1992 . p. 1C . Jump up ^ Wuff , Steve ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` As Williamsport opened its arms to Mexico 's team , its players embraced the legacy of their predecessors from Monterrey '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived May 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Craig ( August 21 , 2010 ) . `` 1982 Kirkland story retold '' . seattletimes.com . The Seattle Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little League authorities ban imports from playoffs '' . Free Lance - Star . ( Fredericksburg , Virginia ) . Associated Press . November 12 , 1974 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Little League takes it back : foreigners can play '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . Associated Press . December 31 , 1975 . p. 2B . Jump up ^ See : Mexico in the Little League World Series . Jump up ^ Taiwan , once dominant , to return to Little League . Associated Press Newswires , 25 April 2003 , The Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` From Little League to the major leagues '' . From Little League to the major leagues . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/sports/custom/extras/la-spw-tvcol5jan05,1,6528696.column?page=2&coll=la-sports-extras . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived October 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Communications Division ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` ESPN 3D Adds Little League World Series Games to its Broadcast Schedule '' . Little League . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Softball - Divisions of Play '' . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little League World Series . Little League official website Peter J. McGovern Little League Museum The Little League Baseball International Tournament ( comprehensive information on district , sectional , state / provincial / country , and regional tournaments ) . Unpage Publications Coordinates : 41 ° 14 ′ N 76 ° 59 ′ W / 41.23 ° N 76.98 ° W / 41.23 ; - 76.98 Little League World Series Broadcasters World Series 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Results 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Qualification 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Regions United States Great Lakes Mid-Atlantic Midwest New England Northwest Southeast Southwest West International Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Canada Caribbean Europe and Africa Japan Latin America Mexico Middle East - Africa ( defunct ) Venues Howard J. Lamade Stadium Little League Volunteer Stadium Related MLB Little League Classic Little League Baseball Boys Little League Baseball Intermediate League Baseball Junior League Baseball Senior League Baseball Big League Baseball Girls Little League Softball ( girls ) Junior League Softball ( girls ) Senior League Softball ( girls ) Big League Softball ( girls ) Boys softball Little League Softball ( boys ) Senior League Softball ( boys ) Big League Softball ( boys ) United States Central Great Lakes Midwest East Mid-Atlantic New England South Southeast Southwest West Northwest West International Far East Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Japan Latin America Caribbean Latin America Mexico Other Canada Europe and Africa World Series Boys baseball Regions ( Little , Intermediate , Junior , Senior , Big WS ) List of Champions Little League World Series Intermediate WS Junior WS Senior WS Big WS Girls softball List of Champions Girls Little WS Girls Junior WS Girls Senior WS Girls Big WS Boys softball Boys Little League Softball WS Boys Senior League Softball WS Boys Big League Softball WS Notable figures Carl Stotz Honors Little League Baseball awards Peter J. McGovern Little League Museum Popular culture Movies Mickey Video games Little League World Series Baseball Well - known players Danny Almonte Mo'ne Davis Aaron Durley Carolyn King Maria Pepe Related Little League elbow White House Tee Ball Initiative Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_League_World_Series&oldid=801979015 '' Categories : Little League World Series Little League Baseball playoffs and champions International baseball Youth baseball Baseball in Pennsylvania Baseball in Williamsport , Pennsylvania 1947 in baseball Recurring sporting events established in 1947 Annual sporting events in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本 語 Papiamentu Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 05 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's won the most little league world series | [
"\n\nRank\nTeam\nChampionships\nYears\n\n\n1\n Taiwan\n17\n1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996\n\n\n2\n Japan\n11\n1967, 1968, 1976, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017\n\n\n3\n California\n7\n1961, 1962, 1963, 1992, 1993, 2009, 2011\n\n\n4\n Pennsylvania\n4\n1947, 1948, 1955, 1960\n\n\n Connecticut\n1951, 1952, 1965, 1989\n\n\n New Jersey\n1949, 1970, 1975, 1998\n\n\n7\n Mexico\n3\n1957, 1958, 1997\n\n\n Georgia\n1983, 2006, 2007\n\n\n South Korea\n1984, 1985, 2014\n\n\n New York\n1954, 1964, 2016\n\n\n10\n Texas\n2\n1950, 1966\n\n\n Venezuela\n1994, 2000\n\n\n Hawaii\n2005, 2008\n\n\n13\n Alabama\n1\n1953\n\n\n New Mexico\n1956\n\n\n Michigan\n1959\n\n\n Washington\n1982\n\n\n Kentucky\n2002\n\n\n Curaçao\n2004\n\n"
] | [
"Taiwan"
] |
4146499940065106666 | Bad (U2 song) | Bad ( U2 song ) - wikipedia Bad ( U2 song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Bad '' Song by U2 from the album The Unforgettable Fire Released 1 October 1984 Genre Rock Length 6 : 09 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) U2 ( music ) , Bono ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois The Unforgettable Fire track listing `` 4th of July '' ( 6 ) `` Bad '' ( 7 ) `` Indian Summer Sky '' ( 8 ) Wide Awake In America track listing `` Bad '' ( 1 ) `` A Sort of Homecoming '' ( 2 ) `` Bad '' is a song by rock band U2 and the seventh track from their 1984 album , The Unforgettable Fire . A song about heroin addiction , it is considered a fan favourite , and is one of U2 's most frequently performed songs in concert . A performance of the song at 1985 's Live Aid was a career breakthrough for the band . The live version included as the opening track of the Wide Awake in America EP is frequently chosen for airplay by radio DJs ahead of the studio version . The song is featured on the trailer of Brothers and in the opening and closing sequences of Taking Lives . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Live performances 2.1 Live Aid 3 Discography 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) `` Bad '' began with an improvised guitar riff during a jam session at Slane Castle where U2 were recording The Unforgettable Fire . The basic track was completed in three takes . Of its immediate and live nature , U2 guitarist the Edge said `` There 's one moment where Larry puts down brushes and takes up the sticks and it creates this pause which has an incredibly dramatic effect . '' Producer Brian Eno added the sequencer arpeggios that accompany the song . The early 1980s recession had led to high number of heroin addicts in inner city Dublin . In concert , lead vocalist Bono frequently introduced the song as a song about Dublin . The Edge and the album 's producers , Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois , were focused on the music and less interested in the lyrics . Bono left the song unfinished . During a July 26 , 2011 concert in Pittsburgh , Bono explained before a performance of `` Bad '' that the song was written for `` very special man , who is here in your city , who grew up on Cedarwood Road . We wrote this song about him and we play it for him tonight . '' He was referring to Andy Rowen , whom the song was originally written about in 1984 and who was present at the show . Rowen is brother of Bono 's Lypton Village friend Guggi and Peter Rowen , who is featured on the sleeve artwork for the band 's albums Boy and War . There are other versions of the story from Bono himself . His account from a 1987 concert in Chicago indicate `` Bad '' is about a friend of his who died of a heroin overdose and also about the conditions that make such events likely to be repeated . Bono once commented in another concert ( in the UK ) about people lying in gutters with `` needles hangin ' outta their fuckin ' arms while the rich live indifferently to the suffering of the less fortunate . '' At Eriksberg , Gothenburg in Sweden 1987 , he said : `` I wrote the words about a friend of mine ; his name was Gareth Spaulding , and on his 21st birthday he and his friends decided to give themselves a present of enough heroin into his veins to kill him . This song is called ' Bad . ' '' Live performances ( edit ) `` Bad '' is one of the band 's most performed songs . Translating the elaborate and complex textures of the new studio - recorded tracks to live performance proved to be a serious challenge when The Unforgettable Fire Tour commenced . One solution was programmed sequencers , which the band had previously been reluctant to use . Sequencers were prominently used on `` Bad '' . The studio version of `` Bad '' was criticised as being `` unfinished '' , `` fuzzy '' and `` unfocused '' , but the band found that it made more sense on stage . Rolling Stone , for example , critical of the album version , described its live performance as a `` show stopper '' . A staple of U2 's concert tours of the 1980s , `` Bad '' was also frequently performed during the first four legs of the 1992 -- 1993 Zoo TV Tour . Although not played until the fourth leg of the PopMart Tour of 1997 and 1998 , it returned to the normal set list for 2001 's Elevation Tour and saw occasional performances during the Vertigo Tour of 2005 and 2006 , sometimes even appearing as the closing song for shows . It made very sporadic appearances on the U2 360 ° Tour and has featured occasionally on the Innocence + Experience Tour . Bono is known for singing a wide variety of snippets during performances of `` Bad '' . Lyrics from over 50 different songs have been included in `` Bad '' , ranging from brief quotes of a single line through to multiple verses . These snippets are typically sung after the line `` I 'm not sleeping '' and Bono has included up to six different excerpts in a single performance of `` Bad '' . Performances without at least one snippet are very rare . Live Aid ( edit ) U2 participated in the Live Aid concert at Wembley Stadium for Ethiopian famine relief on 13 July 1985 . They played a 12 - minute version of `` Bad '' , which was extended by snippets of Lou Reed 's `` Satellite of Love '' and `` Walk on the Wild Side '' , and The Rolling Stones ' `` Ruby Tuesday '' and `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . During the performance , Bono leaped down off the stage to embrace and dance with a fan . In 2005 the girl with whom he danced , who was at the front to see Wham ! , revealed that he actually saved her life at the time . She was being crushed by the throngs of people pushing forwards ; Bono saw this , and gestured frantically at the ushers to help her . They did not understand what he was saying , and so he jumped down to help her himself . Bono 's rescue of and dance with the girl was captured on the TV broadcast sent around the world . The performance was so long that the band was only able to play two of the three songs in their set , leaving out `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' , which was supposed to end the band 's performance . The concert turned out to be a breakthrough moment for the band , showing a television audience of millions the personal connection that Bono could make with audiences . Only a week later he realized that the dance with the fan became a key image of Live Aid . All of U2 's albums re-entered the charts in the UK after their performance . In 1985 , Rolling Stone called U2 the `` Band of the 80 's , '' saying that `` for a growing number of rock - and - roll fans , U2 have become the band that matters most , maybe even the only band that matters . '' Discography ( edit ) `` Bad '' is the first track on the 1985 EP Wide Awake in America , this being a live version recorded at Birmingham 's NEC Arena on November 12 , 1984 during sound check . This version includes prerecorded rhythm tracks . There are no other snippets of songs on this version for copyright reasons . Three other versions of `` Bad '' have been officially released by the band . An edit of the version from The Unforgettable Fire appears on The Best of 1980 - 1990 ; with the exception of the hidden version of `` October '' , `` Bad '' is the only non-single to appear on the compilation . In addition to the live performance included on Wide Awake in America , a live version of `` Bad '' from 1987 's Joshua Tree Tour appears on the rockumentary Rattle and Hum . Also , the release of The Complete U2 in 2004 produced another live version of `` Bad '' appearing on the digital album Live from the Point Depot . See also ( edit ) List of covers of U2 songs - Bad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TourDB statistics - U2 on tour '' . u2gigs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stokes ( 1996 ) , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : McCormick ( 2006 ) , p. 151 Jump up ^ Graham , Bill ; van Oosten de Boer , Caroline ( 2004 ) . U2 : The Complete Guide to their Music . London : Omnibus Press . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9886 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` U2 - Bad / In The Garden / Walk On The Wild Side / 40 - Pittsburgh - July 26 , 2011 ( Heinz Field ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` U2 Setlist - Pittsburgh - Jul 26 , 2011 '' . U2tours.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` U2MoL - Unforgettable Fire - Bad '' . Muorji.se . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : de la Parra ( 1994 ) , pp. 52 - 56 Jump up ^ Henke , James ( 18 July 1985 ) . `` ' ' Wide Awake in America ' ' Album Review '' . Rolling Stone ( 452 / 453 ) . Jump up ^ `` U2 Bad - U2 on tour '' . U2gigs.com . Archived from the original on 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Live Aid : A Look Back At A Concert That Actually Changed The World MTV.com . Retrieved 31 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gavin . `` U2 's ' Bad ' Break : 12 Minutes at Live Aid That Made the Band 's Career '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Bono Saved Me '' . Atu2.com. 2005 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ U2-Vertigo-Tour.com , 1985 - 07 - 13 , London set list , accessed 20 March 2008 ; McCormick , Neil ( ed ) , ( 2006 ) . U2 by U2 . HarperCollins Publishers , pages 162 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 719668 - 7 . Jump up ^ Parra ( 2003 ) , pp. 72 - 73 Jump up ^ Bono on Bono Jump up ^ U2 , the Only Band that Mattered in the ' 80s ? about.com . Retrieved 31 January 2007 References ( edit ) de la Parra , Pimm Jal ( 2003 ) . U2 Live : A Concert Documentary . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9198 - 7 McCormick , Neil ( ed ) , ( 2006 ) . U2 by U2 . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 00 - 719668 - 7 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Unforgettable Fire track listing `` A Sort of Homecoming '' `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' `` Wire '' `` The Unforgettable Fire '' `` Promenade '' `` 4th of July '' `` Bad '' `` Indian Summer Sky '' `` Elvis Presley and America '' `` MLK '' ← War The Joshua Tree → Rattle and Hum track listing Album `` Helter Skelter '' `` Van Diemen 's Land '' `` Desire '' `` Hawkmoon 269 '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` Freedom for My People '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' `` Angel of Harlem '' `` Love Rescue Me '' `` When Love Comes to Town '' `` Heartland '' `` God Part II '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' `` All I Want Is You '' Film `` Helter Skelter '' `` Van Diemen 's Land '' `` Desire '' `` Exit '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` Freedom for My People '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Angel of Harlem '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` In God 's Country '' `` When Love Comes to Town '' `` Heartland '' `` Bad '' `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' `` MLK '' `` With or Without You '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' `` Running to Stand Still '' `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' `` All I Want Is You '' The Joshua Tree Achtung Baby U2 Bono The Edge Adam Clayton Larry Mullen Jr . Studio albums Boy October War The Unforgettable Fire The Joshua Tree Rattle and Hum Achtung Baby Zooropa Pop All That You Ca n't Leave Behind How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb No Line on the Horizon Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience Compilations and EPs Three Wide Awake in America Please : PopHeart Live EP The Best of 1980 -- 1990 7 The Best of 1990 -- 2000 Exclusive The Complete U2 Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge U218 Singles Wide Awake in Europe Other albums Under a Blood Red Sky Melon : Remixes for Propaganda Original Soundtracks 1 Hasta la Vista Baby ! U2 Live from Mexico City Live from the Point Depot U2. Communication Zoo TV Live U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland Live from Paris Medium , Rare & Remastered Artificial Horizon Duals U22 From the Ground Up : Edge 's Picks from U2360 ° Videos and films U2 Live at Red Rocks : Under a Blood Red Sky The Unforgettable Fire Collection Rattle and Hum Achtung Baby : The Videos , the Cameos , and a Whole Lot of Interference from Zoo TV Zoo TV : Live from Sydney PopMart : Live from Mexico City Elevation 2001 : Live from Boston U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago Vertigo 05 : Live from Milan U218 Videos Live from Paris U2 3D Linear U2360 ° at the Rose Bowl From the Sky Down Innocence + Experience : Live in Paris Tours and concerts U2 - 3 Tour Boy Tour October Tour War Tour The Unforgettable Fire Tour Live Aid A Conspiracy of Hope The Joshua Tree Tour Vaillancourt Fountain concert Lovetown Tour Zoo TV Tour PopMart Tour concert in Sarajevo Elevation Tour Super Bowl XXXVI halftime show Vertigo Tour U2 360 ° Tour Innocence + Experience Tour The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 Additional personnel Steve Averill Anton Corbijn Brian Eno Dik Evans Dave Fanning Flood Gavin Friday Howie B Jimmy Iovine Daniel Lanois Steve Lillywhite Paul McGuinness Morleigh Steinberg Willie Williams Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Songs Covers of U2 songs The Million Dollar Hotel ( soundtrack ) Mother Records AHK - toong BAY - bi Covered `` Trash of the Titans '' U2 by U2 U2 Tower Book Portal WikiProject Timeline Singles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_(U2_song)&oldid=797026568 '' Categories : U2 songs 1984 songs Song recordings produced by Brian Eno Songs written by Bono Songs written by the Edge Songs written by Adam Clayton Songs written by Larry Mullen Jr . Song recordings produced by Daniel Lanois Songs about heroin Rock ballads Music videos directed by Phil Joanou Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 14 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the song bad about by u2 | [
"\"Bad\" is a song by rock band U2 and the seventh track from their 1984 album, The Unforgettable Fire. A song about heroin addiction, it is considered a fan favourite, and is one of U2's most frequently performed songs in concert.[1]"
] | [
"heroin addiction"
] |
1065950620029338831 | Danaë | Danaë - wikipedia Danaë Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Danaë ( disambiguation ) . Danaë Ancient Boeotian bell - krater showing Zeus impregnating Danaë in the form of a shower of gold , circa 450 - 425 BC Personal Information Consort Zeus , Polydectes Children Perseus Parents Acrisius and Eurydice In Greek mythology , Danaë ( / ˈdæn. i. iː / or / ˈdæn. ə. iː / , as personal name also / dəˈnaɪ / , Greek : Δανάη Greek pronunciation : ( daˈna. ɛː ) Modern : ( ðaˈna. i ) ) was the daughter , and only child of King Acrisius of Argos and his wife Queen Eurydice . She was the mother of the hero Perseus by Zeus . She was credited with founding the city of Ardea in Latium during the Bronze Age . Mythology ( edit ) Disappointed by his lack of male heirs , King Acrisius asked the oracle of Delphi if this would change . The oracle announced to him that he would never have a son , but his daughter would , and that he would be killed by his daughter 's son . At the time , Danae was childless and , meaning to keep her so , King Acrisius shut her up in a bronze chamber to be constructed under the court of his palace ( other versions say she was imprisoned in a tall brass tower with a single richly adorned chamber , but with no doors or windows , just a sky - light as the source of light and air ) . She was buried in this tomb , never to see the light again . However , Zeus , the king of the gods , desired her , and came to her in the form of golden rain which streamed in through the roof of the subterranean chamber and down into her womb . Soon after , their child Perseus was born . Unwilling to provoke the wrath of the gods or the Furies by killing his offspring and grandchild , King Acrisius cast Danaë and Perseus into the sea in a wooden chest . The sea was calmed by Poseidon and , at the request of Zeus , the pair survived . They were washed ashore on the island of Seriphos , where they were taken in by Dictys -- the brother of King Polydectes -- who raised Perseus to manhood . The King was charmed by Danaë , but she had no interest in him . Consequently , he agreed not to marry her only if her son would bring him the head of the Gorgon Medusa . Using Athena 's shield , Hermes 's winged sandals and Hades ' helmet of invisibility , Perseus was able to evade Medusa 's gaze and decapitate her . Later , after Perseus brought back Medusa 's head and rescued Andromeda , the oracle 's prophecy came true . He started for Argos , but learning of the prophecy , instead went to Larissa , where athletic games were being held . By chance , an aging Acrisius was there and Perseus accidentally struck him on the head with his javelin ( or discus ) , fulfilling the prophecy . Gallery ( edit ) Danaë in art Jan Gossaert , 1527 Correggio 's Danaë , 1531 -- 1532 . One of several variants by Titian , 1544 . Cupid is alongside Danaë. 120 cm × 172 cm . National Museum of Capodimonte , Naples Hendrick Goltzius , 1603 Artemisia Gentileschi , c. 1612 Danaë by Orazio Gentileschi , 1621 -- 23 . Rembrandt 's Danaë , c. 1636 . Jacob van Loo , 1650s Gustav Klimt 's Danaë , 1907 . Genealogy ( edit ) Argive genealogy in Greek mythology Inachus Melia Zeus Io Phoroneus Epaphus Memphis Libya Poseidon Belus Achiroë Agenor Telephassa Danaus Pieria Aegyptus Cadmus Cilix Europa Phoenix Mantineus Hypermnestra Lynceus Harmonia Zeus Polydorus Sparta Lacedaemon Ocalea Abas Agave Sarpedon Rhadamanthus Autonoë Eurydice Acrisius Ino Minos Zeus Danaë Semele Zeus Perseus Dionysus Colour key : Male Female Deity See also ( edit ) Danaë ( disambiguation ) # Art Pseudo-Apollodorus , Bibliotheke Danae - class cruiser The asteroid 61 Danaë , named after her Danae - Literary character from the Elenium and the Tamuli series by David Eddings References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ; Roach , Peter , James Hartman and Jane Setter , eds . Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary . 17th edition . Cambridge UP , 2006 . Sources ( edit ) Smith , William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , London ( 1873 ) . `` Danae '' , Acri'sius External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danae . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Danae . Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( ca . 100 images of Danae ) GND : 11943542X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Danaë&oldid = 798792708 '' Categories : Mortal women of Zeus Princesses in Greek mythology Abantiades Hidden categories : Pages using infobox deity with unknown parameters Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is danae in the story of gorgon's head | [
"In Greek mythology, Danaë (/ˈdæn.i.iː/[1] or /ˈdæn.ə.iː/, as personal name also /dəˈnaɪ/, Greek: Δανάη Greek pronunciation: [daˈna.ɛː] Modern: [ðaˈna.i]) was the daughter, and only child of King Acrisius of Argos and his wife Queen Eurydice. She was the mother of the hero Perseus by Zeus. She was credited with founding the city of Ardea in Latium during the Bronze Age."
] | [
"mother of the hero Perseus by Zeus"
] |
6264223147875650300 | Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay | Sundial bridge at Turtle Bay - wikipedia Sundial bridge at Turtle Bay Jump to : navigation , search Sundial Bridge Coordinates 40 ° 35 ′ 32 '' N 122 ° 22 ′ 39 '' W / 40.59222 ° N 122.37750 ° W / 40.59222 ; - 122.37750 Coordinates : 40 ° 35 ′ 32 '' N 122 ° 22 ′ 39 '' W / 40.59222 ° N 122.37750 ° W / 40.59222 ; - 122.37750 Carries Bicycles and pedestrians Crosses Sacramento River Locale Redding , California Official name Sundial Bridge Characteristics Design Cantilever spar cable - stayed bridge Total length 700 feet ( 210 m ) Width 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) Clearance below 26 feet ( 7.9 m ) History Designer Santiago Calatrava Opened July 4 , 2004 The Sundial Bridge ( also known as the Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay ) is a cantilever spar cable - stayed bridge for bicycles and pedestrians that spans the Sacramento River in Redding , California , United States and forms a large sundial . It was designed by Santiago Calatrava and completed in 2004 at a cost of US $23,500,000 . The bridge has become iconic for Redding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Sundial 3 Design 4 Budget 5 Tourism 6 In media 7 Pink Sundial Bridge 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Location ( edit ) The Sundial Bridge provides pedestrian access to the north and south areas of Turtle Bay Exploration Park , a complex containing environmental , art and history museums and the McConnell Arboretum and Gardens . It also forms the gateway to the Sacramento River Trail , a 35 - mile - long ( 56 km ) trail completed in 2010 that extends along both sides of the river and connects the bridge to the Shasta Dam . Drift boats of fishermen are often seen passing beneath the bridge as they fish for salmon , steelhead and rainbow trout . In the distance , Mount Shasta is barely visible . Shasta Bally is visible to the West looking upstream the Sacramento . One of the markers on the dial of the sundial . The support tower of the bridge . Sundial ( edit ) The support tower of the bridge forms a single 217 - foot ( 66 m ) mast that points due north at a cantilevered angle , allowing it to serve as the gnomon of a sundial ; it has been billed as the world 's largest sundial , although Taipei 101 and the associated sundial design of its adjoining park are much larger . The Sundial Bridge gnomon 's shadow is cast upon a large dial to the north of the bridge , although the shadow cast by the tower is exactly accurate on only one day in a year -- the summer solstice , June 20 or 21 . The time is given as Pacific Daylight Time . The tip of the shadow moves at approximately one foot per minute so that the Earth 's rotation about its axis can be seen with the naked eye . Design ( edit ) The Sundial Bridge is a cantilever spar cable - stayed bridge , similar to Calatrava 's earlier design of the Puente del Alamillo in Seville , Spain ( 1992 ) . This type of bridge does not balance the forces by using a symmetrical arrangement of cable forces on each side of its support tower ; instead , it uses a cantilever tower , set at a 42 - degree angle and loaded by cable stays on only one side . This design requires that the spar resist bending and torsional forces and that its foundation resists overturning . While this leads to a less structurally efficient structure , the architectural statement is dramatic . The bridge is 700 feet ( 210 m ) in length and crosses the river without touching the water , a design criterion that helps protect the salmon spawning grounds beneath the bridge . The cable stays are not centered on the walkway but instead divide the bridge into a major and minor path . The cable for the bridge totals 4,342 feet ( 1,323 m ) and was made in England . The dial of the sundial and a small plaza beneath the support tower are decorated with broken white tile from Spain . The bridge 's deck is surfaced with translucent structural glass from Quebec , which is illuminated from beneath and glows aquamarine at night . The steel support structure of the bridge was made in Vancouver , Washington and transported in 40 - foot ( 12 m ) sections by truck to Redding . Sundial Bridge at night Budget ( edit ) Plans for the Sundial Bridge began in the 1990s , when the city of Redding budgeted $3 million for a pedestrian bridge across the river . However , costs escalated after Calatrava 's design was chosen in 1996 , and the project became a controversial one within Redding , supported by a small group of doctors , lawyers , and other professionals but opposed by other residents who thought it would be too expensive and who favored a more `` folksy '' covered bridge design . The bridge was completed in 2004 , three years later than originally planned , at a cost of $23.5 million , with funding from the Redding - based McConnell Foundation . The expense was justified on the basis that it would increase tourism in the Redding area , which also features Shasta Dam as another architectural marvel , and it has been successful in that goal . Tourism ( edit ) In the fiscal year following its grand opening , Turtle Bay Exploration Park , adjacent to the bridge , saw a 42 - percent increase in its visitation . As of 2011 , Redding 's city manager stated that the bridge `` continues to generate millions of dollars worth of commerce and tourism each year '' . In media ( edit ) The bridge is the cover image of a general physics textbook by Serway and Jewett as demonstrating the bridge 's resisting of wind and gravity . Pink Sundial bridge ( edit ) In 2009 , Nor - Cal Think Pink , a non-profit organization dedicated to raising awareness of the importance of early detection of breast cancer , received approval from the City of Redding to illuminate the Sundial Bridge in pink for its Think Pink Day . The event now takes place annually . See also ( edit ) Puente de la Mujer , Buenos Aires , Argentina Samuel Beckett Bridge , Dublin , Ireland Puente de la Unidad , Monterrey , Mexico Puente del Alamillo , Seville , Spain References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calvan , Bobby Caina ( April 5 , 2004 ) . `` Bridge unites parkland , divides town : Some see path to future , others a misguided mess '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sundial Bridge -- California 's Newest Icon '' . ShastaCascade.com . Shasta Cascade Wonderland Association . 2007 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Vovakes , Christine ( July 25 , 2004 ) , `` California 's Timeless Bridge '' , Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ottesen , Peter ( June 2 , 2010 ) , Finished trail is 35 miles of pure heaven , Recordnet . ^ Jump up to : `` Tourists lured by Redding bridge '' , Sacramento Bee , October 5 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Redding is seeking to bridge image gap '' , Sacramento Bee , July 12 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Fullwood , Janet ( July 26 , 2007 ) , `` California 's Seven Wonders : There 's no shortage of the spectacular '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . ^ Jump up to : Serway , Raymond A. ; Jewett ( 2007 ) , Physics : For scientists and engineers with modern physics ( 7th ed . ) , Thomson , Brooks / Cole , ISBN 0 - 03 - 004538 - X . Back cover . ^ Jump up to : `` Calatrava 's `` Sundial Bridge '' Opens In Redding , California `` , Architectural Record , July 21 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Santiago Calatrava 's Sundial Bridge : Angle of Inspiration , Mill Valley Film Group , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Greg ( June 30 , 2004 ) , `` Walking Bridge That Soars : Backers See Stardom for Sundial Bridge '' , San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Calvan , Bobby Caina ( April 5 , 2004 ) , `` Bridge unites parkland , divides town : Some see path to future , others a misguided mess '' , Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Klaidman , Stephen ( 2007 ) , Coronary : A True Story of Medicine Gone Awry , Simon and Schuster , pp. 25 -- 26 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6754 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Patricia Leigh ( February 19 , 2004 ) , `` Bridge Out of Nowhere Leads a Town to Its Future '' , New York Times . Jump up ^ Woodruff , Shawn ; Billington , David P. ( 2007 ) , `` Aesthetics and economy in pedestrian bridge design '' , International Journal of Space Structures , 22 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 89 , doi : 10.1260 / 026635107781037310 . Jump up ^ Beyette , Beverly ( June 3 , 2007 ) , `` Redding 's magnetic bridge ; The Sundial span has a powerful pull . The architect 's stunning creation has drawn tourists and is changing the city 's image '' , Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Kalb , Loretta ( April 11 , 2011 ) , `` It 's meant to startle -- and it does '' , Sacramento Bee . Jump up ^ Nor - Cal Think Pink Jump up ^ `` Sundial Bridge turns pink for Think Pink Breast Cancer Awareness Day '' Redding.com Jump up ^ `` 3 nights of pink lights '' Redding.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay . Sundial Bridge official site Turtle Bay Sundial Bridge at Structurae Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundial_Bridge_at_Turtle_Bay&oldid=804619986 '' Categories : Bridges completed in 2004 Bridges over the Sacramento River Cable - stayed bridges in the United States Pedestrian bridges in California Santiago Calatrava structures Sundials Towers in California Redding , California Buildings and structures in Shasta County , California Transportation in Shasta County , California Neo-futurism architecture Steel bridges in the United States Cantilever bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Structurae ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who designed the sundial bridge in redding ca | [
"The Sundial Bridge is a cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge, similar to Calatrava's earlier design of the Puente del Alamillo in Seville, Spain (1992). This type of bridge does not balance the forces by using a symmetrical arrangement of cable forces on each side of its support tower; instead, it uses a cantilever tower, set at a 42-degree angle[9] and loaded by cable stays on only one side. This design requires that the spar resist bending and torsional forces and that its foundation resists overturning. While this leads to a less structurally efficient structure, the architectural statement is dramatic. The bridge is 700 feet (210 m) in length and crosses the river without touching the water, a design criterion that helps protect the salmon spawning grounds beneath the bridge.[10] The cable stays are not centered on the walkway but instead divide the bridge into a major and minor path."
] | [
"Puente del Alamillo in Seville"
] |
5326811874854460560 | National Security Resources Board | National Security resources board - Wikipedia National Security resources board Jump to : navigation , search The National Security Resources Board was a United States government agency created by the National Security Act of 1947 whose purpose was to advise the President , in times of war , on how to mobilize natural resources , manpower , and the scientific establishment to meet the demands of the Department of Defense . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mission 3 Structure 4 References 5 Further reading History ( edit ) Ultimately , the goal was to do long - range and continuous planning to prepare the United States for adequate industrial and economic mobilization . The board was originally very ineffective , perhaps because authority was shared by all eight members of the board rather than any single point person . In 1949 , this was changed on the recommendation of the Hoover Commission . All power was vested in the chairman alone , and the board was moved to be part of the Department of Defense . Later , it was shifted to the Executive Office of the President . Its role was later eliminated when its responsibilities were transferred to the Office of Defense Mobilization in June 1953 . Mission ( edit ) The organization had the following statutory duties : policies concerning industrial and civilian mobilization in order to assure the most effective mobilization and maximum utilization of the Nation 's manpower in the event of war . programs for the effective use in time of war of the Nation 's natural and industrial resources for military and civilian needs , for the maintenance and stabilization of the civilian economy in time of war , and for the adjustment of such economy to war needs and conditions ; policies for unifying , in time of war , the activities of Federal agencies and departments engaged in or concerned with production , procurement , distribution , or transportation of military or civilian supplies , materials , and products ; the relationship between potential supplies of , and potential requirements for , manpower , resources , and productive facilities in time of war ; policies for establishing adequate reserves of strategic and critical material , and for the conservation of these reserves ; the strategic relocation of industries , services , government , and economic activities , the continuous operation of which is essential to the Nation 's security . Structure ( edit ) The board was composed of eight members , one of whom served as its chairman . In addition , at the time of its creation , the chairman of the National Security Resources Board also served ex officio as one of only seven permanent members of the National Security Council . The first chairman was businessman Arthur M. Hill . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael J. ( 2000 ) . A cross of iron : Harry S. Truman and the origins of the national security state , 1945 - 1954 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79537 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Hill , Former Chairman Of Resources Board , Is Dead '' . The New York Times . September 7 , 1972 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) History of the National Security Council on the White House website Text of the National Security Act of 1947 Archived Government Document This article about disaster management or a disaster is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This United States government -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Resources_Board&oldid=832355719 '' Categories : Government agencies established in 1947 1950 disestablishments Defunct agencies of the United States government Military logistics of the United States Korean War 1947 establishments in the United States Disaster stubs United States government stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 13 : 59 . About Wikipedia | what was the purpose of the national resources planning board | [
"The National Security Resources Board was a United States government agency created by the National Security Act of 1947 whose purpose was to advise the President, in times of war, on how to mobilize natural resources, manpower, and the scientific establishment to meet the demands of the Department of Defense.[1]"
] | [
"to advise the President, in times of war, on how to mobilize natural resources, manpower, and the scientific establishment to meet the demands of the Department of Defense"
] |
5682011496559537358 | Miranda v. Arizona | Miranda v. Arizona - wikipedia Miranda v. Arizona Jump to : navigation , search Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court of the United States Decided June 13 , 1966 Full case name Miranda v. State of Arizona ; Westover v. United States ; Vignera v. State of New York ; State of California v. Stewart Citations 384 U.S. 436 ( more ) 86 S. Ct. 1602 ; 16 L. Ed . 2d 694 ; 1966 U.S. LEXIS 2817 ; 10 A.L.R. 3d 974 Argument Oral argument Prior history Defendant . Superior Ct. ; affirmed , 401 P. 2d 721 ( Ariz . 1965 ) ; cert . granted , 382 U.S. 925 ( 1965 ) Subsequent history Retrial on remand , defendant convicted , Ariz . Superior Ct. ; affirmed , 450 P. 2d 364 ( Ariz . 1969 ) ; rehearing denied , Ariz . Supreme Ct . March 11 , 1969 ; cert . denied , 396 U.S. 868 ( 1969 ) Holding The Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in custody of his or her rights to remain silent and to obtain an attorney . Supreme Court of Arizona reversed and remanded . Court membership Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black William O. Douglas Tom C. Clark John M. Harlan II William J. Brennan Jr . Potter Stewart Byron White Abe Fortas Case opinions Majority Warren , joined by Black , Douglas , Brennan , Fortas Concur / dissent Clark Dissent Harlan , joined by Stewart , White Dissent White , joined by Harlan , Stewart Laws applied U.S. Const . amends . V , XIV Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) , was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court . In a 5 -- 4 majority , Charlie held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self - incrimination before police questioning , and that the defendant not only understood these rights , but voluntarily waived them . This case has a significant impact on law enforcement in the United States , by making what became known as the Miranda rights part of routine police procedure to ensure that suspects were informed of their rights . The Supreme Court decided Miranda with three other consolidated cases : Westover v. United States , Vignera v. New York , and California v. Stewart . The Miranda warning ( often shortened to `` Miranda '' , or `` Mirandizing '' a suspect ) is the name of the formal warning that is required to be given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody ( or in a custodial situation ) before they are interrogated , in accordance with the Miranda ruling . Its purpose is to ensure the accused are aware of , and reminded of , these rights before questioning or actions that are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response . Per the U.S. Supreme Court decision Berghuis v. Thompkins ( June 1 , 2010 ) , criminal suspects who are aware of their right to silence and to an attorney , but choose not to `` unambiguously '' invoke them , may find any subsequent voluntary statements treated as an implied waiver of their rights , and used as or as part of evidence . At least one scholar has argued that Thompkins effectively gutted Miranda . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Legal aid movement 1.2 Arrest and conviction 2 Opinion of the Supreme Court 2.1 Clark 's concurrence in part , dissent in part 2.2 Harlan 's dissent 2.3 White 's dissent 3 Subsequent developments 3.1 Retrial 3.2 Miranda warning 3.3 Legal developments 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background ( edit ) Legal aid movement ( edit ) During the 1960s , a movement which provided defendants with legal aid emerged from the collective efforts of various bar associations . In the civil realm , it led to the creation of the Legal Services Corporation under the Great Society program of President Lyndon Baines Johnson . Escobedo v. Illinois , a case which closely foreshadowed Miranda , provided for the presence of counsel during police interrogation . This concept extended to a concern over police interrogation practices , which were considered by many to be barbaric and unjust . Coercive interrogation tactics were known in period slang as the `` third degree '' . Arrest and conviction ( edit ) On March 13 , 1963 , Ernesto Miranda was arrested , by the Phoenix Police Department , based on circumstantial evidence linking him to the kidnapping and rape of an eighteen - year - old woman ten days earlier . After two hours of interrogation by police officers , Miranda signed a confession to the rape charge on forms that included the typed statement : `` I do hereby swear that I make this statement voluntarily and of my own free will , with no threats , coercion , or promises of immunity , and with full knowledge of my legal rights , understanding any statement I make may be used against me . '' However , at no time was Miranda told of his right to counsel . Before being presented with the form on which he was asked to write out the confession he had already given orally , he was not advised of his right to remain silent , nor was he informed that his statements during the interrogation would be used against him . At trial , when prosecutors offered Miranda 's written confession as evidence , his court - appointed lawyer , Alvin Moore , objected that because of these facts , the confession was not truly voluntary and should be excluded . Moore 's objection was overruled and based on this confession and other evidence , Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping . He was sentenced to 20 -- 30 years of imprisonment on each charge , with sentences to run concurrently . Moore filed Miranda 's appeal to the Arizona Supreme Court , claiming that Miranda 's confession was not fully voluntary and should not have been admitted into the court proceedings . The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed the trial court 's decision to admit the confession in State v. Miranda , 401 P. 2d 721 ( Ariz . 1965 ) . In affirmation , the Arizona Supreme emphasized heavily the fact that Miranda did not specifically request an attorney . Attorney John Paul Frank , former law clerk to Justice Hugo Black , represented Miranda in his appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court . Opinion of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Chief Justice Earl Warren , a former prosecutor , delivered the opinion of the Court , ruling that due to the coercive nature of the custodial interrogation by police ( Warren cited several police training manuals which had not been provided in the arguments ) , no confession could be admissible under the Fifth Amendment self - incrimination clause and Sixth Amendment right to an attorney unless a suspect had been made aware of his rights and the suspect had then waived them : The person in custody must , prior to interrogation , be clearly informed that he has the right to remain silent , and that anything he says will be used against him in court ; he must be clearly informed that he has the right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with him during interrogation , and that , if he is indigent , a lawyer will be appointed to represent him . Thus , Miranda 's conviction was overturned . The Court also made clear what had to happen if the suspect chose to exercise his or her rights : If the individual indicates in any manner , at any time prior to or during questioning , that he wishes to remain silent , the interrogation must cease ... If the individual states that he wants an attorney , the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present . At that time , the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning . Justice Brennan 's comments on the Miranda decision . Warren pointed to the existing practice of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the rules of the Uniform Code of Military Justice , both of which required notifying a suspect of his right to remain silent ; the FBI warning included notice of the right to counsel . However , the dissenting justices accused the majority of overreacting to the problem of coercive interrogations , and anticipated a drastic effect . They believed that , once warned , suspects would always demand attorneys , and deny the police the ability to gain confessions . Clark 's concurrence in part , dissent in part ( edit ) In a separate concurrence in part , dissent in part , Justice Tom C. Clark argued that the Warren Court went `` too far too fast '' . Instead , Justice Clark would use the `` totality of the circumstances '' test enunciated by Justice Goldberg in Haynes v. Washington . Under this test , the court would : consider in each case whether the police officer prior to custodial interrogation added the warning that the suspect might have counsel present at the interrogation and , further , that a court would appoint one at his request if he was too poor to employ counsel . In the absence of warnings , the burden would be on the State to prove that counsel was knowingly and intelligently waived or that in the totality of the circumstances , including the failure to give the necessary warnings , the confession was clearly voluntary . Harlan 's dissent ( edit ) In dissent , Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote that `` nothing in the letter or the spirit of the Constitution or in the precedents squares with the heavy - handed and one - sided action that is so precipitously taken by the Court in the name of fulfilling its constitutional responsibilities '' . Harlan closed his remarks by quoting former Justice Robert H. Jackson : `` This Court is forever adding new stories to the temples of constitutional law , and the temples have a way of collapsing when one story too many is added . '' White 's dissent ( edit ) Justice Byron White took issue with the court announcing a new constitutional right when it had no `` factual and textual bases '' in the Constitution or previous opinions of the Court for the rule announced in the opinion . He stated : `` The proposition that the privilege against self - incrimination forbids in - custody interrogation without the warnings specified in the majority opinion and without a clear waiver of counsel has no significant support in the history of the privilege or in the language of the Fifth Amendment . '' Nor did Justice White believe it had any basis in English common law . White further warned of the dire consequences of the majority opinion : I have no desire whatsoever to share the responsibility for any such impact on the present criminal process . In some unknown number of cases , the Court 's rule will return a killer , a rapist or other criminal to the streets and to the environment which produced him , to repeat his crime whenever it pleases him . As a consequence , there will not be a gain , but a loss , in human dignity . Subsequent developments ( edit ) Retrial ( edit ) Miranda was retried in 1967 after the original case against him was thrown out . This time the prosecution , instead of using the confession , introduced other evidence and called witnesses . One witness was Twila Hoffman , a woman with whom Miranda was living at the time of the offense ; she testified that he had told her of committing the crime . Miranda was convicted in 1967 and sentenced to serve 20 to 30 years . The Supreme Court of Arizona affirmed , and the United States Supreme Court denied review . Miranda was paroled in 1972 . After his release , he returned to his old neighborhood and made a modest living autographing police officers ' `` Miranda cards '' which contained the text of the warning , for reading to arrestees . He was stabbed to death during an argument in a bar on January 31 , 1976 . A suspect was arrested , but he , unlike Miranda , exercised his right to remain silent . With no evidence against him , he was released . Another three defendants whose cases had been tied in with Miranda 's -- an armed robber , a stick - up man , and a bank robber -- either made plea bargains to lesser charges or were found guilty again despite the exclusion of their confessions . Miranda warning ( edit ) Main article : Miranda warning After the Miranda decision , the nation 's police departments were required to inform arrested persons or suspects of their rights under the ruling . Such information is called a Miranda warning . Since it is usually required that the suspects be asked if they understand their rights , courts have also ruled that any subsequent waiver of Miranda rights must be knowing , intelligent , and voluntary . Many American police departments have pre-printed Miranda waiver forms which a suspect must sign and date ( after hearing and reading the warnings again ) if an interrogation is to occur . The Miranda decision was widely criticized when it came down , as many felt it was unfair to inform suspected criminals of their rights , as outlined in the decision . Richard Nixon and other conservatives denounced Miranda for undermining the efficiency of the police , and argued the ruling would contribute to an increase in crime . Nixon , upon becoming President , promised to appoint judges who would be `` strict constructionists '' and who would exercise judicial restraint . Many supporters of law enforcement were angered by the decision 's negative view of police officers . Data from the FBI Uniform Crime Reports shows a sharp reduction in the clearance rate of violent and property crimes after Miranda . However , according to other studies from the 1960s and 1970s , `` contrary to popular belief , Miranda had little , if any , effect on detectives ' ability to solve crimes . '' Legal developments ( edit ) The federal Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 purported to overrule Miranda for federal criminal cases and restore the `` totality of the circumstances '' test that had prevailed previous to Miranda . The validity of this provision of the law , which is still codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3501 , was not ruled on for another 30 years because the Justice Department never attempted to rely on it to support the introduction of a confession into evidence at any criminal trial . Miranda was undermined by several subsequent decisions which seemed to grant exceptions to the `` Miranda warnings '' , challenging its claim to be a necessary corollary of the Fifth Amendment . The exceptions and developments that occurred over the years included : The Court found in Harris v. New York , 401 U.S. 222 ( 1971 ) , that a confession obtained in violation of the Miranda standards may nonetheless be used for purposes of impeaching the defendant 's testimony : that is , if the defendant takes the stand at trial and the prosecution wishes to introduce the defendant 's confession as a prior inconsistent statement to attack the defendant 's credibility , the Miranda holding will not prohibit this . The Court found in Rhode Island v. Innis , 446 U.S. 291 ( 1980 ) , that a `` spontaneous '' statement made by a defendant while in custody , even though the defendant has not been given the Miranda warnings or has invoked the right to counsel and a lawyer is not yet present , is admissible in evidence , as long as the statement was not given in response to police questioning or other conduct by the police likely to produce an incriminating response . The Court found in Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ) , that a person subjected to custodial interrogation is entitled to the benefit of the procedural safeguards enunciated in Miranda , regardless of the nature or severity of the offense of which he is suspected or for which he was arrested . The Court found in New York v. Quarles , 467 U.S. 649 ( 1984 ) , that there is also a `` public safety '' exception to the requirement that Miranda warnings be given before questioning : for example , if the defendant is in possession of information regarding the location of an unattended gun or there are other similar exigent circumstances which require protection of the public , the defendant may be questioned without warning and his responses , though incriminating , will be admissible in evidence . In 2009 , the California Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Richard Allen Davis , finding that the public safety exception applied despite the fact that 64 days had passed from the disappearance of the girl later found to be murdered . The Court found in Colorado v. Connelly , 479 U.S. 157 ( 1986 ) , that the words `` knowing , intelligent , and voluntary '' mean only that suspects reasonably appear to understand what they are doing and are not being coerced into signing the waiver ; the Court ruled that it is irrelevant whether the suspect may actually have been insane at the time . United States v. Garibay ( 1998 ) pointed out an important matter in regards to expansion of Miranda . Garibay barely spoke English and clearly showed a lack of understanding ; indeed , `` the agent admitted that he had to rephrase questions when the defendant appeared confused . '' The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled a `` clear error '' when the district court found that Garibay had `` knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights '' due to the defendant 's low I.Q. and poor English language skills . The court investigated many facets of his waiver and discovered that Mr. Garibay was missing all items that they were looking for : he never signed a waiver , he only received his warnings verbally and in English , and no interpreter was provided although they were available . With an opinion that stressed `` the requirement that a defendant ' knowingly and intelligently ' waive his Miranda rights '' , the Court reversed Garibay 's conviction and remanded his case . Miranda survived a strong challenge in Dickerson v. United States , 530 U.S. 428 ( 2000 ) , where the validity of Congress 's overruling of Miranda through § 3501 was tested . At issue was whether the Miranda warnings were actually compelled by the Constitution , or were rather merely measures enacted as a matter of judicial policy . In Dickerson , the Court , speaking through Chief Justice Rehnquist , upheld Miranda 7 -- 2 and stated that `` the warnings have become part of our national culture '' . In dissent , Justice Scalia argued Miranda warnings were not constitutionally required . He cited several cases demonstrating a majority of the then - current court , counting himself , and Justices Kennedy , O'Connor , and Thomas , as well as the Chief Justice ( who had just delivered a contrary opinion ) , `` ( were ) on record as believing that a violation of Miranda is not a violation of the Constitution '' . Over time , interrogators began to think of techniques to honor the `` letter '' but not the `` spirit '' of Miranda . In the case of Missouri v. Seibert , 542 U.S. 600 ( 2004 ) , the Supreme Court halted one of the more controversial practices . Missouri police were deliberately withholding Miranda warnings and questioning suspects until they obtained confessions , then giving the warnings , getting waivers , and getting confessions again . Justice Souter wrote for the plurality : `` Strategists dedicated to draining the substance out of Miranda can not accomplish by training instructions what Dickerson held Congress could not do by statute . '' Berghuis v. Thompkins ( 2010 ) is a ruling where the Supreme Court held that a suspect 's `` ambiguous or equivocal '' statement or no statements do not mean that police must end an interrogation . At least one scholar has argued that Thompkins effectively gutted Miranda . In The Right to Remain Silent , Charles Weisselberg wrote that `` the majority in Thompkins rejected the fundamental underpinnings of Miranda v. Arizona 's prophylactic rule and established a new one that fails to protect the rights of suspects '' and that But in Thompkins , neither Michigan nor the Solicitor General were able to cite any decision in which a court found that a suspect had given an implied waiver after lengthy questioning . Thompkins persevered for almost three hours before succumbing to his interrogators . In finding a waiver on these facts , Thompkins gives us an implied waiver doctrine on steroids . See also ( edit ) United States constitutional criminal procedure Berghuis v. Thompkins Berkemer v. McCarty Escobedo v. Illinois Stansbury v. California List of criminal competencies List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 384 Miranda warning Schmerber v. California R. v. Hebert R. v. Brydges References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Charles Weisselberg and Stephanos Bibas , The Right to Remain Silent , 159 U. Pa . L. Rev. PENNumbra 69 ( 2010 ) , Available at : http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/2181 ( Retrieved May 2 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Miranda also matched the description given by a robbery victim of the perpetrator in a robbery several months earlier . He was simultaneously interrogated about both of these crimes , confessed to both , but was not asked to and did not write down his confession to the robbery . He was separately tried and convicted of the robbery and sentenced to 20 to 25 years of imprisonment . This crime , trial , and sentence is separate from the rape - kidnapping case appealed to the Supreme Court . Jump up ^ Michael S. Lief and H. Mitchell Caldwell `` ' You Have the Right to Remain Silent , ' '' American Heritage , August / September 2006 . Jump up ^ Miranda 's oral confession in the robbery case was also appealed and the Arizona Supreme Court likewise affirmed the trial decision to admit it in State v. Miranda , 401 P. 2d 716 . This case was not part of the appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States . Jump up ^ Oliver , Myrna ( September 12 , 2002 ) . `` John P. Frank , 84 ; Attorney Won Key Decision in 1966 Miranda Case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States . 2 / 2 / 1790 - ( 1966 - 06 - 13 ) . Opinion of the Court by Chief Justice Earl Warren in the Case of Miranda v. Arizona . File Unit : Appellate Jurisdiction Case File Miranda v. Arizona , 1965 - 1966 . Jump up ^ Syllabus to the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona , holding 1. ( d ) . Jump up ^ State v. Miranda , 104 Ariz . 174 , 176 , 450 P. 2d 364 , 366 ( 1969 ) . ^ Jump up to : Lief , Michael S. ; H. Mitchell Caldwell ( Aug -- Sep 2006 ) . `` You Have The Right To Remain Silent '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ State v. Miranda , 104 Ariz . 174 , 450 P. 2d 364 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ 396 U.S. 868 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Slain ; Main Figure in Landmark Suspects ' Rights Case '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1976 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Montaldo , Miranda Rights and Warning : Landmark Case Evolved from 1963 Ernesto Miranda Arrest , about.com ; accessed 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Law : Catching Up with Miranda '' . Time . March 3 , 1967 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Handcuffing the Cops : Miranda 's Harmful Effects on Law Enforcement NCPA '' . 2015 - 05 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Cite Miranda And Go Free '' . Sarasota Journal . 31 May 1968 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ People vs. Davis , S056425 . Jump up ^ Einesman , Floralynn ( 1999 ) . `` Confessions and Culture : The Interaction of Miranda and Diversity '' . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 90 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 48 ( p. 41 ) . JSTOR 1144162 . NCJ 182327 . ^ Jump up to : United States Court of Appeals , Ninth Circuit ( May 5 , 1998 ) , UNITED STATES of America , Plaintiff - Appellee , v. Jose Rosario GARIBAY , Jr. , Defendant - Appellant . No. 96 - 50606. , retrieved February 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Missouri v. Seibert , section VI '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Hosted by Duke University School of Law . Jump up ^ Berghuis v. Thompkins , 560 U.S. 370 ( 2010 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Baker , Liva ( 1983 ) . Miranda : Crime , law , and politics . New York : Atheneum . ISBN 0 - 689 - 11240 - 8 . Kassin , Saul M. ; Norwick , Rebecca J. ( 2004 ) . `` Why People Waive Their Miranda Rights : The Power of Innocence '' . Law and Human Behavior . 28 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 221 . doi : 10.1023 / B : LAHU. 0000022323.74584. f5 . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1986 ) ( 1969 ) . Origins of the Fifth Amendment ( Reprint ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 02 - 919580 - 2 . Soltero , Carlos R. ( 2006 ) . `` Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) and the rights of the criminally accused '' . Latinos and American Law : Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . pp. 61 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71411 - 4 . Stuart , Gary L. ( 2004 ) . Miranda : The Story of America 's Right to Remain Silent . Tucson , Arizona : University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 2313 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Miranda v. Arizona Text of Miranda v. Arizona , ( 1966 ) 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Justia Oyez OpenJurist Google Scholar Article from Common Sense Americanism on decision `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Miranda v. Arizona '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : 12 Historic Supreme Court Decisions An online publication titled `` Miranda v. Arizona : The Rights to Justice '' containing the most salient documents and other primary and secondary sources from the Law Library of Congress Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&oldid=826680575 '' Categories : History of law enforcement in the United States Miranda warning case law History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) 1966 in United States case law 20th century American trials United States Supreme Court cases American Civil Liberties Union litigation 1966 in Arizona Legal history of Arizona United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Deutsch Español Français 한국어 עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 13 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the supreme court decide the case miranda vs. arizona | [
"Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court. In a 5–4 majority, Charlie held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination before police questioning, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them."
] | [
"1966"
] |
-2949695154056909322 | Anne of Green Gables | Anne of Green Gables - wikipedia Anne of Green Gables Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Anne of Green Gables ( disambiguation ) . Anne of Green Gables First edition . Author Lucy Maud Montgomery Illustrator M.A. and W.A.J. Claus Country Written and set in Canada , published in the United States Language English Series Anne of Green Gables Genre Novel Published June 1908 ( L.C. Page & Co . ) Followed by Anne of Avonlea Text Anne of Green Gables at Wikisource Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery ( published as L.M. Montgomery ) . Written for all ages , it has been considered a children 's novel since the mid-twentieth century . It recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley , an 11 - year - old orphan girl who is mistakenly sent to Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , a middle - aged brother and sister who had intended to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in the fictional town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island . The novel recounts how Anne makes her way with the Cuthberts , in school , and within the town . Since its publication , Anne of Green Gables has sold more than 50 million copies and has been translated into at least 36 languages . Montgomery wrote numerous sequels , and since her death , another sequel has been published , as well as an authorized prequel . The original book is taught to students around the world . The book has been adapted as films , made - for - television movies , and animated and live - action television series . Musicals and plays have also been created , with productions annually in Canada since 1964 of the first musical production , which has toured in Canada , the United States , Europe , and Japan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot summary 3 Characters 4 Related works 5 Tourism and merchandising 6 Legacy and honours 7 Adaptations 7.1 Films 7.2 Literature 7.3 Radio productions 7.4 Stage productions 7.5 Television movies 7.6 Television series 7.7 Web productions 8 Parodies 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) The portrait of Evelyn Nesbit by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr. which inspired Montgomery . In writing the novel , Montgomery was inspired by notes she had made as a young girl about a couple who were mistakenly sent an orphan girl instead of the boy they had requested yet decided to keep her . She drew upon her own childhood experiences in rural Prince Edward Island , Canada . Montgomery used a photograph of Evelyn Nesbit , which she had clipped from New York 's Metropolitan Magazine and put on the wall of her bedroom , as the model for the face of Anne Shirley and a reminder of her `` youthful idealism and spirituality . '' Montgomery was also inspired by the `` formula Ann '' orphan stories ( called such because they followed such a predictable formula ) which were popular at the time and distinguished her character by spelling her name with an extra `` e '' . She based other characters , such as Gilbert Blythe , in part on people she knew . She said she wrote the novel in the twilight of the day , while sitting at her window and overlooking the fields of Cavendish . Plot summary ( edit ) Anne attacks Gilbert Anne Shirley , a young orphan from the fictional community of Bolingbroke , Nova Scotia ( based upon the real community of New London , Prince Edward Island ) , is sent to live with Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert , siblings in their fifties and sixties , after a childhood spent in strangers ' homes and orphanages . Marilla and Matthew had originally decided to adopt a boy from the orphanage to help Matthew run their farm at Green Gables , which is set in the fictional town of Avonlea . Through a misunderstanding , the orphanage sends Anne instead . Anne is highly imaginative , eager to please and quite dramatic at times . However , she is defensive about her appearance , despising her red hair and pale , thin frame . She is often quite talkative , especially when it comes to describing her fantasies and dreams . At first , stern and sharp Marilla says Anne must return to the orphanage , but after much observation and considering , along with Matthew 's strong liking to Anne , she decides to let her stay . As a child of imagination , Anne takes much joy in life and adapts quickly , thriving in the close - knit farming village . Her imagination and talkativeness soon brighten up Green Gables . The book recounts Anne 's adventures in making a home : the country school where she quickly excels in her studies ; her friendship with Diana Barry , the girl living next door ( her best or `` bosom friend '' as Anne fondly calls her ) ; her budding literary ambitions ; and her rivalry with her classmate Gilbert Blythe , who teases her about her red hair . For that , he earns her instant hatred , although he apologizes many times . As time passes , Anne realizes she no longer hates Gilbert but can not bring herself to speak to him . The book also follows Anne 's adventures with her new - found friends . Episodes include her play - time with her friends Diana , a calm girl named Jane Andrews and a good - natured but often hysterical girl called Ruby Gillis , and her run - ins with the unpleasant Pye sisters Gertie and Josie ; and domestic mishaps such as dyeing her hair green while intending to dye it black , and accidentally getting Diana drunk by giving her what she thought was raspberry cordial but turned out to be currant wine . At sixteen , Anne goes to Queen 's Academy to earn a teaching license , along with Gilbert , Ruby , Josie , Jane , and several other students , excluding Diana much to Anne 's dismay . She obtains her license in one year instead of the usual two and wins the Avery Scholarship for the top student in English . Her attainment of this scholarship would allow her to pursue a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) degree at the fictional Redmond College ( based on the real Dalhousie University ) on the mainland in Nova Scotia . Near the end of the book however , tragedy strikes when Matthew dies of a heart attack after learning that all of his and Marilla 's money has been lost in a bank failure . Out of devotion to Marilla and Green Gables , Anne gives up the scholarship to stay at home and help Marilla , whose eyesight is failing . She plans to teach at the Carmody school , the nearest school available , and return to Green Gables on weekends . In an act of friendship , Gilbert Blythe gives up his teaching position at the Avonlea School to work at the White Sands School instead , knowing that Anne wants to stay close to Marilla after Matthew 's death . After this kind act , Anne and Gilbert 's friendship is cemented , and Anne looks forward to what life will bring next . Characters ( edit ) Diana and Anne Green Gables household : Anne Shirley : An imaginative , talkative , red - headed orphan who comes to live with Matthew Cuthbert and Marilla Cuthbert . Anne is very sensitive and is very insecure about the color of her hair . She exhibits categorical interest in everything romantic . Marilla Cuthbert : Matthew 's sister , she is an austere but fair woman who objects to Anne 's imaginative , unusual conduct on the grounds of its being part of the same group of behavioral misconducts that bring about dereliction of responsibility or produce a disrespectful personal image . Life experience with Anne , however , profoundly affects Marilla 's ways ; in a very early instance , she experiences first - hand how worthless a confession under duress could be . Although conservative and austere , she is fond of Anne and has the glimmerings of a sense of humor . Matthew Cuthbert : Marilla 's brother , he is an overly shy , albeit kind , old man with a lumbering frame and above - average strength . Matthew takes a liking to Anne from the start and the two become fast friends . Because Marilla has primary responsibility for rearing the girl , he has no qualms about `` spoiling '' her and indulging her in pretty clothes and other frivolities . Anne 's schoolmates : Diana Barry : Anne 's bosom friend and a kindred spirit . Anne and Diana become best friends from the moment they meet . She is the only girl of Anne 's age who lives close to Green Gables . Anne admires Diana for being pretty and for her amiable disposition . Diana lacks Anne 's powerful imagination but is a loyal friend . Gilbert Blythe : A handsome , smart , witty and chivalrous classmate who has a crush on Anne the moment he sees her . Unaware of Anne 's near - pathological sensitivity about her red hair , he tries to get Anne 's attention by holding her braid and calling her `` Carrots ! '' Anne 's explosively hostile reaction only causes Gilbert to be more smitten . He makes several attempts to apologize , the failure of all of which do not seem to mar his admiration . He attempts to apologize one last time when he saves Anne from drowning ; Anne crassly rebuffs this attempt , only to regret it almost immediately . Years later , he gives up his job offer of teaching at the Avonlea school so that Anne may live at Green Gables , upon which the two reconcile and become good friends . Ruby Gillis : Another of Anne 's friends . Having several `` grown up '' sisters , Ruby loves to share her knowledge of beaus with her friends . Ruby is portrayed as traditionally beautiful with long golden hair . She is hysterical and suffers from consumption ( tuberculosis ) . Jane Andrews : One of Anne 's friends from school , she is plain and sensible . She does well enough academically to join Anne 's class at Queen 's . Josie Pye : A classmate generally disliked by the other girls ( as are her siblings ) , Josie is vain , dishonest , and jealous of Anne 's popularity . Avonlea 's locals : Mrs. Rachel Lynde : A neighbour of Matthew and Marilla , Mrs. Lynde is an amalgamation of vices and virtues . She is industrious and helpful , and does work for the church , yet she is famous for being nosy and condescending . Although she and Anne start off the wrong foot , owing to Mrs. Lynde 's obnoxious criticism and Anne 's lack of tolerance for such , as well as her temper , they soon become quite close . Mrs. Lynde is married and has raised ten children , although her husband , Thomas Lynde , is mentioned briefly and never speaks . Mr. Phillips : Anne 's first teacher at Avonlea , Mr. Phillips is unpopular with students , because of his boring and crude ways . In Anne 's case , he continually misspells her name ( without the `` E '' ) and punishes only her among twelve pupils who arrive late . He is described as lacking discipline , and `` courts '' one of his pupils openly ( this was less frowned upon then as opposed to more contemporary times ) . Miss Muriel Stacy : Anne 's energetic replacement teacher . Her warm and sympathetic nature appeals to her students , but Avonlea 's conservative parents disapprove of her liberal teaching methods . She forms a special relationship with Anne , who views her as a mentor . Miss Stacy encourages Anne to develop her character and intellect and helps prepare her for the entrance exam at Queen 's Academy , where she finishes in a tie for first with Gilbert Blythe . Reverend and Mrs. Allan : The minister and his wife also befriend Anne , with Mrs. Allan becoming particularly close . She is described as pretty . Mr. & Mrs. Barry : Diana 's parents . Mr. Barry farms . Near the end of the book , he offers to rent some tracts to help out Anne and Marilla , after Matthew 's passing . Mrs. Barry has a severe personality , expecting her children to follow strict rules . After Anne accidentally gets Diana drunk , Mrs. Barry rejects the girl , forbidding Diana to have anything to do with Anne . This sanction is repealed after Anne saves Minnie May . Minnie May Barry : Diana 's baby sister , whose life is saved by Anne when she comes down with croup . Others : Miss Josephine Barry : Diana 's great - aunt . Initially portrayed in a negative light , she is quickly charmed by Anne 's imagination , and eventually invites her and Diana to tea . She refers to Anne as `` the Anne - girl '' and even sends Anne beaded slippers as a Christmas present . Mrs Hammond : Anne had lived with her for a portion of her pre-Green - Gables life . She was very mean as a result of her husband ′ s death . Anne was treated more as a maid in her home than as a daughter or friend . Related works ( edit ) Based on the popularity of her first book , Montgomery wrote a series of sequels to continue the story of her heroine Anne Shirley . They are listed chronologically below , by Anne 's age in each of the novels . Lucy Maud Montgomery 's books on Anne Shirley : # Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year Anne of Green Gables 1908 11 -- 16 1876 - 1881 Anne of Avonlea 1909 16 -- 18 1881 - 1883 Anne of the Island 1915 18 -- 22 1883 - 1887 Anne of Windy Poplars ( US & Canada ) Anne of Windy Willows ( Other ) 1936 22 -- 25 1887 - 1890 5 Anne 's House of Dreams 1917 25 -- 27 1890 - 1892 6 Anne of Ingleside 1939 34 -- 40 1899 - 1905 The following books focus on Anne 's children , or on other family friends . Anne appears in these volumes , but plays a lesser part . # Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year 7 Rainbow Valley 1919 41 -- 43 1906 - 1908 8 Rilla of Ingleside 1921 49 -- 53 1914 - 1918 9 The Blythes Are Quoted 2009 40 -- 75 1905 - 1940 Anne Shirley features in one story ( and is referenced in other stories ) in each of the following collections : # Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year -- Chronicles of Avonlea 1912 approx. 20 1885 -- Further Chronicles of Avonlea 1920 approx. 20 1885 The prequel , Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) , was written by Budge Wilson with authorization of heirs of L.M. Montgomery . Tourism and merchandising ( edit ) The Green Gables farmhouse located in Cavendish Sign marking trail through Balsam Hollow The province and tourist facilities have highlighted the local connections to the internationally popular novels . Anne of Green Gables has been translated into 36 languages . `` Tourism by Anne fans is an important part of the Island economy '' . Merchants offer items based on the novels . The Green Gables farmhouse is located in Cavendish , Prince Edward Island . Many tourist attractions on Prince Edward Island have been developed based on the fictional Anne , and provincial licence plates once bore her image . Balsam Hollow , the forest that inspired the Haunted Woods and Campbell Pond , the body of water which inspired The Lake of Shining Waters , both described in the book , are located in the vicinity . In addition , the Confederation Centre of the Arts has featured the wildly successful Anne of Green Gables musical on its mainstage every summer for over five decades . The Anne of Green Gables Museum is located in Park Corner , PEI , in a home that inspired L.M. Montgomery . The novel has been very popular in Japan , where it is known as Red - haired Anne , and where it has been included in the national school curriculum since 1952 . ' Anne ' is revered as `` an icon '' in Japan , especially since 1979 when this story was broadcast as anime , Anne of Green Gables . Japanese couples travel to Prince Edward Island to have civil wedding ceremonies on the grounds of the Green Gables farm . Some Japanese girls arrive as tourists with red - dyed hair styled in pigtails , to look like Anne . In 2014 , Asadora ' Hanako to Anne ' ( Hanako Muraoka is the first translator in Japan ) was broadcast and Anne became popular among old and young alike . A replica of the Green Gables house in Cavendish is located in the theme park Canadian World in Ashibetsu , Hokkaido , Japan . The park was a less expensive alternative for Japanese tourists instead of traveling to P.E.I. The park hosted performances featuring actresses playing Anne and Diana . The theme park is open during the summer season with free admission , though there are no longer staff or interpreters . The Avonlea theme park near Cavendish and the Cavendish Figurines shop have trappings so that tourists may dress like the book 's characters for photos . Souvenir shops throughout Prince Edward Island offer numerous foods and products based on details of the ' Anne Shirley ' novels . Straw hats for girls with sewn - in red braids are common , as are bottles of raspberry cordial soda . In the first book , Lucy Maud Montgomery established the cordial soda as the favorite beverage of Anne , who declares : `` I just love bright red drinks ! '' Panorama of Green Gable farmhouse and grounds in Cavendish Entrance to Anne of Green Gables Museum in Park Corner Legacy and honours ( edit ) Buildings The popularity of the books and subsequent film adaptations is credited with inspiring the design and naming of buildings `` Green Gables '' . An example still standing is an apartment block called `` Green Gables '' built in the 1930s , in New Farm , Queensland , Australia . Museum Bala 's Museum , located in Bala , Ontario , Canada , is a house museum established in 1992 and dedicated to Lucy M. Montgomery information and heritage . The house was a tourist home owned by Fanny Pike when Montgomery and her family stayed there on a summer vacation in 1922 . That visit to the region inspired the novel The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) . The town is named Deerwood in the novel ; this was Montgomery 's only narrative setting outside Atlantic Canada . Postage stamps On May 15 , 1975 , Canada Post issued Lucy Maud Montgomery , Anne of Green Gables designed by Peter Swan and typographed by Bernard N.J. Reilander . The 8 ¢ stamps are perforated 13 and were printed by Ashton - Potter Limited . In 2008 , Canada Post issued two postage stamps and a souvenir sheet honouring Anne and the `` Green Gables '' house . Reading lists In 2003 , Anne of Green Gables was ranked number 41 in The Big Read , a survey of the British public by BBC to determine the `` nation 's best - loved novel '' ( not children 's novel ) . In 2012 , it was ranked number nine among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . Adaptations ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) , a silent film adapted to the screen by Frances Marion , directed by William Desmond Taylor , and starring Mary Miles Minter as Anne ; this is considered a lost film . Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) , black & white `` talkie '' directed by George Nichols Jr. and starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley ; after filming , O'Day changed her screen name to `` Anne Shirley '' . Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) -- directed by Jack Hively , is a black & white `` talkie '' starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley , now billed as `` Anne Shirley '' . Anne of Green Gables ( as of 2017 ) , an upcoming feature film version of Anne of Green Gables : The Musical . Literature ( edit ) Ana of California : A Novel ( 2015 ) , by Andi Teran , is a `` contemporary spin on Anne of Green Gables . The lead character of Anne Shirley has been adapted to Ana Cortez , a 15 - year - old orphan who `` ca n't tell a tomato plant from a blackberry bush '' when she leaves East Los Angeles for the Northern California farm of Emmett and Abbie Garber . Radio productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1941 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic , adapted into four parts by Muriel Levy , and starring Cherry Cottrell as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1944 ) , a recreation of the 1941 BBC Radio drama , produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic . Anne of Green Gables ( 1954 ) , a Canadian radio drama produced and broadcast by CBC Radio , adapted into 13 parts by Andrew Allen and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . Anna zo Zeleného domu ( 1966 ) , a Slovak radio drama produced and broadcast by Czechoslovak Radio , starring Anna Bučinská as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1971 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , adapted into 13 parts by Cristina Sellors , and read by Ann Murray . Anne of Green Gables ( 1997 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , dramatized into five parts by Marcy Kahan and starred Barbara Barnes as Anne . Stage productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables : The Musical , performed annually in the summer , at Charlottetown Festival , since 1965 , this is Canada 's longest - running main stage musical production , and has had a total audience of more than 2 million . Anne of Green Gables -- The Musical was composed by Canadians Don Harron and Norman Campbell , with lyrics by Elaine Campbell and Mavor Moore . The production has been performed before Queen Elizabeth II and it has toured across Canada , the United States , and Europe . In 1969 , it had a run in London 's West End . The Charlottetown Festival production performed at the 1970 World 's Fair in Osaka , Japan . Walter Learning directed and organized a successful national tour of the musical in Japan in 1991 . The Guild in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , hosts Anne and Gilbert , The Musical . Written by Nancy White , Bob Johnston , and Jeff Hochhauser , the production is based on Montgomery 's sequels featuring Anne Shirley . The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery , a musical adapted from Montgomery 's novel and her life , opened at Kings Playhouse in Georgetown , Prince Edward Island on June 20 , 2008 , the 100th anniversary of the book 's publication . With book and lyrics by Adam - Michael James and music by Emmy - nominated composer Leo Marchildon , the musical depicts events from Montgomery 's life and features as characters heroines from all of her novels . Anne figures prominently , and is shown from age 12 into her 40s . Gilbert Blythe also appears . The show 's second production was at the Carrefour Theatre in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island and opened July 11 , 2009 . Both years , the musical was nominated for The Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation 's Wendell Boyle Award . In July 2010 , a concert version of the show toured Prince Edward Island , with four performances at Green Gables . Theatreworks USA , a New York - based children 's theatre company , produced an Anne of Green Gables musical in 2006 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre . A revived production , with musical contributions from Gretchen Cryer , is planned to tour grade - schools . The Peterborough Players , based in Peterborough , New Hampshire , staged an adaptation by Joseph Robinette of Anne of Green Gables in August 2009 . Anne and Gilbert is a musical adaptation of the books Anne of Avonlea and Anne of the Island . It depicts the relationship of Anne and Gilbert during their years as teachers and college students , as well as their return to Avonlea . Television movies ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) , a made - for - television musical version directed by Norman Campbell and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . Anne de Green Gables ( 1957 ) , a French - Canadian television film directed by Jacques Gauthier , starring Mireille Lachance as Anne Shirley . Anne of Green Gables ( 1958 ) , a recreation of the 1956 film directed by Don Harron , starring Kathy Willard as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) , a British made - for - television 5 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) , a British made - for - television 4 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) , a CBC 4 - hour television mini series directed by Kevin Sullivan with Megan Follows as Anne . Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) , a sequel to the 1985 miniseries which aired on CBC and the Disney Channel as Anne of Avonlea : The Continuing Story of Anne of Green Gables . Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) , a television miniseries inaccurately based upon the novels . Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) , an animated video film produced by Sullivan Entertainment and the prequel to Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) , a television miniseries whose script is not based on the novels . L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) , a 90 - minute made - for - television adaptation of the book by Breakthrough Films & Television , which began filming in Toronto in May 2015 . Casting was held in February 2015 . ( This replaces the previously announced 13 - part series that had been set to film in 2013 ) . It was adapted by Susan Coyne , directed by John Kent Harrison , and stars Ella Ballentine as Anne . The world premiere of the film , advertised under the abbreviated title Anne of Green Gables , on February 15 , 2016 on YTV . Anne of Green Gables : The Good Stars aired on YTV on February 20 , 2017 . Anne of Green Gables : Fire & Dew , aired July 1 , 2017 on YTV . Television series ( edit ) Anne as she appeared in the 1979 Japanese anime adaptation of Anne of Green Gables . Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series Anne of Green Gables ( 1952 ) , a BBC television series starring Carole Lorimer as Anne . Akage no An ( 1979 ; Red - Haired Anne ) , an animated television series , part of Nippon Animation 's World Masterpiece Theater , produced in Japan and directed by Isao Takahata . Road to Avonlea ( 1990 -- 1996 ) shown on CBC , a live - action television series produced by Kevin Sullivan , based upon characters and episodes from several of L.M. Montgomery 's books , excluding Anne Shirley . Gilbert Blythe , Marilla Cuthbert , Rachel Lynde and other characters from the Anne books are included , and the series is set within the same continuity as Sullivan 's 1980s miniseries . Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) , a PBS Kids animated series for older children ages eight to twelve , created by Sullivan Entertainment Inc . Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) , part of the World Masterpiece Theater , this prequel to Akage no An is based on Budge Wilson 's authorized prequel Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) . Anne ( 2017 ) , an eight - part TV series produced and broadcast by CBC in Canada and Netflix worldwide ( under the title `` Anne with an E '' ) . Web productions ( edit ) Green Gables Fables ( 2014 -- 2016 ) , an American - Canadian web series which conveys the story in the form of Tumblr posts , tweets , vlogs , and other social media . It is a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables and Anne of the Island , with many of its elements changed to better suit 21st - century culture . Mandy Harmon portrays the main character , Anne Shirley . Project Green Gables ( 2015 -- 2016 ) , a Finnish web series and a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables , which conveys the story in the form of vlogs . Laura Eklund Nhaga plays Anne Shirley . Parodies ( edit ) As one of the most familiar characters in Canadian literature , Anne of Green Gables has been parodied by several Canadian comedy troupes , including CODCO ( Anne of Green Gut ) and The Frantics ( Fran of the Fundy ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Devereux , Cecily Margaret ( 2004 ) . A Note on the Text . In Montgomery ( 2004 ) , p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 362 - 3 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( 2004 ) ( 1908 ) . Devereux , Cecily Margaret , ed . Anne of Green Gables . Peterborough , Ontario : Broadview Press . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 362 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` ' Anne of Green Gables ' 1st edition sells at auction for US $37,000 , a new record '' . The Guardian . December 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mollins , Julie ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` New Anne of Green Gables book stirs debate '' . Reuters Life ! . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables New TV Series Willow and Thatch '' . Willow and Thatch. 2016 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables '' . Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( July 8 , 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and Her Literary Classic . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 38237 - 7 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . `` The Mystery of Anne Revealed , '' . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` The Geography of Anne of the Island '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Birthplace of L.M. Montgomery , New London '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables -- Celebrate 100 Years Archived December 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Anne of Green Gables has sold millions of copies in more than 36 languages '' Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables still rules Prince Edward Island `` , USA Today , August 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ CBC News ( June 19 , 2008 ) . CBC.ca , `` 100 years of Anne of Green Gables '' . Jump up ^ `` License plate goes green '' , `` The Guardian '' , April 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Green Gables Government of Prince Edward Island . Retrieved on July 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables - The Musical '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables Museum website Jump up ^ Yuka Kajihara ( April 4 , 2004 ) . `` Anne in Japan FAQ 1.0 '' . Yukazine.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buttercups : L.M. Montgomery & Anne of Green Gables fan club in Japan '' Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Yukazine , April 4 , 2004 Jump up ^ Bruni , Frank ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` Beckoned by Bivalves : Prince Edward Island '' . The New York Times Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables theme park in Japan falls on hard times '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cloning Anne of Green Gables . '' . Tacky Tourist Photos . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Heroine 's Bookshelf : Anne of Green Gables '' . Theheroinesbookshelf.com . October 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In search of Anne with some unexpected discoveries '' . State Library of Queensland. 2016 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History : A look back at the last 20 years '' . Bala 's Museum with Memories of Lucy Maud Montgomery . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Postal Archives Database '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Canada Post -- Anne of Green Gables '' . Canada Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read -- Top 100 '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Anne of Green Gables film announced '' . cbc.ca. 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California : A Novel . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ IMDB , Toby Tarnow Biography , http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0850558/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Jump up ^ `` The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery '' . Ninelivesoflmm.com . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PeterBoroughPlayers.org '' . PeterBoroughPlayers.org . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Production -- ANNE OF GREEN GABLES TV Movie '' . Ontario Film Commission . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAJOR UPDATE : ANNE OF GREEN GABLES ADAPTATION BY BREAKTHROUGH ENTERTAINMENT '' . L.M. Montgomery Online . April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Wide Casting for Anne of Green Gables ( Movie of the Week ) '' . ACTpei . February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables returns to TV '' . CBC News . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables Movies 1 X 90 '' . Breakthrough Entertainment . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lorimer , Carole ; Miller , Joan ; Richardson , Charles ; Young , Joan ( 1952 - 09 - 16 ) , Anne of Green Gables , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green Gables Fables , `` Cast and Crew '' http://www.greengablesfables.com/cast-crew Jump up ^ `` About '' . www.projectgreengables.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bustard , Ned ( January 2009 ) . Anne of Green Gables Comprehension Guide . Veritas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932168 - 79 - 2 . Campbell , Norman ( 1972 ) . Anne of Green Gables . Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 573 - 68002 - 1 . Gammel , Irene ( 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . authorized by the heirs of L.M. Montgomery . Gammel , Irene ; Benjamin Lefebvre ( May 30 , 2010 ) . Anne 's World : A New Century of Anne of Green Gables . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1106 - 1 . Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( June 3 , 2008 ) . The Green Gables Collection . Doubleday Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66599 - 5 . Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312649 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Green Gables . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Anne of Green Gables Wikiquote has quotations related to : Anne of Green Gables The Anne of Green Gables and L.M. Montgomery Lexicon , collection of Anne book cover artwork , games , recipes , time line and more Anne of Green Gables at Project Gutenberg Anne of Green Gables at Faded Page ( Canada ) Anne of Green Gables public domain audiobook at LibriVox Anne of Green Gables Centenary `` L.M. Montgomery Research Centre '' , University of Guelph Library Archival & Special Collections . L.M. Montgomery Online Formerly the L.M. Montgomery Research Group , this site includes a blog , extensive lists of primary and secondary materials , detailed information about Montgomery 's publishing history , and a filmography of screen adaptations of Montgomery texts . See , in particular , the page about Anne of Green Gables . The L.M. Montgomery Literary Society `` Top 100 Children 's Novels # 9 '' . School Library Journal Blog . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Anne of Green Gables at IMDB All About Anne Facebook Page Ana of California at Penguin Books Ana of California , author 's page Works by Lucy Maud Montgomery Novels Anne of Green Gables series Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Emily trilogy Emily of New Moon ( 1923 ) Emily Climbs ( 1925 ) Emily 's Quest ( 1927 ) Pat of Silver Bush Pat of Silver Bush ( 1932 ) Mistress Pat ( 1935 ) The Story Girl The Story Girl ( 1911 ) The Golden Road ( 1913 ) Miscellaneous Kilmeny of the Orchard ( 1910 ) The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) Magic for Marigold ( 1929 ) A Tangled Web ( 1931 ) Jane of Lantern Hill ( 1937 ) Short story collections Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Poetry The Watchman & Other Poems ( 1916 ) The Poetry of Lucy Maud Montgomery ( 1987 ) Non-fiction The Alpine Path : The Story of My Career ( 1917 ) Courageous Women ( 1934 ) ( with Marian Keith and Mabel Burns McKinley ) The Selected Journals of L.M. Montgomery , Vol . I -- V ( 1985 -- 2004 ) The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) Television series Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) Anne ( 2017 ) Stage Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) Related articles Avonlea Green Gables VIAF : 181345094 LCCN : no2010143485 GND : 4359421 - 9 BNF : cb14532211w ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_of_Green_Gables&oldid=804772737 '' Categories : Anne of Green Gables 1908 novels Anne of Green Gables books New Canadian Library Novels by Lucy Maud Montgomery Works about adoption Novels about orphans Canadian children 's novels Novels set in Prince Edward Island Debut novels Canadian novels adapted into films 1908 children 's books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that link to Wikisource All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from September 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 01 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many anne of green gables books are there | [
"\nAna of California: A Novel (2015), by Andi Teran, is a “contemporary spin on Anne of Green Gables. The lead character of Anne Shirley has been adapted to Ana Cortez, a 15-year-old orphan who “can’t tell a tomato plant from a blackberry bush” when she leaves East Los Angeles for the Northern California farm of Emmett and Abbie Garber.[32]\n"
] | [
"Ana of California: A Novel (2015), by Andi Teran, is a “contemporary spin on Anne of Green Gables."
] |
-4296865354235691288 | Oceans (Where Feet May Fail) | Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) - wikipedia Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' Single by Hillsong United from the album Zion Released 23 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 23 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Worship Length 8 : 55 ( Album version ) 4 : 09 ( Radio version ) Label Hillsong Capitol CMG Songwriter ( s ) Matt Crocker Joel Houston Salomon Ligthelm Producer ( s ) Michael Guy Chislett Hillsong United singles chronology `` Scandal of Grace '' ( 2013 ) `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Touch the Sky '' ( 2015 ) `` Scandal of Grace '' ( 2013 ) `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Touch the Sky '' ( 2015 ) `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' is a song by Australian worship group Hillsong United . It was released on 23 August 2013 as the second and final single from their third studio album , Zion ( 2013 ) . The song is led by Taya Smith , and was written by Matt Crocker , Joel Houston and Salomon Ligthelm , with production being handled by Michael Guy Chislett . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Awards ( edit ) The song won many of the main categories at the 2014 GMA Dove Awards . It won the `` Song of the Year '' , `` Contemporary Christian Performance of the Year '' , `` Pop / Contemporary Song of the Year '' , `` Worship Song of the Year '' , and Hillsong United was named the `` Artist of the Year '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Ryan Barbee of Jesus Freak Hideout said `` ' Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) ' continues ( the album ) with a more intimate tone and will surely grasp the heart of the listener as the song reiterates , ' Spirit lead me where my trust is without boarders ( sic ) , let me walk upon the waters wherever you would call me ' . The music builds and builds to a gorgeous climax that will pull on your heartstrings whilst being encouraged by the faith that only the Holy Spirit can give . '' Louder Than the Music 's Jono Davies stated `` ( Oceans ) has a stunning orchestral opening before out of nowhere a voice hits you . The voice is stunning , yet haunting , all in the same breath . The song then builds musically from atmospheric haunting tones to sheer epicness . I can hear people just getting lost in worship at a Hillsong conference to this song . '' Chart Performance ( edit ) `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart , and stayed atop of the charts for 45 consecutive weeks until it was dethroned by Carrie Underwood 's `` Something in the Water '' in October 2014 . The song rebounded to No. 1 for another five weeks until the chart week of 23 May 2015 , marking a total of 50 non-consecutive weeks atop of the chart . In total , the song spent a record 61 weeks atop of the chart . It has since become the longest running No. 1 song on the chart . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' 8 : 55 Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Océanos ( Donde Mis Pies Pueden Fallar ) '' 4 : 19 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 83 US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) US Heatseeker Songs ( Billboard ) 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Australia 22 February 2013 Digital download Hillsong Capitol CMG Worldwide 23 February 2013 United States 26 February 2013 23 August 2013 Christian radio Sparrow Worldwide 30 September 2014 Digital download ( Spanish version ) Hillsong Capitol CMG Sparrow References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` UNITED - Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) - Daily Play MPE '' . Daily Play MPE. 17 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kate Shellnutt ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` ' Oceans ' Keeps Rising - Christianity Today '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oceans - Hillsong United - Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JFH News : Hillsong UNITED Honored With 5 Dove Awards Including Artist , and Song of the Year Awards '' . Jesus Freak Hideout. 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Barbee ( 24 February 2013 ) . `` Jesusfreakhideout.com : Hillsong UNITED , ' Zion ' Review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jono Davies . `` Louder Than The Music - Hillsong United - Zion '' . Louder Than the Music . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wade Jessen ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` The Year in Christian Music : Hillsong and Carrie Underwood Triumph - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Music : Praise and Worship Songs Chart - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jim Asker ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Country Goes Christian : Reba McEntire No. 1 , Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Debut - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Herb Longs ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Kari Jobe Performs ' Oceans ' With Hillsong Worship On Outcry Tour '' . The Christian Beat . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Worldwide digital release of `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' : `` Zion by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . `` Zion av Hillsong UNITED på Apple Music '' ( in Swedish ) . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . `` Zion by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( ZA ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Worldwide digital release of `` Océanos ( Donde Mis Pies Pueden Fallar ) '' : `` Océanos ( Donde Mis Pies Pueden Fallar ) - Single by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . `` Océanos - Single by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . `` Océanos - Single av Hillsong UNITED på Apple Music '' ( in Swedish ) . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . `` Océanos - Single by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( ZA ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . `` Océanos - Single by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsong United -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Hillsong United . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsong United -- Chart history '' Billboard Christian Songs for Hillsong United . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsong United - Chart history ( Heatseeker Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs - Year - End 2014 - Billboard '' . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs - Year - End 2015 - Billboard '' . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs - Year - End 2016 - Billboard '' . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Hillsong United '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Zion ( Deluxe Edition ) by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zion by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceans_(Where_Feet_May_Fail)&oldid=808244348 '' Categories : Sparrow Records singles 2013 songs 2013 singles Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from May 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 18 : 58 . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song oceans where feet may fail | [
"\n\n\"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Hillsong United\n\n\nfrom the album Zion\n\n\nReleased\n23 August 2013 (2013-08-23)\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nGenre\nWorship\n\n\nLength\n8:55 (Album version)\n4:09 (Radio version)\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nHillsong\nCapitol CMG\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nMatt Crocker\nJoel Houston\nSalomon Ligthelm\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nMichael Guy Chislett\n\n\nHillsong United singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Scandal of Grace\"\n(2013)\n\"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\"\n(2013)\n\"Touch the Sky\"\n(2015)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Scandal of Grace\"\n(2013)\n\"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\"\n(2013)\n\"Touch the Sky\"\n(2015)\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Hillsong United\n\n\nfrom the album Zion\n\n\nReleased\n23 August 2013 (2013-08-23)\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nGenre\nWorship\n\n\nLength\n8:55 (Album version)\n4:09 (Radio version)\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nHillsong\nCapitol CMG\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nMatt Crocker\nJoel Houston\nSalomon Ligthelm\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nMichael Guy Chislett\n\n\nHillsong United singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Scandal of Grace\"\n(2013)\n\"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\"\n(2013)\n\"Touch the Sky\"\n(2015)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Scandal of Grace\"\n(2013)\n\"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\"\n(2013)\n\"Touch the Sky\"\n(2015)\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Hillsong United\n\n\nfrom the album Zion\n\n\nReleased\n23 August 2013 (2013-08-23)\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nGenre\nWorship\n\n\nLength\n8:55 (Album version)\n4:09 (Radio version)\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nHillsong\nCapitol CMG\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nMatt Crocker\nJoel Houston\nSalomon Ligthelm\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nMichael Guy Chislett\n\n\nHillsong United singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Scandal of Grace\"\n(2013)\n\"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\"\n(2013)\n\"Touch the Sky\"\n(2015)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Scandal of Grace\"\n(2013)\n\"Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)\"\n(2013)\n\"Touch the Sky\"\n(2015)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Matt Crocker",
"Joel Houston",
"Salomon Ligthelm"
] |
3813347343618061770 | Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union | Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union - wikipedia Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union Jump to : navigation , search The freedom of movement for workers is a policy chapter of the acquis communautaire of the European Union . It is part of the free movement of persons and one of the four economic freedoms : free movement of goods , services , labour and capital . Article 45 TFEU ( ex 39 and 48 ) states that : Freedom of movement for workers shall be secured within the Community . Such freedom of movement shall entail the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment , remuneration and other conditions of work and employment . It shall entail the right , subject to limitations justified on grounds of public policy , public security or public health : ( a ) to accept offers of employment actually made ; ( b ) to move freely within the territory of Member States for this purpose ; ( c ) to stay in a Member State for the purpose of employment in accordance with the provisions governing the employment of nationals of that State laid down by law , regulation or administrative action ; ( d ) to remain in the territory of a Member State after having been employed in that State , subject to conditions which shall be embodied in implementing regulations to be drawn up by the Commission . The provisions of this article shall not apply to employment in the public service . The right to free movement has both ' horizontal ' and ' vertical ' direct effect , such that a private citizen can invoke the right , without more , in an ordinary court , against other persons , both governmental and non-governmental . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Definition of `` worker '' 3 Extent of the right 4 Discrimination and market access 5 Public service exception 6 Directives and regulations 7 Social rights 8 Transitional provisions in new member states 9 Freedom of movement in the European Economic Area 10 Summary 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links History ( edit ) The Treaty of Paris ( 1951 ) establishing the European Coal and Steel Community established a right to free movement for workers in these industries and the Treaty of Rome ( 1957 ) provided a right for the free movement of workers within the European Economic Community . The Directive 2004 / 38 / EC on the right to move and reside freely assembles the different aspects of the right of movement in one document , replacing inter alia the directive 1968 / 360 / EEC . It also clarifies procedural issues , and it strengthens the rights of family members of European citizens using the freedom of movement . According to the official site of the European Parliament , the explanation of the freedom of workers goes as follows : Freedom of movement and residence for persons in the EU is the cornerstone of Union citizenship , which was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992 . Its practical implementation in EU law , however , has not been straightforward . It first involved the gradual phasing out , of internal borders under the Schengen agreements , initially in just a handful of Member States . Today , the provisions governing the free movement of persons are laid down in Directive 2004 / 38 / EC on the right of EU citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States . However , the implementation of this directive continues to face many obstacles . Definition of `` worker '' ( edit ) The meaning of ' worker ' is a matter of European Union law . `` The essential feature of an employment relationship , however , is that for a certain period of time a person performs services for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration . '' Purpose : under the European Court of Justice caselaw , the rights of free movement of workers applies regardless of the worker 's purpose in taking up employment abroad , so long as the work is not solely provided as a means of rehabilitation or reintegration of the workers concerned into society . Time commitment : the right of free movement applies to both part - time and full - time work , so long as the work is effective and genuine and not of such small scale , irregular nature or limited duration to be purely marginal and ancillary . Remuneration : a wage is a necessary precondition for activity to constitute work , but the amount is not important . The right to free movement applies whether or not the worker required additional financial assistance from the Member State into which he moves . Remuneration may be indirect quid pro quo ( e.g. board and lodging ) rather than strict consideration for work . Direction of another : where a person is self - employed , he can avail himself of the freedom to provide services and freedom of establishment . Extent of the right ( edit ) The right to free movement applies where the legal relationship of employment is entered into in or shall take effect within the territory of the European Community . The precise legal scope of the right to free movement for workers has been shaped by the European Court of Justice and by directives and regulations . Underlying these developments is a tension `` between the image of the Community worker as a mobile unit of production , contributing to the creation of a single market and to the economic prosperity of Europe '' and the `` image of the worker as a human being , exercising a personal right to live in another state and to take up employment there without discrimination , to improve the standard of living of his or her family '' . Discrimination and market access ( edit ) Case 379 / 87 Groener v Minister for Education ( 1989 ) ECR 3967 Cases 267 & 268 / 91 Keck and Mithouard ( 1993 ) ECR I - 6097 Case 18 / 95 F.C. Terhoeve v Inspecteur van de Belastingdienst Particulieren / Ondernemingen Buitenland ( 1999 ) ECR I - 345 Public service exception ( edit ) Case 149 / 79 Commission v Belgium ( 1980 ) ECR 3881 Case 152 / 73 Sotigiu v Deutsche Bundespost ( 1974 ) ECR 153 Directives and regulations ( edit ) Directive 68 / 360 / EEC Case 48 / 75 Royer ( 1976 ) ECR 497 Case 118 / 75 Watson and Belmann ( 1976 ) ECR 1185 Case C - 292 / 89 Antonissen ( 1991 ) ECR I - 745 EU Regulation 1612 / 68 repealed and replaced by Regulation 492 / 2011 Case C - 207 / 78 Ministere Public v Even and ONPTS ( 1979 ) ECR 2019 Case C - 267 / 83 Diatta v Land Berlin ( 1985 ) ECR 567 Case C - 370 / 90 R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Surinder Singh , ex parte Secretary of State for the Home Department ( 1991 ) ECR I - 4265 Social rights ( edit ) Case 293 / 83 Gravier v City of Liege ( 1985 ) ECR 593 Case C - 85 / 96 Maria Martinez Sala v Freistaat Bayern ( 1998 ) ECR I - 2691 Case C - 184 / 99 Rudy Grzelczyk v Centre Public d'Aide Sociale d'Ottignes - Louvain - la - Neuve ( CPAS ) ( 2001 ) ECR I - 6193 Transitional provisions in new member states ( edit ) In both the Treaty of Accession 2003 and the Treaty of Accession 2005 , there is a clause about a transition period before workers from the new member states can be employed on an equal , non-discriminatory terms in the old member states . The old member states have the right to impose such transitional period for 2 years , then to decide to extend it for additional 3 years , and then , if there is serious proof that labour from new member states would be disruptive to the market in the old member states then the period can be extended for the last time for 2 more years . According to the principle of reciprocity , new member states have the right to impose restrictions for all the countries that introduced restrictions and transitional periods to their citizens . Croatia has decided to apply this rule . Freedom of movement in the European Economic Area ( edit ) The citizens of the member states of the European Economic Area ( which includes the EU ) have the same right of freedom of movement in the EEA as do EU citizens do within the Union . Additionally , the European Union and Switzerland have concluded a bilateral agreement with the same meaning . The EEA member states outside the EU ( Norway , Iceland and Liechtenstein ) and Switzerland are treated as `` old member states '' in regard to the Treaty of Accession of the new EU members , so they can impose such 2 + 3 + 2 transitional periods . Switzerland initially granted freedom of movement to EEA citizens in 2005 - 2011 . It briefly reimposed restrictions in 2012 - 2013 , but lifted them again in 2014 . A 2014 Referendum directed the Swiss government to impose permanent quotas on residence / work permits for citizens of all EEA countries except Liechtenstein , starting from 2017 at the latest . However , on 22 December 2016 , Switzerland and the EU concluded an agreement that a new Swiss law ( in response to the referendum ) may require Swiss employers to give priority to Swiss - based job seekers ( Swiss nationals and foreigners registered in Swiss job agencies ) but does not limit the free movement of EU workers to Switzerland . Liechtenstein imposes a permanent quota for all EEA citizens ( issuing 56 residence permits per year ) and a separate quota for Swiss citizens ( a further 12 residence permits per year ) . Summary ( edit ) Establishment of rights of nationals of each EEA member state to work in each other member state The citizens of → can be employed in ↓ starting ↘ European Union members Other EEA members The citizens of ← can be employed in ↓ starting ∠ Portugal 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1994 1986 1986 1986 1986 1994 1986 1986 1994 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2009 2009 2013 1994 1994 1995 Portugal Spain 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1994 1986 1986 1986 1986 1994 1986 1986 1994 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2009 2014 2015 1994 1994 1995 Spain Italy 1986 1986 1981 1958 1958 1994 1958 1958 1958 1973 1994 1973 1973 1994 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2012 2012 2015 1994 1994 1995 Italy Greece 1986 1986 1981 1981 1981 1994 1981 1981 1981 1981 1994 1981 1981 1994 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2009 2009 2015 1994 1994 1995 Greece France 1986 1986 1958 1981 1958 1994 1958 1958 1958 1973 1994 1973 1973 1994 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2014 2014 2015 1994 1994 1995 France Germany 1986 1986 1958 1981 1958 1994 1958 1958 1958 1973 1994 1973 1973 1994 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2014 2014 2015 1994 1994 1995 Germany Austria 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2014 2014 ( 2018 ) 1994 1994 1995 Austria Belgium 1986 1986 1958 1981 1958 1958 1994 1958 1958 1973 1994 1973 1973 1994 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2014 2014 2015 1994 1994 1995 Belgium Netherlands 1986 1986 1958 1981 1958 1958 1994 1958 1958 1973 1994 1973 1973 1994 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2014 2014 ( 2018 ) 1994 1994 1995 Netherlands Luxembourg 1986 1986 1958 1981 1958 1958 1994 1958 1958 1973 1994 1973 1973 1994 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2014 2014 2015 1994 1994 1995 Luxembourg Denmark 1986 1986 1973 1981 1973 1973 1994 1973 1973 1973 1954 1973 1973 1954 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2013 1954 1954 1995 Denmark Finland 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1954 1994 1994 1954 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2013 1954 1954 1995 Finland Ireland 1986 1986 1973 1981 1973 1973 1994 1973 1973 1973 1973 1994 1973 1994 2012 2012 2013 1994 1994 1995 Ireland United Kingdom 1986 1986 1973 1981 1973 1973 1994 1973 1973 1973 1973 1994 1973 1994 2014 2014 2018 1994 1994 1995 United Kingdom Sweden 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1954 1954 1994 1994 2007 2007 2013 1954 1954 1995 Sweden Cyprus 2007 2007 2015 2005 Cyprus Malta 2014 2014 2018 2005 Malta Estonia 2007 2007 2013 2005 Estonia Latvia 2007 2007 2013 2005 Latvia Lithuania 2007 2007 2013 2005 Lithuania Poland 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007 2013 2006 2006 2007 2007 Poland Hungary 2006 2006 2006 2006 2008 2009 2009 2009 2007 2007 2009 2006 2009 2009 2013 2006 2006 2009 2009 Hungary Czech Republic 2007 2007 2013 2005 Czech Republic Slovakia 2007 2007 2013 2005 Slovakia Slovenia 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007 ( 2018 ) 2006 2006 2007 2007 Slovenia Bulgaria 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2013 2007 2007 2007 2007 Bulgaria Romania 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2013 2007 2007 2007 2007 Romania Croatia 2013 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 ( 2018 ) 2015 ( 2018 ) 2015 2013 2013 2013 2018 2013 2015 2018 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 ( 2018 ) 2013 2013 2014 2015 ( 2018 ) ( 2024 ) Croatia Norway 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1954 1954 1994 1994 1954 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2012 2012 2014 1954 1995 Norway Iceland 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1954 1954 1994 1994 1954 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2012 2012 2015 1954 1995 Iceland Liechtenstein 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2014 2014 ( 2018 ) 1995 1995 2005 Liechtenstein Switzerland 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2016 2016 ( 2024 ) 2007 2007 2005 Switzerland no restriction on freedom of movement of workers ; year of initial lifting of restrictions restricted movement of workers ; earliest date for lifting of the restrictions for Croatian citizens is 1 July 2018 ( 1 January 2024 in case of Switzerland ) Liechtenstein imposes a permanent annual quota on residence permits issued , for all EEA citizens and ( separately ) Swiss citizens Notes ^ Jump up to : See also the parallel , concurrent Nordic Passport Union between the Kingdom of Denmark ( for Denmark and the Faroe Islands ) , Sweden , Norway , Iceland and Finland . ^ Jump up to : Date of applicability as member states of the EEC . See also the parallel , concurrent Common Travel Area between the United Kingdom and Islands and the Republic of Ireland ( Great Britain and Islands and all of the island of Ireland ) . Jump up ^ For the countries that joined the EU before 2004 , plus Cyprus and Malta , restrictions on freedom of movement were initially lifted on 1 June 2007 , but Switzerland decided to reimpose them from 1 June 2013 to 31 May 2014 under a safeguard clause . Similarly , for the countries that joined the EU in 2004 , except Cyprus and Malta , restrictions on freedom of movement were initially lifted on 1 May 2011 , but Switzerland decided to reimpose them from 1 May 2012 to 30 April 2014 under a safeguard clause . Also , according to the Protocol to the Agreement between the European Community and Switzerland regarding the participation of Bulgaria and Romania , Switzerland applied the 2 + 3 + 2 transitional period formula to these two countries starting from 1 June 2009 , an may enforce some exclusions for an additional 3 years , until 31 May 2019 . See also ( edit ) Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement Compact of Free Association European Union law Citizenship of the European Union Internal Market Free Movement of Citizens Directive Freedom of movement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Treaty of Rome ( consolidated version ) . EUR - Lex Jump up ^ Union royale belge des sociétés de football association ASBL v Jean - Marc Bosman , Case C - 415 / 93 . EUR - Lex Jump up ^ Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA , Case C - 281 / 98 ( 2000 ) . EUR - Lex Jump up ^ Article 69 part of Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ( Rome , 25 March 1957 ) on CVCE website . Jump up ^ Title 3 part of Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ( Rome , 25 March 1957 ) on CVCE website . Jump up ^ `` Free movement of persons '' . Europarl.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hoekstra ( née Unger ) v Bestuur der Bedrijfsvereniging voor Detailhandel en Ambachten , Case 75 - 63 ( 1964 ) . EUR - Lex Jump up ^ Deborah Lawrie - Blum v Land Baden - Württemberg , Case 66 / 85 ( 1986 ) . EUR - Lex ^ Jump up to : Levin v Staatssecretaris van Justitie , Case 53 / 81 ( 1982 ) . EUR - Lex Jump up ^ Bettray v Staatssecretaris van Justitie , Case 344 / 87 ( 1989 ) . EUR - Lex Jump up ^ Raulin v Minister van Onderwijs en Wetenschappen , Case C - 357 / 89 ( 1992 ) . EUR - Lex Jump up ^ Kempf v Staatssecretaris van Justitie , Case 139 / 85 ( 1986 ) . EUR - Lex Jump up ^ Udo Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie , Case 196 / 87 ( 1988 ) . EUR - Lex Jump up ^ Walrave and Koch v Association Union cycliste internationale , Koninklijke Nederlandsche Wielren Unie et Federación Española Ciclismo , Case 36 - 74 ( 1974 ) . EUR - Lex Jump up ^ See alsoIngrid Boukhalfa v Bundesrepublik Deutschland , C - 214 / 94 ( 1996 ) . EUR - Lex Jump up ^ Craig & de Búrca 2003 , p. 701 Jump up ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&numdoc=61987J0379&lg=en Anita Groener v Minister for Education and the City of Dublin Vocational Educational Committee . Judgment of the Court of 28 November 1989 . Jump up ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61991CJ0267:EN:HTML Judgment of the Court of 24 November 1993 . - Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard . - References for a preliminary ruling : Tribunal de grande instance de Strasbourg - France . - Free movement of goods - Prohibition of resale at a loss . - Joined cases C - 267 / 91 and C - 268 / 91 . Jump up ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61995J0018 F.C. Terhoeve v Inspecteur van de Belastingdienst Particulieren / Ondernemingen buitenland . Judgment of the Court of 26 January 1999 . Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex - 31968L0360 - EN - EUR - Lex '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex - 31968R1612 - EN '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . Jump up ^ `` Regulation ( EU ) No 492 / 2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on freedom of movement for workers within the Union Text with EEA relevance '' . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ European Commission . `` FAQ on the Commission 's free movement of workers report '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia - Employment , Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commission '' . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Free movement of persons '' . Directorate for European Affairs . Bern : Federal Department of Foreign Affairs . May 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Free Movement of Persons Switzerland -- EU / EFTA '' . Federal Office for Migration . Bern : Federal Department of Justice and Police . May 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Working in Switzerland as a citizen of an EU / EFTA member state - www.ch.ch '' . www.ch.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ EU and Switzerland agree on free movement -- euobserver , 22 Dec 2016 ^ Jump up to : Liechtenstein Wirtschaft Work permits and residence Jump up ^ `` Work permits and labour market restrictions in some EU countries '' . Europa . 27 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Croatian '' . Immigration and Naturalisation Service . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia to become part of the EEA '' . Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Citizens of Croatia will not need residence permits from the 1st of July 2015 '' . The Directorate of Immigration . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia - Employment , Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commission '' . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Free Movement of Persons Switzerland -- EU / EFTA '' . sem.admin.ch . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Bibliography ( edit ) P. Craig and G. de Búrca , EU Law : Text , Cases and Materials , 3rd edition , OUP , 2003 . External links ( edit ) European Commission : EU citizenship and free movement Your Europe : Work Permits EURES - The European Job Mobility Portal The Free Movement of Persons in the European Union : A Legal - historical Overview ( hide ) European Union articles History Timeline Pre-1945 1945 -- 57 1958 -- 72 1973 -- 93 1993 -- 2004 Since 2004 Predecessors Timeline Founders European Coal and Steel Community ( 1951 -- 2002 ) European Economic Community ( 1958 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Euratom ( 1958 -- present ) European Communities ( 1967 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Justice and Home Affairs ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Geography Extreme points Geographic centre Largest municipalities Urban areas Larger urban zones Member states Regions ( first - level NUTS ) Special territories Politics Institutions European Council European Commission European Parliament Council of the European Union Court of Justice of the European Union European Central Bank European Court of Auditors Agencies Banking Border and coast security ( Frontex ) Disease prevention and control Environment Foreign affairs ( External Action Service ) Judicial cooperation ( Eurojust ) Law enforcement cooperation ( Europol ) Maritime safety Reconstruction Law Acquis Charter of Fundamental Rights Competition law Copyright law Directive Citizens ' Rights Directive Enhanced cooperation Environmental policy Four freedoms labour mobility Government procurement Journal Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification Legislative procedure Citizens ' Initiative Regulation Rural Development Policy Schengen Area Treaties opt - outs LGBT rights Politics Elections parliamentary constituencies Enlargement 1973 1981 1986 1995 2007 2013 Future Euromyths Political parties ( National parties by affiliation ) Euroscepticism Foreign relations Integration Parliamentary groups Pro-Europeanism Withdrawal ( Brexit ) 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Economy Budget Central bank Agricultural policy Fisheries policy Currencies Energy policy Euro Eurozone Free trade agreements Investment bank Investment fund Regional development Single market Societas Europaea Solidarity Fund Transport Galileo navigation system minimum wage average wage unemployment rate health expense per person Healthcare Health Insurance Card Driving licence European Common Aviation Area Culture Citizenship passports identity cards Cultural policies Demographics Douzelage Driving licence Education House of European History Institute of Innovation and Technology Laissez - passer Languages Media freedom Public holidays Religion Sport Telephone numbers Statistics Symbols Lists Concepts , acronyms , & jargon Agencies Books Companies Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants Largest cities by population within city limits Directives Tallest buildings Terrorist incidents Vehicle registration plates Theory Eurosphere Intergovernmentalism Multi-speed Neofunctionalism Optimum currency area Supranational union Outline Book Portal European Union portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union&oldid=832503695 '' Categories : European Union law Global workforce Freedom of movement Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Català Deutsch Español Polski Română Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 12 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was free movement in the eu introduced | [
"The Treaty of Paris (1951)[4] establishing the European Coal and Steel Community established a right to free movement for workers in these industries and the Treaty of Rome (1957)[5] provided a right for the free movement of workers within the European Economic Community. The Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely assembles the different aspects of the right of movement in one document, replacing inter alia the directive 1968/360/EEC. It also clarifies procedural issues, and it strengthens the rights of family members of European citizens using the freedom of movement. According to the official site of the European Parliament, the explanation of the freedom of workers goes as follows:"
] | [
"1957"
] |
-5690340114571201593 | Hand, foot, and mouth disease | Hand , foot , and mouth disease - wikipedia Hand , foot , and mouth disease This article is about viral disease . For the chemotherapy - induced condition , see Chemotherapy - induced acral erythema . For the animal disease , see Foot - and - mouth disease . Hand , foot , and mouth disease Synonyms Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem Typical lesions around the mouth of an 11 - month - old boy Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Fever , flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister Complications Temporary loss of nails , viral meningitis Usual onset 3 -- 6 days post exposure Duration 1 week Causes Coxsackievirus A16 , Enterovirus 71 Diagnostic method Based on symptoms , viral culture Prevention Handwashing Treatment Supportive care Medication Pain medication such as ibuprofen Frequency As outbreaks Hand , foot , and mouth disease ( HFMD ) is a common infection caused by a group of viruses . It typically begins with a fever and feeling generally unwell . This is followed a day or two later by flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister , on the hands , feet , and mouth , and occasionally buttocks and groin . Signs and symptoms normally appear 3 -- 6 days after exposure to the virus . The rash generally resolves on its own in about a week . Fingernail and toenail loss may occur a few weeks later , but they will regrow with time . The viruses that cause HFMD are spread through close personal contact , through the air from coughing , and the feces of an infected person . Contaminated objects can also spread the disease . Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause and Enterovirus 71 is the second-most common cause . Other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible . Some people may carry and pass on the virus despite having no symptoms of disease . Other animals are not involved . Diagnosis can often be made based on symptoms . Occasionally a throat or stool sample may be tested for the virus . Handwashing may prevent spread and those infected should not go to work , daycare , or school . No antiviral medication or vaccine is available , but development efforts are underway . Most cases require no specific treatment . Simple pain medication such as ibuprofen or numbing mouth gel may be used . Occasionally intravenous fluids are given to children who are unable to drink enough . Rarely viral meningitis or encephalitis may complicate the disease . HFMD occurs in all areas of the world . It often occurs in small outbreaks in nursery schools or kindergartens . Large outbreaks have been occurring in Asia since 1997 . It usually occurs during the spring , summer , and fall months . Typically it occurs in children less than five years old , but can occasionally occur in adults . HFMD should not be confused with foot - and - mouth disease ( also known as hoof - and - mouth disease ) which mostly affects livestock . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 Transmission 3 Diagnosis 4 Prevention 4.1 Vaccine 5 Treatment 6 Complications 7 Epidemiology 7.1 Outbreaks 8 History 9 Research 10 References 11 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Common constitutional signs and symptoms of the HFMD include fever , nausea , vomiting , feeling tired , generalized discomfort , loss of appetite , and irritability in infants and toddlers . Skin lesions frequently develop in the form of a rash of flat discolored spots and bumps which may be followed by vesicular sores with blisters on palms of the hands , soles of the feet , buttocks , and sometimes on the lips . The rash is rarely itchy for children , but can be extremely itchy for adults . Painful facial ulcers , blisters , or lesions may also develop in or around the nose or mouth . HFMD usually resolves on its own after 7 -- 10 days . Most cases of the disease are relatively harmless , but complications including encephalitis , meningitis , and paralysis that mimics the neurological symptoms of polio can occur . Rash on palms of the hands . Rash on hand and feet of a 36 - year - old man Rash on the soles of a child 's feet Cause ( edit ) The viruses that cause the disease are of the Picornaviridae family . Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause of HFMD . Enterovirus 71 ( EV - 71 ) is the second-most common cause . Many other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible . Transmission ( edit ) HFMD is highly contagious and is transmitted by nasopharyngeal secretions such as saliva or nasal mucus , by direct contact , or by fecal - oral transmission . Child care settings are the most common places for HMFD to be contracted because of the bathroom training , diaper changes , and that children often put their hands into their mouths . Children who do not attend a preschool or kindergarten were found to be more susceptible to the disease . HFMD is contracted through nose and throat secretions such as saliva , sputum , nasal mucus and as well as fluid in blisters , and stool . Diagnosis ( edit ) A diagnosis usually can be made by the presenting signs and symptoms alone . If the diagnosis is unclear , a throat swab or stool specimen may be taken to identify the virus by culture . The common incubation period ( the time between infection and onset of symptoms ) ranges from three to six days . Early detection of HFMD is important in preventing an outbreak in the pediatric population . Prevention ( edit ) Preventive measures include avoiding direct contact with infected individuals ( including keeping infected children home from school ) , proper cleaning of shared utensils , disinfecting contaminated surfaces , and proper hand hygiene . These measures have been shown to be effective in decreasing the transmission of the viruses responsible for HFMD . Protective habits include hand washing and disinfecting surfaces in play areas . Breast - feeding has also shown to decrease rates of severe HFMD , though does not reduce the risk for the infection of the disease . Vaccine ( edit ) A vaccine known as the EV71 vaccine is available to prevent HFMD in China as of December 2015 . No vaccine is currently available in the United States . Treatment ( edit ) Medications are usually not needed as hand , foot , and mouth disease is a viral disease that typically resolves on its own . Currently , there is no specific curative treatment for hand , foot and mouth disease . Disease management typically focuses on achieving symptomatic relief . Pain from the sores may be eased with the use of analgesic medications . Infection in older children , adolescents , and adults is typically mild and lasts approximately 1 week , but may occasionally run a longer course . Fever reducers and lukewarm baths can help decrease body temperature . A minority of individuals with hand , foot and mouth disease may require hospital admission due to complications such as inflammation of the brain , inflammation of the meninges , or acute flaccid paralysis . Non-neurologic complications such as inflammation of the heart , fluid in the lungs , or bleeding into the lungs may also occur . Complications ( edit ) Complications from the viral infections that cause HFMD are rare , but require immediate medical treatment if present . HFMD infections caused by Enterovirus 71 tend to be more severe and are more likely to have neurologic or cardiac complications including death than infections caused by Coxsackievirus A16 . Viral or aseptic meningitis can occur with HFMD in rare cases and is characterized by fever , headache , stiff neck , or back pain . The condition is usually mild and clears without treatment ; however , hospitalization for a short time may be needed . Other serious complications of HFMD include encephalitis ( swelling of the brain ) , or flaccid paralysis in rare circumstances . Fingernail and toenail loss have been reported in children 4 -- 8 weeks after having HFMD . The relationship between HFMD and the reported nail loss is unclear ; however , it is temporary and nail growth resumes without treatment . Minor complications due to symptoms can occur such as dehydration , due to mouth sores causing discomfort with intake of foods and fluid . Epidemiology ( edit ) Hand , foot and mouth disease most commonly occurs in children under the age of 10 . It tends to occur in outbreaks during the spring , summer , and autumn seasons . This is believed to be due to heat and humidity improving spread . HFMD is more common in rural areas than urban areas ; however , socioeconomic status and hygiene levels need to considered . Poor hygiene is a risk factor for HFMD . Outbreaks have occurred in China , Japan , Hong Kong , the Republic of Korea , Malaysia , Singapore , Thailand , Taiwan , and Vietnam . HFMD most commonly affects young children under the age of 10 and more often under the age of 5 , but can also affect adults with varying symptoms . Since 1997 there have been 71 large enterovirus outbreaks reported , mostly in East and South East Asia , primarily affecting children . From the years 2008 to 2014 , more than 1 million HFMD cases have been reported in China each year . Outbreaks ( edit ) In 1998 , there was an outbreak in Taiwan , affecting mainly children . There were 405 severe complications , and 78 children died . The total number of cases in that epidemic is estimated to have been 1.5 million . In 2008 an outbreak in China , beginning in March in Fuyang , Anhui , led to 25,000 infections , and 42 deaths , by May 13 . Similar outbreaks were reported in Singapore ( more than 2,600 cases as of April 20 , 2008 ) , Vietnam ( 2,300 cases , 11 deaths ) , Mongolia ( 1,600 cases ) , and Brunei ( 1053 cases from June -- August 2008 ) In 2009 17 children died in an outbreak during March and April 2009 in China 's eastern Shandong Province , and 18 children died in the neighboring Henan Province . Out of 115,000 reported cases in China from January to April , 773 were severe and 50 were fatal . In 2010 in China , an outbreak occurred in southern China 's Guangxi Autonomous Region as well as Guangdong , Henan , Hebei and Shandong provinces . Until March 70,756 children were infected and 40 died from the disease . By June , the peak season for the disease , 537 had died . The World Health Organization reporting between January to October 2011 ( 1,340,259 ) states the number of cases in China had dropped by approx 300,000 from 2010 ( 1,654,866 ) cases , with new cases peaking in June . There were 437 deaths , down from 2010 ( 537 deaths ) . In December 2011 , the California Department of Public Health identified a strong form of the virus , coxsackievirus A6 ( CVA6 ) , where nail loss in children is common . In 2012 in Alabama , United States there was an outbreak of an unusual type of the disease . It occurred in a season when it is not usually seen and affected teenagers and older adults . There were some hospitalizations due to the disease but no reported deaths . In 2012 in Cambodia , 52 of 59 reviewed cases of children reportedly dead ( as of July 9 , 2012 ) due to a mysterious disease were diagnosed to be caused by a virulent form of HFMD . Although a significant degree of uncertainty exists with reference to the diagnosis , the WHO report states , `` Based on the latest laboratory results , a significant proportion of the samples tested positive for enterovirus 71 ( EV - 71 ) , which causes hand foot and mouth disease ( HFMD ) . The EV - 71 virus has been known to generally cause severe complications amongst some patients . '' HFMD infected 1,520,274 people with up to 431 deaths reported at the end of July in 2012 in China . History ( edit ) HFMD cases were first described clinically in Canada and New Zealand in 1957 . The disease was termed `` Hand Foot and Mouth Disease '' , by Thomas Henry Flewett , after a similar outbreak in 1960 . Research ( edit ) Novel antiviral agents to prevent and treat infection with the viruses responsible for HFMD are currently under development . Preliminary studies have shown inhibitors of the EV - 71 viral capsid to have potent antiviral activity . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kaminska , K ; Martinetti , G ; Lucchini , R ; Kaya , G ; Mainetti , C ( 2013 ) . `` Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand , Foot , and Mouth Disease : Three Case Reports of Familial Child - to - Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review '' . Case Reports in Dermatology. 5 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 209 . doi : 10.1159 / 000354533 . PMC 3764954 . PMID 24019771 . ^ Jump up to : Ooi , MH ; Wong , SC ; Lewthwaite , P ; Cardosa , MJ ; Solomon , T ( 2010 ) . `` Clinical features , diagnosis , and management of enterovirus 71 '' . Lancet Neurology . 9 ( 11 ) : 1097 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1016 / S1474 - 4422 ( 10 ) 70209 - X . PMID 20965438 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hand , Foot , and Mouth Disease ( HFMD ) Complications '' . CDC . August 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hoy , NY ; Leung , AK ; Metelitsa , AI ; Adams , S ( 2012 ) . `` New concepts in median nail dystrophy , onychomycosis , and hand , foot and mouth disease nail pathology '' . ISRN Dermatology. 2012 ( 680163 ) : 680163 . doi : 10.5402 / 2012 / 680163 . PMC 3302018 . PMID 22462009 . ^ Jump up to : Longo , Dan L. ( 2012 ) . Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine ( 18th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07174889 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Repass GL , Palmer WC , Stancampiano FF ( September 2014 ) . `` Hand , foot , and mouth disease : Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome '' . Cleve Clin J Med. 81 ( 9 ) : 537 -- 43 . doi : 10.3949 / ccjm. 81a. 13132 . PMID 25183845 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diagnosis '' . CDC . August 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Causes & Transmission '' . CDC . August 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prevention & Treatment '' . CDC . August 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hand Foot and Mouth Disease '' . CDC . August 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frydenberg , A ; Starr , M ( August 2003 ) . `` Hand , foot and mouth disease '' . Australian family physician . 32 ( 8 ) : 594 -- 5 . PMID 12973865 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Y ; Zhu , R ; Qian , Y ; Deng , J ( 2012 ) . `` The characteristics of blood glucose and WBC counts in peripheral blood of cases of hand foot and mouth disease in China : a systematic review '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 1 ) : e29003 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0029003 . PMC 3250408 . PMID 22235257 . ^ Jump up to : Pourianfar HR , Grollo L ( February 2014 ) . `` Development of antiviral agents toward enterovirus 71 infection '' . J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 48 : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmii. 2013.11. 011 . PMID 24560700 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outbreaks '' . CDC . August 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foot and Mouth Disease update : further temporary control zone established in Surrey '' . Defra. 2007 - 08 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Huang , CC ; Liu , CC ; Chang , YC ; Chen , CY ; Wang , ST ; Yeh , TF ( 23 September 1999 ) . `` Neurologic complications in children with enterovirus 71 infection '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 341 ( 13 ) : 936 -- 42 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm199909233411302 . PMID 10498488 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Jing ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Epidemiological characteristics of hand , foot , and mouth disease in Shandong , China , 2009 -- 2016 '' . Scientific Reports . 7 ( 8900 ) : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / s41598 - 017 - 09196 - z . ^ Jump up to : `` Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease : Signs & Symptoms '' . mayoclinic.com . The Mayo Clinic . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease ( HFMD ) '' . WHO Western Pacific Region . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Koh , Wee Ming ; Bogich , Tiffany ; Siegel , Karen ; Jin , Jing ; Chong , Elizabeth Y. ; Tan , Chong Yew ; Chen , Mark Ic ; Horby , Peter ; Cook , Alex R. ( October 2016 ) . `` The Epidemiology of Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease in Asia : A Systematic Review and Analysis '' . The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal . 35 ( 10 ) : e285 -- 300 . doi : 10.1097 / INF. 0000000000001242 . ISSN 1532 - 0987 . PMC 5130063 . PMID 27273688 . Jump up ^ Omaña - Cepeda , Carlos ; Martínez - Valverde , Andrea ; del Mar Sabater - Recolons , María ; Jané - Salas , Enric ; Marí - Roig , Antonio ; López - López , José ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) . `` A literature review and case report of hand , foot and mouth disease in an immunocompetent adult '' . BMC Research Notes . 9 : 165 . doi : 10.1186 / s13104 - 016 - 1973 - y . ISSN 1756 - 0500 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease '' . Prevention and Treatment . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2013 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mao , QY ; Wang , Y ; Bian , L ; Xu , M ; Liang , Z ( May 2016 ) . `` EV71 vaccine , a new tool to control outbreaks of hand , foot and mouth disease ( HFMD ) '' . Expert review of vaccines . 15 ( 5 ) : 599 -- 606 . doi : 10.1586 / 14760584.2016. 1138862 . PMID 26732723 . Jump up ^ `` Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease '' . Complications . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2011 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease '' . WHO Western Pacific Region . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Koh , Wee Ming ; Bogich , Tiffany ; Siegel , Karen ; Jin , Jing ; Chong , Elizabeth Y. ; Tan , Chong Yew ; Chen , Mark IC ; Horby , Peter ; Cook , Alex R. ( October 2016 ) . `` The Epidemiology of Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease in Asia : A Systematic Review and Analysis '' . The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal . 35 ( 10 ) : e285 . doi : 10.1097 / INF. 0000000000001242 . ISSN 0891 - 3668 . PMC 5130063 . Jump up ^ `` Hand - Foot - and - Mouth Disease '' . WebMD . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lei , Xiaobo ; Cui , Sheng ; Zhao , Zhendong ; Wang , Jianwei ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Etiology , pathogenesis , antivirals and vaccines of hand , foot , and mouth disease '' . National Science Review . 2 ( 3 ) : 268 -- 284 . doi : 10.1093 / nsr / nwv038 . ISSN 2095 - 5138 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) ( 1998 ) . `` Deaths among children during an outbreak of hand , foot , and mouth disease -- Taiwan , Republic of China , April -- July 1998 '' . MMWR Morb . Mortal . Wkly . Rep. 47 ( 30 ) : 629 -- 32 . PMID 9704628 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ho M , Chen ER , Hsu KH , et al. ( 1999 ) . `` An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan . Taiwan Enterovirus Epidemic Working Group '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 341 ( 13 ) : 929 -- 35 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199909233411301 . PMID 10498487 . Jump up ^ Suhaimi , Nur Dianah ( April 20 , 2008 ) . `` HFMD : 1,000 cases a week is unusual , says doc '' . Singapore : The Sunday Times ( Straits Times ) . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Viet Nam News : HFMD cases prompt tighter health screening at airport Archived February 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. ( accessed May 15 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ EV - 71 Virus Continues Dramatic Rise Archived October 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( accessed May 23 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Bandar Seri Begawan ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` 1,053 HFD cases recorded '' . The Birmingham News . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hand - foot - mouth disease death toll rises to 17 in East China 's Shandong Province '' . China View . April 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Health Ministry : Hand - foot - mouth disease claims 50 lives this year '' . China View . April 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` China reports 537 deaths from hand - foot - mouth disease this year '' . People 's Daily Online . 2010 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coxsackievirus A6 ( CVA6 ) '' . California Department of Public Health . 2013 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hannah Wolfson ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Outbreak of hand , foot and mouth disease severe in Alabama '' . The Birmingham News . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBS News Staff ( 2012 ) . `` Joint Press Release Between The Ministry of Health Kingdom of Cambodia and the World Health Organization '' ( PDF ) . CBS News . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mysterious deadly illness in Cambodian children tied to hand , foot and mouth disease '' . Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease . World Health Organization . 2012 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Global Alert and Response ( GAR ) '' . Undiagnosed illness in Cambodia - update . World Health Organization . 2012 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emerging disease surveillance and response '' . Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease . World Health Organization . 2013 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alsop J , Flewett TH , Foster JR ( December 1960 ) . `` '' Hand - foot - and - mouth disease '' in Birmingham in 1959 `` . British Medical Journal . 2 ( 5214 ) : 1708 -- 11 . PMC 2098292 . PMID 13682692 . Jump up ^ Flewett TH , Warin RP , Clarke SK ( January 1963 ) . `` ' Hand , foot , and mouth disease ' associated with Coxsackie A5 virus '' . Journal of Clinical Pathology. 16 : 53 -- 5 . PMC 480485 . PMID 13945538 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : B08. 4 ICD - 9 - CM : 074.3 MeSH : D006232 DiseasesDB : 5622 External resources MedlinePlus : 000965 eMedicine : derm / 175 Patient UK : Hand , foot , and mouth disease Media related to Hand , foot and mouth disease at Wikimedia Commons News related to Highly contagious Hand , foot and mouth disease killing China 's children at Wikinews Infectious skin disease : Viral cutaneous conditions , including viral exanthema ( B00 -- B09 , 050 -- 059 ) DNA virus Herpesviridae Alpha HSV Herpes simplex Herpetic whitlow Herpes gladiatorum Herpes simplex keratitis Herpetic sycosis Neonatal herpes simplex Herpes genitalis Herpes labialis Eczema herpeticum Herpetiform esophagitis Herpes B virus B virus infection VZV Chickenpox Herpes zoster Herpes zoster oticus Ophthalmic zoster Disseminated herpes zoster Zoster - associated pain Modified varicella - like syndrome Beta Human herpesvirus 6 / Roseolovirus Exanthema subitum Roseola vaccinia Cytomegalic inclusion disease Gamma KSHV Kaposi 's sarcoma Poxviridae Ortho Variola Smallpox Alastrim MoxV Monkeypox CPXV Cowpox VV Vaccinia Generalized vaccinia Eczema vaccinatum Progressive vaccinia Buffalopox Para Farmyard pox : Milker 's nodule Bovine papular stomatitis Pseudocowpox Orf Sealpox Other Yatapoxvirus : Tanapox Yaba monkey tumor virus MCV Molluscum contagiosum Papillomaviridae HPV Wart / plantar wart Heck 's disease Genital wart giant Laryngeal papillomatosis Butcher 's wart Bowenoid papulosis Epidermodysplasia verruciformis Verruca plana Pigmented wart Verrucae palmares et plantares BPV Equine sarcoid Parvoviridae Parvovirus B19 Erythema infectiosum Reticulocytopenia Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome Polyomaviridae Merkel cell polyomavirus Merkel cell carcinoma RNA virus Paramyxoviridae MeV Measles Togaviridae Rubella virus Rubella Congenital rubella syndrome ( `` German measles '' ) Alphavirus infection Chikungunya fever Picornaviridae CAV Hand , foot and mouth disease Herpangina FMDV Foot - and - mouth disease Boston exanthem disease Ungrouped Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood Post-vaccination follicular eruption Lipschütz ulcer Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis Viral - associated trichodysplasia Gianotti -- Crosti syndrome Oral and maxillofacial pathology ( K00 -- K06 , K11 -- K14 , 520 -- 525 , 527 -- 529 ) Lips Cheilitis Actinic Angular Plasma cell Cleft lip Congenital lip pit Eclabium Herpes labialis Macrocheilia Microcheilia Nasolabial cyst Sun poisoning Trumpeter 's wart Tongue Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Cunnilingus tongue Fissured tongue Foliate papillitis Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Glossoptosis Hypoglossia Lingual thyroid Macroglossia Microglossia Rhabdomyoma Palate Bednar 's aphthae Cleft palate High - arched palate Palatal cysts of the newborn Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia Stomatitis nicotina Torus palatinus Oral mucosa -- Lining of mouth Amalgam tattoo Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Behçet 's disease Bohn 's nodules Burning mouth syndrome Candidiasis Condyloma acuminatum Darier 's disease Epulis fissuratum Erythema multiforme Erythroplakia Fibroma Giant - cell Focal epithelial hyperplasia Fordyce spots Hairy leukoplakia Hand , foot and mouth disease Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis Herpangina Herpes zoster Intraoral dental sinus Leukoedema Leukoplakia Lichen planus Linea alba Lupus erythematosus Melanocytic nevus Melanocytic oral lesion Molluscum contagiosum Morsicatio buccarum Oral cancer Benign : Squamous cell papilloma Keratoacanthoma Malignant : Adenosquamous carcinoma Basaloid squamous carcinoma Mucosal melanoma Spindle cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Verrucous carcinoma Oral florid papillomatosis Oral melanosis Smoker 's melanosis Pemphigoid Benign mucous membrane Pemphigus Plasmoacanthoma Stomatitis Aphthous Denture - related Herpetic Smokeless tobacco keratosis Submucous fibrosis Ulceration Riga -- Fede disease Verruca vulgaris Verruciform xanthoma White sponge nevus Teeth ( pulp , dentin , enamel ) Amelogenesis imperfecta Ankylosis Anodontia Caries Early childhood caries Concrescence Failure of eruption of teeth Dens evaginatus Talon cusp Dentin dysplasia Dentin hypersensitivity Dentinogenesis imperfecta Dilaceration Discoloration Ectopic enamel Enamel hypocalcification Enamel hypoplasia Turner 's hypoplasia Enamel pearl Fluorosis Fusion Gemination Hyperdontia Hypodontia Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis Impaction Wisdom tooth impaction Macrodontia Meth mouth Microdontia Odontogenic tumors Keratocystic odontogenic tumour Odontoma Dens in dente Open contact Premature eruption Neonatal teeth Pulp calcification Pulp stone Pulp canal obliteration Pulp necrosis Pulp polyp Pulpitis Regional odontodysplasia Resorption Shovel - shaped incisors Supernumerary root Taurodontism Trauma Avulsion Cracked tooth syndrome Vertical root fracture Occlusal Tooth loss Edentulism Tooth wear Abrasion Abfraction Acid erosion Attrition Periodontium ( gingiva , periodontal ligament , cementum , alveolus ) -- Gums and tooth - supporting structures Cementicle Cementoblastoma Gigantiform Cementoma Eruption cyst Epulis Pyogenic granuloma Congenital epulis Gingival enlargement Gingival cyst of the adult Gingival cyst of the newborn Gingivitis Desquamative Granulomatous Plasma cell Hereditary gingival fibromatosis Hypercementosis Hypocementosis Linear gingival erythema Necrotizing periodontal diseases Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Pericoronitis Peri-implantitis Periodontal abscess Periodontal trauma Periodontitis Aggressive As a manifestation of systemic disease Chronic Perio - endo lesion Teething Periapical , mandibular and maxillary hard tissues -- Bones of jaws Agnathia Alveolar osteitis Buccal exostosis Cherubism Idiopathic osteosclerosis Mandibular fracture Microgenia Micrognathia Intraosseous cysts Odontogenic : periapical Dentigerous Buccal bifurcation Lateral periodontal Globulomaxillary Calcifying odontogenic Glandular odontogenic Non-odontogenic : Nasopalatine duct Median mandibular Median palatal Traumatic bone Osteoma Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Bisphosphonate - associated Neuralgia - inducing cavitational osteonecrosis Osteoradionecrosis Osteoporotic bone marrow defect Paget 's disease of bone Periapical abscess Phoenix abscess Periapical periodontitis Stafne defect Torus mandibularis Temporomandibular joints , muscles of mastication and malocclusions -- Jaw joints , chewing muscles and bite abnormalities Bruxism Condylar resorption Mandibular dislocation Malocclusion Crossbite Open bite Overbite Overeruption Overjet Prognathia Retrognathia Scissor bite Maxillary hypoplasia Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Salivary glands Benign lymphoepithelial lesion Ectopic salivary gland tissue Frey 's syndrome HIV salivary gland disease Necrotizing sialometaplasia Mucocele Ranula Pneumoparotitis Salivary duct stricture Salivary gland aplasia Salivary gland atresia Salivary gland diverticulum Salivary gland fistula Salivary gland hyperplasia Salivary gland hypoplasia Salivary gland neoplasms Benign : Basal cell adenoma Canalicular adenoma Ductal papilloma Monomorphic adenoma Myoepithelioma Oncocytoma Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum Pleomorphic adenoma Sebaceous adenoma Malignant : Acinic cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma Lymphoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Sclerosing polycystic adenosis Sialadenitis Parotitis Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis Sialectasis Sialocele Sialodochitis Sialosis Sialolithiasis Sjögren 's syndrome Orofacial soft tissues -- Soft tissues around the mouth Actinomycosis Angioedema Basal cell carcinoma Cutaneous sinus of dental origin Cystic hygroma Gnathophyma Ludwig 's angina Macrostomia Melkersson -- Rosenthal syndrome Microstomia Noma Oral Crohn 's disease Orofacial granulomatosis Perioral dermatitis Pyostomatitis vegetans Other Eagle syndrome Hemifacial hypertrophy Facial hemiatrophy Oral manifestations of systemic disease NDL : 00804612 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hand,_foot,_and_mouth_disease&oldid=865134490 '' Categories : Enterovirus - associated diseases Oral mucosal pathology Virus - related cutaneous conditions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use mdy dates from June 2013 Infobox medical condition ( new ) Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers RTT RTTEM Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 00 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did hand foot and mouth disease begin | [
"HFMD cases were first described clinically in Canada and New Zealand in 1957.[17] The disease was termed \"Hand Foot and Mouth Disease\", by Thomas Henry Flewett, after a similar outbreak in 1960.[45] [46]\n"
] | [
"1957"
] |
-6393148309661140953 | Marbury v. Madison | Marbury v. Madison - wikipedia Marbury v. Madison United States Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court of the United States Argued February 11 , 1803 Decided February 24 , 1803 Full case name William Marbury v. James Madison , Secretary of State of the United States Citations 5 U.S. 137 ( more ) 1 Cranch 137 ; 2 L. Ed . 60 ; 1803 U.S. LEXIS 352 Prior history Original action filed in U.S. Supreme Court ; order to show cause why writ of mandamus should not issue , December 1801 Holding Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional to the extent it purports to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution . Congress can not pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution , and it is the role of the judiciary to interpret what the Constitution permits . Court membership Chief Justice John Marshall Associate Justices William Cushing William Paterson Samuel Chase Bushrod Washington Alfred Moore Case opinions Majority Marshall , joined by Paterson , Chase , Washington Cushing and Moore took no part in the consideration or decision of the case . Laws applied U.S. Const . arts . I , III ; Judiciary Act of 1789 § 13 Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 ( 1803 ) , was a U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States , meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws , statutes , and executive actions that contravene the U.S. Constitution . The Court 's landmark decision , issued in 1803 , helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government . The case ultimately stemmed from a rivalry between outgoing U.S. President John Adams and incoming President Thomas Jefferson . Adams had lost the U.S. presidential election of 1800 to Jefferson , and in March 1801 , just two days before his term as president ended , Adams appointed several dozen men who supported him and the Federalist Party to new circuit judge and justice of the peace positions in an attempt to stymie Jefferson and his supporters in the Democratic - Republican Party . The U.S. Senate quickly confirmed Adams 's appointments , but upon Jefferson 's inauguration two days later , a few of the mens ' paper commissions still had not been delivered . Jefferson believed the commissions were void because they had not been delivered in time , and instructed his new Secretary of State , James Madison , not to deliver them . Among the men whose commissions had not been delivered in time was William Marbury , a landowner and businessman from Maryland who had been a strong supporter of Adams and the Federalists . In late 1801 , Marbury filed a lawsuit in the U.S. Supreme Court asking the Court to issue a writ of mandamus forcing Madison to deliver his commission . The Court , in an opinion written by Chief Justice John Marshall , found firstly that Madison 's refusal to deliver the commission was both illegal and correctible . Nonetheless , the Court stopped short of ordering Madison to hand over Marbury 's commission , instead holding that the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that enabled Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional , since it purported to extend the Court 's original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III established . Marbury v. Madison remains the single most important decision in American constitutional law . The decision expanded the power of the Supreme Court in general , by announcing that the 1789 law which gave the Court jurisdiction in this case was unconstitutional . Marbury thus lost his case , which the Court said he should have won , but , in explaining its inability to provide Marbury the remedy it said he deserved , the Court established the principle of judicial review , i.e. , the power to declare a law unconstitutional . Contents 1 Background 2 Decision 2.1 Marbury 's commission and legal remedy 2.2 Jurisdiction 2.3 Introducing judicial review 3 Impact 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Works cited 8 Further reading 9 External links Background In the fiercely contested U.S. presidential election of 1800 , the three major candidates were Democratic - Republican Party candidates Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr , and Federalist Party candidate John Adams , who was the incumbent U.S. president . American public opinion had gradually turned against the Federalists in the months prior to the election , mainly due to their use of the Alien and Sedition Acts and growing tensions with Great Britain . Jefferson easily won the popular vote , but he and Burr tied in the Electoral College vote ; as the U.S. Constitution directs , the tie went to the U.S. House of Representatives , which voted in favor of Jefferson . William Marbury , whose commission was not delivered before outgoing President John Adams left office . Secretary of State James Madison , whom incoming President Thomas Jefferson instructed to withhold the undelivered commissions . As the results of the election became clear in early 1801 , Adams and the Federalists became determined to exercise their influence in the weeks remaining before Jefferson took office , and did all they could to fill federal offices with `` anti-Jeffersonians '' who were loyal to the Federalists . On March 2 , 1801 , just two days before his presidential term was to end , Adams nominated nearly 60 Federalist supporters to circuit judge and justice of the peace positions the Federalist - controlled Congress had newly created . These appointees -- known as the `` Midnight Judges '' -- included William Marbury , a prosperous businessman from Maryland . An ardent Federalist , Marbury was active in Maryland politics and had been a vigorous supporter of the Adams presidency . The following day , March 3 , Adams 's nominations were approved en masse by the U.S. Senate . The commissions were immediately signed and sealed by Adams 's Secretary of State , John Marshall , who had been named the new Chief Justice of the United States in January 1801 but continued acting as Adams 's Secretary of State until Jefferson took office . Marshall then dispatched his younger brother James Markham Marshall to deliver the commissions to the appointees . With only one day left before Jefferson 's inauguration , James Marshall was able to deliver most of the commissions , but a few -- including Marbury 's -- were not delivered . On March 4 , 1801 , Thomas Jefferson was sworn in and became the 3rd President of the United States . As soon as he was able , Jefferson instructed his new Secretary of State , James Madison , to withhold the undelivered appointments . In Jefferson 's opinion , the commissions were void because they had not been delivered in time . Without the commissions , the appointees were unable to assume the offices and duties to which they had been appointed . In December 1801 , Marbury filed suit against Madison in the Supreme Court , asking the Court to issue a writ of mandamus forcing Madison to deliver Marbury 's commission . This lawsuit resulted in the case of Marbury v. Madison . Aside from its inherent legal complexities , the case created a difficult political dilemma for Marshall and the rest of the Supreme Court . If the Court ruled in favor of Marbury and issued a writ of mandamus ordering Madison to deliver the commission , Jefferson and Madison would likely have simply ignored the order , which would have made the Court look impotent and emphasized the `` shakiness '' of the judiciary . On the other hand , a basic ruling against Marbury would have given Jefferson and the Republican - Democrats a clear political victory . In his `` brilliant '' decision , Marshall not only avoided both problems , but with `` a touch of genius '' also used the case to establish the principle of judicial review in American law . Decision An engraving of Chief Justice John Marshall made by Charles - Balthazar - Julien Fevret de Saint - Mémin in 1808 . On February 24 , 1803 , the Court rendered a unanimous ( 4 -- 0 ) decision against Marbury . The Court 's opinion was written by the Chief Justice , John Marshall . Marshall structured the Court 's opinion around a series of three questions that Marshall answered in turn : First , did Marbury have a right to his commission ? Second , if Marbury had a right to his commission , was there a legal remedy for him to obtain it ? Third , if there was such a remedy , could the Supreme Court legally issue it ? Marbury 's commission and legal remedy The Court quickly answered the first two questions affirmatively . First , Marshall wrote that Marbury had a right to his commission because all appropriate procedures were followed -- the commission had been properly signed and sealed . Madison contended that the commissions were void if not delivered ; the Court disagreed , and said that the delivery of the commission was merely a custom , not an essential element of the commission itself . The ( President 's ) signature is a warrant for affixing the great seal to the commission , and the great seal is only to be affixed to an instrument which is complete . ( ... ) The transmission of the commission is a practice directed by convenience , but not by law . It can not therefore be necessary to constitute the appointment , which must precede it and which is the mere act of the President . -- from Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. at 158 , 160 . Because Marbury 's commission was valid , Marshall wrote , Madison 's withholding of it was `` violative of a vested legal right '' on Marbury 's part . Turning to the second question , the Court said that the laws clearly afforded Marbury a remedy . Following the traditional Roman legal maxim ubi jus , ibi remedium ( `` where there is a legal right , there is also a legal remedy '' ) , Marshall wrote : `` The very essence of civil liberty certainly consists in the right of every individual to claim the protection of the laws whenever he receives an injury . '' The specific issue , however , was whether the courts -- part of the judicial branch of the government -- could give Marbury a remedy against Madison -- who as Secretary of State was part of the executive branch of the government . The Court held that so long as the remedy involved a mandatory duty to a specific person , and not a political matter left to discretion , the courts could provide the legal remedy . In a now well - known line of the opinion , Marshall wrote : `` The government of the United States has been emphatically termed a government of laws , and not of men . '' Jurisdiction After concluding that Marbury had a right to his commission and that a legal remedy existed to provide it to him , the Court then turned to whether or not it was proper for the Supreme Court to issue the writ Marbury requested . Marshall first reiterated the distinction between the executive branch 's political discretion , which he said the courts could not review , and its legally mandated ministerial duties , which the courts could review . Marshall then addressed the most important issue of the opinion : the propriety of the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction over the matter . Marbury argued that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court original jurisdiction over his case . The Supreme Court shall also have appellate jurisdiction from the circuit courts and courts of the several states , in the cases herein after specially provided for ; and shall have power to issue writs of prohibition to the district courts , when proceeding as courts of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction , and writs of mandamus , in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law , to any courts appointed , or persons holding office , under the authority of the United States . -- Judiciary Act of 1789 , Section 13 ( excerpt ) Marshall 's discussion of this issue first explains the difference between original jurisdiction , in which a court has the power to be the first to hear and decide a case , and appellate jurisdiction , in which a party to a decision appeals to a higher court which has the power to review the previous decision and then either affirm or overturn it . Because Marbury filed his suit directly with the Supreme Court , the Court would need to exercise original jurisdiction to hear it ; if the Court 's jurisdiction over writs of mandamus was limited to appellate jurisdiction only , it would be unable to properly hear and decide Marbury 's directly - filed case , since it had not been first heard in a lower court and then appealed to the Supreme Court . The Court agreed with Marbury , and interpreted the relevant section of the Judiciary Act to authorize mandamus on original jurisdiction . However , Marshall noted that this authorization clashed with Article III of the U.S. Constitution , which establishes the judicial branch of the U.S. government . In all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party , the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction . In all the other Cases before mentioned , the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction , both as to Law and Fact , with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . -- U.S. Constitution , Article III , Section 2 . This section of Article III of the Constitution establishes that the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases where a U.S. State is a party to the lawsuit , or where the lawsuit involves foreign dignitaries . Neither of these categories covered Marbury 's justice of the peace commission , and so , according to the Constitution , the Court could only have heard Marbury 's case while exercising appellate jurisdiction . However , Marshall had interpreted the Judicial Act to have given the Court original jurisdiction over the matter : this meant that the Judicial Act apparently took the initial scope of the Supreme Court 's original jurisdiction -- which was limited to cases either directly involving States or involving foreign dignitaries -- and expanded it to include issuing writs of mandamus . Marshall ruled that Congress can not increase the Supreme Court 's original jurisdiction as it was set down in the Constitution , and therefore that the relevant portion of Section 13 of the Judiciary Act violated Article III of the Constitution . Introducing judicial review Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison , in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review . After ruling that it conflicted with the Constitution , Marshall struck down the relevant portion of the Judiciary Act in the U.S. Supreme Court 's first ever declaration of the power of judicial review . Marshall 's justification for the Court 's judicial review power began with a long disquisition on the hierarchy between statutory law and constitutional law . Marshall held `` virtually as a matter of iron logic '' that in the event of conflict between the Constitution and statutory laws passed by Congress , the constitutional law must be supreme . Additionally , Marshall stated that deciding the constitutionality of the laws it applies is an inherent part of the American judiciary 's role . In what has become the most frequently quoted line of the opinion , Marshall wrote : `` It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . '' The Court 's opinion gives a number of reasons in support of judicial review . Marshall reasoned that the U.S. Constitution places limits on the American government 's powers , and that those limits would be meaningless unless they were subject to judicial review and enforcement . The written nature of the Constitution , he wrote , inherently established judicial review . In a line borrowed from Alexander Hamilton 's essay Federalist No. 78 , Marshall wrote : `` The powers of the legislature are defined and limited ; and that those limits may not be mistaken or forgotten , the constitution is written . '' In another argument borrowed from Federalist No. 78 , Marshall stated that `` a law repugnant to the Constitution is void '' , and that the judiciary had no choice but to follow the Constitution . Marshall reasoned that the Constitution 's provisions limiting the legislature 's power -- such as the export tax clause and the prohibitions on bills of attainder and ex post facto laws -- meant that in some cases the judiciary would be forced to choose between enforcing the Constitution or following Congress . Marshall also argued that the authorization in Article III of the Constitution that the Court can decide cases arising `` under this Constitution '' implied that the Court had the power to strike down laws conflicting with the Constitution . This , Marshall wrote , meant that the Founders were willing to have the American judiciary use and interpret the Constitution when judging cases . Lastly , Marshall argued that judicial review is implied in Article VI of the Constitution , since it declares the supreme law of the United States to be not the Constitution and the laws of the United States in general , but rather the Constitution and laws made `` in Pursuance thereof '' . Impact Chief Justice John Marshall 's opinion in Marbury established the power of the judiciary to review the constitutionality of legislation and certain executive actions in American law , a power known as `` judicial review '' . Marbury 's establishment of judicial review cemented the fact that the U.S. Constitution is actual law -- as opposed to a document simply containing widely accepted political ideals -- against which courts can review laws and statutes passed by the legislature . This departed from the British system , in which statutes passed by Parliament can not be reviewed or struck down by courts because of the principle of parliamentary sovereignty . Marbury also established that the power of judicial review covers actions by the executive branch -- the U.S. President and his cabinet members . However , American courts ' power of judicial review over U.S. executive branch actions only extends to matters in which the executive has a legal duty to act or refrain from acting , and does not extend to matters that are entirely within the U.S. president 's discretion , such as whether to veto a bill or whom to appoint to an office . This power has been the basis of many subsequent important Supreme Court decisions in American history , such as the 1974 case United States v. Nixon , in which the Court held that President Richard Nixon was required to comply with a subpoena to provide tapes of his conversations for use in a criminal trial , and which ultimately led to Nixon 's resignation . Judicial review was rarely exercised in early American history . After the Marbury decision in 1803 , the U.S. Supreme Court did not strike down another federal law until 1857 , when the Court struck down the Missouri Compromise in the now - infamous case of Dred Scott v. Sandford , a ruling that contributed to the outbreak of the American Civil War . Criticism Given its preeminent position in American constitutional law , Chief Justice John Marshall 's opinion in Marbury v. Madison continues to be the subject of critical analysis and historical inquiry . Marshall 's opinion has been criticized on a number of grounds , including logical inconsistencies and legal inaccuracies , but is still widely praised for its overall political and jurisprudential brilliance . U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter , writing in the Harvard Law Review , emphasized that one can criticize Marshall 's opinion in Marbury without detracting from its foundational importance and overall brilliance : `` The courage of Marbury v. Madison is not minimized by suggesting that its reasoning is not impeccable and that its conclusion , however wise , not inevitable . '' Criticisms of Marshall 's opinion in Marbury usually fall into two general categories . First , some criticize the way Marshall strove to reach the conclusion that the U.S. Supreme Court has constitutional authority over the other branches of the U.S. government . Second , Marshall 's arguments for the Court 's authority are sometimes said to be mere `` assertions of authority '' , rather than substantial reasons logically laid out to support his position . Additionally , it is questionable whether Marshall should have participated in the Marbury case because of his participating role in the dispute . Marshall was still the acting Secretary of State when the nominations were made , and he himself had signed the commissions and had been responsible for their delivery . This potential conflict of interest raises strong grounds for Marshall to have recused himself from the case . See also Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth Judicial review in the United States List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 5 Hylton v. United States Calder v. Bull Stuart v. Laird ( 1803 ) United States v. More ( 1805 ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Due to illnesses , Justices William Cushing and Alfred Moore did not sit for oral argument or participate in the Court 's decision . References Citations ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ McBride , Alex ( December 2006 ) . `` The Supreme Court , The Court and Democracy , Landmark Cases , Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) '' . Thirteen / WNET New York . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McCloskey & Levinson ( 2015 ) , pp. 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ McCloskey & Levinson ( 2010 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 2009 ) , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Pohlman ( 2005 ) , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : McCloskey & Levinson ( 2010 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , pp. 39 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Amar ( 1989 ) , p. 447 . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 40 , quoting Marbury , 5 U.S. at 162 . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 40 , quoting Marbury , 5 U.S. at 163 . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein ( 2014 ) , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Currie ( 1997 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 42 , quoting Marbury , 5 U.S. at 177 . ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Prakash & Yoo ( 2003 ) , p. 914 . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 43 , quoting Marbury , 5 U.S. at 176 . Jump up ^ Epstein ( 2014 ) , p. 90 , quoting Marbury , 5 U.S. at 180 . ^ Jump up to : Rotunda & Nowak ( 2013 ) : § 1.3 . ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Rotunda & Nowak ( 2013 ) , § 1.4 ( a ) . Jump up ^ Frankfurter ( 1955 ) , p. 219 , quoted in Rotunda & Nowak ( 2013 ) , § 1.4 ( a ) . Works cited Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1989 ) . `` Marbury , Section 13 , and the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court '' . University of Chicago Law Review . 56 ( 2 ) : 443 -- 99 . JSTOR 1599844 . Chemerinsky , Erwin ( 2015 ) . Constitutional Law : Principles and Policies ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Wolters Kluwer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4548 - 4947 - 6 . Currie , David P. ( 1997 ) . The Constitution in Congress : The Federalist Period 1789 -- 1801 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Edlin , Douglas ( 2008 ) . Judges and Unjust Laws : Common Law Constitutionalism and the Foundations of Judicial Review . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11662 - 2 . Epstein , Richard A. ( 2014 ) . The Classical Liberal Constitution : The Uncertain Quest for Limited Government . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0674724891 . Fletcher , George P. ; Sheppard , Steve ( 2004 ) . American Law in Global Perspective : The Basics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516723 - 6 . Frankfurter , Felix ( 1955 ) . `` John Marshall and the Judicial Function '' . Harvard Law Review . 69 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 38 . JSTOR 1337866 . Henretta , James A. ; David Brody ; Lynn Dumenil ( 2007 ) . America 's History : Volume 1 : To 1877 ( 6th ed . ) . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 45285 - 8 . McCloskey , Robert G. ; Levinson , Sanford ( 2010 ) . The American Supreme Court ( 5th ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 55686 - 4 . McDowell , Gary L. ( 1993 ) . `` Coke , Corwin and the Constitution : The ' Higher Law Background ' Reconsidered '' . The Review of Politics . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.1017 / s0034670500017605 . ISSN 0034 - 6705 . Miller , Mark Carlton ( 2009 ) . The View of the Courts from the Hill : Interactions Between Congress and the Federal Judiciary . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . Pohlman , H.L. ( 2005 ) . Constitutional Debate in Action : Governmental Powers . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3593 - 2 . Rotunda , Ronald ; Nowak , John E. ( 2013 ) . Treatise on Constitutional Law : Substance & Procedure ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Thomson West . Prakash , Saikrishna ; Yoo , John ( 2003 ) . `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' . University of Chicago Law Review . 70 ( 3 ) : 887 -- 982 . doi : 10.2307 / 1600662 . Smith , Jean Edward ( 1996 ) . John Marshall : Definer of a Nation . New York : Henry Holt & Company ; New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1389 - 4 . Sullivan , Kathleen M. ; Gunther , Gerald ( 2007 ) . Constitutional Law . New York : Foundation Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59941 - 246 - 7 . Treanor , William Michael ( 2005 ) . `` Judicial Review Before Marbury '' . Stanford Law Review . 58 ( 2 ) : 455 -- 562 . JSTOR 40040272 . Further reading Smith , Jean Edward ( 1989 ) . The Constitution And American Foreign Policy . St. Paul , MN : West Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 314 - 42317 - 6 . Nelson , William E. ( 2000 ) . Marbury v. Madison : The Origins and Legacy of Judicial Review . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1062 - 6 . ( One introduction to the case ) Clinton , Robert Lowry ( 1991 ) . Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0517 - 7 . ( Claims that it is a mistake to read the case as claiming a judicial power to tell the President or Congress what they can or can not do under the Constitution . ) Irons , Peter ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . Penguin Books . pp. 104 -- 107 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 029201 - 2 . Newmyer , R. Kent ( 2001 ) . John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 3249 - 7 . James M. O'Fallon , The Case of Benjamin More : A Lost Episode in the Struggle over Repeal of the 1801 Judiciary Act , 11 Law & Hist. Rev. 43 ( 1993 ) . Tushnet , Mark ( 2008 ) . I dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 1 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 . Sloan , Cliff ; McKean , David ( 2009 ) . The Great Decision : Jefferson , Adams , Marshall and the Battle for the Supreme Court . New York , NY : PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 426 - 5 . External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Marbury v. Madison Text of Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 ( 1803 ) is available from : Cornell Findlaw Justia OpenJurist Primary Documents in American History : Marbury v. Madison from the Library of Congress `` John Marshall , Marbury v. Madison , and Judicial Review -- How the Court Became Supreme '' Lesson plan for grades 9 -- 12 from National Endowment for the Humanities The 200th Anniversary of Marbury v. Madison : The Reasons We Should Still Care About the Decision , and The Lingering Questions It Left Behind The Establishment of Judicial Review The 200th Anniversary of Marbury v. Madison : The Supreme Court 's First Great Case Case Brief for Marbury v. Madison at Lawnix.com The short film Marbury v. Madison ( 1977 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Marbury v. Madison '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : Historic Supreme Court Decisions James Madison 4th President of the United States ( 1809 -- 1817 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) United States House of Representatives ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Congress of the Confederation ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Virginia House of Delegates ( 1776 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1786 ) `` Father of the Constitution '' Co-wrote , 1776 Virginia Constitution 1786 Annapolis Convention 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan Constitution of the United States Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 The Federalist Papers written by Madison No. 10 No. 51 Virginia Ratifying Convention United States Bill of Rights 27th amendment Constitution drafting and ratification timeline Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Tecumseh 's War Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 origins Burning of Washington The Octagon House Treaty of Ghent Seven Buildings residence results Second Barbary War Era of Good Feelings Second Bank of the United States State of the Union Address ( 1810 1814 1815 1816 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Co-founder , American Whig Society Supervised the Louisiana Purchase Anti-Administration party Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Democratic - Republican Party First Party System republicanism Library of Congress Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Report of 1800 Other writings The Papers of James Madison Life Early life and career Belle Grove Plantation , birthplace Montpelier Elections U.S. House of Representatives election , 1789 1790 1792 1794 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1812 Legacy and popular culture James Madison Memorial Building James Madison University James Madison College Madison , Wisconsin Madison Square Madison River Madison Street U.S. postage stamps James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation James Madison Freedom of Information Award James Madison Award James Madison Institute A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 series ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Marbury v. Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marbury_v._Madison&oldid=854695561 '' Categories : 1803 in United States case law 6th United States Congress History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Legal history of the District of Columbia Legal history of the United States Presidency of Thomas Jefferson United States Constitution Article Three case law United States constitutional case law United States political question doctrine case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court original jurisdiction cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Marshall Court Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with short description Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 04 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the significance of marbury vs madison | [
"Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803), was a U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws, statutes, and executive actions that contravene the U.S. Constitution. The Court's landmark decision, issued in 1803, helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government.\n"
] | [
"established the principle of judicial review in the United States, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws, statutes, and executive actions that contravene the U.S. Constitution"
] |
-7545768833053039642 | Tourism in Nepal | Tourism in Nepal - wikipedia Tourism in Nepal Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hotel Shanker , Kathmandu Tourism is the largest industry in Nepal and its largest source of foreign exchange and revenue . Possessing eight of the ten highest mountains in the world , Nepal is a hotspot destination for mountaineers , rock climbers and people seeking adventure . The Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Nepal and its cool weather are also strong attractions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Statistics 2.1 Arrivals 2.2 Arrivals by country 3 Wilderness tourism 4 Religious sites 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space . Nepal has 8 of the 10 highest mountains in the world . Mount Everest , the highest mountain peak in the world , is located in Nepal . Mountaineering and other types of adventure tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors . The world heritage site Lumbini , birthplace of Gautama Buddha , is located in the south of the West region of Nepal ( which despite the name is located in the centre of the country ) and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites throughout the country . The tourist industry is seen as a way to alleviate poverty and achieve greater social equity in the country . Tourism brings $471 ma year to Nepal . Namche Bazaar , gateway to Mount Everest , under snow According to statistics of 2012 , there was a slow growth rate of 9.8 % . According to statistics from Nepal Tourism Board ( NTB ) , a total of 598,204 foreign tourists entered the country via aerial route in 2012 . The government of Nepal declared 2011 to be Nepal Tourism Year , and hoped to attract one million foreign tourists to the country during that year . The government of Nepal has also declared Lumbini Tourism Year 2012 to promote Lumbini . Tourism in Nepal was badly affected , at least temporarily , by the series of earthquakes in 2015 . Lumbini Statistics ( edit ) In 2007 - , the number of international tourists visiting Nepal was 526,705 , which was an increase of 37.2 % compared to the previous year . In 2008 , the number of tourists decreased by 5 % to 500,277 . In 2008 , 55.9 % of the foreign visitors came from Asia ( 18.2 % from India ) , while Western Europeans accounted for 27.5 % , 7.6 % were from North America , 3.2 % from Australia and the Pacific Region , 2.6 % from Eastern Europe , 1.5 % from Central and South America , 0.3 % from Africa and 1.4 % from other countries . Foreign tourists visiting Nepal in 2008 stayed in the country for an average of 11.78 days . Arrivals ( edit ) This statistic shows the number of international tourist arrivals by year , 1993 -- 2016 : Year Number of international tourists arriving in Nepal % change from previous year 293,567 - 12.2 % 326,531 + 11.2 % 1995 363,395 + 11.3 % 393,613 + 8.3 % 421,857 + 7.2 % 1998 463,684 + 9.9 % 1999 491,504 + 6.0 % 2000 463,646 - 5.7 % 361,237 - 22.1 % 2002 275,468 - 23.7 2003 338,132 + 22.7 % 385,297 + 13.9 % 2005 375,398 - 2.6 % 2006 383,926 + 2.3 % 2007 526,705 + 37.3 % 2008 500,277 - 5.0 % 2009 509,956 + 1.9 % 602,867 + 18.2 % 2011 736,215 + 22.1 % 2012 803,092 + 9.1 % 2013 797,616 - 0.7 % 2014 790,118 - 0.9 % 2015 538,970 - 31 % 2016 753,002 + 40 % 2017 940,218 + 24.8 % Arrivals by country ( edit ) Most tourists arriving to Nepal on short term basis were from the following countries of nationality : Rank Country 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 India 160,832 118,249 75,124 135,343 180,974 China 104,664 104,005 66,984 123,805 113,173 United States 79,146 53,645 42,687 498 , 30 47,355 United Kingdom 51,058 46,295 29,730 36,759 35,688 5 Sri Lanka 45,361 57,521 44,367 37,546 32,736 6 Thailand 39,154 26,722 32,338 33,422 40,969 7 South Korea 34,301 25,171 18,112 23,205 19,714 8 Australia 33,371 25,507 16,619 24,516 20,469 9 Myanmar 30,852 25,769 21,631 N / A N / A 10 Germany 29,918 23,812 16,405 18,028 22,263 11 Bangladesh 29,060 23,440 14,831 21,851 22,410 12 Japan 27,326 22,979 17,613 25,892 26,694 13 France 26,140 20,863 16,405 24,097 21,842 14 Malaysia 18,284 13,669 9,855 18,915 18,842 15 Spain 15,953 12,255 6,741 13,110 10,412 16 Canada 15,105 12,491 8,398 11,610 12,132 17 Netherlands 13,393 11,453 7,515 12,320 10,516 Total Foreigner 940,218 753,002 538,970 790,118 797,616 Wilderness Tourism ( edit ) Chitwan National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) Elephant safari with rhinos According to Nepal 's Ministry of Tourism , major tourist activities include wilderness and adventure activities such as mountain biking , bungee jumping , rock climbing and mountain climbing , trekking , hiking , bird watching , flights , paragliding and hot air ballooning over the mountains of Himalaya , exploring the waterways by raft , kayak or canoe and jungle safaris especially in the Terai region . Ilam , tea capital of Nepal and one of the tourism hotpots in eastern Nepal The only international elephant polo in Chitwan National Park Religious sites ( edit ) Janaki Mandir , the temple where Nepalese goddess Sita married Lord Rama in Nepal . World famous Pashupatinath Temple in Nepal . The major religion in Nepal is Hinduism , and the Pashupatinath Temple , the world 's largest temple of Shiva , located in Kathmandu , attracts many pilgrims and tourists . Other Hindu pilgrimage sites include the temple complex in Swargadwari in the Pyuthan district ; Janaki Mandir in Janakpurdham in Mithila region ; Lake Gosainkunda near Dhunche ; the temples at Devghat ; Manakamana temple in the Gorkha District ; Pathibhara near Phungling ; and Mahamrityunjaya Shivasan Nepal in Palpa District where the biggest metallic idol of Lord Shiva is located . Buddhism is the largest minority religion . The World Heritage site at Lumbini , which is traditionally considered to be the birthplace of Gautama Buddha , is an important pilgrimage site . Another prominent Buddhist site is Swayambhunath , the Monkey Temple , in Kathmandu . Dang valley is a sacred place for Hindus as well as other religions . Kalika and Malika Devi in Chhillikot hill , Ambekeshawori temple , Krishna temple , Dharapani temple are among the sacred places in Dang district . Chillikot hill is also a good place for sightseeing and also an ancient palace of a king . Muktinath is a sacred place for Hindus as well as Buddhists . The site is located in Muktinath Valley , Mustang district . See also ( edit ) Visa policy of Nepal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turner , Rochelle . `` Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2015 Nepal '' . World Travel & Tourism Council . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Mount Everest is so dangerous '' . Discover Economist. 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Nepal aims to attract 1 million foreign tourists next year Archived 2010 - 10 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Xinhua News Agency , accessed 21 November 2010 Jump up ^ Survey report Archived 2011 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Government of Nepal , Ministry of Finance , accessed 21 November 2010 Jump up ^ Nepal Tourism Statistics 2010 Report Archived 2012 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Government of Nepal , Ministry of Tourism , and Civil Aviation , accessed April 3rd , 2012 . Jump up ^ Government of Nepal , Ministry of Culture , Tourism & Civil Aviation ( May 2016 ) . `` Nepal Tourism Statistics 2016 '' ( PDF ) ( Visitor Arrivals ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Countrywise Tourist Arrival Statistics ( 2013 - 2016 ) '' . Nepal Tourism Board . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrival Departure Final Summary 2017 '' ( XLSX ) . Nepal Tourism Board . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Hiking Routes in Nepal '' . Everest Uncensored . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Major Tourism Activities Archived 2015 - 07 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepal Ministry of Culture , Tourism and Civil Aviation , retrieved 21 October 2014 External links ( edit ) Nepal travel guide from Wikivoyage Official tourism website Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation List of Nepal Hotels ( hide ) Tourism in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Nepal&oldid=837287598 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Economy of Nepal Tourism in Nepal Tourism in Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano नेपाली Русский తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 21 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how much money does tourism bring to nepal | [
"Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world, is located in Nepal. Mountaineering and other types of adventure tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors. The world heritage site Lumbini, birthplace of Gautama Buddha, is located in the south of the West region of Nepal (which despite the name is located in the centre of the country) and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites throughout the country. The tourist industry is seen as a way to alleviate poverty and achieve greater social equity in the country. Tourism brings $471m a year to Nepal.[2]\n"
] | [
"$471m a year"
] |
-5124696526937963018 | List of countries by GDP (nominal) | List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) - wikipedia List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) Jump to : navigation , search For countries by purchasing power parity GDP , see List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) . Largest economies by nominal GDP in 2017 , counting the economies of the European Union as one , according to International Monetary Fund estimates . The United States , the world 's largest economy , accounts for approximately 25 percent of Nominal world GDP , and the seven largest economies , amalgamating the European Union economies as one , account for 75 percent of the total . Gross domestic product ( GDP ) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year . Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions , which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates . Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries , and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country 's currency . Such fluctuations may change a country 's ranking from one year to the next , even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population . Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries . PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem , but has its own drawbacks ; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade , and it also requires more estimation than nominal GDP . On the whole , PPP per capita figures are less spread than nominal GDP per capita figures . The United States is the world 's largest economy with a GDP of approximately $18.56 trillion , notably due to high average incomes , a large population , capital investment , moderate unemployment , high consumer spending , a relatively young population , and technological innovation . Tuvalu is the world 's smallest national economy with a GDP of about $32 million because of its very small population , a lack of natural resources , reliance on foreign aid , negligible capital investment , demographic problems , and low average incomes . Although the rankings of national economies have changed considerably over time , the United States has maintained its top position since the Gilded Age , a time period in which its economy saw rapid expansion , surpassing the British Empire and Qing dynasty in aggregate output . Since China 's transition to a market - based economy through privatisation and deregulation , the country has seen its ranking increase from ninth in 1978 to second to only the United States in 2016 as economic growth accelerated and its share of global nominal GDP surged from 2 % in 1980 to 15 % in 2016 . India has also experienced a similar economic boom since the implementation of economic liberalisation in the early 1990s . When supranational entities are included , the European Union is the second largest economy in the world . It was the largest from 2004 , when ten countries joined the union , to 2014 , after which it was surpassed by the United States . The first list includes estimates compiled by the International Monetary Fund 's World Economic Outlook , the second list shows the World Bank 's data , and the third list includes data compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division . The IMF definitive data for the past year and estimates for the current year are published twice a year in April and October . Several economies which are not considered to be countries ( the world , the European Union , and some dependent territories ) are included in the lists because they appear in the sources as distinct economies . These economies are italicized and not ranked in the charts , but are listed where applicable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lists 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Lists Per the International Monetary Fund ( Estimates 2017 ) Per the World Bank ( 2016 ) Per the United Nations ( 2016 ) Rank Country GDP ( US $ MM ) World 75,278,049 United States 19,362,129 -- European Union 17,112,922 China 11,937,562 Japan 4,884,489 Germany 3,651,871 5 France 2,574,807 6 United Kingdom 2,565,051 7 India 2,439,008 8 Brazil 2,080,916 9 Italy 1,921,139 10 Canada 1,640,385 11 South Korea 1,529,743 12 Russia 1,469,341 13 Australia 1,390,150 14 Spain 1,307,170 15 Mexico 1,142,453 16 Indonesia 1,010,937 17 Turkey 841,206 18 Netherlands 824,480 19 Switzerland 680,645 20 Saudi Arabia 678,541 21 Argentina 619,872 22 Taiwan 571,453 23 Sweden 541,889 24 Poland 509,955 25 Belgium 491,672 26 Thailand 437,807 27 Iran 427,666 28 Austria 409,316 29 Egypt 408,045 / Na 30 Nigeria 394,818 31 Norway 392,052 32 United Arab Emirates 378,656 33 Israel 348,006 34 South Africa 344,064 35 Hong Kong 334,104 36 Ireland 325,649 37 Denmark 324,146 38 Philippines 321,189 39 Malaysia 309,858 40 Colombia 307,475 41 Singapore 305,757 42 Pakistan 304,400 / Na 43 Chile 263,206 44 Finland 251,381 45 Bangladesh 250,023 46 Vietnam 215,963 47 Venezuela 215,307 48 Portugal 211,696 49 Peru 210,013 50 Czech Republic 209,652 51 Romania 204,943 52 Greece 204,299 53 New Zealand 200,837 54 Iraq 192,660 55 Algeria 175,493 56 Qatar 166,346 57 Kazakhstan 156,189 58 Hungary 132,034 59 Angola 124,034 60 Sudan 118,979 61 Kuwait 118,271 62 Morocco 110,708 63 Ukraine 104,062 64 Puerto Rico 103,243 65 Ecuador 98,576 66 Slovakia 94,997 67 Sri Lanka 83,567 68 Ethiopia 79,735 69 Kenya 78,397 70 Syria 77,460 / Na 71 Dominican Republic 74,837 72 Oman 71,931 73 Guatemala 70,806 74 Uzbekistan 67,505 75 Myanmar 66,966 76 Luxembourg 63,517 77 Uruguay 60,266 78 Panama 59,051 79 Costa Rica 58,909 80 Bulgaria 55,954 81 Croatia 53,481 82 Belarus 52,783 83 Lebanon 52,698 84 Tanzania 51,614 85 Macau 51,160 86 Slovenia 48,078 87 Lithuania 46,666 88 Ghana 45,464 89 Turkmenistan 41,670 90 Jordan 40,487 91 Democratic Republic of the Congo 40,415 92 Côte d'Ivoire 39,906 93 Tunisia 39,883 94 Serbia 39,366 95 Azerbaijan 39,207 96 Bolivia 37,776 97 Bahrain 33,873 98 Libya 33,314 99 Cameroon 30,652 100 Latvia 30,176 101 Paraguay 28,780 102 El Salvador 27,407 103 Uganda 26,391 104 Estonia 25,683 105 Yemen 25,663 106 Zambia 25,576 107 Iceland 24,848 108 Nepal 24,065 109 Honduras 22,675 110 Cambodia 22,252 111 Papua New Guinea 21,811 112 Cyprus 21,109 113 Afghanistan 21,056 114 Trinidad and Tobago 20,300 115 Bosnia and Herzegovina 17,457 116 Laos 17,152 117 Zimbabwe 17,105 118 Botswana 16,725 119 Senegal 16,057 120 Georgia 15,230 121 Mali 14,998 122 Gabon 14,467 123 Jamaica 14,290 124 Nicaragua 13,692 125 Burkina Faso 13,187 126 Albania 13,001 127 Namibia 12,558 128 Mozambique 12,345 129 Mauritius 12,273 130 Malta 12,011 131 Brunei 11,963 132 Macedonia 11,416 133 Armenia 11,037 134 Mongolia 10,869 135 Madagascar 10,557 136 Equatorial Guinea 10,069 137 Chad 9,740 138 Benin 9,410 139 Guinea 9,183 140 Bahamas 9,127 141 Rwanda 8,918 142 Kosovo 8,883 143 Haiti 8,360 144 Moldova 7,945 145 Niger 7,892 146 Republic of Congo 7,799 147 Tajikistan 7,234 148 Kyrgyzstan 7,061 149 Malawi 6,261 150 Eritrea 6,050 151 Fiji 5,054 152 Mauritania 4,985 153 Barbados 4,821 154 Togo 4,797 155 Maldives 4,520 156 Montenegro 4,405 157 Swaziland 4,030 158 Sierra Leone 3,897 159 Suriname 3,665 160 Guyana 3,591 161 Burundi 3,393 162 South Sudan 2,915 163 Lesotho 2,721 164 Timor - Leste 2,716 165 Bhutan 2,321 166 Liberia 2,140 167 Djibouti 2,082 168 Central African Republic 1,992 169 Belize 1,819 170 Cape Verde 1,728 171 St. Lucia 1,717 172 San Marino 1,592 173 Antigua and Barbuda 1,535 174 Seychelles 1,479 175 Guinea - Bissau 1,295 176 Solomon Islands 1,273 177 Grenada 1,111 178 The Gambia 1,038 179 St. Kitts and Nevis 939 180 Samoa 844 181 Vanuatu 837 182 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 815 183 Comoros 659 184 Dominica 608 185 Tonga 437 186 São Tomé and Príncipe 372 187 Federated States of Micronesia 329 188 Palau 321 189 Marshall Islands 199 190 Kiribati 186 191 Tuvalu 40 Rank Country GDP ( US $ MM ) World 7007755435430000000 ♠ 75,543,543 United States 7007186244750000000 ♠ 18,624,475 -- European Union 7007163979800000000 ♠ 16,397,980 China 7007111991450000000 ♠ 11,199,145 Japan 7006494015800000000 ♠ 4,940,158 Germany 7006347779600000000 ♠ 3,477,796 5 United Kingdom 7006264789800000000 ♠ 2,647,898 6 France 7006246545300000000 ♠ 2,465,453 7 India 7006226379200000000 ♠ 2,263,792 8 Italy 7006185891300000000 ♠ 1,858,913 9 Brazil 7006179618600000000 ♠ 1,796,186 10 Canada 7006152976000000000 ♠ 1,529,760 11 South Korea 7006141124600000000 ♠ 1,411,246 12 Russia 7006128316200000000 ♠ 1,283,162 13 Spain 7006123725500000000 ♠ 1,237,255 14 Australia 7006120461600000000 ♠ 1,204,616 15 Mexico 7006104692200000000 ♠ 1,046,922 16 Indonesia 7005932259000000000 ♠ 932,259 17 Turkey 7005863711000000000 ♠ 863,711 18 Netherlands 7005777227000000000 ♠ 777,227 19 Switzerland 7005668851000000000 ♠ 668,851 20 Saudi Arabia 7005646438000000000 ♠ 646,438 21 Argentina 7005545866000000000 ♠ 545,866 22 Sweden 7005511000000000000 ♠ 511,000 23 Poland 7005469509000000000 ♠ 469,509 24 Belgium 7005466366000000000 ♠ 466,366 25 Iran 7005425326000000000 ♠ 425,326 26 Thailand 7005406840000000000 ♠ 406,840 27 Nigeria 7005405083000000000 ♠ 405,083 28 Austria 7005386428000000000 ♠ 386,428 29 Venezuela 7005371337000000000 ♠ 371,337 30 Norway 7005370557000000000 ♠ 370,557 31 United Arab Emirates 7005348743000000000 ♠ 348,743 32 Egypt 7005336297000000000 ♠ 336,297 33 Hong Kong 7005320912000000000 ♠ 320,912 34 Israel 7005318744000000000 ♠ 318,744 35 Denmark 7005306143000000000 ♠ 306,143 36 Philippines 7005304905000000000 ♠ 304,905 37 Singapore 7005296966000000000 ♠ 296,966 38 Malaysia 7005296359000000000 ♠ 296,359 39 South Africa 7005294841000000000 ♠ 294,841 40 Ireland 7005294054000000000 ♠ 294,054 41 Pakistan 7005283660000000000 ♠ 283,660 42 Colombia 7005282463000000000 ♠ 282,463 43 Chile 7005247028000000000 ♠ 247,028 44 Finland 7005236785000000000 ♠ 236,785 45 Bangladesh 7005221415000000000 ♠ 221,415 46 Portugal 7005204565000000000 ♠ 204,565 47 Vietnam 7005202616000000000 ♠ 202,616 48 Greece 7005194559000000000 ♠ 194,559 49 Czech Republic 7005192925000000000 ♠ 192,925 50 Peru 7005192094000000000 ♠ 192,094 51 Romania 7005186691000000000 ♠ 186,691 52 New Zealand 7005185017000000000 ♠ 185,017 53 Iraq 7005171489000000000 ♠ 171,489 54 Algeria 7005156080000000000 ♠ 156,080 55 Qatar 7005152469000000000 ♠ 152,469 56 Kazakhstan 7005133657000000000 ♠ 133,657 57 Hungary 7005124343000000000 ♠ 124,343 58 Kuwait 7005112812000000000 ♠ 112,812 59 Puerto Rico 7005103135000000000 ♠ 103,135 60 Morocco 7005101445000000000 ♠ 101,445 61 Ecuador 7004978020000000000 ♠ 97,802 62 Sudan 7004955840000000000 ♠ 95,584 63 Ukraine 7004932700000000000 ♠ 93,270 64 Angola 7004896330000000000 ♠ 89,633 65 Slovakia 7004895520000000000 ♠ 89,552 66 Sri Lanka 7004813220000000000 ♠ 81,322 67 Ethiopia 7004723740000000000 ♠ 72,374 68 Dominican Republic 7004715840000000000 ♠ 71,584 69 Kenya 7004705290000000000 ♠ 70,529 70 Guatemala 7004687630000000000 ♠ 68,763 71 Myanmar 7004674300000000000 ♠ 67,430 72 Uzbekistan 7004672200000000000 ♠ 67,220 73 Oman 7004662930000000000 ♠ 66,293 74 Luxembourg 7004599480000000000 ♠ 59,948 75 Costa Rica 7004574360000000000 ♠ 57,436 76 Panama 7004551880000000000 ♠ 55,188 77 Uruguay 7004524200000000000 ♠ 52,420 78 Bulgaria 7004523950000000000 ♠ 52,395 79 Croatia 7004504250000000000 ♠ 50,425 80 Lebanon 7004475370000000000 ♠ 47,537 81 Belarus 7004474330000000000 ♠ 47,433 82 Tanzania 7004474310000000000 ♠ 47,431 83 Macau 7004448030000000000 ♠ 44,803 84 Slovenia 7004439910000000000 ♠ 43,991 85 Lithuania 7004427390000000000 ♠ 42,739 86 Ghana 7004426900000000000 ♠ 42,690 87 Tunisia 7004420630000000000 ♠ 42,063 88 Jordan 7004386550000000000 ♠ 38,655 89 Azerbaijan 7004378480000000000 ♠ 37,848 90 Serbia 7004377450000000000 ♠ 37,745 91 Turkmenistan 7004361800000000000 ♠ 36,180 92 Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire 7004361650000000000 ♠ 36,165 93 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7004349990000000000 ♠ 34,999 94 Bolivia 7004338060000000000 ♠ 33,806 95 Bahrain 7004318590000000000 ♠ 31,859 96 Libya 7004291530000000000 ♠ 29,153 97 Latvia 7004276770000000000 ♠ 27,677 98 Paraguay 7004274410000000000 ♠ 27,441 99 Yemen 7004273180000000000 ♠ 27,318 100 El Salvador 7004267970000000000 ♠ 26,797 101 Uganda 7004255280000000000 ♠ 25,528 102 Cameroon 7004242040000000000 ♠ 24,204 103 Estonia 7004231370000000000 ♠ 23,137 104 Honduras 7004215170000000000 ♠ 21,517 105 Nepal 7004211440000000000 ♠ 21,144 106 Trinidad and Tobago 7004209890000000000 ♠ 20,989 107 Iceland 7004200470000000000 ♠ 20,047 108 Cambodia 7004200170000000000 ♠ 20,017 109 Cyprus 7004198020000000000 ♠ 19,802 110 Zambia 7004195510000000000 ♠ 19,551 111 Afghanistan 7004194690000000000 ♠ 19,469 112 Papua New Guinea 7004169290000000000 ♠ 16,929 113 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7004165600000000000 ♠ 16,560 114 Zimbabwe 7004162890000000000 ♠ 16,289 115 Laos 7004159030000000000 ♠ 15,903 116 Botswana 7004152750000000000 ♠ 15,275 117 Senegal 7004147650000000000 ♠ 14,765 118 Georgia 7004143330000000000 ♠ 14,333 119 Gabon 7004142140000000000 ♠ 14,214 120 Mali 7004140450000000000 ♠ 14,045 121 Jamaica 7004140270000000000 ♠ 14,027 122 South Sudan 7004132820000000000 ♠ 13,282 123 Nicaragua 7004132310000000000 ♠ 13,231 124 Mauritius 7004121640000000000 ♠ 12,164 125 Burkina Faso 7004121150000000000 ♠ 12,115 126 Albania 7004119270000000000 ♠ 11,927 127 Brunei 7004114000000000000 ♠ 11,400 128 Mongolia 7004111600000000000 ♠ 11,160 129 Mozambique 7004110150000000000 ♠ 11,015 130 Malta 7004109490000000000 ♠ 10,949 131 Macedonia 7004109000000000000 ♠ 10,900 132 Armenia 7004105470000000000 ♠ 10,547 133 Namibia 7004102670000000000 ♠ 10,267 134 Equatorial Guinea 7004101790000000000 ♠ 10,179 135 Madagascar 7003999100000000000 ♠ 9,991 136 Chad 7003960100000000000 ♠ 9,601 137 The Bahamas 7003904700000000000 ♠ 9,047 138 Benin 7003858300000000000 ♠ 8,583 139 Rwanda 7003837600000000000 ♠ 8,376 140 Haiti 7003802300000000000 ♠ 8,023 141 Republic of the Congo 7003783400000000000 ♠ 7,834 142 Niger 7003750900000000000 ♠ 7,509 143 Kosovo 7003704700000000000 ♠ 7,047 144 Tajikistan 7003695200000000000 ♠ 6,952 145 Moldova 7003675000000000000 ♠ 6,750 146 Kyrgyzstan 7003655100000000000 ♠ 6,551 147 Guinea 7003629900000000000 ♠ 6,299 148 Somalia 7003621700000000000 ♠ 6,217 149 Bermuda 7003557400000000000 ♠ 5,574 150 Liechtenstein 7003548800000000000 ♠ 5,488 151 Malawi 7003544200000000000 ♠ 5,442 152 Mauritania 7003463500000000000 ♠ 4,635 153 Fiji 7003463200000000000 ♠ 4,632 154 Barbados 7003458800000000000 ♠ 4,588 155 Togo 7003440000000000000 ♠ 4,400 156 Montenegro 7003417300000000000 ♠ 4,173 157 Swaziland 7003372700000000000 ♠ 3,727 158 Sierra Leone 7003366900000000000 ♠ 3,669 159 Suriname 7003362100000000000 ♠ 3,621 160 Maldives 7003359100000000000 ♠ 3,591 161 Guyana 7003344600000000000 ♠ 3,446 162 Andorra 7003324900000000000 ♠ 3,249 163 Burundi 7003300700000000000 ♠ 3,007 164 Faroe Islands 7003261300000000000 ♠ 2,613 165 Greenland 7003244100000000000 ♠ 2,441 166 Bhutan 7003223700000000000 ♠ 2,237 167 Lesotho 7003220000000000000 ♠ 2,200 168 Liberia 7003210100000000000 ♠ 2,101 169 Belize 7003176500000000000 ♠ 1,765 170 Central African Republic 7003175600000000000 ♠ 1,756 171 Cape Verde 7003161700000000000 ♠ 1,617 172 Djibouti 7003158900000000000 ♠ 1,589 173 Antigua and Barbuda 7003144900000000000 ♠ 1,449 174 Seychelles 7003142700000000000 ♠ 1,427 175 Timor - Leste 7003141700000000000 ♠ 1,417 176 Saint Lucia 7003137900000000000 ♠ 1,379 177 Solomon Islands 7003120200000000000 ♠ 1,202 178 Guinea - Bissau 7003112600000000000 ♠ 1,126 179 Grenada 7003101600000000000 ♠ 1,016 180 The Gambia 7002965000000000000 ♠ 965 181 Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002917000000000000 ♠ 917 182 Samoa 7002786000000000000 ♠ 786 183 Vanuatu 7002774000000000000 ♠ 774 184 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002771000000000000 ♠ 771 185 Comoros 7002617000000000000 ♠ 617 186 Dominica 7002525000000000000 ♠ 525 187 Tonga 7002395000000000000 ♠ 395 188 Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé and Príncipe 7002351000000000000 ♠ 351 189 Federated States of Micronesia 7002322000000000000 ♠ 322 190 Palau 7002293000000000000 ♠ 293 191 Marshall Islands 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 192 Kiribati 7002166000000000000 ♠ 166 193 Nauru 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 194 Tuvalu 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Rank Country GDP ( US $ MM ) World 7007756484480000000 ♠ 75,648,448 United States 7007186244750000000 ♠ 18,624,475 -- European Union 7007163326310000000 ♠ 16,332,631 China 7007112182810000000 ♠ 11,218,281 Japan 7006493621100000000 ♠ 4,936,211 Germany 7006347779600000000 ♠ 3,477,796 5 United Kingdom 7006264789800000000 ♠ 2,647,898 6 France 7006246545300000000 ♠ 2,465,453 7 India 7006225964200000000 ♠ 2,259,642 8 Italy 7006185891300000000 ♠ 1,858,913 9 Brazil 7006179592500000000 ♠ 1,795,925 10 Canada 7006152976000000000 ♠ 1,529,760 11 South Korea 7006141124500000000 ♠ 1,411,245 12 Australia 7006130446300000000 ♠ 1,304,463 13 Russia 7006124601500000000 ♠ 1,246,015 14 Spain 7006123725500000000 ♠ 1,237,255 15 Mexico 7006107691400000000 ♠ 1,076,914 16 Indonesia 7005932259000000000 ♠ 932,259 17 Turkey 7005863711000000000 ♠ 863,711 18 Netherlands 7005777227000000000 ♠ 777,227 19 Switzerland 7005668851000000000 ♠ 668,851 20 Saudi Arabia 7005639617000000000 ♠ 639,617 21 Argentina 7005545866000000000 ♠ 545,866 22 Sweden 7005514475000000000 ♠ 514,475 23 Poland 7005471402000000000 ♠ 471,402 24 Belgium 7005467955000000000 ♠ 467,955 25 Iran 7005425402000000000 ♠ 425,402 26 Thailand 7005407026000000000 ♠ 407,026 27 Nigeria 7005404649000000000 ♠ 404,649 28 Austria 7005390799000000000 ♠ 390,799 29 Norway 7005371068000000000 ♠ 371,068 30 United Arab Emirates 7005399451000000000 ♠ 399,451 31 Colombia 7005377740000000000 ♠ 377,740 32 South Africa 7005349819000000000 ♠ 349,819 33 Denmark 7005346119000000000 ♠ 346,119 34 Malaysia 7005326933000000000 ♠ 326,933 35 Singapore 7005307872000000000 ♠ 307,872 36 Israel 7005305673000000000 ♠ 305,673 37 Venezuela 7005291376000000000 ♠ 291,376 38 Philippines 7005290896000000000 ♠ 290,896 39 Egypt 7005282242000000000 ♠ 282,242 40 Hong Kong * 7005274027000000000 ♠ 274,027 41 Finland 7005272217000000000 ♠ 272,217 42 Chile 7005258062000000000 ♠ 258,062 43 Pakistan 7005251255000000000 ♠ 251,255 44 Ireland 7005250814000000000 ♠ 250,814 45 Greece 7005235574000000000 ♠ 235,574 46 Portugal 7005230117000000000 ♠ 230,117 47 Iraq 7005225422000000000 ♠ 225,422 48 Kazakhstan 7005216036000000000 ♠ 216,036 49 Algeria 7005213518000000000 ♠ 213,518 50 Qatar 7005211817000000000 ♠ 211,817 51 Czech Republic 7005205270000000000 ♠ 205,270 52 Peru 7005201809000000000 ♠ 201,809 53 Romania 7005199045000000000 ♠ 199,045 54 New Zealand 7005198652000000000 ♠ 198,652 55 Vietnam 7005186205000000000 ♠ 186,205 56 Bangladesh 7005173062000000000 ♠ 173,062 57 Kuwait 7005163637000000000 ♠ 163,637 58 Angola 7005146676000000000 ♠ 146,676 59 Hungary 7005138347000000000 ♠ 138,347 60 Ukraine 7005131806000000000 ♠ 131,806 61 Morocco 7005110009000000000 ♠ 110,009 62 Puerto Rico 7005103676000000000 ♠ 103,676 63 Ecuador 7005100917000000000 ♠ 100,917 64 Slovakia 7005100249000000000 ♠ 100,249 65 Cuba 7004896890000000000 ♠ 89,689 66 Sudan 7004818940000000000 ♠ 81,894 67 Oman 7004817970000000000 ♠ 81,797 68 Belarus 7004761390000000000 ♠ 76,139 69 Azerbaijan 7004751930000000000 ♠ 75,193 70 Sri Lanka 7004749410000000000 ♠ 74,941 71 Myanmar 7004664780000000000 ♠ 66,478 72 Luxembourg 7004648740000000000 ♠ 64,874 73 Dominican Republic 7004639690000000000 ♠ 63,969 74 Uzbekistan 7004630300000000000 ♠ 63,030 75 Kenya 7004609360000000000 ♠ 60,936 76 Guatemala 7004588270000000000 ♠ 58,827 77 Uruguay 7004574710000000000 ♠ 57,471 78 Croatia 7004571370000000000 ♠ 57,137 79 Bulgaria 7004567180000000000 ♠ 56,718 80 Macau * 7004555020000000000 ♠ 55,502 81 Ethiopia 7004536380000000000 ♠ 53,638 82 Lebanon 7004496310000000000 ♠ 49,631 83 Costa Rica 7004495530000000000 ♠ 49,553 84 Slovenia 7004494910000000000 ♠ 49,491 85 Panama 7004491660000000000 ♠ 49,166 86 Lithuania 7004483920000000000 ♠ 48,392 87 Tanzania 7004480300000000000 ♠ 48,030 88 Turkmenistan 7004479320000000000 ♠ 47,932 89 Tunisia 7004474230000000000 ♠ 47,423 90 Serbia 7004438660000000000 ♠ 43,866 91 Libya 7004413190000000000 ♠ 41,319 92 Ghana 7004371770000000000 ♠ 37,177 93 Yemen 7004371310000000000 ♠ 37,131 94 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7004359090000000000 ♠ 35,909 95 Jordan 7004358270000000000 ♠ 35,827 96 Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire 7004342540000000000 ♠ 34,254 97 Bahrain 7004338500000000000 ♠ 33,850 98 Bolivia 7004329960000000000 ♠ 32,996 99 Cameroon 7004320510000000000 ♠ 32,051 100 Latvia 7004312860000000000 ♠ 31,286 101 Paraguay 7004309850000000000 ♠ 30,985 102 Trinidad and Tobago 7004280690000000000 ♠ 28,069 103 Uganda 7004274650000000000 ♠ 27,465 104 Zambia 7004269630000000000 ♠ 26,963 105 Estonia 7004264850000000000 ♠ 26,485 106 El Salvador 7004251640000000000 ♠ 25,164 107 Cyprus 7004230770000000000 ♠ 23,077 108 Afghanistan 7004211220000000000 ♠ 21,122 109 Honduras 7004194970000000000 ♠ 19,497 110 Nepal 7004194890000000000 ♠ 19,489 111 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7004184910000000000 ♠ 18,491 112 Gabon 7004174120000000000 ♠ 17,412 113 North Korea 7004173960000000000 ♠ 17,396 114 Brunei 7004171040000000000 ♠ 17,104 115 Mozambique 7004170810000000000 ♠ 17,081 116 Iceland 7004170360000000000 ♠ 17,036 117 Cambodia 7004167780000000000 ♠ 16,778 118 Equatorial Guinea 7004167310000000000 ♠ 16,731 119 Papua New Guinea 7004165760000000000 ♠ 16,576 120 Georgia 7004165300000000000 ♠ 16,530 121 Botswana 7004158130000000000 ♠ 15,813 122 Senegal 7004156580000000000 ♠ 15,658 123 Zimbabwe 7004147190000000000 ♠ 14,719 124 Congo , Republic of the 7004140770000000000 ♠ 14,077 125 Jamaica 7004139270000000000 ♠ 13,927 126 Namibia 7004134290000000000 ♠ 13,429 127 Albania 7004134130000000000 ♠ 13,413 128 Chad 7004127910000000000 ♠ 12,791 129 Arab Palestinian areas 7004127660000000000 ♠ 12,766 130 Burkina Faso 7004127560000000000 ♠ 12,756 131 Mauritius 7004126160000000000 ♠ 12,616 132 Mongolia 7004120670000000000 ♠ 12,067 133 Mali 7004119790000000000 ♠ 11,979 134 Nicaragua 7004118060000000000 ♠ 11,806 135 Laos 7004117490000000000 ♠ 11,749 136 Macedonia 7004113190000000000 ♠ 11,319 137 South Sudan 7004110070000000000 ♠ 11,007 138 Armenia 7004108890000000000 ♠ 10,889 139 Madagascar 7004106740000000000 ♠ 10,674 140 Malta 7004105360000000000 ♠ 10,536 141 New Caledonia 7004102340000000000 ♠ 10,234 142 Benin 7003957500000000000 ♠ 9,575 143 Tajikistan 7003924200000000000 ♠ 9,242 144 Haiti 7003859900000000000 ♠ 8,599 145 The Bahamas 7003851000000000000 ♠ 8,510 146 Niger 7003816900000000000 ♠ 8,169 147 Moldova 7003794400000000000 ♠ 7,944 148 Rwanda 7003790300000000000 ♠ 7,903 149 Kyrgyzstan 7003740400000000000 ♠ 7,404 150 Kosovo 7003738700000000000 ♠ 7,387 151 Monaco 7003706000000000000 ♠ 7,060 152 Guinea 7003657900000000000 ♠ 6,579 153 Liechtenstein 7003585500000000000 ♠ 5,855 154 Malawi 7003572000000000000 ♠ 5,720 155 French Polynesia 7003562300000000000 ♠ 5,623 156 Bermuda 7003560100000000000 ♠ 5,601 157 Suriname 7003521000000000000 ♠ 5,210 158 Mauritania 7003509200000000000 ♠ 5,092 159 Timor - Leste 7003497000000000000 ♠ 4,970 160 Sierra Leone 7003489300000000000 ♠ 4,893 161 Montenegro 7003458800000000000 ♠ 4,588 162 Togo 7003457600000000000 ♠ 4,576 163 Fiji 7003453200000000000 ♠ 4,532 164 Swaziland 7003448200000000000 ♠ 4,482 165 Barbados 7003435300000000000 ♠ 4,353 166 Eritrea 7003385800000000000 ♠ 3,858 167 Cayman Islands 7003348000000000000 ♠ 3,480 168 Andorra 7003327800000000000 ♠ 3,278 169 Curaçao 7003315900000000000 ♠ 3,159 170 Guyana 7003308600000000000 ♠ 3,086 171 Maldives 7003303200000000000 ♠ 3,032 172 Burundi 7003286900000000000 ♠ 2,869 173 Aruba 7003266400000000000 ♠ 2,664 174 Greenland 7003244100000000000 ♠ 2,441 175 Liberia 7003212200000000000 ♠ 2,122 176 Lesotho 7003208100000000000 ♠ 2,081 177 Bhutan 7003196500000000000 ♠ 1,965 178 Cape Verde 7003185500000000000 ♠ 1,855 179 San Marino 7003184500000000000 ♠ 1,845 180 Central African Republic 7003183800000000000 ♠ 1,838 181 Belize 7003169900000000000 ♠ 1,699 182 Djibouti 7003158900000000000 ♠ 1,589 183 Seychelles 7003151100000000000 ♠ 1,511 184 Saint Lucia 7003140600000000000 ♠ 1,406 185 Somalia 7003137500000000000 ♠ 1,375 186 Zanzibar 7003128900000000000 ♠ 1,289 187 Antigua and Barbuda 7003124800000000000 ♠ 1,248 188 Guinea - Bissau 7003120900000000000 ♠ 1,209 189 Solomon Islands 7003110300000000000 ♠ 1,103 190 Sint Maarten 7003105900000000000 ♠ 1,059 191 British Virgin Islands 7002902000000000000 ♠ 902 192 Grenada 7002884000000000000 ♠ 884 193 Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002852000000000000 ♠ 852 194 The Gambia 7002851000000000000 ♠ 851 195 Samoa 7002824000000000000 ♠ 824 196 Vanuatu 7002812000000000000 ♠ 812 197 Turks and Caicos Islands 7002797000000000000 ♠ 797 198 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002729000000000000 ♠ 729 199 Comoros 7002648000000000000 ♠ 648 200 Dominica 7002533000000000000 ♠ 533 201 Tonga 7002435000000000000 ♠ 435 202 Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé and Príncipe 7002337000000000000 ♠ 337 203 Federated States of Micronesia 7002308000000000000 ♠ 308 204 Cook Islands 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 205 Anguilla 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 206 Palau 7002234000000000000 ♠ 234 207 Marshall Islands 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 208 Nauru 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 209 Kiribati 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 210 Montserrat 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 211 Tuvalu 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Special administrative regions of China . See also Business and economics portal Contents / Lists portal List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) per capita List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) per capita Notes ^ Jump up to : The European Union ( EU ) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe . Jump up ^ Figures exclude Taiwan , and special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . ^ Jump up to : Figures exclude Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol . Jump up ^ Data for Syria 's 2014 GDP is from the September 2011 WEO Database , the latest available from the IMF . ^ Jump up to : Figures exclude special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Includes Western Sahara . Jump up ^ Covers mainland Tanzania only . Jump up ^ Data are for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus . Jump up ^ Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia . Jump up ^ Excludes data for Transnistria . References ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database '' . International Monetary Fund . 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is GDP and why is it so important ? '' . Investopedia . IAC / InterActiveCorp. 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Moffatt , Mike . `` A Beginner 's Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Theory '' . About.com . IAC / InterActiveCorp . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ito , Takatoshi ; Isard , Peter ; Symansky , Steven ( January 1999 ) . `` Economic Growth and Real Exchange Rate : An Overview of the Balassa - Samuelson Hypothesis in Asia '' ( PDF ) . Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Development Countries : Theory , Practice , and Policy Issues . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Callen , Tim ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Purchasing Power Parity : Weights Matter '' . Finance & Development . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Callen , Tim ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Gross Domestic Product : An Economy 's All '' . Finance & Development . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Vo , Lam Thuy ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` The World 's Richest Countries and Biggest Economies , In 2 Graphics '' . Planet Money . National Public Radio . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Burgen , Emily et . al. ( 5 April 2012 ) . `` An Elusive Relation Between Unemployment and GDP Growth : Okun 's Law '' . Economic Trends . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Vitez , Osmond . `` The Importance of Consumer Spending '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Koesterich , Russ ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` America The Youthful ? Yes , On a Relative Basis '' . BlackRock . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Landefeld , J. Steven ( 11 February 2008 ) . `` The Multi-Factor Productivity Residual '' ( PDF ) . Measuring Innovation 's Role in GDP & Productivity Growth . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuvalu '' . Europa . European Commission . 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Chris ( 5 October 2014 ) . `` 5 Most Powerful Economic Empires of All Time '' . Fortune . Time , Inc . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroeber , Arthur R. ( 2016 ) . China 's Economy : What Everyone Needs to Know . New York , United States : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Kau , Michael Ying - mao ( 30 September 1993 ) . `` China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping : A Decade of Reform '' . Studies on Contemporary China . Taylor & Francis . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hu , Zuliu ; Khan , Mohsin S. ( April 1997 ) . `` Why Is China Growing So Fast ? '' ( PDF ) . Economic Issues . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodrik , Dani ; et al. ( March 2004 ) . `` From `` Hindu Growth '' to Productivity Surge : The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The economics of enlargement '' . Europa . European Commission . 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GDP ( current US $ ) '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP and its breakdown at current prices in US Dollars '' . United Nations Statistics Division . December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts '' . unstats.un.org . Jump up ^ `` EU GDP ( current US $ ) '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All countries and regions / subregions ( totals ) for all years - sorted by region / subregion '' . United Nations . United Nations . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All countries for all years - sorted alphabetically '' . United Nations . United Nations . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ( hide ) Lists of countries by GDP rankings Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) Per capita Past per capita Past and projected per capita Private consumption per capita Per hour Per person employed Ten largest historically 19th century Nominal Per capita Past and projected per capita Sector composition Growth rate African countries Asian states European Union member states European countries Latin American and Caribbean countries Oceanian countries Per capita 1980 -- 2010 growth Industrial growth Gross national income ( GNI ) PPP Nominal Countries by region Africa PPP nominal Commonwealth of Nations nominal Latin America & Caribbean PPP nominal North America PPP nominal nominal per capita South America PPP Arab League ASEAN Asia Asia & Pacific PPP Former Soviet Republics Europe PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Oceania PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Subnational divisions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada Chile per capita China per capita Colombia Croatia France Germany Greece India per capita Indonesia Italy Japan Malaysia Mexico Pakistan Poland ( per capita ) Russia per capita South Africa South Korea Spain United States PPP nominal nominal per capita Thailand OECD Top country subdivisions by GDP nominal Lists of countries by financial rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Lists of countries by financial rankings Trade Account balance % of GDP Exports net per capita Imports Leading trade partners Investment FDI received past FDI abroad GFI Funds Forex reserves Forex reserves ( ex . gold ) Gold reserves Sovereign wealth funds Pension funds Creditor nations Debtor nations Budget and debt Government budget PPP % of GDP Credit rating External debt Public debt future Income and taxes Tax rates Tax revenue Wage average median minimum Bank rates Central bank interest rate Commercial bank prime lending rate Currency Exchange rates to US $ Inflation rate Other Financial Development Index Corporate governance Development aid Ease of Doing Business Employment / Unemploymment External assets Wealth Lists of countries by GDP rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Economic classification of countries Developed country Developing country Least Developed Countries World Bank high - income economy Newly industrialized country Heavily indebted poor countries Three - World Model First World Second World Third World Fourth World Gross domestic product ( GDP ) Nominal By country past and projected per capita per capita Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) By country future estimates per capita per capita per hour worked per person employed Gross national income ( GNI ) ( Nominal , Atlas method ) per capita ( PPP ) per capita Wages Average wage Europe by monthly average wage Employee compensation ( per hour ) List of countries by median wage Minimum wages Canada Europe United States Wealth Wealth per adult Other national accounts Gross National Happiness Net material product Research and development spending Human development Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Percentage living in poverty Social Progress Index Digital divide ICT Development Index Number of broadband Internet subscriptions Number of Internet users Smartphone penetration Net international investment position ( NIIP ) Per capita Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)&oldid=832451655 '' Categories : Lists of countries by GDP Lists of countries by economic indicator Gross domestic product Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 02 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who had the worlds largest economy in 2014 | [
"Although the rankings of national economies have changed considerably over time, the United States has maintained its top position since the Gilded Age, a time period in which its economy saw rapid expansion, surpassing the British Empire and Qing dynasty in aggregate output.[13][14] Since China's transition to a market-based economy through privatisation and deregulation,[15][16] the country has seen its ranking increase from ninth in 1978 to second to only the United States in 2016 as economic growth accelerated and its share of global nominal GDP surged from 2% in 1980 to 15% in 2016.[14][1] India has also experienced a similar economic boom since the implementation of economic liberalisation in the early 1990s.[17] When supranational entities are included, the European Union is the second largest economy in the world. It was the largest from 2004, when ten countries joined the union,[18] to 2014, after which it was surpassed by the United States.[19]"
] | [
"the United States"
] |
-2932169163334817889 | Federal government of the United States | Federal government of the United States - Wikipedia Federal government of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` American Government '' redirects here . For the textbook by James Q. Wilson and John J. DiIulio , Jr. , see American Government ( textbook ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) U.S. Federal Government Great Seal of the United States Formation 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 ) Founding document United States Constitution Jurisdiction United States of America Website www.usa.gov Legislative branch Legislature Congress Meeting place Capitol Executive branch Leader President of the United States Appointer Electoral College Headquarters The White House Main organ Cabinet Departments 15 Judicial branch Court Supreme Court Seat Washington , D.C. This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Federal Government of the United States ( U.S. Federal Government ) is the national government of the United States , a republic in North America , composed of 50 states , one district , Washington , D.C. ( the nation 's capital ) , and several territories . The federal government is composed of three distinct branches : legislative , executive , and judicial , whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress , the president , and the federal courts , respectively . The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress , including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming 2 History 3 Legislative branch 3.1 Makeup of Congress 3.1. 1 House of Representatives 3.1. 2 Senate 3.1. 3 Different powers 3.1. 4 Impeachment of federal officers 3.1. 5 Congressional procedures 3.2 Powers of Congress 3.2. 1 Congressional oversight 4 Executive branch 4.1 President 4.2 Vice president 4.3 Cabinet , executive departments , and agencies 5 Judicial branch 5.1 Overview of the federal judiciary 5.2 Relationships between state and federal courts 6 Elections and voting 7 State , tribal , and local governments 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Naming Political system of the United States The full name of the republic is `` United States of America '' . No other name appears in the Constitution , and this is the name that appears on money , in treaties , and in legal cases to which it is a party ( Charles T. Schenck v. United States ) . The terms `` Government of the United States of America '' or `` United States Government '' are often used in official documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively . In casual conversation or writing , the term `` Federal Government '' is often used , and the term `` National Government '' is sometimes used . The terms `` Federal '' and `` National '' in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government ( Federal Bureau of Investigation , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , National Park Service ) . Because the seat of government is in Washington , D.C. , `` Washington '' is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government . History The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution . The government was formed in 1789 , when the Constitution went into effect , making the United States one of the world 's first , if not the first , modern national constitutional republics . The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism , in which power is shared between the federal government and state governments . The interpretation and execution of these principles , including what powers the federal government should have and how those powers can be exercised , have been debated ever since the adoption of the Constitution . Some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals , the states , or other recognized entities . Since the American Civil War , the powers of the federal government have generally expanded greatly , although there have been periods since that time of legislative branch dominance ( e.g. , the decades immediately following the Civil War ) or when states ' rights proponents have succeeded in limiting federal power through legislative action , executive prerogative or by constitutional interpretation by the courts . One of the theoretical pillars of the U.S. Constitution is the idea of `` checks and balances '' among the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of American government : the executive , the legislative , and the judiciary . For example , while the legislative branch ( Congress ) has the power to create law , the executive branch under the president can veto any legislation -- an act which , in turn , can be overridden by Congress . The president nominates judges to the nation 's highest judiciary authority , the Supreme Court , but those nominees must be approved by Congress . The Supreme Court , in turn , can invalidate unconstitutional laws passed by the Congress . These and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below . Legislative branch Main article : United States Congress Seal of the U.S. Congress The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government . It is bicameral , comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate . Makeup of Congress House of Representatives The 435 seats of the House grouped by state The House currently consists of 435 voting members , each of whom represents a congressional district . The number of representatives each state has in the House is based on each state 's population as determined in the most recent United States Census . All 435 representatives serve a two - year term . Each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House . In order to be elected as a representative , an individual must be at least 25 years of age , must have been a U.S. citizen for at least seven years , and must live in the state that he or she represents . There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve . In addition to the 435 voting members , there are 6 non-voting members , consisting of 5 delegates and one resident commissioner . There is one delegate each from the District of Columbia , Guam , the Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , and the resident commissioner from Puerto Rico . Senate In contrast , the Senate is made up of two senators from each state , regardless of population . There are currently 100 senators ( 2 from each of the 50 states ) , who each serve six - year terms . Approximately one - third of the Senate stands for election every two years . Different powers The House and Senate each have particular exclusive powers . For example , the Senate must approve ( give `` advice and consent '' to ) many important presidential appointments , including cabinet officers , federal judges ( including nominees to the Supreme Court ) , department secretaries ( heads of federal executive branch departments ) , U.S. military and naval officers , and ambassadors to foreign countries . All legislative bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives . The approval of both chambers is required to pass all legislation , which then may only become law by being signed by the president ( or , if the president vetoes the bill , both houses of Congress then re-pass the bill , but by a two - thirds majority of each chamber , in which case the bill becomes law without the president 's signature ) . The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution ; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people . The Constitution also includes the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' , which grants Congress the power to `` make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers '' . Members of the House and Senate are elected by first - past - the - post voting in every state except Louisiana and Georgia , which have runoffs . Impeachment of federal officers Main article : Impeachment in the United States Congress has the power to remove the president , federal judges , and other federal officers from office . The House of Representatives and Senate have separate roles in this process . The House must first vote to `` impeach '' the official . Then , a trial is held in the Senate to decide whether the official should be removed from office . Although two presidents have been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton ) , neither of them was removed following trial in the Senate . Congressional procedures Article I , Section 2 , paragraph 2 of the U.S. Constitution gives each chamber the power to `` determine the rules of its proceedings '' . From this provision were created congressional committees , which do the work of drafting legislation and conducting congressional investigations into national matters . The 108th Congress ( 2003 -- 2005 ) had 19 standing committees in the House and 17 in the Senate , plus 4 joint permanent committees with members from both houses overseeing the Library of Congress , printing , taxation , and the economy . In addition , each house may name special , or select , committees to study specific problems . Today , much of the congressional workload is borne by the subcommittees , of which there are around 150 . Powers of Congress Main article : Article One of the United States Constitution The United States Capitol is the seat of government for Congress . The Constitution grants numerous powers to Congress . Enumerated in Article I , Section 8 , these include the powers to levy and collect taxes ; to coin money and regulate its value ; provide for punishment for counterfeiting ; establish post offices and roads , issue patents , create federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court , combat piracies and felonies , declare war , raise and support armies , provide and maintain a navy , make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces , provide for , arm and discipline the militia , exercise exclusive legislation in the District of Columbia , and to make laws necessary to properly execute powers . Over the two centuries since the United States was formed , many disputes have arisen over the limits on the powers of the federal government . These disputes have often been the subject of lawsuits that have ultimately been decided by the United States Supreme Court . Congressional oversight Main article : Congressional oversight Congressional oversight is intended to prevent waste and fraud , protect civil liberties and individual rights , ensure executive compliance with the law , gather information for making laws and educating the public , and evaluate executive performance . It applies to cabinet departments , executive agencies , regulatory commissions , and the presidency . Congress 's oversight function takes many forms : Committee inquiries and hearings Formal consultations with and reports from the president Senate advice and consent for presidential nominations and for treaties House impeachment proceedings and subsequent Senate trials House and Senate proceedings under the 25th Amendment in the event that the president becomes disabled or the office of the vice president falls vacant Informal meetings between legislators and executive officials Congressional membership : each state is allocated a number of seats based on its representation ( or ostensible representation , in the case of D.C. ) in the House of Representatives . Each state is allocated two senators regardless of its population . As of January 2010 , the District of Columbia elects a non-voting representative to the House of Representatives along with American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Northern Mariana Islands . Executive branch See also : Article Two of the United States Constitution and List of United States federal executive orders The executive power in the federal government is vested in the President of the United States , although power is often delegated to the Cabinet members and other officials . The president and vice president are elected as running mates by the Electoral College , for which each state , as well as the District of Columbia , is allocated a number of seats based on its representation ( or ostensible representation , in the case of D.C. ) in both houses of Congress . The president is limited to a maximum of two four - year terms . If the president has already served two years or more of a term to which some other person was elected , he or she may only serve one more additional four - year term . President Main article : President of the United States Seal of the President of the United States The executive branch consists of the president and those to whom the president 's powers are delegated . The president is both the head of state and government , as well as the military commander - in - chief and chief diplomat . The president , according to the Constitution , must `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' , and `` preserve , protect and defend the Constitution '' . The president presides over the executive branch of the federal government , an organization numbering about 5 million people , including 1 million active - duty military personnel and 600,000 postal service employees . The president may sign legislation passed by Congress into law or may veto it , preventing it from becoming law unless two - thirds of both houses of Congress vote to override the veto . The president may unilaterally sign treaties with foreign nations . However , ratification of international treaties requires a two - thirds majority vote in the Senate . The president may be impeached by a majority in the House and removed from office by a two - thirds majority in the Senate for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors '' . The president may not dissolve Congress or call special elections but does have the power to pardon or release criminals convicted of offenses against the federal government ( except in cases of impeachment ) , enact executive orders , and ( with the consent of the Senate ) appoint Supreme Court justices and federal judges . Vice president Main article : Vice President of the United States Seal of the Vice President of the United States The vice president is the second - highest official in rank of the federal government . The office of the vice president 's duties and powers are established in the legislative branch of the federal government under Article 1 , Section 3 , Clauses 4 and 5 as the President of the Senate ; this means that he or she is the head of the Senate . In that capacity , the vice president is allowed to vote in the Senate , but only when necessary to break a tie vote . Pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment , the vice president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College . As first in the U.S. presidential line of succession , the vice president 's duties and powers move to the executive branch when becoming president upon the death , resignation , or removal of the president , which has happened nine times in U.S. history . Lastly , in the case of a Twenty - fifth Amendment succession event , the vice president would become acting president , assuming all of the powers and duties of president , except being designated as president . Accordingly , by circumstances , the Constitution designates the vice president as routinely in the legislative branch , or succeeding to the executive branch as president , or possibly being in both as acting president pursuant to the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Because of circumstances , the overlapping nature of the duties and powers attributed to the office , the title of the office and other matters , such has generated a spirited scholarly dispute regarding attaching an exclusive branch designation to the office of vice president . Cabinet , executive departments , and agencies Main articles : Cabinet of the United States , United States federal executive departments , and List of federal agencies in the United States The day - to - day enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various federal executive departments , created by Congress to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs . The heads of the 15 departments , chosen by the president and approved with the `` advice and consent '' of the U.S. Senate , form a council of advisers generally known as the president 's `` Cabinet '' . Once confirmed , these `` cabinet officers '' serve at the pleasure of the president . In addition to departments , a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President . These include the White House staff , the National Security Council , the Office of Management and Budget , the Council of Economic Advisers , the Council on Environmental Quality , the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative , the Office of National Drug Control Policy , and the Office of Science and Technology Policy . The employees in these United States government agencies are called federal civil servants . There are also independent agencies such as the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , and the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) . In addition , there are government - owned corporations such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the National Railroad Passenger Corporation . Judicial branch Main articles : Federal judiciary of the United States and United States federal courts See also : Article Three of the United States Constitution The Judiciary explains and applies the laws . This branch does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases . Overview of the federal judiciary Seal of the U.S. Supreme Court Article III section I of the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States and authorizes the United States Congress to establish inferior courts as their need shall arise . Section I also establishes a lifetime tenure for all federal judges and states that their compensation may not be diminished during their time in office . Article II section II establishes that all federal judges are to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the United States Senate . The Judiciary Act of 1789 subdivided the nation jurisdictionally into judicial districts and created federal courts for each district . The three tiered structure of this act established the basic structure of the national judiciary : the Supreme Court , 13 courts of appeals , 94 district courts , and two courts of special jurisdiction . Congress retains the power to re-organize or even abolish federal courts lower than the Supreme Court . The U.S. Supreme Court adjudicates `` cases and controversies '' -- matters pertaining to the federal government , disputes between states , and interpretation of the United States Constitution , and , in general , can declare legislation or executive action made at any level of the government as unconstitutional , nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions . The United States Constitution does not specifically mention the power of judicial review ( the power to declare a law unconstitutional ) . The power of judicial review was asserted by Chief Justice Marshall in the landmark Supreme Court Case Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) . There have been instances in the past where such declarations have been ignored by the other two branches . Below the U.S. Supreme Court are the United States Courts of Appeals , and below them in turn are the United States District Courts , which are the general trial courts for federal law , and for certain controversies between litigants who are not deemed citizens of the same state ( `` diversity jurisdiction '' ) . There are three levels of federal courts with general jurisdiction , meaning that these courts handle criminal cases and civil lawsuits between individuals . Other courts , such as the bankruptcy courts and the Tax Court , are specialized courts handling only certain kinds of cases ( `` subject matter jurisdiction '' ) . The Bankruptcy Courts are `` under '' the supervision of the district courts , and , as such , are not considered part of the `` Article III '' judiciary and also as such their judges do not have lifetime tenure , nor are they Constitutionally exempt from diminution of their remuneration . Also the Tax Court is not an Article III court ( but is , instead an `` Article I Court '' ) . The district courts are the trial courts wherein cases that are considered under the Judicial Code ( Title 28 , United States Code ) consistent with the jurisdictional precepts of `` federal question jurisdiction '' and `` diversity jurisdiction '' and `` pendent jurisdiction '' can be filed and decided . The district courts can also hear cases under `` removal jurisdiction '' , wherein a case brought in State court meets the requirements for diversity jurisdiction , and one party litigant chooses to `` remove '' the case from state court to federal court . The United States Courts of Appeals are appellate courts that hear appeals of cases decided by the district courts , and some direct appeals from administrative agencies , and some interlocutory appeals . The U.S. Supreme Court hears appeals from the decisions of the courts of appeals or state supreme courts , and in addition has original jurisdiction over a few cases . The judicial power extends to cases arising under the Constitution , an Act of Congress ; a U.S. treaty ; cases affecting ambassadors , ministers and consuls of foreign countries in the U.S. ; cases and controversies to which the federal government is a party ; controversies between states ( or their citizens ) and foreign nations ( or their citizens or subjects ) ; and bankruptcy cases ( collectively `` federal - question jurisdiction '' ) . The Eleventh Amendment removed from federal jurisdiction cases in which citizens of one state were the plaintiffs and the government of another state was the defendant . It did not disturb federal jurisdiction in cases in which a state government is a plaintiff and a citizen of another state the defendant . The power of the federal courts extends both to civil actions for damages and other redress , and to criminal cases arising under federal law . The interplay of the Supremacy Clause and Article III has resulted in a complex set of relationships between state and federal courts . Federal courts can sometimes hear cases arising under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction , state courts can decide certain matters involving federal law , and a handful of federal claims are primarily reserved by federal statute to the state courts ( for example , those arising from the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 ) . Both court systems thus can be said to have exclusive jurisdiction in some areas and concurrent jurisdiction in others . The U.S. Constitution safeguards judicial independence by providing that federal judges shall hold office `` during good behavior '' ; in practice , this usually means they serve until they die , retire , or resign . A judge who commits an offense while in office may be impeached in the same way as the president or other officials of the federal government . U.S. judges are appointed by the president , subject to confirmation by the Senate . Another Constitutional provision prohibits Congress from reducing the pay of any Article III judge ( Congress is able to set a lower salary for all future judges that take office after the reduction , but may not decrease the rate of pay for judges already in office ) . Relationships between state and federal courts Separate from , but not entirely independent of , this federal court system are the court systems of each state , each dealing with , in addition to federal law when not deemed preempted , a state 's own laws , and having its own court rules and procedures . Although state governments and the federal government are legally dual sovereigns , the Supreme Court of the United States is in many cases the appellate court from the State Supreme Courts ( e.g. , absent the Court countenancing the applicability of the doctrine of adequate and independent State grounds ) . The Supreme Courts of each state are by this doctrine the final authority on the interpretation of the applicable state 's laws and Constitution . Many state constitution provisions are equal in breadth to those of the U.S. Constitution , but are considered `` parallel '' ( thus , where , for example , the right to privacy pursuant to a state constitution is broader than the federal right to privacy , and the asserted ground is explicitly held to be `` independent '' , the question can be finally decided in a State Supreme Court -- the U.S. Supreme Court will decline to take jurisdiction ) . A State Supreme Court , other than of its own accord , is bound only by the U.S. Supreme Court 's interpretation of federal law , but is not bound by interpretation of federal law by the federal court of appeals for the federal circuit in which the state is included , or even the federal district courts located in the state , a result of the dual sovereigns concept . Conversely , a federal district court hearing a matter involving only a question of state law ( usually through diversity jurisdiction ) must apply the substantive law of the state in which the court sits , a result of the application of the Erie Doctrine ; however , at the same time , the case is heard under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and the Federal Rules of Evidence instead of state procedural rules ( that is , the application of the Erie Doctrine only extends to a requirement that a federal court asserting diversity jurisdiction apply substantive state law , but not procedural state law , which may be different ) . Together , the laws of the federal and state governments form U.S. law . Elections and voting Main article : Elections in the United States Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union , 1862 . Suffrage , commonly known as the ability to vote , has changed significantly over time . In the early years of the United States , voting was considered a matter for state governments , and was commonly restricted to white men who owned land . Direct elections were mostly held only for the U.S. House of Representatives and state legislatures , although what specific bodies were elected by the electorate varied from state to state . Under this original system , both senators representing each state in the U.S. Senate were chosen by a majority vote of the state legislature . Since the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , members of both houses of Congress have been directly elected . Today , U.S. citizens have almost universal suffrage under equal protection of the laws from the age of 18 , regardless of race , gender , or wealth . The only significant exception to this is the disenfranchisement of convicted felons , and in some states former felons as well . Under the U.S. Constitution , the national representation of U.S. territories and the federal district of Washington , D.C. in Congress is limited : while residents of the District of Columbia are subject to federal laws and federal taxes , their only congressional representative is a non-voting delegate ; however , they have been allowed to participate in presidential elections since March 29 , 1961 . Residents of U.S. territories have varying rights ; for example , only some residents of Puerto Rico pay federal income taxes ( though all residents must pay all other federal taxes , including import / export taxes , federal commodity taxes and federal payroll taxes , including Social Security and Medicare ) . All federal laws that are `` not locally inapplicable '' are automatically the law of the land in Puerto Rico but their current representation in the U.S. Congress is in the form of a Resident Commissioner , a nonvoting delegate . State , tribal , and local governments Main articles : State governments of the United States , Tribal sovereignty in the United States , and Local government in the United States The states of the United States as divided into counties ( or , in Louisiana and Alaska , parishes and boroughs , respectively ) . Alaska and Hawaii are not to scale and the Aleutian and uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands have been omitted . The state governments tend to have the greatest influence over most Americans ' daily lives . The Tenth Amendment prohibits the federal government from exercising any power not delegated to it by the States in the Constitution ; as a result , states handle the majority of issues most relevant to individuals within their jurisdiction . Because state governments are not authorized to print currency , they generally have to raise revenue through either taxes or bonds . As a result , state governments tend to impose severe budget cuts or raise taxes any time the economy is faltering . Each state has its own written constitution , government and code of laws . The Constitution stipulates only that each state must have , `` a Republican Government '' . Therefore , there are often great differences in law and procedure between individual states , concerning issues such as property , crime , health and education , amongst others . The highest elected official of each state is the Governor . Each state also has an elected state legislature ( bicameralism is a feature of every state except Nebraska ) , whose members represent the voters of the state . Each state maintains its own state court system . In some states , supreme and lower court justices are elected by the people ; in others , they are appointed , as they are in the federal system . As a result of the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia , American Indian tribes are considered `` domestic dependent nations '' that operate as sovereign governments subject to federal authority but , in some cases , outside of the jurisdiction of state governments . Hundreds of laws , executive orders and court cases have modified the governmental status of tribes vis - à - vis individual states , but the two have continued to be recognized as separate bodies . Tribal governments vary in robustness , from a simple council used to manage all aspects of tribal affairs , to large and complex bureaucracies with several branches of government . Tribes are currently encouraged to form their own governments , with power resting in elected tribal councils , elected tribal chairpersons , or religiously appointed leaders ( as is the case with pueblos ) . Tribal citizenship and voting rights are typically restricted to individuals of native descent , but tribes are free to set whatever citizenship requirements they wish . The institutions that are responsible for local government within states are typically town , city , or county boards , water management districts , fire management districts , library districts and other similar governmental units which make laws that affect their particular area . These laws concern issues such as traffic , the sale of alcohol and the keeping of animals . The highest elected official of a town or city is usually the mayor . In New England , towns operate in a direct democratic fashion , and in some states , such as Rhode Island , Connecticut , and some parts of Massachusetts , counties have little or no power , existing only as geographic distinctions . In other areas , county governments have more power , such as to collect taxes and maintain law enforcement agencies . See also Government of the United States portal President Cabinet Executive order Federal executive departments President 's Executive Office Line - item veto Courts Bankruptcy courts Courts of appeals District courts Federal courts Federal judicial circuit Federal judicial district Supreme Court Law Constitution Governmental designations for places U.S. Code U.S. Law Agencies Note : Most agencies are executive , but a few are legislative or judicial . Federal agencies Independent agencies States and territories Political divisions U.S. states U.S. territory Works and websites Copyright status of work by the U.S. government U.S. Government Web Portal for Businesses U.S. Government Web Portal for Citizens References Jump up ^ Wood , 1998 p. 208 Jump up ^ ' The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power , ' Henry Jones Ford , ' Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , Vol. 5 , Fifth Annual Meeting ( 1908 ) ' Jstor.org Retrieved on March 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ Judge Rules Favorably in Pennsylvania BRAC Suit ( Associated Press , 26 August ) Jump up ^ ' The Legislative Branch ' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved on January 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ U.S. House Official Website House.gov Archived August 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kaiser , Frederick M. ( January 3 , 2006 ) . `` Congressional Oversight '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Article II , Constitution of the United States of America Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § § 301 -- 303 Jump up ^ Barack , Obama ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` Delegation of Certain Authority Under the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 '' . United States . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Amendment XXIII to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Amendment XXII to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Goldstein , Joel K. ( 1995 ) . `` The New Constitutional Vice Presidency '' . Wake Forest Law Review . Winston Salem , NC : Wake Forest Law Review Association , Inc. 30 ( 505 ) . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Glenn Harlan ( 2007 ) . `` Is Dick Cheney Unconstitutional ? '' . Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy . Chicago : Northwestern University School of Law . 102 ( 110 ) . Jump up ^ Federal tribunals in the United States Jump up ^ United States Tax Court Jump up ^ Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Twenty - fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Contrary to common misconception , residents of Puerto Rico do pay U.S. federal taxes : customs taxes ( which are subsequently returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury ) ( See Department of the Interior , Office of Insular Affairs . ) Archived June 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , import / export taxes ( See Stanford.wellsphere.com ) Archived April 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , federal commodity taxes ( See Stanford.wellsphere.com ) , social security taxes ( See IRS.gov ) , etc . Residents pay federal payroll taxes , such as Social Security ( See IRS.gov ) and Medicare ( See Reuters.com ) , as well as Commonwealth of Puerto Rico income taxes ( See Puertorico-herald.com and HTRCPA.com ) . Archived April 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . All federal employees ( See Heritage.org ) Archived February 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , those who do business with the federal government ( See MCVPR.com ) Archived January 16 , 2010 , at WebCite , Puerto Rico - based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. ( See Page 9 , line 1 . ) , and some others ( For example , Puerto Rican residents that are members of the U.S. military , See Heritage.org and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico , See pp 14 -- 15 . ) also pay federal income taxes . In addition , because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code , and because the per - capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per - capita income on the mainland , more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island . This occurs because `` the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments '' ( See GAO.gov ) . As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement , but are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) ( Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents , unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States , do not receive the SSI . See Socialsecurity.gov ) , and the island actually receives less than 15 % of the Medicaid funding it would normally receive if it were a U.S. state . However , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system ( See p. 252 ) . Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . It has also been estimated ( See Eagleforum.org that , because the population of the island is greater than that of 50 % of the states , if it were a state , Puerto Rico would have six to eight seats in the House , in addition to the two seats in the Senate. ( See Eagleforum.org , CRF-USA.org Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . and Thomas.gov ( Note that for the later , the official US Congress database website , you will need to resubmit a query . The document in question is called `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' . These are the steps to follow : Thomas.gov > Committee Reports > 110 > drop down `` Word / Phrase '' and pick `` Report Number '' > type `` 597 '' next to Report Number . This will provide the document `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' , then from the Table of Contents choose `` Background and need for legislation '' . ) ) . Another misconception is that the import / export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury . This is not the case . Such import / export taxes are returned only for rum products , and even then the US Treasury keeps a portion of those taxes ( See the `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' mentioned above . ) Jump up ^ `` A brief overview of state fiscal conditions and the effects of federal policies on state budgets '' ( PDF ) . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . May 12 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Bibliography Wood , Gordon S. ( 1998 ) . The creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . Gordon S. Wood , Institute of Early American History and Culture ( Williamsburg , Va . ) . p. 653 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2422 - 4 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Federal government of the United States Wikiversity has learning resources about School : Political science Wikiversity has learning resources about Topic : American government USA.gov , the official U.S. Government portal . United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal State governments of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Law of the United States Constitutional law Federalism Separation of powers Civil rights Courts of the United States Federal courts Supreme ( SCOTUS ) Appeals District ( list ) Bankruptcy Claims International Trade Tax State courts State supreme Education Law school Law School Admission Test Admission to the bar Governments of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands ISNI : 0000 0004 0577 3344 GND : 2027858 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_government_of_the_United_States&oldid=823041921 '' Categories : Government of the United States Federalism in the United States 1789 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Use American English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 23 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are three branches of government in the united states | [
"The Federal Government of the United States (U.S. Federal Government) is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital), and several territories. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president, and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court.",
"The Federal Government of the United States (U.S. Federal Government) is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital), and several territories. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president, and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court.",
"The Federal Government of the United States (U.S. Federal Government) is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital), and several territories. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president, and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court."
] | [
"legislative",
"executive",
"judicial"
] |
4074861478806427662 | Cowboys–Redskins rivalry | Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry - wikipedia Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Dallas Cowboys -- Washington Redskins Dallas Cowboys Washington Redskins First meeting October 2 , 1960 Washington Redskins 26 , Dallas Cowboys 14 Latest meeting November 30 , 2017 Dallas Cowboys 38 , Washington Redskins 14 Next meeting Sometime in 2018 Unknown Statistics Meetings total 116 meetings All - time series Dallas Cowboys lead 70 -- 44 -- 2 Postseason results Washington Redskins lead 2 -- 0 Largest victory Dallas Cowboys 38 , Washington Redskins 3 ( 1993 ) Longest win streak Dallas Cowboys : 10 ( November 16 , 1997 -- November 28 , 2002 ) Washington Redskins : 4 ( November 23 , 1986 -- October 9 , 1988 ) Current win streak Dallas Cowboys , 4 wins ( 2016 -- present ) Championship Success During Rivalry ( 1960 -- present ) Super Bowl titles ( 8 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 5 ) -- 1971 , 1977 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Washington Redskins ( 3 ) -- 1982 , 1987 , 1991 Super Bowl appearances ( 13 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 8 ) -- 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Washington Redskins ( 5 ) -- 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 Division Championships ( 32 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 23 ) -- 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Washington Redskins ( 9 ) -- 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1991 , 1999 , 2012 , 2015 The Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry is a rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins in the National Football League 's NFC East division . In 2005 , Sports Illustrated called it the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' ESPN ranked it the best rivalry in the NFL . The Sportster has ranked it the 17th biggest rivalry in the world . During the tenure of this rivalry , the two franchises have won 31 combined division titles and eight combined Super Bowls . They are the two wealthiest franchises in the NFL . The rivalry started in 1960 when the Cowboys joined the league as an expansion team . During that year they were in separate conferences , but played once during the season . In 1961 , Dallas was placed in the same division as the Redskins , and from that point on , they have played each other twice in every regular season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginning 2 First Few Games 3 Cowboy Chicken Club 4 1965 -- 1967 5 1970s 5.1 1972 5.2 1973 Redskins 14 , Cowboys 7 5.3 1974 Thanksgiving Day Game 5.4 1979 season - ending game 6 1980s 7 1990s 8 2000s 9 2010s 10 Rivalry off the field 11 Rivalry statistics 12 Rivalry statistics by decade 13 Game results 13.1 1960s ( Cowboys 10 -- 7 -- 2 ) 13.2 1970s ( Cowboys 12 -- 9 ) 13.3 1980s ( Cowboys 11 -- 9 ) 13.4 1990s ( Cowboys 12 -- 8 ) 13.5 2000s ( Cowboys 14 -- 6 ) 13.6 2010s ( Cowboys 11 -- 5 ) 14 Monday Night Football 14.1 MNF ( Cowboys lead 9 -- 8 ) 15 References 16 External links Beginning ( edit ) Texas oil tycoon Clint Murchison , Jr. was having a hard time bringing a National Football League team to Dallas , Texas . He tried buying two teams , but the negotiations fell through . In 1958 , Murchison heard that George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , was eager to sell the team . Just as the sale was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . Murchison was outraged and canceled the whole deal . Around this time , Marshall had a falling out with the Redskin band director , Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song , now a staple at the stadium ; additionally , Marshall 's wife penned the lyrics to the song . Breeskin wanted revenge after the failed negotiations with Marshall . He approached Tom Webb , Murchison 's lawyer , and sold the rights for $2,500 . Murchison then decided to create his own team , with the support of NFL expansion committee chairman , George Halas . Halas decided to put the proposition of a Dallas franchise before the NFL owners , which needed to have unanimous approval in order to pass . The only owner against the proposal was George Preston Marshall . However , Marshall found out that Murchison owned the rights to Washington 's fight song , so a deal was finally struck . If Marshall showed his approval of the Dallas franchise , Murchison would return the song . The Cowboys were then founded and began playing in 1960 . To build the roster of an expansion team , Dallas was allowed to pick certain players from certain teams per League rules . In addition to selecting 3 players from the Redskins roster , the Cowboys traded their first round ( # 2 - Norm Snead ) and sixth round ( # 72 - Joe Krakoski ) draft choices in the 1961 NFL Draft to the Redskins in exchange for Pro Bowl quarterback Eddie LeBaron , convincing him to come out of retirement to become the franchise 's first starting quarterback . First few games ( edit ) Though both teams would become juggernauts in the National Football League , the beginning of the rivalry was not all that exciting . The first game took place in Griffith Stadium on October 9 , 1960 and was won by the Redskins . It was the only game they would win that year . The Cowboys would go winless that season . The Redskins would win two of the first four and tied the two others . Cowboy chicken Club ( edit ) In December 1961 , an unknown number of Cowboys fans snuck into D.C. Stadium , armed with bags of chicken feed . When Alaskan snow dogs were to drag Santa Claus onto the field during the halftime show , the pranksters would unleash dozens of hungry chickens onto the field -- 75 white , one black . The significance of the black chicken was to symbolize how Marshall was the only owner in the league who would not recruit an African - American football player ; Marshall stating , `` We 'll start signing Negroes when the Harlem Globetrotters start signing whites . '' The chickens fit into two large crates , which were smuggled into the stadium the morning of the game . The chickens and the smugglers went unspotted until halftime , when a stadium usher noticed a man guarding the crates and heard the chickens . Though the guard tried to bribe the official with $100 , he was quickly reported and arrested , and the chickens confiscated . As it turned out , the `` official '' was actually Redskins general manager Dick McCann . The following year and the night before the third Redskins - Cowboys match - up in less than a year , pranksters sneaked into Marshall 's hotel suite and dropped off a large turkey in the bathroom . When Marshall went into the bathroom , the turkey puffed up and gobbled at him , causing Marshall to flee his room . `` Chickens are nice '' , Marshall said , `` but a man should n't fool with a mad turkey . '' Just minutes before kickoff , while `` Hail to the Redskins '' blared throughout the stadiums , four banners reading `` CHICKENS '' -- one at each 50 - yard line and one in each end zone center -- were unfurled in the stadium 's upper decks . Two acrobats , hired by Cowboys fans and Chicken Club founders Bob Thompson and Irv Davidson ( along with the University of Maryland students with the banners ) rushed onto the field dressed in chicken costumes and began to throw colored eggs . One was apprehended by a guard , but the other proved to be too elusive . By this time , the band was playing the National Anthem , therefore unable to move . The lone chicken - acrobat reached into this bag and released a chicken , then returned to his egg - throwing . Running to a sideline , he then attempted to leave the stadium by jumping over a bench , but slipped . A group of security guards then apprehended him , but he was able to break free . He made it back to the 50 - yard line , turned a cartwheel , then ran and flopped onto the 30 - yard line . By this time , only aware that the National Anthem was over , the two teams rushed onto the field in the middle of the chaos . In the midst of the ruckus , the man made it off the field and into the stands . Although the real chicken was caught , the acrobat - chicken was never apprehended . The next day , while reporting the 38 - 10 Cowboys victory , the Dallas News scoring summary ended with , Attendance - 49,888 ( and one chicken ) . 1965 -- 1967 ( edit ) From 1965 through 1967 , the Redskins and Cowboys , led by Sonny Jurgensen and Don Meredith respectively , played four games against each other that produced a combined total of 222 points with only ten points of overall difference between the two teams . November 28 , 1965 , DC Stadium : The Cowboys quickly took a 21 - 0 lead on a pass play , a running play and a 60 - yard fumble recovery . Despite Jurgensen 's 26 - yard touchdown pass to Charley Taylor , the fans in the stands called for him to be benched in favor of second - string quarterback Dick Shiner . However , Jurgensen then drove the Redskins down field for a second touchdown to cut the Cowboys lead to 24 - 13 . They then scored a rushing touchdown to make it 24 - 20 . But just when the Redskins were gaining momentum , Meredith tossed a 53 - yard scoring touch to Frank Clarke . Jurgensen was then able to throw another touchdown pass to Bobby Mitchell to make it 31 - 27 . The Redskins got the ball back on their 20 - yard line with less than two minutes to go . After working his way down the field , Jurgensen passed to tight end Angelo Coia to give the Redskins their first lead , 34 - 31 , with about one minute to play . But Meredith was not done either . He drove the Cowboys to the Redskins 37 - yard line with seven seconds to go . Danny Villanueva was then brought in and attempted a tying field goal , but it was blocked by Redskins defensive back Lonnie Sanders . Final : Redskins , 34 -- Cowboys , 31 November 13 , 1966 , DC Stadium : In the second quarter with the score 7 - 6 Dallas , Meredith threw a 52 - yard touchdown to Bob Hayes , followed in the third quarter with a 95 - yard repeat , making the score 21 - 7 . Then Washington scored three consecutive times with Jurgensen 's 4 - yard pass to Jerry Smith and 78 - yard pass to Charley Taylor , followed by a Charlie Gogolak field goal , giving them the lead , 23 - 21 . Meredith then drove the Cowboys down field to set up a one - yard touchdown run by Dan Reeves . But the Redskins matched their score on a drive ending with Jurgensen 's 18 - yard scoring pass to Taylor , making it 30 - 28 . Meredith got the ball back with no timeouts and the Redskins playing deep prevent . Somehow , he was able to drive them to the Redskins 33 . The Redskins mounted a strong pass rush to push the Cowboys out of field goal range . But apparently it was too strong . Meredith was hit just as he scrambled out of bounds . The penalty put the Cowboys on the Redskins 12 for an easy Villanueva field goal . Final : Cowboys , 31 -- Redskins , 30 December 11 , 1966 , The Cotton Bowl : The Redskins took a 10 - 7 lead at the half after linebacker John Reger recovered a block punt and ran it in for a score . But Danny Villanueva then kicked a tying 26 - yard field goal for the Cowboys and Bob Hays caught a 23 - yard pass for the 17 - 10 lead . The Redskins tied it up on Bobby Mitchell 's 11 - yard reception from Jurgensen . The Cowboys regained the lead when Dan Reeves broke for a 67 - yard touchdown run , making it 24 - 17 . But the Redskins then drove the field and scored on Jurgensen 's 11 - yard pass to Jerry Smith , only to have the Cowboys regain the lead with a six - yard touchdown run by Don Perkins , making it 31 - 24 . Jurgensen was then able to hit Charlie Taylor with a 65 - yard touchdown pass that Taylor caught between two defenders , tying the game . After good defense , the Redskins got the ball back with two minutes to go . Starting at their 46 - yard line , Redskins running back A.D. Whitfield ran right for a 30 - yard gain that set up Charlie Gogolak 's winning field goal . Final : Redskins , 34 -- Cowboys , 31 October 8 , 1967 , DC Stadium : The Redskins led 14 - 10 with 70 seconds to go in the fourth quarter . The Cowboys took possession on their 29 - yard line . On fourth down with 23 seconds remaining , Meredith hit an open Dan Reeves who beat out linebacker Chris Hanburger to score , making it 17 - 14 . After the kick - off with seven seconds to go , Jurgensen pitched a long pass to Charley Taylor , but he was tackled at the Cowboys 20 - yard line as time ran out . Final : Cowboys , 17 -- Redskins , 14 Washington would win the rematch in Dallas that season , 27 - 20 , but the Cowboys closed out the decade with four straight wins over the Redskins . In the late 60 's the Redskins hired Vince Lombardi to try to stop ex-Giants coordinator Tom Landry . Lombardi 's 7 - 5 - 2 record with the Redskins was the team 's first winning season in 14 years , but he was still swept by the Cowboys . Lombardi 's untimely death in 1970 froze Redskins development for two seasons . 1970s ( edit ) 1972 ( edit ) The rivalry was in full - swing by 1971 , when Washington hired George Allen as head coach . During the 1972 season , Allen 's Redskins met Dallas three times en route to a date with the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VII . This is how the season progressed . After a losing season in 1970 , the Redskins ' hired George Allen from the Los Angeles Rams . As the 1972 football season approached , preseason predictors were touting the Cowboys , who had defeated the Dolphins , 24 - 3 in the previous Super Bowl , to again win the NFC East . The sixth game of the season brought the Cowboys to Washington , D.C. Both teams came into the game with a 4 - 1 - 0 record . Sonny Jurgensen was Washington 's starting quarterback , with Billy Kilmer benched after a previous loss . Craig Morton was the Cowboys ' quarterback while the injured Roger Staubach watched from the sideline . Despite Washington 's home - field advantage , the Cowboys were favored by a touchdown . A field goal and a Morton touchdown pass gave Dallas a 10 - 0 lead at the end of the first quarter , which was extended to 13 - 0 in the second period . Jurgensen led a Washington drive that climaxed with a pass to Larry Brown for a touchdown , but at the half the Redskins trailed by six points . Another seven points were added to the lead in the third quarter when Walt Garrison scored a touchdown . But then , Larry Brown broke a run for 34 yards and a touchdown to bring the score to 20 - 14 . Curt Knight kicked a 42 - yard field goal to make it 20 - 17 . Charley Harraway ran for 13 yards to make the score 24 - 20 , Redskins on top . During this offensive scoring period , the Over-the - Hill Gang defense shut down the Cowboys . At the end , Washington had defeated the Cowboys and was in possession of first place in the NFC East . Now with two games remaining , Washington was 11 - 1 and had clinched the NFC East title . An ensuing loss to the Cowboys ( 34 - 24 ) was meaningless . It was the first time since the NFL went to a divisional format in 1967 that the Cowboys had not won their division . The playoffs in 1972 pitted Washington against the Green Bay Packers . The final score was Washington 16 , Green Bay 3 . The victory sent the Redskins to the NFC Championship Game against the Cowboys who entered the playoffs as a wild - card entry . The Cowboys , who had been runner - up to the Redskins in the regular season defeated the NFC West champions , the San Francisco 49ers , 30 - 28 . The game was played in Washington . Staubach was back for the Cowboys , and Dallas fans were thrilled to have him . But Billy Kilmer for the Redskins was the better quarterback that day . After a field goal got the scoring started , Kilmer connected with Charley Taylor on a 15 - yard touchdown pass and Washington had a 10 - 3 lead at halftime . In the fourth quarter , Kilmer again went to Taylor , this time for a 45 - yard touchdown . Knight added three more field goals that period and the Over-the - Hill Gang defense allowed only a second - quarter field goal . The final score was Washington 26 , Dallas 3 . 1973 Redskins 14 , Cowboys 7 ( edit ) Roger Staubach had won back the quarterback job after missing most of the 1972 season with a shoulder injury , but Tom Landry pulled him in the third quarter when he missed an important signal and was sacked by the Redskins defense . Dallas led 7 - 0 when Staubach was replaced by Craig Morton . Late in the fourth quarter , the game was tied 7 - 7 when Redskins defender Brig Owens picked off Morton 's errant pass and raced 26 yards to score a touchdown . The Cowboys threatened in the last seconds to tie the game , but Ken Houston tackled Walt Garrison on the one - yard line as time ran out , preserving the Redskins win . 1974 Thanksgiving day game ( edit ) On November 28 , 1974 , the Redskins were 8 - 3 and ready to secure a playoff berth with a win against the Cowboys ( 6 - 5 ) in a nationally televised game in Dallas . With less than ten minutes to go in the third quarter , Washington was leading 16 - 3 , when Redskins linebacker Dave Robinson knocked Roger Staubach out of the game . Rookie Clint Longley led the Cowboys to a last - minute come - from - behind victory , throwing a 50 - yard touchdown pass to Drew Pearson with 28 seconds left . The final score was Cowboys 24 , Redskins 23 . The Redskins were stunned . `` I do n't have very much to say '' , coach George Allen said when it was over . `` It was probably the toughest loss we ever had . '' 1979 season - ending game ( edit ) December 16 , 1979 : The NFC East Division Championship and home field advantage on the line for both teams . This set the stage for the regular season finale against Washington ; the winner would capture the NFC East title while the loser missed the playoffs . In the game , Texas Stadium fans were treated to one of Staubach 's greatest comebacks . The Cowboys trailed 17 - 0 , but then scored three touchdowns to take the lead . Led by running back John Riggins , the Redskins came back to build a 34 - 21 lead , but the Cowboys scored 2 touchdowns in the final five minutes -- including a Staubach touchdown pass to Tony Hill with less than a minute remaining -- for an amazing 35 - 34 victory . In the week leading up to the game , Cowboys ' defensive end Harvey Martin received a funeral wreath , supposedly sent by the Redskins . He kept it in his locker all week for motivation and after the win , he raced into Washington 's locker room , opened the door and heaved it into the room , breaking up a team prayer . Adding insult to injury , the Chicago Bears defeated the St Louis Cardinals 42 - 6 , the Redskins lost the tie breaker to the Bears for the last Wild Card spot . 1980s ( edit ) Jan. 22 , 1983 , NFC Championship Game at RFK Stadium , the Redskins defeated the Cowboys to earn a trip to Super Bowl XVII . Prior to the game the stadium physically shook as a capacity crowd of 54,000 chanted `` We Want Dallas ! '' The game is best remembered for the quarterback hit by Redskins defensive end Dexter Manley that sent Cowboys ' quarterback Danny White into the locker room shortly before halftime knocking him out for the rest of the game , and defensive tackle Darryl Grant 's interception return for a 10 - yard touchdown of a Gary Hogeboom pass tipped by Manley to score the decisive points . John Riggins rushed for 140 yards and two touchdowns on 36 carries as the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 31 - 17 . The Redskins went on to defeat Miami for their first Super Bowl championship . Before a sold - out 1983 season opener on Monday Night Football , the Redskins were leading the visiting Cowboys 23 -- 3 going into halftime . Danny White 's second half comeback erased the lead and the Cowboys took an improbable 31 -- 30 victory . The second 1983 regular season meeting between the Redskins and Cowboys at Texas Stadium was more remembered for an infamous play by the Cowboys than it was for the game 's outcome . On a 4th down and 1 play , Danny White was attempting to draw the Redskins offside by using hard counts , thereby giving the Cowboys a first down and keeping their drive going . But the Redskins ' defense never moved and Danny White ran a play that resulted in a loss of yards , turning the ball over to the Redskins on downs . During the replay , coach Tom Landry was simultaneously shown yelling , `` No , Danny , no ! '' from the sidelines ( undoubtedly wanting White to call a time out to punt the ball ) . After the play , Landry was shown shaking his head in disgust . The Redskins went on to win , 31 - 10 . On December 9 , 1984 , down 21 - 6 at halftime , the Redskins scored 17 unanswered points on turnovers to take a 23 - 21 lead going into the fourth quarter . They came back to defeat the Cowboys , 30 - 28 . Coupled with the 34 - 14 win earlier in the year , the Redskins enjoyed their first season sweep of the Cowboys in series history . On September 9 , 1985 , the season opener of Monday Night Football was played at Texas Stadium . The Cowboys secondary , nicknamed `` Thurman 's Thieves '' , intercepted Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann five times . Redskins coach Joe Gibbs would pull Theismann from the game in the 4th Quarter due to his poor performance . To rub salt in the wound , fans at Texas Stadium began singing `` Happy Birthday '' to Theismann as he sat on the bench staring straight ahead ( the game took place on Theismann 's birthday ) . The Cowboys went on to win in a blowout , 44 - 14 . 1987 - Scab Game : No team in the NFL had more players cross the picket line during the 1987 strike than the Cowboys , who were 2 -- 0 with their `` scab '' players entering a game with the Redskins on Monday Night Football . Washington had also won their two games during the strike , but without any veterans . For this game the Cowboys had Danny White , Randy White , Tony Dorsett , Ed Jones among other veterans , but were upset by the replacement Redskins players , 13 - 7 , in a game former Washington head coach Joe Gibbs called `` one of my greatest experiences and wins . '' The Redskins finished 3 -- 0 with the replacements , the strike ending the following week . The Redskins would go on to win Super Bowl XXII later that season . In 2000 Warner Bros. made a movie loosely based on the 1987 Redskins , The Replacements . On December 11 , 1988 , the Cowboys upset the reigning Super Bowl champion Redskins at RFK stadium , 24 - 17 , ending any shot the Redskins had of making the playoffs . Rookie and eventual hall of fame wide receiver , Michael Irvin was the big star of the game with three touchdown catches . This game would prove to be the final victory for legendary Dallas Cowboys head coach Tom Landry . The Cowboys lone victory of their woeful 1 - 15 season in 1989 would come on November 5 against the Redskins at RFK Stadium , 13 -- 3 . Ultimately this loss coupled with a last second loss to the Philadelphia Eagles where Gerald Riggs fumbled the football at the Eagles ' goal line with less than a minute remaining in the game prevented the 10 -- 6 Redskins from making the playoffs for the second straight year . The Redskins led the Eagles 37 - 35 at the time when Riggs was stripped and the football was returned 96 yards to the Redskins ' 4 - yard line . The Eagles scored a touchdown and won the football game 42 - 37 . 1990s ( edit ) On November 24 , 1991 , the 6 -- 5 Cowboys handed the then unbeaten 11 -- 0 Redskins their first defeat and their only defeat at home that season , 24 -- 21 . Despite the loss the Redskins would finish 14 -- 2 and go on to win the Super Bowl XXVI . The Cowboys , motivated by the victory , would reel off a 6 - game win streak , finishing 11 -- 5 ; Cowboys owner Jerry Jones would later tell The Washington Post that he believed this victory was a key turning point in the Cowboys ' transformation into the dominant team they would become for much of the decade . On September 7 , 1992 , in front a nationally televised Monday night audience , the Cowboys , led by Emmitt Smith 's 140 yards rushing , handed the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins an embarrassing 23 -- 10 loss at Texas Stadium in their first game of the season . On December 13 , 1992 , the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins stunned the eventual Super Bowl champion Cowboys 20 -- 17 in Washington thanks to Safety Danny Copeland 's fourth quarter recovery of a Troy Aikman / Emmitt Smith fumble in the end zone . This game would prove to be Hall of Fame Head Coach Joe Gibbs ' final victory at RFK Stadium . On September 6 , 1993 , in front of a nationally televised Monday night audience , the Redskins gained revenge for their opening week Monday night loss of a year before by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Cowboys 35 -- 16 at RFK to earn Richie Petitbon his first victory in his first game as a head coach . On the day after Christmas , 1993 , the Cowboys would gain revenge for their opening week loss by defeating the Redskins 38 -- 3 at Texas Stadium . The Cowboys ' 35 point margin of victory is the largest margin of victory by either team in the rivalry 's history . The Cowboys would eventually close out the season with their second straight Super Bowl championship while the Redskins would finish 4 -- 12 , their worst regular season record since 1963 , the Bill McPeak era . On December 22 , 1996 , the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 37 -- 10 in the final game played at RFK Stadium , the Redskins home for the last 36 years . The Cowboys rested their starters during this game . In the first game of the 1999 season , the Redskins opened a 35 -- 14 lead . Then Dallas scored three touchdowns during the final 11 minutes of regulation time . The Redskins botched a last - second field goal attempt and the game went to overtime . A play - action pass four minutes into overtime to Raghib Ismail fooled Redskins safety Matt Stevens , and won the game for the visiting Cowboys . This game took place during the middle of a 10 - game win streak in the series by the Cowboys , the longest by either team during the tenure of this rivalry . 2000s ( edit ) In Week 6 of the 2001 season , the two teams met in a Monday Night Football matchup . What made that particular game unique was that both teams entered the game 0 - 4 , a MNF first . Dallas won 9 - 7 , and won the rematch as well . In the 2002 regular season finale , Washington finally ended an 11 - game losing streak to the Cowboys , defeating them 20 - 14 . The win allowed Washington to finish 7 - 9 , while Dallas finished 5 - 11 for the third straight year . Cowboys coach Dave Campo was fired following the 2002 season . Week 2 of the 2005 season , the Redskins were at Dallas where Emmitt Smith , Troy Aikman , and Michael Irvin were inducted into the Cowboys ' `` Ring of Honor '' with a pre-game and halftime ceremony . Throughout a poorly played game , Dallas kept the Redskins out of the endzone , and led 13 -- 0 with less than 4 minutes left . It was at that point that the Redskins , led by quarterback Mark Brunell , took the lead thanks to two long touchdown passes to Santana Moss to win the game . Week 15 of the 2005 season saw the Redskins ' largest margin of victory against the Cowboys in a 35 - 7 blowout . The Cowboys lone touchdown came in the fourth quarter after Washington was already ahead 35 - 0 . The victory gave Washington its first sweep against Dallas since the 1995 season . Dallas eventually finished 9 - 7 , while Washington won its last two games to secure the final NFC wildcard playoff berth . In Week 9 of the 2006 season , during the fourth quarter , the game was tied 19 -- 19 ( due in part to a missed two - point conversion by the Cowboys ) . With 31 seconds to go , the Redskins ' recently acquired kicker , Nick Novak , missed a 49 - yard field goal wide right . The Cowboys then worked their way up the field to set up Mike Vanderjagt , the most accurate kicker in NFL history , for a 35 - yard field goal with only seconds left . However , the kick was blocked by Troy Vincent , a safety who had been picked up by the Redskins off waivers earlier that week . The ball was scooped up by the Redskins ' free safety , Sean Taylor , who ran it back to the Cowboys ' 44 - yard line , where the Cowboys ' offensive lineman Kyle Kosier grabbed him by his facemask in an attempt to tackle him . The game would have gone into overtime had it not been for Kosier 's defensive penalty , which added fifteen yards to the end of the return ( by rule an NFL game can not end on a defensive penalty ) . Novak set up for a 47 - yard field goal with no time left on the clock . Despite the recent missed field goal , Novak was able to make this field goal to give the Redskins a victory . On November 18 , 2007 , the Cowboys beat the Redskins 28 -- 23 with Terrell Owens gaining 173 yards on eight catches and four touchdowns . In the final game of that same season with the Cowboys already owning the NFC # 1 seed , rested several key players due to injury including Owens , and limited Tony Romo to only one series into the second half in order to prevent possible injury before the playoffs . The Redskins defeated the Cowboys 27 -- 6 at FedExField , earning Washington the NFC 's final playoff spot . On September 28 , 2008 , the Redskins beat the Cowboys 26 -- 24 in the final Redskins / Cowboys game at Texas Stadium . On November 16 , 2008 , the Cowboys returned the favor of the 2005 Week 2 game defeat . Darrell Green and Art Monk were honored before the game for their recent induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . In a game that was highly touted for the return of Tony Romo , the Cowboys defense held the Redskins to ten points while the Cowboys scored 14 . December 27 , 2009 , the Cowboys shutout the Redskins 17 - 0 . This marked the third time the Cowboys have blanked the Redskins . Washington has never shutout Dallas . 2010s ( edit ) September 12 , 2010 , the Redskins beat the Cowboys . One of the game 's highlights was a Fumble return for a TD for the Redskins as time expired in the first half . Late in the fourth quarter , Tony Romo led the team down the field . With three seconds on the clock and the score 13 - 7 , Romo made a touchdown pass to wide receiver Roy Williams that would 've at least tied the game , depending on the PAT . However , the touchdown was negated due to a holding call against Alex Barron as time expired , and Washington held on to win . December 19 , 2010 , marked the 100th meeting between the two clubs . The Cowboys built a 20 - 7 lead by halftime . By the end of the third quarter the Cowboys led 30 - 14 . The Redskins started quarterback Rex Grossman who filled in for the recently benched Donovan McNabb and he brought the Redskins back to an even 30 - 30 with minutes left to play . Cowboys kicker David Buehler kicked a 39 - yard field goal to put Dallas up 33 - 30 with 50 seconds to play . Rex Grossman then drove the Redskins down the field only to be intercepted by cornerback Terrence Newman to end the game . Dallas ' Jason Witten caught 10 passes for 140 yards and a touchdown , and became only the fourth tight end in NFL history with 600 career catches . He did it the fastest , needing only 125 games . September 26 , 2011 , prior to the game , the Redskins gathered in the middle of the field at Cowboys Stadium where several players were seen to be `` stomping on the Star . '' London Fletcher was also overheard proclaiming to his team , `` Why are we standing on this star ? Cuz this is our house . '' Tony Romo overcame 4 botched snaps and several receivers running wrong routes to put the Cowboys within scoring position for the final field goal to ultimately win the game . November 22 , 2012 , In quarterback Robert Griffin III 's first start against the Cowboys , the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 38 - 31 at Cowboys Stadium . After the Redskins built a 28 - 3 lead , Dallas quarterback Tony Romo led the Cowboys to within seven but it proved too little too late as the Redskins held on to win . This marked the first time the Redskins had won at Cowboys Stadium as well as the first time Washington had defeated the Cowboys on Thanksgiving , previously 0 - 5 to their archrival on Thanksgiving Day . Robert Griffin III completed 19 of 27 passes for 304 yards and had 4 touchdown passes and 1 interception on his way to winning the Galloping Gobbler Award issued to the player deemed to have had the best performance in the game . Alfred Morris also had 113 yards rushing on 24 carries and 1 touchdown while the Redskins defense intercepted two passes from Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo and sacked him a total of three times . December 30 , 2012 -- In the last game of the 2012 NFL season the Redskins met the Cowboys in a prime time game on NBC Sunday Night Football at Fed Ex Field to decide the winner of the NFC East division . Three interceptions by Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo doomed the Cowboys . The Redskins defense , led by London Fletcher 's eleven total tackles , two sacks , and one pass defensed , confused and rattled Romo all game long . The Redskins defense had two sacks and three interceptions in the game with the final one being the most costly , with Dallas trailing 21 - 18 late in the fourth quarter from the Cowboys own 29 - yard line . Romo threw a pass to the flat intended for Cowboys running back DeMarco Murray which was intercepted by Redskins outside linebacker Rob Jackson . The Redskins offensive line only gave up one sack and held Cowboys defensive stalwart DeMarcus Ware , who was playing with a hurt shoulder and elbow , to zero sacks and just one assisted tackle . Redskins rookie running back Alfred Morris rushed for 200 yards and three touchdowns on 33 carries , the last coming with one minute left , effectively putting the game out of reach ( the referee initially called a fumble and Cowboys recovery , but reversed his ruling once convinced by the side judge that , as replays would clearly show , Morris had crossed the goal line before losing the ball ) . The 28 - 18 win gave the Redskins their first playoff appearance since 2007 and their first NFC East title since 1999 while also preventing the Cowboys from making the playoffs . December 22 , 2013 -- The Cowboys were up 14 - 6 at halftime but fumble recovery by the Redskins and a 3rd quarter interception by Romo along with a field goal led to the Redskins being up 23 - 14 at the start of the 4th quarter . The Cowboys converted on a 4th and 6 Romo pass to Cole Beasley to eventually give them a field goal by Dan Bailey . With Dallas trailing 23 - 17 and Tony Romo hobbling from a severe back injury that would ultimately end his season , the Cowboys would have one last drive to win this game . With 3 : 39 left , Romo connected with rookie Terrance Williams for a 51 - yard pass to deep into Redskins territory . Another pass from Romo to Dez Bryant got them into the Red Zone . With less than 90 seconds remaining in regulation and on a 4th and goal play from the 12 yard line , Romo threw a 10 - yard pass to DeMarco Murray to score a touchdown and make the game 24 - 23 . Kirk Cousins , starting for a shutdown Robert Griffin III , got the ball back with 1 : 04 left to go but could n't get a first down after 4 attempts which clinched the game for the Cowboys . October 27 , 2014 -- The Cowboys came into the Monday Night Football showdown with the Redskins on a six - game winning streak . Both teams had a shaky first half , with both teams combining for 3 turnovers in the half . Despite 2 fumbles , the Cowboys took a 7 - 3 lead into halftime . After halftime , the Redskins drove down the field and scored on a 5 - yd run by Alfred Morris to make it 10 - 7 . When Tony Romo left the game in the third quarter with a back injury , Brandon Weeden came in to lead the Cowboys to a field goal by Dan Bailey . The Redskins then scored on a Colt McCoy touchdown run with 13 : 38 left in the 4th to retake the lead 17 - 10 . Dallas would score on the next possession in the game as Weeden threw a 25 - yard touchdown pass to Jason Witten to make the score 17 - 17 with 9 : 27 left in the game . Romo would then make his return to the game in the last possession in the 4th but both teams failed to score again in regulation . The Redskins would score first in overtime with a Kai Forbath 41 - yd field goal to make it 20 - 17 . The Cowboys would be stopped on four down in their overtime drive to secure a Redskins victory . December 28 , 2014 -- The Cowboys , now the NFC East champions , ran over the Redskins in the last game of the season 44 - 17 . The Redskins only lead of the game came after a DeSean Jackson 69 - yard touchdown catch from Robert Griffin III to make it 7 - 3 . Tony Romo would then throw 2 touchdown passes to Dez Bryant to make it 17 - 7 . The Redskins would cut a 27 - 7 lead down to 27 - 17 but the Cowboys would score 17 straight points in the last 3 : 31 to conclude a 12 - 4 season and split the season series with the Redskins . December 7 , 2015 -- In their 17th meeting all - time on Monday Night Football , the Redskins and Cowboys both entered with losing records , but were still very much alive in the weak NFC East . Both teams traded field goals throughout the majority of the game with it being tied 9 - 9 with 1 : 30 left . On a punt return , Redskins wide receiver DeSean Jackson fumbled the ball , which was recovered by Dallas . This led to the Cowboys only touchdown when Darren McFadden ran it in from six yards to make it 16 - 9 with 1 : 14 left . The Redskins quickly recovered as Jackson would catch a 28 - yard TD pass from QB Kirk Cousins with 44 seconds left to tie it at 16 - 16 . Dallas would drive down the field however , and Dan Bailey would hit a 54 - yard FG to win the game 19 - 16 for Dallas . September 18 , 2016 -- Both teams came into their week 2 match - up having lost their season openers ( the Cowboys losing by 1 to the Giants and the Redskins blown out by the Steelers ) . Dallas started hot , getting a field goal and a TD run by rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott on their first two possessions to take a 10 - 0 lead into the 2nd quarter . The Redskins responded with a Matt Jones touchdown to make it 10 - 7 , and both teams traded field goals to make it 13 - 10 at halftime . The Redskins came out hot in the third quarter , with Kirk Cousins throwing an 11 - yard touchdown to Jamison Crowder . Dallas rookie QB Dak Prescott , who like Elliott was playing in his first game in the rivalry , responded with a 6 - yard touchdown run to help Dallas retake the lead at 20 - 17 . The Redskins got two field goals to make it 23 - 20 and were about to make it a potential two - score game in the fourth quarter , but Cousins threw a crucial interception in the endzone . That proved costly as Alfred Morris , the former Redskin , scored a 4 - yard touchdown to make the score 27 - 23 Dallas , and the Redskins failed to score on their final two possessions . November 24 , 2016 -- This would be the 8th time the Cowboys and Redskins have faced off for the annual Thanksgiving Day event hosted in Dallas . The Redskins offense led by Kirk Cousins with 449 yards ( 8 yards shy of a career best ) would light up the air attack against a porous Dallas secondary . However , failing to convert key drives into touchdowns , missing two field goals , a questionable onside kick attempt , and the inability to stop the Dallas Cowboys 4th ranked offense in the 4th quarter would be too much for the Redskins to overcome . The Cowboys rolled to a then franchise best 10th win in a row with an easy 31 - 26 victory . The Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry was rekindled between Josh Norman and Dez Bryant as both clashed several times during the game and both coaches were warned by referees about their antics . Immediately after the game , both players would go to helmet to helmet while exchanging shoves and taunts . During an interview Dez Bryant added fuel to fire by saying , `` Washington needs to get their money back ... I honestly feel like the guy is extremely soft . '' 2016 would also be the 18th time the Cowboys have swept the two - game regular season series . Washington has swept the Cowboys only 6 times . October 29 , 2017 -- The Redskins and Cowboys entered their first matchup in 2017 both at 3 - 3 and behind the Eagles by 3.5 games in the division . In a rainy , washout game , the Cowboys would win 33 - 19 for their third straight win of the season . Ezekiel Elliot fumbled on the first play of the game , which led to a Redskins field goal and 3 - 0 lead . The Cowboys answered with an Elliot touchdown to take a 7 - 3 lead . The Redskins came back with 10 unanswered points to take a 13 - 7 lead , but momentum shifted when the Cowboys blocked a Nick Rose FG attempt and returned it inside the Redskins 10 yard line . The Cowboys then scored 19 unanswered points to take a 26 - 13 lead late in the fourth , with Elliot 's second TD coming right after the blocked FG . The Redskins would score a touchdown yet miss an extra point to make the score to 26 - 19 and give them a chance , but Kirk Cousins had yet another untimely turnover as he threw an Interception that was returned for a touchdown with 21 seconds left to seal the Cowboys victory . With the win , the Cowboys secured their 10th victory against the Redskins this decade , and have now won at least 10 games against the Redskins in every decade of this rivalry November 30 , 2017 - Former Redskin running back , Alfred Morris , rumbled for 127 yards while subbing for the suspended 2016 rushing champion Ezekiel Elliot . Redskin hopes were all but doomed after Kirk Cousins ' pension for turnovers continued with two interceptions and a lost fumble on the day . This win for the Cowboys marked the 19th time the Cowboys have swept the two - game regular season series , compared to only six by the Washington franchise . Rivalry off the field ( edit ) On December 19 , 2005 , Dallas Mavericks guard Darrell Armstrong was fined $1,000 for grabbing a microphone before a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves at the American Airlines Center and yelling `` How ' bout those Redskins ! '' Only a few hours prior , the Cowboys had been routed by the Redskins 35 - 7 , in the most lopsided loss of Bill Parcells 's coaching career . Armstrong was raised in North Carolina as a Redskins fan . Dallas coach Tom Landry appeared in a 1980s American Express TV commercial in which he visits an Old West - style saloon and makes the statement , `` You never know when you 'll be surrounded by Redskins '' . Several large men dressed in Redskins uniforms encircled Landry , who addressed them with , `` Howdy ! '' After the credit card sales pitch was read , the ad returned to the scene where Landry , as he recites the company 's slogan , `` Do n't leave home without it '' , leaves the saloon and the Redskins follow him out . The saloon doors knock the Redskins backwards as they swing shut . After Tom Landry was fired as Cowboys coach by new Cowboys owner Jerry Jones in 1989 , Landry appeared in another TV commercial for Choice Hotels , in which he states that he feels so great being out of football that he might take up a new career . Landry then pulls out a guitar and sings the Waylon Jennings / Willie Nelson classic , `` Mamas , do n't let your babies grow up to be '' , and after a pause , sings , `` Redskins ! '' In the commercial 's closing tag , Landry quips , `` You did n't think I would say ' Cowboys ' , did ya ? '' In 2017 , the animosity between Cowboys wide receiver Dez Bryant and Redskins cornerback Josh Norman was made into series of commercials for the Samsung Galaxy Note 8 . In the first commercial , Norman is asked by reporters about a picture he posts on Twitter that shows Bryant 's hands replaced with sticks of butter and a picture in which he says `` I 'm Better Than Dez Bryant . '' Dez Bryant responded with his own commercial , where he says he 's taking the high road when talking about Norman but draws Norman on a snail , indicating he 's slow , and another drawing of the Redskins cornerback as a blanket , meaning Norman ca n't cover him . Rivalry statistics ( edit ) Cowboys wins Redskins wins Ties Cowboys points Redskins points Regular season 70 42 2,594 2,162 Postseason 0 0 20 57 Totals 70 44 2,614 2,219 Rivalry statistics by decade ( edit ) Cowboys wins Redskins wins Ties Cowboys points Redskins points 1960 's 10 7 522 448 1970 's 12 9 0 478 371 1980 's 11 9 0 394 389 1990 's 12 8 0 483 387 2000 's 14 6 0 373 310 2010 's 10 5 0 383 343 Totals 70 44 2,647 2,238 Game results ( edit ) The following is a list of results from all of the meetings between the Cowboys and Redskins from their first meeting on October 9 , 1960 , to the most recent game on December 1 , 2016 . Cowboys victory Redskins victory Tied game Post season meeting Overtime result 1960s ( Cowboys 10 -- 7 -- 2 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series 1960 October 9 Washington Redskins 26 -- 14 Dallas Cowboys Griffith Stadium 1 -- 0 -- 0 WSH 1961 November 19 Tie 28 -- 28 Tie Cotton Bowl 1 -- 0 -- 1 WSH December 17 Washington Redskins 34 -- 24 Dallas Cowboys D.C. Stadium 2 -- 0 -- 1 WSH 1962 September 16 Tie 35 -- 35 Tie Cotton Bowl 2 -- 0 -- 2 WSH November 10 Dallas Cowboys 38 -- 10 Washington Redskins D.C. Stadium 2 -- 1 -- 2 WSH 1963 September 29 Washington Redskins 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys D.C. Stadium 3 -- 1 -- 2 WSH November 3 Dallas Cowboys 35 -- 20 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 3 -- 2 -- 2 WSH 1964 September 20 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 18 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 3 -- 3 -- 2 November 22 Washington Redskins 28 -- 16 Dallas Cowboys D.C. Stadium 4 -- 3 -- 2 WSH 1965 September 26 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 7 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 4 -- 4 -- 2 November 28 Washington Redskins 34 - 31 Dallas Cowboys D.C. Stadium 5 -- 4 -- 2 WSH 1966 November 13 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 30 Washington Redskins D.C. Stadium 5 -- 5 -- 2 December 11 Washington Redskins 34 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys Cotton Bowl 6 -- 5 -- 2 WSH 1967 October 8 Dallas Cowboys 17 -- 14 Washington Redskins D.C. Stadium 6 -- 6 -- 2 November 19 Washington Redskins 27 -- 20 Dallas Cowboys Cotton Bowl 7 -- 6 -- 2 WSH 1968 November 17 Dallas Cowboys 44 -- 24 Washington Redskins D.C. Stadium 7 -- 7 -- 2 November 28 Dallas Cowboys 29 -- 20 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 8 -- 7 -- 2 DAL 1969 November 16 Dallas Cowboys 41 -- 28 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 9 -- 7 -- 2 DAL December 21 Dallas Cowboys 20 -- 10 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 10 -- 7 -- 2 DAL 1970s ( Cowboys 12 -- 9 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series 1970 November 22 Dallas Cowboys 45 -- 21 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 11 -- 7 -- 2 DAL December 6 Dallas Cowboys 34 -- 0 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 12 -- 7 -- 2 DAL 1971 October 3 Washington Redskins 20 -- 16 Dallas Cowboys Cotton Bowl 12 -- 8 -- 2 DAL November 21 Dallas Cowboys 13 -- 0 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 13 -- 8 -- 2 DAL 1972 October 22 Washington Redskins 24 -- 20 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 13 -- 9 -- 2 DAL December 9 Dallas Cowboys 34 -- 24 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 14 -- 9 -- 2 DAL December 31 Washington Redskins 26 - 3 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 14 -- 10 -- 2 DAL 1973 October 8 Washington Redskins 14 -- 7 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 14 -- 11 -- 2 DAL December 9 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 7 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 15 -- 11 -- 2 DAL November 17 Washington Redskins 28 -- 21 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 15 -- 12 -- 2 DAL November 28 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 23 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 16 -- 12 -- 2 DAL November 2 Washington Redskins 30 -- 24 ( OT ) Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 16 -- 13 -- 2 DAL December 13 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 17 -- 13 -- 2 DAL 1976 October 31 Dallas Cowboys 20 - 7 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 18 -- 13 -- 2 DAL December 12 Washington Redskins 27 -- 14 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 18 -- 14 -- 2 DAL 1977 October 16 Dallas Cowboys 34 -- 16 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 19 -- 14 -- 2 DAL November 27 Dallas Cowboys 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 20 -- 14 -- 2 DAL 1978 October 2 Washington Redskins 9 -- 5 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 20 -- 15 -- 2 DAL November 23 Dallas Cowboys 37 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 21 -- 15 -- 2 DAL 1979 November 18 Washington Redskins 34 -- 20 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 21 -- 16 -- 2 DAL December 16 Dallas Cowboys 35 -- 34 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 22 -- 16 -- 2 DAL 1980s ( Cowboys 11 -- 9 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series 1980 September 8 Dallas Cowboys 17 -- 3 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 23 -- 16 -- 2 DAL November 27 Dallas Cowboys 14 -- 10 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 24 -- 16 -- 2 DAL 1981 September 6 Dallas Cowboys 26 -- 10 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 25 -- 16 -- 2 DAL November 22 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 26 -- 16 -- 2 DAL 1982 December 5 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 10 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 27 -- 16 -- 2 DAL January 22 Washington Redskins 31 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 27 -- 17 -- 2 DAL September 5 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 30 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 28 -- 17 -- 2 DAL December 11 Washington Redskins 31 -- 10 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 28 -- 18 -- 2 DAL 1984 October 14 Washington Redskins 34 -- 14 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 28 -- 19 -- 2 DAL December 9 Washington Redskins 30 -- 28 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 28 -- 20 -- 2 DAL 1985 September 9 Dallas Cowboys 44 - 14 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 29 -- 20 -- 2 DAL November 10 Dallas Cowboys 13 -- 7 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 30 -- 20 -- 2 DAL 1986 October 12 Dallas Cowboys 30 -- 6 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 31 -- 20 -- 2 DAL November 23 Washington Redskins 41 -- 14 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 31 -- 21 -- 2 DAL October 19 Washington Redskins 13 - 7 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 31 -- 22 -- 2 DAL December 13 Washington Redskins 24 -- 20 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 31 -- 23 -- 2 DAL 1988 October 9 Washington Redskins 35 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 31 -- 24 -- 2 DAL December 11 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 17 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 32 -- 24 -- 2 DAL 1989 September 24 Washington Redskins 30 -- 7 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 32 -- 25 -- 2 DAL November 5 Dallas Cowboys 13 -- 3 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 33 -- 25 -- 2 DAL 1990s ( Cowboys 12 -- 8 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series 1990 September 23 Washington Redskins 19 -- 15 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 33 -- 26 -- 2 DAL November 22 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 17 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 34 -- 26 -- 2 DAL 1991 September 9 Washington Redskins 33 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 34 -- 27 -- 2 DAL November 24 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 21 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 35 -- 27 -- 2 DAL 1992 September 7 Dallas Cowboys 23 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 36 -- 27 -- 2 DAL December 13 Washington Redskins 20 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 36 -- 28 -- 2 DAL 1993 September 6 Washington Redskins 35 -- 16 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 36 -- 29 -- 2 DAL December 26 Dallas Cowboys 38 -- 3 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 37 -- 29 -- 2 DAL 1994 October 2 Dallas Cowboys 34 -- 7 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 38 -- 29 -- 2 DAL November 20 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 7 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 39 -- 29 -- 2 DAL 1995 October 1 Washington Redskins 27 -- 23 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 39 -- 30 -- 2 DAL December 3 Washington Redskins 24 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 39 -- 31 -- 2 DAL November 28 Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 40 -- 31 -- 2 DAL December 22 Washington Redskins 37 -- 10 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 40 -- 32 -- 2 DAL 1997 October 13 Washington Redskins 21 -- 16 Dallas Cowboys Jack Kent Cooke Stadium 40 -- 33 -- 2 DAL November 16 Dallas Cowboys 17 -- 14 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 41 -- 33 -- 2 DAL 1998 October 4 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 10 Washington Redskins Jack Kent Cooke Stadium 42 -- 33 -- 2 DAL December 27 Dallas Cowboys 23 -- 7 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 43 -- 33 -- 2 DAL 1999 September 12 Dallas Cowboys 41 -- 35 ( OT ) Washington Redskins Jack Kent Cooke Stadium 44 -- 33 -- 2 DAL October 24 Dallas Cowboys 38 -- 20 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 45 -- 33 -- 2 DAL 2000s ( Cowboys 14 -- 6 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series 2000 September 18 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 21 Washington Redskins FedExField 46 -- 33 -- 2 DAL December 10 Dallas Cowboys 32 -- 13 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 47 -- 33 -- 2 DAL 2001 October 15 Dallas Cowboys 9 -- 7 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 48 -- 33 -- 2 DAL December 2 Dallas Cowboys 20 -- 14 Washington Redskins FedExField 49 -- 33 -- 2 DAL 2002 November 28 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 20 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 50 -- 33 -- 2 DAL December 29 Washington Redskins 20 -- 14 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 50 -- 34 -- 2 DAL 2003 November 2 Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 14 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 51 -- 34 -- 2 DAL December 14 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 0 Washington Redskins FedExField 52 -- 34 -- 2 DAL September 27 Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 18 Washington Redskins FedExField 53 -- 34 -- 2 DAL December 26 Dallas Cowboys 13 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 54 -- 34 -- 2 DAL 2005 September 19 Washington Redskins 14 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 54 -- 35 -- 2 DAL December 18 Washington Redskins 35 -- 7 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 54 -- 36 -- 2 DAL 2006 September 17 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 55 -- 36 -- 2 DAL November 5 Washington Redskins 22 -- 19 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 55 -- 37 -- 2 DAL 2007 November 18 Dallas Cowboys 28 -- 23 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 56 -- 37 -- 2 DAL December 30 Washington Redskins 27 -- 6 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 56 -- 38 -- 2 DAL 2008 September 28 Washington Redskins 26 -- 24 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 56 -- 39 -- 2 DAL November 16 Dallas Cowboys 14 -- 10 Washington Redskins FedExField 57 -- 39 -- 2 DAL 2009 November 22 Dallas Cowboys 7 -- 6 Washington Redskins Cowboys Stadium 58 -- 39 -- 2 DAL December 27 Dallas Cowboys 17 -- 0 Washington Redskins FedExField 59 -- 39 -- 2 DAL 2010s ( Cowboys 11 -- 5 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series September 12 Washington Redskins 13 -- 7 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 59 -- 40 -- 2 DAL December 19 Dallas Cowboys 33 -- 30 Washington Redskins Cowboys Stadium 60 -- 40 -- 2 DAL 2011 September 26 Dallas Cowboys 18 -- 16 Washington Redskins Cowboys Stadium 61 -- 40 -- 2 DAL November 20 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 24 ( OT ) Washington Redskins FedExField 62 -- 40 -- 2 DAL 2012 November 22 Washington Redskins 38 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys Cowboys Stadium 62 -- 41 -- 2 DAL December 30 Washington Redskins 28 -- 18 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 62 -- 42 -- 2 DAL 2013 October 13 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 16 Washington Redskins AT&T Stadium 63 -- 42 -- 2 DAL December 22 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 23 Washington Redskins FedExField 64 -- 42 -- 2 DAL 2014 October 27 Washington Redskins 20 -- 17 ( OT ) Dallas Cowboys AT&T Stadium 64 -- 43 -- 2 DAL December 28 Dallas Cowboys 44 -- 17 Washington Redskins FedExField 65 -- 43 -- 2 DAL 2015 December 7 Dallas Cowboys 19 -- 16 Washington Redskins FedExField 66 -- 43 -- 2 DAL January 3 Washington Redskins 34 -- 23 Dallas Cowboys AT&T Stadium 66 -- 44 -- 2 DAL 2016 September 18 Dallas Cowboys 27 - 23 Washington Redskins FedEx Field 67 -- 44 -- 2 DAL November 24 Dallas Cowboys 31 - 26 Washington Redskins AT&T Stadium 68 -- 44 -- 2 DAL 2017 October 29 Dallas Cowboys 33 - 19 Washington Redskins FedEx Field 69 -- 44 -- 2 DAL November 30 Dallas Cowboys 38 - 14 Washington Redskins AT&T Stadium 70 -- 44 -- 2 DAL Monday Night Football ( edit ) The Cowboys and Redskins met for the 17th time on Monday Night Football in 2015 , tied with the Denver Broncos and Oakland Raiders for the most frequent pairing in Monday Night Football history . The series has been played nine times at Washington 's home field ( five times at RFK Stadium and four times at FedExField ) and eight times at Dallas ' home field ( six at Texas Stadium and twice at AT&T Stadium ) . MNF ( Cowboys lead 9 -- 8 ) ( edit ) Year Winner Result Location 1973 Washington Redskins 14 -- 7 Washington , D.C. 1978 Washington Redskins 9 -- 5 Washington , D.C. 1980 Dallas Cowboys 17 -- 3 Washington , D.C. Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 30 Washington , D.C. 1985 Dallas Cowboys 44 -- 14 Irving , Texas Washington Redskins 13 -- 7 Irving , Texas 1991 Washington Redskins 33 -- 31 Irving , Texas 1992 Dallas Cowboys 23 -- 10 Irving , Texas 1993 Washington Redskins 35 -- 16 Washington , D.C. 1997 Washington Redskins 21 -- 16 Landover , Maryland 2000 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 21 Landover , Maryland 2001 Dallas Cowboys 9 -- 7 Irving , Texas Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 18 Landover , Maryland 2005 Washington Redskins 14 -- 13 Irving , Texas 2011 Dallas Cowboys 18 -- 16 Arlington , Texas 2014 Washington Redskins 20 -- 17 ( OT ) Arlington , Texas 2015 Dallas Cowboys 19 -- 16 Landover , Maryland References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins vs. Dallas Cowboys Regular Season / Postseason Results '' . The Football Database . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( 2007 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Nilsson , Jeff ( 14 December 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Biggest Sports Team Rivalries In The World '' . Entertainment . The Sportster . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Cowboys - Redskins rivalry redefines the term ' fight song ' '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Team Valuations '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 - 1960 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` A rivalry for a song ... and chicken feed '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Redskins Trade LeBaron To Dallas '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys own the Redskins '' . CowboyCards.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Minority Players and the American Football League '' . Conigliofamily.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboy Bomb Shocks Redskins , 24 - 23 '' . Washington Post . July 23 , 1998 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Martin 1950 -- 2001 '' . Cyberclopedia . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/redskins-1991-characters-with-character/2012/01/25/gIQAzpYKRQ_story.html Jump up ^ Redskins PARTY ! ( Morris TD # 3 + band playing Hail to the Redskins ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Mavs guard Armstrong fined $1,000 for cheering Redskins '' . USAToday . December 19 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOCdACvfls8&feature=related External links ( edit ) `` washingtonpost.com -- Redskins History -- The Rivalry '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . `` Redskins - Cowboys : What 's Your Favorite Memory ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . `` A rivalry for a song ... and chicken feed '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . `` NFL Playoffs - Cowboys Postseason History '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Links to related articles Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Washington Redskins Founded in 1932 Formerly the Boston Braves ( 1932 ) and Boston Redskins ( 1933 -- 36 ) Based in Landover , Maryland Headquartered in Ashburn , Virginia Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Draft Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Braves Field Fenway Park Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium FedExField Culture Redskins Band `` Hail to the Redskins '' Hogettes Cheerleaders Chief Zee Joe Gibbs Team name controversy Name change advocates Trademark dispute Opinion polls Original Americans Foundation `` Go Fund Yourself '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Redskins 0 , Bears 73 The Hogs The Fun Bunch The Over-the - Hill Gang The Body Bag Game Redskins Rule Ricky Williams trade Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Division championships ( 14 ) 1936 1937 1940 1942 1943 1945 1972 1984 1991 1999 2012 2015 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1972 1982 1991 League championships ( 5 ) 1937 1942 1982 ( XVII ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1991 ( XXVI ) Hall of Fame players Battles Baugh Dudley Edwards Green Grimm Hanburger Houston Huff D. Jones S. Jones Jurgensen Krause Millner Mitchell Monk Riggins Smith Taylor All - time leaders Passing Receiving Rushing Kick and punt returning Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold National Football League rivalries American Football Conference AFC East Bills -- Dolphins Bills -- Jets Bills -- Patriots Dolphins -- Jets Dolphins -- Patriots Jets -- Patriots AFC North Bengals -- Browns Bengals -- Steelers Browns -- Steelers Ravens -- Steelers AFC South Jaguars -- Titans Texans -- Titans AFC West Broncos -- Chargers Broncos -- Chiefs Broncos -- Raiders Chargers -- Chiefs Chargers -- Raiders Chiefs -- Raiders Intraconference Broncos -- Patriots Colts -- Patriots Raiders -- Steelers Ravens -- Patriots Steelers -- Titans National Football Conference NFC East Cowboys -- Eagles Cowboys -- Giants Cowboys -- Redskins Eagles -- Giants Eagles -- Redskins Giants -- Redskins NFC North Bears -- Lions Bears -- Packers Bears -- Vikings Lions -- Vikings Lions -- Packers Packers -- Vikings NFC South Buccaneers -- Panthers Buccaneers -- Saints Falcons -- Panthers Falcons -- Saints NFC West 49ers -- Rams 49ers -- Seahawks Intraconference 49ers -- Cowboys 49ers -- Giants Cowboys -- Packers Panthers -- Seahawks Interconference Buccaneers -- Dolphins Cowboys -- Steelers Eagles -- Steelers Giants -- Jets Governor 's Cup Missouri Texas Players Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowboys -- Redskins_rivalry&oldid = 815791532 '' Categories : National Football League rivalries Dallas Cowboys Washington Redskins Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 04 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's winning the cowboys or the redskins | [
"\n\n\nCowboys wins\nRedskins wins\nTies\nCowboys points\nRedskins points\n\n\nRegular season\n70\n42\n2\n2,594\n2,162\n\n\nPostseason\n0\n2\n0\n20\n57\n\n\nTotals\n70\n44\n2\n2,614\n2,219\n\n"
] | [
"Cowboys"
] |
-7308331956020958300 | Chevrolet HHR | Chevrolet HHR - wikipedia Chevrolet HHR Chevrolet HHR Overview Manufacturer General Motors Production 2005 -- May 2011 Model years 2006 -- 2011 Assembly Ramos Arizpe , Coahuila , Mexico Designer Bryan Nesbitt Body and chassis Class Compact ( HHR ) Sedan delivery ( HHR Panel ) Body style 5 - door wagon 5 - door panel van Layout FF layout Platform GM Delta platform / GMT001 Related Chevrolet Cobalt Pontiac G5 Saturn ION Saturn Astra Powertrain Engine 2.2 L ( 130 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 2.4 L ( 150 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 2.0 L ( 120 cu in ) I4 turbocharged Ecotec LNF Transmission 5 - speed F35 ( MU3 ) manual 5 - speed Getrag F23 manual 4 - speed 4T45 automatic Wheelbase 2,630 mm ( 104 in ) Length 4,475 mm ( 176.2 in ) SS : 4,480 mm ( 176 in ) Width 1,755 mm ( 69.1 in ) Height 1,605 mm ( 63.2 in ) SS : 1,590 mm ( 63 in ) Chronology Successor Chevrolet Captiva Sport Buick Envision Chevrolet Trax Chevrolet Orlando ( Canada ) Chevrolet City Express ( HHR Panel version ) The Chevrolet HHR is a retro - styled , high - roofed , five - door , five - passenger , front - wheel drive station wagon launched by the American automaker Chevrolet at the 2005 Los Angeles Auto Show as a 2006 model -- and designed by Bryan Nesbitt . The HHR shares the GM Delta platform with the Chevrolet Cobalt , Pontiac G5 , and Saturn Ion . In Mexico , it was marketed with its predecessor , the Opel - sourced Chevrolet Zafira compact MPV . Chevrolet marketed a panel van variant of the HHR beginning in 2007 . Assembled in Ramos Arizpe , Mexico and marketed throughout North America , production of the HHR ended in May 2011 . The name HHR is an initialism for Heritage High Roof . Contents 1 Design 2 Assembly and sales 3 SS Turbocharged 4 Engines 5 Safety 6 Sales 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Design ( edit ) The vehicle 's design was inspired by the mid-1940s Chevrolet cars and trucks , specifically the 1947 Chevrolet Suburban and Advance Design pickups , with large , square fender flares and a hemispherical grille . The design of the HHR has been credited to Bryan Nesbitt who was a former designer at Chrysler where he was the lead designer of the Chrysler PT Cruiser . Nesbitt was recruited by GM to join its design staff and served for a time as the chief designer of the Chevrolet brand . The HHR had a cargo - carrying capacity of 62.7 cubic feet ( 1.78 m ) . All models had a flat - load floor ( passenger models have 60 / 40 split bench ) and fold - flat front passenger seat . For the 2007 model year , it was available in five trim levels ; LS , LT , 2LT , and Special Edition . A panel van variant was also made available in 2007 for only the LT trim and became available on all trim levels in 2008 . Assembly and sales ( edit ) Chevrolet HHR ( Japanese version ) The HHR was assembled in Ramos Arizpe , Mexico , and was available for sale throughout North America . The HHR was also exported to Japan by way of the motor vehicles business unit of Mitsui . Japanese consumers were liable for yearly annual taxes due to the engine displacement and width dimensions not complying for `` compact class '' dimension regulations imposed by the Japanese Government . First year sales exceeded 93,000 through June 2006. . The HHR was partially available in Europe and is replaced now by the Chevrolet Orlando . In early 2009 , the Chevrolet HHR was discontinued from the Mexican lineup due to poor sales . SS turbocharged ( edit ) 2008 Chevrolet HHR SS Turbocharged In October 2006 , Cheryl Catton , director of car marketing and retail integration for Chevy , confirmed that a high performance variant of the HHR would be built . The vehicle was expected to be released with SS moniker for the 2008 model year and use the Ecotec LNF turbocharged engine found in the Pontiac Solstice GXP and Saturn Sky Red Line . On 16 August 2007 , Chevrolet officially revealed the 2008 Chevrolet HHR SS Turbocharged at the Woodward Dream Cruise in Birmingham , Michigan . It was introduced as a 2008 model in fall 2007 . The SS Turbocharged features a 2.0 L ( 120 cu in ) turbocharged Ecotec LNF I4 engine and intercooler that produces 260 bhp ( 190 kW ) ( 235 bhp ( 175 kW ) with the optional 4 - speed automatic ) , race - tuned high - performance suspension , five - speed manual transmission with short - throw shifter , standard four - wheel antilock disc brakes , ground effects with unique front and rear fascias , aggressive black cross-mesh grille , liftgate - mounted aero spoiler , an analog A-pillar - mounted titanium boost gauge , leather - wrapped steering wheel with mounted audio controls , and unique 18 in ( 460 mm ) high - polished aluminum wheels . Chevrolet also introduced the HHR SS Panel Concept on 30 October 2007 at the 2007 SEMA Show . This was made into a production model for the 2009 model year . The SS model was removed from the market after the 2010 model year due to GM shuttering its HPVO Group . In addition , GM phased out all GM badges from the front doors for the 2010.5 model year , including the Chevrolet HHR . In the fourth quarter of 2010 , Chevrolet announced that the HHR would be discontinued after the 2011 model year , with the last HHR 's available in dealerships starting in late January to early February . HHRs were also available for fleet order until May 2011 . Engines ( edit ) Year Trim Engine Power Torque EPA ( 2008 ) City EPA ( 2008 ) HW EPA ( 2008 ) Comb . 2006 LS / LT 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 143 bhp ( 107 kW ) 150 lb ⋅ ft ( 200 N ⋅ m ) 21 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 25 mpg ) 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) LT / 2LT 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 172 bhp ( 128 kW ) 162 lb ⋅ ft ( 220 N ⋅ m ) 20 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 24 mpg ) 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) 2007 LS / LT 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 149 hp ( 111 kW ) 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) 20 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 24 mpg ) 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) LS / 2LT 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 175 bhp ( 130 kW ) 165 lb ⋅ ft ( 224 N ⋅ m ) 21 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 25 mpg ) 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) 2008 LS / LT 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 149 hp ( 111 kW ) 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) 30 mpg ( 7.8 L / 100 km ; 36 mpg ) 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) LT / 2LT 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 172 hp ( 128 kW ) 167 lb ⋅ ft ( 226 N ⋅ m ) 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) SS 2.0 L ( 122 cu in ) turbo Ecotec LNF I4 260 bhp ( 190 kW ) 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) 21 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 25 mpg ) 29 mpg ( 8.1 L / 100 km ; 35 mpg ) 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) 2009 LS / LT 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 149 hp ( 111 kW ) 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) 30 mpg ( 7.8 L / 100 km ; 36 mpg ) 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) LT / 2LT 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 172 hp ( 128 kW ) 167 lb ⋅ ft ( 226 N ⋅ m ) 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) SS 2.0 L ( 122 cu in ) turbo Ecotec LNF I4 260 bhp ( 190 kW ) 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) 21 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 25 mpg ) 29 mpg ( 8.1 L / 100 km ; 35 mpg ) 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) LS / LT 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 149 hp ( 111 kW ) 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) 30 mpg ( 7.8 L / 100 km ; 36 mpg ) 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) LT / 2LT 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 172 hp ( 128 kW ) 167 lb ⋅ ft ( 226 N ⋅ m ) 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) SS 2.0 L ( 122 cu in ) turbo Ecotec LNF I4 260 bhp ( 190 kW ) 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) 21 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 25 mpg ) 29 mpg ( 8.1 L / 100 km ; 35 mpg ) 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) 2011 LS / LT 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 149 hp ( 111 kW ) 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) 30 mpg ( 7.8 L / 100 km ; 36 mpg ) 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) LT / 2LT 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 172 hp ( 128 kW ) 167 lb ⋅ ft ( 226 N ⋅ m ) 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) Safety ( edit ) In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) tests the HHR received a `` Good '' overall score in the frontal offset crash test , and an `` Acceptable '' score in side impacts on models equipped with side curtain airbags . Side curtain airbags became standard for 2008 models . However , side torso airbags were never made available . Sales ( edit ) Calendar Year U.S. sales 2005 41,011 2006 101,298 2007 105,175 2008 96,053 2009 70,842 75,401 2011 37,012 2012 21 Total 526,813 Gallery ( edit ) Panel Van See also ( edit ) Chevrolet SSR Chevrolet Advance Design , the 1947 - 55 Chevrolet pickup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet HHR Compare Competitive Models '' . Edmunds . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 22 . 4dr Wagon Jump up ^ `` Research Station Wagons '' . MSN Autos . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 22 . Station Wagons ... Chevrolet HHR ^ Jump up to : `` GM to produce retro cross-over '' . CNN Money . August 8 , 2003 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 2006 Chevorlet HHR LT ( YouTube ) . Regular Car Reviews . Event occurs at 5 : 44 to 6 : 36 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HHR on Mitsui automotive site '' . Automotive.mitsui.co.jp . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lavrinc , Damon ( 2006 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Chevy HHR SS acknowledged '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( 2007 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Woodward : Live Reveal of the 2008 Chevy HHR SS '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wert , Ray ( 2007 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Live From The Woodward Dream Cruise , It 's The Chevy HHR SS Reveal ! '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Chevy HHR SS Panel SEMA Concept '' . Jaloponik . General Motors . 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Filipponio , Frank ( 2007 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Chevy HHR Panel SS delivers smiles at SEMA '' . Autoblog . General Motors . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 GM Order Guide : Changes for Chevrolet Camaro , Corvette , HHR , Malibu ; Cadillac STS - Car and Driver Blog '' . Blog.caranddriver.com. 2010 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Good Chevrolet . `` Chevrolet Discontinues the HHR '' . PRLog . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Issue 101 - January 17 , 2011 '' Purchasing News '' Publications '' ARI - Automotive Fleet Management `` . Arifleet.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Chevrolet HHR '' . Iihs.org . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports 392,041 Deliveries In December '' . Media.gm.com. 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports 341,327 Deliveries In December '' . Media.gm.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports 323,453 December Deliveries ; 3.87 Million Vehicles Sold In 2007 '' . Media.gm.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports 221,983 Deliveries in December ; 2,980,688 Vehicles Sold in 2008 '' . Media.gm.com. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Jan/0105_Dec_Sales/_jcr_content/iconrow/textfile/file.res/Deliveries%20December%2009.xls Jump up ^ `` GM U.S. Deliveries for December 2010 by Model '' ( PDF ) . Media.gm.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` GM U.S. Deliveries for December 2011 by Model '' ( PDF ) . Media.gm.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` GM U.S. Deliveries for December 2012 by Model '' ( PDF ) . Media.gm.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chevrolet HHR . Chevrolet HHR at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Technical Information Chevrolet HHR `` previous -- Chevrolet , a marque of General Motors , road car timeline , United States market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Subcompact Sprint Geo Metro Spark Spark Chevette Aveo Sonic Spectrum Bolt Monza Nova Compact Prizm Volt Volt Cavalier Cavalier Cavalier HHR Citation Corsica / Beretta Cobalt Cruze Cruze Mid-size Malibu Malibu Malibu Malibu Malibu Malibu Celebrity Lumina Lumina Full - size Impala Impala SS Impala Impala Impala SS Caprice Caprice Caprice Personal Monte Carlo Monte Carlo Monte Carlo Monte Carlo Sports car Camaro Camaro Camaro Camaro Camaro Corvette Corvette Corvette Corvette Corvette Blue denotes vehicles which are available exclusively to police departments . Chevrolet vehicles A marque of General Motors Current Cars Aveo / Sonic Bolt Camaro Cavalier Cobalt Corvette Cruze Impala Malibu Matiz Onix / Prisma Sail Spark Volt Pickup trucks CMP Colorado / S - 10 Colorado / D - Max Montana / Tornado Silverado HD LSSV Pickup Crossovers / SUVs Blazer ( 2019 ) Captiva Captiva Sport Equinox Grand Vitara Grand Vitara Classic Niva Suburban LSSV SUV Tahoe LSSV SUV TrailBlazer Traverse Trax / Tracker Vans CMV City Express Enjoy Express / Savana Lova RV N200 N300 Orlando Spin Tavera Commercial trucks CYZ FTR FVZ N - Series / LCF Former models 1910s and 1920s 490 Baby Grand Classic Six Light Six Little Four Little Six Series AA Capitol Series AB National Series AC International Series D Series F Series FA Series FB Series H Series M Copper - Cooled Superior 1930s and 1940s 3100 3600 3800 AC Advance Design AK Series Deluxe Eagle Fleetline Fleetmaster Loadmaster LQ Master Mercury Series AD Universal Series AE Independence Series BA Confederate Special Standard Six Stylemaster Thriftmaster 1950s 31 50 100 150 210 3100 3200 3600 Apache Beauville Bel Air Biscayne Brookwood Cameo Cameo Carrier Delray El Camino Kingswood Parkwood Spartan Task Force Townsman Viking Yeoman 1960s 400 Blazer CUCV Pickup / SUV C10 C15 C20 C30 C / K Caprice Chevelle Chevy Chevy II Constantia Corvair Corvette Stingray G10 Greenbrier K10 K15 K20 Kingswood Estate Kommando Lakewood Nova Opala Parkwood Sportvan Titan Van Veraneio 1970s 350 1700 2500 3800 4100 Ascona Beauville Bison Bruin Chevair Chevelle Laguna Chevette Commodore Custom Deluxe De Ville El Torro G20 G30 Iran Laguna Type S - 3 LUV Monte Carlo Monza Pickup Rekord Royal Royale San Remo Scottsdale Senator Vega Vega 2300 1980s A10 A20 Aska Astro Beretta S - 10 Blazer Cavalier Celebrity Chevy 500 Citation Citation II Corsica D10 D20 Gemini Ipanema Kadett Kodiak Marajó Metro Monza S - 10 Samurai Spectrum Sprint Super Carry Suprema Trafic T - Series Tracker Vitara 1990s 454 SS CUCV II Pickup Alero Astra Calibra Cassia Chevy Classic CMP CMV Combo Corsa Esteem Exclusive Frontera Grand Blazer Joy Lumina Lumina APV Matiz Metro Nabira Niva Omega Prizm Rodeo Savana Swift Taxi Chronos Tigra Trans Sport Trooper Urvan Vectra Venture Xtreme Zafira 2000s Alto Aveo D - Max Epica Estate Evanda Forester Grand Vitara Jimny Kalos Lacetti Lova Lumina Coupe Lanos Matiz Eco Logic Meriva Nubira Optra Rezzo Sonora SSR T - Series Tacuma Tosca Uplander Vitara XL7 W - Series 2010s Agile Avalanche Caprice Celta Cobalt Epica HHR Lumina Lumina Ute Nexia Optra Vivant Omega SS Concept cars Aerovette Astro I Bel Air ( 2002 ) CERV Cheyenne ( 2003 ) Corvair Monza GT Corvette concepts Express ( 1987 ) Groove Miray Sequel SS ( 2003 ) Trax ( 2007 ) Triax Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevrolet_HHR&oldid=849177385 '' Categories : Chevrolet vehicles Compact cars Station wagons Vans Front - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles Retro - style automobiles Cars introduced in 2005 2010s automobiles Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 02 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does hhr stand for on a chevy | [
"The name HHR is an initialism for Heritage High Roof.\n"
] | [
"Heritage High Roof"
] |
-3371861175236811587 | Beowulf | Beowulf - wikipedia Beowulf Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the epic poem . For the character , see Beowulf ( hero ) . For other uses , see Beowulf ( disambiguation ) . Beowulf First page of Beowulf in Cotton Vitellius A. xv Author ( s ) Unknown Language West Saxon dialect of Old English Date c. 700 -- 1000 AD ( date of poem ) , c. 975 -- 1010 AD ( date of manuscript ) State of existence Manuscript suffered damage from fire in 1731 Manuscript ( s ) Cotton Vitellius A. xv First printed edition Thorkelin ( 1815 ) Genre Epic heroic poetry Verse form Alliterative verse Length c. 3182 lines Subject The battles of Beowulf , the Geatish hero , in youth and old age Personages Beowulf , Hygelac , Hrothgar , Wealhþeow , Hrothulf , Æschere , Unferth , Grendel , Grendel 's mother , Wiglaf , Hildeburh . Beowulf ( / ˈbeɪoʊwʊlf / Old English : ( ˈbeːo̯ˌwulf ) ) is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines . It may be the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature . A date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars ; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript , which was produced between 975 and 1025 . The author was an anonymous Anglo - Saxon poet , referred to by scholars as the `` Beowulf poet '' . The poem is set in Scandinavia . Beowulf , a hero of the Geats , comes to the aid of Hrothgar , the king of the Danes , whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by a monster known as Grendel . After Beowulf slays him , Grendel 's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated . Victorious , Beowulf goes home to Geatland ( Götaland in modern Sweden ) and later becomes king of the Geats . After a period of fifty years has passed , Beowulf defeats a dragon , but is mortally wounded in the battle . After his death , his attendants cremate his body and erect a tower on a headland in his memory . The full poem survives in the manuscript known as the Nowell Codex . It has no title in the original manuscript , but has become known by the name of the story 's protagonist . In 1731 , the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through Ashburnham House in London that had a collection of medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton . The Nowell Codex is currently housed in the British Library . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Summary 2.1 First battle : Grendel 2.2 Second battle : Grendel 's Mother 2.3 Third battle : The Dragon 3 Authorship and date 4 Manuscript 4.1 Provenance 4.2 Writing 4.3 Transcriptions 4.4 Translations 4.5 Debate over oral tradition 5 Sources and analogues 6 Dialect 7 Form and metre 8 Interpretation and criticism 9 Artistic adaptations 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Citations 11.3 Sources 12 External links Historical background ( edit ) Approximate central regions of tribes mentioned in Beowulf , with the location of the Angles in Angeln . See Scandza for details of Scandinavia 's political fragmentation in the 6th century . The events in the poem take place over most of the sixth century , after the Anglo - Saxons had started their journey to England and before the beginning of the seventh century , a time when the Anglo - Saxons were either newly arrived or were still in close contact with their Germanic kinsmen in Northern Germany . The poem may have been brought to England by people of Geatish origins . Many suggest that Beowulf was first composed in the 7th century at Rendlesham in East Anglia , that the Sutton Hoo ship - burial also shows close connections with Scandinavia , and that the East Anglian royal dynasty , the Wuffingas , may have been descendants of the Geatish Wulfings . Others have associated this poem with the court of King Alfred the Great or with the court of King Cnut the Great . Ohthere 's mound The poem deals with legends , was composed for entertainment , and does not separate between fictional elements and real historic events , such as the raid by King Hygelac into Frisia . Though Beowulf himself is not mentioned in any other Anglo - Saxon manuscript , scholars generally agree that many of the other personalities of Beowulf also appear in Scandinavian sources . ( Specific works are designated in the following section ) . This concerns not only individuals ( e.g. , Healfdene , Hroðgar , Halga , Hroðulf , Eadgils and Ohthere ) , but also clans ( e.g. , Scyldings , Scylfings and Wulfings ) and certain events ( e.g. , the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern ) . The dating of the events in the poem has been confirmed by archaeological excavations of the barrows indicated by Snorri Sturluson and by Swedish tradition as the graves of Ohthere ( dated to c. 530 ) and his son Eadgils ( dated to c. 575 ) in Uppland , Sweden . In Denmark , recent archaeological excavations at Lejre , where Scandinavian tradition located the seat of the Scyldings , i.e. , Heorot , have revealed that a hall was built in the mid-6th century , exactly the time period of Beowulf . Three halls , each about 50 metres ( 160 ft ) long , were found during the excavation . Finds from Eadgils ' mound , left , excavated in 1874 at Gamla Uppsala , Sweden , support Beowulf and the sagas . Ongentheow 's barrow , right , has not been excavated . The majority view appears to be that people such as King Hroðgar and the Scyldings in Beowulf are based on real historical people from 6th - century Scandinavia . Like the Finnesburg Fragment and several shorter surviving poems , Beowulf has consequently been used as a source of information about Scandinavian personalities such as Eadgils and Hygelac , and about continental Germanic personalities such as Offa , king of the continental Angles . 19th - century archaeological evidence may confirm elements of the Beowulf story . Eadgils was buried at Uppsala according to Snorri Sturluson . When Eadgils ' mound ( to the left in the photo ) was excavated in 1874 , the finds supported Beowulf and the sagas . They showed that a powerful man was buried in a large barrow , c. 575 , on a bear skin with two dogs and rich grave offerings . These remains include a Frankish sword adorned with gold and garnets and a tafl game with Roman pawns of ivory . He was dressed in a costly suit made of Frankish cloth with golden threads , and he wore a belt with a costly buckle . There were four cameos from the Middle East which were probably part of a casket . This would have been a burial fitting a king who was famous for his wealth in Old Norse sources . Ongentheow 's barrow has not been excavated . Summary ( edit ) The protagonist Beowulf , a hero of the Geats , comes to the aid of Hrothgar , king of the Danes , whose great hall , Heorot , is plagued by the monster Grendel . Beowulf kills Grendel with his bare hands and Grendel 's mother with a giant 's sword that he found in her lair . Later in his life , Beowulf becomes king of the Geats , and finds his realm terrorized by a dragon , some of whose treasure had been stolen from his hoard in a burial mound . He attacks the dragon with the help of his thegns or servants , but they do not succeed . Beowulf decides to follow the dragon to its lair at Earnanæs , but only his young Swedish relative Wiglaf , whose name means `` remnant of valour '' , dares to join him . Beowulf finally slays the dragon , but is mortally wounded in the struggle . He is cremated and a burial mound by the sea is erected in his honour . Beowulf is considered an epic poem in that the main character is a hero who travels great distances to prove his strength at impossible odds against supernatural demons and beasts . The poem also begins in medias res or simply , `` in the middle of things , '' which is a characteristic of the epics of antiquity . Although the poem begins with Beowulf 's arrival , Grendel 's attacks have been an ongoing event . An elaborate history of characters and their lineages is spoken of , as well as their interactions with each other , debts owed and repaid , and deeds of valour . The warriors form a kind of brotherhood linked by loyalty to their lord . What is unique about `` Beowulf '' is that the poem actual begins and ends with a funeral . At the beginning of the poem , the king , hero , Shield Shiefson dies ( 26 - 45 ) and there is a huge funeral for him . At the end of the poem when Beowulf dies , there is also a massive funeral for Beowulf. ( 3140 - 3170 ) First battle : Grendel ( edit ) Beowulf begins with the story of Hrothgar , who constructed the great hall Heorot for himself and his warriors . In it , he , his wife Wealhtheow , and his warriors spend their time singing and celebrating . Grendel , a troll - like monster said to be descended from the biblical Cain , is pained by the sounds of a joy . Grendel attacks the hall and kills and devours many of Hrothgar 's warriors while they sleep . Hrothgar and his people , helpless against Grendel , abandon Heorot . Beowulf , a young warrior from Geatland , hears of Hrothgar 's troubles and with his king 's permission leaves his homeland to assist Hrothgar . Beowulf and his men spend the night in Heorot . Beowulf refuses to use any weapon because he holds himself to be the equal of Grendel . When Grendel enters the hall , Beowulf , who has been feigning sleep , leaps up to clench Grendel 's hand . Grendel and Beowulf battle each other violently . Beowulf 's retainers draw their swords and rush to his aid , but their blades can not pierce Grendel 's skin . Finally , Beowulf tears Grendel 's arm from his body at the shoulder and Grendel runs to his home in the marshes where he dies . Beowulf displays `` the whole of Grendel 's shoulder and arm , his awesome grasp '' for all to see at Heorot . This display would fuel Grendel 's mother 's anger in revenge . Second battle : Grendel 's mother ( edit ) The next night , after celebrating Grendel 's defeat , Hrothgar and his men sleep in Heorot . Grendel 's mother , angry that her son has been killed , sets out to get revenge . `` Beowulf was elsewhere . Earlier , after the award of treasure , The Geat had been given another lodging '' his assistance would be absent in this battle . Grendel 's mother violently kills Æschere , who is Hrothgar 's most loyal fighter , and escapes . Hrothgar , Beowulf and their men track Grendel 's mother to her lair under a lake . Unferth , a warrior who had doubted him and wishes to make amends , presents Beowulf with his sword Hrunting . After stipulating a number of conditions to Hrothgar in case of his death ( including the taking in of his kinsmen and the inheritance by Unferth of Beowulf 's estate ) , Beowulf jumps into the lake , at the bottom of which he finds a cavern containing Grendel 's body and the remains of men that the two have killed . Grendel 's mother and Beowulf engage in fierce combat . At first , Grendel 's mother appears to prevail . Beowulf , finding that Hrunting can not harm his foe , puts it aside in fury . Beowulf is again saved from his opponent 's attack by his armour . Beowulf takes another sword from Grendel 's mother and slices her head off with it . Travelling further into Grendel 's mother 's lair , Beowulf discovers Grendel 's corpse and severs his head . The blade of Beowulf 's sword touches Grendel 's toxic blood , and instantly dissolves so that only the hilt remains . Beowulf swims back up to the rim of the pond where his men wait in growing despair . Carrying the hilt of the sword and Grendel 's head , he presents them to Hrothgar upon his return to Heorot . Hrothgar gives Beowulf many gifts , including the sword Nægling , his family 's heirloom . The events prompt a long reflection by the king , sometimes referred to as `` Hrothgar 's sermon '' , in which he urges Beowulf to be wary of pride and to reward his thegns . Third battle : the dragon ( edit ) Main article : The Dragon ( Beowulf ) Beowulf returns home and eventually becomes king of his own people . One day , fifty years after Beowulf 's battle with Grendel 's mother , a slave steals a golden cup from the lair of a dragon at Earnanæs . When the dragon sees that the cup has been stolen , it leaves its cave in a rage , burning everything in sight . Beowulf and his warriors come to fight the dragon , but Beowulf tells his men that he will fight the dragon alone and that they should wait on the barrow . Beowulf descends to do battle with the dragon , but finds himself outmatched . His men , upon seeing this and fearing for their lives , retreat into the woods . One of his men , Wiglaf , however , in great distress at Beowulf 's plight , comes to his aid . The two slay the dragon , but Beowulf is mortally wounded . After Beowulf dies , Wiglaf remains by his side , grief - stricken . When the rest of the men finally return , Wiglaf bitterly admonishes them , blaming their cowardice for Beowulf 's death . Afterward , Beowulf is ritually burned on a great pyre in Geatland while his people wail and mourn him , fearing that without him , the Geats are defenceless against attacks from surrounding tribes . Afterwards , a barrow , visible from the sea , is built in his memory . ( Beowulf lines 2712 -- 3182 ) . Authorship and date ( edit ) Beowulf was written in England , but is set in Scandinavia ; its dating has attracted considerable scholarly attention . The poem has been dated to between the 8th and the early 11th centuries , with some recent scholarship offering what has been called `` a cohesive and compelling case for Beowulf 's early composition . '' However , opinion differs as to whether the composition of the poem is nearly contemporary with its transcription , whether it was first written in the 8th century , or if a proto - version of the poem was perhaps composed at an even earlier time ( possibly as one of the Bear 's Son Tales ) and orally transmitted for many years , then transcribed in its present form at a later date . Albert Lord felt strongly that the manuscript represents the transcription of a performance , though likely taken at more than one sitting . J.R.R. Tolkien believed that the poem retains too genuine a memory of Anglo - Saxon paganism to have been composed more than a few generations after the completion of the Christianisation of England around AD 700 , and Tolkien 's conviction that the poem dates to the 8th century has been defended by Tom Shippey , Leonard Neidorf , Rafael J. Pascual , and R.D. Fulk , among others . The claim to an early 11th - century date depends in part on scholars who argue that , rather than the transcription of a tale from the oral tradition by an earlier literate monk , Beowulf reflects an original interpretation of an earlier version of the story by the manuscript 's two scribes . On the other hand , some scholars argue that linguistic , palaeographical , metrical , and onomastic considerations align to support a date of composition in the first half of the eighth century ; in particular , the poem 's regular observation of etymological length distinctions ( Max Kaluza 's law ) has been thought to demonstrate a date of composition in the first half of the eighth century . However , scholars disagree about whether the metrical phenomena described by Kaluza 's Law prove an early date of composition or are evidence of a longer prehistory of the Beowulf meter ; B.R. Hutcheson , for instance , does not believe Kaluza 's Law can be used to date the poem , while claiming that `` the weight of all the evidence Fulk presents in his book tells strongly in favour of an eighth - century date . '' Manuscript ( edit ) Main article : Nowell Codex Remounted page , British Library Cotton Vitellius A. XV Beowulf survives in a single manuscript dated on palaeographical grounds to the late 10th or early 11th century . The manuscript measures 245 × 185 mm . Provenance ( edit ) The poem is known only from a single manuscript , which is estimated to date from close to AD 1000 , in which it appears with other works . The Beowulf manuscript is known as the Nowell Codex , gaining its name from 16th - century scholar Laurence Nowell . The official designation is `` British Library , Cotton Vitellius A. XV '' because it was one of Sir Robert Bruce Cotton 's holdings in the Cotton library in the middle of the 17th century . Many private antiquarians and book collectors , such as Sir Robert Cotton , used their own library classification systems . `` Cotton Vitellius A. XV '' translates as : the 15th book from the left on shelf A ( the top shelf ) of the bookcase with the bust of Roman Emperor Vitellius standing on top of it , in Cotton 's collection . Kevin Kiernan argues that Nowell most likely acquired it through William Cecil , 1st Baron Burghley , in 1563 , when Nowell entered Cecil 's household as a tutor to his ward , Edward de Vere , 17th Earl of Oxford . The earliest extant reference to the first foliation of the Nowell Codex was made sometime between 1628 and 1650 by Franciscus Junius ( the younger ) . The ownership of the codex before Nowell remains a mystery . The Reverend Thomas Smith ( 1638 -- 1710 ) and Humfrey Wanley ( 1672 -- 1726 ) both catalogued the Cotton library ( in which the Nowell Codex was held ) . Smith 's catalogue appeared in 1696 , and Wanley 's in 1705 . The Beowulf manuscript itself is identified by name for the first time in an exchange of letters in 1700 between George Hickes , Wanley 's assistant , and Wanley . In the letter to Wanley , Hickes responds to an apparent charge against Smith , made by Wanley , that Smith had failed to mention the Beowulf script when cataloguing Cotton MS . Vitellius A. XV . Hickes replies to Wanley `` I can find nothing yet of Beowulph . '' Kiernan theorised that Smith failed to mention the Beowulf manuscript because of his reliance on previous catalogues or because either he had no idea how to describe it or because it was temporarily out of the codex . It suffered damage in the Cotton Library fire at Ashburnham House in 1731 . Since then , parts of the manuscript have crumbled along with many of the letters . Rebinding efforts , though saving the manuscript from much degeneration , have nonetheless covered up other letters of the poem , causing further loss . Kevin Kiernan , in preparing his electronic edition of the manuscript , used fibre - optic backlighting and ultraviolet lighting to reveal letters in the manuscript lost from binding , erasure , or ink blotting . Writing ( edit ) The Beowulf manuscript was transcribed from an original by two scribes , one of whom wrote the prose at the beginning of the manuscript and the first 1939 lines before breaking off in mid sentence . The first scribe made a point of carefully regularizing the spelling of the original document by using the common West Saxon language and by avoiding any archaic or dialectical features . The second scribe , who wrote the remainder , with a difference in handwriting noticeable after line 1939 , seems to have written more vigorously and with less interest . As a result , the second scribe 's script retains more archaic dialectic features which allow modern scholars to ascribe the poem a cultural context . While both scribes appear to proofread their work , there are nevertheless many errors . The second scribe was ultimately the more conservative copyist of the two as he did not modify the spelling of the text as he wrote but rather copied what he saw in front of him . In the way that it is currently bound , the Beowulf manuscript is followed by the Old English poem Judith . Judith was written by same the scribe that completed Beowulf as evidenced through similar writing style . Worm - holes found in the last leaves of the Beowulf manuscript that are n't present in the Judith manuscript suggest that at one point Beowulf ended the volume . The rubbed appearance of some leaves also suggest that the manuscript stood on a shelf unbound , as is known to have been the case with other Old English manuscripts . From knowledge of books held in the library at Malmesbury Abbey and available as source works , and from the identification of certain words particular to the local dialect found in the text , the transcription may have taken place there . Transcriptions ( edit ) Icelandic scholar Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin made the first transcriptions of the manuscript in 1786 and published the results in 1815 , working as part of a Danish government historical research commission . He made one himself , and had another done by a professional copyist who knew no Anglo - Saxon . Since that time , however , the manuscript has crumbled further , making these transcripts a prized witness to the text . While the recovery of at least 2000 letters can be attributed to them , their accuracy has been called into question , and the extent to which the manuscript was actually more readable in Thorkelin 's time is uncertain . Translations ( edit ) In 1805 , the historian Sharon Turner translated selected verses into modern English . This was followed in 1814 by John Josias Conybeare who published an edition `` in English paraphrase and Latin verse translation . '' In 1815 , Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin published the first complete edition in Latin . N.F.S. Grundtvig reviewed this edition in 1815 and created the first complete verse translation in Danish in 1820 . In 1837 , John Mitchell Kemble created an important literal translation in English . In 1895 , William Morris & A.J. Wyatt published the ninth English translation . Many retellings of Beowulf for children also appeared around the beginning of the 20th century . In 1909 , Francis Barton Gummere 's full translation in `` English imitative meter '' was published , and was used as the text of Gareth Hinds 's graphic novel based on Beowulf in 2007 . During the early 20th century , Frederick Klaeber 's Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg ( which included the poem in Old English , an extensive glossary of Old English terms , and general background information ) became the `` central source used by graduate students for the study of the poem and by scholars and teachers as the basis of their translations . '' A great number of translations are available , in poetry and prose . Andy Orchard , in A Critical Companion to Beowulf , lists 33 `` representative '' translations in his bibliography , and it has been translated into at least 23 other languages . Seamus Heaney 's 1999 translation of the poem ( referred to by Howell Chickering and many others as `` Heaneywulf '' ) was widely publicized . Translating Beowulf is one of the subjects of the 2012 publication Beowulf at Kalamazoo , containing a section with 10 essays on translation , and a section with 22 reviews of Heaney 's translation ( some of which compare Heaney 's work with that of Anglo - Saxon scholar Roy Liuzza ) . R.D. Fulk , of Indiana University , published the first facing - page edition and translation of the entire manuscript in the Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library series in 2010 . J.R.R. Tolkien 's long - awaited translation ( edited by his son , Christopher ) was published in 2014 as Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary . This also includes Tolkien 's own retelling of the story of Beowulf in his tale , Sellic Spell . Debate over oral tradition ( edit ) The question of whether Beowulf was passed down through oral tradition prior to its present manuscript form has been the subject of much debate , and involves more than simply the issue of its composition . Rather , given the implications of the theory of oral - formulaic composition and oral tradition , the question concerns how the poem is to be understood , and what sorts of interpretations are legitimate . Scholarly discussion about Beowulf in the context of the oral tradition was extremely active throughout the 1960s and 1970s . The debate might be framed starkly as follows : on the one hand , we can hypothesise a poem put together from various tales concerning the hero ( the Grendel episode , the Grendel 's mother story , and the fire drake narrative ) . These fragments would have been told for many years in tradition , and learned by apprenticeship from one generation of illiterate poets to the next . The poem is composed orally and extemporaneously , and the archive of tradition on which it draws is oral , pagan , Germanic , heroic , and tribal . On the other hand , one might posit a poem which is composed by a literate scribe , who acquired literacy by way of learning Latin ( and absorbing Latinate culture and ways of thinking ) , probably a monk and therefore profoundly Christian in outlook . On this view , the pagan references would be a sort of decorative archaising . There is a third view that sees merit in both arguments above and attempts to bridge them , and so can not be articulated as starkly as they can ; it sees more than one Christianity and more than one attitude towards paganism at work in the poem ; it sees the poem as initially the product of a literate Christian author with one foot in the pagan world and one in the Christian , himself perhaps a convert ( or one whose forebears had been pagan ) , a poet who was conversant in both oral and literary composition and was capable of a masterful `` repurposing '' of poetry from the oral tradition . However , scholars such as D.K. Crowne have proposed the idea that the poem was passed down from reciter to reciter under the theory of oral - formulaic composition , which hypothesises that epic poems were ( at least to some extent ) improvised by whoever was reciting them , and only much later written down . In his landmark work , The Singer of Tales , Albert Lord refers to the work of Francis Peabody Magoun and others , saying `` the documentation is complete , thorough , and accurate . This exhaustive analysis is in itself sufficient to prove that Beowulf was composed orally . '' Examination of Beowulf and other Old English literature for evidence of oral - formulaic composition has met with mixed response . While `` themes '' ( inherited narrative subunits for representing familiar classes of event , such as the `` arming the hero '' , or the particularly well - studied `` hero on the beach '' theme ) do exist across Anglo - Saxon and other Germanic works , some scholars conclude that Anglo - Saxon poetry is a mix of oral - formulaic and literate patterns , arguing that the poems both were composed on a word - by - word basis and followed larger formulae and patterns . Larry Benson argued that the interpretation of Beowulf as an entirely formulaic work diminishes the ability of the reader to analyse the poem in a unified manner , and with due attention to the poet 's creativity . Instead , he proposed that other pieces of Germanic literature contain `` kernels of tradition '' from which Beowulf borrows and expands upon . A few years later , Ann Watts argued against the imperfect application of one theory to two different traditions : traditional , Homeric , oral - formulaic poetry and Anglo - Saxon poetry . Thomas Gardner agreed with Watts , arguing that the Beowulf text is of too varied a nature to be completely constructed from set formulae and themes . John Miles Foley wrote , referring to the Beowulf debate , that while comparative work was both necessary and valid , it must be conducted with a view to the particularities of a given tradition ; Foley argued with a view to developments of oral traditional theory that do not assume , or depend upon , ultimately unverifiable assumptions about composition , and instead delineate a more fluid continuum of traditionality and textuality . Finally , in the view of Ursula Schaefer , the question of whether the poem was `` oral '' or `` literate '' becomes something of a red herring . In this model , the poem is created , and is interpretable , within both noetic horizons . Schaefer 's concept of `` vocality '' offers neither a compromise nor a synthesis of the views which see the poem as on the one hand Germanic , pagan , and oral and on the other Latin - derived , Christian , and literate , but , as stated by Monika Otter : `` ... a ' tertium quid ' , a modality that participates in both oral and literate culture yet also has a logic and aesthetic of its own . '' Sources and analogues ( edit ) Neither identified sources nor analogues for Beowulf can be definitively proven , but many conjectures have been made . These are important in helping historians understand the Beowulf manuscript , as possible source - texts or influences would suggest time - frames of composition , geographic boundaries within which it could be composed , or range ( both spatial and temporal ) of influence ( i.e. when it was `` popular '' and where its `` popularity '' took it ) . There are five main categories in which potential sources and / or analogues are included : Scandinavian parallels , early Irish literature sources and analogues , classical sources , ecclesiastical sources , and echoes in other Old English texts . Early studies into Scandinavian sources and analogues proposed that Beowulf was a translation of an original Scandinavian work , but this idea has been discarded . In 1878 , Guðbrandur Vigfússon made the connection between Beowulf and the Grettis saga . This is currently one of the few Scandinavian analogues to receive a general consensus of potential connection . Tales concerning the Skjöldungs , possibly originating as early as the 6th century were later used as a narrative basis in such texts as Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus and Hrólfs saga kraka . Some scholars see Beowulf as a product of these early tales along with Gesta Danorum and Hrólfs saga kraka , and some early scholars of the poem proposed that the latter saga and Beowulf share a common legendary ancestry , Beowulf 's Hrothulf being identified with Hrólf Kraki . Paul Beekman Taylor argued that the Ynglinga saga was proof that the Beowulf poet was likewise working from Germanic tradition . Friedrich Panze attempted to contextualise Beowulf and other Scandinavian works , including Grettis saga , under the international folktale type 301B , or `` The Bear 's Son '' tale . However , although this folkloristic approach was seen as a step in the right direction , `` The Bear 's Son '' tale was seen as too universal . Later , Peter Jørgensen , looking for a more concise frame of reference , coined a `` two - troll tradition '' that covers both Beowulf and Grettis saga : `` a Norse ' ecotype ' in which a hero enters a cave and kills two giants , usually of different sexes '' . Scholars who favoured Irish parallels directly spoke out against pro-Scandinavian theories , citing them as unjustified . Wilhelm Grimm is noted to be the first person to link Beowulf with Irish folklore ; however , Max Deutschbein is the first person to present the argument in academic form . He suggested the Irish Feast of Bricriu as a source for Beowulf -- a theory that was soon denied by Oscar Olson . Swedish folklorist Carl Wilhelm Von Sydow argued against both Scandinavian translation and source material due to his theory that Beowulf is fundamentally Christian and written at a time when any Norse tale would have most likely been pagan . In the late 1920s , Heinzer Dehmer suggested Beowulf as contextually based in the folktale type `` The Hand and the Child , '' due to the motif of the `` monstrous arm '' -- a motif that distances Grettis saga and Beowulf and further aligns Beowulf with Irish parallelism . James Carney and Martin Puhvel also agree with this `` Hand and the Child '' contextualisation . Carney also ties Beowulf to Irish literature through the Táin Bó Fráech story . Puhvel supported the `` Hand and the Child '' theory through such motifs as ( in Andersson 's words ) `` the more powerful giant mother , the mysterious light in the cave , the melting of the sword in blood , the phenomenon of battle rage , swimming prowess , combat with water monsters , underwater adventures , and the bear - hug style of wrestling . '' Attempts to find classical or Late Latin influence or analogue in Beowulf are almost exclusively linked with Homer 's Odyssey or Virgil 's Aeneid . In 1926 , Albert Stanburrough Cook suggested a Homeric connection due to equivalent formulas , metonymies , and analogous voyages . In 1930 , James A. Work also supported the Homeric influence , stating that encounter between Beowulf and Unferth was parallel to the encounter between Odysseus and Euryalus in Books 7 -- 8 of the Odyssey , even to the point of both characters giving the hero the same gift of a sword upon being proven wrong in their initial assessment of the hero 's prowess . This theory of Homer 's influence on Beowulf remained very prevalent in the 1920s , but started to die out in the following decade when a handful of critics stated that the two works were merely `` comparative literature '' , although Greek was known in late 7th century England : Bede states that Theodore of Tarsus , a Greek , was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 668 , and he taught Greek . Several English scholars and churchmen are described by Bede as being fluent in Greek due to being taught by him ; Bede claims to be fluent in Greek himself . Frederick Klaeber , among others , argued for a connection between Beowulf and Virgil near the start of the 20th century , claiming that the very act of writing a secular epic in a Germanic world represents Virgilian influence . Virgil was seen as the pinnacle of Latin literature , and Latin was the dominant literary language of England at the time , therefore making Virgilian influence highly likely . Similarly , in 1971 , Alistair Campbell stated that the apologue technique used in Beowulf is so rare in epic poetry aside from Virgil that the poet who composed Beowulf could not have written the poem in such a manner without first coming across Virgil 's writings . It can not be denied that Biblical parallels occur in the text , whether seen as a pagan work with `` Christian colouring '' added by scribes or as a `` Christian historical novel , with selected bits of paganism deliberately laid on as ' local colour ' , '' as Margaret E. Goldsmith did in `` The Christian Theme of Beowulf , '' . Beowulf channels the Book of Genesis , the Book of Exodus , and the Book of Daniel in its inclusion of references to the Genesis creation narrative , the story of Cain and Abel , Noah and the flood myth , the Devil , Hell , and the Last Judgment . Dialect ( edit ) Part of a series on Old English Dialects ( show ) Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Use ( show ) Orthography ( Runic alphabet , Latin alphabet ) Grammar Phonology Phonological history Literature ( show ) Beowulf Anglo - Saxon Chronicle Cædmon 's Hymn History ( show ) Development of Old English Influences Proto - Germanic Latin Norse Brittonic Legacy ( show ) Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Scots The poem mixes the West Saxon and Anglian dialects of Old English , though it predominantly uses West Saxon , as do other Old English poems copied at the time . There is a wide array of linguistic forms in the Beowulf manuscript . It is this fact that leads some scholars to believe that Beowulf has endured a long and complicated transmission through all the main dialect areas . The poem retains a complicated mix of the following dialectical forms : Mercian , Northumbrian , Early West Saxon , Kentish and Late West Saxon . There are in Beowulf more than 3100 distinct words , and almost 1300 occur exclusively , or almost exclusively , in this poem and in the other poetical texts . Considerably more than one - third of the total vocabulary is alien from ordinary prose use . There are , in round numbers , three hundred and sixty uncompounded verbs in Beowulf , and forty of them are poetical words in the sense that they are unrecorded or rare in the existing prose writings . One hundred and fifty more occur with the prefix ge - ( reckoning a few found only in the past - participle ) , but of these one hundred occur also as simple verbs , and the prefix is employed to render a shade of meaning which was perfectly known and thoroughly familiar except in the latest Anglo - Saxon period . The nouns number sixteen hundred . Seven hundred of them , including those formed with prefixes , of which fifty ( or considerably more than half ) have ge - , are simple nouns , at the highest reckoning not more than one - fourth is absent in prose . That this is due in some degree to accident is clear from the character of the words , and from the fact that several reappear and are common after the Norman Conquest . Form and metre ( edit ) An Old English poem such as Beowulf is very different from modern poetry . Anglo - Saxon poets typically used alliterative verse , a form of verse in which the first half of the line ( the a-verse ) is linked to the second half ( the b - verse ) through similarity in initial sound . In addition , the two halves are divided by a caesura : `` Oft Scyld Scefing \ \ sceaþena þreatum '' ( l . 4 ) . This verse form maps stressed and unstressed syllables onto abstract entities known as metrical positions . There is no fixed number of beats per line : the first one cited has three ( Oft SCYLD SCEFING , with ictus on the suffix - ING ) whereas the second has two ( SCEAþena ÞREATum ) . The poet has a choice of epithets or formulae to use in order to fulfil the alliteration . When speaking or reading Old English poetry , it is important to remember for alliterative purposes that many of the letters are not pronounced in the same way as in modern English . The letter ⟨ h ⟩ , for example , is always pronounced ( Hroðgar : ( ˈhroðgar ) ) , and the digraph ⟨ cg ⟩ is pronounced ( dʒ ) , as in the word edge . Both ⟨ f ⟩ and ⟨ s ⟩ vary in pronunciation depending on their phonetic environment . Between vowels or voiced consonants , they are voiced , sounding like modern ⟨ v ⟩ and ⟨ z ⟩ , respectively . Otherwise they are unvoiced , like modern ⟨ f ⟩ in fat and ⟨ s ⟩ in sat . Some letters which are no longer found in modern English , such as thorn , ⟨ þ ⟩ , and eth , ⟨ ð ⟩ -- representing both pronunciations of modern English ⟨ th ⟩ , as / θ / in thing and / ð / this -- are used extensively both in the original manuscript and in modern English editions . The voicing of these characters echoes that of ⟨ f ⟩ and ⟨ s ⟩ . Both are voiced ( as in this ) between other voiced sounds : oðer , laþleas , suþern . Otherwise they are unvoiced ( as in thing ) : þunor , suð , soþfæst . Kennings are also a significant technique in Beowulf . They are evocative poetic descriptions of everyday things , often created to fill the alliterative requirements of the metre . For example , a poet might call the sea the `` swan - road '' or the `` whale - road '' ; a king might be called a `` ring - giver . '' There are many kennings in Beowulf , and the device is typical of much of classic poetry in Old English , which is heavily formulaic . The poem also makes extensive use of elided metaphors . J.R.R. Tolkien argued in Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics that the poem is not an epic , and while no conventional term exactly fits , the nearest would be elegy . Interpretation and criticism ( edit ) The history of modern Beowulf criticism is often said to begin with J.R.R. Tolkien , author and Merton professor of Anglo - Saxon at University of Oxford , who in his 1936 lecture to the British Academy criticised his contemporaries ' excessive interest in its historical implications . He noted in Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics that as a result the poem 's literary value had been largely overlooked and argued that the poem `` is in fact so interesting as poetry , in places poetry so powerful , that this quite overshadows the historical content ... '' In historical terms , the poem 's characters would have been Norse pagans ( the historical events of the poem took place before the Christianisation of Scandinavia ) , yet the poem was recorded by Christian Anglo - Saxons who had mostly converted from their native Anglo - Saxon paganism around the 7th century -- both Anglo - Saxon paganism and Norse paganism share a common origin as both are forms of Germanic paganism . Beowulf thus depicts a Germanic warrior society , in which the relationship between the lord of the region and those who served under him was of paramount importance . In terms of the relationship between characters in Beowulf to God , one might recall the substantial amount of paganism that is present throughout the work . Literary critics such as Fred C. Robinson argue that the Beowulf poet arguably tries to send a message to readers during the Anglo - Saxon time period regarding the state of Christianity in their own time . Robinson argues that the intensified religious aspects of the Anglo - Saxon period inherently shape the way in which the Poet alludes to paganism as presented in Beowulf . The Poet arguably calls on Anglo - Saxon readers to recognize the imperfect aspects of their supposed Christian lifestyles . In other words , the Poet is referencing their `` Anglo - Saxon Heathenism . '' In terms of the characters of the epic itself , Robinson argues that readers are `` impressed '' by the courageous acts of Beowulf and the speeches of Hrothgar ( 181 ) . But , one is ultimately left to feel sorry for both men as they are fully detached from supposed `` Christian truth '' ( 181 ) . The relationship between the characters of Beowulf , and the otherall message of the Poet , regarding their relationship with God is largely debated among readers and literary critics alike . Stanley B. Greenfield has suggested that references to the human body throughout Beowulf emphasise the relative position of thanes to their lord . He argues that the term `` shoulder - companion '' could refer to both a physical arm as well as a thane ( Aeschere ) who was very valuable to his lord ( Hrothgar ) . With Aeschere 's death , Hrothgar turns to Beowulf as his new `` arm . '' Also , Greenfield argues the foot is used for the opposite effect , only appearing four times in the poem . It is used in conjunction with Unferð ( a man described by Beowulf as weak , traitorous , and cowardly ) . Greenfield notes that Unferð is described as `` at the king 's feet '' ( line 499 ) . Unferð is also a member of the foot troops , who , throughout the story , do nothing and `` generally serve as backdrops for more heroic action . '' At the same time , Richard North argues that the Beowulf poet interpreted `` Danish myths in Christian form '' ( as the poem would have served as a form of entertainment for a Christian audience ) , and states : `` As yet we are no closer to finding out why the first audience of Beowulf liked to hear stories about people routinely classified as damned . This question is pressing , given ... that Anglo - Saxons saw the Danes as ' heathens ' rather than as foreigners . '' Grendel 's mother and Grendel are described as descendants of Cain , a fact which some scholars link to the Cain tradition . Other scholars disagree , however , as to the meaning and nature of the poem : is it a Christian work set in a Germanic pagan context ? The question suggests that the conversion from the Germanic pagan beliefs to Christian ones was a prolonged and gradual process over several centuries , and it remains unclear the ultimate nature of the poem 's message in respect to religious belief at the time it was written . Robert F. Yeager notes the facts that form the basis for these questions : That the scribes of Cotton Vitellius A. XV were Christian beyond doubt , and it is equally sure that Beowulf was composed in a Christianised England since conversion took place in the sixth and seventh centuries . The only Biblical references in Beowulf are to the Old Testament , and Christ is never mentioned . The poem is set in pagan times , and none of the characters is demonstrably Christian . In fact , when we are told what anyone in the poem believes , we learn that they are pagans . Beowulf 's own beliefs are not expressed explicitly . He offers eloquent prayers to a higher power , addressing himself to the `` Father Almighty '' or the `` Wielder of All . '' Were those the prayers of a pagan who used phrases the Christians subsequently appropriated ? Or , did the poem 's author intend to see Beowulf as a Christian Ur - hero , symbolically refulgent with Christian virtues ? The location of the composition of the poem is also intensely disputed . In 1914 , F.W. Moorman , the first professor of English Language at University of Leeds , claimed that Beowulf was composed in Yorkshire , but E. Talbot Donaldson claims that it was probably composed more than twelve hundred years ago , during the first half of the eighth century , and that the writer was a native of what was then called West Mercia , located in the Western Midlands of England . However , the late tenth - century manuscript `` which alone preserves the poem '' originated in the kingdom of the West Saxons -- as it is more commonly known . Donaldson wrote that `` the poet who put the materials into their present form was a Christian and ... poem reflects a Christian tradition '' . David Woodard appears as both Beowulf and Grendel in the stage production Exploding Beowulf ( Berlin , 2010 ) Artistic adaptations ( edit ) Main article : List of artistic depictions of Beowulf See also ( edit ) Anglo - Saxon England portal List of Beowulf characters On Translating Beowulf Sutton Hoo helmet § Beowulf References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` wíg '' means `` fight , battle , war , conflict '' and `` láf '' means `` remnant , left - over '' Jump up ^ That is , R.D. Fulk 's 1992 A History of Old English Meter . Jump up ^ For instance , by Chauncey Brewster Tinker in The Translations of Beowulf , a comprehensive survey of 19th - century translations and editions of Beowulf . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hanna , Ralph ( 2013 ) . Introducing English Medieval Book History : Manuscripts , their Producers and their Readers . Liverpool University Press . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chase , Colin. ( 1997 ) . The dating of Beowulf . pp. 9 -- 22 . University of Toronto Press Jump up ^ Robinson 2001 , ? : ' The name of the poet who assembled from tradition the materials of his story and put them in their final form is not known to us . ' Jump up ^ Robinson 2001 : ' Like most Old English poems , Beowulf has no title in the unique manuscript in which it survives ( British Library , Cotton Vitellius A. xv , which was copied round the year 1000 AD ) , but modern scholars agree in naming it after the hero whose life is its subject ' . Jump up ^ Mitchell & Robinson 1998 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Stephen ; Simpson , James ; David , Alfred , eds. ( 2012 ) . The Norton Anthology of English Literature ( Ninth ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 36 -- 39 . ISBN 9780393912494 . Jump up ^ Beowulf ( dual - language ed . ) . New York : Doubleday. 1977 . Jump up ^ Newton , Sam ( 1993 ) . The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia . Woodbridge , Suffolk , ENG : Boydell & Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 361 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.jstor.org.mendel.csuniv.edu/stable/1771534 Jump up ^ Noted , for example , by John Grigsby , Beowulf & Grendel 2005 : 12 . Jump up ^ Shippey , TA ( Summer 2001 ) . `` Wicked Queens and Cousin Strategies in Beowulf and Elsewhere , Notes and Bibliography '' . In the Heroic Age ( 5 ) . ^ Jump up to : Klingmark , Elisabeth . Gamla Uppsala , Svenska kulturminnen 59 ( in Swedish ) . Riksantikvarieämbetet . ^ Jump up to : Nerman , Birger ( 1925 ) . Det svenska rikets uppkomst . Stockholm . Jump up ^ `` Ottar 's Mound '' . Swedish National Heritage Board . Archived from the original on 26 August 2007 . Retrieved 1 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Niles , John D. ( October 2006 ) . `` Beowulf 's Great Hall '' . History Today . 56 ( 10 ) : 40 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Carl Edlund ( 1999 ) . `` Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia '' ( PDF ) ( Ph. D. thesis ) . University of Cambridge , Department of Anglo - Saxon , Norse & Celtic ( Faculty of English ) . p. 115 . Retrieved 1 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wíg '' . Bosworth - Toller Anglo - Saxon Dictionary . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Láf '' . Bosworth - Toller Anglo - Saxon Dictionary . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Beowulf , 87 - 98 Jump up ^ Beowulf , 199 - 203 Jump up ^ Beowulf , 675 -- 687 Jump up ^ Beowulf , 757 -- 765 Jump up ^ Beowulf , 766 -- 789 Jump up ^ Beowulf , 793 -- 804 Jump up ^ Beowulf , 808 -- 823 Jump up ^ Simpson , James ( 2012 ) . The Norton Anthology of English Literature vol . A. New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Simpson , James ( 2012 ) . The Norton Anthology of English Literature vol . A. New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Hansen , E.T. ( 2008 ) . `` Hrothgar 's ' sermon ' in Beowulf as parental wisdom '' . Anglo - Saxon England . 10 . doi : 10.1017 / S0263675100003203 . Jump up ^ Beowulf ( PDF ) , SA : MU . Jump up ^ S. Downey ( February 2015 ) , `` Review of The Dating of Beowulf : A Reassessment '' , Choice Reviews Online , 52 ( 6 ) , doi : 10.5860 / CHOICE. 187152 ^ Jump up to : Neidorf , Leonard , ed. ( 2014 ) , The Dating of Beowulf : A Reassessment , Cambridge : D.S. Brewer , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84384 - 387 - 0 Jump up ^ Lord , Albert ( 2000 ) . The Singer of Tales , Volume 1 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 200 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1997 ) . Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics . Gale . Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom ( 2007 ) , `` Tolkien and the Beowulf - poet '' , Roots and Branches , Walking Tree Publishers , ISBN 978 - 3 - 905703 - 05 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Neidorf , Leonard ; Pascual , Rafael ( 2014 ) . `` The Language of Beowulf and the Conditioning of Kaluza 's Law '' . Neophilologus. 98 ( 4 ) . pp. 657 -- 73 . doi : 10.1007 / s11061 - 014 - 9400 - x . ^ Jump up to : Fulk , R.D. ( 2007 ) . `` Old English Meter and Oral Tradition : Three Issues Bearing on Poetic Chronology '' . Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 106 . pp. 304 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Lapidge , M. ( 2000 ) . `` The Archetype of Beowulf '' . Anglo - Saxon England . 29 . pp. 5 -- 41 . doi : 10.1017 / s0263675100002398 . Jump up ^ Cronan , D ( 2004 ) . `` Poetic Words , Conservatism , and the Dating of Old English Poetry '' . Anglo - Saxon England . 33 . pp. 23 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Fulk , R.D. ( 1992 ) , A History of Old English Meter Jump up ^ Weiskott , Eric ( 2013 ) . `` Phantom Syllables in the English Alliterative Tradition '' . Modern Philology. 110 ( 4 ) . pp. 441 -- 58 . doi : 10.1086 / 669478 . Jump up ^ Hutcheson , B.R. ( 2004 ) , `` Kaluza 's Law , The Dating of `` Beowulf , '' and the Old English Poetic Tradition `` , The Journal of English and Germanic Philology , 103 ( 3 ) : 299 , JSTOR 27712433 Jump up ^ `` Cotton MS Vitellius A XV '' . British Library . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Kiernan , Kevin S. `` Speculum '' . Speculum , vol. 73 , no . 3 , 1998 , pp. 879 -- 881 . JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/2887546 . ^ Jump up to : Kiernan , Kevin ( 1981 ) . Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript ( 1 ed . ) . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joy 2005 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Joy 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Kiernan 1996 , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Kiernan , Kevin ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` Electronic Beowulf 3.0 '' . U of Kentucky . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Swanton , Michael ( 1997 ) . Beowulf : Revised Edition . Manchester : Manchester University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0719051460 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard Neidorf ( 2013 ) . `` Scribal errors of proper names in the Beowulf manuscript '' . Anglo - Saxon England . 42 . pp. 249 -- 69 . doi : 10.1017 / s0263675113000124 . Jump up ^ Lapidge , Michael ( 1996 ) . Anglo - Latin literature , 600 -- 899 . London : Hambledon Press . p. 299 . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 011 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tinker , Chauncey Brewster ( 1903 ) , The Translations of Beowulf , Gutenberg ^ Jump up to : Osborn , Marijane . `` Annotated List of Beowulf Translations '' . Archived from the original on 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jaillant ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Beowulf ( in Old English ) , Fordham Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Josephine ( June 1999 ) . `` Benevolent Authoritarianism in Klaeber 's Beowulf : An Editorial Translation of Kingship '' ( PDF ) . Modern Language Quarterly . 60 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Orchard 2003a , pp. 4 , 329 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Schulman & Szarmach 2012 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Chickering 2002 . Jump up ^ Geremia , Silvia ( 2007 ) . `` A Contemporary Voice Revisits the past : Seamus Heaney 's Beowulf '' . Journal of Irish Studies ( 2 ) : 57 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sims , Harley J. ( 2012 ) . `` Rev. of Fulk , Beowulf '' . The Heroic Age . 15 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` JRR Tolkien translation of Beowulf to be published after 90 - year wait '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Acocella , Joan ( 2 June 2014 ) . `` Slaying Monsters : Tolkien 's ' Beowulf ' '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , FA ( 1897 ) , `` The Christian Coloring of Beowulf '' , PMLA , 12 : 210 -- 17 , doi : 10.2307 / 456133 Jump up ^ Benson , Larry D ( 1967 ) , Creed , RP , ed. , `` The Pagan Coloring of Beowulf '' , Old English Poetry : fifteen essays , Providence , Rhode Island : Brown University Press , pp. 193 -- 213 Jump up ^ Lord 1960 , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Zumthor 1984 , pp. 67 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Crowne , DK ( 1960 ) , `` The Hero on the Beach : An Example of Composition by Theme in Anglo - Saxon Poetry '' , Neuphilologische Mitteilungen , 61 Jump up ^ Benson , Larry D ( 1966 ) , `` The Literary Character of Anglo - Saxon Formulaic Poetry '' , Publications of the Modern Language Association , 81 : 334 -- 41 , doi : 10.2307 / 460821 Jump up ^ Benson , Larry ( 1970 ) , `` The Originality of Beowulf '' , The Interpretation of Narrative , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , pp. 1 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Foley , John M. Oral - Formulaic Theory and Research : An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography . New York : Garland , 1985 . p. 126 Jump up ^ Watts , Ann C. ( 1969 ) , The Lyre and the Harp : A Comparative Reconsideration of Oral Tradition in Homer and Old English Epic Poetry , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , p. 124 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 00797 - 3 Jump up ^ Gardner , Thomas . `` How Free Was the Beowulf Poet ? '' Modern Philology. 1973 . pp. 111 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Foley , John Miles ( 1991 ) , The Theory of Oral Composition : History and Methodology , Bloomington : IUP , pp. 109ff Jump up ^ Bäuml , Franz H. `` Varieties and Consequences of Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy '' , Speculum , Vol. 55 , No. 2 ( 1980 ) , pp. 243 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Havelock , Eric Alfred ( 1963 ) , A History of the Greek Mind , 1 . Preface to Plato , Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Jump up ^ Curschmann , Michael ( 1977 ) , `` The Concept of the Formula as an Impediment to Our Understanding of Medieval Oral Poetry '' , Medievalia et Humanistica , 8 : 63 -- 76 Jump up ^ Schaefer , Ursula ( 1992 ) , `` Vokalitat : Altenglische Dichtung zwischen Mundlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit '' , ScriptOralia ( in German ) , Tübingen : Gunter Narr , 39 Jump up ^ Otter , Monika . `` Vokalitaet : Altenglische Dichtung zwischen Muendlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit '' . Bryn Mawr Classical Review . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , pp. 130 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Cook 1926 . Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Bede , Ecclesiastical History , V. 24 Jump up ^ Haber , Tom Burns ( 1931 ) , A Comparative Study of the Beowulf and the Aeneid , Princeton Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , pp. 140 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Irving , Edward B. , Jr . `` Christian and Pagan Elements . '' A Beowulf Handbook . Eds . Bjork , Robert E. and John D. Niles . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1998 . 175 -- 92 . Print . Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Slade , Benjamin ( 21 December 2003 ) . `` An Introduction to the Structure & Making of the Old English poem known as Beowulf or The Beowulf and the Beowulf - codex of the British Museum MS Cotton Vitellius A. xv '' . Beowulf on Steorarume . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.jstor.org.mendel.csuniv.edu/stable/3189145 Jump up ^ Girvan , Ritchie ( 1971 ) , Beowulf and the Seventh Century Language and Content ( print ) , New Feller Lane : London EC4 : Methuen & Co Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Stephen ; Abrams , Meyer Howard , eds. ( 2006 ) . The Norton Anthology of English Literature ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 29 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Tolkien 1997 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Orchard 2003a , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Tolkien 2006 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Tolkien 1958 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Leyerle , John ( 1991 ) . `` The Interlace Structure of Beowulf '' . In Fulk , Robert Dennis . Interpretations of Beowulf : A Critical Anthology . Indiana UP . pp. 146 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20639 - 8 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenfield 1989 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Greenfield 1989 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ North 2006 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Williams , David ( 1982 ) , Cain and Beowulf : A Study in Secular Allegory , University of Toronto Press Jump up ^ Yeager , Robert F. `` Why Read Beowulf ? '' . National Endowment For The Humanities . Retrieved 2 October 2007 . Jump up ^ F.W. Moorman , ' English Place Names and the Teutonic Sagas , ' in Oliver Elton ( ed . ) , English Association Essays and Studies , vol. 5 ( Oxford : Clarendon , 1914 ) pp. 75ff Jump up ^ Tuso , F Joseph ( 1975 ) , Beowulf : The Donaldson Translation Backgrounds and Sources Criticism , New York : Norton & Co , p. 97 Jump up ^ Tuso , `` Donaldson Translation , '' 98 Sources ( edit ) Anderson , Sarah , ed. ( 2004 ) , Introduction and historical / cultural contexts , Longman Cultural , ISBN 0 - 321 - 10720 - 9 . Andersson , Theodore M. ( 1998 ) , `` Sources and Analogues '' , in Bjork , Robert E. ; Niles , John D. , A Beowulf Handbook , Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , pp. 125 -- 48 , ISBN 9780803261501 Carruthers , Leo ( 2011 ) , `` Rewriting Genres : Beowulf as Epic Romance '' , in Carruthers , Leo ; Chai - Elsholz , Raeleen ; Silec , Tatjana , Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England , New York : Palgrave , pp. 139 -- 55 , ISBN 9780230100268 Chadwick , Nora K. ( 1959 ) , `` The Monsters and Beowulf '' , in Clemoes , Peter , The Anglo - Saxons : Studies in Some Aspects of Their History , London : Bowes & Bowes , pp. 171 -- 203 , OCLC 213750799 Chance , Jane ( 1990 ) , `` The Structural Unity of Beowulf : The Problem of Grendel 's Mother '' , in Damico , Helen ; Olsen , Alexandra Hennessey , New Readings on Women in Old English Literature , Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , pp. 248 -- 61 . Chickering , Howell D. ( 2002 ) , `` Beowulf and ' Heaneywulf ' : review '' , The Kenyon Review , new , 24 ( 1 ) : 160 -- 78 . Cook , Albert Stanburrough ( 1926 ) , Beowulfian and Odyssean Voyages , New Haven : Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences Creed , Robert P ( 1990 ) , Reconstructing the Rhythm of Beowulf , University of Missouri , ISBN 9780826207227 . Damico , Helen ( 1984 ) , Beowulf 's Wealhtheow and the Valkyrie Tradition , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , ISBN 9780299095000 . Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 2002 ) , Drout , Michael D.C. , ed. , Beowulf and the Critics , Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies Greenfield , Stanley ( 1989 ) , Hero and Exile , London : Hambleton Press . Heaney , Seamus ( 2000 ) , Beowulf : A New Verse Translation , W.W. Norton & Company . Joy , Eileen A. ( 2005 ) , `` Thomas Smith , Humfrey Wanley , and the ' Little - Known Country ' of the Cotton Library '' ( PDF ) , Electronic British Library Journal , retrieved 19 November 2014 . `` Anthropological and Cultural Approaches to Beowulf '' , The Heroic Age ( 5 ) , Summer -- Autumn 2001 . Kiernan , Kevin ( 1996 ) , Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript , Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan , ISBN 0 - 472 - 08412 - 7 . Jaillant , Lise . `` A Fine Old Tale of Adventure : Beowulf Told to the Children of the English Race , 1898 -- 1908 . '' Children 's Literature Association Quarterly 38.4 ( 2013 ) : 399 -- 419 Lerer , Seth ( Jan 2012 ) , `` Dragging the Monster from the Closet : Beowulf and the English Literary Tradition '' , Ragazine . Lord , Albert ( 1960 ) , The Singer of Tales , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Mitchell , Bruce ; Robinson , Fred C ( 1998 ) , Beowulf : an edition with relevant shorter texts , Oxford , UK ; Malden , MA : Blackwell . Neidorf , Leonard , ed. ( 2014 ) , The Dating of Beowulf : A Reassessment , Cambridge : DS Brewer , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84384 - 387 - 0 . Nicholson , Lewis E , ed. ( 1963 ) , An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism , Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , ISBN 0 - 268 - 00006 - 9 . North , Richard ( 2006 ) , `` The King 's Soul : Danish Mythology in Beowulf '' , Origins of Beowulf : From Vergil to Wiglaf , Oxford : Oxford University Press . Orchard , Andy ( 2003a ) , A Critical Companion to Beowulf , Cambridge : DS Brewer -- -- -- ( 2003b ) , Pride and Prodigies : Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf - Manuscript , Toronto : University of Toronto Press Robinson , Fred C ( 2001 ) , The Cambridge Companion to Beowulf , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 143 Robinson , Fred C ( 2002 ) , The Tomb of Beowulf : A New Verse Translation , New York , New York : W.W. Norton & Company , pp. 181 -- 197 Schulman , Jana K ; Szarmach , Paul E ( 2012 ) , `` Introduction '' , in Schulman , Jana K ; Szarmach , Paul E , Beowulf and Kalamazoo , Kalamazoo : Medieval Institute , pp. 1 -- 11 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58044 - 152 - 0 . Tolkien , John Ronald Reuel ( 1997 ) ( 1958 ) . Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics and other essays . London : Harper Collins . Tolkien , John Ronald Reuel ( 1958 ) . Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics and other essays . London : Harper Collins . Trask , Richard M ( 1998 ) , `` Preface to the Poems : Beowulf and Judith : Epic Companions '' , Beowulf and Judith : Two Heroes , Lanham , MD : University Press of America , pp. 11 -- 14 . Zumthor , Paul ( 1984 ) , Englehardt , Marilyn C transl , `` The Text and the Voice '' , New Literary History , 16 External links ( edit ) Media related to Beowulf at Wikimedia Commons Works related to Beowulf at Wikisource Quotations related to Beowulf at Wikiquote Full digital facsimile of the manuscript on the British Library 's Digitised Manuscripts website Beowulf ePub / Mobi version Electronic Beowulf , ed. by Kevin Kiernan , 4th online edn ( University of Kentucky / The British Library , 2015 ) , http://ebeowulf.uky.edu/ebeo4.0/start.html Beowulf manuscript in The British Library 's Online Gallery , with short summary and podcast Annotated List of Beowulf Translations : The List -- Arizonal Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies online text ( digitised from Elliott van Kirk Dobbie ( ed . ) , Beowulf and Judith , Anglo - Saxon Poetic Records , 4 ( New York , 1953 ) ) Beowulf introduction Article introducing various translations and adaptations of Beowulf Beowulf public domain audiobook at LibriVox The tale of Beowulf ( Sel. 3.231 ) ; a digital edition of the proof - sheets with manuscript notes and corrections by William Morris in Cambridge Digital Library Beowulf Characters Beowulf Grendel Grendel 's mother Hroðgar Ecgþeow Hygelac Heardred Æschere Onela Wealhþeow Wiglaf Unferð Hygd The Dragon List of Beowulf characters Scholars and translators Michael J. Alexander Nora K. Chadwick P.J. Cosijn Kevin Crossley - Holland Michael D.C. Drout Francis Barton Gummere Seamus Heaney Roy Liuzza William Morris Frederick Klaeber Laurence Nowell Burton Raffel Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin J.R.R. Tolkien Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary `` Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics '' Beowulf and the Critics `` On Translating Beowulf '' `` Sellic Spell '' Finn and Hengest Charles Leslie Wrenn Depictions Books Grendel Eaters of the Dead Film Grendel Grendel Grendel Beowulf ( 1999 ) The 13th Warrior No Such Thing Outlander Beowulf & Grendel ( Wrath of Gods ) Grendel Beowulf ( 2007 ) Beowulf : Prince of the Geats Beowulf : Return to the Shieldlands See also Anglo - Saxon paganism Battle of Finnsburg Heorot Hrunting Nægling Nowell Codex Old English poetry Poems Nowell Codex Beowulf Judith Junius MS Genesis A , B Exodus Daniel Christ and Satan Vercelli Book Andreas The Fates of the Apostles Soul and Body I Dream of the Rood Elene Homiletic Fragment I Exeter Book Christ I Christ II Christ III Guthlac A , B Azarias The Phoenix Juliana The Wanderer The Gifts of Men Precepts The Seafarer Vainglory Widsith The Fortunes of Men Maxims I The Order of the World The Rhyming Poem The Panther The Whale The Partridge Soul and Body II Deor Wulf and Eadwacer Riddles 1 - 59 The Wife 's Lament The Judgment Day I Resignation The Descent into Hell Alms - Giving Pharaoh The Lord 's Prayer I Homiletic Fragment II Riddle 30b Riddle 60 The Husband 's Message The Ruin Riddles 61 - 95 Metrical charms Æcerbot Against a Dwarf Against a Wen A Journey Charm For a Swarm of Bees For Loss or Theft of Cattle For Delayed Birth For Water - Elf Disease Nine Herbs Charm Wið færstice Chronicle poems Battle of Brunanburh Capture of the Five Boroughs The Coronation of Edgar The Death of King Edgar The Death of Alfred The Death of Edward The Rime of King William Other poems Metres of Boethius Paris Psalter ( BNF MS 8824 ) Finnsburh Fragment Waldere A , B The Battle of Maldon Durham Rune poem Solomon and Saturn The Menologium Maxims II Proverb from Winfrid 's time Judgment Day II An Exhortation to Christian Living A Summons to Prayer The Lord 's Prayer II The Gloria I The Lord 's Prayer III The Creed Old English Psalms ( fragments ) The Kentish Hymn Psalm 50 The Gloria II A Prayer Thureth Aldhelm The Seasons for Fasting Cædmon 's Hymn Bede 's Death Song The Leiden Riddle Latin - English Proverbs Metrical Preface and Epilogue to Alfred 's Hierdeboc Metrical Preface to Wærferth 's translation of the Dialogues Metrical Epilogue to CCCC MS 41 Brussels Cross Ruthwell Cross Poets Aldhelm Cædmon Cynewulf Other Alliterative verse Beasts of battle Kennings On Translating Beowulf Scop Anglo - Saxon paganism and mythology Gods and divine figures Beowa Ēostre Frige Gefjon Hretha Ing Saxnot Þunor Tiw Wade Wayland the Smith Wōden Heroic figures Ægil Beowa Eormenric Finn Hengist and Horsa Sceafa Waldere Other beings Cofgod Elf Ides Dwarf ( Dweorh ) Eoten / Thurs Mare Wælcyrge Wight Locations Middangeard Neorxnawang Sources Anglo - Saxon Chronicle Æcerbot Anglo - Saxon calendar Anglo - Saxon Rune Poem Beowulf De temporum ratione Deor Ealuscerwen Finnesburg Fragment Franks Casket Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Nine Herbs Charm Old English language Spong Hill Sutton Hoo Widsith Wið færstice Origins Germanic paganism ( Angles Frisii Jutes Saxons ) Society and culture Anglo - Saxon law Anglo - Saxon runes Anglo - Saxon burial Bēot Blōtan Calendar Folkmoot Frith Hearg Maypole Moot hill Scop Symbel Thegn Thing Thyle Weregild Wicce Wilweorthunga Wyrd Yule Neopagan revival Fyrnsidu Seax - Wica Theodism VIAF : 316753795 LCCN : n79018834 GND : 4128795 - 2 SUDOC : 028200144 BNF : cb120083544 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beowulf&oldid=809003067 '' Categories : 8th - century books 9th - century books 10th - century books 11th - century books Works set in the 6th century Anglo - Saxon literature Anglo - Saxon paganism Beowulf Books about dragons English folklore English heroic legends Epic poems in English Geats Medieval legends Scandinavian folklore Works of unknown authorship Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from May 2016 Use British English from November 2014 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 15 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the oldest surviving manuscript of beowulf written | [
"\n\nBeowulf\n\n\n\nFirst page of Beowulf in Cotton Vitellius A. xv\n\n\n\nAuthor(s)\nUnknown\n\n\nLanguage\nWest Saxon dialect of Old English\n\n\nDate\nc. 700–1000 AD (date of poem), c. 975–1010 AD (date of manuscript)[1]\n\n\nState of existence\nManuscript suffered damage from fire in 1731\n\n\nManuscript(s)\nCotton Vitellius A. xv\n\n\nFirst printed edition\nThorkelin (1815)\n\n\nGenre\nEpic heroic poetry\n\n\nVerse form\nAlliterative verse\n\n\nLength\nc. 3182 lines\n\n\nSubject\nThe battles of Beowulf, the Geatish hero, in youth and old age\n\n\nPersonages\nBeowulf, Hygelac, Hrothgar, Wealhþeow, Hrothulf, Æschere, Unferth, Grendel, Grendel's mother, Wiglaf, Hildeburh.\n\n"
] | [
"975–1010 AD"
] |
6587755232987393715 | Let You Down (NF song) | Let You Down ( NF song ) - wikipedia Let You Down ( NF song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Let You Down '' Single by NF from the album Perception Released September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) Format Digital download Genre Hip hop Length 3 : 32 Label Capitol Caroline NF Real Music LLC Songwriter ( s ) Nathan Feuerstein Producer ( s ) David Garcia Tommee Profitt NF singles chronology `` Green Lights '' ( 2017 ) `` Let You Down '' ( 2017 ) `` No Name '' ( 2018 ) `` Green Lights '' ( 2017 ) `` Let You Down '' ( 2017 ) `` No Name '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Let You Down '' on YouTube `` Let You Down '' is a song by American Christian hip hop artist and songwriter NF . It serves as the third single from his third studio album , Perception , and was released on September 14 , 2017 , for digital download and streaming , including an audio video . It is his first No. 1 single on the Hot Christian Songs chart . It is his first song to be certified Gold by the RIAA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Chart performance 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Background ( edit ) `` Let You Down '' was produced by David Garcia and Tommee Profitt . NF wrote the song about his relationship with his father and how he did not want to disappoint him . This is the first time he has publicly spoken about his relationship with his dad , who raised him as a child . His parents went through a divorce , and his mother overdosed years later . The track is similar to some of his songs like `` Got You On My Mind '' and `` Wish You Would n't '' . Music video ( edit ) The official music video was released on November 9 , 2017 on NF 's Vevo channel . The music video was directed and produced by Nathan Feuerstein and Patrick Tohill . Given the song 's lyrical content , the visual focus is on the relationship between a father and his son . The clip shows an older man , presumably his father , standing on a dock looking at a lake , while a fully clothed NF drowns right in front of him . As he flails and tries to keep from going under , the man just looks at him , and does n't help . Then , we see the same man , staring at NF who is trapped in a burning car . As it 's engulfed in flames , the man again makes no move to help . Then we see the older man in a field , staring into a freshly dug grave . Inside the grave is a coffin , and NF is inside , dead . The older man seems upset by this , and falls to his knees . In the final shot , the older man is back on the dock , looking at NF drowning once again . But then a woman approaches him on the dock and says , `` Nathan ? '' Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Let You Down '' Nathan Feuerstein David Garcia Tommee Profitt 3 : 32 Chart performance ( edit ) `` Let You Down '' reached No. 1 on the Hot Christian Songs chart , as well as No. 1 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart . It has also reached No. 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , NF 's first entry on the chart . The song has achieved international success , charting in the UK , Australia , Belgium , Canada , Norway , the Netherlands , Sweden , Switzerland , New Zealand and Ireland . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 31 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 13 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 7 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 44 Malaysia ( RIM ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 52 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 52 Portugal ( AFP ) 19 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 16 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 26 US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 6 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 61 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 68 US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) 61 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Gold 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 5,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States September 14 , 2017 Digital download Capitol CMG NF Real Music LLC October 3 , 2017 Rhythmic contemporary radio Caroline October 24 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NF -- Let You Down ( Audio ) '' . NFVEVO . September 14 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs '' . Billboard . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarachik , Justin . `` NF 's ' Let You Down ' Earns Rapper His First Gold Song '' . Rapzilla.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hudelson , Molly ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` NF 's `` Let You Down '' has been certified Gold by the RIAA `` . Substream Magazine . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Let You Down NF '' . Genius . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NF -- Let You Down '' . NFVEVO . November 9 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ NF Drops The Emotional Video For Rising Hit `` Let You Down '' . Idolator . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watch now : NF lets himself drown and burn in new video for `` Let You Down '' . ABC News . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Billboard Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201821 into search . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20182 into search . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 47 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NF : Let You Down '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- NF -- Let You Down '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 50 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 44 ( 27 / 10 / 2017 -- 2 / 11 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . VG - lista . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201744 into search . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Music Canada . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NF `` Let You Down '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( NF ; ' Let You Down ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Type NF in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Let You Down and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Enter Let You Down in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Perception '' . Apple Music . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / R Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . October 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . October 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_You_Down_(NF_song)&oldid=843348487 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Billboard Christian Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 15 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song sorry that i let you down | [
"\"Let You Down\" is a song by American Christian hip hop artist and songwriter NF. It serves as the third single from his third studio album, Perception, and was released on September 14, 2017, for digital download and streaming, including an audio video.[1] It is his first No. 1 single on the Hot Christian Songs chart.[2] It is his first song to be certified Gold by the RIAA.[3][4]"
] | [
"NF"
] |
-2964399435734505974 | Tower blocks in Great Britain | Tower blocks in great Britain - wikipedia Tower blocks in great Britain Jump to : navigation , search The three tower blocks of the Crossways Estate in Bow , London , United Kingdom , before their refurbishment Tower blocks began to be built in Great Britain after the Second World War . The first residential tower block , `` The Lawn '' was constructed in Harlow , Essex in 1951 ; it is now a Grade II listed building . In many cases tower blocks were seen as a `` quick - fix '' to cure problems caused by crumbling and unsanitary 19th - century dwellings or to replace buildings destroyed by German aerial bombing . It was argued that towers surrounded by public open space could provide the same population density as the terraced housing and small private gardens they replaced , offering larger rooms and improved views whilst being cheaper to build . Initially , tower blocks were welcomed , and their excellent views made them popular living places . Later , as the buildings themselves deteriorated , they grew a reputation for being undesirable low cost housing , and many tower blocks saw rising crime levels , increasing their unpopularity . One response to this was the great increase in the number of housing estates built , which in turn brings its own problems . In the UK , tower blocks particularly lost popularity after the partial collapse of Ronan Point in east London in 1968 . They are still present in many British cities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Social issues 3 Fire safety 4 Current use 5 References 6 External links Design ( edit ) Post-war Britain was the stage for a tower block `` building boom '' ; from the 1950s to the late 1970s there was a dramatic increase in tower block construction . During this time , local authorities desired to impress their voters by building futuristic and imposing tower blocks , which would signify post-war progress . Both Patrick Dunleavy and Lynsey Hanley agree that architects and planners were influenced by Le Corbusier 's promotion of high - rise architecture . The modern tower blocks were to include features that would foster desired forms of resident interaction , an example being the inclusion of Le Corbusier 's streets in the sky in some estates . As well as inspiring residents , local authority planners believed that the way tower blocks were constructed would save money . Generally , the tower blocks were built on cheap greenfield land skirting established cities . Although the property prices for these periphery sites were markedly cheaper than their inner city counterparts , they often had little access to public amenities , such as public transport . It was thought that the implementation of industrialised building techniques would lower costs too , as similar tower blocks would be replicated over many sites . Uniform and standardised parts , such as toilet fittings and door handles , would be fitted throughout many tower blocks ; planners deemed that buying in bulk would reduce overall costs . Another key aspect of the tower block vision was the Brutalist architectural method , popular with architects and planners at the time . The Brutalist emphasis led to the construction of stark and striking tower blocks with large sections of exposed concrete . Concrete was to be an integral part of the tower block designs ; it could be poured on site , offering boundless flexibility to the building designers . To the planners , concrete was a silver bullet for the construction process -- it was economical , and `` was vaunted as being long - lasting , if not indestructible '' . Social issues ( edit ) Elmet Towers in Swarcliffe , Leeds , showing the dereliction that led to its demolition Coleman 's 1985 work argues that in trying to emulate Le Corbusier 's ideas , the tower block planners only succeeded in encouraging social problems . Although architects and local authorities intended the opposite , tower blocks quickly became , as Hanley sharply stated , ' slums in the sky ' . Due to demanding deadlines , complicated construction practices were rushed and many tower blocks experienced structural decay as a result -- roofs leaked , concrete suffered spalling , steel corroded , and damp penetrated the buildings . Unfortunately , by replicating tower blocks across the nation , planners ' disastrously ' replicated design faults . In many tower blocks , concrete quickly exhibited signs of decay ; cracks soon formed and destabilised the buildings . The partial collapse of the Ronan Point tower block is an infamous example of the hasty and substandard construction that occurred in a number of the towers . The tower blocks quickly lost their `` futuristic '' look ; concrete turned from the crisp white the designers had imagined to a dull grey , stained by pollution . Tower blocks were unsuitable for families with children , as parents could not supervise them playing outside from a flat in the sky . Poor design decisions ruined the anticipated benefits of the buildings . Open spaces , which were supposed to benefit the residents , were instead unattractive , unused and inadequately supervised ; often the spaces were simply left as undeveloped wasteland . Residents felt it was difficult to maintain the large open spaces around the blocks because they realistically belonged to no one . Social problems increased as the tower blocks quickly degraded because of poor maintenance and an insecure communal environment , leading to an increase in crime in the common areas . Apart from frequent break - downs , communal lifts were a source of fear for people travelling alone . It was a rarity to `` enter a clean - smelling , undefaced lift '' . The tower blocks , many of which were on the periphery of the city , made residents feel isolated and cut off from society . Outsiders and newcomers were also affected ; they felt the overbearing design of the tower blocks made them fearsome and unsociable . Power argues that as a direct consequence of their design and construction , security problems were prevalent in many of the tower blocks . Break - ins , vandalism and muggings were common , which were aided by the buildings ' concealed areas , the mazes of internal corridors , and dark corners . Police were often required in the tower blocks , but their infrequent presence did little to pacify towers rife with delinquency . To contain disruptive behaviour , local authorities began to place `` problem families '' in the same blocks ; Hanley argues that this policy only led to `` further alienation ... nihilism and a creeping sense of lawlessness '' . Dunleavy seconds this , suggesting that the mental health of long - term tower block residents may have been detrimentally affected . While local authorities and their architects intended to create tower blocks that encouraged harmonious and vibrant communities , often the results were far from ideal . Post-war tower blocks were compromised from the outset by a combination of faults : local authorities advocated impractical architectural methods ; design and construction faults were frequently reproduced ; and there appeared to be a lack of understanding about the social consequences of certain design features . Collectively , these oversights transformed many tower blocks into undesirable places to live . By 1985 , 45 % of people living in tower blocks were in the ten poorest local authorities in the country . Fire safety ( edit ) Grenfell Tower in Kensington , London , had inadequate fire protection and safety procedures , which proved fatal when the block was consumed by fire in June 2017 . Compliant protections for residents in tower blocks can be very expensive to retrofit , and lessors ( such as local authorities ) have been sued for lack of a current fire safety inspection , or implementation of its recommendations . Member of Parliament for Kingston and Surbiton , Ed Davey , commented regarding a life - claiming 2009 fire that many blocks in the UK remained inadequate . North Ayrshire Council has decided to remove plastic cladding from its buildings following a fatal fire in a tower block . Poor maintenance of electrical equipment , fire doors and other features has caused widespread fire hazards and residents are asked to pay part of the cost of putting this right even though the problem is due to poor maintenance and errors in design . Tower blocks may be inherently more prone to casualties from a fire because people living on higher floors can not escape fires easily and the fire brigade can not reach the higher floors quickly . In buildings with more than a hundred residents , ensuring that every single resident acts responsibly to minimize fire risk is difficult ; poorer residents in tower blocks may be tempted to use cheaper flammable fuels rather than electricity , they are also more likely to be smokers ( carelessness with cigarettes is a major cause of home fires ) , and they are more likely to have old furniture , not made to modern fire safety standards . Fire safety legislation introduced in 2006 requires new high rise buildings to be built to higher safety standards with sprinkler systems ; the same standards do not apply to pre-2006 tower blocks , which contain a greater proportion of poor people . Recent studies have investigated the combined use of egress components ( e.g. , stairs and elevators ) to enhance the effectiveness of evacuation strategies in case of fire . The 24 - storey Grenfell Tower in Kensington , London was destroyed by fire in June 2017 . The rapid spread of the fire was believed to have been caused by recent remedial work , which added flammable exterior cladding . The safety instructions advised residents to stay indoors in the event of the fire , which proved fatal as they assumed a fire could not spread via the block 's exterior . A local residents organisation , Grenfell Action Group warned that fire safety was inadequate and had expressed concerns about a fatal incident before the fire occurred . The Grenfell Tower fire was one of many similar fires world wide where unsatisfactory cladding was a factor . Cladding can worsen a fire and enable a fire to spread fast if it is not done to satisfactory standards . The cladding can act as a chimney enabling the fire to spread upwards rapidly . Temperatures in a fire can be high enough to cause plastic cladding to melt , then molten plastic drips downwards burning as it falls and spreads the fire rapidly downwards . These fires happen in the cavity so it is frequently impossible to see from the outside or the inside how serious the fire is . Sprinklers and smoke detectors sometimes do not detect the fires . The Lakanal House fire where six people died was exacerbated by fibre composite cladding called trespa which resisted the fire less well than asbestos panels that the trespa replaced . An unnamed surveyor told , The Guardian , `` We do a lot of investigations of defective buildings , and we regularly see deficiencies in the workmanship . Gaps are left where there should n't be gaps , or a form of less fire - resistant insulation is used instead of a proper fire break . These things are done to cut costs and save time , but we must get tougher on inspection and ensure the people fitting these facades are properly trained . Otherwise there are thousands more people who could be at risk . '' Fire risk assessment ( FRA ) is considered inadequate because too few factors are taken into account . Grenfell Tower in London was considered a medium fire risk but in spite of this at least 79 people died in the Grenfell Tower fire , FRA also failed with the Lakanal House fire . Prof Arnold Dix described the FRA system as only a , `` box - ticking exercise '' . Dix maintains cladding is not taken into account , how hard it is to evacuate a burning tower block is not taken into account , fire risks inside flats such as old electrical equipment that is t greater risk of catching fire and combustible bedding are not taken into account . Current use ( edit ) The 31 - story Red Road estate in Glasgow , the tallest public housing towers in Europe at the time of their construction . Like many 1960s British high - rises , they were condemned and have now been demolished . In recent years , some council or ex-council high - rises in the United Kingdom , including Trellick Tower , Keeling House , Sivill House and The Barbican Estate , have become popular with young professionals due to their excellent views , desirable locations and architectural pedigrees , and now command high prices . There are plans to redevelop the Little London and Lovell Park areas on the fringes of Leeds city centre into luxury flats for ' Young Urban Professionals ' . The plans entail demolishing all of the council housing and refurbishing the highrise flats . This demand has led to many councils rethinking plans regarding their demolition . In Glasgow , similar initiatives have taken place -- in 2011 , the Glasgow Housing Association saved one of a cluster of three condemned tower blocks in the Ibrox area with the help of government grants to transform it into desirable rented housing for young professionals . Glasgow itself has taken a more measured approach to its high - rise housing stock , eschewing the mass demolition programmes being practiced in other British cities -- favouring selective refurbishment of estates with secure futures and on buildings in good structural condition , only razing towers where absolutely necessary . After a gap of around 30 years , new high - rise flats are once again being built in Belfast , Birmingham ( some are for wealthy people , e.g. The Mailbox , others are student accommodation ) , Cardiff , Aberdeen , Glasgow , Leeds , Liverpool , London , Manchester , and Newcastle upon Tyne ; but this time sometimes for wealthy professionals , rather than the `` lower classes . '' Their developers market these properties by using the American term ' apartment buildings ' , perhaps in an effort to distance these newer buildings from the older tower blocks from the 1950s and 1960s . These are usually taller than their older counterparts and generally built in and around these provincial city centres . They are often glass and aluminium clad . Tonight with Trevor McDonald highlighted that in Leeds and Manchester ( perhaps the cities that had seen most development ) only approximately half were occupied and with owner occupation often being as low as 10 % . In Southend there are controversial plans to build new tower blocks for social housing , a supporter claims this will be cheaper than paying to house poor people with private landlords while opponents fear the creation of Ghettos . As of 2017 , around 8 % of Londoners live in a tower block , though there is still a mix of desirable property against lower - class social housing . A penthouse suite at 3 Merchant Square , Paddington , sold for £ 7.5 m . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ `` Ronan Point '' . The Open University . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanley 2007 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Hanley 2007 . Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Power 1997 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Power 1997 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Power 1997 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Lund , B. ( 1996 ) Housing problems and housing policy , New York , Longman , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Power 1997 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Hanley 2007 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen 2003 , p. 2003 . Jump up ^ Power 1997 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Power 1997 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Power 1987 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Power 1987 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Power 1997 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Power 1997 . Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Hanley 2007 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Rosen 2003 , pp. 129 - 131 . Jump up ^ Davey , Ed ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` Tower blocks ' potential disaster ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tower block fire safety fears '' . BBC News . 16 June 1999 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Peter ( 3 January 2010 ) . `` Huge fire safety bills for tower block residents '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Davey , Ed ( 8 July 2009 ) . `` Are tower blocks a fire hazard ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ronchi , E. ; Nilsson , D. ( 2013 ) . `` Fire evacuation in high - rise buildings : a review of human behaviour and modelling research '' . Fire Science Reviews . 2 : 7 . doi : 10.1186 / 2193 - 0414 - 2 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ronchi , E. ; Nilsson , D. ( 2014 ) . `` Modelling total evacuation strategies for high - rise buildings '' . Building Simulation. 7 : 73 -- 87 . doi : 10.1007 / s12273 - 013 - 0132 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pasha - Robinson , Lucy ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Residents inside 24 - storey London flats on fire were told to stay inside in case of blaze '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wahlquist , Calla ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Fire safety concerns raised by Grenfell Tower residents in 2012 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ High - rise towers are safe but tougher inspections needed , say experts The Guardian Jump up ^ London fire : Fire safety risk inspections pointless , says expert BBC Jump up ^ `` GHA 's £ 7m transformation of multi-story to offer rental homes for city 's key workers '' . GHA -- Press Release . Glasgow Housing Association . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Glendinning , Miles . `` Feature -- Red Road '' . Scottish Architecture.com . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Waite : We need more apartment blocks in Southend '' . Echo-news.co.uk . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Bethan ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` London fire : A tale of two tower blocks '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Sources Dunleavy , Patrick ( 1981 ) . The politics of mass housing in Britain , 1945 -- 1975 . Oxford , U.K : Clarendon Press . Hanley , Lynsey ( 2007 ) . Estates : an intimate history . London : Granta Books . Power , A. ( 1987 ) . Property before people . London : Allen & Unwin . Power , A. ( 1997 ) . Estates on the edge . Great Britain : MacMillan . Rosen , Andrew ( 2003 ) . The Transformation of British Life 1950 - 2000 : A Social History . ISBN 978 - 0 - 719 - 06612 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Tower Block - Modern Public Housing in England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland By Miles Glendinning and Stefan Muthesius The design of high - rise flats : 1958 housing guide -- Design of Homes blog Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_blocks_in_Great_Britain&oldid=787915713 '' Categories : Apartment types House styles House types in the United Kingdom Urban studies and planning terminology British architecture Housing in the United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2017 , at 10 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first tower block built in england | [
"Tower blocks began to be built in Great Britain after the Second World War. The first residential tower block, \"The Lawn\" was constructed in Harlow, Essex in 1951; it is now a Grade II listed building. In many cases tower blocks were seen as a \"quick-fix\" to cure problems caused by crumbling and unsanitary 19th-century dwellings or to replace buildings destroyed by German aerial bombing. It was argued that towers surrounded by public open space could provide the same population density as the terraced housing and small private gardens they replaced, offering larger rooms and improved views whilst being cheaper to build."
] | [
"1951"
] |
-7604434395768659016 | Lake Isle of Innisfree | Lake Isle of Innisfree - wikipedia Lake Isle of Innisfree Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the poem by William Butler Yeats . For the song by Dick Farrelly , see Isle of Innisfree . The Lake Isle of Innisfree I will arise and go now , and go to Innisfree , And a small cabin build there , of clay and wattles made ; Nine bean rows will I have there , a hive for the honey bee , And live alone in the bee - loud glade . And I shall have some peace there , for peace comes dropping slow , Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings ; There midnight 's all a glimmer , and noon a purple glow , And evening full of the linnet 's wings . I will arise and go now , for always night and day I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore ; While I stand on the roadway , or on the pavements grey , I hear it in the deep heart 's core . -- W.B. Yeats `` The Lake Isle of Innisfree '' is a twelve - line poem composed of three quatrains written by William Butler Yeats in 1888 and first published in the National Observer in 1890 . It was reprinted in The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics in 1892 and as an illustrated Cuala Press Broadside in 1932 . `` The Lake Isle of Innisfree '' exemplifies the style of the Celtic Revival : it is an attempt to create a form of poetry that was Irish in origin rather than one that adhered to the standards set by English poets and critics . It received critical acclaim in the United Kingdom and France . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Lake Isle of Innisfree Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Analysis 3 Musical settings 4 In other media 5 References 6 See also Background ( edit ) Photograph of William Butler Yeats taken in 1890 The Isle of Innisfree is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill , in County Sligo , Ireland , where Yeats spent his summers as a child . Yeats describes the inspiration for the poem coming from a `` sudden '' memory of his childhood while walking down Fleet Street in London in 1888 . He writes , `` I had still the ambition , formed in Sligo in my teens , of living in imitation of Thoreau on Innisfree , a little island in Lough Gill , and when walking through Fleet Street very homesick I heard a little tinkle of water and saw a fountain in a shop - window which balanced a little ball upon its jet , and began to remember lake water . From the sudden remembrance came my poem `` Innisfree , '' my first lyric with anything in its rhythm of my own music . I had begun to loosen rhythm as an escape from rhetoric and from that emotion of the crowd that rhetoric brings , but I only understood vaguely and occasionally that I must for my special purpose use nothing but the common syntax . A couple of years later I could not have written that first line with its conventional archaism -- `` Arise and go '' -- nor the inversion of the last stanza . '' Analysis ( edit ) The twelve - line poem is divided into three quatrains and is an example of Yeats 's earlier lyric poems . Throughout the three short quatrains the poem explores the speaker 's longing for the peace and tranquility of Innisfree while residing in an urban setting . The speaker in this poem yearns to return to the island of Innisfree because of the peace and quiet it affords . He can escape the noise of the city and be lulled by the `` lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore . '' On this small island , he can return to nature by growing beans and having bee hives , by enjoying the `` purple glow '' of noon , the sounds of birds ' wings , and , of course , the bees . He can even build a cabin and stay on the island much as Thoreau , the American Transcendentalist , who lived in this manner on Walden Pond . During Yeats 's lifetime it was -- to his annoyance -- one of his most popular poems and on one occasion was recited ( or sung ) in his honor by two ( or ten -- accounts vary ) thousand boy scouts . The first quatrain speaks to the needs of the body ( food & shelter ) ; the second to the needs of the spirit ( peace ) ; the final quatrain is the meeting of the inner life ( memory ) with the physical world ( pavement grey ) . Musical settings ( edit ) A musical setting of this poem is featured in DUBLIN 1916 , An Irish Oratorio and YEATS SONGS , a song cycle , both composed by Richard B. Evans . ( published by Seacastle Music Company , 1995 ) . Muriel Herbert set the poem in 1928 . Seattle , WA band Fleet Foxes mentions the Isles of Innisfree in many other songs including ' The Shrine / An Argument ' , ' Isles ' and ' Bedouin Dress ' . American composer Ben Moore has also composed a setting of the poem . Another musical setting is featured in Branduardi canta Yeats ( published by Edizioni Musicali Musiza , 1986 ) , composed and played by Angelo Branduardi on translation of Luisa Zappa . Michael McGlynn of the Irish group Anúna arranged this as a choral piece : a `` recording '' of it is featured on Anúna 's album Invocation . Composer and pianist Ola Gjeilo set this text to music in a piece called `` The Lake Isle . '' Popular settings of the poem have been done by Judy Collins and the Dream Brothers . Australian musician Paul Kelly performs a version on his 2013 album `` Conversations with Ghosts '' . Shusha Guppy recorded an unaccompanied version on her album ' This is the Day ' ( United Artist Records , 1974 ) . ' The Lake Isle of Innisfree ' is part of the Songcylcle ' 5 Songs on Poems by W.B. Yeats ' composed by the Dutch composer Carolien Devilee . In other media ( edit ) Television In the finale episode of the fourth season of the Fox science - fiction drama television series Fringe entitled Brave New World ( Part 2 ) , Dr. William Bell ( Leonard Nimoy ) narrates the first stanza of the poem , alluding to his plans of collapsing the two universes into a new world where he plays God . Cinema In the film Million Dollar Baby , directed by Clint Eastwood , Frankie Dunn ( portrayed by Eastwood ) reads the first two quatrains to Margaret Fitzgerald ( Hilary Swank ) at the hospital after a fight where her neck has broken . In the climactic scene from the film Three And Out , Tommy recites the poem just before he gets hit by the train . John Ford 's Academy Award winning film The Quiet Man ( 1952 ) is set in Innisfree and clearly takes Yeat 's poem as one of its principal subtexts . Music In the song The Shrine / An Argument by Seattle indie folk band Fleet Foxes Innisfree is mentioned in the song 's final lyric : `` Carry me to Innisfree like pollen on the breeze '' . The band also mentions Innisfree in their song Bedouin Dress on the same album , saying frequently : `` One day at Innisfree , one day that 's mine there '' and `` Just to be at Innisfree again '' . In his LP Branduardi canta Yeats ( 1986 ) , Angelo Branduardi sings an italian version of this poem . The poem inspired Philip Gates 's The Lake Isle for oboe and piano . The Folk singer songwriter and actor Hamid Hamilton Camp Released a beautiful version called Innisfree on his 1964 album Paths of Victory on Electra records . Literature In his debut novel Ghostwritten the British author David Mitchell quotes the first two quatrains in the chapter `` London '' and the last in the chapter `` Clear Island . '' Essays Referred to in the final line of J.B. Priestley 's essay `` At Thurston 's '' , 1932 ; writing that watching a billiards match at Thurston 's Hall is `` as near to the Isle of Innisfree as we can get within a hundred miles of Leicester Square '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kenner , Hugh . `` The Conquest of English '' . A Colder Eye. Johns Hopkins University Press 1983 p. 51 Jump up ^ Jochum , Klaus Peter . `` The Reception of W.B. Yeats in France '' . The Reception of W.B. Yeats in Europe . Continuum 2006 p. 33 Jump up ^ Yeats , William Butler . Autobiographies . London : Macmillan 1955 , p. 153 Jump up ^ R. F Foster : W.B. Yeats , A Life . Vol. 1 . The apprentice Mage See also ( edit ) 1893 in poetry List of works by William Butler Yeats Coordinates : 54 ° 14 ′ 47 '' N 8 ° 21 ′ 28 '' W / 54.2465 ° N 8.3579 ° W / 54.2465 ; - 8.3579 ( hide ) W.B. Yeats Poetry Volumes The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems ( 1889 ) The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics ( 1892 ) In the Seven Woods ( 1903 ) Responsibilities and Other Poems ( 1916 ) The Wild Swans at Coole ( 1919 ) Michael Robartes and the Dancer ( 1921 ) The Tower ( 1928 ) The Winding Stair and Other Poems ( 1933 ) Poems `` Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven '' `` An Irish Airman Foresees His Death '' `` Adam 's Curse '' `` Blood and the Moon '' `` The Circus Animals ' Desertion '' `` Down by the Salley Gardens '' `` A Drunken Man 's Praise of Sobriety '' `` Easter , 1916 '' `` Ego Dominus Tuus '' `` In Memory of Eva Gore - Booth and Con Markiewicz '' `` Lake Isle of Innisfree '' `` On being asked for a War Poem '' `` Politics '' `` A Prayer for My Daughter '' `` Remorse for Intemperate Speech '' `` The Rose of Battle '' `` The Rose - Tree '' `` Sailing to Byzantium '' `` September 1913 '' `` Song of the Old Mother '' `` The Fiddler of Dooney '' `` The Scholars '' `` The Second Coming '' `` The Song of the Happy Shepherd '' `` The Stolen Child '' `` Swift 's Epitaph '' `` To the Rose upon the Rood of Time '' `` The Tower '' `` Under Ben Bulben `` The Wanderings of Oisin '' `` The Wild Swans at Coole '' Plays Mosada ( 1886 ) The Land of Heart 's Desire ( 1894 ) Diarmuid and Grania ( 1901 ) Cathleen ni Houlihan ( 1902 ) On Baile 's Strand ( 1903 ) The Countess Cathleen ( 1911 ) At the Hawk 's Well ( 1916 ) The Resurrection ( 1927 ) Purgatory ( 1938 ) Other works A Vision ( 1925 ) `` The Curse of the Fires and of the Shadows '' Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892 -- 1935 ( editor ) People John Butler Yeats ( father ) Susan Pollexfen ( mother ) Jack Butler Yeats ( brother ) Elizabeth Yeats ( sister ) Lily Yeats ( sister ) Maud Gonne ( lover ) Georgie Hyde - Lees ( wife ) Anne Yeats ( daughter ) Michael Yeats ( son ) Related W.B. Yeats bibliography Rhymers ' Club Dun Emer Press Cuala Press An Appointment with Mr Yeats `` Troy '' Thoor Ballylee Samhain magazine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Isle_of_Innisfree&oldid=804806659 '' Categories : Uninhabited islands of Ireland Poetry by W.B. Yeats 1890 poems Works originally published in British newspapers Lake islands of Ireland Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 08 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote about the idyllic 'isle of innisfree' | [
"\"The Lake Isle of Innisfree\" is a twelve-line poem composed of three quatrains written by William Butler Yeats in 1888 and first published in the National Observer in 1890. It was reprinted in The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics in 1892 and as an illustrated Cuala Press Broadside in 1932."
] | [
"William Butler Yeats"
] |
-1110132238118918750 | Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England | Christianisation of Anglo - Saxon England - wikipedia Christianisation of Anglo - Saxon England The Christianisation of Anglo - Saxon England was a process spanning the 7th century . It was essentially the result of the Gregorian mission of 597 , which was joined by the efforts of the Hiberno - Scottish mission from the 630s . From the 8th century , the Anglo - Saxon mission was in turn instrumental in the conversion of the population of the Frankish Empire . Æthelberht of Kent was the first king to accept baptism , circa 601 . He was followed by Saebert of Essex and Rædwald of East Anglia in 604 . However , when Æthelberht and Saebert died , in 616 , they were both succeeded by pagan sons who were hostile to Christianity and drove the missionaries out , encouraging their subjects to return to their native paganism . Christianity only hung on with Rædwald , who was still worshiping the pagan gods alongside Christ . The first Archbishops of Canterbury during the first half of the 7th century were members of the original Gregorian mission . The first native Saxon to be consecrated archbishop was Deusdedit of Canterbury , enthroned in 655 . The first native Anglo - Saxon bishop was Ithamar , enthroned as Bishop of Rochester in 644 . The decisive shift to Christianity occurred in 655 when King Penda was slain in the Battle of the Winwaed and Mercia became officially Christian for the first time . The death of Penda also allowed Cenwalh of Wessex to return from exile and return Wessex , another powerful kingdom , to Christianity . After 655 , only Sussex and the Isle of Wight remained openly pagan , although Wessex and Essex would later crown pagan kings . In 686 Arwald , the last openly pagan king was slain in battle and from this point on all Anglo - Saxon kings were at least nominally Christian ( although there is some confusion about the religion of Caedwalla who ruled Wessex until 688 ) . Lingering paganism among the common population gradually became English folklore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Kent 588 - 640 1.1 588 : Æthelbert of Kent marries Bertha 1.2 597 : Gregorian mission arrives 1.3 616 : Eadbald 's Pagan backlash 1.3. 1 Bede 's account 1.3. 2 Alternative chronology 1.4 640 : Eorcenberht orders idols destroyed 2 Essex 604 - 665 3 East Anglia 604 - 630 3.1 604 : Rædwald is baptized 3.2 627 : Eorpwald is baptized 3.3 627 : Ricberht 's Pagan backlash 3.4 630 : Sigeberht of East Anglia returns from exile 4 Northumbria 625 - 634 5 Mercia 653 - 655 6 Sussex 675 - 681 7 Wessex 603 - 685 8 Isle of Wight 661 - 686 9 Notes 10 References Kent 588 - 640 ( edit ) 588 : Æthelbert of Kent marries Bertha ( edit ) Gregory dictating , from a 10th - century manuscript In 595 , when Pope Gregory I decided to send a mission to convert the Anglo - Saxons to Christianity , the Kingdom of Kent was ruled by Æthelberht . He had married a Christian princess named Bertha before 588 , and perhaps earlier than 560 . Bertha was the daughter of Charibert I , one of the Merovingian kings of the Franks . As one of the conditions of her marriage she had brought a bishop named Liudhard with her to Kent as her chaplain . They restored a church in Canterbury that dated to Roman times , possibly the present - day St Martin 's Church . Æthelberht was at that time a pagan , but he allowed his wife freedom of worship . Liudhard does not appear to have made many converts among the Anglo - Saxons , and if not for the discovery of a gold coin bearing the inscription Leudardus Eps ( Eps is an abbreviation of Episcopus , the Latin word for bishop ) his existence may have been doubted . One of Bertha 's biographers states that , influenced by his wife , Æthelberht requested Pope Gregory to send missionaries . The historian Ian Wood feels that the initiative came from the Kentish court as well as the queen . 597 : Gregorian mission arrives ( edit ) In 597 the mission landed in Kent , and it quickly achieved some initial success : Æthelberht permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his capital of Canterbury , where they used the church of St. Martin 's for services , and this church became the seat of the bishopric . Neither Bede nor Gregory mentions the date of Æthelberht 's conversion , but it probably took place in 597 . In the early medieval period , large - scale conversions required the ruler 's conversion first , and large numbers of converts are recorded within a year of the mission 's arrival in Kent . By 601 , Gregory was writing to both Æthelberht and Bertha , calling the king his son and referring to his baptism . A late medieval tradition , recorded by the 15th - century chronicler Thomas Elmham , gives the date of the king 's conversion as Whit Sunday , or 2 June 597 ; there is no reason to doubt this date , but there is no other evidence for it . A letter of Gregory 's to Patriarch Eulogius of Alexandria in June 598 mentions the number of converts made , but does not mention any baptism of the king in 597 , although it is clear that by 601 he had been converted . The royal baptism probably took place at Canterbury , but Bede does not mention the location . Why Æthelberht chose to convert to Christianity is uncertain . Bede suggests that the king converted strictly for religious reasons , but most modern historians see other motives behind Æthelberht 's decision . Certainly , given Kent 's close contacts with Gaul , it is possible that Æthelberht sought baptism in order to smooth his relations with the Merovingian kingdoms , or to align himself with one of the factions then contending in Gaul . Another consideration may have been that new methods of administration often followed conversion , whether directly from the newly introduced church or indirectly from other Christian kingdoms . Evidence from Bede suggests that although Æthelberht encouraged conversion , he was unable to compel his subjects to become Christians . The historian R.A. Markus feels that this was due to a strong pagan presence in the kingdom , which forced the king to rely on indirect means including royal patronage and friendship to secure conversions . For Markus , this is demonstrated by the way in which Bede describes the king 's conversion efforts , which when a subject converted , were to `` rejoice at their conversion '' and to `` hold believers in greater affection '' . 616 : Eadbald 's pagan backlash ( edit ) O : Bust of Eadbald right . AVDV ( ALD REGES ) R : Cross on globe within wreath . + + IÞNNBALLOIENVZI Gold thrymsa of Eadbald of Kent , London ( ? ) , 616 -- 40 Eadbald came to the throne on the death of his father on 24 February 616 , or possibly 618 . Although Æthelberht had been Christian since about 600 and his wife Bertha was also Christian , Eadbald was a pagan . Bertha died some time before Eadbald 's accession , and Æthelberht remarried . The name of Æthelberht 's second wife is not recorded , but it seems likely that she was a pagan , since on his death she married Eadbald , her stepson : a marriage between a stepmother and stepson was forbidden by the church . Bede records that Eadbald 's repudiation of Christianity was a `` severe setback '' to the growth of the church . Sæberht , the king of Essex , had become a Christian under Æthelberht 's influence , but on Sæberht 's death , at about the same time , his sons expelled Mellitus , the bishop of London . According to Bede , Eadbald was punished for his faithlessness by `` frequent fits of insanity '' , and possession by an `` evil spirit '' ( perhaps referring to epileptic fits ) , but was eventually persuaded to give up his wife and adopt Christianity . Eadbald 's second wife , Ymme , was Frankish , and it may well be that Kent 's strong connections with Francia were a factor in Eadbald 's conversion . It is likely that the missionaries in Canterbury had Frankish support . In the 620s , Eadbald 's sister Æthelburg came to Kent , but sent her children to the court of King Dagobert I in Francia ; in addition to the diplomatic connections , trade with the Franks was important to Kent . It is thought likely that Frankish pressure had been influential in persuading Æthelberht to become Christian , and Eadbald 's conversion and marriage to Ymme are likely to have been closely connected diplomatic decisions . Two graves from a well - preserved sixth and seventh - century Anglo - Saxon cemetery at Finglesham have yielded a bronze pendant and a gilt buckle with designs that are related to each other and may be symbolic of religious activity involving the Germanic deity Woden . These objects probably date from the period of the pagan reaction . Bede 's account ( edit ) Bede 's account of Eadbald 's rejection of the church and subsequent conversion is quite detailed , but not without some internal inconsistencies . Bede 's version of events are laid out as follows : 24 February 616 : Æthelberht dies and Eadbald succeeds . 616 : Eadbald leads a pagan reaction to Christianity . He marries his stepmother , contrary to church law , and he refuses baptism . At about this time Mellitus , bishop of London , is expelled by the sons of Sæberht in Essex , and goes to Kent . 616 : Mellitus and Justus , bishop of Rochester , leave Kent for Francia . 616 / 617 : Some time after Mellitus and Justus depart , Laurence , the archbishop of Canterbury , plans to leave for Francia , but has a vision in which St Peter scourges him . In the morning he shows the scars to Eadbald who is converted to Christianity as a result . 617 : Justus and Mellitus both return from Francia , `` the year after they left '' . Justus is restored to Rochester . c. 619 : Laurence dies , and Mellitus becomes archbishop of Canterbury . 619 -- 624 : Eadbald builds a church which is consecrated by Archbishop Mellitus . 24 April 624 : Mellitus dies and Justus succeeds him as archbishop of Canterbury . 624 : after Justus 's succession , Pope Boniface writes to him to say that he has heard in letters from King Aduluald ( possibly a scribal error for Eadbald ) of the king 's conversion to Christianity . Boniface sends the pallium with this letter , adding that it is only to be worn when celebrating `` the Holy Mysteries '' . By 625 Edwin of Deira , king of Northumbria , asks for the hand in marriage of Æthelburg , Eadbald 's sister . Edwin is told he must allow her to practice Christianity , and must consider baptism himself . 21 July 625 : Justus consecrates Paulinus bishop of York . July or later in 625 : Edwin agrees to the terms and Æthelburg travels to Northumbria , accompanied by Paulinus . Easter 626 : Æthelburg is delivered of a daughter , Eanflæd . 626 : Edwin completes a military campaign against the West Saxons . At `` about this time '' Boniface writes to both Edwin and Æthelburg . The letter to Edwin urges him to accept Christianity and refers to the conversion of Eadbald . The letter to Æthelburg mentions that the pope has recently heard the news of Eadbald 's conversion , and encourages her to work for the conversion of her husband , Edwin . Alternative chronology ( edit ) Although Bede 's narrative is widely accepted , an alternative chronology has been proposed by D.P. Kirby . Kirby points out that Boniface 's letter to Æthelburg makes it clear that the news of Eadbald 's conversion is recent , and that it is unthinkable that Boniface would not have been kept up to date on the status of Eadbald 's conversion . Hence Eadbald must have been converted by Justus , as is implied by Boniface 's letter to Justus . The pallium accompanying that letter indicates Justus was archbishop by that time , and the duration of Mellitus 's archiepiscopate means that even if Bede 's dates are somewhat wrong in other particulars , Eadbald was converted no earlier than 621 , and no later than April 624 , since Mellitus consecrated a church for Eadbald before his death in that month . The account of Laurence 's miraculous scourging by Peter can be disregarded as a later hagiographical invention of the monastery of St Augustine 's , Canterbury . As mentioned above , it has been suggested that King `` Aduluald '' in the letter to Justus is a real king Æthelwald , perhaps a junior king of west Kent . In that case it would appear that Laurence converted Eadbald , and Justus converted Æthelwald . It has also been suggested that the pallium did not indicate Justus was archbishop , since Justus is told the limited circumstances in which he may wear it ; however , the same phrasing occurs in the letter conveying the pallium to Archbishop Augustine , also quoted in Bede . Another possibility is that the letter was originally two letters . In this view , Bede has conflated the letter conveying the pallium with the letter congratulating Justus on the conversion , which according to Bede 's account was seven or so years earlier ; but the grammatical details on which this suggestion is based are not unique to this letter , and as a result it is usually considered to be a single composition . The letter to Æthelburg makes it clear that she was already married at the time the news of Eadbald 's conversion reached Rome . This is quite inconsistent with the earlier date Bede gives for Eadbald 's acceptance of Christianity , and it has been suggested in Bede 's defence that Æthelburg married Edwin substantially earlier and stayed in Kent until 625 before travelling to Rome , and that the letter was written while she was in Kent . However , it would appear from Boniface 's letter that Boniface thought of Æthelburg as being at her husband 's side . It also appears that the letter to Justus was written after the letters to Edwin and Æthelburg , rather than before , as Bede has it ; Boniface 's letter to Edwin and Æthelburg indicates he had the news from messengers , but when he wrote to Justus he had heard from the king himself . The story of Æthelburg 's marriage being dependent on Edwin allowing her to practice her faith has been questioned , since revising the chronology makes it likely , though not certain , that the marriage was arranged before Eadbald 's conversion . In this view , it would have been the church that objected to the marriage , and Æthelburg would have been Christian before Eadbald 's conversion . The story of Paulinus 's consecration is also problematic as he was not consecrated until at least 625 and possibly later , which is after the latest possible date for Æthelburg 's marriage . However , it may be that he traveled to Northumbria prior to his consecration and only later became bishop . A revised chronology of some of these events follows , taking the above considerations into account . 616 : Eadbald leads a pagan reaction to Christianity . 616 : Mellitus and Justus , bishop of Rochester , leave Kent for Francia . c. 619 : Laurence dies , and Mellitus becomes archbishop of Canterbury . Early 624 ? : Justus converts Eadbald . Messengers go to Rome . Also at about this time Æthelburg 's marriage to Edwin is arranged , perhaps before the conversion . Eadbald builds a church , and Mellitus consecrates it . 24 April 624 : Mellitus dies and Justus succeeds him as archbishop of Canterbury . Mid 624 : Edwin agrees to the marriage terms and Æthelburg travels to Northumbria , accompanied by Paulinus . Later 624 : the pope receives news of Eadbald 's conversion and writes to Æthelburg and Edwin . Still later 624 : the pope hears from Eadbald of his conversion , and also hears of Mellitus 's death . He writes to Justus to send him the pallium . 21 July 625 or 626 : Justus consecrates Paulinus bishop of York . This timeline extends the duration of the pagan reaction from less than a year , in Bede 's narrative , to about eight years . This represents a more serious setback for the church . 640 : Eorcenberht orders idols destroyed ( edit ) According to Bede ( HE III. 8 ) , Eorcenberht was the first king in Britain to command that pagan `` idols '' ( cult images ) be destroyed and that Lent be observed . It has been suggested that these orders may have been officially committed to writing , in the tradition of Kentish law - codes initiated by Æthelberht , but no such text survives . This indicates that while King Eadbald had converted at least 16 years previously , the general population were still openly pagan in 640 . Essex 604 - 665 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 604 : Sæberht of Essex is baptised by Mellitus 616 : Sexred and Sæward of Essex are crowned : pagan resurgence 653 : Sigeberht the Good is baptized 660 : Swithhelm of Essex is crowned : pagan resurgence 662 : Swithhelm is baptized 665 : Sighere of Essex leads a pagan resurgence 665 : Jaruman is sent by Wulfhere of Mercia to reconvert the East Saxons . Sæbert of Essex was baptised by Mellitus in 604 , but following his death in 616 his sons Sexred and Sæward drove Melitus out and `` encouraged their people to return to the old gods '' . Mellitus returned to Essex when Eadbald of Kent converted , but pagans drove him out again . Essex remained officially pagan until 653 when Oswy of Northumbria persuaded Sigeberht the Good to convert and allow Cedd to preach there . In 660 Sigeberht was killed by his pagan brothers for being too accommodating to Christianity . Swithhelm took over , but Æthelwold of East Anglia persuaded him to convert in 662 . Swithhelm died in 664 and his two cousins Sighere and Sæbbi ruled Essex jointly . While there is no mention of Sighere accepting Christianity in the first place , when a plague broke out in 665 he `` abandoned the mysteries of the Christian faith and relapsed into paganism '' . The people in Sighere 's half of Essex became openly pagan once again , but Sæbbi 's ally Wulfhere of Merica sent the Jaruman to convert them and made Sighere marry his niece Osyth , who he later divorced . Sighere was the last pagan king of Essex . East Anglia 604 - 630 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 604 : Rædwald is baptized ( edit ) Rædwald of East Anglia received the Christian sacraments from Mellitus in Kent , presumably at the invitation of Æthelberht who may have been his baptismal sponsor . The date of this initiation is not exactly known , but since it is claimed that Augustine ( d. c 604 ) dedicated a church near Ely , it may have followed Saebert 's conversion fairly swiftly . In this way Rædwald became aligned with Æthelberht 's system of authority . Bede states that even during Æthelbert 's lifetime Rædwald was building up the leadership of the southern English for his own nation of East Angles . In East Anglia Rædwald 's conversion was not universally acceptable to his household , nor by his wife . She and her pagan teachers probably persuaded him to default in part from his commitment to it . In his temple , therefore , there were two altars , one dedicated to Christ , and one for dedications to the Anglo - Saxon gods . Raedwald is considered the most likely candidate for the Sutton Hoo ship burial , which displays both pagan and Christian iconography . In 616 the pagan backlash in Kent and Essex left Rædwald the only ( partially ) Christian king in the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms . Rædwald died in 624 and was succeeded by his son Eorpwald . 627 : Eorpwald is baptized ( edit ) Paulinus undertook the conversion of the Northumbrian people , and also those of the Kingdom of Lindsey ( Lincolnshire ) and East Anglia . This Christian patronage helped to affirm Edwin 's position as senior ruler of the English , and until his final confrontation with Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in 632 - 3 he also held the British or Welsh powers under his dominion . It was at Edwin 's prompting that Eorpwald , together with his kingdom , received the Christian faith and sacraments . Eorpwald was therefore not yet a Christian during his father 's lifetime nor at his own accession . It is not known whether his baptism took place in East Anglia , Northumbria or Kent , but it is very likely that Edwin , now a senior ruler , was his sponsor at baptism . The conversion had the political benefit of bringing the entire eastern seaboard from Northumbria to Kent under the dominion of Christian rulers in alliance with Edwin , with the single exception of the Essex . 627 : Ricberht 's pagan backlash ( edit ) Not long after his conversion Eorpwald was slain ( occisus ) by a pagan ( viro gentili ) named Ricberht . The circumstances are not recorded , so that it is not known whether Ricberht represented an internal East Anglian opposition to Christian rule , or if he was an emissary from an external power wishing to diminish Edwin 's influence . Bede states that after the slaying of Eorpwald the kingdom reverted to heathen rule ( in errore versata est ) for three years . This does not necessarily mean an overt struggle between the worship of the Anglo - Saxon gods and the worship of Christ , but could equally express a conflict in the political allegiances which Edwin 's rise to power had prompted . The attribution of these three years to a supposed rule of Ricberht is a banner of convenience , though the fact that his name was remembered at all ( when East Anglian history of this period is dependent upon very fragmentary records ) indicates that he was a person of some importance . 630 : Sigeberht of East Anglia returns from exile ( edit ) After the interregnum prompted by Eorpwald 's assassination , Sigeberht was recalled from Gaul to become ruler of the East Angles . It is likely that he gained the kingdom by military means , because his prowess as a military commander was later remembered . During his reign part of the Kingdom was governed by his kinsman Ecgric , the relationship described by the Latin term cognatus . This may mean that Ecgric was a son of Rædwald . However some authorities consider Ecgric to be the same person as Æthilric , named in the East Anglian tally ( in the Anglian Collection ) as a son of Eni , Rædwald 's brother . Whoever Ecgric was , Sigeberht had equal or senior power while he ruled , because the influence of his religious patronage was felt both in eastern and western parts of the kingdom . Sigeberht 's Christian conversion may have been a decisive factor in his achieving royal power , since at that time Edwin of Northumbria ( 616 - 632 / 3 ) was the senior English king , and only he and Eadbald of Kent were Christian rulers . Eadbald certainly had contacts with the Frankish rulers . After Dagobert succeeded Clothar II in Francia in 628 , Sigeberht 's emergence helped to strengthen the English conversion upon which Edwin 's power rested . Sigeberht is likely to have encouraged the conversion of Ecgric , if he was not already Christian . Edwin 's encouragement took shape in the marriage of his grand - niece Hereswith , sister of Saint Hilda , to Æthilric , Rædwald 's nephew . Hereswith and Hild were under Edwin 's protection and were baptised with him in 626 . This marriage held the presumption that Æthilric was , or would become , Christian , and probably also that he should at some time become King of East Anglia . Bede relates that the East Anglian apostle Saint Felix came to England from Burgundy as a missionary bishop , and was sent by Honorius , the Archbishop of Canterbury to assist Sigeberht . William of Malmesbury has the later story that Felix accompanied Sigeberht to East Anglia . In either case , this dates Sigeberht 's accession to c629 - 630 , because Felix was Bishop for 17 years , his successor Thomas for five , and his successor Berhtgisl Boniface for 17 - and Berhtgisl died in around 669 . Sigeberht established the bishop 's seat of his kingdom for Felix at Dommoc , claimed variously for Dunwich or Walton , Felixstowe ( both coastal sites in Suffolk ) . If at Walton ( as Rochester claimed during the thirteenth century ) , the site of Dommoc may have been within the precinct of a Roman fort which formerly stood there . Sigeberht also established a school in his kingdom for boys to be taught reading and writing in Latin , on the model that he had witnessed in Gaul . Felix assisted him by obtaining teachers of the kind who taught in Kent . Paulinus of York was from 633 to 644 bishop of Rochester on the Medway , then the nearest bishopric in Kent to East Anglia . Paulinus had ( according to the Whitby Life of Gregory the Great ) been connected with the court of Rædwald during the exile of Edwin . The allegiance of Felix to Canterbury determined the Roman basis of the East Anglian Church , though his training in Burgundy may have been coloured by the teaching of the Irish missionary Columbanus in Luxeuil . In around 633 , perhaps shortly before Aidan was sent to Lindisfarne from Iona , the Irish royal hermit and missionary Fursey came from the Athlone area with his priests and brethren to East Anglia . Sigeberht granted him a monastery site in an old Roman fort called Cnobheresburg , usually identified as Burgh Castle near Yarmouth . Felix and Fursey both effected many conversions and established churches in Sigeberht 's kingdom . Bede records that Archbishop Honorius and Bishop Felix much admired the work of Aidan of Lindisfarne . Therefore , it is likely that they also appreciated of Fursey , whose community also lived according to the ascetic principles of Irish Christianity . Northumbria 625 - 634 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 625 : Paulinus begins preaching 627 : Edwin is baptised 633 : Osric and Eanfrith of Bernicia are crowned : Heathen resurgence 634 : Oswald is crowned Paulinus arrived in Bernicia in 625 to convince Edwin to accept baptism . Edwin allowed his daughter Eanfled to be baptised , and vowed to accept baptism himself if his campaign against Cwichelm of Wessex was successful . Bede recounts that Edwin was finally baptised on 12 April 627 , but he does not appear to have made any effort to convert his subjects . He died in 633 and Osric and Eanfrith , his cousin and nephew respectively , took over Bernicia and Deira . Osric and Eanfrith had both accepted baptism while in exile with the Picts , but upon taking their thrones reverted their kingdoms to paganism . They were both killed by Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in 634 , who was in turn killed by Eanfrith 's brother Oswald in the same year . Oswald had been baptised while in exile with the Scots , and had persuaded his council to accept baptism if they were victorious against Cadwallon . Oswald requested missionaries to convert the pagan Bernicians and Deirans . The first bishop to try eventually gave up and returned to Iona , reporting that the Northumbrians were ardently pagan and refusing to convert . Aidan arrived in 635 and spent the rest of his life converting the Northumbrians , dying in 651 . Mercia 653 - 655 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 653 : Preaching Begins 655 : Peada is crowned The pagan King Penda allowed Christian missionaries to begin preaching in Mercia in 653 when his son Peada was baptised . Peada had accepted baptism in order to marry Alhflæd , the daughter of Oswiu of Bernicia . Penda was killed in battle against Oswiu on 15 November 655 , and Peada took the throne , becoming the first Christian king . Unusually Mercia had no official relapse into paganism . Sussex 675 - 681 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 675 : Æthelwealh is baptised 681 : Wilfrid begins preaching Æthelwealh of Sussex was baptised in Mercia sometime during or just before 675 , probably as a condition of marrying the Christian Queen Eafa of the Hwicce . In 681 Wilfrid arrived in Sussex to begin converting the general population . Bede says Wulfhere had had him converted `` not long previously '' , but it could n't have been later than 675 because that is when Wulfhere died . Æthelwealh gave Wilfrid land in Selsey where he founded Selsey Abbey . While there Wilfrid met with Cædwalla of Wessex and guaranteed support for his invasion of Sussex ( despite Æthelwealh granting him land and allowing him to preach in his kingdom ) . In 685 Cædwalla , who was now King of Wessex , invaded Sussex and killed Æthelwealh . Two ealdormen of Æthelwealh , Berthun and Andhun , drove him out and administered the kingdom from then on . Their religious affiliation is not recorded . In 686 Wilfrid was recalled to York , Berthun and Andhun attacked Kent , Berthun was killed somewhere along the line and Sussex was conquered by Cædwalla . Wessex 603 - 685 ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 603 : Augustine of Canterbury begins preaching ( possibly apocryphal ) 635 : Cynegils of Wessex and Cwichelm of Wessex are baptised 643 : Cenwalh is crowned : Heathen resurgence 655 : Cenwalh returns from exile , now baptized 676 : Centwine is crowned , Heathen resurgence 685 : Cædwalla is crowned , unbaptized but pro-Christian The monk Goscelin recorded a short legend that after converting Æthelberht of Kent , Augustine traveled into Wessex to convert the population . In the village of Cernel the locals jeered at him and drove him out of town , pinning fish to him in mockery of his religion . According to this legend Augustine eventually returned and converted them by smashing their idol . Bede , however , says that the West Saxons were `` completely heathen '' until 635 when Birinus began preaching there . The joint Kings Cynigils and Cwichelm were baptised in 635 or 636 with King Oswin of Northumbria as their godfather , and Bede claims the common population were converted also . When Cynegils died in 643 his son Cenwalh ascended to the throne ; Bede said of Cenwalh , that he `` refused to embrace the mysteries of the faith , and of the heavenly kingdom ; and not long after also he lost the dominion of his earthly kingdom ; for he put away the sister of Penda , king of the Mercians , whom he had married , and took another wife ; whereupon a war ensuing , he was by him expelled his kingdom '' . The pagan King Penda took over Wessex and Cenwalh accepted baptism while under the protection of the Christian king Anna of East Anglia . Penda was killed in 655 allowing the now - Christian Cenwalh to return to Wessex . He was succeeded by his widow Seaxburh and then Æscwine ; their religion is unknown . In 676 Centwine took the throne . Centwine was a Heathen throughout his reign , but abdicated to become a Christian monk . Cædwalla became king of Wessex in 685 or 686 , and his religion is difficult to determine . He remained unbaptised throughout his entire reign , but supported Christianity . Before attacking the pagan Isle of Wight , be vowed to give 1 / 4 of the land and booty to the Church if he was successful , a vow he fulfilled by granting estates to Wilfrid . He also `` allowed '' the heirs of Arwald , the last pagan King of Wight , to be baptised before he executed them . He is recorded elsewhere granting land to the church . Before conquering Sussex he worked with the Bishops Wilfrid and Eorcenwald to establish an ecclesiastical structure there . He was seriously wounded while conquering the Isle of Wight in 686 . In 688 he abdicated and went on a pilgrimage to Rome and was baptised by Pope Sergius I on 10 April 689 , dying 10 days later from his wounds . His successor Ine issued a law code in 695 which reveal him to be a Christian . However , one of Ine 's laws proscribe a fine for failing to baptise one 's children , and another fine for failing to tithe , which indicates the common population were slow to adopt Christian habits voluntarily . Isle of Wight 661 - 686 ( edit ) 661 : Wulfhere of Mercia invades , islanders forcibly baptized 661 : Wulfhere of Mercia leaves , islanders immediately return to Heathenism 686 : Cædwalla of Wessex invades , islanders ethnically cleansed and Kingdom annexed The Jutes of the Isle of Wight were forcibly baptised when Wulfhere invaded in 661 . When Wulfhere returned to Mercia he left the priest Eoppa in Wight , but he could not stop the islanders quickly reverting to open paganism . Wight remained pagan until 686 when it was invaded by the Christian sympathiser Cædwalla of Wessex . Their pagan King Arwald was killed in battle , and his heirs were baptised and executed . Most of the pagan population was purportedly exterminated and replaced with Christian West Saxons . Those who remained were forced to accept baptism and also the West Saxon dialect , and the Isle of Wight was incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex . King Arwald was the last English King to die a pagan . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bede 's chronology may be a little awry , as he gives the king 's death as occurring in February 616 , and says the king died 21 years after his conversion , which would date the conversion to 595 . This would be before the mission and would mean that either the queen or Liudhard converted Æthelberht , which contradicts Bede 's own statement that the king 's conversion was due to the Gregorian mission . Since Gregory in his letter of 601 to the king and queen strongly implies that the queen was unable to effect the conversion of her husband , thus providing independent testimony to Æthelberht 's conversion by the mission , the problem of the dating is likely a chronological error on Bede 's part . Jump up ^ The letter , as translated in Brooks ' Early History of the Church of Canterbury , p. 8 , says `` preserve the grace he had received '' . Grace in this context meant the grace of baptism . Jump up ^ Attempts by Suso Brechter to argue that Æthelberht was not converted until after 601 have met with little agreement among medievalists . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stenton Anglo - Saxon England pp. 104 -- 105 ^ Jump up to : Stenton Anglo - Saxon England pp. 105 -- 106 ^ Jump up to : Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 24 -- 25 ^ Jump up to : Nelson `` Bertha ( b.c. 565 , d. in or after 601 ) '' Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Jump up ^ Hindley Brief History of the Anglo - Saxons pp. 33 -- 36 Jump up ^ Herrin Formation of Christendom p. 169 Jump up ^ Higham Convert Kings p. 73 Jump up ^ Wood `` Mission of Augustine of Canterbury '' Speculum pp. 9 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Mayr - Harting `` Augustine ( St Augustine ) ( d . 604 ) '' Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Jump up ^ Fletcher The Barbarian Conversion pp. 116 -- 117 ^ Jump up to : Brooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Wood `` Mission of Augustine of Canterbury '' Speculum p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 28 Jump up ^ Markus `` Chronology of the Gregorian Mission '' Journal of Ecclesiastical History p. 16 Jump up ^ Higham Convert Kings p. 56 Jump up ^ Higham Convert Kings p. 53 Jump up ^ Higham Convert Kings pp. 90 -- 102 Jump up ^ Campbell `` Observations '' Essays in Anglo - Saxon History p. 76 Jump up ^ Markus Gregory the Great and His World pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Quoted in Markus Gregory the Great and His World p. 183 Jump up ^ Kirby , Earliest English Kings , pp. 31 -- 33 , provides an extended discussion of the chronology of Æthelberht 's reign . ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 5 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Yorke , Kings and Kingdoms , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Rollason , Mildrith Legend , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kirby , Earliest English Kings , pp. 37 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Yorke , Kings and Kingdoms , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Commentary , and images of both objects , can be found in S. Chadwick Hawkes , `` Finglesham . A Cemetery in East Kent '' and `` The Archaeology of Conversion : Cemeteries '' , both in Campbell , The Anglo - Saxons , pp. 24 -- 25 and 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 6 , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 7 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 8 , p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 9 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 10 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Yorke , Kings and Kingdoms , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Whitelock , English Historical Documents . Vol. 1 . p. 361 . Jump up ^ Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk . III , ch. 7 , p. 153 . Primary sources Bede ( 1991 ) . D.H. Farmer , ed . Ecclesiastical History of the English People . Translated by Leo Sherley - Price . R.E. Latham . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044565 - X . Secondary sources Bede Venerablis ; translated by Leo Sherley - Price ( 1988 ) . A History of the English Church and People . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044042 - 9 . Blair , John P. ( 2005 ) . The Church in Anglo - Saxon Society . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 921117 - 5 . Blair , Peter Hunter ; Blair , Peter D. ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Anglo - Saxon England ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53777 - 0 . Brooks , Nicholas ( 1984 ) . The Early History of the Church of Canterbury : Christ Church from 597 to 1066 . London : Leicester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7185 - 0041 - 5 . Brown , Peter G. ( 2003 ) . The Rise of Western Christendom : Triumph and Diversity , A.D. 200 -- 1000 . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22138 - 7 . Campbell , James ; John , Eric ; Wormald , Patrick ( 1991 ) . The Anglo - Saxons . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 014395 - 5 . Campbell , James ( 1986 ) . `` Observations on the Conversion of England '' . Essays in Anglo - Saxon History . London : Hambledon Press . pp. 69 -- 84 . ISBN 0 - 907628 - 32 - X . Chaney , William A. ( 1967 ) . `` Paganism to Christianity in Anglo - Saxon England '' . In Thrupp , Sylvia L. Early Medieval Society . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . pp. 67 -- 83 . Church , S.D. ( 2008 ) . `` Paganism in Conversion - age Anglo - Saxon England : The Evidence of Bede 's Ecclesiastical History Reconsidered '' . History . 93 ( 310 ) : 162 -- 180 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 229X. 2008.00420. x . Coates , Simon ( February 1998 ) . `` The Construction of Episcopal Sanctity in early Anglo - Saxon England : the Impact of Venantius Fortunatus '' . Historical Research . 71 ( 174 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 2281.00050 . Colgrave , Bertram ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great ( Paperback reissue of 1968 ed . ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 31384 - 1 . Collins , Roger ( 1999 ) . Early Medieval Europe : 300 -- 1000 ( Second ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 21886 - 9 . Dales , Douglas ( 2005 ) . `` '' Apostles of the English `` : Anglo - Saxon Perceptions '' . L'eredità spirituale di Gregorio Magno tra Occidente e Oriente . Il Segno Gabrielli Editori . ISBN 88 - 88163 - 54 - 9 . Deanesly , Margaret ; Grosjean , Paul ( April 1959 ) . `` The Canterbury Edition of the Answers of Pope Gregory I to St Augustine '' . Journal of Ecclesiastical History . 10 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 49 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022046900061832 . Demacopoulos , George ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Gregory the Great and the Pagan Shrines of Kent '' . Journal of Late Antiquity. 1 ( 2 ) : 353 -- 369 . doi : 10.1353 / jla. 0.0018 . Dodwell , C.R. ( 1985 ) . Anglo - Saxon Art : A New Perspective ( Cornell University Press 1985 ed . ) . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9300 - 5 . Dodwell , C.R. ( 1993 ) . The Pictorial Arts of the West : 800 -- 1200 . Pellican History of Art . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06493 - 4 . Fletcher , R.A. ( 1998 ) . The Barbarian Conversion : From Paganism to Christianity . New York : H. Holt and Co . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 2763 - 7 . Foley , W. Trent ; Higham , Nicholas . J. ( 2009 ) . `` Bede on the Britons '' . Early Medieval Europe . 17 ( 2 ) : 154 -- 185 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0254.2009. 00258. x . Frend , William H.C. ( 2003 ) . Martin Carver , ed . Roman Britain , a Failed Promise . The Cross Goes North : Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe AD 300 -- 1300 . Woodbridge , UK : Boydell Press . pp. 79 -- 92 . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 125 - 2 . Fryde , E.B. ; Greenway , D.E. ; Porter , S. ; Roy , I. ( 1996 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( Third revised ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . Gameson , Richard & Gameson , Fiona ( 2006 ) . `` From Augustine to Parker : The Changing Face of the First Archbishop of Canterbury '' . In Smyth , Alfred P. & Keynes , Simon . Anglo - Saxons : Studies Presented to Cyril Roy Hart . Dublin : Four Courts Press . pp. 13 -- 38 . ISBN 1 - 85182 - 932 - 6 . Herrin , Judith ( 1989 ) . The Formation of Christendom . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00831 - 0 . Higham , N.J. ( 1997 ) . The Convert Kings : Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo - Saxon England . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4827 - 3 . Hindley , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of the Anglo - Saxons : The Beginnings of the English Nation . New York : Carroll & Graf Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1738 - 5 . John , Eric ( 1996 ) . Reassessing Anglo - Saxon England . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5053 - 7 . Jones , Putnam Fennell ( July 1928 ) . `` The Gregorian Mission and English Education '' . Speculum. 3 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 348 . doi : 10.2307 / 2847433 . JSTOR 2847433 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Kirby , D.P. ( 1992 ) . The Earliest English Kings . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09086 - 5 . Kirby , D.P. ( 2000 ) . The Earliest English Kings . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24211 - 8 . Kirby , D.P. ( 1967 ) . The Making of Early England ( Reprint ed . ) . New York : Schocken Books . Lapidge , Michael ( 2006 ) . The Anglo - Saxon Library . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926722 - 7 . Lapidge , Michael ( 1999 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo - Saxon England . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22492 - 0 . Lapidge , Michael ( 2001 ) . `` Laurentius '' . In Lapidge , Michael ; Blair , John ; Keynes , Simon ; Scragg , Donald . The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo - Saxon England . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22492 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Lawrence , C.H. ( 2001 ) . Medieval Monasticism : Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 40427 - 4 . Markus , R.A. ( April 1963 ) . `` The Chronology of the Gregorian Mission to England : Bede 's Narrative and Gregory 's Correspondence '' . Journal of Ecclesiastical History . 14 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 30 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022046900064356 . Markus , R.A. ( 1970 ) . `` Gregory the Great and a Papal Missionary Strategy '' . Studies in Church History 6 : The Mission of the Church and the Propagation of the Faith . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 29 -- 38 . OCLC 94815 . Markus , R.A. ( 1997 ) . Gregory the Great and His World . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 58430 - 2 . Mayr - Harting , Henry ( 1991 ) . The Coming of Christianity to Anglo - Saxon England . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 00769 - 9 . Mayr - Harting , Henry ( 2004 ) . `` Augustine ( St Augustine ) ( d . 604 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . McGowan , Joseph P. ( 2008 ) . `` An Introduction to the Corpus of Anglo - Latin Literature '' . In Philip Pulsiano and Elaine Treharne . A Companion to Anglo - Saxon Literature ( Paperback ed . ) . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . pp. 11 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7609 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Meens , Rob ( 1994 ) . `` A Background to Augustine 's Mission to Anglo - Saxon England '' . In Lapidge , Michael . Anglo - Saxon England 23 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 5 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47200 - 5 . Nelson , Janet L. ( 2006 ) . `` Bertha ( b.c. 565 , d. in or after 601 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Ortenberg , Veronica ( 1965 ) . `` The Anglo - Saxon Church and the Papacy '' . In Lawrence , C.H. The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages ( 1999 reprint ed . ) . Stroud : Sutton Publishing . pp. 29 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1947 - 7 . Rollason , D.W. ( 1982 ) . The Mildrith Legend : A Study in Early Medieval Hagiography in England . Atlantic Highlands : Leicester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1201 - 4 . Schapiro , Meyer ( 1980 ) . `` The Decoration of the Leningrad Manuscript of Bede '' . Selected Papers : Volume 3 : Late Antique , Early Christian and Mediaeval Art . London : Chatto & Windus . pp. 199 and 212 -- 214 . ISBN 0 - 7011 - 2514 - 4 . Sisam , Kenneth ( January 1956 ) . `` Canterbury , Lichfield , and the Vespasian Psalter '' . Review of English Studies , New series . 7 ( 25 ) : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.1093 / res / VII. 25.1 . Spiegel , Flora ( 2007 ) . `` The ' tabernacula ' of Gregory the Great and the Conversion of Anglo - Saxon England '' . Anglo - Saxon England 36 . 36 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1017 / S0263675107000014 . `` St Augustine Gospels '' . Grove Dictionary of Art . Art.net. 2000 . Accessed on 10 May 2009 Stenton , Frank M. ( 1971 ) . Anglo - Saxon England . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 821716 - 1 . Stenton , F.M. ( 1971 ) . Anglo - Saxon England ( Third ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280139 - 5 . Thacker , Alan ( 1998 ) . `` Memorializing Gregory the Great : The Origin and Transmission of a Papal Cult in the 7th and early 8th centuries '' . Early Medieval Europe . 7 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 84 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0254.00018 . Walsh , Michael J. ( 2007 ) . A New Dictionary of Saints : East and West . London : Burns & Oates . ISBN 0 - 86012 - 438 - X . Williams , Ann ( 1999 ) . Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England c. 500 -- 1066 . London : MacMillan Press . ISBN 0 - 333 - 56797 - 8 . Wilson , David M. ( 1984 ) . Anglo - Saxon Art : From the Seventh Century to the Norman Conquest . London : Thames and Hudson . OCLC 185807396 . Wood , Ian ( January 1994 ) . `` The Mission of Augustine of Canterbury to the English '' . Speculum. 69 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.2307 / 2864782 . JSTOR 2864782 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Yorke , Barbara ( 1990 ) . Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo - Saxon England . London : Seaby . ISBN 1 - 85264 - 027 - 8 . Yorke , Barbara ( 2006 ) . The Conversion of Britain : Religion , Politics and Society in Britain c. 600 -- 800 . London : Pearson / Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 77292 - 3 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England&oldid=845571164 '' Categories : Anglo - Saxon Christianity Christianization of Europe Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 17 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was sent to england to convert the pagan anglo-saxons | [
"In 595, when Pope Gregory I decided to send a mission to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity,[1] the Kingdom of Kent was ruled by Æthelberht. He had married a Christian princess named Bertha before 588,[2] and perhaps earlier than 560.[3] Bertha was the daughter of Charibert I, one of the Merovingian kings of the Franks. As one of the conditions of her marriage she had brought a bishop named Liudhard with her to Kent as her chaplain.[4] They restored a church in Canterbury that dated to Roman times,[5] possibly the present-day St Martin's Church. Æthelberht was at that time a pagan, but he allowed his wife freedom of worship.[4] Liudhard does not appear to have made many converts among the Anglo-Saxons,[6] and if not for the discovery of a gold coin bearing the inscription Leudardus Eps (Eps is an abbreviation of Episcopus, the Latin word for bishop) his existence may have been doubted.[7] One of Bertha's biographers states that, influenced by his wife, Æthelberht requested Pope Gregory to send missionaries.[4] The historian Ian Wood feels that the initiative came from the Kentish court as well as the queen.[8]"
] | [
"missionaries"
] |
-8075987298495168084 | Onomatopoeia | Onomatopoeia - wikipedia Onomatopoeia This article is about the category of words . For the comic character , see Onomatopoeia ( comics ) . A sign in a shop window in Italy proclaims `` No Tic Tac '' , in imitation of the sound of a clock . Onomatopoeia ( / ˌɒnəˌmætəˈpiːə , - ˌmɑː - / ( listen ) ; from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία ; ὄνομα for `` name '' and ποιέω for `` I make '' , adjectival form : `` onomatopoeic '' or `` onomatopoetic '' ) is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates , resembles , or suggests the sound that it describes . As such words are uncountable nouns , onomatopoeia refers to the property of such words . Common occurrences of words our of the onomatopoeia process include animal noises such as `` oink '' , `` miaow '' ( or `` meow '' ) , `` roar '' and `` chirp '' . Onomatopoeia can differ between languages : it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system ; hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as tick tock in English , tictac in Spanish , dī dā in Mandarin , katchin katchin in Japanese , or `` tik - tik '' in Hindi . Although in the English language the term onomatopoeia means `` the imitation of a sound '' , the compound word onomatopoeia ( ὀνοματοποιία ) in the Greek language means `` making or creating names '' . For words that imitate sounds , the term ὴχομιμητικό ( echomimetico ) or echomimetic ) is used . The word ὴχομιμητικό ( echomimetico ) derives from `` ὴχώ '' , meaning echo or sound , and `` μιμητικό '' , meaning mimetic or imitating . Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Cross-cultural differences 1.2 Onomatopoeic effect without onomatopoeic words 2 Comics and advertising 2.1 Manner imitation 3 Examples in media 4 Cross-linguistic examples 5 In linguistics 6 The evolution of language 7 Role in early language acquisition 8 In other languages 8.1 Japanese 8.2 Malay 8.3 Arabic 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 General references 11 External links Uses A bang flag gun , a humouristic novelty item Further information : List of animal sounds In the case of a frog croaking , the spelling may vary because different frog species around the world make different sounds : Ancient Greek brekekekex koax koax ( only in Aristophanes ' comic play The Frogs ) probably for marsh frogs ; English ribbit for species of frog found in North America ; English verb croak for the common frog . Some other very common English - language examples are hiccup , zoom , bang , beep , moo , and splash . Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia : honk or beep - beep for the horn of an automobile , and vroom or brum for the engine . In speaking of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity , the word `` zap '' is often used ( and its use has been extended to describe non-auditory effects generally connoting the same sort of localized but thorough interference or destruction similar to that produced in short - circuit sparking ) . Human sounds sometimes provide instances of onomatopoeia , as when mwah is used to represent a kiss . For animal sounds , words like quack ( duck ) , moo ( cow ) , bark or woof ( dog ) , roar ( lion ) , meow / miaow or purr ( cat ) , cluck ( chicken ) and baa ( sheep ) are typically used in English ( both as nouns and as verbs ) . Some languages flexibly integrate onomatopoeic words into their structure . This may evolve into a new word , up to the point that the process is no longer recognized as onomatopoeia . One example is the English word `` bleat '' for sheep noise : in medieval times it was pronounced approximately as `` blairt '' ( but without an R - component ) , or `` blet '' with the vowel drawled , which more closely resembles a sheep noise than the modern pronunciation . An example of the opposite case is `` cuckoo '' , which , due to continuous familiarity with the bird noise down the centuries , has kept approximately the same pronunciation as in Anglo - Saxon times and its vowels have not changed as they have in the word furrow . Verba dicendi ( `` words of saying '' ) are a method of integrating onomatopoeic words and ideophones into grammar . Sometimes , things are named from the sounds they make . In English , for example , there is the universal fastener which is named for the sound it makes : the zip ( in the UK ) or zipper ( in the U.S. ) Many birds are named after their calls , such as the bobwhite quail , the weero , the morepork , the killdeer , chickadees and jays , the cuckoo , the chiffchaff , the whooping crane , the whip - poor - will , and the kookaburra . In Tamil and Malayalam , the word for crow is kaakaa . This practice is especially common in certain languages such as Māori , and so in names of animals borrowed from these languages . Cross-cultural differences Although a particular sound is heard similarly by people of different cultures , it is often expressed through the use of different consonant strings in different languages . For example , the snip of a pair of scissors is cri - cri in Italian , riqui - riqui in Spanish , terre - terre or treque - treque in Portuguese , krits - krits in modern Greek and katr - katr in Hindi . Similarly , the `` honk '' of a car 's horn is ba - ba ( Han : 叭 叭 ) in Mandarin , tut - tut in French , pu - pu in Japanese , bbang - bbang in Korean , bært - bært in Norwegian , fom - fom in Portuguese and bim - bim in Vietnamese . Onomatopoeic effect without onomatopoeic words An onomatopoeic effect can also be produced in a phrase or word string with the help of alliteration and consonance alone , without using any onomatopoeic words . The most famous example is the phrase `` furrow followed free '' in Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner . The words `` followed '' and `` free '' are not onomatopoeic in themselves , but in conjunction with `` furrow '' they reproduce the sound of ripples following in the wake of a speeding ship . Similarly , alliteration has been used in the line `` as the surf surged up the sun swept shore ... '' , to recreate the sound of breaking waves , in the poem `` I , She and the Sea '' . Comics and advertising A sound effect of breaking a door Comic strips and comic books make extensive use of onomatopoeia . Popular culture historian Tim DeForest noted the impact of writer - artist Roy Crane ( 1901 -- 1977 ) , the creator of Captain Easy and Buz Sawyer : It was Crane who pioneered the use of onomatopoeic sound effects in comics , adding `` bam , '' `` pow '' and `` wham '' to what had previously been an almost entirely visual vocabulary . Crane had fun with this , tossing in an occasional `` ker - splash '' or `` lickety - wop '' along with what would become the more standard effects . Words as well as images became vehicles for carrying along his increasingly fast - paced storylines . In 2002 , DC Comics introduced a villain named Onomatopoeia , an athlete , martial artist , and weapons expert , who often speaks pure sounds . Advertising uses onomatopoeia for mnemonic purposes , so that consumers will remember their products , as in Alka - Seltzer 's `` Plop , plop , fizz , fizz . Oh , what a relief it is ! '' jingle , recorded in two different versions ( big band and rock ) by Sammy Davis , Jr . Rice Krispies ( US and UK ) and Rice Bubbles ( AU ) make a `` snap , crackle , pop '' when one pours on milk . During the 1930s , the illustrator Vernon Grant developed Snap , Crackle and Pop as gnome - like mascots for the Kellogg Company . Sounds appear in road safety advertisements : `` clunk click , every trip '' ( click the seatbelt on after clunking the car door closed ; UK campaign ) or `` click , clack , front and back '' ( click , clack of connecting the seat belts ; AU campaign ) or `` click it or ticket '' ( click of the connecting seat belt , with the implied penalty of a traffic ticket for not using a seat belt ; US DOT ( Department of Transportation ) campaign ) . The sound of the container opening and closing gives Tic Tac its name . Manner imitation Main article : Ideophone In many of the world 's languages , onomatopoeic - like words are used to describe phenomena beyond the purely auditive . Japanese often uses such words to describe feelings or figurative expressions about objects or concepts . For instance , Japanese barabara is used to reflect an object 's state of disarray or separation , and shiiin is the onomatopoetic form of absolute silence ( used at the time an English speaker might expect to hear the sound of crickets chirping or a pin dropping in a silent room , or someone coughing ) . It is used in English as well with terms like bling , which describes the glinting of light on things like gold , chrome or precious stones . In Japanese , kirakira is used for glittery things . Examples in media James Joyce in Ulysses ( 1922 ) coined the onomatopoeic tattarrattat for a knock on the door . It is listed as the longest palindromic word in The Oxford English Dictionary . Whaam ! ( 1963 ) by Roy Lichtenstein is an early example of pop art , featuring a reproduction of comic book art that depicts a fighter aircraft striking another with rockets with dazzling red and yellow explosions . In the 1960s TV series Batman , comic book style onomatopoeic words such as wham ! , pow ! , biff ! , crunch ! and zounds ! appear onscreen during fight scenes . Ubisoft 's XIII employed the use of comic book onomatopoeic words such as bam ! , boom ! and noooo ! during gameplay for gunshots , explosions and kills , respectively . The comic - book style is apparent throughout the game and is a core theme , and the game is an adaptation of a comic book of the same name . The chorus of American popular songwriter John Prine 's song `` Onomatopoeia '' cleverly incorporates onomatopoeic words ( though as discussed , ' ouch ! ' is not the sound of pain ) : `` Bang ! went the pistol . Crash ! went the window . Ouch ! went the son of a gun . Onomatopoeia I do n't wan na see ya Speaking in a foreign tongue . '' The marble game KerPlunk has an onomatopoeic word for a title , from the sound of marbles dropping when one too many sticks has been removed . The Nickelodeon cartoon 's title KaBlam ! is implied to be onomatapoeic to a crash . Each episode of the TV series Harper 's Island is given an onomatopoeic name which imitates the sound made in that episode when a character dies . For example , in the episode titled `` Bang '' a character is shot and fatally wounded , with the `` Bang '' mimicking the sound of the gunshot . Mad Magazine cartoonist Don Martin , already popular for his exaggerated artwork , often employed comic - book style onomatopoeic `` sound effects '' in his drawings ( for example , `` thwizzit '' is the sound of a sheet of paper being yanked from a typewriter ) . Fans have compiled The Don Martin Dictionary , cataloguing each `` sound '' and its `` meaning '' . Cross-linguistic examples Main article : Cross-linguistic onomatopoeias In linguistics A key component of language is its arbitrariness and what a word can represent , as a word is a sound created by humans with attached meaning to said sound . No one can determine the meaning of a word purely by how it sounds . However , in onomatopoeic words , these sounds are much less arbitrary ; they are connected in their imitation of other objects or sounds in nature . Vocal sounds in the imitation of natural sounds does n't necessarily gain meaning , but can gain symbolic meaning . An example of this sound symbolism in the English language is the use of words starting with sn - . Some of these words symbolize concepts related to the nose ( sneeze , snot , snore ) . This does not mean that all words with that sound relate to the nose , but at some level we recognize a sort of symbolism associated with the sound itself . Onomatopoeia , while a facet of language , is also in a sense outside of the confines of language . In linguistics , onomatopoeia is described as the connection , or symbolism , of a sound that is interpreted and reproduced within the context of a language , usually out of mimicry of a sound . It is a figure of speech , in a sense . Considered a vague term on its own , there are a few varying defining factors in classifying onomatopoeia . In one manner , it is defined simply as the imitation of some kind of non-vocal sound using the vocal sounds of a language , like the hum of a bee being imitated with a `` buzz '' sound . In another sense , it is described as the phenomena of making a new word entirely . Onomatopoeia works in the sense of symbolizing an idea in a phonological context , not necessarily constituting a direct meaningful word in the process . The symbolic properties of a sound in a word , or a phoneme , is related to a sound in an environment , and are restricted in part by a language 's own phonetic inventory , hence why many languages can have distinct onomatopoeia for the same natural sound . Depending on a language 's connection to a sound 's meaning , that language 's onomatopoeia inventory can differ proportionally . For example , a language like English generally holds little symbolic representation when it comes to sounds , which is the reason English tends to have a smaller representation of sound mimicry then a language like Japanese that overall has a much higher amount of symbolism related to the sounds of the language . The evolution of language In ancient Greek philosophy , onomatopoeia was used as evidence for how natural a language was : it was theorized that language itself was derived from natural sounds in the world around us . Symbolism in sounds was seen as deriving from this . Some linguists hold that onomatopoeia may have been the first form of human language . In the development of a language , sounds that are associated with natural objects then go on to form words with related meanings . For example , gl - at the beginning of an English word can denote something that is shining or iridescent ( e.g. glitter , glisten , gleam ) . Role in early language acquisition When first exposed to sound and communication , humans are biologically inclined to mimic the sounds they hear , whether they are actual pieces of language or other natural sounds . Early on in development , an infant will vary his / her utterances between sounds that are well established within the phonetic range of the language ( s ) most heavily spoken in their environment , which may be called `` tame '' onomatopoeia , and the full range of sounds that the vocal tract can produce , or `` wild '' onomatopoeia . As one begins to acquire one 's first language , the proportion of `` wild '' onomatopoeia reduces in favor of sounds which are congruent with those of the language they are acquiring . During the native language acquisition period , it has been documented that infants may react strongly to the more wild - speech features to which they are exposed , compared to more tame and familiar speech features . But the results of such tests are inconclusive . In the context of language acquisition , sound symbolism has been shown to play an important role . The association of foreign words to subjects and how they relate to general objects , such as the association of the words takete and baluma with either a round or angular shape , has been tested to see how languages symbolize sounds . In other languages Japanese Onomatopoeia , or giongo in Japanese , is common in the Japanese language , from day to day conversation to serious news . In general , onomatopoeia in Japanese can be categorized into three types : Giseigo : mimics humans and animals . ( e.g. WanWan for a dog 's bark ) Giongo : mimics general noises in nature or inanimate objects . ( e.g. zaazaa for rain on a roof ) Gitaigo : describes states of being , not sounds . ( e.g. mushimushi , uncomfortably warm ) Japanese also uses a system of sound symbolic words called mimetics . Though not entirely different from onomatopoeia , words that are mimetic are generally distinguished from onomatopoeia . Mimetic , or gitaigo in Japanese , words are a phonological representation of some kind of state of being , or something that does n't exactly make sound . Sometimes Japanese onomatopoeia produces reduplicated words . Malay There is a documented correlation within the Malay language of onomatopoeia that begin with the sound bu - and the implication of something that is rounded . As well as with the sound of - lok within a word conveying curvature in such words like lok , kelok and telok ( locomotive , cove and curve respectively ) . Arabic Within the Qur'an , written in Arabic , instances of onomatopoeia are documented . Out of about 77,701 words , there are 9 words that are onomatopoeic , 3 which are animal sounds ( e.g. `` mooing '' ) , 2 which are sounds of nature ( e.g. `` thunder '' ) and 4 that are human sounds ( e.g. `` whisper '' or `` groan '' ) . See also Anguish Languish Japanese sound symbolism List of animal sounds List of onomatopoeias Sound mimesis in various cultures Sound symbolism Vocal learning References Notes Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) , Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Longman , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 8118 - 0 Jump up ^ Roach , Peter ( 2011 ) , Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary ( 18th ed . ) , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 15253 - 2 Jump up ^ ὀνοματοποιία , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ ὄνομα , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ ποιέω , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ Onomatopoeia as a Figure and a Linguistic Principle , Hugh Bredin , The Johns Hopkins University , Retrieved November 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ Definition of Onomatopoeia , Retrieved November 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ Basic Reading of Sound Words - Onomatopoeia , Yale University , retrieved October 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ English Oxford Living Dictionaries Jump up ^ Earl Anderson , A Grammar of Iconism , Fairleigh Dickinson , 1999 Jump up ^ DeForest , Tim ( 2004 ) . Storytelling in the Pulps , Comics , and Radio : How Technology Changed Popular Fiction in America . McFarland . Jump up ^ James Joyce ( 1982 ) . Ulysses . Editions Artisan Devereaux . pp. 434 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 936694 - 38 - 9 ... I was just beginning to yawn with nerves thinking he was trying to make a fool of me when I knew his tattarrattat at the door he must ... Jump up ^ O.A. Booty ( 1 January 2002 ) . Funny Side of English . Pustak Mahal . pp. 203 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 223 - 0799 - 3 . The longest palindromic word in English has 12 letters : tattarrattat . This word , appearing in the Oxford English Dictionary , was invented by James Joyce and used in his book Ulysses ( 1922 ) , and is an imitation of the sound of someone ( farting ) . Jump up ^ Assaneo , María Florencia ; Nichols , Juan Ignacio ; Trevisan , Marcos Alberto ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The anatomy of onomatopoeia '' . PLoS One . 6 ( 12 ) : e28317 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028317 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 3237459 . PMID 22194825 . ^ Jump up to : RHODES , R ( 1994 ) . `` Aural Images '' . In J. Ohala , L. Hinton & J. Nichols ( eds . ) Sound Symbolism . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` The Study of Onomatopoeia in the Muslims ' Holy Write : Qur'an : OneSearch for Articles , Books , and More '' . eds.a.ebscohost.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bredin , Hugh ( 1996 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Onomatopoeia as a Figure and a Linguistic Principle '' . New Literary History . 27 ( 3 ) : 555 -- 569 . doi : 10.1353 / nlh. 1996.0031 . ISSN 1080 - 661X . ^ Jump up to : Laing , C.E. ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) . `` A phonological analysis of onomatopoeia in early word production '' . First Language . doi : 10.1177 / 0142723714550110 . ^ Jump up to : Osaka , Naoyuki ( 1990 ) . `` Multidimensional Analysis of Onomatopoeia - A note to make sensory scale from word '' ( PDF ) . Studia phonologica : 25 -- 33 -- via Kyoto University Research Information Repository . Jump up ^ Assaneo , María Florencia ; Nichols , Juan Ignacio ; Trevisan , Marcos Alberto ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) . `` The Anatomy of Onomatopoeia '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 12 ) : e28317 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028317 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 3237459 . PMID 22194825 . Jump up ^ Inose , Hiroko . `` Translating Japanese Onomatopoeia and Mimetic Words . '' N.p. , n.d. Web . Jump up ^ WILKINSON , R.J. ( 1936 - 01 - 01 ) . `` ONOMATOPOEIA IN MALAY '' . Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 14 ( 3 ( 126 ) ) : 72 -- 88 . JSTOR 41559855 . General references Crystal , David ( 1997 ) . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55967 - 7 . Smyth , Herbert Weir ( 1920 ) . Greek Grammar . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press . p. 680 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36250 - 0 . External links Look up onomatopoeia in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Onomatopoeia . Derek Abbott 's Animal Noise Page Over 300 Examples of Onomatopoeia BBC Radio 4 show discussing animal noises Tutorial on Drawing Onomatopoeia for Comics and Cartoons ( using fonts ) WrittenSound , onomatopoeic word list Examples of Onomatopeia LCCN : sh85094814 NKC : ph305405 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onomatopoeia&oldid=861481883 '' Categories : Types of words Onomatopoeia Poetic devices Style ( fiction ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which figure of speech uses words that imitate the sounds they refer to | [
"Onomatopoeia (/ˌɒnəˌmætəˈpiːə, -ˌmɑː-/ ( listen);[1][2] from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία;[3] ὄνομα for \"name\"[4] and ποιέω for \"I make\",[5] adjectival form: \"onomatopoeic\" or \"onomatopoetic\") is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. As such words are uncountable nouns, onomatopoeia refers to the property of such words. Common occurrences of words our of the onomatopoeia process include animal noises such as \"oink\", \"miaow\" (or \"meow\"), \"roar\" and \"chirp\". Onomatopoeia can differ between languages: it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system;[6][7] hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as tick tock in English, tictac in Spanish, dī dā in Mandarin, katchin katchin in Japanese, or \"tik-tik\" in Hindi.\n"
] | [
"Onomatopoeia"
] |
-7277827275510522142 | List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories | List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories - wikipedia List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories Jump to : navigation , search Katharine Hepburn won four Academy Awards for Best Actress , more than any other actor in the history of the Academy Awards . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception . Throughout the history of the Academy Awards , there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actor , or Best Supporting Actress . The only restriction is that actors can not receive multiple nominations for the same performance . This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way . As of 2017 , 40 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories . Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four Best Actress awards . Five have won three Academy Awards : Ingrid Bergman ( two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award ) , Walter Brennan ( three Best Supporting Actor awards ) , Jack Nicholson ( two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award ) , Meryl Streep ( two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award ) , and Daniel Day - Lewis ( three Best Actor awards ) . Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940 , followed by Hepburn in 1968 , Bergman in 1974 , Nicholson in 1997 , Streep in 2011 , and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012 . Of the six , only Nicholson , Streep , and Day - Lewis are still living . Actor / Actress Best Actor / Actress Awards Best Supporting Actor / Actress Awards Total awards Total nominations Hepburn , Katharine Katharine Hepburn Morning Glory ( 1933 ) Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) 12 Day - Lewis , Daniel Daniel Day - Lewis My Left Foot ( 1989 ) There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) 6 Streep , Meryl Meryl Streep Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) The Iron Lady ( 2011 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) 21 Nicholson , Jack Jack Nicholson One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) 12 Bergman , Ingrid Ingrid Bergman Gaslight ( 1944 ) Anastasia ( 1956 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) 7 Brennan , Walter Walter Brennan Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Kentucky ( 1938 ) The Westerner ( 1940 ) Davis , Bette Bette Davis Dangerous ( 1935 ) Jezebel ( 1938 ) 10 Tracy , Spencer Spencer Tracy Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Boys Town ( 1938 ) 9 Brando , Marlon Marlon Brando On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) 8 Lemmon , Jack Jack Lemmon Save the Tiger ( 1973 ) Mister Roberts ( 1955 ) 8 Washington , Denzel Denzel Washington Training Day ( 2001 ) Glory ( 1989 ) 8 Blanchett , Cate Cate Blanchett Blue Jasmine ( 2013 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) 7 De Niro , Robert Robert De Niro Raging Bull ( 1980 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) 7 Fonda , Jane Jane Fonda Klute ( 1971 ) Coming Home ( 1978 ) 7 Hoffman , Dustin Dustin Hoffman Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) 7 Caine , Michael Michael Caine Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) The Cider House Rules ( 1999 ) 6 Lange , Jessica Jessica Lange Blue Sky ( 1994 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) 6 Smith , Maggie Maggie Smith The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie ( 1969 ) California Suite ( 1978 ) 6 Cooper , Gary Gary Cooper Sergeant York ( 1941 ) High Noon ( 1952 ) 5 de Havilland , Olivia Olivia de Havilland To Each His Own ( 1946 ) The Heiress ( 1949 ) 5 Hackman , Gene Gene Hackman The French Connection ( 1971 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) 5 Hanks , Tom Tom Hanks Philadelphia ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) 5 March , Fredric Fredric March Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1931 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) 5 Penn , Sean Sean Penn Mystic River ( 2003 ) Milk ( 2008 ) 5 Taylor , Elizabeth Elizabeth Taylor Butterfield 8 ( 1960 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) 5 Foster , Jodie Jodie Foster The Accused ( 1988 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Jackson , Glenda Glenda Jackson Women in Love ( 1970 ) A Touch of Class ( 1973 ) Quinn , Anthony Anthony Quinn Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) Lust for Life ( 1956 ) Winters , Shelley Shelley Winters The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1959 ) A Patch of Blue ( 1965 ) Douglas , Melvyn Melvyn Douglas Hud ( 1963 ) Being There ( 1979 ) Field , Sally Sally Field Norma Rae ( 1979 ) Places in the Heart ( 1984 ) Robards , Jason Jason Robards All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) Julia ( 1977 ) Ustinov , Peter Peter Ustinov Spartacus ( 1960 ) Topkapi ( 1964 ) Wiest , Dianne Dianne Wiest Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Bullets over Broadway ( 1994 ) Hayes , Helen Helen Hayes The Sin of Madelon Claudet ( 1931 ) Airport ( 1970 ) Leigh , Vivien Vivien Leigh Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) Rainer , Luise Luise Rainer The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Good Earth ( 1937 ) Spacey , Kevin Kevin Spacey American Beauty ( 1999 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Swank , Hilary Hilary Swank Boys Do n't Cry ( 1999 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Waltz , Christoph Christoph Waltz Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Django Unchained ( 2012 ) See also ( edit ) Film portal List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances List of directors with two or more Academy Awards for Best Director List of Academy Award records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Acting Two or More Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 6 -- 80th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Persons nominated in two acting categories in the same year '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Allen , Jamie ( June 30 , 2003 ) . `` Katharine Hepburn dead at 96 '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ingrid Bergman -- Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Brennan -- Awards '' . Moviefone . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Nicholson -- Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Actors with multiple Academy Award wins at Wikimedia Commons The Official Academy Awards Database The Motion Picture Credits Database at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 9 , 2008 ) IMDb Academy Awards Page Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Film Films Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Women in Non-gendered Categories Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_actors_with_two_or_more_Academy_Awards_in_acting_categories&oldid=826976080 '' Categories : Academy Awards lists Lists of actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 01 : 54 . About Wikipedia | who won the most oscars during his career | [
"\n\nActor/Actress\nBest Actor/Actress Awards\nBest Supporting Actor/Actress Awards\nTotal awards\nTotal nominations\n\n\nHepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn\nMorning Glory (1933)\nGuess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)\nThe Lion in Winter (1968)\nOn Golden Pond (1981)\n\n4\n12\n\n\nDay-Lewis, DanielDaniel Day-Lewis\nMy Left Foot (1989)\nThere Will Be Blood (2007)\nLincoln (2012)\n\n3\n6\n\n\nStreep, MerylMeryl Streep\nSophie's Choice (1982)\nThe Iron Lady (2011)\nKramer vs. Kramer (1979)\n3\n21\n\n\nNicholson, JackJack Nicholson\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)\nAs Good as It Gets (1997)\nTerms of Endearment (1983)\n3\n12\n\n\nBergman, IngridIngrid Bergman\nGaslight (1944)\nAnastasia (1956)\nMurder on the Orient Express (1974)\n3\n7\n\n\nBrennan, WalterWalter Brennan\n\nCome and Get It (1936)\nKentucky (1938)\nThe Westerner (1940)\n3\n4\n\n\nDavis, BetteBette Davis\nDangerous (1935)\nJezebel (1938)\n\n2\n10\n\n\nTracy, SpencerSpencer Tracy\nCaptains Courageous (1937)\nBoys Town (1938)\n\n2\n9\n\n\nBrando, MarlonMarlon Brando\nOn the Waterfront (1954)\nThe Godfather (1972)\n\n2\n8\n\n\nLemmon, JackJack Lemmon\nSave the Tiger (1973)\nMister Roberts (1955)\n2\n8\n\n\nWashington, DenzelDenzel Washington\nTraining Day (2001)\nGlory (1989)\n2\n8\n\n\nBlanchett, CateCate Blanchett\nBlue Jasmine (2013)\nThe Aviator (2004)\n2\n7\n\n\nDe Niro, RobertRobert De Niro\nRaging Bull (1980)\nThe Godfather Part II (1974)\n2\n7\n\n\nFonda, JaneJane Fonda\nKlute (1971)\nComing Home (1978)\n\n2\n7\n\n\nHoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman\nKramer vs. Kramer (1979)\nRain Man (1988)\n\n2\n7\n\n\nCaine, MichaelMichael Caine\n\nHannah and Her Sisters (1986)\nThe Cider House Rules (1999)\n2\n6\n\n\nLange, JessicaJessica Lange\nBlue Sky (1994)\nTootsie (1982)\n2\n6\n\n\nSmith, MaggieMaggie Smith\nThe Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969)\nCalifornia Suite (1978)\n2\n6\n\n\nCooper, GaryGary Cooper\nSergeant York (1941)\nHigh Noon (1952)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nde Havilland, OliviaOlivia de Havilland\nTo Each His Own (1946)\nThe Heiress (1949)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nHackman, GeneGene Hackman\nThe French Connection (1971)\nUnforgiven (1992)\n2\n5\n\n\nHanks, TomTom Hanks\nPhiladelphia (1993)\nForrest Gump (1994)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nMarch, FredricFredric March\nDr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931)\nThe Best Years of Our Lives (1946)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nPenn, SeanSean Penn\nMystic River (2003)\nMilk (2008)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nTaylor, ElizabethElizabeth Taylor\nButterfield 8 (1960)\nWho's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nFoster, JodieJodie Foster\nThe Accused (1988)\nThe Silence of the Lambs (1991)\n\n2\n4\n\n\nJackson, GlendaGlenda Jackson\nWomen in Love (1970)\nA Touch of Class (1973)\n\n2\n4\n\n\nQuinn, AnthonyAnthony Quinn\n\nViva Zapata! (1952)\nLust for Life (1956)\n2\n4\n\n\nWinters, ShelleyShelley Winters\n\nThe Diary of Anne Frank (1959)\nA Patch of Blue (1965)\n2\n4\n\n\nDouglas, MelvynMelvyn Douglas\n\nHud (1963)\nBeing There (1979)\n2\n3\n\n\nField, SallySally Field\nNorma Rae (1979)\nPlaces in the Heart (1984)\n\n2\n3\n\n\nRobards, JasonJason Robards\n\nAll the President's Men (1976)\nJulia (1977)\n2\n3\n\n\nUstinov, PeterPeter Ustinov\n\nSpartacus (1960)\nTopkapi (1964)\n2\n3\n\n\nWiest, DianneDianne Wiest\n\nHannah and Her Sisters (1986)\nBullets over Broadway (1994)\n2\n3\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes\nThe Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931)\nAirport (1970)\n2\n2\n\n\nLeigh, VivienVivien Leigh\nGone with the Wind (1939)\nA Streetcar Named Desire (1951)\n\n2\n2\n\n\nRainer, LuiseLuise Rainer\nThe Great Ziegfeld (1936)\nThe Good Earth (1937)\n\n2\n2\n\n\nSpacey, KevinKevin Spacey\nAmerican Beauty (1999)\nThe Usual Suspects (1995)\n2\n2\n\n\nSwank, HilaryHilary Swank\nBoys Don't Cry (1999)\nMillion Dollar Baby (2004)\n\n2\n2\n\n\nWaltz, ChristophChristoph Waltz\n\nInglourious Basterds (2009)\nDjango Unchained (2012)\n2\n2\n\n"
] | [
"Katharine Hepburn"
] |
-6510458506750611707 | Athens | Athens - Wikipedia Athens Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the capital city of Greece . For other uses , see Athens ( disambiguation ) . City in Central Greece , Greece Athens Αθήνα City Clockwise from top : Acropolis of Athens , Zappeion Hall , Monastiraki , Aerial view from Lycabettus , Athens Olympic Sports Complex , and Hellenic Parliament Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Ιοστεφές άστυ ( the violet - crowned city ) Το κλεινόν άστυ ( the glorious city ) Athens Location of Athens in Greece Athens Athens ( Europe ) Show map of Greece Show map of Europe Show all Coordinates : 37 ° 59 ′ 02.3 '' N 23 ° 43 ′ 40.1 '' E / 37.983972 ° N 23.727806 ° E / 37.983972 ; 23.727806 Coordinates : 37 ° 59 ′ 02.3 '' N 23 ° 43 ′ 40.1 '' E / 37.983972 ° N 23.727806 ° E / 37.983972 ; 23.727806 Country Greece Geographic region Central Greece Administrative region Attica Regional unit Central Athens Districts 7 Government Type Mayor - council government Mayor Giorgos Kaminis ( Ind . ) Area Municipality 38.964 km ( 15.044 sq mi ) Urban 412 km ( 159 sq mi ) Metro 2,928.717 km ( 1,130.784 sq mi ) Highest elevation 338 m ( 1,109 ft ) Lowest elevation 70.1 m ( 230.0 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Municipality 664,046 Rank 1st urban , 1st metro in Greece Urban 3,090,508 Urban density 7,500 / km ( 19,000 / sq mi ) Metro 3,781,274 Demonym ( s ) Athenian Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) Postal codes 10x xx , 11x xx , 120 xx Telephone 21 Vehicle registration Yxx , Zxx , Ixx Patron saint Dionysius the Areopagite ( 3 October ) Website www.cityofathens.gr Athens ( / ˈæθɪnz / ; Greek : Αθήνα , Athína ( aˈθina ) , Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , Athênai ( a. thɛ̂ː. nai̯ ) ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city - state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus , which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BCE incorporation with Athens . A centre for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . In 2012 , Athens was ranked the world 's 39th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centres in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its administrative limits , and a land area of 38.96 km ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland . The heritage of the classical era is still evident in the city , represented by ancient monuments and works of art , the most famous of all being the Parthenon , considered a key landmark of early Western civilization . The city also retains Roman and Byzantine monuments , as well as a smaller number of Ottoman monuments . Athens is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites , the Acropolis of Athens and the medieval Daphni Monastery . Landmarks of the modern era , dating back to the establishment of Athens as the capital of the independent Greek state in 1834 , include the Hellenic Parliament and the so - called `` architectural trilogy of Athens '' , consisting of the National Library of Greece , the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and the Academy of Athens . Athens is also home to several museums and cultural institutions , such as the National Archeological Museum , featuring the world 's largest collection of ancient Greek antiquities , the Acropolis Museum , the Museum of Cycladic Art , the Benaki Museum and the Byzantine and Christian Museum . Athens was the host city of the first modern - day Olympic Games in 1896 , and 108 years later it welcomed home the 2004 Summer Olympics , making it one of only a handful of cities to have hosted the Olympics more than once . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape / skyline 2.2 Geology 2.3 Environment 2.3. 1 Climate 2.4 Locations 2.4. 1 Neighbourhoods 2.4. 2 Parks and zoos 2.5 Surrounding areas 2.5. 1 Urban and suburban municipalities 2.5. 2 Athens Urban Area 2.5. 3 Athens Metropolitan Area 2.6 Demographics 2.6. 1 Population in modern times 2.6. 1.1 Population of the Athens Metropolitan Area 2.6. 2 Population in ancient times 3 Government and politics 3.1 International relations and influence 3.1. 1 Twin towns -- sister cities 3.1. 2 Partnerships 3.1. 3 Other locations named after Athens 4 History 5 Culture 5.1 Archaeological hub 5.2 Architecture 5.3 Urban sculpture 5.4 Museums 5.5 Tourism 5.6 Entertainment and performing arts 5.6. 1 Music 5.7 Sports 5.7. 1 Overview 5.7. 2 Sports clubs 5.7. 3 Olympic Games 5.7. 3.1 1896 Summer Olympics 5.7. 3.2 1906 Summer Olympics 5.7. 3.3 2004 Summer Olympics 5.7. 3.4 Special Olympics 2011 6 Economy and infrastructure 6.1 Transport 6.1. 1 Bus transport 6.1. 2 Athens Metro 6.1. 2.1 Electric railway ( ISAP ) 6.1. 3 Commuter / suburban rail ( Proastiakos ) 6.1. 4 Tram 6.1. 5 Athens International Airport 6.1. 6 Railways and ferry connections 6.1. 7 Motorways 7 Education 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Names of European cities in different languages : A Athena , patron goddess of Athens ; ( Varvakeion Athena , National Archaeological Museum ) In Ancient Greek , the name of the city was Ἀθῆναι ( Athēnai , pronounced ( a. thɛ̂ː. nai̯ ) in Classical Attic ) a plural . In earlier Greek , such as Homeric Greek , the name had been current in the singular form though , as Ἀθήνη ( Athēnē ) . It was possibly rendered in the plural later on , like those of Θῆβαι ( Thêbai ) and Μυκῆναι ( Μukênai ) . The root of the word is probably not of Greek or Indo - European origin , and is possibly a remnant of the Pre-Greek substrate of Attica . In antiquity , it was debated whether Athens took its name from its patron goddess Athena ( Attic Ἀθηνᾶ , Athēnā , Ionic Ἀθήνη , Athēnē , and Doric Ἀθάνα , Athānā ) or Athena took her name from the city . Modern scholars now generally agree that the goddess takes her name from the city , because the ending - ene is common in names of locations , but rare for personal names . During the medieval period , the name of the city was rendered once again in the singular as Ἀθήνα . However , after the establishment of the modern Greek state , and partly due to the conservatism of the written language , Ἀθῆναι ( aˈθine ) became again the official name of the city and remained so until the abandonment of Katharevousa in the 1970s , when Ἀθήνα , Athína , became the official name . According to the ancient Athenian founding myth , Athena , the goddess of wisdom , competed against Poseidon , the god of the seas , for patronage of the yet - unnamed city ; they agreed that whoever gave the Athenians the better gift would become their patron and appointed Cecrops , the king of Athens , as the judge . According to the account given by Pseudo-Apollodorus , Poseidon struck the ground with his trident and a salt water spring welled up . In an alternative version of the myth from Vergil 's Georgics , Poseidon instead gave the Athenians the first horse . In both versions , Athena offered the Athenians the first domesticated olive tree . Cecrops accepted this gift and declared Athena the patron goddess of Athens . Different etymologies , now commonly rejected , were proposed during the 19th century . Christian Lobeck proposed as the root of the name the word ἄθος ( áthos ) or ἄνθος ( ánthos ) meaning `` flower '' , to denote Athens as the `` flowering city '' . Ludwig von Döderlein proposed the stem of the verb θάω , stem θη - ( tháō , thē - , `` to suck '' ) to denote Athens as having fertile soil . In classical literature , the city was sometimes referred to as the City of the Violet Crown , first documented in Pindar 's ἰοστέφανοι Ἀθᾶναι ( iostéphanoi Athânai ) , or as τὸ κλεινὸν ἄστυ ( tò kleinòn ásty , `` the glorious city '' ) . In medieval texts , variant names include Setines , Satine , and Astines , all derivations involving false splitting of prepositional phrases . Today the caption η πρωτεύουσα ( ī protévousa ) , `` the capital '' , has become somewhat common . Geography ( edit ) Cityscape / skyline ( edit ) Panoramic view of Lycabettus , Stadiou Street and Panepistimiou Street . View of parts of central Athens and its eastern suburbs from Mount Lycabettus . Geology ( edit ) View of Mount Penteli , the second tallest mountain surrounding Athens . Mount Lycabettus . Athens sprawls across the central plain of Attica that is often referred to as the Athens or Attica Basin ( Greek : Λεκανοπέδιο Αττικής ) . The basin is bounded by four large mountains : Mount Aigaleo to the west , Mount Parnitha to the north , Mount Pentelicus to the northeast and Mount Hymettus to the east . Beyond Mount Aegaleo lies the Thriasian plain , which forms an extension of the central plain to the west . The Saronic Gulf lies to the southwest . Mount Parnitha is the tallest of the four mountains ( 1,413 m ( 4,636 ft ) ) , and has been declared a national park . Athens is built around a number of hills . Lycabettus is one of the tallest hills of the city proper and provides a view of the entire Attica Basin . The geomorphology of Athens is deemed to be one of the most complex in the world because its mountains cause a temperature inversion phenomenon which , along with the Greek Government 's difficulties controlling industrial pollution , was responsible for the air pollution problems the city has faced . This issue is not unique to Athens ; for instance , Los Angeles and Mexico City also suffer from similar geomorphology inversion problems . The Cephissus river , the Ilisos and the Eridanos stream are the historical rivers of Athens . Environment ( edit ) Recycling machine in Athens By the late 1970s , the pollution of Athens had become so destructive that according to the then Greek Minister of Culture , Constantine Trypanis , `` ... the carved details on the five the caryatids of the Erechtheum had seriously degenerated , while the face of the horseman on the Parthenon 's west side was all but obliterated . '' A series of measures taken by the authorities of the city throughout the 1990s resulted in the improvement of air quality ; the appearance of smog ( or nefos as the Athenians used to call it ) has become less common . Measures taken by the Greek authorities throughout the 1990s have improved the quality of air over the Attica Basin . Nevertheless , air pollution still remains an issue for Athens , particularly during the hottest summer days . In late June 2007 , the Attica region experienced a number of brush fires , including a blaze that burned a significant portion of a large forested national park in Mount Parnitha , considered critical to maintaining a better air quality in Athens all year round . Damage to the park has led to worries over a stalling in the improvement of air quality in the city . The major waste management efforts undertaken in the last decade ( particularly the plant built on the small island of Psytalia ) have improved water quality in the Saronic Gulf , and the coastal waters of Athens are now accessible again to swimmers . In January 2007 , Athens faced a waste management problem when its landfill near Ano Liosia , an Athenian suburb , reached capacity . The crisis eased by mid-January when authorities began taking the garbage to a temporary landfill . Climate ( edit ) Athens has a hot - summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ) . The dominant feature of Athens ' climate is alternation between prolonged hot and dry summers and mild winters with moderate rainfall . With an average of 416.8 millimetres ( 16.41 in ) of yearly precipitation , rainfall occurs largely between the months of October and April . July and August are the driest months , when thunderstorms occur sparsely once or twice a month . Owing to the rain shadow of the Pindus Mountains , annual precipitation of Athens is lower than most other parts of Greece , especially western Greece . As an example , Ioannina receives around 1,300 mm ( 51 in ) per year , and Agrinio around 800 mm ( 31 in ) per year . Daily average highs for July ( 1988 -- 2017 ) have been measured at 34.4 ° C or 93.9 ° F , but some parts of the city may be even hotter , in particular western areas due to a combination of industrialization and a number of natural factors , knowledge of which has existed since the mid-19th century . Athens is affected by the urban heat island effect in some areas which is caused by human activity , altering its temperatures compared to the surrounding rural areas , and leaving detrimental effects on energy usage , expenditure for cooling , and health . The urban heat island of the city has also been found to be partially responsible for alterations of the climatological temperature time - series of specific Athens meteorological stations , because of its impact on the temperatures and the temperature trends recorded by some meteorological stations . On the other hand , specific meteorological stations , such as the National Garden station and Thiseio meteorological station , are less affected or do not experience the urban heat island . Athens holds the World Meteorological Organization record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe , at 48.0 ° C ( 118.4 ° F ) , which was recorded in the Elefsina and Tatoi suburbs of Athens on 10 July 1977 . ( hide ) Climate data for Downtown Athens ( 1988 -- 2017 ) . Extremes from 1890 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 44.8 ( 112.6 ) 48.0 ( 118.4 ) 42.6 ( 108.7 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 22.9 ( 73.2 ) 44.8 ( 112.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 17.1 ( 62.8 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 34.3 ( 93.7 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 29.3 ( 84.7 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) − 5.7 ( 21.7 ) − 2.6 ( 27.3 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 16 ( 61 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 4 ( 25 ) − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 51.4 ( 2.024 ) 43.9 ( 1.728 ) 46.0 ( 1.811 ) 25.4 ( 1 ) 18.6 ( 0.732 ) 9.7 ( 0.382 ) 8.9 ( 0.35 ) 5.0 ( 0.197 ) 23.1 ( 0.909 ) 39.8 ( 1.567 ) 72.3 ( 2.846 ) 72.7 ( 2.862 ) 416.8 ( 16.408 ) Source : Meteoclub.gr ( hide ) Climate data for Elliniko , Athens ( rain data for Nea Filadelfeia , Athens ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 33.4 ( 92.1 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 56.9 ( 2.24 ) 46.7 ( 1.839 ) 40.7 ( 1.602 ) 30.8 ( 1.213 ) 22.7 ( 0.894 ) 10.6 ( 0.417 ) 5.8 ( 0.228 ) 6.0 ( 0.236 ) 13.9 ( 0.547 ) 52.6 ( 2.071 ) 58.3 ( 2.295 ) 69.1 ( 2.72 ) 414.1 ( 16.302 ) Average rainy days 12.6 10.4 10.2 8.1 6.2 3.7 1.9 1.7 3.3 7.2 9.7 12.1 87.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 70.7 68.9 67.0 62.9 59.5 52.6 48.7 47.6 57.2 64.6 71.9 71.8 62.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 158.1 168.0 189.1 225.0 303.8 360.0 384.4 359.6 252.0 198.4 144.0 105.4 2,847.8 Source : Climatebase ( temperatures , RH , and sun 1980 -- 2000 ) World Meteorological Organization ( precipitation 1955 -- 1997 ) , Climate data for Athens Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature ° C ( ° F ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 15.0 ( 59.0 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 25.0 ( 77.0 ) 22.2 ( 72.0 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 14.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 12.2 Average Ultraviolet index 5 6 8 9 10 9 7 5 5.8 Source : Weather Atlas Locations ( edit ) Neighbourhoods ( edit ) Changing of the Greek Presidential Guard in front of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Syntagma Square . The municipality of Athens , the city centre of the Athens Urban Area , is divided into several districts : Omonoia , Syntagma , Exarcheia , Agios Nikolaos , Neapolis , Lykavittos , Lofos Strefi , Lofos Finopoulou , Lofos Filopappou , Pedion Areos , Metaxourgeio , Aghios Kostantinos , Larissa Station , Kerameikos , Psiri , Monastiraki , Gazi , Thission , Kapnikarea , Aghia Irini , Aerides , Anafiotika , Plaka , Acropolis , Pnyka , Makrygianni , Lofos Ardittou , Zappeion , Aghios Spyridon , Pangrati , Kolonaki , Dexameni , Evaggelismos , Gouva , Aghios Ioannis , Neos Kosmos , Koukaki , Kynosargous , Fix , Ano Petralona , Kato Petralona , Rouf , Votanikos , Profitis Daniil , Akadimia Platonos , Kolonos , Kolokynthou , Attikis Square , Lofos Skouze , Sepolia , Kypseli , Aghios Meletios , Nea Kypseli , Gyzi , Polygono , Ampelokipoi , Panormou - Gerokomeio , Pentagono , Ellinorosson , Nea Filothei , Ano Kypseli , Tourkovounia - Lofos Patatsou , Lofos Elikonos , Koliatsou , Thymarakia , Kato Patisia , Treis Gefyres , Aghios Eleftherios , Ano Patisia , Kypriadou , Menidi , Prompona , Aghios Panteleimonas , Pangrati , Goudi and Ilisia . Omonoia , Omonoia Square , ( Greek : Πλατεία Ομονοίας ) is the oldest square in Athens . It is surrounded by hotels and fast food outlets , and contains a train station used by the Athens Metro and the Ilektrikos , named Omonoia station . The square is the focus for celebration of sporting victories , as seen after the country 's winning of the Euro 2004 and the Eurobasket 2005 tournaments . Metaxourgeio ( Greek : Μεταξουργείο ) is a neighborhood of Athens . The neighborhood is located north of the historical centre of Athens , between Kolonos to the east and Kerameikos to the west , and north of Gazi . Metaxourgeio is frequently described as a transition neighborhood . After a long period of abandonment in the late 20th century , the area is acquiring a reputation as an artistic and fashionable neighborhood following the opening of art galleries , museums , restaurants and cafés. ( 1 ) Local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighborhood have reinforced a sense of community and artistic expression . Anonymous art pieces containing quotes and statements in both English and Ancient Greek have sprung up throughout the neighborhood , bearing statements such as `` Art for art 's sake '' ( Τέχνη τέχνης χάριν ) . Guerilla gardening has also helped to beautify the area . Psiri and Gazi -- The reviving Psiri ( Greek : Ψυρρή ) neighbourhood -- also known as Athens 's `` meat packing district '' -- is dotted with renovated former mansions , artists ' spaces , and small gallery areas . A number of its renovated buildings also host fashionable bars , making it a hotspot for the city in the last decade , while live music restaurants known as `` rebetadika '' , after rebetiko , a unique form of music that blossomed in Syros and Athens from the 1920s until the 1960s , are to be found . Rebetiko is admired by many , and as a result rebetadika are often crammed with people of all ages who will sing , dance and drink till dawn . The Gazi ( Greek : Γκάζι ) area , one of the latest in full redevelopment , is located around a historic gas factory , now converted into the Technopolis cultural multiplex , and also includes artists ' areas , small clubs , bars and restaurants , as well as Athens 's `` Gay village '' . The metro 's expansion to the western suburbs of the city has brought easier access to the area since spring 2007 , as the blue line now stops at Gazi ( Kerameikos station ) . Syntagma , Syntagma Square , ( Greek : Σύνταγμα / Constitution Square ) , is the capital 's central and largest square , lying adjacent to the Greek Parliament ( the former Royal Palace ) and the city 's most notable hotels . Ermou Street , an approximately one - kilometre - long ( 0.62 - mile ) pedestrian road connecting Syntagma Square to Monastiraki , is a consumer paradise for both Athenians and tourists . Complete with fashion shops and shopping centres promoting most international brands , it now finds itself in the top five most expensive shopping streets in Europe , and the tenth most expensive retail street in the world . Nearby , the renovated Army Fund building in Panepistimiou Street includes the `` Attica '' department store and several upmarket designer stores . Plaka , Monastiraki , and Thission -- Plaka ( Greek : Πλάκα ) , lying just beneath the Acropolis , is famous for its plentiful neoclassical architecture , making up one of the most scenic districts of the city . It remains a prime tourist destination with tavernas , live performances and street salesmen . Nearby Monastiraki ( Greek : Μοναστηράκι ) , for its part , is known for its string of small shops and markets , as well as its crowded flea market and tavernas specialising in souvlaki . Another district known for its student - crammed , stylish cafés is Theseum or Thission ( Greek : Θησείο ) , lying just west of Monastiraki . Thission is home to the ancient Temple of Hephaestus , standing atop a small hill . This area also has a picturesque 11th - century Byzantine church , as well as a 15th - century Ottoman mosque . Exarcheia ( Greek : Εξάρχεια ) , located north of Kolonaki , is the location of the city 's anarchist scene and as a student quarter with cafés , bars and bookshops . Exarcheia is home to the Athens Polytechnic and the National Archaeological Museum ; it also contains important buildings of several 20th - century styles : Neoclassicism , Art Deco and Early Modernism ( including Bauhaus influences ) . Kolonaki ( Greek : Κολωνάκι ) is the area at the base of Lycabettus hill , full of boutiques catering to well - heeled customers by day , and bars and more fashionable restaurants by night , with galleries and museums . This is often regarded as one of the more prestigious areas of the capital . Panoramic view of Kolonaki Square Parks and zoos ( edit ) The entrance of the National Gardens , commissioned by Queen Amalia in 1838 and completed by 1840 Parnitha National Park is punctuated by well - marked paths , gorges , springs , torrents and caves dotting the protected area . Hiking and mountain - biking in all four mountains are popular outdoor activities for residents of the city . The National Garden of Athens was completed in 1840 and is a green refuge of 15.5 hectares in the centre of the Greek capital . It is to be found between the Parliament and Zappeion buildings , the latter of which maintains its own garden of seven hectares . Parts of the city centre have been redeveloped under a masterplan called the Unification of Archeological Sites of Athens , which has also gathered funding from the EU to help enhance the project . The landmark Dionysiou Areopagitou Street has been pedestrianised , forming a scenic route . The route starts from the Temple of Olympian Zeus at Vasilissis Olgas Avenue , continues under the southern slopes of the Acropolis near Plaka , and finishes just beyond the Temple of Hephaestus in Thiseio . The route in its entirety provides visitors with views of the Parthenon and the Agora ( the meeting point of ancient Athenians ) , away from the busy city centre . The hills of Athens also provide green space . Lycabettus , Philopappos hill and the area around it , including Pnyx and Ardettos hill , are planted with pines and other trees , with the character of a small forest rather than typical metropolitan parkland . Also to be found is the Pedion tou Areos ( Field of Mars ) of 27.7 hectares , near the National Archaeological Museum . Athens ' largest zoo is the Attica Zoological Park , a 20 - hectare ( 49 - acre ) private zoo located in the suburb of Spata . The zoo is home to around 2000 animals representing 400 species , and is open 365 days a year . Smaller zoos exist within public gardens or parks , such as the zoo within the National Garden of Athens . Surrounding areas ( edit ) The large City Centre of the Greek capital falls directly within the municipality of Athens , which is the largest in population size in Greece . Piraeus also forms a significant city centre on its own , within the Athens Urban Area and being the second largest in population size within it , with Peristeri and Kallithea following . Urban and suburban municipalities ( edit ) Ano Vrilissia maisonette block Beach in Vouliagmeni , one of the many beaches in the southern coast of Athens The Athens Metropolitan Area consists of 58 densely populated municipalities , sprawling around the municipality of Athens ( the city centre ) in virtually all directions . For the Athenians , all the urban municipalities surrounding the city centre are called suburbs . According to their geographic location in relation to the City of Athens , the suburbs are divided into four zones ; the northern suburbs ( including Agios Stefanos , Dionysos , Ekali , Nea Erythraia , Kifissia , Maroussi , Pefki , Lykovrysi , Metamorfosi , Nea Ionia , Nea Filadelfeia , Irakleio , Vrilissia , Melissia , Penteli , Chalandri , Agia Paraskevi , Galatsi , Psychiko and Filothei ) ; the southern suburbs ( including Alimos , Nea Smyrni , Moschato , Kallithea , Agios Dimitrios , Palaio Faliro , Elliniko , Glyfada , Argyroupoli , Ilioupoli , Voula and Vouliagmeni ) ; the eastern suburbs ( including Zografou , Dafni , Vyronas , Kaisariani , Cholargos and Papagou ) ; and the western suburbs ( including Peristeri , Ilion , Egaleo , Koridallos , Agia Varvara , Chaidari , Petroupoli , Agioi Anargyroi and Kamatero ) . The Athens city coastline , extending from the major commercial port of Piraeus to the southernmost suburb of Varkiza for some 25 km ( 20 mi ) , is also connected to the city centre by a tram . In the northern suburb of Maroussi , the upgraded main Olympic Complex ( known by its Greek acronym OAKA ) dominates the skyline . The area has been redeveloped according to a design by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava , with steel arches , landscaped gardens , fountains , futuristic glass , and a landmark new blue glass roof which was added to the main stadium . A second Olympic complex , next to the sea at the beach of Palaio Faliro , also features modern stadia , shops and an elevated esplanade . Work is underway to transform the grounds of the old Athens Airport -- named Elliniko -- in the southern suburbs , into one of the largest landscaped parks in Europe , to be named the Hellenikon Metropolitan Park . Many of the southern suburbs ( such as Alimos , Palaio Faliro , Elliniko , Voula , Vouliagmeni and Varkiza ) known as the Athens Riviera , host a number of sandy beaches , most of which are operated by the Greek National Tourism Organisation and require an entrance fee . Casinos operate on both Mount Parnitha , some 25 km ( 16 mi ) from downtown Athens ( accessible by car or cable car ) , and the nearby town of Loutraki ( accessible by car via the Athens -- Corinth National Highway , or the suburban rail service Proastiakos ) . Coastline of Palaio Faliro Athens Urban area ( edit ) The Athens Urban Area today consists of 40 municipalities , 35 of which make up what is referred to as the Greater Athens municipalities , located within 4 regional units ( North Athens , West Athens , Central Athens , South Athens ) ; and a further 5 , which make up the Greater Piraeus municipalities , located within the regional unit of Piraeus as mentioned above . The densely built up urban area of the Greek capital sprawls across 412 km ( 159 sq mi ) throughout the Attica Basin and has a total population of 3,074,160 ( in 2011 ) . The Athens municipality forms the core and center of Greater Athens , which consists of the Athens municipality and 34 more municipalities , divided in four regional units ( Central , North , South and West Athens ) , accounting for 2,641,511 people ( in 2011 ) within an area of 361 km ( 139 sq mi ) . Until 2010 , these four regional units made up the abolished Athens Prefecture . The municipality of Piraeus , the historic Athenian port , with its 4 suburban municipalities make up the regional unit of Piraeus , which in turn forms Greater Piraeus . Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus combined make up the continuous built up Athens Urban Area ( Greek : Πολεοδομικό Συγκρότημα Αθηνών ) , also called the Urban Area of the Capital ( Greek : Πολεοδομικό Συγκρότημα Πρωτεύουσας ) or simply Athens ( the most common use of the term ) , spanning over 412 km ( 159 sq mi ) , with a population of 3,090,508 people as of 2011 . The Athens Urban Area is considered to form the city of Athens as a whole , despite its administrative divisions , which is the largest in Greece and one of the most populated urban areas in Europe . Municipalities of Greater Athens Central Athens : 1 . City of Athens 2 . Dafni - Ymittos 3 . Ilioupoli 4 . Vyronas 5 . Kaisariani 6 . Zografou 7 . Galatsi 8 . Filadelfeia - Chalkidona West Athens : 29 . Egaleo 30 . Agia Varvara 31 . Chaidari 32 . Peristeri 33 . Petroupoli 34 . Ilion 35 . Agioi Anargyroi - Kamatero North Athens : 9 . Nea Ionia 10 . Irakleio 11 . Metamorfosi 12 . Lykovrysi - Pefki 13 . Kifissia 14 . Penteli 15 . Marousi 16 . Vrilissia 17 . Agia Paraskevi 18 . Papagou - Cholargos 19 . Chalandri 20 . Filothei - Psychiko South Athens : 21 . Glyfada 22 . Elliniko - Argyroupoli 23 . Alimos 24 . Agios Dimitrios 25 . Nea Smyrni 26 . Palaio Faliro 27 . Kallithea 28 . Moschato - Tavros Athens Urban Area Regional units : Central Athens : * Athens municipality * Other municipalities North Athens South Athens West Athens Piraeus Aerial view of the Athens urban area and the Saronic Gulf . Athens Metropolitan area ( edit ) The Athens Metropolitan Area spans 2,928.717 km ( 1,131 sq mi ) within the Attica region and includes a total of 58 municipalities , which are organized in 7 regional units ( those outlined above , along with East Attica and West Attica ) , having reached a population of 3,737,550 based on the preliminary results of the 2011 census . Athens and Piraeus municipalities serve as the two metropolitan centres of the Athens Metropolitan Area . There are also some inter-municipal centres serving specific areas . For example , Kifissia and Glyfada serve as inter-municipal centres for northern and southern suburbs respectively . Demographics ( edit ) The Athens Urban Area within the Attica Basin from space Athens population distribution Population in modern times ( edit ) The seven districts of the Athens municipality The municipality of Athens has an official population of 664,046 people . The four regional units that make up what is referred to as Greater Athens have a combined population of 2,640,701 . They together with the regional unit of Piraeus ( Greater Piraeus ) make up the dense Athens Urban Area which reaches a total population of 3,090,508 inhabitants ( in 2011 ) . As Eurostat the FUA of Athens had in 2013 3,828,434 inhabitants , being apparently decreasing compared with the pre-economic crisis date of 2009 ( 4,164,175 ) The municipality ( City ) of Athens is the most populous in Greece , with a population of 664,046 people ( in 2011 ) and an area of 38.96 km ( 15.04 sq mi ) , forming the core of the Athens Urban Area within the Attica Basin . The current mayor of Athens is Giorgos Kaminis . The municipality is divided into seven municipal districts which are mainly used for administrative purposes . As of the 2011 census , the population for each of the seven municipal districts of Athens is as follows : 1st : 75,810 2nd : 103,004 3rd : 46,508 4th : 85,629 5th : 98,665 6th : 130,582 7th : 123,848 For the Athenians the most popular way of dividing the city proper is through its neighbourhoods such as Pagkrati , Ambelokipi , Exarcheia , Patissia , Ilissia , Petralona , Koukaki and Kypseli , each with its own distinct history and characteristics . Population of the Athens Metropolitan area ( edit ) The Athens Metropolitan Area , with an area of 2,928.717 km ( 1,131 sq mi ) and inhabited by 3,753,783 people in 2011 , consists of the Athens Urban Area with the addition of the towns and villages of East and West Attica , which surround the dense urban area of the Greek capital . It actually sprawls over the whole peninsula of Attica , which is the best part of the region of Attica , excluding the islands . Classification of regional units within Greater Athens , Athens Urban Area and Athens Metropolitan Area Regional unit Population ( 2011 ) Central Athens 1,029,520 Greater Athens 2,641,511 Athens Urban Area 3,090,508 Athens Metropolitan Area 3,753,783 North Athens 592,490 South Athens 529,826 West Athens 489,675 Piraeus 448,997 Greater Piraeus 448,997 East Attica 502,348 West Attica 160,927 Population in ancient times ( edit ) Mycenean Athens in 1600 -- 1100 BCE could have reached the size of Tiryns ; that would put the population at the range of 10,000 -- 15,000 . During the Greek Dark Ages the population of Athens was around 4,000 people . In 700 BC the population grew to 10,000 . In 500 BCE the area probably contained 200,000 people . During the classical period the city 's population is estimated from 150,000 -- 350,000 and up to 610,000 according to Thucydides . When Demetrius of Phalerum conducted a population census in 317 BCE the population was 21,000 free citizens , plus 10,000 resident aliens and 400,000 slaves . This suggests a total population of 431,000 . This figure is highly suspect because of the lopsided number of slaves and does not include free women and children and resident foreigners : an estimated based on Thucydides is : 40,000 male citizens , 100,000 family members , 70,000 metics ( resident foreigners ) and 150,000 - 400,000 slaves . However the numbers would include Attica and not just Athens the city , Urban History of Athens , 2008 . The ancient site of Athens is centred on the rocky hill of the acropolis . In ancient times the port of Piraeus was a separate city , but it has now been absorbed into the Athens Urban Area . The rapid expansion of the city , which continues to this day , was initiated in the 1950s and 1960s , because of Greece 's transition from an agricultural to an industrial nation . The expansion is now particularly toward the East and North East ( a tendency greatly related to the new Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport and the Attiki Odos , the freeway that cuts across Attica ) . By this process Athens has engulfed many former suburbs and villages in Attica , and continues to do so . The table below shows the historical population of Athens in recent times . Year City population Urban population Metro population 1833 4,000 -- -- 1870 44,500 -- -- 1896 123,000 -- -- 1921 ( Pre-Population exchange ) 473,000 -- -- 1921 ( Post-Population exchange ) 718,000 -- -- 1971 867,023 - 2,540,241 -- -- 1981 885,737 -- 3,369,443 1991 772,072 3,444,358 3,523,407 2001 745,514 3,165,823 3,761,810 2011 664,046 3,090,508 3,753,783 Government and Politics ( edit ) Athens became the capital of Greece in 1834 , following Nafplion , which was the provisional capital from 1829 . The municipality ( City ) of Athens is also the capital of the Attica region . The term Athens can refer either to the municipality of Athens , to Greater Athens , or to the entire Athens Urban Area . International relations and influence ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece Twin towns -- Sister cities ( edit ) Athens is twinned with : Beijing , China ( 2005 ) Bethlehem , Palestine ( 1986 ) Los Angeles , United States ( 1984 ) Nicosia , Cyprus ( 1988 ) Ammochostos , Cyprus ( 2005 ) Partnerships ( edit ) Belgrade , Serbia ( 1966 ) Paris , France ( 2000 ) Ljubljana , Slovenia Naples , Italy Yerevan , Armenia ( 1993 ) Other locations named after Athens ( edit ) United States Athens , Alabama ( pop . 24,234 ) Athens , Arkansas Athens , California West Athens , California ( pop . 9,101 ) Athens , Georgia ( pop . 114,983 ) Athens , Illinois ( pop . 1,726 ) New Athens , Illinois ( pop . 2,620 ) New Athens Township , St. Clair County , Illinois ( pop . 2,620 ) Athens , Indiana Athens , Kentucky Athens , Louisiana ( pop . 262 ) Athens Township , Jewell County , Kansas ( pop . 74 ) Athens , Maine ( pop . 847 ) Athens , Michigan ( pop . 1,111 ) Athens Township , Michigan ( pop . 2,571 ) Athens , Minnesota Athens Township , Minnesota ( pop . 2,322 ) Athens , Mississippi Athens ( town ) , New York ( pop . 3,991 ) Athens ( village ) , New York ( pop . 1,695 ) Athens , Ohio ( pop . 21,909 ) Athens County , Ohio ( pop . 62,223 ) Athens Township , Athens County , Ohio ( pop . 27,714 ) Athens Township , Harrison County , Ohio ( pop . 520 ) New Athens , Ohio ( pop . 342 ) Athena , Oregon ( pop . 1,270 ) Athens , Pennsylvania ( pop . 3,415 ) Athens Township , Bradford County , Pennsylvania ( pop . 5,058 ) Athens Township , Crawford County , Pennsylvania ( pop . 775 ) Athens , Tennessee ( pop . 13,220 ) Athens , Texas ( pop . 11,297 ) Athens , Vermont ( pop . 340 ) Athens , West Virginia ( pop . 1,102 ) Athens , Wisconsin ( pop . 1,095 ) Canada Athens Township , Ontario ( pop . 3,086 ) Costa Rica Atenas ( pop . 7,716 ) Atenas ( canton ) ( pop . 23,743 ) Germany Athenstedt , Saxony - Anhalt ( pop . 431 ) Honduras Atenas De San Cristóbal , Atlántida Italy Atena Lucana , Province of Salerno , Campania ( pop . 2,344 ) Atina , Province of Frosinone , Lazio ( pop . 4,480 ) Poland Ateny , Podlaskie Voivodeship ( pop . 40 ) Ukraine Afini ( Zoria -- Зоря ) , Donetsk ( pop . 200 ) History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Athens and Timeline of Athens Acropolis of Athens , with the Roman - era Odeon of Herodes Atticus seen on bottom left The oldest known human presence in Athens is the Cave of Schist , which has been dated to between the 11th and 7th millennia BCE . Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 7000 years . By 1400 BCE the settlement had become an important centre of the Mycenaean civilization and the Acropolis was the site of a major Mycenaean fortress , whose remains can be recognised from sections of the characteristic Cyclopean walls . Unlike other Mycenaean centers , such as Mycenae and Pylos , it is not known whether Athens suffered destruction in about 1200 BCE , an event often attributed to a Dorian invasion , and the Athenians always maintained that they were `` pure '' Ionians with no Dorian element . However , Athens , like many other Bronze Age settlements , went into economic decline for around 150 years afterwards . Statue of Theseus at Thiseio . Theseus was responsible , according to the myth , for the synoikismos ( `` dwelling together '' ) -- the political unification of Attica under Athens . Iron Age burials , in the Kerameikos and other locations , are often richly provided for and demonstrate that from 900 BCE onwards Athens was one of the leading centres of trade and prosperity in the region . The leading position of Athens may well have resulted from its central location in the Greek world , its secure stronghold on the Acropolis and its access to the sea , which gave it a natural advantage over inland rivals such as Thebes and Sparta . Delian League , under the leadership of Athens before the Peloponnesian War in 431 BCE By the 6th century BCE , widespread social unrest led to the reforms of Solon . These would pave the way for the eventual introduction of democracy by Cleisthenes in 508 BCE . Athens had by this time become a significant naval power with a large fleet , and helped the rebellion of the Ionian cities against Persian rule . In the ensuing Greco - Persian Wars Athens , together with Sparta , led the coalition of Greek states that would eventually repel the Persians , defeating them decisively at Marathon in 490 BCE , and crucially at Salamis in 480 BCE . However , this did not prevent Athens from being captured and sacked twice by the Persians within one year , after a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas , after both Boeotia and Attica fell to the Persians . The decades that followed became known as the Golden Age of Athenian democracy , during which time Athens became the leading city of Ancient Greece , with its cultural achievements laying the foundations for Western civilization . The playwrights Aeschylus , Sophocles and Euripides flourished in Athens during this time , as did the historians Herodotus and Thucydides , the physician Hippocrates , and the philosopher Socrates . Guided by Pericles , who promoted the arts and fostered democracy , Athens embarked on an ambitious building program that saw the construction of the Acropolis of Athens ( including the Parthenon ) , as well as empire - building via the Delian League . Originally intended as an association of Greek city - states to continue the fight against the Persians , the league soon turned into a vehicle for Athens 's own imperial ambitions . The resulting tensions brought about the Peloponnesian War ( 431 -- 404 BCE ) , in which Athens was defeated by its rival Sparta . By the mid-4th century BCE , the northern Greek kingdom of Macedon was becoming dominant in Athenian affairs . In 338 BCE the armies of Philip II defeated an alliance of some of the Greek city - states including Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea , effectively ending Athenian independence . Later , under Rome , Athens was given the status of a free city because of its widely admired schools . The Roman emperor Hadrian , in the 2nd century CE , constructed a library , a gymnasium , an aqueduct which is still in use , several temples and sanctuaries , a bridge and financed the completion of the Temple of Olympian Zeus . By the end of Late Antiquity , the city experienced decline followed by recovery in the second half of the Middle Byzantine Period , in the 9th to 10th centuries CE , and was relatively prosperous during the Crusades , benefiting from Italian trade . After the Fourth Crusade the Duchy of Athens was established . In 1458 it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and entered a long period of decline . The Temple of Olympian Zeus with river Ilisos by Edward Dodwell , 1821 The Entry of King Otto in Athens , Peter von Hess , 1839 . Following the Greek War of Independence and the establishment of the Greek Kingdom , Athens was chosen as the capital of the newly independent Greek state in 1834 , largely because of historical and sentimental reasons . At the time it was a town of modest size built around the foot of the Acropolis . The first King of Greece , Otto of Bavaria , commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert to design a modern city plan fit for the capital of a state . The first modern city plan consisted of a triangle defined by the Acropolis , the ancient cemetery of Kerameikos and the new palace of the Bavarian king ( now housing the Greek Parliament ) , so as to highlight the continuity between modern and ancient Athens . Neoclassicism , the international style of this epoch , was the architectural style through which Bavarian , French and Greek architects such as Hansen , Klenze , Boulanger or Kaftantzoglou designed the first important public buildings of the new capital . In 1896 , Athens hosted the first modern Olympic Games . During the 1920s a number of Greek refugees , expelled from Asia Minor after the Greco - Turkish War , swelled Athens 's population ; nevertheless it was most particularly following World War II , and from the 1950s and 1960s , that the population of the city exploded , and Athens experienced a gradual expansion . In the 1980s it became evident that smog from factories and an ever - increasing fleet of automobiles , as well as a lack of adequate free space due to congestion , had evolved into the city 's most important challenge . A series of anti-pollution measures taken by the city 's authorities in the 1990s , combined with a substantial improvement of the city 's infrastructure ( including the Attiki Odos motorway , the expansion of the Athens Metro , and the new Athens International Airport ) , considerably alleviated pollution and transformed Athens into a much more functional city . In 2004 Athens hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Greece The Temple of Hephaestus is the best - preserved of all ancient Greek temples . The Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles next to the Stoa of Attalos Archaeological hub ( edit ) The city is a world centre of archaeological research . Along with national institutions , such as the Athens University and the Archaeological Society , there are multiple archaeological Museums including the National Archaeological Museum , the Cycladic Museum , the Epigraphic Museum , the Byzantine & Christian Museum , as well as museums at the ancient Agora , Acropolis , Kerameikos , and the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum . The city is also home to the Demokritos laboratory for Archaeometry , alongside regional and national archaeological authorities that form part of the Greek Department of Culture . Athens hosts 17 Foreign Archaeological Institutes which promote and facilitate research by scholars from their home countries . As a result , Athens has more than a dozen archaeological libraries and three specialized archaeological laboratories , and is the venue of several hundred specialized lectures , conferences and seminars , as well as dozens of archaeological exhibitions , each year . At any given time , hundreds of international scholars and researchers in all disciplines of archaeology are to be found in the city . Architecture ( edit ) See also : Modern architecture in Athens The Zappeion Hall The City Hall ( arch . Panagis Kalkos ) at Kotzia Square Two apartment buildings in central Athens . The left one is a modernist building of the 1930s , while the right one was built in the 1950s . Athens Tower , the tallest building in Greece Athens incorporates architectural styles ranging from Greco - Roman and Neoclassical to modern times . They are often to be found in the same areas , as Athens is not marked by a uniformity of architectural style . For the greatest part of the 19th century Neoclassicism dominated Athens , as well as some deviations from it such as Eclecticism , especially in the early 20th century . Thus , the Old Royal Palace was the first important public building to be built , between 1836 and 1843 . Later in the mid and late 19th century , Theophil Freiherr von Hansen and Ernst Ziller took part in the construction of many neoclassical buildings such as the Athens Academy and the Zappeion Hall . Ziller also designed many private mansions in the centre of Athens which gradually became public , usually through donations , such as Schliemann 's Iliou Melathron . Beginning in the 1920s , Modern architecture including Bauhaus and Art Deco began to exert an influence on almost all Greek architects , and buildings both public and private were constructed in accordance with these styles . Localities with a great number of such buildings include Kolonaki , and some areas of the centre of the city ; neighbourhoods developed in this period include Kypseli . In the 1950s and 1960s during the extension and development of Athens , other modern movements such as the International style played an important role . The centre of Athens was largely rebuilt , leading to the demolition of a number of neoclassical buildings . The architects of this era employed materials such as glass , marble and aluminium , and many blended modern and classical elements . After World War II , internationally known architects to have designed and built in the city included Walter Gropius , with his design for the US Embassy , and , among others , Eero Saarinen , in his postwar design for the east terminal of the Ellinikon Airport . Urban sculpture ( edit ) All over the city can be found several statues or busts . Apart from the neoclassicals by Leonidas Drosis at the Academy of Athens ( Plato , Socrates , Apollo , Athena ) , other notable include the statue of Theseus by Georgios Fytalis at Thiseion , of philhellenes like Lord Byron , George Canning and William Gladstone , the equestrian statue of Theodoros Kolokotronis by Lazaros Sochos in front of the Old Parliament , statues of Ioannis Kapodistrias , Rigas Feraios and Adamantios Korais at the University , of Evangelos Zappas and Konstantinos Zappas at Zappeion , of Ioannis Varvakis at the National Garden , the `` woodbreaker '' by Dimitrios Filippotis , the equestrian statue of Alexandros Papagos at Papagou district and various busts of fighters of Greek independence at the Pedion tou Areos . An important landmark is also the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Syntagma . Museums ( edit ) The National Archaeological Museum in central Athens The Acropolis Museum Further information : List of museums in Greece Athens ' most important museums include : the National Archaeological Museum , the largest archaeological museum in the country , and one of the most important internationally , as it contains a vast collection of antiquities ; its artifacts cover a period of more than 5,000 years , from late Neolithic Age to Roman Greece ; the Benaki Museum with its several branches for each of its collections including ancient , Byzantine , Ottoman - era , and Chinese art and beyond ; the Byzantine and Christian Museum , one of the most important museums of Byzantine art ; the Numismatic Museum , housing a major collection of ancient and modern coins ; the Museum of Cycladic Art , home to an extensive collection of Cycladic art , including its famous figurines of white marble ; the New Acropolis Museum , opened in 2009 , and replacing the old museum on the Acropolis . The new museum has proved considerably popular ; almost one million people visited during the summer period June -- October 2009 alone . A number of smaller and privately owned museums focused on Greek culture and arts are also to be found . the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum , a museum which displays artifacts from the burial site of Kerameikos . Much of the pottery and other artifacts relate to Athenian attitudes towards death and the afterlife , throughout many ages . the Jewish Museum of Greece , a museum which describes the history and culture of the Greek Jewish community . Tourism ( edit ) Athens has been a destination for travellers since antiquity . Over the past decade , the city 's infrastructure and social amenities have improved , in part because of its successful bid to stage the 2004 Olympic Games . The Greek Government , aided by the EU , has funded major infrastructure projects such as the state - of - the - art Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport , the expansion of the Athens Metro system , and the new Attiki Odos Motorway . Athens was voted as the third best European city to visit in 2015 by European Best Destination . More than 240,000 people voted . Entertainment and performing arts ( edit ) Athens is home to 148 theatrical stages , more than any other city in the world , including the ancient Odeon of Herodes Atticus , home to the Athens Festival , which runs from May to October each year . In addition to a large number of multiplexes , Athens plays host to open air garden cinemas . The city also supports music venues , including the Athens Concert Hall ( Megaron Moussikis ) , which attracts world class artists . The Athens Planetarium , located in Andrea Syngrou Avenue , is one of the largest and best equipped digital planetaria in the world . The Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center , inaugurated in 2016 , will house the National Library of Greece and the Greek National Opera . Music ( edit ) People dance in a nightclub in Psirri , a district of Athens with very active nightlife . The `` Theatro Vrachon '' ( Theater of the Rocks ) at Vyronas is a venue for popular music concerts The most successful songs during the period 1870 -- 1930 were the so - called Athenian serenades ( Αθηναϊκές καντάδες ) , based on the Heptanesean kantádhes ( καντάδες ' serenades ' ; sing. : καντάδα ) and the songs performed on stage ( επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια ' theatrical revue songs ' ) in revues , musical comedies , operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens ' theatre scene . Notable composers of operettas or nocturnes were Kostas Giannidis , Dionysios Lavrangas , Nikos Hatziapostolou , while Theophrastos Sakellaridis ' The Godson remains probably the most popular operetta . Despite the fact that the Athenian songs were not autonomous artistic creations ( in contrast with the serenades ) and despite their original connection with mainly dramatic forms of Art , they eventually became hits as independent songs . Notable actors of Greek operettas , who made also a series of melodies and songs popular at that time , include Orestis Makris , Kalouta sisters , Vasilis Avlonitis , Afroditi Laoutari , Eleni Papadaki , Marika Nezer , Marika Krevata and others . After 1930 , wavering among American and European musical influences as well as the Greek musical tradition . Greek composers begin to write music using the tunes of the tango , waltz , swing , foxtrot , some times combined with melodies in the style of Athenian serenades ' repertory . Nikos Gounaris was probably the most renowned composer and singer of the time . In 1923 , after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey , many ethnic Greeks from Asia Minor fled to Athens as a result of the Greco - Turkish War . They settled in poor neighborhoods and brought with them Rebetiko music , making it popular also in Greece , which became later the base for the Laïko music . Other forms of song popular today in Greece are elafrolaika , entechno , dimotika , and skyladika . Greece 's most notable , and internationally famous , composers of Greek song , mainly of the entechno form , are Manos Hadjidakis and Mikis Theodorakis . Both composers have achieved fame abroad for their composition of film scores . Sports ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Athens has a long tradition in sports and sporting events , serving as home to the most important clubs in Greek sport and housing a large number of sports facilities . The city has also been host to sports events of international importance . Athens has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice , in 1896 and 2004 . The 2004 Summer Olympics required the development of the Athens Olympic Stadium , which has since gained a reputation as one of the most beautiful stadiums in the world , and one of its most interesting modern monuments . The biggest stadium in the country , it hosted two finals of the UEFA Champions League , in 1994 and 2007 . Athens ' other major stadium , located in the Piraeus area , is the Karaiskakis Stadium , a sports and entertainment complex , host of the 1971 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Final . Athens has hosted the Euroleague final three times , the first in 1985 and second in 1993 , both at the Peace and Friendship Stadium , most known as SEF , a large indoor arena , and the third time in 2007 at the Olympic Indoor Hall . Events in other sports such as athletics , volleyball , water polo etc. , have been hosted in the capital 's venues . Athens is home to three European multi-sport clubs : Olympiacos , Panathinaikos , AEK Athens . In football , Olympiacos have dominated the domestic competitions , Panathinaikos made it to the 1971 European Cup Final , while AEK Athens is the other member of the big three . These clubs also have basketball teams ; Panathinaikos and Olympiacos are among the top powers in European basketball , having won the Euroleague six times and three respectively , whilst AEK Athens was the first Greek team to win a European trophy in any team sport . Other notable clubs within Athens are Athinaikos , Panionios , Atromitos , Apollon , Panellinios , Ethnikos Piraeus , Maroussi BCE and Peristeri B.C. . Athenian clubs have also had domestic and international success in other sports . Interior of the Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall The Athens area encompasses a variety of terrain , notably hills and mountains rising around the city , and the capital is the only major city in Europe to be bisected by a mountain range . Four mountain ranges extend into city boundaries and thousands of miles of trails criss - cross the city and neighbouring areas , providing exercise and wilderness access on foot and bike . Beyond Athens and across the prefecture of Attica , outdoor activities include skiing , rock climbing , hang gliding and windsurfing . Numerous outdoor clubs serve these sports , including the Athens Chapter of the Sierra Club , which leads over 4,000 outings annually in the area . Sports clubs ( edit ) Notable sport clubs based inside the boundaries of Athens Municipality Club Founded Sports District Achievements Panellinios G.S. 1891 Basketball , Volleyball , Handball , Track and Field and others Kypseli Panhellenic titles in Basketball , Volleyball , Handball , many honours in Track and Field Apollon Smyrni 1891 ( originally in Smyrni ) Football , Basketball , Volleyball and others Rizoupoli Earlier long - time presence in A Ethniki Ethnikos G.S. Athens 1893 Track and Field , Wrestling , Shooting and others Zappeion Many honours in Athletics and Wrestling Panathinaikos 1908 ( originally as Football Club of Athens ) Football , Basketball , Volleyball , Water Polo , Track and Field and others Ampelokipoi One of the most successful Greek clubs , many titles in several sports Ilisiakos 1927 Football , Basketball Ilisia Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki basketball Asteras Exarchion 1928 ( originally as Achilleus Neapoleos ) Football , Basketball Exarcheia Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki women basketball Ampelokipoi B.C. 1929 ( originally as Hephaestus Athens ) Basketball Ampelokipoi Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki basketball Thriamvos Athens 1930 ( originally as Doxa Athens ) Football , Basketball Neos Kosmos Panhellenic title in women Basketball Sporting B.C. 1936 Basketball Patisia Many Panhellenic titles in women Basketball Pagrati B.C. 1938 Basketball Pagrati Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki Beside the above clubs , inside the boundaries of Athens municipality there are some more clubs with presence in national divisions or notable action for short periods . Some of them are PAO Rouf ( Rouf ) with earlier presence in Gamma Ethniki , Petralona F.C. ( el ) ( Petralona ) , football club founded in 1963 , with earlier presence in Beta Ethniki , Attikos F.C. ( el ) ( Kolonos ) , football club founded in 1919 with short presence in Gamma Ethniki , Athinais Kypselis ( el ) ( Kypseli ) , football club founded in 1938 with short presence in Gamma Ethniki , Gyziakos ( Gyzi ) , basketball club founded in 1937 with short presence in Beta Ethniki basketball and Aetos B.C. ( el ) ( Agios Panteleimonas ) , basketball club founded in 1992 with earlier presence in A2 Ethniki Basketball . Another important Athenian sport club is the Athens Tennis Club founded in 1895 with important offer for the Greek tennis . Olympic Games ( edit ) 1896 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 1896 Summer Olympics View of the Panathenaic Stadium ( Kallimarmaro ) Spyridon Louis entering the Panathenaic Stadium at the end of the marathon race Central Athens , c. 1900 , showing Zappeion , Kallimarmaron and their environs 1896 brought forth the revival of the modern Olympic Games , by Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin . Thanks to his efforts , Athens was awarded the first modern Olympic Games . In 1896 , the city had a population of 123,000 and the event helped boost the city 's international profile . Of the venues used for these Olympics , the Kallimarmaro Stadium , and Zappeion were most crucial . The Kallimarmaro is a replica of the ancient Athenian stadiums , and the only major stadium ( in its capacity of 60,000 ) to be made entirely of white marble from Mount Penteli , the same material used for construction of the Parthenon . 1906 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 1906 Intercalated Games The 1906 Summer Olympics , or the 1906 Intercalated games , were held in Athens . The intercalated competitions were intermediate games to the internationally organized Olympics , and were meant to be organized in Greece every four years , between the main Olympics . This idea later lost support from the IOC and these games were discontinued . 2004 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Summer Olympics 10,000 - meter final during the 2004 Olympic Games Athens was awarded the 2004 Summer Olympics on 5 September 1997 in Lausanne , Switzerland , after having lost a previous bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympics , to Atlanta , United States . It was to be the second time Athens would host the games , following the inaugural event of 1896 . After an unsuccessful bid in 1990 , the 1997 bid was radically improved , including an appeal to Greece 's Olympic history . In the last round of voting , Athens defeated Rome with 66 votes to 41 . Prior to this round , the cities of Buenos Aires , Stockholm and Cape Town had been eliminated from competition , having received fewer votes . During the first three years of preparations , the International Olympic Committee had expressed concern over the speed of construction progress for some of the new Olympic venues . In 2000 the Organising Committee 's president was replaced by Gianna Angelopoulos - Daskalaki , who was the president of the original Bidding Committee in 1997 . From that point forward , preparations continued at a highly accelerated , almost frenzied pace . Although the heavy cost was criticized , estimated at $1.5 billion , Athens was transformed into a more functional city that enjoys modern technology both in transportation and in modern urban development . Some of the finest sporting venues in the world were created in the city , all of which were fully ready for the games . The games welcomed over 10,000 athletes from all 202 countries . The 2004 Games were judged a success , as both security and organization worked well , and only a few visitors reported minor problems mainly concerning accommodation issues . The 2004 Olympic Games were described as Unforgettable , dream Games , by IOC President Jacques Rogge for their return to the birthplace of the Olympics , and for meeting the challenges of holding the Olympic Games . The only observable problem was a somewhat sparse attendance of some early events . Eventually , however , a total of more than 3.5 million tickets were sold , which was higher than any other Olympics with the exception of Sydney ( more than 5 million tickets were sold there in 2000 ) . In 2008 it was reported that most of the Olympic venues had fallen into disrepair : according to those reports , 21 of the 22 facilities built for the games had either been left abandoned or are in a state of dereliction , with several squatter camps having sprung up around certain facilities , and a number of venues afflicted by vandalism , graffiti or strewn with rubbish . These claims , however , are disputed and likely to be inaccurate , as most of the facilities used for the Athens Olympics are either in use or in the process of being converted for post-Olympics use . The Greek Government has created a corporation , Olympic Properties SA , which is overseeing the post-Olympics management , development and conversion of these facilities , some of which will be sold off ( or have already been sold off ) to the private sector , while other facilities are still in use just as during the Olympics , or have been converted for commercial use or modified for other sports . Concerts and theatrical shows , such as those by the troupe Cirque du Soleil , have recently been held in the complex . Special Olympics 2011 ( edit ) The 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games was in Athens . The opening ceremony of the games took place on 25 June 2011 at the Panathinaiko Stadium and the closing ceremony was held on 4 July 2011 . Over 7,500 athletes , from 185 countries , competed in a total of 22 sports . Economy and infrastructure ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) Ermou street near the Syntagma Square Athens is the financial capital of Greece , and multinational companies such as Ericsson , Siemens , Motorola and Coca - Cola have their regional research and development headquarters there . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Public transport in Athens Athens metropolitan railway network ( metró and proastiakós ) Agios Dimitrios station with an island platform Athens is serviced by a variety of transportation means , forming the largest mass transit system of Greece . The Athens Mass Transit System consists of a large bus fleet , a trolleybus fleet that mainly serves Athens 's city center , the city 's Metro , a commuter rail service and a tram network , connecting the southern suburbs to the city centre . Bus Transport ( edit ) Ethel ( Greek : ΕΘΕΛ ) ( Etaireia Thermikon Leoforeion ) , or Thermal Bus Company , is the main operator of buses in Athens . Its network consists of about 300 bus lines which span the Athens Metropolitan Area , with an operating staff of 5,327 , and a fleet of 1,839 buses . Of those 1,839 buses 416 run on compressed natural gas , making up the largest fleet of natural gas - powered buses in Europe . Besides being served by a fleet of natural - gas and diesel buses , the Athens Urban Area is also served by trolleybuses -- or electric buses , as they are referred to in the name of the operating company . The network is operated by Electric Buses of the Athens and Piraeus Region , or ILPAP ( Greek : ΗΛΠΑΠ ) and consists of 22 lines with an operating staff of 1,137 . All of the 366 trolleybuses are equipped to enable them to run on diesel in case of power failure . International and regional bus links are provided by KTEL from two InterCity Bus Terminals , Kifissos Bus Terminal A and Liosion Bus Terminal B , both located in the north - western part of the city . Kifissos provides connections towards the Peloponnese and Attica , whereas Liosion is used for most northerly mainland destinations . Athens Metro ( edit ) Main article : Athens Metro Athens Metro train ( 3rd generation stock ) The Athens Metro is more commonly known in Greece as the Attiko Metro ( Greek : Αττικό Mετρό ) and provides public transport throughout the Athens Urban Area . While its main purpose is transport , it also houses Greek artifacts found during construction of the system . The Athens Metro has an operating staff of 387 and runs two of the three metro lines ; namely the Red ( line 2 ) and Blue ( line 3 ) lines , which were constructed largely during the 1990s , with the initial sections opened in January 2000 . All routes run entirely underground and a fleet of 42 trains consisting of 252 cars operate within the network , with a daily occupancy of 550,000 passengers . The Red Line ( line 2 ) runs from Anthoupoli station to Elliniko station and covers a distance of 17.5 km ( 10.9 mi ) . The line connects the western suburbs of Athens with the southeast suburbs passing through the center of Athens . The line associated with Green ( line 1 ) stations at Attiki and Omonoia Square station . Also the line connected with the Blue ( line 3 ) at Syntagma Square station and connected with Tram at Syntagma Square , Sygrou - Fix and Agios Ioannis station . The Blue Line ( line 3 ) runs from the western suburbs , namely Agia Marina to the Egaleo station , through the central Monastiraki and Syntagma stations to Doukissis Plakentias avenue in the northeastern suburb of Halandri , covering a distance of 16 km ( 10 mi ) , then ascending to ground level and reaching Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport , using the Suburban Railway infrastructure and extending its length to 39 km ( 24 mi ) . The spring 2007 extension from Monastiraki westwards , to Egaleo , connected some of the main night life hubs of the city , namely the ones of Gazi ( Kerameikos station ) with Psirri ( Monastiraki station ) and the city centre ( Syntagma station ) . Extensions are under construction to the west southwest suburbs of Athens , reaching to the port and the center of Piraeus . The new stations will be Agia Barvara , Koridallos , Nikaia , Maniatika , Piraeus and Dimotiko Theatro station . The stations will be ready in 2017 , connecting the biggest port of Greece Piraeus Port with the biggest airport of Greece the Athens International Airport . Electric Railway ( ISAP ) ( edit ) Main article : ISAP An ISAP train ( Green Line ) passes by the Stoa of Attalos in central Athens Not run by the Athens Metro company , is the ISAP ( Greek : ΗΣΑΠ ) , the Electric Railway Company line , which for many years served as Athens 's primary urban rail transport . This is today the Green Line ( line 1 ) of the Athens Metro network as shown on maps , and unlike the red and blue lines , ISAP has many above - ground sections on its route . This was the original metro line from Piraeus to Kifisia ; serving 22 stations , with a network length of 25.6 km ( 15.9 mi ) , an operating staff of 730 and a fleet of 44 trains and 243 cars . ISAP 's occupancy rate is 600,000 passengers daily . The Green Line ( line 1 ) now serves 24 stations , and forms the oldest line of the Athens metro network and for the most part runs at ground level , connecting the port of Piraeus with the northern suburb of Kifissia . The line is set to be extended to Agios Stefanos , a suburb located 23 km ( 14 mi ) to the north of Athens , reaching to 36 km ( 22 mi ) . The Athens Metropolitan Railway system is managed by three companies ; namely ISAP ( line 1 ) , Attiko Metro ( lines 2 & 3 ) , while its commuter rail , the Proastiakós is considered as line 4 . Commuter / suburban rail ( Proastiakos ) ( edit ) Main article : Proastiakos Suburban rail The Athens commuter rail service , referred to as the `` Proastiakós '' , connects Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport to the city of Kiato , 106 km ( 66 mi ) west of Athens , via Larissa station , the city 's central rail station and the port of Piraeus . The service is sometimes considered the fourth line of the Athens Metro . The length of Athens 's commuter rail network extends to 120 km ( 75 mi ) , and is expected to stretch to 281 km ( 175 mi ) by 2010 . The Proastiakos will be extended to Xylokastro west of Athens and Chalkida . Tram ( edit ) Main article : Athens Tram A modern Athens Tram station and vehicles Athens Tram SA operates a fleet of 35 Sirio type vehicles which serve 48 stations , employ 345 people with an average daily occupancy of 65,000 passengers . The tram network spans a total length of 27 km ( 17 mi ) and covers ten Athenian suburbs . The network runs from Syntagma Square to the southwestern suburb of Palaio Faliro , where the line splits in two branches ; the first runs along the Athens coastline toward the southern suburb of Voula , while the other heads toward the Piraeus district of Neo Faliro . The network covers the majority of the Saronic coastline . Further extensions are planned towards the major commercial port of Piraeus . The expansion to Piraeus will include 12 new stations , increase the overall length of tram route by 5.4 km ( 3 mi ) , and increase the overall transportation network . Athens International Airport ( edit ) Main article : Athens International Airport Athens International Airport Check - in - area Athens is served by the Athens International Airport ( ATH ) , located near the town of Spata , in the eastern Messoghia plain , some 35 km ( 22 mi ) east of Athens . The airport , awarded the `` European Airport of the Year 2004 '' Award , is intended as an expandable hub for air travel in southeastern Europe and was constructed in 51 months , costing 2.2 billion euros . It employs a staff of 14,000 . The airport is served by the Metro , the suburban rail , buses to Piraeus port , Athens ' city centre and its suburbs , and also taxis . The airport accommodates 65 landings and take - offs per hour , with its 24 - passenger boarding bridges , 144 check - in counters and broader 150,000 m ( 1,614,587 sq ft ) main terminal ; and a commercial area of 7,000 m ( 75,347 sq ft ) which includes cafés , duty - free shops , and a small museum . In 2014 , the airport handled 15,196,369 passengers , an increase of 21.2 % over the previous year of 2013 . Of those 15,196,369 passengers , 5,267,593 passed through the airport for domestic flights , and 9,970,006 passengers travelled through for international flights . Beyond the dimensions of its passenger capacity , ATH handled 205,294 total flights in 2007 , or approximately 562 flights per day . Railways and ferry connections ( edit ) Athens is the hub of the country 's national railway system ( OSE ) , connecting the capital with major cities across Greece and abroad ( Istanbul , Sofia and Bucharest ). The Port of Piraeus connects Athens to the numerous Greek islands of the Aegean Sea , with ferries departing , while also serving the cruise ships that arrive . Motorways ( edit ) Further information : Highways in Greece Interchange at the Attiki Odos airport entrance View of Hymettus tangent ( Periferiaki Imittou ) from Kalogeros Hill Two main motorways of Greece begin in Athens , namely the A1 / E75 , which crosses through Athens 's Urban Area from Piraeus , heading north towards Greece 's second largest city , Thessaloniki ; and the A8 / E94 heading west , towards Patras , which incorporated the GR - 8A . Before their completion much of the road traffic used the GR - 1 and the GR - 8 . Athens ' Metropolitan Area is served by the motorway network of the Attiki Odos toll - motorway ( code : A6 ) . Its main section extends from the western industrial suburb of Elefsina to Athens International Airport ; while two beltways , namely the Aigaleo Beltway ( A65 ) and the Hymettus Beltway ( A64 ) serve parts of western and eastern Athens respectively . The span of the Attiki Odos in all its length is 65 km ( 40 mi ) , making it the largest metropolitan motorway network in all of Greece . Motorways : A1 / E75 N ( Lamia , Larissa , Thessaloniki ) A8 ( GR - 8A ) / E94 W ( Elefsina , Corinth , Patras ) A6 W ( Elefsina ) E ( Airport ) National roads : GR - 1 Ν ( Lamia , Larissa , Thessaloniki ) GR - 8 W ( Corinth , Patras ) GR - 3 N ( Elefsina , Lamia , Larissa ) Education ( edit ) The Propylaea , part of the `` Trilogy '' of Theofil Hansen , serves as the ceremony hall and rectory of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Facade of the Academy of Athens Located on Panepistimiou Street , the old campus of the University of Athens , the National Library , and the Athens Academy form the `` Athens Trilogy '' built in the mid-19th century . Most of the university 's workings have been moved to a much larger , modern campus located in the eastern suburb of Zografou . The second higher education institution in the city is the Athens Polytechnic School , found in Patission Street . This was the location where on 17 November 1973 , more than 13 students were killed and hundreds injured inside the university during the Athens Polytechnic uprising , against the military junta that ruled the nation from 21 April 1967 until 23 July 1974 . Other universities that lie within Athens are the Athens University of Economics and Business , the Panteion University , the Agricultural University of Athens and the University of Piraeus . There are overall eleven state - supported Institutions of Higher ( or Tertiary ) education located in the Metropolitan Area of Athens , these are by chronological order : Athens School of Fine Arts ( 1837 ) , National Technical University of Athens ( 1837 ) , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens ( 1837 ) , Agricultural University of Athens ( 1920 ) , Athens University of Economics and Business ( 1920 ) , Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences ( 1927 ) , University of Piraeus ( 1938 ) , Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus ( 1976 ) , Technological Educational Institute of Athens ( 1983 ) , Harokopio University ( 1990 ) , School of Pedagogical and Technological Education ( 2002 ) . There are also several other private colleges , as they called formally in Greece , as the establishment of private universities is prohibited by the constitution . Many of them are accredited by a foreign state or university such as the American College of Greece and the Athens Campus of the University of Indianapolis . See also ( edit ) Outline of Athens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eurostat - Data Explorer '' . appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu . ^ Jump up to : `` Απογραφή Πληθυσμού -- Κατοικιών 2011 . ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός '' ( in Greek ) . Hellenic Statistical Authority . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . `` Athens '' . Longman pronunciation dictionary . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05383 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Tablet Found : Oldest Readable Writing in Europe '' . 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` v4.ethnos.gr -- Οι πρώτοι ... Αθηναίοι '' . Ethnos.gr . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Contents and Principles of the Programme of Unification of the Archaeological Sites of Athens '' . Hellenic Ministry of Culture . www.yppo.gr . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ CNN & Associated Press ( 16 January 1997 ) . `` Greece uncovers ' holy grail ' of Greek archeology '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Athens '' . Retrieved 31 December 2008 . Ancient Greek Athenai , historic city and capital of Greece . Many of classical civilization 's intellectual and artistic ideas originated there , and the city is generally considered to be the birthplace of Western civilization Jump up ^ BBC History on Greek Democracy -- Accessed on 26 January 2007 Jump up ^ Encarta Ancient Greece from the Internet Archive -- Retrieved on 28 February 2012 . Archived 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` City Mayors : World 's richest cities by purchasing power '' . City Mayors. 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City Mayors : Cost of living -- The world 's most expensive cities '' . City Mayors. 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Port of the month : Piraeus Port Authority '' . European Sea Ports Organisation V.Z.W. / A.S.B.L. ( ESPO ) . 30 April 2014 . The Port of Piraeus is a port of large sizes . It is the largest passenger port and one of the largest commercial ports in Europe . Jump up ^ Qihao Weng ( 23 May 2014 ) . Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment through Earth Observation . CRC Press . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4665 - 6450 - 3 . Piraeus port , the chief port in Greece and the largest passenger port in Europe . Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` China Seeks Gateway to Europe with Greek Port '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ `` Piraeus by Maritime Database '' . www.maritime-database.com . Retrieved 27 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ANEK Lines -- Piraeus '' . www.anek.gr . Archived from the original on 3 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population & housing census 2001 ( incl . area and average elevation ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Greek ) . National Statistical Service of Greece . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Characteristics '' . Hellenic Interior Ministry . www.ypes.gr . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 6 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` ΕΛΣΤΑΤ Απογραφη 2011 '' ( PDF ) . www.statistics.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en ^ Jump up to : CNN & Sports Illustrated ( 5 September 1997 ) . `` Sentiment a factor as Athens gets 2004 Olympics '' . sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Archived from the original on 19 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ As for example in Od. 7.80 . ^ Jump up to : Beekes , Robert S.P. ( 2009 ) , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Leiden and Boston : Brill ^ Jump up to : Burkert , Walter ( 1985 ) , Greek Religion , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , p. 139 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 36281 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Kerényi , Karl ( 1951 ) , The Gods of the Greeks , London , England : Thames and Hudson , p. 124 , ISBN 0 - 500 - 27048 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Garland , Robert ( 2008 ) . Ancient Greece : Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization . New York City , New York : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4549 - 0908 - 8 . Jump up ^ Great Greek Encyclopedia , vol. II , Athens 1927 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Edward G. ( 1887 ) . `` The Derivation of Stamboul '' . American Journal of Philology . The Johns Hopkins University Press . 8 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 82 . doi : 10.2307 / 287478 . JSTOR 287478 . Jump up ^ `` Focus on Athens '' ( PDF ) . UHI Quarterly Newsletter , Issue 1 , May 2009 , page 2 . www.urbanheatisland.info . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome ! ! ! '' . Parnitha-np.gr . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tung , Anthony ( 2001 ) . `` The City the Gods Besieged '' . Preserving the World 's Great Cities : The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis . New York : Three Rivers Press . p. 266 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80815 - X . Jump up ^ `` Acropolis : Threat of Destruction '' . Time Magazine . Time.com. 31 January 1977 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Kitsantonis , Niki ( 16 July 2007 ) . `` As forest fires burn , suffocated Athens is outraged '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 18 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Συνέντευξη Τύπου Γ . Σουφλιά για την Πάρνηθα ( Press release ) ( in Greek ) . Hellenic Ministry for the Environment , Physical Planning , & Public Works . 18 July 2007 . Archived from the original (. doc ) on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . Συνολική καμένη έκταση πυρήνα Εθνικού Δρυμού Πάρνηθας : 15.723 ( Σύνολο 38.000 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rot sets in as Athens 's trash problem mounts '' . 30 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Founda D. ( 2011 ) . `` Evolution of the air temperature in Athens and evidence of climatic change : A review '' . Advances in Building Energy Research , 5 , 1 , 7 -- 41 , http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/earthscan/aber/2011/00000005/00000001/art00001 . ^ Jump up to : Το αρχείο του Θησείου ( in Greek ) . Meteoclub . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Κωνσταντίνος Μαυρογιάννης , Αθήναι ( 1981 ). Παρατηρήσεις επί του κλίματος των Αθηνών και της ενεργείας αυτού επί της ζωϊκής οικονομίας σελ 29 . Jump up ^ hpanitsidis ( 22 June 2007 ) . `` ΕΡΓΟ ΑΝΑΒΑΘΜΙΣΗΣ ΔΙΥΛΙΣΤΗΡΙΟΥ ΕΛΕΥΣΙΝΑΣ '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Giannopoulou K. , Livada I. , Santamouris M. , Saliari M. , Assimakopoulos M. , Caouris Y.G. ( 2011 ) . `` On the characteristics of the summer urban heat island in Athens , Greece '' . Sustainable Cities and Society , 1 , pp. 16 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Giannakopoulos C. , Hatzai M. , Kostopoulou E. , McCarty M. , Goodess C. ( 2010 ) . `` The impact of climate change and urban heat islands on the occurrence of extreme events in cities . The Athens case '' . Proc. of the 10th International Conference on Meteorology , Climatology and Atmospheric Physics , Patras , Greece , 25 -- 28 May 2010 , pp. 745 -- 752 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Space Agency ESA helps make summer in the city more bearable '' . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Katsoulis B.D. , Theoharatos G.A. ( 1985 ) . `` Indications of the Urban Heat Island in Athens , Greece '' . Journal of Applied Meteorology , vol. 24 , Issue 12 , pp. 1296 -- 1302 Jump up ^ Stathopoulou M. , Cartalis C. , Andritsos A. ( 2005 ). `` Assessing the thermal environment of major cities in Greece '' . International Conference `` Passive and Low Energy Cooling for the Built Environment '' , May 2005 , Santorini , Greece , pp. 108 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Kassomenos P.A. and Katsoulis B.D. ( 2006 ) . `` Mesoscale and macroscale aspects of the morning Urban Heat Island around Athens , Greese '' , Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics , 94 , pp. 209 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Santamouris M. , Papanikolaou N. , Livada I. , Koronakis I. , Georgakis A. , Assimakopoulos D.N. ( 2001 ) . `` On the impact of urban climate on the energy consumption of buildings '' . Solar Energy , 70 ( 3 ) : pp. 201 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Santamouris M. ( 1997 ) . `` Passive Cooling and Urban Layout '' . Interim Report , POLIS Research Project , European Commission , Directorate General for Science , Research and Development and human wellbeing and health . Jump up ^ Santamouris M. , Papanikolaou I. , Livada I. , Koronakis C. , Georgakis C , Assimakopoulos D.N. ( 2001 ) . `` On the impact of Urban Climate to the Energy Consumption of Buildings '' . Solar Energy , 70 , 3 , pp. 201 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Katsoulis , B. ( 1987 ) . `` Indications of change of climate from the Analysis of air temperature time series in Athens , Greece '' . Climatic Change . 10 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 79 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00140557 . Jump up ^ Repapis , C.C. ; Metaxas , D.A. ( 1985 ) . `` The Possible influence of the urbanization in Athens city on the air temperature climatic fluctuations at the National Observatory '' . Proc. of the 3rd Hellenic - British Climatological Congress , Athens , Greece 17 -- 21 April 1985 : 188 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Philandras , C.M. ; Metaxas , D.A. ; Nastos , P.T. ( 1999 ) . `` Climate variability and Urbanization in Athens '' . Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 63 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 65 -- 72 . doi : 10.1007 / s007040050092 . Jump up ^ Philandras , C.M. ; Nastos , P.T. ( 2002 ) . `` The Athens urban effect on the air temperature time series of the National Observatory of Athens and New Philadelphia stations '' . Proc. of the 6th Hellenic Conference on Meteorology , Climatology and Atmospheric Physics , Ioannina Greece , 25 -- 28 September 2002 : 501 -- 506 . Jump up ^ Repapis , C.C. ; Philandras , C.M. ; Kalabokas , P.D. ; Zerefos , C.S. ( 2007 ) . `` Is the last years abrupt warming in the National Observatory of Athens records a Climate Change Manifestation ? '' . Global NEST Journal . 9 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Livada , I. ; Santamouris , M. ; Niachou , K. ; Papanikolaou , N. ; Mihalakakou , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Determination of places in the great Athens area where the heat island effect is observed '' . Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 71 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 219 -- 230 . Bibcode : 2002ThApC ... 71 ... 219L . doi : 10.1007 / s007040200006 . Jump up ^ `` World Meteorological Organization 's World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive '' . Arizona State University website . World Meteorological Organization . Jump up ^ Афины , Греция # 16716 ( in Russian ) . Climatebase . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Information for Athens '' . Jump up ^ `` Athens , Greece - Climate data '' . Weather Atlas . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cushman & Wakefield -- Global real estate solutions -- News & Events '' . Cushwake.com. 25 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympic Games 2004 : five major projects for Athens '' . European Union Regional Policy . ec.europa.eu . Archived from the original on 20 May 2007 . Retrieved 5 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eaxa : : Ενοποιηση Αρχαιολογικων Χωρων Αθηνασ Α. Ε '' . Astynet.gr . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Distance between Athens , Greece and Piraeus , Greece '' . distances-from.com. 9 December 2007 . Retrieved 8 Feb 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Distance between Piraeus ( Attiki ) and Varkiza ( Piraios Nomos ) ( Greece ) '' . Distancecalculator.globefeed.com. 9 December 2007 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenikon Metropolitan Park Competition '' . Hellenic Ministry of the Environment and Public Works . www.minenv.gr . Archived from the original on 8 April 2004 . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Greek forest fire close to Athens '' . BBC News . 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kallikratis reform law text '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ MASTER PLAN FOR ATHENS AND ATTICA 2021 , pg 13 , 24 , 27 , 33 , 36 , 89 Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` PAGE - themes '' . statistics.gr . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , C.G. ; Conant , C. ( 2009 ) . Citadel to City - State : The Transformation of Greece , 1200 - 700 B.C.E. Indiana University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 00325 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ian Morris ( 12 December 2005 ) . `` The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Storey , G. ( 2006 ) . Urbanism in the Preindustrial World : Cross-Cultural Approaches . University of Alabama Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5246 - 2 . Jump up ^ Beer , J. ( 2004 ) . Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy . Praeger . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28946 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , G.M. ; Nichols , J.J. ( 2010 ) . After Collapse : The Regeneration of Complex Societies . University of Arizona Press . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 2936 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Urban History of Athens '' ( PDF ) . 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kellogg , D.L. ( 2013 ) . Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple : Ancient Acharnai . OUP Oxford . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 166386 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hansen , M.H. ( 1988 ) . Three Studies in Athenian Demography . Commissioner , Munksgaard . p. 7 . ISBN 9788773041895 . Jump up ^ Wilson , N. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece . Taylor & Francis . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 78800 - 0 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , L. ( 2009 ) . The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens , 317 -- 307 BCE : A Philosopher in Politics . Brill . p. 110 . ISBN 9789004178885 . Jump up ^ Greek Tourist Organizer -- Retrieved on 6 January 2007 ^ Jump up to : Tung , Anthony ( 2001 ) . `` The City of the Gods Besieged '' . Preserving the World 's Great Cities : The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis . New York : Three Rivers Press . pp. 260 , 263 , 265 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80815 - X . Jump up ^ `` World Gazetter City Pop : Athens '' . www.world-gazetter.com . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Gazetter Metro Pop : Athens '' . www.world-gazetter.com . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population of Greece '' . General Secretariat of National Statistical Service of Greece . www.statistics.gr. 2001 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twinnings '' ( PDF ) . Athens : Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing Sister Cities '' . City of Beijing . www.ebeijing.gov.cn . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Sister Cities '' . City of Los Angeles . www.lacity.org . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nicosia : Twin Cities '' . Nicosia Municipality . www.nicosia.org.cy . Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` International Cooperation '' . Grad Beograd . www.beograd.rs . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` International : Special partners '' . Mairie de Paris . www.paris.fr . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje '' . Mestna občina Ljubljana ( Ljubljana City ) ( in Slovenian ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Vacca , Maria Luisa . `` Comune di Napoli - Gemellaggi '' ( Naples -- Twin Towns ) . Comune di Napoli ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership cities '' . Yerevan municipality . www.yerevan.am . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ The population of the unincorporated communities below is not mentioned here Jump up ^ `` Where is Atenas De San Cristobal in Atlantida , Honduras Located ? '' . Jump up ^ `` v4.ethnos.gr -- Οι πρώτοι ... Αθηναίοι -- τεχνες , πολιτισμος '' . Ethnos.gr . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ S. Immerwahr , The Athenian Agora XIII : the Neolithic and Bronze Ages , Princeton 1971 Jump up ^ Iakovides , S. 1962 . ' E mykenaïke akropolis ton Athenon ' . Athens . Jump up ^ Osborne , R. 1996 , 2009 . Greece in the Making 1200 -- 479 BC . Jump up ^ `` Nothing Less than Victory : Decisive Wars and the Lessons of History '' . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fessas - Emmanouil , Helen . Ελληνική Αρχιτεκτονική Εταιρεία : Αρχιτέκτονες του 20ού αιώνα : Μέλη της Εταιρείας , Ποταμός , Athens , 2009 , p . XXV and p . XXI , ISBN 960 - 6691 - 38 - 1 Jump up ^ Fessas - Emmanouil , Helen . Ελληνική Αρχιτεκτονική Εταιρεία : Αρχιτέκτονες του 20ού αιώνα : Μέλη της Εταιρείας , Ποταμός , Athens , 2009 , p . XXXI , ISBN 960 - 6691 - 38 - 1 Jump up ^ `` AIA : Finance '' ( PDF ) . Athens International Airport , S.A . www.AIA.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Home Page '' . Urban Audit . Archived from the original on 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Athens -- Epidaurus Festival 2008 '' . Greekfestival.gr . Archived from the original on 22 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Megaron Events Chart '' . Megaron.gr. 26 October 1997 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Ίδρυμα Ευγενίδου . Εκπαιδευτικό Κοινωφελές Ίδρυμα ( in Greek ) . Eugenfound.edu.gr . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ ΙΔΡΥΜΑ ΕΥΓΕΝΙΔΟΥ 1954 / Ιστορικό ( in Greek ) . Eugenfound.edu.gr . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Athens Eugenides Planetarium '' . Barco . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vision '' . SNFCC . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Athens -- The Truth : Searching for Mános , Just Before the Bubble Burst . Tales of Orpheus. 1 September 2013 . ISBN 9780955209031 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Athens 21st Century -- Athens Olympic Stadium '' . Athens-today.com . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Athens 21st Century -- The Olympic Coastal Complex '' . Athens-today.com . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ιστορικό '' . oaa.gr . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens bids farewell to the Games '' . CNN . CNN.com. 30 August 2004 . Retrieved 29 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Athens News Agency ( 27 August 2004 ) . `` Olympic ticket sales officially top 3.5 - million mark '' . Embassy of Greece . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Martin . `` Beijing trumps Athens ... and then some '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 28 September 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Itano , Nicole ( 21 July 2008 ) . `` As Olympic Glow Fades , Athens Questions $15 Billion Cost '' . Csmonitor.com . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` After The Party : What happens when the Olympics leave town '' . London : Independent.co.uk. 19 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Four years after Athens Greeks have Olympics blues '' . Afp.google.com. 30 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2008 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Προαστιακός '' . Proastiakos.gr . Archived from the original on 24 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tram Sa '' . Tramsa.gr . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 5 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 6 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Ilias Tatsiopoulos & Georgios Tziralis . `` New , Post-Olympics Athens '' ( PDF ) . www.minpress.gr . Secretariat General of Communication -- Secretariat General of Information . p. 79 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 11 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Athens Metro '' . Hellenic Ministry of Culture . www.culture.gr . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 15 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 4 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 9 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 4 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ISAP -- Athens Piraeus Electric Railways '' . Isap.gr . Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ΗΣΑΠ '' . Isap.gr . Archived from the original on 21 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Proastiakos '' . www.proastiakos.gr . Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tram Sa '' . Tramsa.gr . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 13 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tram Sa '' . Tramsa.gr . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens International Airport : Facts and Figures '' . Athens International Airport . www.aia.gr . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens International Airport : Airport Profile '' . Athens International Airport . www.aia.gr . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ATHENS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT `` EL. VENIZELOS '' `` . aia.gr . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens International Airport : Passenger Traffic Development 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Athens International Airport . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Athens International Airport : Air Traffic Movements Development 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Athens International Airport . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Aodos.gr Jump up ^ `` 1973 : Army deposes ' hated ' Greek president '' . BBC News . 25 November 1973 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ΙδιωτικάΠανεπιστήμιαστην Ελλάδα -- PrivateUniversities in Greece '' . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAthensat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official Official website Historical EIE.gr -- Page on Archaeology of the City of Athens in the National Hellenic Research Foundation website Rg.ancients.info/owls -- Athenian owl coins Kronoskaf.com -- Simulation of Athens in 421 BCE Athens Museums Information -- Guide with pictures , visitor comments and reviews Travel Athens - The Greek National Tourism Organization This is Athens - The official City of Athens guide Athens Urban Transport Organisation Visual Timelapse video of Athens Timelapse showing Athens in the Attica region Athens 1973 Athens In Pictures Athens Photo Guide Places adjacent to Athens Peristeri Nea Filadelfeia , Nea Ionia and Galatsi Psychiko , Neo Psychiko and Papagou Aigaleo and Tavros Athens Zografou and Kaisariani Kallithea Nea Smyrni Vyronas , Ymittos and Dafni Government Neighbourhoods of Athens Aerides Agios Eleftherios Agios Panteleimonas Akadimia Akadimia Platonos Acropolis Ampelokipi Anafiotika Ano Petralona Asyrmatos Asteroskopeio Attiki Eleonas Ellinoroson Erythros Stavros Exarcheia Gazi Girokomeio Gyzi Goudi Gouva Ilisia Kallimarmaro Kato Petralona Keramikos Kolokynthou Kolonaki Kolonos Koukaki Kountouriotika Kypriadou Kypseli Kynosargous Lykavittos Makrygianni Metaxourgeio Mets Monastiraki Nea Filothei Neapoli Neos Kosmos Omonoia Pangrati Patisia Pedion tou Areos Petralona Philopappou Plaka Polygono Probonas Profitis Daniil Profitis Ilias Psyri Rizoupoli Rouf Sepolia Syntagma Thiseio Thymarakia Treis Gefyres Votanikos Prefectural capitals of Greece Agios Nikolaos Alexandroupoli Amfissa Argostoli Arta Athens Chalcis Chania Chios Corfu Corinth Drama Edessa Ermoupoli Florina Grevena Heraklion Igoumenitsa Ioannina Kalamata Karditsa Karpenisi Kastoria Katerini Kavala Kilkis Komotini Kozani Lamia Larissa Lefkada Livadeia Missolonghi Mytilene Nafplion Pallini Patras Piraeus Polygyros Preveza Pyrgos Rethymno Rhodes Serres Sparta Thessaloniki Trikala Tripoli Vathy Veria Volos Xanthi Zakynthos Capitals of regions of Greece Athens ( Attica ) Corfu ( Ionian Islands ) Heraklion ( Crete ) Ioannina ( Epirus ) Komotini ( East Macedonia and Thrace ) Kozani ( West Macedonia ) Lamia ( Central Greece ) Larissa ( Thessaly ) Mytilene ( North Aegean ) Patras ( West Greece ) Ermoupoli ( South Aegean ) Thessaloniki ( Central Macedonia ) Tripoli ( Peloponnese ) Administrative division of the Attica Region Area 3,808 km ( 1,470 sq mi ) Population 3,827,624 ( as of 2011 ) Municipalities 66 ( since 2011 ) Capital Athens Regional unit of Central Athens Athens Dafni - Ymittos Filadelfeia - Chalkidona Galatsi Ilioupoli Kaisariani Vyronas Zografou Regional unit of North Athens Agia Paraskevi Chalandri Filothei - Psychiko Irakleio Kifissia Lykovrysi - Pefki Marousi Metamorfosi Nea Ionia Papagou - Cholargos Penteli Vrilissia Regional unit of West Athens Agia Varvara Agioi Anargyroi - Kamatero Aigaleo Chaidari Ilion Peristeri Petroupoli Regional unit of South Athens Agios Dimitrios Alimos Elliniko - Argyroupoli Glyfada Kallithea Moschato - Tavros Nea Smyrni Palaio Faliro Regional unit of Piraeus Keratsini - Drapetsona Korydallos Nikaia - Agios Ioannis Rentis Perama Piraeus Regional unit of East Attica Acharnes Dionysos Kropia Lavreotiki Marathon Markopoulo Oropos Paiania Pallini Rafina - Pikermi Saronikos Spata - Artemida Vari - Voula - Vouliagmeni Regional unit of West Attica Aspropyrgos Eleusis Fyli Mandra - Eidyllia Megara Regional unit of Islands Aegina Agistri Hydra Kythira Poros Salamis Spetses Troizinia - Methana Regional governor Rena Dourou ( since 2014 ) Decentralized Administration Attica Capital cities of the member states of the European Union Netherlands : Amsterdam Greece : Athens Germany : Berlin Slovakia : Bratislava Belgium : Brussels Romania : Bucharest Hungary : Budapest Denmark : Copenhagen Ireland : Dublin Finland : Helsinki Portugal : Lisbon Slovenia : Ljubljana United Kingdom : London Luxembourg : Luxembourg Spain : Madrid Cyprus : Nicosia France : Paris Czech Republic : Prague Latvia : Riga Italy : Rome Bulgaria : Sofia Sweden : Stockholm Estonia : Tallinn Malta : Valletta Austria : Vienna Lithuania : Vilnius Poland : Warsaw Croatia : Zagreb Culture and history Major landmarks of Athens Ancient Acropolis Ancient Agora Arch of Hadrian Areopagus Aristotle 's Lyceum Hadrian 's Library Kerameikos Monument of Lysicrates Odeon of Herodes Atticus Panathenaic Stadium Philopappos Hill / Monument Platonic Academy Pnyx Remains of the Acharnian Road , Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site Remains of the Long Walls Roman Agora Stoa of Attalos Temple of Hephaestus Temple of Olympian Zeus Theatre of Dionysus Tower of the Winds Byzantine Little Metropolis Daphni Monastery Holy Apostles Church Kapnikarea Church Pantanassa Church Soteira Lykodimou / Russian Church Ottoman Fethiye Mosque House of Saint Philothei / Manor house of Benizelos - Palaiologos family Tzistarakis Mosque Modern Hansen 's `` Trilogy '' Academy Kapodistrian University of Athens National Library of Greece Museums Acropolis Museum Benaki Museum Byzantine and Christian Museum Museum of Cycladic Art Kerameikos Museum National Archaeological Museum National Gallery National Historical Museum Numismatic Museum Churches Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite Gardens / Parks National Gardens Pedion tou Areos Squares and Neighbourhoods Anafiotika Kolonaki Square Kotzia Square Monastiraki Omonoia Square Plaka Syntagma Thiseio Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Athens Concert Hall Gennadius Library National Observatory of Athens National Theatre Old Parliament House Old Royal Palace Olympic Sports Complex Presidential Mansion Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center Zappeion Marinas Agios Kosmas Marina Alimos Marina Athens Marina ( formerly Faliro Marina ) Marinas of Glyfada Olympic Marine Floisvos Marina Marina of Vouliagmeni Marina of Zea Marina Tzitzifies Others Dionysiou Areopagitou Street Lycabettus Hill Museums in Athens Archaeological Acropolis Museum Epigraphical Museum Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art Kerameikos Kanellopoulou Museum National Archaeological Museum Stoa of Attalos Old Acropolis Museum Syntagma Metro Station Archaeological Collection Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies Athens International Airport Archaeological Collection Byzantine and ecclesiastic Byzantine and Christian Museum Ethnological / historical Athens War Museum Drossinis Museum Eleftherios Venizelos Historical Museum Goulandris Natural History Museum Jewish Museum of Greece Museum of the City of Athens National Historical Museum Folklore Museum of Greek Folk Art Museum of Greek Folk Musical Instruments Centre for the Study of Traditional Pottery Museum of the History of the Greek Costume Art museums / galleries Benaki Museum Emfietzoglou Gallery Museum Frissiras Museum Ilias Lalaounis Jewelry Museum Municipal Gallery of Athens National Gallery ( Athens ) National Glyptotheque National Museum of Contemporary Art Industry / technology Evgenidio Foundation Hellenic Air Force Museum Hellenic Motor Museum Railway Museum of Athens Electric Railways Museum Technopolis ( Gazi ) Education / sports / Special Interests Athens University Museum Hellenic Children 's Museum Hellenic Cosmos Numismatic Museum of Athens Theatrical Museum of Greece Postal & Philatelic Museum of Greece Museum ships Georgios Averof Velos D16 SS Hellas Liberty Olympias Streets in Athens Major streets 3 Septemvriou Street Agiou Konstantinou Street Aiolou Street Akadimias Street Alexandras Avenue Amalias Avenue Andrea Syngrou Avenue Athanasiou Diakou Street Athinas Street Athinon Avenue Acharnon Street Benaki Street Ermou Street Ioanninon Avenue Iera Odos Kallirois Avenue Katechaki Avenue Kifisias Avenue Kifissou Avenue Konstantinoupoleos Avenue Lenorman Street Makri Street Mavromichali Street Mesogeion Avenue Michalopoulou Street Mitropoleos Street Pangratiou Street Panepistimiou Street Patission Street Patsi Street Peiraios Street Petrou Ralli Avenue Rizari Street Sofokleous Street Stadiou Street Vasileos Konstantinou Avenue Vasilissis Sofias Avenue Vouliagmenis Avenue Secondary and local streets Antigonis Street Dionysiou Areopagitou Street Fokionos Negri Herodou Attikou Street Kallirois Street Lykourgou Street Pandrossou Street Petmeza Street Santa Rosa Street Veikou Street Voukourestiou Street Main squares Kolonaki Square Kotzia Square Monastiraki Square Omonoia Square Syntagma Square Suburban roads Alimou Street Athinas Avenue Ulof Palme Street Doukissis Plakentias Avenue Poseidonos Avenue Thisseos Street Highways Attiki Odos ( Aigaleo Beltway Hymettus Beltway ) List of streets in Athens List of streets in Attica List of streets in Greece Capitals of European states and territories Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics . Western Amsterdam , Netherlands Andorra la Vella , Andorra Bern , Switzerland Brussels , Belgium Douglas , Isle of Man ( UK ) Dublin , Ireland London , United Kingdom Luxembourg , Luxembourg Paris , France Saint Helier , Jersey ( UK ) Saint Peter Port , Guernsey ( UK ) Northern Copenhagen , Denmark Helsinki , Finland Longyearbyen , Svalbard ( Norway ) Mariehamn , Åland Islands ( Finland ) Nuuk , Greenland ( Denmark ) Olonkinbyen , Jan Mayen ( Norway ) Oslo , Norway Reykjavík , Iceland Stockholm , Sweden Tórshavn , Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) Central Berlin , Germany Bratislava , Slovakia Budapest , Hungary Ljubljana , Slovenia Prague , Czech Republic Vaduz , Liechtenstein Vienna , Austria Warsaw , Poland Southern Ankara , Turkey Athens , Greece Belgrade , Serbia Bucharest , Romania Gibraltar , Gibraltar ( UK ) Lisbon , Portugal Madrid , Spain Monaco , Monaco Nicosia , Cyprus North Nicosia , Northern Cyprus Podgorica , Montenegro Pristina , Kosovo Rome , Italy San Marino , San Marino Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje , Macedonia Sofia , Bulgaria Tirana , Albania Valletta , Malta Vatican City , Vatican City Zagreb , Croatia Eastern Astana , Kazakhstan Baku , Azerbaijan Chișinău , Moldova Kyiv , Ukraine Minsk , Belarus Moscow , Russia Riga , Latvia Stepanakert , Artsakh Tallinn , Estonia Tbilisi , Georgia Tiraspol , Transnistria Vilnius , Lithuania Yerevan , Armenia Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Also the seat of the European Union , see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union Transcontinental country Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe Partially recognised country European Capitals of Culture 1985 Athens 1986 Florence Amsterdam 1988 West Berlin 1989 Paris 1990 Glasgow 1991 Dublin 1992 Madrid 1993 Antwerp 1994 Lisbon 1995 Luxembourg City Copenhagen 1997 Thessaloniki 1998 Stockholm 1999 Weimar 2000 Reykjavík Bergen Helsinki Brussels Prague Kraków Santiago de Compostela Avignon Bologna 2001 Rotterdam Porto 2002 Bruges Salamanca 2003 Graz Plovdiv Genoa Lille 2005 Cork 2006 Patras 2007 Luxembourg City and Greater Region Sibiu 2008 Liverpool Stavanger 2009 Linz Vilnius Ruhr Istanbul Pécs 2011 Turku Tallinn 2012 Maribor Guimarães 2013 Košice Marseille 2014 Umeå Riga 2015 Mons Plzeň 2016 San Sebastián Wrocław 2017 Aarhus Paphos 2018 Valletta Leeuwarden 2019 Plovdiv Matera 2020 Rijeka Galway 2021 Timișoara Elefsina Novi Sad 2022 Kaunas Esch - sur - Alzette World Book Capitals 2001 : Madrid 2002 : Alexandria 2003 : New Delhi 2004 : Antwerp 2005 : Montreal 2006 : Turin 2007 : Bogotá 2008 : Amsterdam 2009 : Beirut 2010 : Ljubljana 2011 : Buenos Aires 2012 : Yerevan 2013 : Bangkok 2014 : Port Harcourt 2015 : Incheon 2016 : Wrocław 2017 : Conakry 2018 : Athens 2019 : Sharjah Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Summer Paralympic Games host cities 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Tel Aviv 1972 : Heidelberg 1976 : Toronto 1980 : Arnhem 1984 : New York City / Stoke Mandeville 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona / Madrid 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Host cities of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics 1983 : Helsinki 1987 : Rome 1991 : Tokyo 1993 : Stuttgart 1995 : Gothenburg 1997 : Athens 1999 : Seville 2001 : Edmonton 2003 : Saint - Denis 2005 : Helsinki 2007 : Osaka 2009 : Berlin 2011 : Daegu 2013 : Moscow 2015 : Beijing 2017 : London 2019 : Doha 2021 : Eugene Eurovision Song Contest Entries History Host cities Languages Presenters Rules Voting Winners Winners discography Contests 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Countries Active Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Inactive Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Luxembourg Monaco Morocco Slovakia Turkey Former Lebanon Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia Relations Armenia -- Azerbaijan Russia -- Ukraine National selections Current Albania Armenia Belarus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Moldova Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Former Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Estonia Finland Greece Ellinikós Telikós Eurosong - A MAD Show Ireland The Late Late Show You 're a Star Israel Latvia Eirodziesma Dziesma Lithuania Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Serbia and Montenegro Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Video Contest OGAE Second Chance Contest Barbara Dex Award Television and concerts Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe Kvalifikacija za Millstreet Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Best of Eurovision Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits Category Portal `` The template below ( Ancient Greece topics ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Category Portal Second Journey of Paul the Apostle 1 . Cilicia 2 . Derbe 3 . Lystra 4 . Phrygia 5 . Galatia 6 . Mysia ( Alexandria Troas ) 7 . Samothrace 8 . Neapolis 9 . Philippi 9 . Amphipolis 10 . Apollonia 11 . Thessalonica 12 . Beroea 13 . Athens 14 . Corinth 15 . Cenchreae 16 . Ephesus 17 . Syria 18 . Caesarea 19 . Jerusalem 20 . Antioch Mediterranean Games Alexandria 1951 Barcelona 1955 Beirut 1959 Naples 1963 Tunis 1967 İzmir 1971 Algiers 1975 Split 1979 Casablanca 1983 Latakia 1987 Athens 1991 Languedoc - Roussillon 1993 Bari 1997 Tunis 2001 Almeria 2005 Pescara 2009 Mersin 2013 Tarragona 2018 Oran 2021 BNF : cb11936474k ( data ) GND : 4003366 - 1 LCCN : n79018143 NARA : 10044351 NDL : 00628091 VIAF : 131280462 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athens&oldid=843524766 '' Categories : Athens Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Greece Archaeological sites in Attica Capitals in Europe City - states Greek prefectural capitals Greek regional capitals Populated coastal places in Greece Populated places established in the 5th century BC Populated places in Ancient Greece Populated places in Central Athens ( regional unit ) Roman sites in Greece Tourism in Greece Hidden categories : CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 CS1 uses Greek - language script ( el ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles with short description Articles containing Greek - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles to be expanded from January 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Requests for audio pronunciation ( Greek ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली ГӀалгӀай Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 194 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 18 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was athens made the capital of greece | [
"Athens became the capital of Greece in 1834, following Nafplion, which was the provisional capital from 1829. The municipality (City) of Athens is also the capital of the Attica region. The term Athens can refer either to the municipality of Athens, to Greater Athens, or to the entire Athens Urban Area."
] | [
"1834"
] |
-4871329359856517406 | Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb | Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - wikipedia Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Jump to : navigation , search Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by David Guion Michael Handelman Story by Mark Friedman David Guion Michael Handelman Based on Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Starring Ben Stiller Robin Williams Owen Wilson Dan Stevens Ben Kingsley Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Dean Zimmerman Production company 21 Laps Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $127 million Box office $363.2 million Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman . It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The film stars Ben Stiller , Robin Williams , Owen Wilson , Dan Stevens and Ben Kingsley . It is the third and final installment of the Night at the Museum trilogy . In Secret of the Tomb , security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah , an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life , before the magic disappears . Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London , England and British Columbia , Canada . The film premiered on December 11 , 2014 , at New York City 's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19 , 2014 . Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office . This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams , who died four months before the film 's release , and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney , who died before principal photography was finished . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1938 Egypt , a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah , including a young Cecil Fredericks , finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah . The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic . In present day New York City , Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History . He and the exhibits , brought to life each night by the tablet , help re-open the Hayden Planetarium . A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced , identifying Larry as his father . Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding , which later causes the exhibits to act erratically , causing mayhem at the planetarium 's reopening . Afterwards , Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party , who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life . Larry reunites with Cecil , now in retirement , who realises the end of the tablet 's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless . Cecil explains Ahkmenrah 's parents , Merenkahre and Shepseheret , may be able to restore the tablet 's power , but are located in the British Museum . Larry convinces the museum 's curator , Dr. McPhee , to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet , convinced that McPhee knows its secrets . Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum , bypassing the night guard Tilly . To Larry 's surprise , Theodore Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila the Hun , Jedediah , Octavius , Dexter the capuchin monkey , and Laaa have come as well . Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum , the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life . They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton . Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft , but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter . The group find Ahkmenrah 's parents , learning the tablet 's power can be regenerated by moonlight , since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu . Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it , leaving to find Camelot . Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape , Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly , but they become attracted to each other . Lancelot crashes a performance of the Camelot musical , starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere , but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof , where the New York exhibits begin to die . Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back . The moonlight restores the tablet 's power , saving the exhibits . They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents , even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life . Back in New York , Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise . Three years later , Larry now works as a teacher , and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York . Tilly becomes the new night guard , and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee , showing him its power , and allowing the exhibits to awaken again . Outside , Larry watches them party inside . Cast ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry . Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States . Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy diorama miniature . Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier miniature . Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the director of the Museum of Natural History . Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps , the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History . Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table . Rebel Wilson as Tilly , the night security guard at the British Museum . Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh . Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns . Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend . Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah 's father . Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks , a retired security guard from the first film . Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks Mickey Rooney as Gus , a retired security guard from the first film . Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a retired security guard from the first film . Andrea Martin as Rose , an archivist at the Museum of Natural History . Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks , C.J. 's father in the prologue . Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley , an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue . Anjali Jay as Shepseheret , the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah . Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a Capuchin monkey . Hugh Jackman as Himself ( uncredited ) Alice Eve as Herself ( uncredited ) Voices ( edit ) Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact . Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head . Regina Taufen as New York Reporter . Production ( edit ) On January 21 , 2010 , co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` I think it 's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact . I wonder if someone 's not even already working on a script for that . I can not confirm that for a fact , but I can not deny it for a fact either ... It might be in the works . '' In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Stiller confirmed the sequel , however , he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage '' . In February 2013 it was announced that the film , directed by Shawn Levy , would be released on December 25 , 2014 . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014 . On November 8 , 2013 , actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot . On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley . On December 18 , 2013 , it was announced that Stiller , Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum . On January 14 , 2014 , the film 's release date was moved up from December 25 , 2014 , to December 19 , 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum . Principal photography and production began on January 27 , 2014 . On May 6 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In May 2014 , principal photography ended . Music ( edit ) Alan Silvestri returns to score the final installment of the trilogy . Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 56 : 52 Label Varese Sarabande Track listing ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6 , 2015 . All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Ahkmenrah Expedition '' 3 : 34 2 . `` Performance Prep '' 2 : 02 3 . `` LOL '' 2 : 22 4 . `` The Grand Re-Opening '' 3 : 13 5 . `` The End Will Come '' 2 : 19 6 . `` Sneak And Greet '' 3 : 25 7 . `` Sir Lancelot '' 3 : 33 8 . `` Where Are Jed And Octavius ? '' 2 : 50 9 . `` Main Hall '' 3 : 24 10 . `` Xiangliu '' 3 : 46 11 . `` Male Bonding '' 2 : 15 12 . `` The Legend Of The Tablet '' 3 : 11 13 . `` The Escher Fight '' 3 : 45 14 . `` Camelot '' 3 : 49 15 . `` The Quest '' 2 : 35 16 . `` Seeing Your Boy Become A Man '' 3 : 14 17 . `` Laaa Love '' 1 : 53 18 . `` A Farewell Kiss '' 2 : 40 19 . `` Teddy 's Goodbye '' 3 : 02 Total length : 56 : 52 Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11 , 2014 . It was then released on December 19 , 2014 in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America , and $249.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million . In North America , early analysts were predicting a potential $25 -- $28 million opening . In North America , the film was released on December 19 , 2014 across 3,785 theaters . It opened Friday , December 19 , 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day , placing at number three at the box office . The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend , earning $17.1 million , which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ( $30.4 million ) and its sequel ( $54.1 million ) . The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . According to 20th Century Fox , the movie 's audience was 51 % male , with 54 % of the audience under the age of 25 . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' , on an A+ to F scale . The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend , debuting at # 3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar . The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million . It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million , primarily because of China , where it opened at # 1 with $26 million . The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ( $5.85 million ) , Brazil ( $3.1 million ) , Malaysia ( $3.07 million ) , the UK ( $3 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Germany ( $2.1 million ) and Singapore ( $2 million ) . For the weekend of January 16 , 2015 , the film grossed $17.8 million , which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a 48 % approval rating , based on 104 reviews , with an average score of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While not without its moments , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a less - than - inspired sendoff for the trilogy . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review , praising the visual effects and calling the production values `` topnotch '' , and admiring Guillermo Navarro 's work . He added , `` A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus ' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family - entertainment juggernaut ... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises , but should add much holiday cheer to Fox 's box - office coffers . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said , `` The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum ' trilogy ' turns out to be a good - natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy . '' Glenn Kenny awarded the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed - set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said , `` As talent - packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be -- in this third installment ... -- one does n't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody 's best work . Or at least one certainly should n't , because it wo n't materialize . '' Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying `` The third installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb may be the best , and even the generally wound - too - tight Ben Stiller - once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard - is easy to tolerate . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced , this outing feels breezier , more enjoyable and less contrived . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` There 's a serenity to museum visits , especially if it 's a place you know and love . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , amazingly , recaptures that feeling in big - studio franchise form . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair , a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion . '' Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` It 's kind of fun , unembarrassingly , and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B , saying `` There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly . But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert . '' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Seeing Ben Stiller , the late Robin Williams , and their magically roused gang together again , this time in London , is initially all about indulgent , nostalgic smiles rather than new wows . But then comes the movie 's exceptionally clever and fresh final act , which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly , with its heart in the past ... It 's an exciting opening , and perhaps too exciting for the film 's own good . It 's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time - honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum , the creaky Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying `` Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes , pop - culture references , and father - son bonding moments . In other words , it 's exactly the kind of film that should n't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts -- but what a movie it could be if it did . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` For piquing kids ' interest in history and nature , you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise . But its third installment is more meh than manic , too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors . You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five , saying `` The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny . The special effects are often so 1980s - bad , one wonders if it was a deliberate choice , to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers . Time and again , terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand , helpless against the sucking sound of this movie . '' Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art , but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise , is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won Home media ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 10 , 2015 . The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM : SECRET OF THE TOMB ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` Rebel Wilson Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` ' Downton Abbey 's Dan Stevens Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' As Lancelot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen . `` Skyler Gisondo Set For ' Night At The Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Ben Kingsley Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raring to go ! A grinning Mickey Rooney , 93 , is pushed through airport in wheelchair as he arrives in Canada to film Night At The Museum 3 '' . Dailymail.co.uk . January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night At The Museum 3 ' In The Works '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller Reveals ' Zoolander ' Sequel Secrets ; Future of the Fockers and What He Thinks of ' Tower Heist ' Co-Star Eddie Murphy as Oscar Host '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Shawn Levy Returns to Direct NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM 3 for December 25 , 2014 Release ; THE MAZE RUNNER Set to Open February 14 , 2014 '' . Collider . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night At The Museum 3 ' In The Works Access Hollywood - Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Gervais Reprising In ' Night At The Museum 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Fox Sets Date For ' Planet of the Apes ' Project , Moves Romancer ' The Longest Ride ' Away From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' ; ' Night At the Museum ' Now Head to Head With ' The Hobbit ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ben Kingsley Joining Shawn Levy 's Night at the Museum 3 '' . Comingsoon.net . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 1 / 27 / 14 : Universal 's ' Ouija ' Wraps , ' Night At The Museum 3 ′ Starts For 20th Century Fox `` Studio System News '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet on set ! Ben Stiller and Robin Williams are joined by former Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens as they film Night At The Museum 3 in London '' . DailyMail.com . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller 's Third Franchise Adventure is Now Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams leaves behind four upcoming films '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . movie-wave.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' Soundtrack Details '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night At The Museum : Secret Of The Tomb Soundtrack List Movie ( 2014 '' . songonlyrics.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller , ' Night at the Museum ' Cast Remember Robin Williams - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Trailer # 2 : Do n't Let the Magic Die '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Finale Opens Strong with $24.5 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Forecast ( cont . ) : ' Night at the Museum , ' ' Annie ' Open Ahead of Christmas Holiday '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Widest Releases '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Hobbit ' Wakes Up Auds ; ' Annie ' Arm Wrestling Ben Stiller For No. 2 -- Friday B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Rules Them All With $90.6 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : Final ' Night at the Museum ' Narrowly Tops ' Annie ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deadline.com reported slightly different opening figures : $10.93 million from 29 international markets . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Rules While Chinese , Indian And French Films Make Noise : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit ' Finale Soars To $355 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Exodus ' Lead XMas Frame ; Euro , Korea Pics Boom Locally : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Strong Weekend For Fox , Clint Eastwood At International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Passes $500 M ; ' American Sniper ' , ' Taken 3 ′ Skillful : Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Taken ' Repeats , ' Hobbit ' Hits $800 Million '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb review -- surreal panto fantasy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Rogererbert.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Night at the Museum Movies Are Better Than Critics Say '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Third ' Night at the Museum ' is breezy , bittersweet fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , ' movie review '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Night at the Museum : Tomb ' doomed by ennui '' . The Arizona Republic . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Long , The Detroit News ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' is family - friendly fun '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' review : Bury it '' . Newark Star - Ledger . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Russo ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' sequel shakes off the dust '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , review : ' so much fun ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Rechtshaffen . `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The creepy Night At The Museum series comes to a close with Secret Of The Tomb '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Night at the Museum ' is a bit musty '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Please do not touch '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Drew Hunt ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' '' . Zap2it . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games ' Fends Off ' Night at the Museum ' on Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb on IMDb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at Box Office Mojo Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum:_Secret_of_the_Tomb&oldid=799280198 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 1492 Pictures films 21 Laps Entertainment films American films American adventure comedy films American sequel films British Museum Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Fantasy adventure films Film scores by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films directed by Shawn Levy Films set in 1938 Films set in 2014 Films set in Egypt Films set in London Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in London IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Performance capture in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 19 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played lady guinevere in night at the museum 3 | [
"Lancelot crashes a performance of the Camelot musical, starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere, but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof, where the New York exhibits begin to die. Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back. The moonlight restores the tablet’s power, saving the exhibits. They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents, even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life. Back in New York, Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise."
] | [
"Alice Eve"
] |
-5322418936335654930 | Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show) | Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) - Wikipedia Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) This article is about the original UK version . For the international franchise , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Titlecard for the 2018 , 20th Anniversary series of Who Wants to be a Millionaire Created by David Briggs Steve Knight Mike Whitehill Presented by Chris Tarrant Jeremy Clarkson Theme music composer Keith Strachan Matthew Strachan Nick Magnus ( 2007 -- 14 ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 31 No. of episodes 599 ( as of 11 May 2018 ) Production Producer ( s ) David Briggs Production location ( s ) Elstree Studios ( 1998 -- 2014 ) MediaCityUK ( 2018 -- present ) Running time 30 -- 75 minutes Production company ( s ) Celador ( 1998 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- 10 ) Victory Television ( 2011 -- 14 ) Stellify Media ( 2018 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ITV Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1998 -- 99 ) 16 : 9 ( 1999 -- 2014 , 2018 -- present ) Original release Original series : 4 September 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 04 ) -- 11 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) Revived series : 5 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 05 ) -- Present External links Website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? is a British quiz show , created and produced by David Briggs , and made for the ITV network . The show 's format , devised by Briggs , sees contestants taking on multiple - choice questions , based upon general knowledge , winning a cash prize for each question they answer correctly , with the amount offered increasing as they take on more difficult questions . To assist each contestant who takes part , they are given three lifelines to use , may walk away with the money they already have won if they wish not to risk answering a question , and are provided with a safety net that grants them a guaranteed cash prize if they give an incorrect answer , provided they reach a specific milestone in the quiz . The original series aired for 30 series and a total of 592 episodes , from 4 September 1998 to 11 February 2014 , and was presented by Chris Tarrant . Over the course of its run , the original series had around five contestants walk away with the top cash prize of £ 1 million , and faced a number of controversies during its run , including an attempt to defraud the show of its top prize by a contestant . The original format of the programme was tweaked in later years , changing the number of questions from fifteen to twelve and altering the payout structure as a result , and later incorporating a time limit . Four years after the original series ended , ITV unveiled a revived series , created by Stellify Media , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme . The revived format , based upon the original design , was presented by Jeremy Clarkson , and broadcast in 2018 , from 5 to 11 May . The gameshow became one of the most significant shows in British popular culture , ranking 23rd in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes . Its success led to the programme being exported to many other countries , all of which follow the same general format , though with some versions including unique differences in gameplay and lifelines provided . Contents 1 History 1.1 Creation 1.2 Original series 1.3 Revival 1.4 Top prize winners 2 Format 2.1 Auditioning 2.2 Game Rules 2.3 Lifelines 3 Series overview 4 Text game ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 5 Controversies 5.1 Incorrect answer to question accepted 5.2 Schedule rigging allegation 5.3 Ambiguous question 5.4 Ingram cheating scandal 5.5 Phone - a-Friend 6 References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) UK presenters of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Chris Tarrant ( 1998 -- 2014 ) Jeremy Clarkson ( 2018 - ) Creation ( edit ) The creation of the game show was led by David Briggs , assisted by Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight , who had helped him before with creating a number of promotional games for Chris Tarrant 's morning show on Capital FM radio . The basic premise for the show was a twist on the conventional game - show genre of the time , with a focus towards the setup used in radio quizzes , in that the programme would have one contestant taking on the game and answering questions , but with the ability to pull out at any time , to have certain points in the quiz where , once passed , they could have a set prize given to them if they should give a wrong answer , and be provided with special forms of assistance during their game . During the design phase , the show was given the working title of `` Cash Mountain '' , before Briggs decided upon using the name of the song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society , as the show 's finalised title . After presenting their idea to ITV , the broadcaster gave the green - light for production to begin on a series . The set designed for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley , who focused the design towards making contestants feel uncomfortable , creating an atmosphere of tension similar to movie thriller . The design was in stark contrast to the design of sets made for more typical game shows , which are designed to make contestants feel more at ease . Walmsley 's design feature a central stage made primarily with Plexiglas , with a huge dish underneath covered in mirror paper , onto which two slightly - modified , 3 foot ( 0.91 m ) - high Pietranera Arco All chairs were chosen for use by both the contestant and the host , each having an LG computer monitor directly facing each that would be used to display questions and other pertinent information . The rest of the set featured seating spaced out around the main stage in a circle , with breaks in them to allow movement of people on and off the set . The lighting rig used for the set was designed so as to allow only the lights to switch from illuminating the entire set , to focusing on the host and contestant on the main stage when a game was underway , but to include special lighting effects when the contestant reached higher cash prize amounts . His overall conception would eventually prove to be a success , becoming one of the most reproduced scenic designs in television history . The music provided for the show was composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . The Strachans ' composition for the game show helped with Briggs ' tense game design , by providing the necessary drama and tension . Unlike other game show musical scores , the music provided for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was designed to be played throughout the entire episode of the show . The Strachans main theme for the game show was inspired from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets . For the main game of the show , the pair designed the music to feature three variations , with the second and third compositions focused on emphasising the increased tension of the game - as a contestant made progress to higher cash amounts , the pitch of the music was increased by a semitone for each subsequent question . On Game Show Network 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart '' , and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder , the music is `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse '' . Original series ( edit ) With the show created , ITV assigned Chris Tarrant as its host , and set its premiere to 4 September 1998 . The programme was assigned a timeslot of one hour , to provide room for three commercial breaks , with episodes produced by production company Celador . Originally , the show was broadcast on successive evening for around ten days , before the network modified its broadcast schedule to air it within a primetime slot on Saturday evenings , with occasional broadcasts on Tuesday evenings . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? proved a ratings hit , pulling in average viewing figures of up to 19 million during its broadcast in 1999 , though such figures often occurred when the programme was allocated to a half - hour timeslot ; by 2003 , the viewing figures declined to an average of around 8 million viewers . Over the course of his time presenting the game show , Tarrant developed a number of notable catchphrases , including `` Is that your final answer ? '' , and `` But we do n't want to give you that '' , with the latter often used to emphasise his wish to see contestants continue on and win more money . Since its launch , several individuals made claims over the origins of the format or elements of it , with each accusing Celador of breaching their copyrights . In three cases , the matters could not be proven by the claimants - in 2002 , Mike Bull , a Southampton - based journalist , was given an out - of - court settlement when he claimed the authorship of lifelines was his work , though with a confidentiality clause attached ; in 2003 , Sydney resident John J. Leonard made claims in that the show 's format was based on one he had made of a similar nature , but without the concept of lifelines ; in 2004 , Alan Melville was given an out - of - court settlement after he claimed that the opening phrase `` Who wants to be a millionaire ? '' had been taken from document he sent to Granada Television , concerning his idea for a game show based on the lottery . One of most significant claims Celador received against them was from John Bachini . In 2002 , he started legal proceedings against the production company , ITV , and five individuals who had claimed they had created Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , stating that the idea from the show was taken from several elements he had created - a board game format he conceived in 1981 ; a two - page TV format , known as Millionaire , made in 1990 ; and the telephone mechanics for a TV concept he created in 1990 , BT Lottery . In his claim , Bachini stated that he submitted documents for his TV concepts to Paul Smith , from a sister company of Celador 's , in March 1995 and again in January 1996 , and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV , also in January 1996 , accusing both of using roughly 90 % of the format for Millionaire in the pilot for the game show , including the use of twenty questions , lifelines and safety nets , although the lifelines were conceived under different names - Bachini claimed that he never coined the phrase `` phone - a-friend '' that Briggs designed in his format . In response to this claim , Celdaor made a counter-claim that the franchise originated from the basic format idea conceived by Briggs . The defendants in the claim took Bachini to a summary hearing , but lost their right to have his claim dismissed . Although Bachini won the right to go to trial , he was unable to after the hearing due to serious illness . Celador eventually settled the matter with him out - of - court . In March 2006 , Celador began procedures to sell the format of the show and all UK episodes , as part of their first step towards the sale of their formats divisions . The purchase of both assets was made by Dutch company 2waytraffic , which were then passed on to Sony Pictures Entertainment in 2008 when it acquired 2waytraffic . As the original series progress , variations of the format were created , and screened as special episodes , including celebrity editions , games featuring couples as contestants , and episodes themed around special events such as Mother 's Day . From April 2011 , only celebrity contestants appeared on the show , in special live editions that coincided with holidays , events and other notable moments , such as the end of a school term . However , in 2012 , three special episodes , entitled `` The People Play '' , were broadcast for three consecutive nights between 9 and 11 July . They featured standard contestants , with viewers at home allowed to play along . The special was used three more times in 2013 , once on 7 May , and twice more on 21 May , before the special 's format was discontinued . On 22 October 2013 , Tarrant announced that after fifteen years of hosting the programme , he would be leaving Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , which consequently led ITV to axe the programme once his contract was finished ; no more specials would be filmed after this announcement , leaving only those made before it to be aired as the final episodes . After a few more celebrity editions of the game show , Tarrant hosted his final episode , a clip show entitled `` Chris ' Final Answer '' , aired on 11 February 2014 . Revival ( edit ) In 2018 , ITV revived the show for a new series , as part of its 20th anniversary commemorations of the programme . On 23 February , the broadcast put out a casting call for contestants who would appear on the game show . On 9 March , Jeremy Clarkson was confirmed as the new host of the show . On 13 April , the trailer for the revival premiered on ITV and confirmed that the show would return in May for a week long run , with it later confirmed on 25 April , that the show would begin airing from 5 May and finish 11 May . The revival received mostly positive reviews from critics and fans . Top prize winners ( edit ) Over the course of the programme 's broadcast history , it has had to date five winners who managed to successfully receive its top prize of £ 1 million . They include : Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel , a cash - strapped garden designer at the time . On 20 November 2000 , she became the first contestant to win the top prize , and is to date the only woman to have received it in the British original . Following her success , Keppel later went onto become part of team of quiz experts for the BBC game show , Eggheads . David Edwards , a former physics teacher of Cheadle High School and Denstone College in Staffordshire . On 21 April 2001 , he became the first man to win the top prize . Following his success , Edwards went on to compete in both series of Are You an Egghead ? , in 2008 and 2009 respectively , but failed to win either series and secure a place as a panellist on Eggheads . Robert Kempe Brydges , an Oxford - educated banker from Holland Park , London . On 29 September 2001 , he became the third person to win the show 's top prize . Pat Gibson , a multiple world champion Irish quiz player . On 24 April 2004 , he became the fourth person to win the top prize , and is the only person in the show 's history to reach the final question with two lifelines still intact . Ingram Wilcox , a British quiz enthusiast . On 23 September 2006 , he became the fifth person to win the top prize , and is to date , the most recent person to answer the show 's final question . Format ( edit ) Auditioning ( edit ) Members of the public wishing to apply for the game show are provided with four options to choose form - calling / texting a premium - rate number ; submitting an application via the show 's ITV website , using a system of £ 1 `` credits '' ; taking part in a casting audition , held at various locations around the UK . Once an application is made , production staff select an episode 's contestants through a combination of random selection , and a potential contestant 's ability to answer a set of test questions based on general knowledge . Game rules ( edit ) A contestant being asked a question about pop music on the show . Once a contestant has auditioned for a part on the programme and filming takes place , they undertake a preliminary round entitled `` Fastest Finger First '' - the group of contestants seeking a chance to take on the main game of the show , must answer a single question correctly , but do so faster than their opponents . Initially , the round required contestants to provide the correct answer to a question , but from the second series onwards , they are tasked with putting four answers in the correct order stated within the question ( i.e. earliest to latest ) . The contestant who answers a question correctly and in the fastest time , moves on towards playing the main game ; in the event that no - one answers the question correctly , a new question is given , while if two or more contestants give the correct answer in the same amount of time , they undergo a tiebreaker question to determine who takes on the main game . This round is primarily used to determine the new contestant for the main game , and can often be used more than once in an episode . After completing the preliminary round , the contestant now begins taking on the main game , tackling a series of increasingly difficult question , which offering increasingly high sums of money , up to the top prize of £ 1 million . The questions they undertake are randomly chosen from list of generated questions based on general knowledge , with each consisting of four answers to choose from . While undertaking questions , the contestant is allowed to use a set of lifelines to provide them assistance with a question at any time , and two safety nets - if a contestant gets a question wrong , but had reached a designated cash value during their game , they left with that amount as their prize . Unlike other game shows , if a contestant is unsure about a question they are facing , they are allowed to leave the game at that point with the cash amount they had managed to win by that stage . While the initial questions are generally easy , the subsequent ones after it require the contestant to confirm that their answer / decision is final by the host , at which point it is locked in and can not be reversed . As a rule , the host is not shown the correct answer , until a contestant has given their answer . If an episode is reaching the end of its allotted , an audio cue is triggered to highlight this ; contestants still playing the main game are left to wait until filming for the next episode begins to continue , though this is not the case for special editions of the show , such as celebrity episodes . Over the course of the show 's history on British television , the format of the programme was altered in a number of aspects , mainly towards the setup of questions and the payout structure used in the game show , along with minor tweaks and changes in other aspects : Between 1998 and 2007 , the format focused on contestants answering 15 questions , with two safety nets placed at £ 1,000 and £ 32,000 respectively , and the use of three standard lifelines . The payout structure during these years was focused as follows : £ 100 - > £ 200 - > £ 300 - > £ 500 - > £ 1,000 - > £ 2,000 - > £ 4,000 - > £ 8,000 - > £ 16,000 - > £ 32,000 - > £ 64,000 - > £ 125,000 - > £ 250,000 - > £ 500,000 - > £ 1,000,000 Between 2007 and 2014 , the number of questions was reduced to 12 . This alteration led to the second safety net being assigned to a new cash value , £ 50,000 , and the payout structure being changed as a result : £ 500 - > £ 1,000 - > £ 2,000 - > £ 5,000 - > £ 10,000 - > £ 20,000 - > £ 50,000 - > £ 75,000 - > £ 150,000 - > £ 250,000 - > £ 500,000 - > £ 1,000,000 In 2010 , the format was further changed in three factors . The first was the discontinuation of the preliminary round , meaning new contestants were selected by production staff before a new run of the main game was played . The second was the inclusion of a fourth lifeline . The third was adoption of the time - limit format from the US version , but with some differences - the time limit was active for the first seven questions - 15 seconds for the first two questions , and 30 seconds for the other five - and if a contestant ran out of time , it was treated as an incorrect answer and thus affected their winnings , though time was briefly paused when a lifeline is used by the contestant . For the revived series in 2018 , the format returned to that used between 1998 -- 2007 , including the payout structure , but with one noticeable difference . Apart from the use of a brand new , fourth lifeline , the series included a new rule in which upon reaching £ 1,000 , the contestant would be asked before each subsequent question if they would like to set the cash prize for that question as their second safety net , with it offered up to £ 500,000 . Lifelines ( edit ) During a contestant 's game , they may make use of a set of lifelines to provide assistance on a question . Throughout the course of the show 's history , these lifelines involve the following : 50 / 50 : Two random incorrect answers are eliminated , leaving the correct answer and one incorrect answer , thus granting the contestant a 50 / 50 chance of answering a question correctly . Phone a Friend : The contestant calls one of their friends , and has 30 seconds to read the question and the possible answers to them . The friend uses the leftover time to offer an answer . Since 2018 , a member of the production team accompanies the friend to prevent cheating . Ask the Audience : Audience members use keypads to vote on what they believe to be the correct answer to the question . The percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant , after this vote . Switch ( 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 14 ) : The computer replaces one question with another of the same monetary value . Any lifelines already used on the original question are not reinstated . From 2010 to 2014 , this lifeline was earned after the contestant answered seven questions correctly . Ask the Host ( 2018 ) : The contestant asks the host to help provide an answer on a question . No time limit is associated with the lifeline , while , in addition to standard rules , the host has no contact with outside sources to help them . Series overview ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes 4 September 1998 25 December 1998 11 1 January 1999 13 January 1999 13 5 March 1999 16 March 1999 12 3 September 1999 14 September 1999 13 5 5 November 1999 26 December 1999 18 6 16 January 2000 22 January 2000 7 7 26 March 2000 1 May 2000 13 8 7 September 2000 6 January 2001 55 9 8 January 2001 26 April 2001 45 10 4 September 2001 29 December 2001 43 11 5 January 2002 9 April 2002 55 12 31 August 2002 28 December 2002 19 13 4 January 2003 31 May 2003 21 14 30 August 2003 27 December 2003 21 15 3 January 2004 5 June 2004 23 16 18 September 2004 25 December 2004 16 17 1 January 2005 11 June 2005 24 18 17 September 2005 31 December 2005 11 19 7 January 2006 8 July 2006 27 20 9 September 2006 6 January 2007 13 21 10 March 2007 28 July 2007 17 22 18 August 2007 30 October 2007 11 23 1 January 2008 3 June 2008 19 24 16 August 2008 31 January 2009 18 25 13 June 2009 20 December 2009 20 26 13 April 2010 8 June 2010 8 27 3 August 2010 23 December 2010 11 28 2 April 2011 19 December 2011 6 29 3 January 2012 20 December 2012 11 30 1 January 2013 11 February 2014 11 31 5 May 2018 11 May 2018 7 Text game ( 2004 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) On 23 October 2004 the show included a new feature called the `` Walkaway Text Game '' . The competition was offered to viewers at home to play the text game where they had to answer the question , if a contestant decided to walk home with the cash prize they have got , by choosing the letters ' A , B , C or D ' within 30 seconds to a specific mobile number . The viewer who answered the question won £ 1,000 by having their entries selected randomly . On 9 September 2006 , there were some changes . The competition stayed the same but this time , they played it before some commercial breaks . A question to which the contestant had given their final answer , but the correct answer had not yet been revealed , was offered as a competition to viewers . Entry was via SMS text message at a cost of £ 1 per entry , and the competition ran through the commercial break , after which the answer was revealed and the game continued . One viewer who answered the question correctly won £ 1,000 . The text game ended on 28 July 2007 . Controversies ( edit ) Incorrect answer to question accepted ( edit ) In March 1999 , the Daily Mirror published a report that accused the show of allowing a contestant , Tony Kennedy , to win a question by giving an incorrect answer . During Kennedy 's game , when he had reached the £ 64,000 question , he was asked `` Theoretically , what is the minimum number of strokes with which a tennis player can win a set ? '' , and given four possible answers - twelve , twenty four , thirty six , and forty eight . Kennedy calculated that a player would need four shots to win a game , with six games in a set , giving an answer of twenty four , but the newspaper reported that this was incorrect , stating that a tennis player could win a game without playing a shot - if their opponent double - faulted on every serve , and the player aced each of their own serves , it would allow them to win with just 12 strokes . Based on their findings , the production staff acknowledged the mistake and apologised for it , but allowed Kennedy to keep the prize money he won by the end of his game . Schedule rigging allegation ( edit ) When Judith Keppel 's victory as the first UK jackpot winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was announced by ITV on the day of that the corresponding episode was to be broadcast , several allegations were made that Celador had rigged the show to spoil the BBC 's expected high ratings for the finale of One Foot in the Grave . Richard Wilson , the lead star on the sitcom , was quoted in particular for saying that the broadcaster had `` planned '' the win , adding `` it seems a bit unfair to take the audience away from Victor 's last moments on earth . '' David Renwick , writer of the sitcom , voiced annoyance that the episode would draw away interest from the sitcom 's finale , believing that a leaked press release on ITV 's announcement had been `` naked opportunism '' , and it `` would have been more honorable to let the show go out in the normal way '' , pointing out that it `` killed off any element of tension or surprise in their own programme '' , but that `` television is all about ratings '' . Richard Webber 's account , in his 2006 book , cites `` unnamed BBC sources '' as those who `` questioned the authenticity of Keppel 's victory '' . The allegations in turn led to eleven viewers making complaints against the quiz show , of a similar nature , to the Independent Television Commission ( ITC ) . In response , ITV expressed distress to the allegations , claiming that it `` undermined viewers ' faith in the programme . '' Leslie Hill , the chairman of ITV , wrote to Sir Christopher Bland , the chairman of the Board of Governors of the BBC , to complain about the issue . The corporation apologised , saying that any suggestion of ' rigging ' `` did not represent the official view of the BBC '' , while the ITC 's investigation cleared the programme of any wrongdoing . Ambiguous question ( edit ) On 11 February 2006 , celebrity couple Laurence Llewelyn - Bowen and his wife Jackie took on the game show to raise money for their chosen charity - The Shooting Star Children 's Hospice . Having reached the final question of the quiz , they were asked `` Translated from the Latin , what is the motto of the United States ? '' , to which the Bowens answered with `` In God , We Trust '' , only to learn that the question 's correct answer was `` One Out of Many '' - the English translation for the Latin E pluribus unum . However , Celador later admitted that the question had been ambiguous and not fair to the pair - although E pluribus unum is considered the de facto motto of the United States , it was never legally declared as such ; In God , We Trust is the official motto of the country since 1956 , although it is not translated from any form of Latin . Following this revelation , the production company invited the Bowens back to tackle a new question , with their original winnings reinstated ; the couple chose not to risk the new question , and left with £ 500,000 for their charity . Ingram cheating scandal ( edit ) Main article : Charles Ingram - Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? scandal Charles Ingram and his wife Diana . Both had previously made appearances on the show , before Charles ' controversial game in September 2001 . In September 2001 , British Army Major Charles Ingram became a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , joined by his wife Diana , and a close friend and college lecturer , Tecwen Whittock . After the first day of filming , the group devised a scheme that would allow Ingram to win the £ 1 million cash prize when he returned for the second day of recording , on 10 September - for each question he faced , the correct answer would be signalled to Ingram by a cough made by Whittock ; Ingram would differentiate the way he received this to avoid making the scheme too obvious , such as reading aloud all four answers , or dismissing an answer and then choosing it again later . Although the scheme proved successful , by the time he had reached the final questions , production staff off - stage had become suspicious over the amount of background noise being made by Whittock 's coughing , while noting that Ingram seemed to show no specialist knowledge of any subjects he faced with each question . After the second day of recording ended , the production staff ordered an immediate investigation on the grounds that cheating had occurred , suspending the broadcast of both episodes that had been filmed . Ingram was subsequently informed that he was being investigated for cheating and would not receive his winnings . While reviewing the recording , production staff began to see a pattern between Whittock 's coughing , and Ingram 's unusual behaviour when he answered questions ; at one point , they noticed Ingram gave an answer when Diana had coughed after he read it aloud . By this point , Celador was convinced that cheating had occurred , and the matter was handed over to police . Both the Ingrams and Whittock were charged with `` procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception '' , and taken to Southwark Crown Court in 2003 . During the four - week long trial , the Prosecution provided evidence towards the charges , which included a recording of Ingram 's second day on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , pager telephone records for a previous scheme the group intended to use , before deeming it too complicated - a system of four pagers intended to be hidden on Ingram 's body , in which a pager 's vibrations signalled the correct answer - and testimony from one of the production staff and a `` Fastest Finger '' contestant attending the recording , Larry Whitehurst . Although the Defence provided evidence claiming Whittock 's coughing was a result of dust allergies and a hay fever he was suffering from , and Whittock himself testified against the accusations , the Prosecution refuted these claims with their evidence , including footage that showed Whittock stopped coughing when he became a contestant after Ingram . On 7 April 2003 , the group were found guilty , with all three given suspended prison sentences and fines , with the Ingrams later ordered to pay legal costs within two months of the trial 's conclusion . On 24 July 2003 , the British Army ordered Charles Ingram to resign his commission as a Major , in the wake of the trial . In the aftermath of the trial , the scandal became the subject of a documentary entitled Millionaire : A Major Fraud , presented by Martin Bashir and broadcast on 21 April 2003 , with a follow - up two weeks later entitled Millionaire : The Final Answer . The documentary featured excerpts from the recording that had been enhanced for the Ingrams ' trial , footage of the actions made by Ingram 's wife in the audience , and interviews with production staff and some of the contestants who had been present during the recording . None of the defendants in the case took part , with Ingram later describing Major Fraud and a subsequent programme of the matter , shown on ITV2 , as `` one of the greatest TV editing con tricks in history '' . Chess grandmaster James Plaskett later wrote an essay arguing in favour of the group 's innocence ; journalists Bob Woffinden , and Jon Ronson , each wrote a piece influenced by this essay , with Woffinden collaborating with Plaskett on a book entitled Bad Show : The Quiz , The Cough , The Millionaire Major , published in 2015 , arguing that Ingram 's appearance on the show coinciding with Whittock 's was `` chance '' . A play based upon the events of the scandal was written by James Graham , entitled Quiz , and was performed from 3 November 2017 to 9 December 2017 , before being performed in the West End from 31 March 2018 to 16 June 2018 . Phone - a-friend ( edit ) The Phone - a-Friend lifeline provided multiple instances of controversy during the show 's run . A 2002 edition of the Daily Mail reported that many contestants had selected strangers who were `` contacts among the quizzing fraternity '' to act as their Phone - a-Friends . Specifically , game show champion Daphne Fowler was approached by a man she had not previously met and asked if she would be his lifeline in exchange for £ 200 . Fowler refused , adding : `` I thought a fair price would be a quarter of whatever the man won , so if I helped him get from £ 32,000 to £ 64,000 I would expect to get £ 16,000 . '' The man was later revealed by ITV sources not to have made it onto the programme . In March 2007 various UK newspapers reported that an organised syndicate had been getting quiz enthusiasts onto the show in return for a percentage of their winnings . The person behind the syndicate was Keith Burgess from Northern Ireland . Burgess admitted to helping around 200 contestants to appear on the show since 1999 ; he estimates those contestants to have won around £ 5,000,000 . The show producers are believed to have been aware of this operation , with Burgess stating : `` The show knows about me and these types of syndicates , but they cover it up to keep the show going . '' An earlier version of a Phone a Friend syndicate was reported in the Northampton Chronicle and Echo during 2003 . Paul Smith , the Managing Director of Celador Productions , stated : `` We are aware of Paddy Spooner and what people similar to him are doing , and we have made a priority of changing our question procedure . We are confident we have now made it impossible for anyone to manipulate the system . '' Since then , the options of people that can be called have a picture of themselves shown on - air . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? Episode 7 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN. 21 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire '' . Andy Walmsley , Production Designer . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Smurthwaite , Nick ( 21 March 2005 ) . `` Million Pound Notes : Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : A TV phenomenon '' . BBC News . 3 March 2003 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonard , John J. ( 2005 ) . `` Millionaire 2nd Edition. qxd '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Dasey ( 30 March 2003 ) . `` The show that should have made me a million '' . The Sydney Sun - Herald . Jump up ^ Birmingham Sunday Mercury , 28 August 2005 Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` New owners take on Celador International and Millionaire brand '' . toynews-online.biz . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( 4 June 2008 ) . `` Sony Pictures acquires 2waytraffic '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This summer , Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? will once again be going live , but this time with the Great British public in the hotseat ! '' . ITV . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire axed as host Chris Tarrant decided ' it was time to take a break ' '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire axed as Tarrant quits '' . u.tv . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 've loved every minute ' : An emotional Chris Tarrant bids farewell as Who Wants To Be A Millionaire bows out after 16 - years '' . Daily Mail . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . itv.com. 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson replaces Chris Tarrant on Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . BBC News . 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` ITV releases trailer for Jeremy Clarkson 's Who Wants to Be a Millionaire revival '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Charles Mosley ( ed . ) , Burke 's Peerage , Baronetage & Knightage ( London : Burke 's Peerage , 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Fourth Millionaire ' is millionaire ' '' . BBC . 27 September 2001 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Millionaire ' quiz show aims to broaden appeal '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth contestant wins ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Nadia . `` The man who won a million '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THANKS A MILLION ... WE 'RE BOTH WINNERS ; EXCLUSIVE : Couple each scoop TV prize '' . Free Online Library . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` So I phoned a friend -- part one '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Format changes ahead for ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? returns to ITV this Saturday with brand new twists '' . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110713070556/http://millionaire.itv.com/viewergame.php?howtoplay=1 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Millionaire -- Walkaway Game '' . itv.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? '' . UKGameshows.com . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Webber 2006 , p. 184 Jump up ^ `` Wilson : Millionaire win ' planned ' '' . BBC News . 22 November 2000 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire ? cleared of ratings ' fix ' '' . BBC News . 15 January 2001 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Judd , Terri ( 2 December 2000 ) . `` BBC apologises for ' Millionaire ' dirty tricks slur '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Casey & Calvert 2008 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Dyja 2002 , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : `` TV designer 's second shot at £ 1m '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 January 2006 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Charles Ingram has been found guilty of cheating his way to the top prize on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . BBC News . 7 April 2003 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire trio escape jail '' . BBC News . 8 April 2003 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2823407.stm Millionaire 's route to the top prize Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2964675.stm Millionaire cheats left ' devastated ' ^ Jump up to : Innes , John ( 7 March 2003 ) . `` Pager plot too risky for TV quiz '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Contestant ' spotted Millionaire coughs ' '' . BBC News . 11 March 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` So I phoned a friend -- part two '' . The Guardian . London . 19 April 2003 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3092357.stm Millionaire cheat sacked by Army Jump up ^ Day , Julian ( 22 April 2003 ) . `` The cough carries it off '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 22 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ronson , Jon ( 17 July 2006 ) . `` Are the Millionaire three innocent ? '' . London : The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Levi ( 17 January 2015 ) . `` ' Coughing Major ' was INNOCENT of cheating on Who Wants to be a Millionaire , says new book '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz '' . Chichester Festival Theatre . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz the Play by James Graham Official West End Website '' . 2018 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Woffinden ; Plaskett , p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Conlan , Tara ( 18 April 2002 ) . `` I 'll phone a stranger '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Phoney a Friend '' . Sunday Mirror. 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz syndicate leader denies wrongdoing '' . crewechronicle.co.uk. 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire syndicate is probed '' . northamptonchron.co.uk. 23 April 2003 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Casey , Bernadette ; Calvert , Ben ( 2008 ) . Television Studies : The Key Concepts ( 2 ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37149 - 0 . Dyja , Eddie , ed. ( 2002 ) . BFI Film and Television Handbook 2002 . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 904 - 8 . Webber , Richard ( 2006 ) . The Complete One Foot in the Grave . London : Orion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7528 - 7357 - 2 . Woffinden , Bob ; Plaskett , James ( 2015 ) . Bad Show : The Quiz , the Cough , the Millionaire Major . Bojangles Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9930755 - 2 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Television portal Official website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK ) on IMDb Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? at UKGameshows.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_(UK_game_show)&oldid=856524805 '' Categories : 1998 British television programme debuts 1990s British game shows 2000s British game shows 2010s British game shows Films shot at Elstree Studios ITV game shows Television series by Sony Pictures Television English - language television programs British television series revived after cancellation Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from April 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 21 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who want to be a millionaire winners uk | [
"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel,[18] a cash-strapped garden designer at the time. On 20 November 2000, she became the first contestant to win the top prize, and is to date the only woman to have received it in the British original. Following her success, Keppel later went onto become part of team of quiz experts for the BBC game show, Eggheads.\nDavid Edwards, a former physics teacher of Cheadle High School and Denstone College in Staffordshire. On 21 April 2001, he became the first man to win the top prize. Following his success, Edwards went on to compete in both series of Are You an Egghead?, in 2008 and 2009 respectively, but failed to win either series and secure a place as a panellist on Eggheads.\nRobert Kempe Brydges,[19] an Oxford-educated banker from Holland Park, London.[20] On 29 September 2001, he became the third person to win the show's top prize.[21][22][23][24]\nPat Gibson, a multiple world champion Irish quiz player. On 24 April 2004, he became the fourth person to win the top prize, and is the only person in the show's history to reach the final question with two lifelines still intact.\nIngram Wilcox, a British quiz enthusiast. On 23 September 2006, he became the fifth person to win the top prize, and is to date, the most recent person to answer the show's final question.",
"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel,[18] a cash-strapped garden designer at the time. On 20 November 2000, she became the first contestant to win the top prize, and is to date the only woman to have received it in the British original. Following her success, Keppel later went onto become part of team of quiz experts for the BBC game show, Eggheads.\nDavid Edwards, a former physics teacher of Cheadle High School and Denstone College in Staffordshire. On 21 April 2001, he became the first man to win the top prize. Following his success, Edwards went on to compete in both series of Are You an Egghead?, in 2008 and 2009 respectively, but failed to win either series and secure a place as a panellist on Eggheads.\nRobert Kempe Brydges,[19] an Oxford-educated banker from Holland Park, London.[20] On 29 September 2001, he became the third person to win the show's top prize.[21][22][23][24]\nPat Gibson, a multiple world champion Irish quiz player. On 24 April 2004, he became the fourth person to win the top prize, and is the only person in the show's history to reach the final question with two lifelines still intact.\nIngram Wilcox, a British quiz enthusiast. On 23 September 2006, he became the fifth person to win the top prize, and is to date, the most recent person to answer the show's final question.",
"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel,[18] a cash-strapped garden designer at the time. On 20 November 2000, she became the first contestant to win the top prize, and is to date the only woman to have received it in the British original. Following her success, Keppel later went onto become part of team of quiz experts for the BBC game show, Eggheads.\nDavid Edwards, a former physics teacher of Cheadle High School and Denstone College in Staffordshire. On 21 April 2001, he became the first man to win the top prize. Following his success, Edwards went on to compete in both series of Are You an Egghead?, in 2008 and 2009 respectively, but failed to win either series and secure a place as a panellist on Eggheads.\nRobert Kempe Brydges,[19] an Oxford-educated banker from Holland Park, London.[20] On 29 September 2001, he became the third person to win the show's top prize.[21][22][23][24]\nPat Gibson, a multiple world champion Irish quiz player. On 24 April 2004, he became the fourth person to win the top prize, and is the only person in the show's history to reach the final question with two lifelines still intact.\nIngram Wilcox, a British quiz enthusiast. On 23 September 2006, he became the fifth person to win the top prize, and is to date, the most recent person to answer the show's final question.",
"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel,[18] a cash-strapped garden designer at the time. On 20 November 2000, she became the first contestant to win the top prize, and is to date the only woman to have received it in the British original. Following her success, Keppel later went onto become part of team of quiz experts for the BBC game show, Eggheads.\nDavid Edwards, a former physics teacher of Cheadle High School and Denstone College in Staffordshire. On 21 April 2001, he became the first man to win the top prize. Following his success, Edwards went on to compete in both series of Are You an Egghead?, in 2008 and 2009 respectively, but failed to win either series and secure a place as a panellist on Eggheads.\nRobert Kempe Brydges,[19] an Oxford-educated banker from Holland Park, London.[20] On 29 September 2001, he became the third person to win the show's top prize.[21][22][23][24]\nPat Gibson, a multiple world champion Irish quiz player. On 24 April 2004, he became the fourth person to win the top prize, and is the only person in the show's history to reach the final question with two lifelines still intact.\nIngram Wilcox, a British quiz enthusiast. On 23 September 2006, he became the fifth person to win the top prize, and is to date, the most recent person to answer the show's final question.",
"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel,[18] a cash-strapped garden designer at the time. On 20 November 2000, she became the first contestant to win the top prize, and is to date the only woman to have received it in the British original. Following her success, Keppel later went onto become part of team of quiz experts for the BBC game show, Eggheads.\nDavid Edwards, a former physics teacher of Cheadle High School and Denstone College in Staffordshire. On 21 April 2001, he became the first man to win the top prize. Following his success, Edwards went on to compete in both series of Are You an Egghead?, in 2008 and 2009 respectively, but failed to win either series and secure a place as a panellist on Eggheads.\nRobert Kempe Brydges,[19] an Oxford-educated banker from Holland Park, London.[20] On 29 September 2001, he became the third person to win the show's top prize.[21][22][23][24]\nPat Gibson, a multiple world champion Irish quiz player. On 24 April 2004, he became the fourth person to win the top prize, and is the only person in the show's history to reach the final question with two lifelines still intact.\nIngram Wilcox, a British quiz enthusiast. On 23 September 2006, he became the fifth person to win the top prize, and is to date, the most recent person to answer the show's final question."
] | [
"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel",
"David Edwards",
"Robert Kempe Brydges",
"Pat Gibson",
"Ingram Wilcox"
] |
3412995836408781633 | Mesut Özil | Mesut Özil - wikipedia Mesut Özil Jump to : navigation , search Mesut Özil Özil playing for Arsenal in 2013 Full name Mesut Özil Date of birth ( 1988 - 10 - 15 ) 15 October 1988 ( age 29 ) Place of birth Gelsenkirchen , West Germany Height 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Playing position Attacking midfielder Club information Current team Arsenal Number 11 Youth career 1995 -- 1998 Westfalia 04 Gelsenkirchen 1998 -- 1999 Teutonia Schalke - Nord 1999 -- 2000 Falke Gelsenkirchen 2000 -- 2005 Rot - Weiss Essen 2005 -- 2006 Schalke 04 Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2006 -- 2008 Schalke 04 30 ( 0 ) 2008 -- 2010 Werder Bremen 71 ( 13 ) 2010 -- 2013 Real Madrid 105 ( 19 ) 2013 -- Arsenal 138 ( 27 ) National team 2006 -- 2007 Germany U19 11 ( 4 ) 2007 -- 2009 Germany U21 16 ( 5 ) 2009 -- Germany 88 ( 22 ) Honours ( show ) FIFA World Cup Winner 2014 UEFA European Championship 2012 UEFA European Under - 21 Championship Winner 2009 * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 14 : 30 , 10 February 2018 ( UTC ) . ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 21 : 46 , 14 November 2017 ( UTC ) Mesut Özil ( German pronunciation : ( ˈmeːzut ˈøːzil ) , Turkish : ( meˈsut ˈøzil ) ; born 15 October 1988 ) is a German professional footballer who plays for English club Arsenal and the Germany national team . Özil plays mostly as an attacking midfielder , but can also be deployed as a winger . He began his senior career as a member of his hometown club Schalke 04 in the Bundesliga , departing two seasons later to join Werder Bremen for € 5 million . He garnered break - out attention at the 2010 FIFA World Cup , where at age 22 , Özil was instrumental in the side 's campaign where they reached the semi-finals , losing to eventual champions Spain . He was also nominated for the Golden Ball Award , as well as being ranked first in assists in major European and domestic competitions with 25 . This garnered him a € 15 million transfer to La Liga club Real Madrid . At Madrid , Özil won the Copa del Rey in his first season , before registering a league high 17 assists as the Spanish side won the league title in the following season . He also won the Supercopa de España in the same season , becoming renowned for his technical skills and creativity ; due to his agility , finesse and versatility as an attacking midfielder , he has also been compared to Zinedine Zidane by former manager José Mourinho . Following a second - place La Liga finish to rivals Barcelona in the 2012 -- 13 season , Özil relocated to England to join Premier League side Arsenal in a then club - record deal worth £ 42.5 million ( € 50 million ) , making him the most expensive German player of all time . During his first season , Özil helped end the club 's largely publicised nine - year trophy drought , winning the FA Cup in 2014 . He later became victorious in two more FA Cup campaigns , while also winning the FA Community Shield . Özil would also tie the league assist record ( 19 ) in 2014 -- 15 , as well as being named in multiple teams of the season in England . At international level , Özil has played 86 matches for the Germany national team , scoring 22 goals . He represented his country in two FIFA World Cups , as well as two UEFA European Championships , and was an integral part in both the 2010 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2012 team in South Africa and Ukraine , starring as the joint - highest assist provider in the competitions . Özil also contributed as a part of the 2014 World Cup - winning side in Brazil , with his versatility aiding in his nation 's triumph in a 1 -- 0 victory over Argentina in the final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Club career 1.1 Schalke 04 1.2 Werder Bremen 1.3 Real Madrid 1.3. 1 2010 -- 11 season 1.3. 2 2011 -- 12 season 1.3. 3 2012 -- 13 season 1.4 Arsenal 1.4. 1 2013 -- 14 season 1.4. 2 2014 -- 15 season 1.4. 3 2015 -- 16 season 1.4. 4 2016 -- 17 season 1.4. 5 2017 -- 18 season 2 International career 2.1 2010 FIFA World Cup 2.2 UEFA Euro 2012 2.3 2014 FIFA World Cup 2.4 UEFA Euro 2016 3 Style of play 4 Outside football 4.1 Personal life 4.1. 1 Philanthropy 4.2 Media and sponsorships 5 Career statistics 5.1 Club 5.2 International 5.3 International goals 6 Honours 6.1 Club 6.2 International 6.3 Individual 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Club career Schalke 04 After plying his trade at youth level for various clubs in Gelsenkirchen , including a five - year stint for Rot - Weiss Essen , Özil moved to the youth system of Schalke 04 in 2005 . He was deployed a midfielder and wore 17 as his squad number , after starting as a playmaker and central attacking midfielder in the place of the suspended Lincoln in Ligapokal matches against Bayer Leverkusen and Bayern Munich . Upon making the first team at Schalke , he was described as `` the next big thing '' . However , soon after declining an offer from Schalke 04 , claiming that a yearly salary of € 1.5 million would not be enough , he eventually fell out with club management and moved on to Werder Bremen in January 2008 . This led to Mirko Slomka , the then - Schalke 04 manager , claiming that Özil would not play another match for Schalke 04 . Werder Bremen Özil with Werder Bremen in April 2010 On 31 January 2008 , Özil moved to Werder Bremen for a reported fee of € 5 million , signing a contract with the German club until 30 June 2011 . Other than Werder Bremen , Hannover 96 and VfB Stuttgart were reportedly interested as well in binding Özil to their respective clubs , however did not want to pay such a high transfer fee . After transferring to Werder Bremen , Özil got the jersey number 11 . On 26 April 2008 ( 30th match day ) Özil scored the go - ahead goal in the 33rd minute against Karlsruher SC , to put his team up 2 -- 1 . This was Özil 's very first Bundesliga goal . He played in twelve games throughout the second half of the season , six times playing in the starting formation , becoming second with Werder Bremen in the Bundesliga at the end of the 2007 -- 08 season . Although Bremen failed to get going in their 2008 -- 09 Bundesliga season , eventually finishing a disappointing tenth , Özil managed to make a significant impact in most games and came away with a respectable three goals and 15 assists that highlighted his attacking credentials . He helped lead the North German club to the 2009 DFB - Pokal with the winning goal in a 1 -- 0 victory over Bayer Leverkusen in Berlin . He also excelled in Europe where he led Werder Bremen to the final of the last ever UEFA Cup , losing out to Shakhtar Donetsk of Ukraine . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Özil became the key playmaker of Werder Bremen , stepping into the shoes of Brazilian Diego who had left for Juventus , was named the best player of the first leg of the 2009 Bundesliga season . On 1 May 2010 , the 33rd match day , Özil played his 100th Bundesliga game , scoring the 1 -- 0 lead in a 2 -- 0 win against his former club Schalke 04 . Özil went on and led Werder Bremen to become third in the league and again to the DFB - Pokal final , however this time it was lost against Bayern Munich by 0 -- 4 . In his second season , Bremen finished a respectable third , with Özil contributing 9 goals and 17 assists in 31 league fixture appearances . During the 2009 -- 10 season , Özil was also declared as the `` best player of the first half of the season '' . Real Madrid 2010 -- 11 season Özil playing for Real Madrid in 2010 Due to his performances in the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Özil ensured his place among Europe 's top young talents . He was sought by teams like Barcelona , Arsenal and Real Madrid . English striker Wayne Rooney was one of the many admirers Özil had garnered with his performances in the World Cup , and had even asked Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson to sign the German playmaker . There were reports claiming that a deal was struck for a transfer to Barcelona , but Werder Bremen denied the reports and on 17 August 2010 , the team announced that they had reached an agreement with Real Madrid for Özil 's transfer . The transfer fee is believed to have been in the region of € 15 million . Upon signing , Özil said , `` When the offer came in to join Real Madrid , there is no decision to make . Let 's be honest -- you do n't refuse this club . I was in no rush to leave Werder Bremen , but this is one club you say yes to . They are an institution , a club with a fantastic history , stadium and squad full of world - class players . The prospect of performing at the Bernabéu is so awesome you jump straight in . '' Özil made his debut on 22 August in a friendly match against Hércules , which Real Madrid won 3 -- 1 . His jersey numbers were changed often before the season started . He was given the number 26 in the pre-season and 19 for his debut . But following the transfer of Rafael van der Vaart to Tottenham Hotspur , he was given the vacant 23 . Özil was brought in to back up teammate Kaká , but due to his surgery , Özil obtained a starting role . He then made his La Liga debut for Real Madrid as a substitute for Ángel Di María in the 62nd minute against Mallorca , which Real Madrid drew 0 -- 0 . Özil taking on Daniele Bonera of Milan during the 2010 -- 11 UEFA Champions League He made his season debut in the Champions League on 15 September . He got his first assist with Real Madrid in the 74th minute against Ajax after he crossed for a Gonzalo Higuaín goal . He walked off the pitch as a second - half substitute to standing ovations in his first two games as a starter at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium . His first goal came in a league match against Deportivo de La Coruña on 3 October 2010 , in a 6 -- 1 victory . Özil 's first Champions League goal with Real came in the 14th minute against Milan on 19 October 2010 . On 22 December , he made his debut in the Copa del Rey , scoring once in an 8 -- 0 victory over Levante . He finished the season with 25 assists , the highest for any player in any major European competition that season . Özil 's performances for Real Madrid during his first season were praised by media , fans and players . 2011 -- 12 season Özil began wearing the number 10 shirt for Real Madrid in 2011 -- 12 , signalling manager José Mourinho 's intent to use the German international as his main playmaker . On 14 August 2011 , Özil scored his first goal against Barcelona in El Clásico in the first leg of the 2011 Supercopa de España . On 17 August 2011 , he was sent off in the last minute of the second leg of the 2011 Supercopa after an altercation with Barça forward David Villa . Özil expressed his desire to end his football days at the club in an interview with German magazine kicker , saying , `` I 'd like to end my career at Real Madrid . I know it will be difficult because I have many more years ahead of me and many younger and good players will also be out there , but I want to be part of that future . I know what I 'm capable of , and I 'm convinced , I 'll stay at Real Madrid many years . '' Özil was on the short - list of the FIFA Ballon d'Or award . Özil 's boots on display at the Santiago Bernabéu museum He finished atop the La Liga assists chart , with 17 assists . On 2 May 2012 , he helped Real Madrid to clinch a record 32nd La Liga title as he assisted Real 's first goal and scored the second goal against Bilbao , which Real Madrid later won by 3 -- 0 . Eleven days later , Özil scored two goals in the final game of the regular season against Mallorca , once again consolidating his excellent performance with the club . The win made Real the first club in the Spanish top flight to ever reach 100 points in a single season . His fine form with Real Madrid and German national team saw him earn nomination for UEFA Best Player in Europe Award , in which he finished tenth , being the youngest player to feature in the Top 10 . 2012 -- 13 season With arrival of Luka Modrić before the start of the season , some in the media claimed Özil was unhappy at Real Madrid , but he later rejected such talk and claimed he was happy at the club and looking forward to competing for his place . After the start of the season , he added the Supercopa de España title to his honours . In league play , he provided an important assist to Cristiano Ronaldo who equalised in a 2 -- 2 draw against Barcelona at Camp Nou . On 6 November , Özil scored a crucial 89th - minute free - kick to rescue a draw for Real Madrid and secure a point against Borussia Dortmund . He continued his fine form in the league as he scored another brace against Real Valladolid to rescue Real Madrid in a 3 -- 2 win . He then went on to finish the season with 29 assists , although Real Madrid did not win any silverware except for the Supercopa de España , Özil 's performance was praised . At the end of the season , Özil had 26 assists , more than any other player in the leagues . Arsenal Özil taking a free kick for Arsenal against Stoke City on 22 September 2013 On 2 September 2013 , Özil agreed to join English side Arsenal . Both the fee paid for Özil as well as the contract duration were undisclosed , but they are believed to be around £ 42.5 million ( € 50 million ) for a five - year deal . The transfer makes him the most expensive German football player of all time . Özil was assigned the number 11 shirt and the centre - attacking midfield role by the team . Contract leaks in January 2016 , however , have revealed that the record fee was actually broken down to £ 37.4 million ( € 44 million then ) with remaining £ 5.1 million ( € 6 million then ) split evenly over six years from July 2014 subject to Champions League qualification . A buy - back option also allows Real Madrid a 48 - hour first option on Özil should Arsenal agree a sale for their playmaker to another Spanish club . Özil said of the transfer , `` At the weekend , I was certain I would stay at Real Madrid but afterwards I realised I did not have the faith from the coach or the bosses . I am a player who needs this faith and that is what I have felt from Arsenal , which is why I have joined . '' In Özil 's first press conference , he said : `` I would have come here for free , that would n't have been a problem . '' Özil additionally stated that Arsène Wenger played an important role in his decision : `` When I spoke to Arsène Wenger on the phone , he was full of respect , and as a player , I need that . '' Several Real Madrid players were dissatisfied with Özil leaving the club , including Cristiano Ronaldo , who said , `` He was the player who best knew my moves in front of goal ... I 'm angry about Özil leaving . '' 2013 -- 14 season Özil made his debut for Arsenal in their league game away to Sunderland on 14 September 2013 . He assisted Olivier Giroud 's goal in the 11th minute of the match as they went on to win 3 -- 1 . Three days after that , he made his Champions League debut for Arsenal against Marseille . Just over three weeks after making his debut for Arsenal , he made his home debut against Stoke City in a 3 -- 1 victory . He was involved in all three goals , with two assists and a free kick which was saved but fell into Aaron Ramsey 's path . He scored his first goal for Arsenal , a brilliantly controlled finish from a Ramsey cross , in a 2 -- 0 win against Napoli in the Champions League . On 19 October , he scored his first two Premier League goals during the 4 -- 1 home win against Norwich City . Özil played in all six of Arsenal 's games in November . The German playmaker provided the cross for Jack Wilshere 's second goal against Marseille and gave further assists for Aaron Ramsey and Mathieu Flamini in the 3 -- 0 win over Cardiff City . Özil missed the chance to score his fourth Arsenal goal when he saw his penalty in the win over Marseille saved by Steve Mandanda . In October , Özil was again short - listed for the FIFA Ballon d'Or award , along with former teammate Cristiano Ronaldo . Özil was also featured on the UEFA Team of the Year . Özil began December with two goals in as many games against Hull City and Everton . A minor shoulder injury forced him out of the final game of December in a win against Newcastle United . After the 6 -- 3 defeat at Manchester City in which he made another assist , Özil was involved in an altercation with teammate Per Mertesacker , who was angry with Özil 's failure to thank the travelling supporters , an omission for which he subsequently apologised via Facebook . Özil and Olivier Giroud before kick - off against Southampton on 23 November 2013 Özil started four of Arsenal 's six games in January . The playmaker missed Arsenal 's victory over Cardiff City on New Year 's Day with a shoulder injury before returning to make a late appearance from the bench against Tottenham Hotspur in the FA Cup . The 25 - year - old produced a slide - rule pass for Lukas Podolski to score his first goal against Coventry City and provided the ball for Santi Cazorla 's goal against Southampton at the end of the month to take his assist tally to 10 . February was a difficult month for Özil , as he struggled to reach the heights he showed in his first few months at the club . The German playmaker pulled off a brilliant piece of skill to win a penalty against Bayern Munich in the Champions League knockout phase , but his spot - kick was saved by Manuel Neuer . Speaking before the draw with Manchester United , Arsène Wenger spoke about Özil , saying , `` He has done well , he is adapting as well to the Premier League -- we have seen it before ( that it takes time ) . I would n't like to put too much pressure on him because he has been a top - class player until now . He did n't have the best of games ( at Liverpool ) ( a 5 -- 1 loss , where Özil was the centre of attention due to a bad performance ) but that can happen . He works very hard to adapt to the physical level of the Premier League and for me he is an exceptional player . '' On 8 March , Özil scored his first goal of 2014 in a 4 -- 1 FA Cup quarter - final win over Everton . Özil was showing signs of old form and started in Arsenal 's second leg Champions League last 16 clash with Bayern Munich . He was substituted at half - time , and the reasoning behind it was that Özil had suffered a hamstring injury and will face a month out , missing key fixtures against Chelsea and Manchester City . On 20 April , Özil made an instant impact with a lively display against Hull when he returned to the Arsenal team in a 3 -- 0 win . He then returned to goalscoring form with Arsenal 's second in their 3 -- 0 win over Newcastle United , and then assisted Olivier Giroud 's header . Manager Wenger praised Özil 's impact upon his return , saying , `` Mesut Özil is very important for the team . He 's been missed while he 's been injured . We 've missed some very important players in an important period of the season . We 're really pleased to have people like him back in the team and performing at the top level because that 's what we need . '' Özil played all three of Arsenal 's remaining fixtures during the last month of his debut season in England . The German playmaker came off at half - time in extra-time of Arsenal 's 2014 FA Cup Final victory over Hull at Wembley Stadium . Speaking before the FA Cup final , Per Mertesacker praised his compatriot 's impact on the side during his first season in England . `` You could see from the start that he is one of the best players in Europe , '' said Mertesacker . `` His contributions and assists are vital for any club so we are happy to have him back . '' Özil completed his maiden season at Arsenal with 13 assists and seven goals in all competitions spanning a course of 40 games . 2014 -- 15 season Özil in a league match against Aston Villa in February 2015 Özil returned to club training in the middle of August after participating in Germany 's 2014 FIFA World Cup win in Brazil . On 23 August , Özil made his first appearance of the season in the 2 -- 2 draw with Everton at Goodison Park . On 27 August , he played a part in Alexis Sánchez 's winning goal in the second leg of the Champions League qualification play - off against Beşiktaş , playing a one - two with Jack Wilshere in the build - up to the goal . On 20 September , Özil opened the scoring and assisted Danny Welbeck in a 3 -- 0 victory against Aston Villa at Villa Park . Özil featured in the three following games and started in Arsenal 's Champions League group stage victory against Galatasaray , providing an assist for Alexis Sánchez in a 4 -- 1 win . On 8 October , the DFB declared that Özil would be sidelined for between 10 and 12 weeks with a left knee injury obtained during a 2 -- 0 defeat at Chelsea three days prior to the international break . The prognosis would rule him out of the remainder of Arsenal 's Champions League group matches , as well as four international fixtures . On 11 January 2015 , Özil made his first appearance in three months as a 73rd - minute substitute in a 3 -- 0 win against Stoke City . He scored on his return to the starting line - up in Arsenal 's 3 -- 2 win at Brighton & Hove Albion in the fourth round of the FA Cup on 25 January , latching onto a pass from Tomáš Rosický before scoring Arsenal 's second goal . In his first Premier League start of the year , Özil scored once and provided an assist for Olivier Giroud as Arsenal beat Aston Villa 5 -- 0 at home on 1 February . The following week , Özil scored the opening goal in the Gunners ' 2 -- 1 North London derby defeat to Tottenham at White Hart Lane . On 4 April , he scored the second goal for his team in a 4 -- 1 win over Liverpool . After a 3 -- 1 win over Hull , manager Arsène Wenger praised him by saying , `` Overall his influence was very strong . '' Özil followed up his fine form with two assists for Alexis Sánchez in a 2 -- 1 win against Reading in the 2014 -- 15 FA Cup semi-final on 18 April . Özil started in the 2015 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Aston Villa in a commanding 4 -- 0 victory on 30 May , concluding his second season at Arsenal with 5 goals and 7 assists in 31 appearances across all competitions . 2015 -- 16 season Özil playing for Arsenal in 2015 After scoring during a pre-season game against Lyon , Özil received praise from his manager , with Wenger calling for him to have his best season yet in Arsenal colours . On 2 August 2015 , Özil started for Arsenal in the 2015 FA Community Shield , where the Gunners beat league champions Chelsea 1 -- 0 at Wembley Stadium . A week later , he made his first appearance of the Premier League season in Arsenal 's 2 -- 0 opening day defeat to West Ham United . Özil scored his first goal of the 2015 -- 16 season in a 3 -- 0 home victory over Manchester United on 4 October . He had earlier assisted Alexis Sánchez to give the Gunners the lead in the sixth minute of the match . Özil was named man of the match in a 3 -- 0 win at Watford 's Vicarage Road on 17 October , supplying assists for Sánchez and Olivier Giroud . On 20 October , Özil scored his first Champions League goal of the season in Arsenal 's 2 -- 0 group stage home win over Bayern Munich . He set a new Premier League record being the first player to assist in six consecutive matches when setting up Kieran Gibbs ' for 1 -- 1 in the derby versus Tottenham on 8 November 2015 . He then extended that run to seven straight games with an assist against West Bromwich Albion , before scoring his second Champions League goal of the season in a three - goal victory at home to Dinamo Zagreb . He then scored for the second game in a row when he clipped in the opener in a 1 -- 1 draw at Norwich . Özil continued his run of good form by providing four assists in the next three games , against Aston Villa , Manchester City and Sunderland , helping his team win all three matches . On 28 December 2015 , Özil assisted the first goal and scored the second in a 2 -- 0 win against AFC Bournemouth , creating nine scoring chances in total -- the most in a single Premier League game by any player during the season . On 24 January 2016 , Özil played his 100th game for the Gunners in a 1 -- 0 home defeat against Chelsea in the Premier League . The next Premier League game against Southampton at home on 2 February saw Özil creating 10 chances -- beating the previous record , 9 created and held by him during the season . This proved in vain , however , as the match ended 0 -- 0 with the Gunners slumping into fourth as they failed to score in three consecutive Premier League games . He then ended the Gunners ' barren goal - scoring run in the Premier League with the opener against AFC Bournemouth in a 2 -- 0 away win on 7 February . Özil delivered his 17th assist in the Premier League from a free kick for Danny Welbeck to head in the winner deep into stoppage time as Arsenal came from behind to beat league leaders Leicester City 2 -- 1 on 14 February . After a 2 -- 0 home defeat to Barcelona in the Champions League , Özil scored and assisted in a 3 -- 2 defeat at Old Trafford to Manchester United as the Gunners lost further ground in the title race . Özil started in the 2 -- 1 Watford in the FA Cup , where he set up Danny Welbeck for Arsenal 's consolation goal with a backheel assist , and three days later in a 3 -- 1 defeat to Barcelona in the Champions League as Arsenal crashed out in successive cup competitions in March . Özil assisted Olivier Giroud 's second goal in Arsenal 's last Premier League match of the season against Aston Villa in a 4 -- 0 home victory as the Gunners finished second ahead of fierce rivals , Tottenham Hotspur . That was Özil 's 19th assist of the season in the league , a record only beaten by Thierry Henry with 20 in 2002 -- 03 in Premier League history . Özil ended his third season at Arsenal with 8 goals and 20 assists in all club competitions , which won him the Arsenal Player of the Season award . 2016 -- 17 season Özil missed Arsenal 's opening day defeat to Liverpool , after his excursions at UEFA Euro 2016 meant he was not match - fit . However , he started his first game of the new season for his club in a 1 -- 3 away win at Watford , in which he scored his first goal of the campaign , heading in an Alexis Sánchez cross to score Arsenal 's third of the afternoon . On 19 October 2016 in a Champions League game against Ludogorets Razgrad , Özil assisted Theo Walcott and scored his first professional career hat - trick after volleying in a cross from Lucas as Arsenal went on to win 6 -- 0 . 2017 -- 18 season On 31 January 2018 , Özil signed a contract extension with Arsenal which will keep him with the club until 2021 . His salary under the contract more than doubled , to £ 350,000 per week , making him the highest - paid player to date for Arsenal . International career Özil playing for Germany in 2009 Eligible to play for either Germany or Turkey , Özil chose to play for his country of birth . In September 2006 , he was called up for the Germany under - 17 team . He was a member of the German under - 21 team from 2007 . On 29 June 2009 , Özil was selected the man of the match in a 4 -- 0 win over England during the U-21 European Championship final . He made his debut for the senior side during a friendly match against Norway on 11 February 2009 . He scored his first goal for the senior team in his third appearance , another friendly , against South Africa on 5 September in Leverkusen at the BayArena . 2010 FIFA World Cup Özil was selected for Germany 's squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , starting in all of the team 's matches . Özil provided an assist for Cacau 's goal to the 4 -- 0 final score against Australia in Germany 's first group game . He scored a left - footed half - volley from the edge of the penalty area against Ghana in the final group game , ensuring Germany progressed to the second round as group winners . On 27 June 2010 , Özil played in Germany 's win over England in the last 16 match , setting up the fourth goal with a cross to Thomas Müller as Germany triumphed 4 -- 1 . During the quarter - final match against Argentina , he assisted the second goal for Miroslav Klose with a cross to ensure the 4 -- 0 final score for the Germans . FIFA announced that he was among the ten tournament players nominated for the Golden Ball . UEFA Euro 2012 Özil lining up for Germany with Mario Götze ( left ) and Jérôme Boateng ( in the middle ) prior to a match in 2011 . Özil was one of the leading forces in Germany 's qualification for UEFA Euro 2012 , scoring five times during the campaign as Germany won all ten of its games to top their group . Özil also confirmed his reputation as a decisive passer , as he provided seven assists , more than any European international during Euro 2012 qualification . When asked about his country 's chances at Euro 2012 , Özil simply replied , `` We have the potential to beat anyone and we have what it takes to win the title . '' On 29 February 2012 , Özil was recognised as Germany 's best international of the year for 2011 prior to kick - off at a friendly against France in Bremen . Özil 's Germany were drawn with the Netherlands , Denmark and Portugal into Group B at Euro 2012 , widely touted as the `` Group of Death . '' Özil registered two assists , created nine chances , and claimed the Man of the Match award in Germany 's 4 -- 2 quarter - final win over Greece . He then scored Germany 's only goal ( a penalty ) in their 2 -- 1 loss to Italy in the semi-finals . His performance at Euro 2012 earned him two Carlsberg Man of the Match Awards . He finished the tournament as the joint - highest assist provider ( 3 ) and was named in the UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament . 2014 FIFA World Cup Özil ended the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign as Germany 's top scorer with eight goals . Özil holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy after the 2014 Final Following an injury to Marco Reus in a warm - up game , Özil was moved from his customary number 10 role into the left - winger position for the majority of the tournament . He started all seven of Germany 's 2014 FIFA World Cup games , and helped Germany make history by becoming the first European team to win the World Cup in South America . Özil scored the decisive goal in the 119th minute of Germany 's 2 -- 1 round of 16 victory over Algeria , a match widely praised as one of the most entertaining of the tournament . Özil then provided an assist for Sami Khedira in Germany 's 7 -- 1 semi-final win over Brazil . The goal Özil assisted , with a clever pass , made the score 5 -- 0 to Germany after just 29 minutes . The shocking nature of the 5 - goal flurry generated worldwide astonishment . In the final , Özil played 120 minutes before being replaced by Arsenal teammate Per Mertesacker . Germany were crowned World Champions with a 1 -- 0 win . After the trophy was presented to the Germany team , UEFA President Michel Platini asked Özil for his match shirt as a souvenir , and Özil obliged . Özil led the tournament in passes completed in the final - third ( 171 ) , was ranked joint - second in chances created ( 17 ) , behind only Lionel Messi ( 23 ) , and ranked second overall in possessions won in the final - third ( 6 ) . UEFA Euro 2016 On 12 June 2016 , Özil completed the full 90 minutes of Germany 's opening Euro 2016 match against Ukraine which Germany won 2 -- 0 . He assisted Bastian Schweinsteiger 's goal in the 92nd minute . On 21 June 2016 , Özil completed 99 % of his passes , created six chances and claimed the Man of the Match award in Germany 's win over Northern Ireland . Five days later , Özil started in Germany 's 3 -- 0 round of 16 win over Slovakia . In the 13th minute of the match , he had a penalty effort saved by goalkeeper Matúš Kozáčik . On 2 July 2016 , Özil scored the leading goal against Italy in the quarter - finals to give Germany a 1 -- 0 advantage , before Italy later equalised through Leonardo Bonucci 's penalty . Germany , however , emerged as the victorious side after winning the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 , despite Özil failing to convert his penalty kick after hitting the goal post . Style of play Özil with Real Madrid in 2011 A quick , creative and technical player , Özil excels in an advanced playmaking role , as a winger on either flank , or as an attacking midfielder through the centre of the pitch . During the 2010 FIFA World Cup , he was also deployed in a new role which was later described as a false - 10 or central winger , due to his tendency to drift from the centre into a wide position when in possession of the ball ; he has also been deployed in a more advanced role , where he usually functions as a second striker , as he often drops into deeper positions , from which he can link the midfield with the attack and initiate passing moves . An elegant left - footed player , his main attributes are his vision , his control , movement , passing range , and accurate crossing ability , as well as his delivery from set - pieces , which allow him to get into good attacking positions , create chances , and provide many assists for his teammates . Due to his creative ability and offensive prowess as a playmaker , Özil has been called `` assist - king '' in the media . As of January 2016 , Özil has the best ratio of assists per game in the history of the Premier League . Germany under - 21 manager Horst Hrubesch once said , `` We in Germany are prone to rave about foreign players . We praise Wayne Rooney to the heavens , likewise Ronaldo or Messi . But we have our own Messi . Our Messi is Özil . '' In the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Belgium , he scored a goal which has been described as a `` work of art . '' Germany coach Joachim Löw hails Özil for his `` genius moments '' and his performance without the ball . Özil on the ball in the 2014 World Cup Final Former Real Madrid midfielder Xabi Alonso described Özil as `` the kind of player you do n't find these days , '' adding , `` He understands the game , sees things , combines and thrives between the lines , unlocking teams . '' José Mourinho , who coached Özil for a time at Real Madrid said , `` Özil is unique . There is no copy of him -- not even a bad copy . '' Assistant coach of the Germany national football team Hans - Dieter Flick said , `` We are proud to have him in our team . When he has the ball , you can feel the excitement and astonishment among the fans . '' Former Netherlands and Milan forward Ruud Gullit described Özil as a `` technically perfect '' player who has `` total control of the ball '' and a `` great imagination . '' Former Germany teammate Phillip Lahm said of Özil `` His vision is probably the best I have ever seen ... He is a dream for strikers . '' , while Mario Gómez called Özil `` probably the most brilliant footballer we have or ever had '' . Despite his reputation as an offensive playmaker , Özil has also drawn criticism at times for his lack of physicality and his low defensive work - rate off the ball . His nicknames have included `` der Rabe '' ( the Raven , or in Spanish , `` El Cuervo '' ) -- playing on his smart and opportunistic style of play , and at Werder Bremen `` der neue Diego '' ( the new Diego ) , in reference to Brazilian Diego , whose playmaker role he inherited , `` German Messi '' and `` German Zidane . '' At Real Madrid , he was supposedly called `` Nemo '' -- in reference to the clownfish Nemo from the Pixar movie Finding Nemo . Outside football Personal life Özil is a third - generation Turkish - German , who , in reference to his game , concludes , `` My technique and feeling for the ball is the Turkish side to my game . The discipline , attitude and always - give - your - all is the German part . '' Despite his Turkish descent , his entire life he has been committed to Germany . According to Özil 's own words and the majority of sources , his ancestors are ethnic Turks from Devrek , Zonguldak in northwestern Turkey . However , there are sources that claim Özil 's ancestors are ethnic Kurds . Özil is a practising Muslim . He recites from the Quran before his matches . Talking to the Berlin - based daily Der Tagesspiegel , Özil said , `` I always do that before I go out ( on the pitch ) . I pray and my teammates know that they can not talk to me during this brief period . '' He observes fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadan , but he has admitted that : `` Because of my job I can not follow Ramadan properly . I do it only the few days I can , only when I have a free day . But other than that it 's impossible , because you have to drink and eat a lot to stay at peak fitness . '' In May 2016 , he performed Umrah pilgrimage to Mecca . In 2010 , Özil received the Bambi award for being a prime example of successful integration within German society . Özil started dating singer Mandy Capristo in 2013 . The relationship ended in October 2014 , following reports of Özil being involved with another woman . On 12 November 2015 , Özil and Capristo appeared together at the Bambi awards ceremony in Berlin . An Instagram photo uploaded by Özil used the hashtag # OziStoIsBack , suggesting that the couple is back together . However , they broke up in 2017 and Özil has been dating former Miss Turkey , Amine Gülşe . Philanthropy As part of the BigShoe project , Özil donated his 2014 World Cup winnings , an estimated £ 240,000 , to pay for 23 sick Brazilian children to have medical surgery as a `` personal thank you for the hospitality of the people of Brazil . '' In May 2016 , international media covered Özil 's visit to the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan , home to around 80,000 people displaced as a result of the Syrian civil war . Özil toured the camp as well as playing with children , signing autographs and handing out football shirts . In 2017 , he worked with the charity My Shining Star to make a child cancer patient 's dreams come true . He invited the child , Charlie , to be a guest at his private box and in the player 's lounge during a game with Sunderland at Emirates Stadium . Media and sponsorships In 2013 , Özil signed a sponsorship deal with German sportswear and equipment supplier Adidas . He has appeared in commercials for Adidas Predator boots with other star players such as Lionel Messi , Gareth Bale , Thomas Müller and James Rodriguez . One of those adverts , entitled `` Create Your Own Game '' , was released in August 2015 , in which Özil featured alongside those players . In 2013 , Özil launched his own logo . His autobiography , The Magic of the Game / Gunning for Greatness , was released in March 2017 . Career Statistics Club As of match played 5 January 2018 Club Season League Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Ref Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Schalke 04 2006 -- 07 Bundesliga 19 0 0 0 0 -- 23 0 2007 -- 08 11 0 0 0 0 -- 16 Total 30 0 0 5 0 -- 39 -- Werder Bremen 2007 -- 08 Bundesliga 12 0 0 0 0 0 -- 14 2008 -- 09 28 5 -- 14 0 -- 47 5 2009 -- 10 31 9 5 0 -- 10 -- 46 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Total 71 13 11 0 0 26 -- 108 17 -- Real Madrid 2010 -- 11 La Liga 36 6 6 -- 11 -- 53 10 2011 -- 12 35 5 0 -- 10 52 7 2012 -- 13 32 9 8 0 -- 10 0 52 10 2013 -- 14 0 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Total 105 19 19 -- 31 159 27 -- Arsenal 2013 -- 14 Premier League 26 5 5 0 8 -- 40 7 2014 -- 15 22 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 32 5 2015 -- 16 35 6 0 0 0 8 0 45 8 2016 -- 17 33 8 0 0 0 8 -- 44 12 2017 -- 18 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 18 Total 134 27 14 0 29 7 0 179 36 -- Career total 340 59 46 8 0 91 13 5 485 81 -- Jump up ^ Includes DFB - Pokal , Copa del Rey , and FA Cup matches . Jump up ^ Includes DFB - Ligapokal and League Cup matches . Jump up ^ Includes Supercopa de España and FA Community Shield matches . ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Cup ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Champions League ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Europa League International As of match played 14 November 2017 Germany Year Apps Goals 2009 7 14 2011 9 5 2012 13 6 2013 9 2014 10 2015 8 0 2016 13 2017 5 Total 88 22 International goals As of match played 4 September 2017 . Germany score listed first , score column indicates score after each Özil goal . # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 . 5 September 2009 BayArena , Leverkusen , Germany South Africa 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 2 . 23 June 2010 Soccer City , Johannesburg , South Africa Ghana 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2010 FIFA World Cup 3 . 8 October 2010 Olympic Stadium , Berlin , Germany Turkey 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying 4 . 7 June 2011 Tofiq Bahramov Stadium , Baku , Azerbaijan Azerbaijan 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 5 . 2 September 2011 Veltins - Arena , Gelsenkirchen , Germany Austria 2 -- 0 6 -- 2 6 . 4 -- 1 7 . October 2011 Esprit Arena , Düsseldorf , Germany Belgium 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 8 . November 2011 Volksparkstadion , Hamburg , Germany Netherlands 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 Friendly 9 . 28 June 2012 National Stadium , Warsaw , Poland Italy 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 UEFA Euro 2012 10 . 7 September 2012 AWD - Arena , Hanover , Germany Faroe Islands 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 11 . 3 -- 0 12 . 11 September 2012 Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna , Austria Austria 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 13 . 12 October 2012 Aviva Stadium , Dublin , Ireland Republic of Ireland 3 -- 0 6 -- 1 14 . 16 October 2012 Olympic Stadium , Berlin , Germany Sweden 4 -- 0 4 -- 4 15 . 10 September 2013 Tórsvøllur , Tórshavn , Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 16 . 11 October 2013 Rhein - Energie Stadion , Cologne , Germany Republic of Ireland 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 17 . 15 October 2013 Friends Arena , Solna , Sweden Sweden 1 -- 2 5 -- 3 18 . 30 June 2014 Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre , Brazil Algeria 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 2014 FIFA World Cup 19 . 29 March 2016 Allianz Arena , Munich , Germany Italy 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 Friendly 20 . 2 July 2016 Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2016 21 . 31 August 2016 Borussia - Park , Mönchengladbach , Germany Finland 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 22 . 4 September 2017 Mercedes - Benz Arena , Stuttgart , Germany Norway 1 -- 0 6 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Honours Club Werder Bremen DFB - Pokal : 2008 -- 09 Real Madrid La Liga : 2011 -- 12 Copa del Rey : 2010 -- 11 Supercopa de España : 2012 Arsenal FA Cup : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 FA Community Shield : 2015 International Germany FIFA World Cup : 2014 , third place 2010 UEFA European Under - 21 Championship : 2009 Individual kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2008 -- 09 Bundesliga top assist provider : 2009 -- 10 FIFA World Cup top assist provider : 2010 UEFA Champions League top assist provider : 2010 -- 11 Germany national team Player of the Year : 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 La Liga top assist provider : 2011 -- 12 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying top assist provider UEFA European Championship top assist provider : 2012 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2012 UEFA Team of the Year : 2012 , 2013 FIFPro World XI 2nd team : 2013 , 2016 FIFPro World XI 5th team : 2014 , 2017 IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker Silver award : 2013 PFA Fans Player of the Month : April , November & December 2015 Premier League top assist provider : 2015 -- 16 Arsenal F.C. Player of the Season : 2015 -- 16 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 10th place 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or : 2010 ( 13th place ) , 2011 ( 11th place ) , 2012 ( 14th place ) , 2013 ( 16th place ) Notes Jump up ^ Arsenal also won the FA Community Shield in 2014 and 2017 but Özil was not part of the squad for either game . References Jump up ^ `` Updated squads for 2017 / 18 Premier League confirmed '' . Premier League . 2 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 : List of players : Germany '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 4 June 2010 . p. 11 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil : Overview '' . Premier League . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The top 10 assists leaders in Europe for 2010 ⁄ 11 '' . imscouting.com. 30 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish La Liga '' . EXPN Soccernat . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mourinho : Ozil will make history at Real '' . ESPNSTAR.com. 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` German international Özil joins Arsenal '' . Arsenal F.C. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ornstein , David ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Mesut Özil : Arsenal sign Real Madrid midfielder for £ 42.4 m '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal smash club record to sign Mesut Özil '' . The Guardian . 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Jean - Julien Beer ( 27 July 2006 ) . `` Ein 17 - Jähriger soll Lincoln ersetzen '' ( in German ) . kicker.de . Retrieved 13 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mesut Özil Bio '' . espnsoccernet.com . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kurzpässe : Ewerthon nach Barcelona , Kuffour nach Amsterdam '' . Spiegel Online . 29 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Millionen - Deal : Bremen verpflichtet Schalker Özil '' . Spiegel Online . 31 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shapland , Dave ( 28 November 2009 ) . `` Bundesliga player profile -- Mesut Ozil , Werder Bremen '' . adifferentleague.co.uk . Archived from the original on 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Oezil '' . 4to40.com . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mesut Özil '' . Real Madrid C.F. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sportschau.de : Wahl -- Mesut Özil ist Spieler der Hinrunde '' ( in German ) . Sportschau . Archived from the original on 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson : ' Wayne Rooney wanted me to sign Mesut Özil ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil to Play for Real Madrid '' . realmadrid.com . Archived from the original on 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid confirm signing of Germany star Mesut Ozil '' . BBC sport . 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil Interview : Real Madrid 's new star '' . soccernet.com. 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Madden , Paul ( 22 August 2010 ) . `` Hercules 1 -- 3 Real Madrid : Benzema Brace Seals Friendly Triumph '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : The Whites make their debut in the 2010 / 11 edition of La Liga '' . Real Madrid . 29 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : The Whites earn a victory in their Champions League debut '' . Real Madrid . 15 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Mondal , Subhankar ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` Real Madrid 6 -- 1 Deportivo La Coruna : Ronaldo Brace Sees Los Blancos Go Above Barcelona '' . goal.com . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Tom ( 19 October 2010 ) . `` Real Madrid v Milan -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs Levante Report '' . Goal.com. 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Praise for Mesut Ozil '' . Real Madrid . 13 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ozil 's magic amazes the entire planet '' . RealMadrid. 7 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil To Wear No. 10 Shirt For Real Madrid in 2011 -- 12 '' . Goal.com. 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 2 -- 2 Barcelona : All - square in thrilling Supercopa contest '' . Goal.com. 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 -- 2 Real Madrid ( Agg. 5 -- 4 ) : Lionel Messi brace wins Supercopa amid violent scenes at Camp Nou '' . Goal.com. 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ozil : `` I 'd like to end my career at Real Madrid '' `` . Real Madrid . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's shortlists for FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala 2011 revealed '' . Fifa.com. 1 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ton - up Real set new landmark '' . ESPN Soccernet. 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iniesta , Messi , Ronaldo up for Best Player Award '' . UEFA.com. 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil reiterates happiness '' . ESPN . 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Messi share spoils in draw '' . ESPN FC. 7 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 6 November 2012 ) . `` Mesut Ozil saves Real Madrid with late goal against Borussia Dortmund '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ozil to the rescue after Real hit by brace from former Man United flop Manucho '' . Daily Mail . London . 8 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitwell , Laurie ( 3 September 2013 ) . `` Did Real Madrid ' bully ' Ozil into joining Arsenal ? Claims in Germany suggest £ 42.5 m record signing was forced into move '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Wilson ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` Mesut Ozil leaked contract reveals Real Madrid have buy - back option from Arsenal '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Olley , James ( 3 September 2013 ) . `` ' With Arsene Wenger 's belief I can get even better ' -- Mesut Ozil '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mesut Ozil '' . Arsenal F.C . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitwell , Laurie ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo angry at Mesut Ozil transfer from Real Madrid to Arsenal '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland 1 -- 3 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Marseille 1 -- 2 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 22 September 2013 ) . `` Arsenal 3 -- 1 Stoke City '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 -- 0 Napoli -- Match Report '' . arsenal.com. 1 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal and Mesut Özil turn on style to sweep past Norwich City '' . The Guardian . London . 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's shortlists for FIFA Ballon d'Or 2013 revealed '' . FIFA.com. 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ozil apologises to Arsenal fans '' . ESPN . 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger plays down importance of Man City loss '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Everton : FA Cup -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Cryer , Andy ( 11 March 2014 ) . `` Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 Arsenal ( agg 3 -- 1 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` Mesut Ozil : Arsenal 's record buy out for month with hamstring injury '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Özil returns at Hull '' . Arsenal.com. 20 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas Podolski double eases Arsenal past Hull in FA Cup final rehearsal '' . The Guardian . 20 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Barlow , Matt ( 28 April 2014 ) . `` Arsenal 3 -- 0 Newcastle : Gunners strengthen hold on fourth place after brushing aside woeful Toon at the Emirates '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger praises Özil 's impact in Arsenal turnaround '' . Arsenal.com. 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 17 May 2014 ) . `` Arsenal 3 -- 2 Hull '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Mertesacker , Per ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` Praise from Mertesacker after Özil completes maiden Arsenal season '' . Arsenal.com . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil complete stats for 2013 / 14 season '' . espnfc.com. 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Özil begins second season in England '' . Arsenal. 31 August 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Özil assists for Arsenal in 4 -- 1 win '' . BBC Sport. 1 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil : Arsenal midfielder out with knee injury for up to 12 weeks '' . BBC Sport. 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 's Alexis Sánchez dazzles again with double in win over Stoke '' . The Guardian . 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal through after Brighton scare as Theo Walcott and Mesut Özil return '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( 1 February 2015 ) . `` Arsenal 5 -- 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( 7 February 2015 ) . `` Tottenham 2 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 April 2015 ) . `` Arsenal 4 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Rob , Kelly ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Wenger -- Ozil 's influence was so strong '' . Arsenal Website . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Nabil ( 18 April 2015 ) . `` Holders Arsenal reached a record 19th FA Cup final after two goals from Alexis Sanchez sealed victory over Reading in extra-time '' . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Arsenal became the most successful club in FA Cup history as they outclassed Aston Villa at Wembley to earn Arsene Wenger a record - equalling sixth triumph '' . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil complete stats for 2014 / 15 season '' . espnfc.com. 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League -- Arsene Wenger backs Mesut Ozil to shine '' . Yahoo Eurosport UK . 25 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hynter , David ( 10 August 2015 ) . `` West Ham capitalise on Petr Cech 's debut errors to stun nervy Arsenal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 3 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League : FT Watford 0 -- 3 Arsenal -- BBC Sport '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Saj Chowdhury . `` Watford 0 -- 3 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ronay , Barney ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` Mesut Özil greases the cogs as Arsenal twist and turn to put Bayern in a spin '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Orr , James ( 8 November 2015 ) . `` Mesut Ozil : Arsenal playmaker makes history in Tottenham draw by becoming first player to assist in six consecutive Premier League games '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Phil McNulty . `` BBC Sport -- Arsenal 3 -- 0 Dinamo Zagreb '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ James Gheerbrant . `` BBC Sport -- Norwich City 1 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 -- 0 Bournemouth '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 28 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Nick ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Mesut Ozil in a league of his own as Arsenal beat Bournemouth '' . Sky Sports . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Emre Sarigul ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` Mesut Ozil loses 100th game for Arsenal against Chelsea '' . Turkish Football . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Brodie ( 3 February 2016 ) . `` Stats show Arsenal need new striker after 0 -- 0 draw despite Mesut Ozil creating record amount of chances '' . Metro . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Callum Davis ( 2 February 2016 ) . `` Arsenal 0 Southampton 0 : Five things we learned '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Marc Higginson ( 7 February 2016 ) . `` Arsenal scored twice in 88 first - half seconds to overwhelm Bournemouth and move level on points with second - placed Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Barney Ronay ( 14 February 2016 ) . `` Danny Welbeck 's last - gasp effort gives Arsenal win over 10 - man Leicester '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Jamie Jackson ( 28 February 2016 ) . `` Marcus Rashford 's double for Manchester United deflates Arsenal hopes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Sid Lowe ( 16 March 2016 ) . `` Luis Suárez acrobatics end Arsenal 's unlikely resistance at Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Wilson ( 15 May 2016 ) . `` Arsenal 4 Aston Villa 0 : Hosts clinch unlikely St Totteringham 's Day as Olivier Giroud grabs hat - trick '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil complete stats for 2015 / 16 season '' . espnfc.com. 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil complete stats for 2015 / 16 season '' . espnfc.com. 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watford 1 -- 3 Arsenal -- BBC Sport '' . BBC Sport. 27 August 2016 . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 6 -- 0 Ludogorets '' . Sky Sports . 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil : Arsenal midfielder signs new contract until 2021 '' . 31 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Karen , Mattias ( 2 February 2018 ) . `` Wenger : Paying Ozil mega salary was ' cheapest option ' for Arsenal '' . ESPN . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Mesut Ozil agrees new £ 350,000 - a-week deal to become Arsenal 's highest paid player '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Mesut Ozil : Arsenal midfielder signs new contract until 2021 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ozil -- Q&A -- Interviews '' . FourFourTwo . June 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Ghana 0 -- 1 Germany '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` Germany 4 -- 1 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Germany stroll past Austria to reach EURO 2012 '' . UEFA.com. 2 September 2011 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Die Top - Elf der EM - Qualifikation '' ( in German ) . Sportal.de. 6 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ozil to receive German POTY award '' . soccernet.com. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Club wählt Mesut Özil zum `` Nationalspieler des Jahres '' '' ( in German ) . DFB. 5 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ozil to receive German POTY award '' . espnsoccernet.com . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands , Germany drawn in Euro `` Group of Death '' `` . foxnews.com. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 4 -- 2 Greece '' . BBC . 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 2 Italy '' . BBC . 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsberg Man of the Match Award '' . UEFA.com. 2 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top scorers '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 2 -- 1 Algeria '' . BBC . 30 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany '' . BBC . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini asked Mesut Ozil for his shirt during World Cup celebrations '' . 101 Great Goals. 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Things Mesut Ozil did better than anybody else at World Cup '' . HITC Sport. 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Germany 2 -- 0 Ukraine '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Özil MOTM '' . 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Davie , Chris ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Mesut Özil sets unwanted record after Germany penalty miss '' . Goal . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Homewood , Brian ; Ferris , Ken ( 3 July 2016 ) . `` Germany win epic shootout to end Italy jinx '' . Reuters . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Germany seal dramatic penalty shoot - out win over Italy '' . RTÉ Sport . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 2 July 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The quiet genius of Mesut Özil '' . dw.de. 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil on the art of being the playmaker '' . FourFourTwo. 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gannon , Willie ( 14 November 2013 ) . `` 5 Things Arsenal 's Mesut Ozil Does Better Than Andrea Pirlo '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : JJ Bull ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` How Mesut Ozil and Alexis Sanchez are taking Arsenal back to the days of Henry and Bergkamp '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The False - 10 '' . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing ... the central winger ? '' . zonalmarking.net. 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Marioni , Massimo ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` Jose Mourinho : Mesut Ozil is the best no. 10 in the world '' . metro.co.uk . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ellison , Joe ( 4 February 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Andrea Pirlo 's Current Premier League XI '' . ShortList . Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sarad Bade Shrestha ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` Euro 2016 's Top 50 Players : Number 13 Mesut Ozil '' . HITC.com . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Consistency the key for last season 's pass master Ozil '' . premierleague.com. 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Wright , David ( 10 September 2014 ) . `` Arsenal playmaker Mesut Ozil ' proud ' of assist record since £ 42.5 m Emirates move '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Orr , James ( 3 November 2015 ) . `` Mesut Ozil is the assist king , Jamie Vardy deserves England start , Manchester United not creating chances -- five things we learnt from the Premier League '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Sam ( 7 December 2015 ) . `` Arsenal star Mesut Ozil on course to smash Thierry Henry 's Premier League record '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Downes , John ( 6 December 2015 ) . `` Arsenal assist - king Mesut Ozil claims that he 's playing better than ever this season '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ OptaJoe ( 24 October 2015 ) . `` 2.71 -- Mesut Özil has the best games / assist rate in @ PremierLeague history -- average one every 2.71 matches . ( min . 20 assists ) Provider '' . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 2010 : England will end up in a Messi if they ca n't control Germany star Mesut Ozil '' . dailymail.co.uk. 24 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hiddink verflucht , Özil gefeiert '' ( in German ) . derstandard.at. 12 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Duchateau , Francois ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Trotz `` genialer Momente '' : Enttäuschung bei Mesut Özil und Lukas Podolski '' ( in German ) . Goal.com . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 3 April 2011 ) . `` Real Madrid find ' Nemo ' to their liking as Mesut Ozil settles in well '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gullit : `` Özil is technically perfect '' `` . Marca. 11 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Özil will be `` devastating '' says Lahm `` . 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Kamp , Christian ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` Wenn ich Groll hatte -- dann auf mich '' . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ( in German ) . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Today 's Player of the Week : Mesut Özil '' . sites.google.com/site/tmrten. 15 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Keh , Andrew ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Budding Germany Star Borrows Qualities From His Two Cultures '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ozil out to upstage Messi '' . FIFA.com. 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ozil flattered by ' German Zidane ' label '' . Espn.com. 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Nemo ' y su pandilla '' ( in Spanish ) . marca.com. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 12 June 2010 ) . `` Germany v Australia : Mesut Ozil at head of the vanguard for new generation '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` Mesut Özil : National Treasure '' . sport.scotsman.com . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` German Turks set for face - off on football pitch '' . hurriyetdailynews.com. 10 July 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ilgun , Yasin Madyb ( 9 April 2013 ) . `` ' I will always be Turkish ' -- Why Ozil is worshipped in Istanbul '' . www.goal.com . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil'in hayali Barça '' ( in Turkish ) . Sabah. 27 June 2010 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Coggin , Stewart . `` Mesut Ozil Profile '' . worldsoccer.about.com . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Barzani'den Mesut Özil'e davet '' . hurriyet.com.tr ( in Turkish ) . 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosentritt , Michael ( 2 July 2010 ) . `` Mesut Özil : Ich habe nie Angst '' ( Mesut Özil : I am never afraid ) ( in German ) . Der Tagesspiegel . TAGESSPIEGEL : Ihre Art sich direkt vor einem Spiel zu konzentrieren ist es , Verse aus dem Koran leise vor sich hin zu sprechen . MESUT ÖZIL : Das mache ich in der Kabine , bevor wir rausgehen . Ich bete dann und meine Mitspieler wissen schon , dass sie in dieser kurzen Zeit nicht mit mir reden können . Jump up ^ Singh , Amar ( 27 August 2011 ) . `` ' My manager told me to choose between fasting or playing -- I chose to fast ' -- how Muslim footballers including Mesut Ozil and Amr Zaki approach Ramadan '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil visits Muslim holy city Mecca ahead of Euro 2016 '' . Squawka. 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer stars steal show at Germany 's Bambi Awards '' . in.reuters.com. 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil 's popstar girlfriend Mandy Capristo joins Arsenal glamour WAGs '' . Daily Star . 4 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mandy Capristo splits from Mesut Ozil after his affair '' . Mid-day. 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal star Mesut Ozil pictured with former girlfriend in Berlin after rumoured split last year '' . Mirror. 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 's Mesut Ozil rekindles relationship with ex-girlfriend Mandy Capristo ? '' . Sports Mole. 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil gets super close to former Miss Turkey , Amine Gulse '' . 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gill , Kerian . `` Mesut Ozil donates World Cup winnings so 23 children can have surgery in Brazil as ' personal thank you for the hospitality ' '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Spencer ( 19 May 2016 ) . `` Arsenal 's Mesut Ozil heads out to Jordan for a kick - about with starstruck child refugees '' . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal news : Charity thanks ' class ' Ozil for making dream come true for child with brain tumour - Goal.com '' . Goal.com. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil switches to the Three Stripes ! '' . Footballboots.co.uk. 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi , Gareth Bale and Mesut Ozil star in exciting new Adidas advert '' . Daily Mirror. 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil Launches His Own Logo '' . Footballboots.co.uk. 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : How Mesut Ozil pleaded with Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger to end his Real Madrid hell '' . Metro.co.uk. 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 's Mesut Özil was called a ' coward ' by Jose Mourinho in blistering dressing - room row at Real Madrid '' . Independent.co.uk. 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . European Football . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil -- national football team player '' . EU-Football.info. 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` M. Özil '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gartenschläger , Lars ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` Khedira , Özil , Neuer -- Aufstieg der Euro - Helden '' ( in German ) . welt.de . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 . Bundesliga : alle Topscorer der Saison 2009 / 10 '' . Kicker ( in German ) . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal playmaker Mesut Ozil wins Germany player of the year award '' . The Guardian . 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil : Arsenal midfielder wins Germany 's Player of the Year for fifth time '' . BBC Sport. 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LIGA BBVA Player Statistics '' . WhoScored . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Team of the Tournament '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA.com users ' Team of the Year 2012 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA.com users ' Team of the Year 2013 revealed '' . UEFA. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FifPro announces reserve Teams of the Year -- but Luis Suarez and Arjen Robben wo n't be laughing while Iker Casillas is somehow named the second best goalkeeper of 2013 '' . Independent.co.uk. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 World 11 : the reserve teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World XI : the reserve teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 -- 2017 World 11 : the Reserve Teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S BEST PLAYMAKER 2013 '' . IFFHS. 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozil named PFA Fans ' Player of the Month '' . Arsenal.com . Jump up ^ `` Ozil wins PFA Fans ' award '' . Sky Sports.com . Jump up ^ `` Premier League top assist makers '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Player of the Season -- the winner is ... '' Arsenal Football Club . 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iniesta , Messi , Ronaldo up for Best Player Award '' . UEFA. 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 -- voting results '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com. 12 January 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mesut Özil . Official website Mesut Özil at Soccerbase Arsenal official profile Profile at Premier League Mesut Özil at kicker.de ( in German ) Mesut Özil at fussballdaten.de ( in German ) Mesut Özil at ESPN FC Mesut Özil at BDFutbol 2010 FIFA World Cup profile Mesut Özil at National-Football-Teams.com Mesut Özil -- FIFA competition record Arsenal F.C. -- current squad 4 Mertesacker 6 Koscielny 7 Mkhitaryan 8 Ramsey 9 Lacazette 10 Wilshere 11 Özil 13 Ospina 14 Aubameyang 16 Holding 17 Iwobi 18 Monreal 19 Cazorla 20 Mustafi 21 Chambers 23 Welbeck 24 Bellerín 27 Mavropanos 29 Xhaka 30 Maitland - Niles 31 Kolašinac 33 Čech 35 Elneny 54 Macey 61 Nelson 62 Nketiah 69 Willock Manager : Wenger Awards UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Gianluigi Buffon Iker Casillas Manuel Neuer Defenders Jordi Alba Fábio Coentrão Philipp Lahm Pepe Gerard Piqué Sergio Ramos Midfielders Xabi Alonso Sergio Busquets Daniele De Rossi Steven Gerrard Andrés Iniesta Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Andrea Pirlo Xavi Forwards Mario Balotelli Cesc Fàbregas Zlatan Ibrahimović Cristiano Ronaldo David Silva Arsenal F.C. Player of the Year 1967 : McLintock 1971 : Wilson 1981 : Sansom 1997 : Bergkamp 1998 : Parlour 2006 : Henry 2007 : Fabregas 2008 : Fabregas 2009 : Van Persie 2010 : Fabregas 2011 : Wilshere 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Cazorla 2014 : Ramsey 2015 : Sánchez 2016 : Özil 2017 : Sánchez 2012 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Sergio Ramos CB : Gerard Piqué CB : Thiago Silva LB : Philipp Lahm MF : Andrés Iniesta MF : Xavi MF : Andrea Pirlo MF : Mesut Özil FW : Lionel Messi FW : Cristiano Ronaldo 2013 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Manuel Neuer RB : Philipp Lahm CB : Thiago Silva CB : Sergio Ramos LB : David Alaba MF : Gareth Bale MF : Marco Reus MF : Mesut Özil MF : Franck Ribéry FW : Zlatan Ibrahimović FW : Cristiano Ronaldo Germany squads Germany squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup Third Place 1 Neuer 2 Jansen 3 Friedrich 4 Aogo 5 Tasci 6 Khedira 7 Schweinsteiger 8 Özil 9 Kießling 10 Podolski 11 Klose 12 Wiese 13 Müller 14 Badstuber 15 Trochowski 16 Lahm ( c ) 17 Mertesacker 18 Kroos 19 Cacau 20 Boateng 21 Marin 22 Butt 23 Gómez Coach : Löw Germany squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 semi-finalists 1 Neuer 2 Gündoğan 3 Schmelzer 4 Höwedes 5 Hummels 6 Khedira 7 Schweinsteiger 8 Özil 9 Schürrle 10 Podolski 11 Klose 12 Wiese 13 Müller 14 Badstuber 15 Bender 16 Lahm ( c ) 17 Mertesacker 18 Kroos 19 Götze 20 Boateng 21 Reus 22 Zieler 23 Gómez Coach : Löw Germany squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup winners ( 4th title ) 1 Neuer 2 Großkreutz 3 Ginter 4 Höwedes 5 Hummels 6 Khedira 7 Schweinsteiger 8 Özil 9 Schürrle 10 Podolski 11 Klose 12 Zieler 13 Müller 14 Draxler 15 Durm 16 Lahm ( c ) 17 Mertesacker 18 Kroos 19 Götze 20 Boateng 21 Mustafi 22 Weidenfeller 23 Kramer Coach : Löw Germany squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 semi-finalists 1 Neuer 2 Mustafi 3 Hector 4 Höwedes 5 Hummels 6 Khedira 7 Schweinsteiger ( c ) 8 Özil 9 Schürrle 10 Podolski 11 Draxler 12 Leno 13 Müller 14 Can 15 Weigl 16 Tah 17 Boateng 18 Kroos 19 Götze 20 Sané 21 Kimmich 22 Ter Stegen 23 Gómez Coach : Löw VIAF : 258609885 ISNI : 0000 0003 7977 0122 GND : 1025281462 BIBSYS : 14032804 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mesut_Özil&oldid = 825472073 '' Categories : 1988 births Association football forwards Association football midfielders Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain German expatriate footballers German footballers German Muslims German people of Turkish descent Germany international footballers Germany under - 21 international footballers Germany youth international footballers Living people Sportspeople from Gelsenkirchen Bundesliga players La Liga players Premier League players Rot - Weiss Essen players FC Schalke 04 players SV Werder Bremen players Real Madrid C.F. players Arsenal F.C. players 2010 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2014 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2016 players FIFA World Cup - winning players German expatriates in England German expatriates in Spain Footballers from North Rhine - Westphalia Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from January 2018 Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles using Template : Medal with Winner Articles with German - language external links BDFutbol template with ID same as Wikidata NFT template with ID same as Wikidata FIFA player ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 16 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many assist does ozil have in his career | [
"Özil plays mostly as an attacking midfielder, but can also be deployed as a winger. He began his senior career as a member of his hometown club Schalke 04 in the Bundesliga, departing two seasons later to join Werder Bremen for €5 million. He garnered break-out attention at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, where at age 22, Özil was instrumental in the side's campaign where they reached the semi-finals, losing to eventual champions Spain. He was also nominated for the Golden Ball Award, as well as being ranked first in assists in major European and domestic competitions with 25.[4] This garnered him a €15 million transfer to La Liga club Real Madrid."
] | [
"25"
] |
-8983137535639837730 | George VI | George VI - wikipedia George VI For other uses , see George VI ( disambiguation ) . George VI Formal photo portrait , circa 1940 -- 1946 King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions ( more ... ) Reign 11 December 1936 -- 6 February 1952 Coronation 12 May 1937 Predecessor Edward VIII Successor Elizabeth II Prime Ministers See list Emperor of India Reign 11 December 1936 -- 15 August 1947 Predecessor Edward VIII ( 1895 - 12 - 14 ) 14 December 1895 York Cottage , Sandringham House , Norfolk , United Kingdom 6 February 1952 ( 1952 - 02 - 06 ) ( aged 56 ) Sandringham House , Norfolk , United Kingdom Burial 15 February 1952 St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle Spouse Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon ( m . 1923 ) Issue Detail Elizabeth II Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon Full name Albert Frederick Arthur George House Windsor ( from 1917 ) Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( until 1917 ) Father George V Mother Mary of Teck Signature Military career Allegiance United Kingdom Service / branch Royal Navy Royal Air Force Years of service 1909 -- 1919 ( active service ) Battles / wars Battle of Jutland Awards Mentioned in dispatches George VI ( Albert Frederick Arthur George ; 14 December 1895 -- 6 February 1952 ) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952 . He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth . Known publicly as Albert until his accession , and `` Bertie '' among his family and close friends , George VI was born in the reign of his great - grandmother Queen Victoria , and was named after his great - grandfather Albert , Prince Consort . As the second son of King George V , he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother , Edward . He attended naval college as a teenager , and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War . In 1920 , he was made Duke of York . He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters , Elizabeth and Margaret . In the mid-1920s , he had speech therapy for a stammer , which he never fully overcame . George 's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936 . However , later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson . British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman and remain king . Edward abdicated to marry Simpson , and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor . During George 's reign , the break - up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated . The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country 's constitution on the day of his accession . The following year , a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland and established the office of President . From 1939 , the Empire and Commonwealth -- except Ireland -- was at war with Nazi Germany . War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941 , respectively . Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945 , the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined . After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 , George remained king of both countries , but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948 . Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949 , and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year . George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth . He was beset by smoking - related health problems in the later years of his reign . He was succeeded by his elder daughter , Elizabeth II . Contents 1 Early life 2 Military career and education 3 Marriage 4 Reluctant king 5 Early reign 6 Second World War 7 Empire to Commonwealth 8 Illness and death 9 Legacy 10 Titles , styles , honours and arms 10.1 Titles and styles 10.2 Arms 11 Issue 12 Ancestry 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Bibliography 15 External links Early life ( edit ) Four kings : Edward VII ( far right ) , his son George , Prince of Wales , later George V ( far left ) , and grandsons Edward , later Edward VIII ( rear ) , and Albert , later George VI ( foreground ) , c. 1908 George was born at York Cottage , on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk , during the reign of his great - grandmother Queen Victoria . His father was Prince George , Duke of York ( later King George V ) , the second and eldest - surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales ( later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra ) . His mother was the Duchess of York ( later Queen Mary ) , the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck . His birthday ( 14 December 1895 ) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great - grandfather , Albert , Prince Consort . Uncertain of how the Prince Consort 's widow , Queen Victoria , would take the news of the birth , the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been `` rather distressed '' . Two days later , he wrote again : `` I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her '' . Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert , and wrote to the Duchess of York : `` I am all impatience to see the new one , born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me , especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good '' . Consequently , he was baptised `` Albert Frederick Arthur George '' at St. Mary Magdalene 's Church near Sandringham three months later . Within the family , he was known informally as `` Bertie '' . His maternal grandmother , the Duchess of Teck , did not like the first name the baby had been given , and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name `` may supplant the less favoured one '' . Albert was fourth in line to the throne at birth , after his grandfather , father and elder brother , Edward . He often suffered from ill health and was described as `` easily frightened and somewhat prone to tears '' . His parents were generally removed from their children 's day - to - day upbringing , as was the norm in aristocratic families of that era . He had a stammer that lasted for many years . Although naturally left - handed , he was forced to write with his right hand , as was common practice at the time . He suffered from chronic stomach problems as well as knock knees , for which he was forced to wear painful corrective splints . Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901 , and the Prince of Wales succeeded her as King Edward VII . Prince Albert moved up to third in line to the throne , after his father and elder brother . Military career and education ( edit ) From 1909 , Albert attended the Royal Naval College , Osborne , as a naval cadet . In 1911 he came bottom of the class in the final examination , but despite this he progressed to the Royal Naval College , Dartmouth . When his grandfather , Edward VII , died in 1910 , Albert 's father became King George V. Edward became Prince of Wales , with Albert second in line to the throne . Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada . He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913 , and spent three months in the Mediterranean . His fellow officers gave him the nickname `` Mr. Johnson '' . The First World War broke out a year after his commission . He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland ( 31 May -- 1 June 1916 ) , an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war . He did not see further combat , largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer , for which he had an operation in November 1917 . Albert at an RAF dinner in 1919 In February 1918 he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service 's training establishment at Cranwell . With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the reassignment of Cranwell from Admiralty to Air Ministry responsibility , Albert transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force . He served as Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys ' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918 , before reporting to the RAF 's Cadet School at St Leonards - on - Sea . He completed a fortnight 's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing . He was the first member of the British royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot . Albert wanted to serve on the Continent while the war was still in progress and welcomed a posting to General Trenchard 's staff in France . On 23 October he flew across the Channel to Autigny . For the closing weeks of the war , he served on the staff of the RAF 's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy , France . Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918 he remained on the Continent for two months as an RAF staff officer until posted back to Britain . He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert I on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November . Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and was promoted to squadron leader the following day . In October 1919 Albert went up to Trinity College , Cambridge , where he studied history , economics and civics for a year , with the historian R.V. Laurence as his `` official mentor '' . On 4 June 1920 his father created him Duke of York , Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney . He began to take on more royal duties . He represented his father , and toured coal mines , factories , and railyards . Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the `` Industrial Prince '' . His stammer , and his embarrassment over it , together with his tendency to shyness , caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother , Edward . However , he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis . He played at Wimbledon in the Men 's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926 , losing in the first round . He developed an interest in working conditions , and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society . His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds . Marriage ( edit ) See also : Wedding of Prince Albert , Duke of York , and Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon In a time when royalty were expected to marry fellow royalty , it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife . An infatuation with the already - married Australian socialite Sheila , Lady Loughborough , came to an end in April 1920 when the King , with the promise of the dukedom of York , persuaded Albert to stop seeing her . That year , he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon , the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne . He became determined to marry her . She rejected his proposal twice , in 1921 and 1922 , reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family . In the words of Lady Elizabeth 's mother , Albert would be `` made or marred '' by his choice of wife . After a protracted courtship , Elizabeth agreed to marry him . They were married on 26 April 1923 in Westminster Abbey . Albert 's marriage to someone not of royal birth was considered a modernising gesture . The newly formed British Broadcasting Company wished to record and broadcast the event on radio , but the Abbey Chapter vetoed the idea ( although the Dean , Herbert Edward Ryle , was in favour ) . The Duke and Duchess ( centre , reading programmes ) at Eagle Farm Racecourse , Brisbane , 1927 From December 1924 to April 1925 , the Duke and Duchess toured Kenya , Uganda , and the Sudan , travelling via the Suez Canal and Aden . During the trip , they both went big game hunting . Because of his stammer , Albert dreaded public speaking . After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925 , one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners , he began to see Lionel Logue , an Australian - born speech therapist . The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises , and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently . Subsequently , he was able to speak with less hesitation . With his delivery improved , the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra , Australia , during a tour of the empire in 1927 . His journey by sea to Australia , New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica , where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man , Bertrand Clark , which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races . The Duke and Duchess of York had two children : Elizabeth ( called `` Lilibet '' by the family ) who was born in 1926 , and Margaret who was born in 1930 . The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence , 145 Piccadilly . They were a close and loving family . One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister , R.B. Bennett , considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931 -- a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs , J.H. Thomas . Reluctant King ( edit ) George VI holds the Sceptre with the Cross , containing the 530 - carat Cullinan I Diamond . The Imperial State Crown is on the right . Portrait by Sir Gerald Kelly . Main article : Edward VIII abdication crisis King George V had severe reservations about Prince Edward , saying `` After I am dead , the boy will ruin himself in twelve months '' and `` I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne . '' On 20 January 1936 , George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII . In the Vigil of the Princes , Prince Albert and his three brothers took a shift standing guard over their father 's body as it lay in state , in a closed casket , in Westminster Hall . As Edward was unmarried and had no children , Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne . Less than a year later , on 11 December 1936 , Edward abdicated in order to marry his mistress , Wallis Simpson , who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second . Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands . Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans . Thus Albert became king , a position he was reluctant to accept . The day before the abdication , he went to London to see his mother , Queen Mary . He wrote in his diary , `` When I told her what had happened , I broke down and sobbed like a child . '' On the day of the abdication , the Oireachtas , the parliament of the Irish Free State , removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution . The next day , it passed the External Relations Act , which gave the monarch limited authority ( strictly on the advice of the government ) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties . The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth . Courtier and journalist Dermot Morrah alleged that there was brief speculation as to the desirability of bypassing Albert ( and his children ) and his brother , Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , in favour of their younger brother Prince George , Duke of Kent . This seems to have been suggested on the grounds that Prince George was at that time the only brother with a son . Early reign ( edit ) Darlington Town Hall decorated for the coronation , 1937 Albert assumed the regnal name `` George VI '' to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy . The beginning of George VI 's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother , whose titles , style and position were uncertain . He had been introduced as `` His Royal Highness Prince Edward '' for the abdication broadcast , but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession , Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles , including `` Royal Highness '' . In settling the issue , George 's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title `` Duke of Windsor '' with the style `` Royal Highness '' , but the letters patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles . George VI was forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House , as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically . Three days after his accession , on his 41st birthday , he invested his wife , the new queen consort , with the Order of the Garter . George VI 's coronation at Westminster Abbey took place on 12 May 1937 , the date previously intended for Edward 's coronation . In a break with tradition , Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son . There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI , as had occurred for his father , as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India . Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal party would have received likely to be muted at best , and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War . Two overseas tours were undertaken , to France and to North America , both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war . The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI . The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain 's appeasement of Hitler . However , when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938 , they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them . This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional , as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family . While broadly popular among the general public , Chamberlain 's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons , which led historian John Grigg to describe the King 's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as `` the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century '' . Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt with King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , on the USS Potomac , 9 June 1939 In May and June 1939 , the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States . From Ottawa , they were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada . George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America , although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York . Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King 's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions . On 19 May , George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada , Daniel Calhoun Roper ; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills ; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada . The official royal tour historian , Gustave Lanctot , wrote `` the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality '' and George gave a speech emphasising `` the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth '' . The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe . Although the aim of the tour was mainly political , to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war , the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public . The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor , Edward VIII , was dispelled . They visited the 1939 New York World 's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park , New York . A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour , which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years . Second World war ( edit ) In September 1939 , Britain and the self - governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany . George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London , despite German bombing raids . They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war , although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle . The first night of the Blitz on London , on 7 September 1940 , killed about one thousand civilians , mostly in the East End . On 13 September , the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there . In defiance , the Queen famously declared : `` I am glad we have been bombed . It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face . '' The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country . They were subject to rationing restrictions , and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded - up Palace . In August 1942 , the King 's brother , Prince George , Duke of Kent , was killed on active service . George VI ( left ) with Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery ( right ) , Holland , October 1944 In 1940 , Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister , though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax . After the King 's initial dismay over Churchill 's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet , he and Churchill developed `` the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister '' . Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940 , the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness . Throughout the war , the King and Queen provided morale - boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom , visiting bomb sites , munitions factories , and troops . The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939 , North Africa and Malta in June 1943 , Normandy in June 1944 , southern Italy in July 1944 , and the Low Countries in October 1944 . Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance . At a social function in 1944 , the Chief of the Imperial General Staff , Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke , revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery , he thought Montgomery was after his job . The King replied : `` You should worry , when I meet him , I always think he 's after mine ! '' In 1945 , crowds shouted `` We want the King ! '' in front of Buckingham Palace during the Victory in Europe Day celebrations . In an echo of Chamberlain 's appearance , the King invited Churchill to appear with the royal family on the balcony to public acclaim . In January 1946 , George addressed the United Nations at their first assembly , which was held in London , and reaffirmed `` our faith in the equal rights of men and women and of nations great and small '' . Empire to Commonwealth ( edit ) George VI ( right ) with British prime minister Clement Attlee , July 1945 George VI 's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire . The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states . The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states , known as the Commonwealth , gathered pace after the Second World War . During the ministry of Clement Attlee , British India became the two independent Dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947 . George relinquished the title of Emperor of India , and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead . In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations and recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth ; he remained King of Pakistan until his death . Other countries left the Commonwealth , such as Burma in January 1948 , Palestine ( divided between Israel and the Arab states ) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949 . In 1947 , the King and his family toured Southern Africa . The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa , Jan Smuts , was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit . George was appalled , however , when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites , and referred to his South African bodyguards as `` the Gestapo '' . Despite the tour , Smuts lost the election the following year , and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation . Illness and death ( edit ) King George VI Memorial Chapel , final resting place of the king The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King 's health , made worse by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments , including arteriosclerosis and Buerger 's disease . A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg , which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949 . His elder daughter Elizabeth , the heir presumptive , took on more royal duties as her father 's health deteriorated . The delayed tour was re-organised , with Elizabeth and her husband , the Duke of Edinburgh , taking the place of the King and Queen . The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951 , but on 23 September 1951 , his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found . In October 1951 , Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month - long tour of Canada ; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King 's illness . At the State Opening of Parliament in November , the King 's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor , Lord Simonds . His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections , and then edited together . On 31 January 1952 , despite advice from those close to him , the King went to London Airport to see off Princess Elizabeth , who was going on her tour of Australia via Kenya . On the morning of 6 February at 07 : 30 GMT , George VI was found dead in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk . He had died from a coronary thrombosis in his sleep at the age of 56 . His daughter flew back to Britain from Kenya as Queen Elizabeth II . From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church , Sandringham , before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February . His funeral took place at St. George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , on the 15th . He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George 's on 26 March 1969 . In 2002 , fifty years after his death , the remains of his widow , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret , who both died that year , were interred in the chapel alongside him . Legacy ( edit ) Statue of George VI at Carlton Gardens , London See also : Cultural depictions of King George VI In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie , the abdication crisis of 1936 did `` more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda '' . George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed `` a rocking throne '' and tried `` to make it steady again '' . He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb . During his reign his people endured the hardships of war , and imperial power was eroded . However , as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage , he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy . The George Cross and the George Medal were founded at the King 's suggestion during the Second World War to recognise acts of exceptional civilian bravery . He bestowed the George Cross on the entire `` island fortress of Malta '' in 1943 . He was posthumously awarded the Ordre de la Libération by the French government in 1960 , one of only two people ( the other being Churchill ) to be awarded the medal after 1946 . A number of geographical features , roads , and institutions are named after George VI . These include King George Hospital in London ; King George VI Reservoir in Surrey , United Kingdom ; King George VI Highway and King George Boulevard in Surrey , British Columbia ; Kingsway in Edmonton ; George VI Sound in Antarctica ; and the King George VI Chase , a horse race in the United Kingdom . Colin Firth won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as George VI in The King 's Speech , a 2010 film that won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Titles , styles , honours and arms ( edit ) Main article : List of titles and honours of King George VI Titles and styles ( edit ) Royal cypher ( monogram ) , 1949 14 December 1895 -- 28 May 1898 : His Highness Prince Albert of York 28 May 1898 -- 22 January 1901 : His Royal Highness Prince Albert of York 22 January 1901 -- 9 November 1901 : His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Cornwall and York 9 November 1901 -- 6 May 1910 : His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Wales 6 May 1910 -- 4 June 1920 : His Royal Highness The Prince Albert 4 June 1920 -- 11 December 1936 : His Royal Highness The Duke of York 11 December 1936 -- 6 February 1952 : His Majesty The King In British India , 11 December 1936 -- 14 August 1947 : His Imperial Majesty The King , Emperor of India George held a number of titles throughout his life , as successively great - grandson , grandson and son of the monarch . As sovereign , he was referred to most often as simply The King or His Majesty . In his position as sovereign , George automatically held the position of Commander - in - Chief . Arms ( edit ) As Duke of York , George bore the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent , the centre point bearing an anchor azure -- a difference earlier awarded to his father , George V , when he was Duke of York , and then later awarded to his grandson Prince Andrew , Duke of York . As king , he bore the royal arms undifferenced . Coat of arms as Duke of York Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom ( except Scotland ) Coat of arms in Scotland Coat of arms in Canada Issue ( edit ) Name Birth Death Marriage Date Spouse Children Queen Elizabeth II 21 April 1926 20 November 1947 Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Prince Charles , Prince of Wales Princess Anne , Princess Royal Prince Andrew , Duke of York Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex Princess Margaret 21 August 1930 9 February 2002 6 May 1960 Divorced 11 July 1978 Antony Armstrong - Jones , 1st Earl of Snowdon David Armstrong - Jones , 2nd Earl of Snowdon Lady Sarah Chatto Ancestry ( edit ) show Ancestry of George VI 16 . Ernest I , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha 8 . Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha 17 . Princess Louise of Saxe - Gotha - Altenburg 4 . Edward VII of the United Kingdom 18 . Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn ( son of 28 ) 9 . Victoria , Queen of the United Kingdom 19 . Princess Victoria of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld 2 . George V of the United Kingdom 20 . Frederick William , Duke of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg 10 . Christian IX of Denmark 21 . Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse - Kassel 5 . Princess Alexandra of Denmark 22 . Prince William of Hesse - Kassel 11 . Princess Louise of Hesse - Kassel 23 . Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark 1 . George VI of the United Kingdom 24 . Duke Louis of Württemberg 12 . Duke Alexander of Württemberg 25 . Princess Henriette of Nassau - Weilburg 6 . Francis , Duke of Teck 26 . Count László Rhédey von Kis - Rhéde 13 . Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis - Rhéde 27 . Baroness Ágnes Inczédy von Nagy - Várad 3 . Princess Mary of Teck 28 . George III of the United Kingdom ( father of 18 ) 14 . Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge 29 . Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz 7 . Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge 30 . Prince Frederick of Hesse - Kassel 15 . Princess Augusta of Hesse - Kassel 31 . Princess Caroline of Nassau - Usingen Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ His godparents were : Queen Victoria ( his great - grandmother , for whom his grandmother the Princess of Wales stood proxy ) ; the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg ( his maternal great - aunt and great - uncle , for whom his grandfather the Duke of Teck and his paternal aunt Princess Maud of Wales stood proxy ) ; Empress Frederick ( his paternal great - aunt , for whom his paternal aunt Princess Victoria of Wales stood proxy ) ; the Crown Prince of Denmark ( his great - uncle , for whom his grandfather the Prince of Wales stood proxy ) ; the Duke of Connaught ( his great - uncle ) ; the Duchess of Fife ( his paternal aunt ) ; and Prince Adolphus of Teck ( his maternal uncle ) . Jump up ^ Renamed Heathrow Airport in 1966 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 90 ; Weir , p. 329 Jump up ^ Weir , pp. 322 -- 323 , 329 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 3 ; Rhodes James , p. 90 ; Townsend , p. 15 ; Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 4 -- 5 ; Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ The Times , Tuesday 18 February 1896 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 6 ; Rhodes James , p. 90 ; Townsend , p. 15 ; Windsor , p. 9 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 2 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 17 -- 18 ^ Jump up to : Matthew , H.C.G. ( 2004 ) , `` George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 41 -- 45 ; Judd , pp. 21 -- 24 ; Rhodes James , p. 91 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 26 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 28 Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 55 -- 76 ^ Jump up to : Bradford , p. 72 Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 115 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 45 ; Rhodes James , p. 91 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 116 Jump up ^ Boyle , Andrew ( 1962 ) , `` Chapter 13 '' , Trenchard Man of Vision , St. James 's Place London : Collins , p. 360 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 44 Jump up ^ Heathcote , Tony ( 2012 ) . The British Field Marshals : 1736 -- 1997 : A Biographical Dictionary . Casemate Publisher . ISBN 9781783461417 . Jump up ^ Judd , p. 47 ; Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 128 -- 131 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 128 Jump up ^ Weir , p. 329 Jump up ^ Current Biography 1942 , p. 280 ; Judd , p. 72 ; Townsend , p. 59 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 52 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 77 -- 86 ; Rhodes James , p. 97 Jump up ^ Henderson , Gerard ( 31 January 2014 ) , `` Sheila : The Australian Ingenue Who Bewitched British Society -- review '' , Daily Express , retrieved 15 March 2015 Jump up ^ Australian Associated Press ( 28 February 2014 ) , A Sheila who captured London 's heart , Special Broadcasting Service , retrieved 14 March 2015 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , pp. 94 -- 96 ; Vickers , pp. 31 , 44 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 106 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 77 ; Judd , pp. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ Roberts , Andrew ( 2000 ) , Antonia Fraser , ed. , The House of Windsor , London : Cassell & Co. , pp. 57 -- 58 , ISBN 0 - 304 - 35406 - 6 Jump up ^ Reith , John ( 1949 ) , Into the Wind , London : Hodder and Stoughton , p. 94 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 89 -- 93 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 49 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 93 -- 97 ; Rhodes James , p. 97 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 98 ; Rhodes James , p. 98 Jump up ^ Current Biography 1942 , pp. 294 -- 295 ; Judd , p. 99 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 106 ; Rhodes James , p. 99 Jump up ^ Shawcross , p. 273 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 111 , 225 , 231 Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 53 Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 199 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 140 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 286 Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 93 Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 63 ; Judd , p. 135 Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 66 ; Judd , p. 141 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 144 ; Sinclair , p. 224 Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 143 Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 326 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 223 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 214 Jump up ^ Vickers , p. 175 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 209 Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 269 , 281 Jump up ^ Sinclair , p. 230 Jump up ^ Hitchens , Christopher ( 1 April 2002 ) , `` Mourning will be brief '' , The Guardian , retrieved 1 May 2009 Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada , Biography and People > A Real Companion and Friend > Behind the Diary > Politics , Themes , and Events from King 's Life > The Royal Tour of 1939 , Queen 's Printer for Canada , archived from the original on 30 October 2009 , retrieved 12 December 2009 Jump up ^ Bousfield , Arthur ; Toffoli , Garry ( 1989 ) , Royal Spring : The Royal Tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada , Toronto : Dundurn Press , pp. 60 , 66 , ISBN 1 - 55002 - 065 - X Jump up ^ Lanctot , Gustave ( 1964 ) , Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939 , Toronto : E.P. Taylor Foundation Jump up ^ Galbraith , William ( 1989 ) , `` Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit '' , Canadian Parliamentary Review , Ottawa : Commonwealth Parliamentary Association , 12 ( 3 ) : 7 -- 9 , retrieved 24 March 2015 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 163 -- 166 ; Rhodes James , pp. 154 -- 168 ; Vickers , p. 187 Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 298 -- 299 Jump up ^ The Times Monday , 12 June 1939 p. 12 col . A Jump up ^ Swift , Will ( 2004 ) , The Roosevelts and the Royals : Franklin and Eleanor , the King and Queen of England , and the Friendship that Changed History , John Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ Judd , p. 189 ; Rhodes James , p. 344 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 171 -- 172 ; Townsend , p. 104 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 183 ; Rhodes James , p. 214 Jump up ^ Arnold - Forster , Mark ( 1983 ) ( 1973 ) , The World at War , London : Thames Methuen , p. 303 , ISBN 0 - 423 - 00680 - 0 Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ( 1949 ) , The Second World War , II , Cassell and Co. Ltd , p. 334 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 184 ; Rhodes James , pp. 211 -- 212 ; Townsend , p. 111 Jump up ^ Goodwin , Doris Kearns ( 1994 ) , No Ordinary Time : Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt : The Home Front in World War II , New York : Simon & Schuster , p. 380 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 187 ; Weir , p. 324 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 180 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 195 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , pp. 202 -- 210 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 176 , 201 -- 203 , 207 -- 208 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 170 Jump up ^ Reagan , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) , Military Anecdotes , Guinness , p. 25 , ISBN 0 - 85112 - 519 - 0 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 210 Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 173 Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 176 Jump up ^ Townsend , pp. 229 -- 232 , 247 -- 265 Jump up ^ Townsend , pp. 267 -- 270 Jump up ^ Townsend , pp. 221 -- 223 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 223 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 295 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 294 ; Shawcross , p. 618 Jump up ^ King George VI , Official website of the British monarchy , retrieved 18 April 2016 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 225 ; Townsend , p. 174 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 240 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , pp. 314 -- 317 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 454 ; Rhodes James , p. 330 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 331 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 334 Jump up ^ About Heathrow Airport : Heathrow 's history , LHR Airports , retrieved 9 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` 1952 : King George VI dies in his sleep '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 247 -- 248 Jump up ^ `` The day the King died '' . BBC . 6 February 2002 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Repose at Sandringham '' , Life , Time Inc , p. 38 , 18 February 1952 , ISSN 0024 - 3019 , retrieved 26 December 2011 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 462 Jump up ^ Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805 , Dean & Canons of Windsor , archived from the original on 27 September 2011 , retrieved 15 February 2010 Jump up ^ `` Mourners visit Queen Mother 's vault '' . BBC News . 10 April 2002 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Hardie in the British House of Commons , 11 December 1936 , quoted in Rhodes James , p. 115 Jump up ^ Letter from George VI to the Duke of Windsor , quoted in Rhodes James , p. 127 Jump up ^ Ashley , Mike ( 1998 ) , British Monarchs , London : Robinson , pp. 703 -- 704 , ISBN 1 - 84119 - 096 - 9 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 248 -- 249 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 186 ; Rhodes James , p. 216 Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 137 Jump up ^ List of Companions ( PDF ) , Ordre de la Libération , retrieved 19 September 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary '' ( PDF ) . Press Information Bureau of India -- Archive . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velde , François ( 19 April 2008 ) , Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family , Heraldica , retrieved 22 April 2009 Jump up ^ House of Windsor Tree from royal.gov.uk Bibliography ( edit ) Bradford , Sarah ( 1989 ) , King George VI , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 79667 - 4 Howarth , Patrick ( 1987 ) , George VI , Hutchinson , ISBN 0 - 09 - 171000 - 6 Judd , Denis ( 1982 ) , King George VI , London : Michael Joseph , ISBN 0 - 7181 - 2184 - 8 Matthew , H.C.G. ( 2004 ) , `` George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press Rhodes James , Robert ( 1998 ) , A Spirit Undaunted : The Political Role of George VI , London : Little , Brown and Co , ISBN 0 - 316 - 64765 - 9 Shawcross , William ( 2009 ) , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother : The Official Biography , Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4050 - 4859 - 0 Sinclair , David ( 1988 ) , Two Georges : the Making of the Modern Monarchy , Hodder and Stoughton , ISBN 0 - 340 - 33240 - 9 Townsend , Peter ( 1975 ) , The Last Emperor , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 77031 - 4 Vickers , Hugo ( 2006 ) , Elizabeth : The Queen Mother , Arrow Books / Random House , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 947662 - 7 Wheeler - Bennett , Sir John ( 1958 ) , King George VI : His Life and Reign , New York : St Martin 's Press Weir , Alison ( 1996 ) , Britain 's Royal Families : The Complete Genealogy , Revised Edition , London : Random House , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7448 - 9 Windsor , The Duke of ( 1951 ) , A King 's Story , London : Cassell & Co Ltd Ziegler , Philip ( 1990 ) , King Edward VIII : The Official Biography , London : Collins , ISBN 0 - 00 - 215741 - 1 External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` George VI '' dated 12 July 2014 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutGeorge VIat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata George VI at Encyclopædia Britannica Footage of King George VI stammering in a 1938 speech on YouTube Soundtrack of King George VI Coronation speech in 1937 on YouTube `` Archival material relating to George VI '' . UK National Archives . Portraits of King George VI at the National Portrait Gallery , London Newspaper clippings about George VI in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) George VI House of Windsor Born : 14 December 1895 Died : 6 February 1952 Regnal titles Preceded by Edward VIII King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions 1936 -- 1952 Succeeded by Elizabeth II Emperor of India 1936 -- 1947 Partition of India Masonic offices Preceded by Iain Colquhoun Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland 1936 -- 1937 Succeeded by Norman Orr - Ewing Honorary titles Preceded by Edward VIII Air Commodore - in - Chief of the Auxiliary Air Force 1936 -- 1952 Succeeded by Elizabeth II New title Head of the Commonwealth 1949 -- 1952 Air Commodore - in - Chief of the Air Training Corps 1941 -- 1952 Succeeded by The Duke of Edinburgh Notes and references 1 . Indian Empire dissolved 15 August 1947 . Title abandoned 22 June 1948 ( `` No. 38330 '' . The London Gazette. 22 June 1948 . p. 3647. ) Articles and topics related to George VI English , Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund II Cnut Harold I Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold II Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret of Norway John Balliol Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 James VI & I Charles I Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Monarchs of Canada House of Hanover ( 1867 -- 1901 ) Victoria House of Saxe - Coburg - Gotha ( 1901 -- 1917 ) Edward VII George V House of Windsor ( 1917 -- present ) George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Emperors of India Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI British princes The generations indicate descent from George I , who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family . 1st generation King George II 2nd generation Frederick , Prince of Wales Prince George William Prince William , Duke of Cumberland 3rd generation King George III Prince Edward , Duke of York and Albany Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn Prince Frederick 4th generation King George IV Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany King William IV Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn King Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge Prince Octavius Prince Alfred Prince William Frederick , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 5th generation Prince Albert King George V of Hanover Prince George , Duke of Cambridge 6th generation King Edward VII Prince Alfred , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany Prince Ernest Augustus 7th generation Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale King George V Prince Alexander John of Wales Alfred , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur of Connaught Prince Charles Edward , Duke of Albany and of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince George William of Hanover Prince Christian of Hanover Prince Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick 8th generation King Edward VIII King George VI Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester Prince George , Duke of Kent Prince John Alastair , 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Johann Leopold , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Hubertus of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince George William of Hanover 9th generation Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Prince William of Gloucester Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester Prince Edward , Duke of Kent Prince Michael of Kent 10th generation Charles , Prince of Wales Prince Andrew , Duke of York Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex 11th generation Prince William , Duke of Cambridge Prince Harry , Duke of Sussex James , Viscount Severn 12th generation Prince George of Cambridge Prince Louis of Cambridge Not a British prince by birth , but created Prince Consort . Not a British prince by birth , but created a Prince of the United Kingdom . Status debatable ; see his article . Dukes of York Edmund of Langley ( 1385 -- 1402 ) Edward of Norwich ( 1402 -- 1415 ) Richard Plantagenet ( 1415 -- 1460 ) Edward of York ( 1460 -- 1461 ) Richard of Shrewsbury ( 1474 -- 1483 ) Henry ( 1494 -- 1509 ) Charles ( 1605 -- 1625 ) James ( 1633 / 1644 -- 1685 ) Dukes of York and Albany ( 18th century ) George ( 1892 -- 1910 ) Albert ( 1920 -- 1936 ) Andrew ( 1986 -- present ) Princes of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Forefather Duke Francis I 1st generation Duke Ernest I ^ Prince Ferdinand ^ King Leopold I of the Belgians ^ 2nd generation Ducal Duke Ernest II ^ Albert , Prince Consort of the United Kingdom ^ * Koháry King Fernando II of Portugal and the Algarves ^ ¶ Prince August ^ Prince Leopold ^ Belgium Crown Prince Louis Philippe # King Leopold II # Prince Philippe # 3rd generation United Kingdom King Edward VII * Duke Alfred I * Prince Arthur * Prince Leopold * Portugal King Pedro V ¶ King Luís I ¶ Infante João ¶ Infante Fernando ¶ Infante Augusto ¶ Koháry Prince Philipp Prince Ludwig August Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians † Belgium Prince Leopold # Prince Baudouin # King Albert I # 4th generation United Kingdom Prince Albert Victor * King George V * Prince Alexander John of Wales * Hereditary Prince Alfred * Prince Arthur * Duke Charles Edward I * Portugal King Carlos I ¶ Infante Afonso ¶ Koháry Prince Leopold Clement Prince Pedro Augusto Prince August Leopold Prince Joseph Ferdinand Prince Ludwig Gaston Bulgaria Tsar Boris III † Prince Kiril † Belgium King Leopold III # Prince Charles # 5th generation United Kingdom King Edward VIII * King George VI * Prince Henry * Prince George * Prince John * Prince Alastair * Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold * Prince Hubertus * Prince Friedrich Josias Portugal Prince Luís Filipe ¶ King Manuel II ¶ Koháry Prince August Clemens Prince Rainer Prince Philipp Prince Ernst Prince Antonius Bulgaria Tsar Simeon II † Belgium King Baudouin I # King Albert II # Prince Alexandre # 6th generation Ducal Prince Andreas Prince Adrian Koháry Prince Johannes Heinrich Bulgaria Prince Kardam † Prince Kyril † Prince Kubrat † Prince Konstantin - Assen † Belgium King Philippe I # Prince Laurent # 7th generation Ducal Hereditary Prince Hubertus Prince Alexander Prince Simon Prince Daniel Koháry Prince Johannes Bulgaria Prince Boris † Prince Beltrán † Prince Tassilo † Prince Mirko † Prince Lukás † Prince Tirso † Prince Umberto † Belgium Prince Gabriel # Prince Emmanuel # Prince Nicolas # Prince Aymeric # 8th generation Ducal Prince Philipp ^ Prince of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld until 1826 * also a prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland # also a prince of Belgium ¶ also a member of the Portuguese royal family † also a member of the Bulgarian royal family also a member of the Brazilian imperial family Edward VIII abdication crisis Edward VIII Wallis Simpson People Prince Albert ( Edward VIII 's brother , later George VI ) Stanley Baldwin ( Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ) Alfred Blunt ( Bishop of Bradford ) John Theodore Goddard ( Mrs Simpson 's solicitor ) Alec Hardinge ( Edward VIII 's private secretary ) J.B.M. Hertzog ( Prime Minister of South Africa ) Cosmo Gordon Lang ( Archbishop of Canterbury ) Joseph Lyons ( Prime Minister of Australia ) William Lyon Mackenzie King ( Prime Minister of Canada ) Queen Mary ( Edward VIII 's mother ) Walter Monckton ( advisor to Edward VIII ) Michael Joseph Savage ( Prime Minister of New Zealand ) Ernest Simpson ( Mrs Simpson 's husband ) Éamon de Valera ( President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State ) Legal documents His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 ( United Kingdom ) Executive Authority ( External Relations ) Act 1936 ( Ireland ) His Majesty King Edward the Eighth 's Abdication Act , 1937 ( South Africa ) Succession to the Throne Act 1937 ( Canada ) Cultural depictions Edward & Mrs. Simpson ( 1978 ) The Woman He Loved ( 1988 ) Wallis & Edward ( 2005 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) W.E. ( 2012 ) Heads of State of Ceylon and Sri Lanka Monarch of Ceylon ( 1948 -- 1972 ) George VI Elizabeth II President of Sri Lanka ( from 1972 ) Gopallawa Jayewardene Premadasa Wijetunga Kumaratunga Rajapaksa Sirisena Heads of State of India King ( 1947 -- 1950 ) George VI † President ( from 1950 ) Prasad Radhakrishnan Hussain Giri * Hidayatullah * Giri Ahmed Jatti * Reddy Singh Venkataraman Sharma Narayanan Kalam Patil Mukherjee † Formerly Emperor of India until 22 June 1948 * Acting President Heads of State of Pakistan Monarch ( 1947 -- 1956 ) George VI Elizabeth II President ( from 1956 ) Mirza A. Khan § Y. Khan § Bhutto Chaudhry Zia § G. Khan Sajjad * Leghari Sajjad * Tarar Musharraf § Soomro * Zardari Hussain § Head of the military regime * Acting President Heads of State of South Africa Monarch ( 1910 -- 1961 ) George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II State President ( 1961 -- 1994 ) ( under Apartheid ) Charles Robberts Swart Eben Dönges Jozua François Naudé * Jacobus Johannes Fouché Johannes de Klerk * Nico Diederichs Marais Viljoen * B.J. Vorster Marais Viljoen P.W. Botha F.W. de Klerk President ( from 1994 ) ( post-Apartheid ) Nelson Mandela Thabo Mbeki Ivy Matsepe - Casaburri * Kgalema Motlanthe Jacob Zuma Cyril Ramaphosa * Acting President George Cross Predecessors Empire Gallantry Medal Edward Medal Albert Medal for Lifesaving Recipients List of George Cross recipients List of living recipients of the George Cross List of Australian George Cross recipients Related George VI Orders , decorations , and medals of the United Kingdom Biography portal Monarchy portal United Kingdom portal British Empire portal World War II portal BIBSYS : 90266903 BNF : cb140374066 ( data ) GND : 118690477 ISNI : 0000 0004 1024 9563 LCCN : n50024182 MusicBrainz : 65213ed3 - 8453 - 48e8 - 918f - 828dc11dc6b5 NARA : 10582213 NDL : 001115765 NLA : 36542954 SELIBR : 214480 SNAC : w66b7sgk SUDOC : 084554436 ULAN : 500356596 VIAF : 8330386 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_VI&oldid=853733921 '' Categories : George VI 1895 births 1952 deaths 19th - century British people 20th - century British monarchs 20th - century Irish monarchs Monarchs of the United Kingdom Monarchs of Australia Heads of state of Canada Emperors of India Heads of state of India Heads of state of New Zealand Heads of state of Pakistan Monarchs of South Africa Monarchs of Ceylon Heads of the Commonwealth House of Windsor Dukes of York Princes of the United Kingdom Royal Navy admirals of the fleet British field marshals Marshals of the Royal Air Force Royal Air Force personnel of World War I Royal Navy officers of World War I World War II political leaders People of the Victorian era British Freemasons Knights of the Garter Knights of the Thistle Knights of St Patrick Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir , 4th class Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Eagle ( Serbia ) Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ ( Portugal ) Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog Knights of the Military Order of Savoy Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia Grand Crosses of the Order of the Phoenix ( Greece ) Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint - Charles Collars of the Order of Saints George and Constantine Recipients of the Order of Al Rafidain Companions of the Liberation Alumni of Trinity College , Cambridge People from Sandringham , Norfolk Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland People with speech impediment Edward VIII abdication crisis Burials at St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle Royalty and nobility with disabilities British Empire in World War II People educated at the Royal Naval College , Osborne Deaths from coronary thrombosis Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2012 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 14 elements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kernowek لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 81 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | monarch at the end of world war 2 | [
"George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth.\n"
] | [
"George VI"
] |
-4589258112107821910 | Visa requirements for British citizens | Visa requirements for British citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for British citizens Jump to : navigation , search A British citizen passport ( 2010 series ) Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom . As of 22 May 2018 , British citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 186 countries and territories , ranking the British passport 4th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Austrian , Dutch , Luxembourgish , Norwegian , Portuguese and the United States passports ) according to the Henley Passport Index . Additionally , the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world ( tied with Denmark , Finland , Germany , Italy , Luxembourg and Singapore ) in terms of travel freedom , with a mobility index of 160 ( out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1 , visa on arrival weighted by 0.7 , eVisa by 0.5 , and traditional visa weighted by 0 ) . Visa requirements for other classes of British nationals such as British Nationals ( Overseas ) , British Overseas Citizens , British Overseas Territories Citizens , British Protected Persons or British Subjects are different . Contents 1 History 2 Visa requirements map 3 Visa requirements 4 British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories 5 Territories and disputed areas 6 Non-ordinary passports 7 Non-visa restrictions 7.1 Passport validity length 7.2 Blank passport pages 7.3 Vaccination 7.4 Israeli stamps 7.5 Armenian ethnicity 7.6 Persona non grata 7.7 Fingerprinting 7.8 Criminal record 8 Right to consular protection in non-EU countries 9 Travel impact of Brexit 10 Fingerprinting 11 Foreign travel statistics 12 See also 13 References and Notes History ( edit ) Visa requirements for British citizens were lifted by some European nations following World War II . The following list shows when countries abolished visa restrictions for British citizens : France ( 1 January 1947 ) , Belgium ( 15 February 1947 ) , Luxembourg ( 15 February 1947 ) , Norway ( 1 March 1947 ) , Denmark ( 22 March 1947 ) , Sweden ( 1 April 1947 ) , Netherlands ( 15 April 1947 ) , Switzerland ( 24 June 1947 ) , Liechtenstein ( 24 June 1947 ) , Iceland ( 1 July 1947 ) , Italy ( 1 January 1948 ) , Monaco ( 8 November 1948 ) , Austria ( 15 May 1955 ) , Paraguay ( 27 November 1966 ) , United States ( 1 July 1988 ) , Poland ( 1 July 1992 ) , Bulgaria ( March 1997 ) , Romania ( 1 January 2001 ) , Serbia and Montenegro ( 31 May 2003 ) , Ukraine ( 1 May 2005 ) , Georgia ( 1 June 2006 ) , Moldova ( 1 January 2007 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 27 July 2012 ) , Armenia ( 10 January 2013 ) , Kazakhstan ( 15 July 2014 ) , Indonesia ( 13 June 2015 ) , Vietnam ( 1 July 2015 ) and Belarus ( 12 February 2017 ) . Electronic visas for British citizens were introduced : India ( 15 August 2015 ) and Djibouti ( 18 February 2018 ) . Visas on arrival were discontinued for British citizens by Mali ( March 2015 ) and Malawi ( 1 October 2015 ) . Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for British citizens United Kingdom Freedom of movement Visa not required Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required prior to arrival Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period . Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 6 months Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia Visa not required 180 days Australia eVisitor 90 days If granted , eVisitor allows British citizens to stay in Australia for 90 days per visit . Issued free of charge and valid for one year . Austria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 21 days Extendable up to eight months . Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Visas can be issued on arrival for a stay up to 3 months . eVisa issued for 14 days , extendable once . Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival available at Dhaka International Airport Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days Must arrive and leave via Minsk International Airport Visas are also issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted by inviting organization / person not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Visa and police registration required for stays of more than 5 days . Belgium EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Belize Visa not required 30 days Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . Bhutan Visa required Visa via approved tour operators only Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 month period . Botswana Visa not required 90 days Brazil Visa not required 90 days Extendable for further 90 days Brunei Visa not required 90 days Bulgaria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Extendable for another 30 days . Cameroon Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa not required 90 days May be extended . China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy . Visiting visas issued to British citizens are generally valid for 2 years Colombia Visa not required 90 days Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period . Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 3 months Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . Croatia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required Cyprus EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Czech Republic EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Denmark EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( DK ) Djibouti eVisa 31 days Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa not required 30 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days May be extended . Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Estonia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Visa on arrival only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement France EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days eVisa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Georgia Visa not required 1 year Germany EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ghana Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Greece EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Grenada Visa not required 6 months Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 90 days Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Iceland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Not available at all entry points . Iran Visa required Iraq Visa required Visa on arrival for 30 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Ireland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Jamaica Visa not required 180 days Japan Visa not required 90 days May be extended once . Jordan Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival Conditions apply Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Rwanda or Uganda . Kiribati Visa not required 30 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Latvia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Libya Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Liechtenstein EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lithuania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Luxembourg EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Marshall Islands Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 90 days Free of charge . Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Must register with the local police station ( either through a tourist organisation or at hotel reception ) within 24 hours of arrival . Morocco Visa not required 90 days Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports Regular visa for up to three months Namibia Visa not required 3 months 3 months within a calendar year Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Visa - on - arrival is extendable Netherlands EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 6 months Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Norway EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Oman eVisa 30 days Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 60 days Issued free of charge . Paraguay Visa not required 90 days Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Portugal EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Russia Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when entering by regular ferry via port of St. Petersburg , provided that a passenger spends the night on - board or in accommodation specifically approved by the travel agency . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Uganda . Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Free Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Free of charge . San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa not required 90 days Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Sierra Leone Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Singapore Visa not required 90 days Slovakia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Slovenia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days British citizens are allowed to extend their stay twice when in the country to a maximum stay of 90 days in total . Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Switzerland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Syria Visa required Visa not required for citizens born in Syria . Tajikistan eVisa 45 days Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days If not arriving by air , British citizens are only permitted two visits per year . Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is only available at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 31 days Issued free of charge . Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 3 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Turkmenistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Tuvalu Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 1 month Issued free of charge . Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Issued free of charge . United States Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program 90 days ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship , which is valid for 2 years . ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Uzbekistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Simplified procedure for British citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa not required 15 days A single entry eVisa valid for 30 days is also available . Visa exemption extended until June 2021 . Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days British citizens are eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months British citizens are also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia . British crown dependencies and Overseas territories ( edit ) British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa not required Anguilla Visa not required 3 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Bermuda Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . British Antarctic Territory Special permit required British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required British Virgin Islands Visa not required 1 month Extension of stay possible . British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Falkland Islands Visitor 's permit on arrival 4 weeks The initial visitor 's permit is valid for 4 weeks . Visitors who have a connection with the Falkland Islands have right of abode . Guernsey EU ! Right of abode British citizens have right of abode in the Bailiwick of Guernsey . In Guernsey and Sark , a work or employment permit is not required . In Alderney , a work or employment permit is required for persons without Guernsey ( Alderney ) status . Isle of Man EU ! Right of abode Work or employment permit is required for persons without `` Isle of Man worker '' status . Jersey EU ! Right of abode Work or employment permit is not required . Gibraltar EU ! Right of abode British citizens have right of abode in Gibraltar . Montserrat Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days Landing fee applies . Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Visa not required 3 months Entry permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance . Saint Helena Entry permit on arrival 183 days The entry permit costs £ 25 and is issued on arrival . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands , unless connection with Tristan da Cunha , in which case right of abode . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required 90 days British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Territories and disputed areas ( edit ) Europe Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Abkhazia Visa required Artsakh Visa required Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa - free for 10 days Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required . If traveling from mainland Ukraine , special permit issued by Ukrainian authorities is required . Ukraine will deny entry to anyone in case of evidence they have entered occupied Crimea from Russia bypassing mainland Ukraine after March 2014 . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands Visa not required Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Svalbard of Norway Visa not Required Unlimited Stay ( Indefinite Stay ) . Kosovo Visa not required Visa free 90 days Novorossiya Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities require special authorization . South Ossetia Visa not required Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria Visa not required Visa free . Registration required after 24h . Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required Visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Mayotte Freedom of Movement Valid ID or Passport Required . Reunion Freedom of Movement Valid ID or Passport Required . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Visa not required Visa not required up to 3 months in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival Visa issued on arrival ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) . Sudan Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Hainan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 21 days for travelling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) Hong Kong Visa not required Visa not required for 180 days . Prior to April 1997 , British citizens were allowed to land and remain in Hong Kong for 12 months without being subject to any other condition of stay . India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macao Visa not required Visa not required for 6 months Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists may only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan Visa not required Visa not required for 90 days Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Turkmenistan Special permit required A special permit , issued prior to arrival by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . Phú Quốc Visa not required May visit without a visa for up to 30 days . Yemen Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Aruba Visa not required Visa not required for 30 days , extendable to 180 days . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required Visa not required up to 3 months San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival . Curaçao Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . French West Indies Visa not required French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy . Greenland Visa not required Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted . Puerto Rico Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required Visa not required for 90 days . Sint Maarten Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) American Samoa Entry Permit required Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cook Islands Visa not required Visa free access for 31 days . Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . French Polynesia Visa not required Visa not required . Guam Visa not required 45 days New Caledonia Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . Niue Visa on arrival Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge . Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required 45 days Tokelau Entry Permit required United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . Wallis and Futuna Visa not required Visa not required . South America Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Antarctica Special authorisation required Special permits required for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Non-ordinary passports ( edit ) Holders of various categories of official British passports have additional visa - free access to the following countries - China ( diplomatic passports ) , Kuwait ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Mongolia ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Qatar ( diplomatic or official passports and British Diplomatic Messenger or Queen 's Messenger Passports ) and the United Arab Emirates ( diplomatic or official passports ) . Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa - free access to Cape Verde , Ethiopia , Mali and Zimbabwe . Holders of British official and diplomatic passports require a visa for South Africa . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and always excepting EU / EEA / Swiss nationals ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Endorsement pages which oftentimes appear after the visa pages are not counted . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Persona non grata ( edit ) The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea and the United States demand all travellers , or all foreign travellers , to be fingerprinted on arrival . Criminal record ( edit ) Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . Right to Consular protection in non-EU countries ( edit ) When in a non-EU country where there is no British embassy , British citizens , like all other EU citizens , have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country . See also List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom . Diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom Travel impact of Brexit ( edit ) Main article : Brexit On 23 June 2016 , the British electorate voted to leave the European Union in a nationwide referendum in England , Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland and Gibraltar . The UK sent notification of their intention to leave the EU to the European Council through Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty . After notifying the European Council , the UK has two years to negotiate with other member states until it leaves , and British citizens will only then cease to be citizens of the European Union . British citizens will still have the right of freedom of movement until the UK formally leaves . It has since been suggested that British citizens wishing to travel to EU countries may have to apply for a visa or apply online for an American style ESTA visa waiver and pay a fee in order to enter the country of destination . This issue will be a major topic of discussions taking place between the British government and all leaders of the 27 European Union countries during the two - year - long Brexit negotiations . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea and the United States demand all adult passengers ( age varies by country ) to be fingerprinted on arrival . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) This section is transcluded from British passport . ( edit history ) According to the Foreign travel advice provided by the British Government ( unless otherwise noted ) these are the numbers of British visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : Foreign travel statistics Country Number of visitors Albania 80,000 American Samoa 133 Angola 14,267 / 12,319 ? Andorra 150,000 Angola 12,319 Anguilla 5,021 Antarctica 3,915 Antigua and Barbuda 70,701 Aruba 10,447 Australia 731,900 Austria 919,500 Azerbaijan 29,514 Bahamas 28,022 Bangladesh 150,000 Barbados 218,638 Belarus 6,000 Belgium 868,173 Belize 13,342 Bermuda 41,348 Bhutan 3,124 Bolivia 17,528 Bosnia and Herzegovina 12,715 Botswana 41,011 Brazil 202,671 Brunei 18,222 Bulgaria 352,054 Burkina Faso 2,192 Cambodia 159,489 Cameroon 16,008 Canada 819,530 Cape Verde 126,685 Cayman Islands 14,017 Chile 54,714 China 579,600 Colombia 39,715 Congo 6,115 Cook Islands 2,568 Costa Rica 76,173 Croatia 750,675 Cuba 155,802 Curacao 2,806 Cyprus 1,253,839 Czech Republic 470,576 Denmark 150,000 Dominica 4,951 Dominican Republic 177,534 Ecuador 27,126 Egypt 865,000 Ethiopia 20,000 Estonia 58,402 Fiji 16,925 Finland 226,927 France 12,235,713 French Polynesia 2,840 Gambia 60,424 Ghana 90,000 Georgia 26,852 Germany 2,551,061 Greece 2,397,169 Greenland 1,595 Grenada 25,351 Guadeloupe < 1,000 Hong Kong 555,353 Hungary 376,573 Iceland 322,543 Indonesia 352,017 India 941,883 Ireland 3,547,000 Israel 197,100 Italy 4,922,000 Jamaica 217,647 Japan 310,500 Jordan 64,776 Kazakhstan 20,166 Kiribati 60 Kuwait 7,000 Kenya 100,000 Kyrgyzstan 6,600 Laos 39,170 Latvia 95,357 Lebanon 61,994 Lesotho 2,380 Liechtenstein 2,200 Lithuania 58,200 Luxembourg 69,350 Macau 57,121 Macedonia 8,856 Madagascar 3,167 Malaysia 358,818 Malawi 51,145 Maldives 103,977 Malta 560,893 Mali 900 Mauritius 149,807 Mexico 563,099 Moldova 7,820 Mongolia 6,012 Montenegro 37,464 Montserrat 1,380 Morocco 554,000 Myanmar 51,051 Namibia 27,365 Nepal 29,730 Nigeria 117,000 Niue 47 Norway 581,000 Netherlands 2,195,000 New Zealand 249,264 Nicaragua 16,923 Oman 133,529 Pakistan 275,400 Palau 852 Panama 16,338 Papua New Guinea 6,974 Peru 69,302 Philippines 182,708 Poland 796,900 Portugal 2,600,000 Qatar 132,301 Romania 179,265 Russia 193,522 Saba 200 Saint Lucia 68,175 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17,045 Samoa 1,773 San Marino 5,750 São Tomé and Príncipe 83 Serbia 31,658 Seychelles 21,906 Singapore 518,903 Sint Eustatius 200 Slovakia 77,837 Slovenia 118,508 Solomon Islands 387 South Africa 407,486 South Korea 126,024 Spain 18,779,466 Sri Lanka 201,879 Suriname 1,474 Swaziland 15,503 Switzerland 709,925 Sweden 603,000 Taiwan 104,911 Tanzania 67,742 Thailand 994,468 Timor - Leste 548 Tonga 787 Trinidad and Tobago 37,473 Turkey 1,658,715 Turks and Caicos 6,399 Tuvalu 43 Uganda 43,009 Uruguay 20,000 Ukraine 78,603 United Arab Emirates 1,265,000 United States 5,216,692 Uzbekistan 1,800 Venezuela 20,837 Vietnam 283,537 Zambia 36,997 ^ Data for 2014 ^ Data for 2016 ^ Data for 2015 ^ Data for 2017 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Data for 2010 ^ Data for 2005 ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) . See also ( edit ) European Union portal United Kingdom portal Visa requirements for the European Union citizens British passport British National ( Overseas ) passport British nationality law Visa requirements for British Nationals ( Overseas ) Visa requirements for British Overseas Citizens Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories Citizens Visa policy of the United Kingdom References and notes ( edit ) References ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Passport Index 2018 '' . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ `` Visa Openness Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . World Tourism Organization . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ Austria abolished the visa requirement for British citizens on 1 August 1927 ( 1 ) but this was reversed after the Anschluss in 1938 . ^ Resolution of the Ministry on Internal Affairs of 28 July 1955 , concerning the abolition of visas for citizens of the United States of America , the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( in German ) ^ `` ACUERDO POR NOTAS REVERSALES PARA LA SUPRESIÓN DE VISAS DE LOS PASAPORTES VÁLIDOS . REINO UNIDO '' . Paraguay Treaties Online ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ Robinson , by Richard ( 22 August 1997 ) . `` Bulgaria : How I lost my heart to Sofia '' -- via The Daily Telegraph . ^ `` Foreign & Commonwealth Office - Travel Advice '' . 26 May 2001 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2001 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ `` Serbia and Montenegro Travel Visa Requirements '' . travelvisas.eu . ^ `` AGREEMENT between the European Community and Ukraine on the facilitation of the issuance of visas '' ( PDF ) . 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ `` Commission proposes visa - free travel for Georgia '' . ^ Law No. 151 - XVI on 8 June 2006 `` On the abolition of visa regime for citizens of member States of the European Union , the United States Of America , Canada , Swiss Confederation , Kingdom of Norway , the Republic of Iceland and Japan '' ( in Russian ) ^ Law of the Kyrgyz Republic On visa - free regime for citizens of some States within 60 days ( in Russian ) ^ Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on 21 January 2012 No. 148 ( in Russian ) ^ `` Finally , visa - free entry to Indonesia ( TTG Asia ) '' . ^ Under Resolution No. 46 / NQ - CP ^ On the introduction of the 5 days visa - free entry to Belarus ^ Porter , Lizzie ( 5 February 2016 ) . `` Indian tourist visas : e-visa scheme extended to British travellers '' -- via The Daily Telegraph . ^ Un e-visa pour Djibouti ^ `` Entry requirements - Afghanistan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ `` Entry requirements - Algeria travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ `` Entry requirements - Angola travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ SME E-VISA ^ Angola : Migration Service to Speed Up Visa Exemption Procedure ^ SME cria condições para isenção e simplificação de vistos ^ `` Entry requirements - Antigua and Barbuda travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Argentina travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Travelling to Argentina Londres '' . Clond.mrecic.gov.ar . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . ^ `` Visa - Embassy of Armenia to the United Kingdom '' . Uk.mfa.am . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia . ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ `` Home Page - The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic '' . evisa.gov.az . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bahamas travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Consular Information '' . Bahamashclondon.net . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Bahamashclondon.net . Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bahrain travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Bahrain Electronic Visa Service '' . Evisa.gov.bh . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Bahrain Electronic Visa Service '' . Evisa.gov.bh . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Bangladesh High Commission , London '' . Bhclondon.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ Visa on arrival ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Visa on arrival -- Embassy of Bangladesh '' . Bangladoot.se . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Barbados travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade '' . Foreign.gov.bb . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Belarus travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Particulars of issuance of entry visas at the `` National Airport Minsk '' - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus `` . Mfa.gov.by . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ `` Entry requirements - Belize travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ ( 2 ) ^ `` eVisa application of Benin '' . Government of Benin . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bhutan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Association of Bhutanese Tour Operators - ABTO '' . abto.org.bt . ^ `` Tourism Council of Bhutan ( Official Website ) - Tourism Council of Bhutan ( Official Website ) '' . tourism.gov.bt . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bolivia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ `` Entry requirements - Brazil travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Brunei travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visa Information '' . mofat.gov.bn . ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Page Not Found '' ( PDF ) . evisa.gov.kh . ^ `` eVisa Kingdom of Cambodia ( Official Government Website ) '' . evisa.gov.kh . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cameroon/entry requirements ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Electronic Travel Authorization ( eTA ) - Canada.ca '' . canada.ca . ^ Canada , Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship . `` Entry requirements by country - Canada.ca '' . canada.ca . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Central African Republic travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Chile travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` Chinese Embassy and Consulates in the UK to Issue Two - year Multi-entry Visas to British Nationals '' . chinese-embassy.org.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Colombia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` - Consulado de Colombia en Londres '' . londres.consulado.gov.co . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Congo travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Democratic Republic of the Congo travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Entry requirements - Costa Rica travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Energie -- SNEDAI GROUPE '' . snedai.com . ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ eVisa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Ecuador travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Egypt e-Visa Portal '' . Ministry of Interior . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Equatorial Guinea travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Eritrea travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visas '' . ethioembassy.org.uk . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Gabon e-Visa '' . evisa.dgdi.ga . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Ghana travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Guinea travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary . ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland . ^ `` Indian e-Visa '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . ^ e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Indonesia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visa Exemption - Immigration Checkpoint '' . Ditjen Imigrasi Republik Indonesia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Jordan axes visa fee to encourage tourists '' . ^ http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_client.cgi?ExpertMode=TIDFT/JO/VI/IS/ID42022&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ eCitizen . `` eCitizen - Gateway to All Government Services '' . immigration.ecitizen.go.ke . ^ `` T12 - East Africa Tourist Visa '' . migration.gov.rw . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Korea , DPR ( North Korea ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Kuwait e-Visa '' . evisa.moi.gov.kw . ^ `` VisaApp10E '' . evisa.moi.gov.kw . ^ `` Entry requirements - Kyrgyzstan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visa regulations - Kyrgyz Embassy to the UK '' . ^ `` Entry requirements - Kyrgyzstan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia , 9 October 2017 . ^ ( 3 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Liberia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa , Government of Liechtenstein ( in German ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania , 30 August 2017 . ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days , Government of Luxembourg . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ). https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/mali/entry-requirements ^ Who requires a visa ? , Identity Malta . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Tourist VISA '' . consulmex.sre.gob.mx . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Before you leave , Monaco Government Tourist Office . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Mongolia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Montenegro travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Mozambique Government Announces 30 - day Tourist Visas now Available at Borders for all Visitors - Mozambican Hotels '' . mozambicanhotels.com . ^ `` Burma travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Notice to Tourists '' . Mynmar eVisa ( Official Government Website ) . Ministry of Labour , Immigration and Population . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ `` E-visa Information '' . Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , London . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ `` Tourist Visa '' . Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , London . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Namibia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ Short - stay Schengen visa ( 90 days or less ) , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Niger travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway , Norwegian Directorate of Immigration . ^ Sultanate of Oman - Royal Oman Police - eVisa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan '' . ^ `` Group Tourism through Designated Tour Operators '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` REVISED MIGRATION SERVICE FEES ( MSF ) '' ( PDF ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa - free countries , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland . ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Постановление Правительства РФ N 397 О порядке пребывания на территории РФ иностранных граждан и лиц без гражданства , прибывающих в Российскую Федерацию в туристических целях на паромах '' . Travel.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` IREMBO '' . irembo.gov.rw . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Border formalities , San Marino Tourism Board . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Sierra Leone travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Consular information and travel visa , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia . ^ Visa regimes and visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://southafricahouseuk.com/visas/vis_needvis.html ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - South Sudan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Entry requirements , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` How To Extend Short Visit Visa '' . eta.gov.lk . Department of Immigration ( ETA ) Sri Lanka . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Sudan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden , Government of Sweden . ^ Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality , State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Syria travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Tajikistan e-Visa '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Uganda e-Visa '' . visas.immigration.go.ug . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry regime to Ukraine for foreign citizens - MFA of Ukraine '' . mfa.gov.ua . ^ `` Visa information - Embassy of Ukraine to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' . uk.mfa.gov.ua . ^ `` Entry requirements - Ukraine travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` Citizen of Visa Waiver Country , wants to drive into U.S. from Canada or Mexico , or arrive at a port of call in the U.S. by cruise ship '' . help.cbp.gov . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan -- Visa of the Republic of Uzbekistan '' . mfa.uz . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Inicio MPPRE '' . ^ `` Entry requirements - Vietnam travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` E-visa '' . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/vietnam/entry-requirements ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Yemen travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Zimbabwe travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirements for Anguilla , Government of Anguilla , October 2016 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Anguilla ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Bermuda entry visas , Government of Bermuda . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bermuda ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` British Antarctic Territory '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Entry requirements - British Antarctic Territory travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice - Government of the United Kingdom '' . ^ `` Entry requirements - British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Visas , Tourism Board of the British Virgin Islands . ^ `` Entry requirements - British Virgin Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Visa - free and visa - required countries , Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands . ^ `` Entry requirements - Cayman Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visit The Falkland Islands - Falklands '' . falklandislands.com . ^ `` Entry requirements - Falkland Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . ^ http://www2.gov.gg/ccm/home-department/customs-immigration/immigration-and-nationality-division/employment/those-who-not-require-a-work-permit.en ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ https://www.gov.im/infocentre/faqs/import.gov?menuid=10167&page=cso/immigrationfaqs.xml Archived 17 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ Jersey , States of . `` Work permits and working in Jersey '' . gov.je . ^ Countries not requiring a visa , Immigration Department of Montserrat . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . ^ Haigh , Bill . `` Pitcairn Islands '' . government.pn . ^ http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf ^ `` Entry requirements - Pitcairn Island travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Entry Visas '' . 18 December 2012 . ^ `` Entry requirements - St Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Grundy , Richard . `` Tristan da Cunha Tourism '' . tristandc.com . ^ `` South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis ^ `` Entry requirements - South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Requirements to obtain a Turks and Caicos visitor 's visa , Ministry of Border Control and Employment of the Turks and Caicos Islands . ^ `` Entry requirements - Turks and Caicos Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . ^ `` The procedure of foreign citizens ' entry to the NKR - MFA NKR '' . nkr.am . ^ `` The Office of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic in USA '' . nkrusa.org . ^ FS . `` Azərbaycan Respublikasının Xarici İşlər Nazirliyi Azərbaycan Respublikasının vətəndaşlarına Liviyada mövcud olan vəziyyətlə bağlı xəbərdarlıq edir , 12 may 2011 - ci il '' . mfa.gov.az . ^ `` The Friends of Mount Athos - A Pilgrim 's Guide to Mount Athos : Planning Your Visit '' . athosfriends.org . ^ Ioannis , DATAFON Verginis G. `` MOUNT ATHOS INFO , ΑΓΙΟΝ ΟΡΟΣ , BERG ATHOS , OURANOUPOLIS , ΟΥΡΑΝΟΥΠΟΛΗ '' . mountathosinfos.gr . ^ `` Visa - free travel time up to ten days in parts of Brest Oblast , Grodno Oblast as from 1 January '' . 26 December 2017 . ^ `` Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea '' . ^ Cyprus , Korinia Estate Agency , North . `` Northern Cyprus , Living in North Cyprus , Postal System , Passports and Visa '' . korinia.com . ^ `` How to get to North Cyprus ? - Passport , Visa & Entry Requirements '' . cypnet.co.uk . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Denmark travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Crew , Jan Mayen . `` JAN MAYEN HOMESITE , EDITED BY THE JAN MAYEN CREW '' . jan-mayen.no . ^ http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19620601-0001.html ^ `` Special Categories Exempted From Visa Requirements - For Foreign Citizens - Consular Services - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo . ^ `` Kiev declares passport control on border with rebel - held regions '' . ^ `` Ukraine imposes passport control on rebel - held regions '' . 6 November 2014 . ^ `` Russian Federation Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` О визах - Министерство иностранных дел '' . mfa-rso.su . ^ `` Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia - Министерство иностранных дел '' . mfa-rso.su . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ `` Rules and recommendations - Transnistria tour '' . transnistria-tour.com . ^ Splinter , Hans van der . `` Ministry of Tourism - Tourism Service Center '' . eritrea.be . ^ `` Entry requirements - Western Sahara travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 November 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . ^ `` Republic of South Sudan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=CN&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Tours must be organized by a travel agent registered in Hainan province and approved by the National Tourism Administration of China . ^ Visit visa / entry permit requirements for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , Immigration Department of Hong Kong , April 2017 . ^ `` Changes in Immigration Control on British Citizens '' . Immigration Department . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=IN&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Kazakhstan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Iran Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Entry and exit of non-residents , Public Security Police Force of Macau . ^ `` Malaysia Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Maldives Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ `` Israel Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Visa , Bureau of Consular Affairs of Taiwan . ^ `` Pamirs - the roof of the world '' . pamirs.org . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Tajikistan - Visa '' . 27 April 2012 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . ^ `` How to get Tibet Travel Permit , Successful Application Tips '' . Tibet Travel and Tours - Tibet Vista . ^ `` How to get a Tibet Travel Permits - Tibet Visa 2016 ? '' . tibettravelplanner.com . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=TM&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=AI&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ `` No visa required for tourists to Phu Quoc on short stay - Vietsea Tourist - Travel to Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia and Thailand - Vietnam Travel Tours '' . vietseatourist.vn . ^ `` Yemen Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Aruba Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Bonaire , St. Eustatius , and Saba ( BES ) Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=CO&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ `` 404 - Page Not Found '' . travel.state.gov . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` Entry requirements - St Pierre & Miquelon travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Sint Maarten Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ General information , American Samoa Visitors Bureau . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Quintero , Bruno . `` Clipperton - Ile de La Passion '' . clipperton.fr . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . ^ `` Fiji Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Entry requirements - French Polynesia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ ( 4 ) ^ http://www.fws.gov/bakerisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/howlandisland/visit.html ^ `` Redirect Page '' . fws.gov . ^ http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/midway/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/palmyraatoll/visit.html ^ `` Entry requirements - Wallis & Futuna Islands travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` INFORME DE RENDICIÓN DE CUENTAS 2016 -- Consejo de Gobierno de Regimen Especial de Galápagos '' . gobiernogalapagos.gob.ec . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . ^ `` Accès à l'Antarctique '' . taaf.fr . ^ `` Accès aux Terres australes françaises '' . taaf.fr . ^ `` Accès aux îles Eparses '' . taaf.fr . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Forms expeditioners must sign '' . antarctica.gov.au . ^ Division , c = AU ; o = Commonwealth of Australia ; ou = Department of the Environment and Energy ; ou = Australian Antarctic . `` Frequently asked questions '' . heardisland.aq . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ^ `` Dronning Maud Land '' . Norwegian Polar Institute . ^ http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/3-New-Zealand-Procedures-for-Visitors-to-Antarctica/index.php ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` International Travel Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual , 9 FAM 403.9 - 3 ( B ) ( 2 ) f '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ `` How long should my passport be valid when traveling to the United States ? '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ Timatic ^ Timatic ^ `` Country Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Country list - Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations ; and malaria situation ; and other vaccination requirement ^ `` Travel Report - Kuwait '' . Voyage.gc.ca. 2012 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Travel Advice for Lebanon - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . and Lebanese Ministry of Tourism Archived 2009 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Travel Advice for Libya - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Michael Freund , Canada defends Saudi policy of shunning tourists who visited Israel , 2008 - 12 - 07 , Jerusalem Post ^ `` Travel Advice for Sudan - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Travel Advice for Syria - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . and Syrian Ministry of Tourism ^ `` Travel Advice for Yemen - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ `` Israel travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . ^ Azerbaijan Country Page Archived 2009 - 03 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... NCSJ : Advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia , Ukraine , the Baltic States & Eurasia . Accessed 23 May 2010 . ^ Azerbaijan does n't allow Armenians in the country - Panarmenian.net ^ `` Azerbaijan Country Page of the NCSJ ( advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia , Ukraine , the Baltic States & Eurasia ) accessed 23 May 2010 '' . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . ^ `` Warning for the foreign nationals wishing to travel to the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ `` List of foreign citizens illegally visited occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 10 . ^ ( 5 ) ^ `` Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move '' . 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 -- via Reuters . ^ F_161 . `` S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People 's Daily Online '' . peopledaily.com.cn . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ ( 6 ) ^ ( 7 ) ^ `` Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews '' . secureidnews.com . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ `` Office of Biometric Identity Management - Homeland Security '' . dhs.gov . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Government of Canada -- Overcome criminal convictions ^ `` Home - Consular Protection - European Commission '' . Consular Protection . ^ Dzankic , Jelena ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit and citizenship '' . European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship . ^ `` Article 50 : The simplest explanation you 'll find '' . BBC Newsbeat. 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . ^ Raparel , Raoul ( 22 February 2015 ) . `` The mechanics of leaving the EU -- explaining Article 50 '' . Open Europe . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . ^ `` Article 50 TEU : Withdrawal of a Member State from the EU '' ( PDF ) . EuroParl . European Parliament . February 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . ^ `` Britons ' may need visas to travel through Europe ' '' . ^ `` Argentina strengthens migratory control '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . ^ `` Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move '' . Reuters. 20 November 2007 . ^ F_161 . `` S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People 's Daily Online '' . People 's Daily . ^ `` 404 - Page Not Found '' . travel.state.gov . Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 . ^ `` 404 - Page Not Found '' . travel.state.gov . Archived from the original on 17 February 2011 . ^ `` Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews '' . ^ `` Office of Biometric Identity Management '' . 27 September 2007 . ^ `` Foreign travel advice '' . ^ `` Statistical Yearbook - Department of Commerce '' . ^ Anuário de Estatística do Turismo ^ Anuário de Estatística do Turismo ^ `` Visitor Arrivals by Country of Residence '' . ^ `` Tourism Statistics - IAATO '' . ^ Tourism Statistics for Antigua and Barbuda ^ `` Number of Stayover Visitors by Market '' . ^ ( 8 ) ^ `` Trade and Media - Holidays in Austria . Travel Information of the Austrian National Tourist Office '' ( PDF ) ( in us ) . Austriatourism.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ `` Number of foreign citizens arrived to Azerbaijan by countries '' . ^ `` Stopovers by Country '' ( PDF ) . ^ https://corporate.visitbarbados.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2016-annual-statistical-report.pdf ^ `` Tourisme selon pays de provenance 2016 '' . ^ ( 9 ) ^ `` Visitor Statistics '' . gotobermuda.com . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . ^ http://tcb.img.ebizity.bt/attachments/tcb_041217_bhutan-tourism-monitor-2016.pdf ^ `` INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística - Turismo '' . ^ TOURISM STATISTICS Cumulative data , January -- December 2017 ^ `` Tourism Statistics Annual Report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Anuário Estatístico de Turismo 2017 - Ano Base 2016 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . ^ `` Brunei Darussalam Tourism Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 10 ) ^ `` Evolution des arrivées au Burkina Faso par nationalité page 276 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Tourism Statistics Report '' . ^ Tourism Statistics Edition 2015 , table 17 ^ `` Service bulletin International Travel : Advance Information '' ( PDF ) . statcan.gc.ca . ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . ^ CIDOT . `` Welcome to the Cayman Islands Department of Tourism ( CIDOT ) Destination Statistics Website '' . ^ ( 11 ) ^ `` China Inbound Tourism Statistics in 2015 '' . ^ The data obtained on request . Ministerio de Comercio , Industria y Turismo de Colombia ^ ( in French ) http://www.apicongo.org/code/Annuaire_statistique_du_tourisme_Congo_2012.pdf ^ `` Visitor Arrivals by Country of Usual Residence '' . ^ `` Informes Estadísticos - Instituto Costarricense de Turismo - ICT '' . www.ict.go.cr . ^ TOURIST ARRIVALS AND NIGHTS IN 2017 ^ http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/06turismoycomercio/llegadadevisitantes/201512llegadadevisitantes.pdf ^ `` Monthly Statistics '' . ^ `` Statistical Service - Services - Tourism - Key Figures '' . ^ - 4 . quarter of 2017 - Table 5 Guests , overnight stays ( non-residents by country , numbers , indices ) ^ `` 2015 Visitors Statistics Report '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` BCRD - Estadísticas Económicas '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . ^ `` ACCOMMODATED TOURISTS BY COUNTY AND COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE ( MONTHS ) '' . ^ ( 12 ) ^ `` Appendix table 5.2 . Visitor arrivals and nights spent by country of residence , January - December 2017 '' . ^ http://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/files/files/directions_services/etudes-et-statistiques/4p-DGE/2016-4pages-60-EVE2015.xlsx ^ `` Données détaillées '' . ^ `` Tourism , transport and communication summary '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` International arrivals 2017 '' . ^ Tourismus in Zahlen 2016 , Statistisches Bundesamt ^ `` Hellenic Statistical Authority . Non-residents arrivals from abroad 2015 '' . ^ ( 13 ) ^ ( 14 ) ^ ( 15 ) ^ `` TOURISM IN HUNGARY 2016 '' . ^ Passengers through Keflavik airport by citizenship and month 2002 - 2016 - 2016 ^ ( 16 ) ^ ( 17 ) ^ `` Overseas Visitors to Ireland January - December 2012 - 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ VISITOR ARRIVALS ( 1 ) , BY COUNTRY OF CITIZENSHIP , Central Bureau of Statistics ^ `` IAGGIATORI STRANIERI NUMERO DI VIAGGIATORI '' . ^ Monthly Statistical Report December 2017 Vol xxvii No 12 ^ `` 2017 Foreign Visitors & Japanese Departures '' ( PDF ) . Japan National Tourism Organization . ^ `` Tourist Overnight and Same Day Visitors By Nationality during '' . ^ `` Статистические сборники '' . stat.gov.kz . ^ Administrator . `` Visitors by Country of Residence '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 19 . ^ `` Tourism in Kyrgyzstan '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 18 ) ^ `` TUG02 . Visitors staying in hotels and other accommodation establishments by country of residence - PX - Web '' . ^ `` Arrivals according to nationality during year 2016 '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . ^ `` Number of guests and overnights in Lithuanian accommodation establishments . ' 000 . All markets . 2015 - 2016 '' . ^ `` Arrivals by touristic region and country of residence ( All types of accommodation ) 2011 - 2016 '' . www.statistiques.public.lu . ^ `` DSEC - Statistics Database '' . ^ ( 19 ) ^ ( 20 ) ^ TOURIST ARRIVALS TO MALAYSIA BY COUNTRY OF NATIONALITY DECEMBER 2017 ^ `` Number of visitors by country , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . ^ http://www.tourism.gov.mv/packages/december-2017/ ^ ( 21 ) ^ `` ANNUAIRE 2014 '' . ^ ( 22 ) ^ Carrodeguas , Norfi . `` Datatur3 - Visitantes por Nacionalidad '' . ^ Statistică , Biroul Naţional de ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` / / Comunicate de presă '' . ^ ( 23 ) ^ ( 24 ) ^ `` Tourist arrivals by country of residence '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 25 ) ^ `` Myanmar Tourism Statistics - Ministry of Hotels and Tourism , Myanmar '' . ^ ( 26 ) ^ `` Tourism Statistics 2015 p. 34 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 01 - 31 . ^ `` Visitors arrival by country of residence and year '' . ^ Toerisme in perspectief 2018 ^ `` International travel and migration : December 2017 '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ `` Estadísticas de Turismo '' . ^ `` Number of Tourists to Oman '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05 . ^ `` Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2012 - Pakistan Bureau of Statistics '' . ^ `` Immigration / Tourism Statistics - Palau National Government '' . ^ ( 27 ) ^ ( 28 ) ^ The data obtained on request . Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo Archived 2016 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ ( 29 ) ^ `` in 2016 - tables TABL . III / 6 . NON-RESIDENTS VISITING POLAND IN 2016 AND THEIR EXPENDITURE '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` 2016 Annual Tourism Performance Report '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 30 ) ^ `` Въезд иностранных граждан в РФ '' . Fedstat.ru. 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ `` Statistics Netherlands '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . ^ ( 31 ) ^ ( 32 ) ^ `` Entrada de Visitantes / S. Tomé e Príncipe Ano 2005 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Tourist turnover - December 2017 ^ ( 33 ) ^ ( 34 ) ^ ( 35 ) ^ ( 36 ) ^ `` statistics / visitor - arrivals '' . ^ ( 37 ) ^ `` Korea , Monthly Statistics of Tourism - key facts on toursim - Tourism Statistics '' . ^ `` Tabla23984 '' . ^ `` TOURIST ARRIVALS BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Suriname Tourism Foundation '' ( PDF ) . www.surinametourism.sr . ^ `` Swaziland Tourism - Swaziland Safari - Swaziland Attractions - Useful Links - Research '' . ^ `` Tillväxtverkets Publikationer - '' . ^ Visitor Arrivals by Nationality ^ `` The 2016 International Visitors ' Exit Survey Report . International Tourist Arrivals . p. 73 - 77 '' ( PDF ) . nbs.go.tz/ . NBS Tanzania . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ `` สถิติ ด้าน การ ท่องเที่ยว ปี 2560 ( Tourism Statistics 2017 ) '' . Ministry of Tourism & Sports . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ ( 38 ) ^ Stats , Tonga . `` Migration Statistics - Tonga Stats '' . ^ `` T&T -- Stopover Arrivals By Main Markets 1995 - YTD '' ( PDF ) . ^ NUMBER OF ARRIVING - DEPARTING VISITORS , FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017 ^ `` Turks and Caicos sto - over arrivals '' ( PDF ) . ^ Dev1 . ( PDF ) https://corporate.southpacificislands.travel/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2016-Annual-Visitor-Arrivals-ReviewF.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ `` MINISTRY OF TOURISM , WILDLIFE AND ANTIQUITIES SECTOR STATISTICAL ABSTRACT , 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 07 . ^ ( 39 ) ^ Statistics for the Emirate of Dubai Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality ^ `` Table 28 - Homeland Security '' . ^ `` Распределение въехавших в Республику Узбекистан иностранных граждан по странам в 2015 году '' . data.gov.uz . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . ^ ( 40 ) ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2017 ^ `` Downloads '' . Notes Ahmedabad Amritsar Bagdogra Bengaluru Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gaya Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Mangaluru Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cochin Goa Mangalore Visa policies and requirements in the European Union Schengen Area Common Travel Area Special territories Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Overseas Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the French overseas departments and territories Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Candidates Albania Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Turkey Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_British_citizens&oldid=842491752 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links Articles with German - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 20 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many countries can i visit with british passport | [
"Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom. As of 22 May 2018, British citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 186 countries and territories, ranking the British passport 4th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Austrian, Dutch, Luxembourgish, Norwegian, Portuguese and the United States passports) according to the Henley Passport Index.[1] Additionally, the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world (tied with Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and Singapore) in terms of travel freedom, with a mobility index of 160 (out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1, visa on arrival weighted by 0.7, eVisa by 0.5, and traditional visa weighted by 0).[2]"
] | [
"186 countries and territories"
] |
-2987295214079861342 | The Big Bang Theory (season 11) | The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) - wikipedia The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) iTunes digital art Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Country of origin United States No. of episodes 15 Release Original network CBS Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 10 List of The Big Bang Theory episodes The eleventh season of the American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday , September 25 , 2017 . It returned to its regular Thursday time slot on November 2 , 2017 , after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended . In March 2017 , CBS renewed the series for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Just like the previous three seasons , the first five episodes aired on Mondays due to CBS ' contractual rights to air the Thursday Night Football games . After Thursday Night Football ended , the series returned to its regular Thursday schedule starting on November 2 , 2017 . Filming for the eleventh season began on August 15 , 2017 ; it was also announced with the taping report that the premiere for the eleventh season would be titled `` The Proposal Proposal '' . Before the season premiered , five episodes were filmed from August 15 to September 19 , 2017 . According to TV Guide , Steve Holland announced on September 22 , 2017 that both Bob Newhart and Wil Wheaton would return this season since their absences from Season 10 . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main cast ( edit ) Johnny Galecki as Dr. Leonard Hofstadter Jim Parsons as Dr. Sheldon Cooper Kaley Cuoco as Penny Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz Kunal Nayyar as Dr. Rajesh `` Raj '' Koothrappali Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler Melissa Rauch as Dr. Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom Recurring cast ( edit ) Laurie Metcalf as Mary Cooper Christine Baranski as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter Stephen Hawking as himself Regina King as Janine Davis Brian Posehn as Dr. `` Bert '' Bertram Kibbler Wil Wheaton as himself Bob Newhart as Dr. Arthur Jeffries / Professor Proton John Ross Bowie as Dr. Barry Kripke Dean Norris as Colonel Richard Williams Brian Thomas Smith as Zack Johnson Brian George as Dr. V.M. Koothrappali Pamela Adlon as Halley Wolowitz ( voice only ) Guest cast ( edit ) Riki Lindhome as Ramona Nowitzki Ira Flatow as himself Swati Kapila as Ruchi Beth Behrs as Nell Walton Goggins as Oliver Bill Gates as himself Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 232 `` The Proposal Proposal '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) T12. 15601 17.65 Amy enthusiastically accepts Sheldon 's marriage proposal . However , when dining with Amy 's colleagues later that night , Sheldon is offended that they are more impressed with Amy 's work than his own . With help from Stephen Hawking , Sheldon later comes to grips with the fact that he will not always be the center of attention in the marriage . Bernadette is shocked to realize that she is pregnant again . She and Howard are not thrilled at the idea of having another baby so soon after their first . They attempt to convince Leonard and Penny to have a child as well , but are rebuffed . Title reference : Sheldon 's proposal of marriage 233 `` The Retraction Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Anthony Del Broccolo October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) T12. 15602 14.06 Leonard gives an interview on public radio where he admits physics research might be at a dead end . The university is furious and , while trying to think of reasons to put in a retraction , he depresses Sheldon into thinking he might be right . Howard and Raj come over and end up just as depressed . Getting drunk with Penny , the guys go to the grave of Richard Feynman and realize there is hope for physics as long as they believe in it . Leonard accidentally sends a drunken email to Human Resources . Meanwhile , Amy and Bernadette agree with each other to keep quiet about the success in their careers so as not to upset Sheldon and Howard . While bragging to each other , they end up arguing which of their fields is better . Title reference : Leonard 's depression while writing a retraction of his statements on the radio . 234 `` The Relaxation Integration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Andy Gordon & Tara Hernandez October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T12. 15603 13.13 Sheldon can not find the perfect wedding date and begins talking in his sleep , adopting the persona of a laid - back person who goes with the flow . Amy and Penny believe that his subconscious mind is trying to tell him to be more relaxed ; his attempt to be so while wearing flip - flops ends in disaster . He decides to leave all the wedding planning to Amy while he wears a Star Trek uniform underneath his tuxedo . Meanwhile , Raj and Stuart both become interested in Bernadette 's new coworker Ruchi . While she likes them both as friends , she does not want a relationship with anyone . Title reference : Sheldon trying to embrace the relaxed side of his personality . 235 `` The Explosion Implosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T12. 15604 13.07 Howard and Bernadette learn their second child will be a boy , leading Howard to doubt whether he can be a good father to a son . He and Sheldon go out in the desert to test launch a model rocket , but it explodes , causing him further doubt . On the way home , Howard does a good job coaching Sheldon to drive them home , for which Sheldon tells him he will be a good teacher to his son . Leonard 's mother Beverly begins talking to Penny as a friend and confidant , troubling Leonard , especially when he learns that Beverly told Penny that she is proud of her , a level of praise she never bestowed upon Leonard himself . When Leonard confronts Beverly , he is touched when she says that of all of her children 's spouses , Penny is the one she is most impressed by , and that for this , she is indeed proud of him . Meanwhile , Raj helps Bernadette turn baby girl clothes into boy ones . Title reference : The fate of Sheldon and Howard 's model rocket . 236 5 `` The Collaboration Contamination '' Nikki Lorre Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T12. 15605 13.20 Amy and Howard begin collaborating on a neuroprosthetics project , upsetting Sheldon and Raj , who feel they are not spending as much time with them . When they seek solace with an annoyed Bernadette , she exploits the situation to trick Sheldon into doing Howard 's chores . Penny employs the approaches recommended in one of Bernadette 's parenting books to deal with Sheldon with success , but Leonard believes she is coddling Sheldon too much . Sheldon and Raj resolve the issue of missing their significant others by spending time together . Title reference : Amy and Howard 's collaboration contaminating Sheldon and Raj 's moods . 237 6 `` The Proton Regeneration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro , Dave Goetsch , Alex Yonks Teleplay by : Dave Steve Holland , Andy Gordon , Jeremy Howe November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T12. 15606 14.14 Sheldon 's childhood science show with Professor Proton is being rebooted . After unsuccessfully auditioning for the part , he goes to Wil Wheaton for acting tips for his second audition . However , Sheldon is later dismayed when Wil has somehow taken the role instead . Talking it over with Arthur in his dreams he is still upset his idol is replaced and considers Wil an enemy again . Meanwhile , Howard gets a vasectomy while Bernadette is on bed rest . Penny offers to take care of Halley for them but they insult her by saying Penny is irresponsible . Halley ends up saying her first word by calling Penny `` Mama . '' Title reference : The announced reboot of the Professor Proton series . 238 7 `` The Geology Methodology '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Holland & Anthony Del Broccolo & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T12. 15607 13.80 Bert asks for Sheldon 's help in a geology research project relating to dark matter . Sheldon secretly agrees , but is too embarrassed to admit he is working with rocks . Bert finds out about this and ends their partnership . After talking with Amy , Sheldon goes to apologize , only to find Leonard has taken his place . Meanwhile , Raj runs into Ruchi again and goes out with her , but she does not believe in romantic love . After Howard and Bernadette tell Raj that he can just have sex with Ruchi , he agrees to keep it casual . Title reference : Sheldon working in geology with Bert . 239 8 `` The Tesla Recoil '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T12. 15608 13.44 After learning Sheldon went behind their backs to work with the military again , Leonard and Howard say Sheldon is like Thomas Edison , taking credit for other 's ideas , while they are more like Nikola Tesla . Leonard and Howard bring in Barry Kripke to help create a better idea than Sheldon 's , but Kripke goes to the military himself cutting all three of them out . Meanwhile , Bernadette fears Ruchi is trying to steal her projects at work while she is on maternity leave , and hires Raj to spy on her . Though he finds proof that Ruchi may be stealing from Bernadette , Raj tries to defend Ruchi like a boyfriend would , pointing out Bernadette 's hypocrisy as she would 've most likely stolen from other people 's projects as well . Ruchi is not happy about this and promptly dumps Raj . Title reference : The guys discussion of Tesla and Edison . 240 9 `` The Bitcoin Entanglement '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Andy Gordon & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) T12. 15609 13.84 In 2010 , Leonard , Howard and Raj mined a lot of Bitcoin , worth thousands of dollars seven years later , but leave Sheldon out due to his fear of tax implications . Flashbacks are shown of how the Bitcoin ended up on an old laptop of Leonard 's , which Penny gave to her old boyfriend Zack after she and Leonard broke up . In 2017 , Leonard and Penny retrieve the computer from Zack , who first shows them a video of a drunken Penny apologizing for breaking up with Leonard . The Bitcoin is not found on the laptop . Sheldon had moved it to a flash drive on Leonard 's keychain to teach them a lesson , but Leonard lost the keychain years ago . A final flashback to 2013 shows Stuart discovering the flash drive , which he decides to erase and sell for $10 . Title reference : The guys trying to find their old Bitcoin investment . 241 10 `` The Confidence Erosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T12. 15610 14.41 When Raj loses a job interview at a planetarium , his father says he has no confidence because Howard always makes fun of him . Raj distances himself from Howard and later gets the job . Howard is hurt by this ( even after apologizing to him ) and tries to make amends with Raj after his first talk at the planetarium , but when he sees him get a date , he leaves without speaking to him , thinking that the latter 's life is better without him . Meanwhile , Sheldon and Amy try randomly dividing up wedding tasks , but they keep arguing . The only thing they can agree on is to get married so they decide to just get married at City Hall . However , Sheldon decides that he wants a first dance with his new wife , and they go home to plan their wedding . Title reference : Howard eroding Raj 's confidence . 242 11 `` The Celebration Reverberation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Alex Ayers Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) T12. 15611 13.74 Howard and Raj are still fighting so Howard dis - invites Raj to Halley 's birthday party . However , when Howard 's designated party planner Stuart pulls out at the last minute , Raj agrees to plan the party , which does n't turn out too well due to Halley being asleep , Bernadette on bed rest and no people turning up . When Howard and Raj get into a shoving match in the party 's bounce house , they end up letting out their frustrations with each other , but also having fun and reconciling . Leonard is depressed upon receiving his successful brother 's Christmas card and attempts to make a list of what he and Penny accomplished this year , but does n't come up with much . This prompts them to think about their plans for the future , so they decide to go on trips and achieve more out of life together before starting a family . Sheldon cooks Amy a Little House on the Prairie - themed birthday dinner , which gives them both food poisoning . They eventually recover enough to attend Halley 's birthday party with the others , where they decide to have fun in the bouncy castle and then have sex in Howard and Bernadette 's house . Title reference : Amy and Halley 's birthday celebrations . 243 12 `` The Matrimonial Metric '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Andy Gordon January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) T12. 15612 16.16 Sheldon and Amy struggle to choose a best man and maid of honor from their friends . They secretly decide to test and score them , allowing everyone to have an equal shot at either role . Once the gang finds out , none of them apart from Bernadette and Stuart want to be in the wedding . Sheldon settles for Stuart as best man , but once Leonard tells Sheldon that as the groom , the decision is his alone , he picks Leonard . Amy is set to call Bernadette but once Penny realizes Amy is her best friend , she immediately pitches herself for the position and Amy enthusiastically chooses her . Amy later makes Penny tell Bernadette the bad news . Title reference : Sheldon and Amy scoring their friends for roles in the wedding . 244 13 `` The Solo Oscillation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) T12. 15613 15.93 With Leonard , Howard , Raj and Amy accomplishing so much on their respective projects , Sheldon is forced to admit he has nothing important to work on . He makes Amy leave the apartment for a few days so he can focus , but can not come up with any ideas and calls his mother as a distraction . Leonard and Amy have fun recreating experiments from when they were growing up , boring Penny , so she eats with Sheldon as he mulls over his scientific studies . Penny helps him realize that his study of dark matter is his rebound science from string theory , which Sheldon admits he never forgot about , but explaining string theory to her inspires Sheldon , helping him discover a potential breakthrough in the field . Meanwhile Howard is too busy with his family to be in the band with Raj , so Raj brings in Bert . But when Howard annoys Bernadette by writing an astronaut - themed musical while she is on bed - rest , she makes him rejoin the band . The three are poorly received , after singing Bert 's original song about the boulder from Indiana Jones at a Bar mitsvah . Title reference : A triple entendre to represent Sheldon going into isolation to figure out his future research field only to go back to studying string theory , the vibration of the strings in string theory , and Howard 's oscillation between being in a band with Raj and being solo . 245 14 `` The Separation Triangulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T12. 15614 14.92 Raj hooks up with a recently separated woman , Nell , after one of his lectures at the planetarium . Her husband Oliver confronts Raj at the planetarium and then breaks down over the end of his marriage . After comforting Oliver , Raj talks to Nell and convinces her to give her husband another chance . Meanwhile , after diving once again into string theory and sprawling his work across his and Amy 's apartment , Sheldon approaches a reluctant Leonard and Penny and convinces them to let him use his old room to study for a three - day trial period with an agreement to be quiet and stay out of their way . Sheldon surprisingly sticks to this agreement , being a reasonably good guest , which shockingly frustrates Leonard to no end . After Leonard lets out his frustrations , Sheldon then renegotiates the guest tenancy agreement for an extra few days and resumes being his normal demanding self , much to Leonard 's relief . Title reference : A double entendre that refers to both the love triangle between Raj , Nell , and Oliver , who is upset at his separation from Nell and the roommate triangle that has reformed between Sheldon , Leonard , and Penny , a distinct callback to the show 's initial seasons . 246 15 `` The Novelization Correlation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Andy Gordon & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T12. 15615 14.69 Sheldon and Amy are surprised to find that Wil Wheaton 's new Professor Proton show is actually very entertaining and that Wil had Howard on as a guest . On Howard 's suggestion , Sheldon apologizes to Wil , mending their friendship , and tells him he wants to be on the show ; but Wil asks for Amy . Sheldon tells her to do it , but she says she often does n't do things to avoid upsetting him . Sheldon is horrified when he realises how selfish he has been , especially when he finds out that the guys do the same for him . Sheldon encourages Amy to go on the show to inspire girls to pursue science while trying to control his obvious jealousy for her . Meanwhile , Leonard writes a book about a physicist that solves a murder , the protagonist Logan Dean is based on himself . Bernadette points out Logan 's mean boss Illsa is similar to Penny , who thinks it is based on Bernadette , though Leonard does not correct her . However , Bernadette tells Penny the truth , upsetting her and making her mad at Leonard . After calling his mother for advice , Leonard learns that Illsa is actually like her ; but abandons the book when he realizes he wrote romantic tension into the relationship between the characters . Title reference : The uncertainty of which woman in Leonard 's life he subconsciously based the mean boss character in his novel on . 247 16 `` The Neonatal Nomenclature '' Gay Linvill Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez & Adam Faberman March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T12. 15616 TBD 248 17 `` The Athenaeum Allocation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T12. 15617 TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Proposal Proposal '' September 25 , 2017 4.1 / 16 17.65 1.7 5.42 5.8 23.08 `` The Retraction Reaction '' October 2 , 2017 3.2 / 12 14.06 1.8 5.14 5.0 19.20 `` The Relaxation Integration '' October 9 , 2017 2.9 / 11 13.13 1.6 4.77 4.5 17.90 `` The Explosion Implosion '' October 16 , 2017 2.8 / 11 13.07 1.6 4.64 4.4 17.71 5 `` The Collaboration Contamination '' October 23 , 2017 2.8 / 10 13.20 1.6 4.76 4.4 17.96 6 `` The Proton Regeneration '' November 2 , 2017 2.7 / 11 14.14 1.8 5.14 4.5 19.28 7 `` The Geology Methodology '' November 9 , 2017 2.8 / 11 13.80 1.6 4.76 4.4 18.56 8 `` The Tesla Recoil '' November 16 , 2017 2.6 / 11 13.44 1.7 4.84 4.3 18.28 9 `` The Bitcoin Entanglement '' November 30 , 2017 2.5 / 10 13.84 1.7 4.70 4.2 18.54 10 `` The Confidence Erosion '' December 7 , 2017 2.8 / 10 14.41 1.7 4.95 4.5 19.36 11 `` The Celebration Reverberation '' December 14 , 2017 2.6 / 11 13.74 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` The Matrimonial Metric '' January 4 , 2018 3.1 / 12 16.16 1.4 3.74 4.5 19.90 13 `` The Solo Oscillation '' January 11 , 2018 3.1 / 12 15.93 1.8 5.18 4.9 21.11 14 `` The Separation Triangulation '' January 18 , 2018 2.9 / 12 14.92 TBD TBD TBD TBD 15 `` The Novelization Correlation '' February 1 , 2018 2.9 / 12 14.69 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces New 2017 -- 2018 Fall Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Fall 2017 - 2018 Primetime Premiere Dates '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Officially Renewed for Two Seasons as Mayim Bialik , Melissa Rauch Await Deals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taping Report Thread '' . The Big Bang Theory Forums . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory 's New Boss on Young Sheldon Crossovers and Season 11 '' . TVGuide.com . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory Welcomes Bill Gates - What 's His Connection To Penny ? '' . TVline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' adjusts up , still at season low : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Four , ' ' Will & Grace , ' everything else unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' The Four ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # T12. 15616 ) `` The Neonatal Nomenclature '' `` . the Futon Critic . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # T12. 15617 ) `` The Athenaeum Allocation '' `` . the Futon Critic . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' premiere gets a good boost in the week 15 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on CBS '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . `` The Big Bang Theory : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . `` The Big Bang Theory Episode Guide '' . Zap2It . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) List of The Big Bang Theory episodes on IMDb The Big Bang Theory : Season 11 at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Bang_Theory_(season_11)&oldid=827807988 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Big Bang Theory seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 21 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the big bang theory season 11 coming out | [
"The eleventh season of the American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday, September 25, 2017.[1] It returned to its regular Thursday time slot on November 2, 2017, after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended.[2]"
] | [
"Monday, September 25, 2017"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.